Gunpowder - Knowledge

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gunpowder, is used today in the pharmaceutical industry. It was discovered that if the paste was rolled into balls before drying the resulting gunpowder absorbed less water from the air during storage and traveled better. The balls were then crushed in a mortar by the gunner immediately before use, with the old problem of uneven particle size and packing causing unpredictable results. If the right size particles were chosen, however, the result was a great improvement in power. Forming the damp paste into

1939:. The pressing took varying amounts of time, depending on conditions such as atmospheric humidity. The hard, dense product was broken again into tiny pieces, which were separated with sieves to produce a uniform product for each purpose: coarse powders for cannons, finer grained powders for muskets, and the finest for small hand guns and priming. Inappropriately fine-grained powder often caused cannons to burst before the projectile could move down the barrel, due to the high initial spike in pressure. 1651: 364: 238:(burns quickly). This is an advantage in a propellant device, where one does not desire a shock that would shatter the gun and potentially harm the operator; however, it is a drawback when an explosion is desired. In that case, the propellant (and most importantly, gases produced by its burning) must be confined. Since it contains its own oxidizer and additionally burns faster under pressure, its combustion is capable of bursting containers such as a shell, grenade, or improvised " 1609:

to 65% saltpeter, 20% charcoal and 15% sulfur. The explanation for the wide variety in formulation relates to usage. Powder used for rocketry can use a slower burn rate since it accelerates the projectile for a much longer time—whereas powders for weapons such as flintlocks, cap-locks, or matchlocks need a higher burn rate to accelerate the projectile in a much shorter distance. Cannons usually used lower burn-rate powders, because most would burst with higher burn-rate powders.

1927:-sized clumps by hand or with the use of a sieve instead of larger balls produced a product after drying that loaded much better, as each tiny piece provided its own surrounding air space that allowed much more rapid combustion than a fine powder. This "corned" gunpowder was from 30% to 300% more powerful. An example is cited where 15 kilograms (34 lb) of serpentine was needed to shoot a 21-kilogram (47 lb) ball, but only 8.2 kilograms (18 lb) of corned powder. 606:. In the early 13th century the Jin used iron-casing bombs. Projectiles were added to fire lances, and re-usable fire lance barrels were developed, first out of hardened paper, and then metal. By 1257 some fire lances were firing wads of bullets. In the late 13th century metal fire lances became 'eruptors', proto-cannons firing co-viative projectiles (mixed with the propellant, rather than seated over it with a wad), and by 1287 at the latest, had become true guns, the 2373: 1315: 2362: 1452: 1960: 2283: 1642:

chlorate sensitized primers. The bulkier black powder fouling better disperses primer residue. Failure to mitigate primer corrosion by dispersion caused the false impression that nitrocellulose-based powder caused corrosion. Lesmok had some of the bulk of black powder for dispersing primer residue, but somewhat less total bulk than straight black powder, thus requiring less frequent bore cleaning. It was last sold by Winchester in 1947.

2054:, Triple Seven and Black Mag3 pellets have been developed since the 1970s. These products, which should not be confused with smokeless powders, aim to produce less fouling (solid residue), while maintaining the traditional volumetric measurement system for charges. Claims of less corrosiveness of these products have been controversial however. New cleaning products for black-powder guns have also been developed for this market. 696:. The torpedo was called the "egg which moves itself and burns". Two iron sheets were fastened together and tightened using felt. The flattened pear-shaped vessel was filled with gunpowder, metal filings, "good mixtures", two rods, and a large rocket for propulsion. Judging by the illustration, it was evidently supposed to glide across the water. Fire lances were used in battles between the Muslims and Mongols in 1299 and 1303. 27: 1048: 1605:, the plant collector, who recognised the possibilities of sodium nitrate during his travels in South America. Lammot du Pont would have known about the use of graphite and probably also knew about the plants in south-west England. In his patent he was careful to state that his claim was for the combination of graphite with sodium nitrate-based powder, rather than for either of the two individual technologies. 692:), 22 of which are for rockets. If one takes the median of 17 of these 22 compositions for rockets (75% nitrates, 9.06% sulfur, and 15.94% charcoal), it is nearly identical to the modern reported ideal recipe of 75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulfur, and 15% charcoal. The text also mentions fuses, incendiary bombs, naphtha pots, fire lances, and an illustration and description of the earliest 941:, researched best refining and powder manufacturing methods, instituted management and record-keeping, and established pricing that encouraged private investment in works. Although saltpeter from new Prussian-style putrefaction works had not been produced yet (the process taking about 18 months), in only a year France had gunpowder to export. A chief beneficiary of this surplus was the 1891:

compressed nor too loose, a wooden bung pounded in to seal the chamber from the barrel when assembled, and the projectile placed on. A carefully determined empty space was necessary for the charge to burn effectively. When the cannon was fired through the touchhole, turbulence from the initial surface combustion caused the rest of the powder to be rapidly exposed to the flame.

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smoke and combustion products. Smokeless powder has different burning properties (pressure vs. time) and can generate higher pressures and work per gram. This can rupture older weapons designed for black powder. Smokeless powders ranged in color from brownish tan to yellow to white. Most of the bulk semi-smokeless powders ceased to be manufactured in the 1920s.

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can be altered somewhat depending on the purpose of the powder. For instance, power grades of black powder, unsuitable for use in firearms but adequate for blasting rock in quarrying operations, are called blasting powder rather than gunpowder with standard proportions of 70% nitrate, 14% charcoal, and 16% sulfur; blasting powder may be made with the cheaper

1513:. This has led to arguments on the exact origins of gunpowder based on etymological foundations. Science and technology historian Bert S. Hall makes the observation that, "It goes without saying, however, that historians bent on special pleading, or simply with axes of their own to grind, can find rich material in these terminological thickets." 6583: 1489:

gunpowder. It is difficult to accurately translate original Chinese alchemical texts, which tend to explain phenomena through metaphor, into modern scientific language with rigidly defined terminology in English. Early texts potentially mentioning gunpowder are sometimes marked by a linguistic process where

1411:. By the early 16th century, the Javanese already locally producing large guns, some of them still survived until the present day and dubbed as "sacred cannon" or "holy cannon". These cannons varied between 180- and 260-pounders, weighing anywhere between 3 and 8 tons, length of them between 3 and 6 m. 2456:

During the 18th century, gunpowder factories became increasingly dependent on mechanical energy. Despite mechanization, production difficulties related to humidity control, especially during the pressing, were still present in the late 19th century. A paper from 1885 laments that "Gunpowder is such a

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The following year (1864) the Gatebeck Low Gunpowder Works in Cumbria (Great Britain) started a plant to manufacture potassium nitrate by essentially the same chemical process. This is nowadays called the 'Wakefield Process', after the owners of the company. It would have used potassium chloride from

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For propellants to oxidize and burn rapidly and effectively, the combustible ingredients must be reduced to the smallest possible particle sizes, and be as thoroughly mixed as possible. Once mixed, however, for better results in a gun, makers discovered that the final product should be in the form of

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The current standard composition for the gunpowder manufactured by pyrotechnicians was adopted as long ago as 1780. Proportions by weight are 75% potassium nitrate (known as saltpeter or saltpetre), 15% softwood charcoal, and 10% sulfur. These ratios have varied over the centuries and by country, and

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Loading black powder cartridges into most gas-operated firearms causes failure to cycle. However, some gas-operated guns that use cartridges such as .45 ACP, 9×19mm, and even 7.62×39mm can cycle somewhat properly depending on the firearm model, cartridge specifications, and powder loads (albeit with

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Besides its use as a propellant in firearms and artillery, black powder's other main use has been as a blasting powder in quarrying, mining, and road construction (including railroad construction). During the 19th century, outside of war emergencies such as the Crimean War or the American Civil War,

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was designated A-1. These grades were sorted on a system of screens with oversize retained on a mesh of 6 wires per inch, A-1 retained on 10 wires per inch, Fg retained on 14, FFg on 24, FFFg on 46, and FFFFg on 60. Fines designated FFFFFg were usually reprocessed to minimize explosive dust hazards.

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problems with Cordite Mk I and this led to the introduction of a range of sulfur-free gunpowders, of varying grain sizes. They typically contain 70.5 parts of saltpeter and 29.5 parts of charcoal. Like black powder, they were produced in different grain sizes. In the United Kingdom, the finest grain

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However, the history of gunpowder is not without controversy. A major problem confronting the study of early gunpowder history is ready access to sources close to the events described. Often the first records potentially describing use of gunpowder in warfare were written several centuries after the

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Combustion converts less than half the mass of gunpowder to gas; most of it turns into particulate matter. Some of it is ejected, wasting propelling power, fouling the air, and generally being a nuisance (giving away a soldier's position, generating fog that hinders vision, etc.). Some of it ends up

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By the late 19th century manufacturing focused on standard grades of black powder from Fg used in large bore rifles and shotguns, through FFg (medium and small-bore arms such as muskets and fusils), FFFg (small-bore rifles and pistols), and FFFFg (extreme small bore, short pistols and most commonly

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was coined in the late 19th century, primarily in the United States, to distinguish prior gunpowder formulations from the new smokeless powders and semi-smokeless powders. Semi-smokeless powders featured bulk volume properties that approximated black powder, but had significantly reduced amounts of

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French war powder in 1879 used the ratio 75% saltpeter, 12.5% charcoal, 12.5% sulfur. English war powder in 1879 used the ratio 75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal, 10% sulfur. The British Congreve rockets used 62.4% saltpeter, 23.2% charcoal and 14.4% sulfur, but the British Mark VII gunpowder was changed

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Another major area of contention in modern studies of the history of gunpowder is regarding the transmission of gunpowder. While the literary and archaeological evidence supports a Chinese origin for gunpowder and guns, the manner in which gunpowder technology was transferred from China to the West

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or "right to dig", to seize nitrous-containing soil and demolish walls of barnyards, without compensation to the owners. This caused farmers, the wealthy, or entire villages to bribe the petermen and the associated bureaucracy to leave their buildings alone and the saltpeter uncollected. Lavoisier

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The earliest surviving documentary evidence for cannons in the Islamic world is from an Arabic manuscript dated to the early 14th century. The author's name is uncertain but may have been Shams al-Din Muhammad, who died in 1350. Dating from around 1320–1350, the illustrations show gunpowder weapons

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Around the late 14th century, European powdermakers first began adding liquid during grinding to improve mixing, reduce dust, and with it the risk of explosion. The powder-makers would then shape the resulting paste of dampened gunpowder, known as mill cake, into corns, or grains, to dry. Not only

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in Eastern Europe that mentions a "long lance" sending forth "evil-smelling vapors and smoke", which has been variously interpreted by different historians as the "first-gas attack upon European soil" using gunpowder, "the first use of cannon in Europe", or merely a "toxic gas" with no evidence of

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remarked, "Scholars today overwhelmingly concur that the gun was invented in China." Gunpowder and the gun are widely believed by historians to have originated from China due to the large body of evidence that documents the evolution of gunpowder from a medicine to an incendiary and explosive, and

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Saltpeter harvesting was recorded by Dutch and German travelers as being common in even the smallest villages and was collected from the decomposition process of large dung hills specifically piled for the purpose. The Dutch punishment for possession of non-permitted gunpowder appears to have been

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Modern corning first compresses the fine black powder meal into blocks with a fixed density (1.7 g/cm). In the United States, gunpowder grains were designated F (for fine) or C (for coarse). Grain diameter decreased with a larger number of Fs and increased with a larger number of Cs, ranging

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In the mid-19th century, measurements were made determining that the burning rate within a grain of black powder (or a tightly packed mass) is about 6 cm/s (0.20 feet/s), while the rate of ignition propagation from grain to grain is around 9 m/s (30 feet/s), over two orders of magnitude

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and others primarily for .22 and .32 small calibers. Its advantage was that it was believed at the time to be less corrosive than smokeless powders then in use. It was not understood in the U.S. until the 1920s that the actual source of corrosion was the potassium chloride residue from potassium

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substituted for potassium nitrate and proportions may be as low as 40% nitrate, 30% charcoal, and 30% sulfur. In 1857, Lammot du Pont solved the main problem of using cheaper sodium nitrate formulations when he patented DuPont "B" blasting powder. After manufacturing grains from press-cake in the

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to a metal gun, whereas similar records do not exist elsewhere. As Andrade explains, the large amount of variation in gunpowder recipes in China relative to Europe is "evidence of experimentation in China, where gunpowder was at first used as an incendiary and only later became an explosive and a

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combinations. A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques; the earliest Latin accounts of saltpeter

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The improvement was based on reducing the surface area of a higher density composition. At the beginning of the 19th century, makers increased density further by static pressing. They shoveled damp mill cake into a two-foot square box, placed this beneath a screw press and reduced it to half its

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In late 14th century Europe and China, gunpowder was improved by wet grinding; liquid such as distilled spirits were added during the grinding-together of the ingredients and the moist paste dried afterwards. The principle of wet mixing to prevent the separation of dry ingredients, invented for

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in 1241. Professor Kenneth Warren Chase credits the Mongols for introducing into Europe gunpowder and its associated weaponry. However, there is no clear route of transmission, and while the Mongols are often pointed to as the likeliest vector, Timothy May points out that "there is no concrete

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used "the first cannon in history" against the Mongols, utilizing a formula with near-identical ideal composition ratios for explosive gunpowder. Other historians urge caution regarding claims of Islamic firearms use in the 1204–1324 period, as late medieval Arabic texts used the same word for

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before the powder-making advances of the Renaissance was a skilled art. Fine powder loaded haphazardly or too tightly would burn incompletely or too slowly. Typically, the breech-loading powder chamber in the rear of the piece was filled only about half full, the serpentine powder neither too

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The original dry-compounded powder used in 15th-century Europe was known as "Serpentine", either a reference to Satan or to a common artillery piece that used it. The ingredients were ground together with a mortar and pestle, perhaps for 24 hours, resulting in a fine flour. Vibration during

467:; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down." Based on these Taoist texts, the invention of gunpowder by Chinese alchemists was likely an accidental byproduct from experiments seeking to create the 6587: 2432:

Another advance was the manufacture of kiln charcoal by distilling wood in heated iron retorts instead of burning it in earthen pits. Controlling the temperature influenced the power and consistency of the finished gunpowder. In 1863, in response to high prices for Indian saltpeter,

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Because the dry powdered ingredients must be mixed and bonded together for extrusion and cut into grains to maintain the blend, size reduction and mixing is done while the ingredients are damp, usually with water. After 1800, instead of forming grains by hand or with sieves, the damp

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provides encyclopedia references to a variety of mixtures that included petrochemicals—as well as garlic and honey. A slow match for flame-throwing mechanisms using the siphon principle and for fireworks and rockets is mentioned. The mixture formulas in this book contain at most 50%

1601:(now in Chile). Also, in 1846, two plants were built in south-west England to make blasting powder using this sodium nitrate. The idea may well have been brought from Peru by Cornish miners returning home after completing their contracts. Another suggestion is that it was 636:

had written recipes, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries. It is implied by al-Rammah's usage of "terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources" and his references to saltpeter as "Chinese snow"

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is still under debate. It is unknown why the rapid spread of gunpowder technology across Eurasia took place over several decades whereas other technologies such as paper, the compass, and printing did not reach Europe until centuries after they were invented in China.

2429:, who had learned the trade from Lavoisier, tumbled the dried grains in rotating barrels to round the edges and increase durability during shipping and handling. (Sharp grains rounded off in transport, producing fine "meal dust" that changed the burning properties.) 975:, the majority of the British gunpowder manufacturers merged into a single company, "Explosives Trades limited", and a number of sites were closed down, including those in Ireland. This company became Nobel Industries Limited, and in 1926 became a founding member of 2039:, the main service gunpowders were classified RFG (rifle grained fine) with diameter of one or two millimeters and RLG (rifle grained large) for grain diameters between two and six millimeters. Gunpowder grains can alternatively be categorized by mesh size: the BSS 1557:

Potassium nitrate is the most important ingredient in terms of both bulk and function because the combustion process releases oxygen from the potassium nitrate, promoting the rapid burning of the other ingredients. To reduce the likelihood of accidental ignition by

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did corned powder keep better because of its reduced surface area, gunners also found that it was more powerful and easier to load into guns. Before long, powder-makers standardized the process by forcing mill cake through sieves instead of corning powder by hand.

2334:. The ingredients are reduced in particle size and mixed as intimately as possible. Originally, this was with a mortar-and-pestle or a similarly operating stamping-mill, using copper, bronze or other non-sparking materials, until supplanted by the rotating 784:

contributed significantly to its expansion between the 15th and 18th century. It was not until later in the 19th century when the syndicalist production of Turkish gunpowder was greatly reduced, which coincided with the decline of its military might.

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Neither the use of graphite nor sodium nitrate was new. Glossing gunpowder corns with graphite was already an accepted technique in 1839, and sodium nitrate-based blasting powder had been made in Peru for many years using the sodium nitrate mined at

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nervous and sensitive spirit, that in almost every process of manufacture it changes under our hands as the weather changes." Pressing times to the desired density could vary by a factor of three depending on the atmospheric humidity.

725:, which appears from 1342 to 1352 but cannot be proven to be true hand-guns or bombards. Contemporary accounts of a metal-barrel cannon in the Islamic world do not occur until 1365. Needham believes that in its original form the term 593:

By 1083 the Song court was producing hundreds of thousands of fire arrows for their garrisons. Bombs and the first proto-guns, known as "fire lances", became prominent during the 12th century and were used by the Song during the

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Gunpowder had originally been produced for medicinal purposes. It was eaten, in hopes of curing digestive ailments; inhaled, for respiratory disorders; and, as mentioned, rubbed onto skin level disorders like rashes or burns.

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evidence that the Mongols used gunpowder weapons on a regular basis outside of China." May also states, "however the Mongols used the gunpowder weapon in their wars against the Jin, the Song and in their invasions of Japan."

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was appointed. Although from a bourgeois family, after his degree in law Lavoisier became wealthy from a company set up to collect taxes for the Crown; this allowed him to pursue experimental natural science as a hobby.

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which uses gunpowder to shoot projectiles out of a tube at the end of a stock. Some consider this to be a cannon while others do not. The problem with identifying cannons in early 14th century Arabic texts is the term

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have been used to eliminate persistent material rings in operating rotary kilns (such as those for cement, lime, phosphate, etc.) and clinker in operating furnaces, and commercial tools make the method more reliable.

1380:. The precise year of introduction is unknown, but it may be safely concluded to be no earlier than 1460. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in Southeast Asia, the natives already possessed primitive firearms, the 2240:

have been known to fire after hanging on a wall for decades in a loaded state, provided they remained dry. By contrast, gunpowder made with sodium nitrate must be kept sealed to remain stable. Gunpowder releases 3

5408: 2517:, drove nails or screws into solid concrete, a function not possible with hydraulic tools, and today is still an important part of various industries, but the cartridges usually use smokeless powders. Industrial 1883:), or if the powder was simply old (due to the mildly hygroscopic nature of potassium nitrate), in humid weather it would need to be re-dried. The dust from "repairing" powder in the field was a major hazard. 1679:). Coarser grains were numbered as sulfur-free gunpowder (SFG n): 'SFG 12', 'SFG 20', 'SFG 40' and 'SFG 90', for example where the number represents the smallest BSS sieve mesh size, which retained no grains. 1617:

Besides black powder, there are other historically important types of gunpowder. "Brown gunpowder" is cited as composed of 79% nitre, 3% sulfur, and 18% charcoal per 100 of dry powder, with about 2% moisture.

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propellant... in contrast, formulas in Europe diverged only very slightly from the ideal proportions for use as an explosive and a propellant, suggesting that gunpowder was introduced as a mature technology."

183:. It thus makes a good propellant but is less suitable for shattering rock or fortifications with its low-yield explosive power. Nonetheless, it was widely used to fill fused artillery shells (and used in 2572:

use of black powder in a method for crushing gold-bearing ores by firing them from a cannon into an iron chamber, and "much satisfaction was expressed by all present". He hoped it would be useful on the

652:), fireworks as "Chinese flowers", and rockets as "Chinese arrows" that knowledge of gunpowder arrived from China. However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to "his father and forefathers", 876:, the practice of drying it into small clumps to improve combustion and consistency. During this time, European manufacturers also began regularly purifying saltpeter, using wood ashes containing 578:

since at least the 10th century. Its first recorded military application dates its use to 904 in the form of incendiary projectiles. In the following centuries various gunpowder weapons such as

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Filipek, W; Broda, K (2017). "Experimental verification of the concept of the use of controlled pyrotechnic reaction as a source of energy as a part of the transport system from the seabed".

1584:. Whereas charcoal's autoignition temperature is relatively low, carbon's is much greater. Thus, a gunpowder composition containing pure carbon would burn similarly to a match head, at best. 2000:

had grains averaging 15 mm (0.6 in) in diameter with edges rounded in a glazing barrel. Other versions had grains the size of golf and tennis balls for use in 20-inch (51 cm)

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The exact percentages of ingredients varied greatly through the medieval period as the recipes were developed by trial and error, and needed to be updated for changing military technology.

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transportation could cause the components to separate again, requiring remixing in the field. Also if the quality of the saltpeter was low (for instance if it was contaminated with highly

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Company introduced in 1884 in Germany, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy shortly thereafter. The French navy adopted a fine, 3.1 millimeter, not prismatic grained product called

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Burst barrel of a muzzle loader pistol replica, which was loaded with nitrocellulose powder instead of black powder and could not withstand the higher pressures of the modern propellant

2022: in) diameter, like a wagon wheel nut, the center hole widened as the grain burned. By 1882 German makers also produced hexagonal grained powders of a similar size for artillery. 1637:

Lesmok powder was a product developed by DuPont in 1911, one of several semi-smokeless products in the industry containing a mixture of black and nitrocellulose powder. It was sold to

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Gunpowder does not burn as a single reaction, so the byproducts are not easily predicted. One study showed that it produced (in order of descending quantities) 55.91% solid products:

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ascended to the throne of France at age 20. After he discovered that France was not self-sufficient in gunpowder, a Gunpowder Administration was established; to head it, the lawyer

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Ritchie, Kathleen E.; Riegner, Robert J.; Seals; Rogers, Clifford J.; Riegner, Dawn E. (24 August 2021), "Evolution of Medieval Gunpowder: Thermodynamic and Combustion Analysis",

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or water during grinding to prevent accidental ignition. This also helps the extremely soluble saltpeter to mix into the microscopic pores of the very high surface-area charcoal.

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argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by "the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth". In Persia saltpeter was known as "Chinese salt" (

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gradually replaced it for those uses. Today, industrial explosives for such uses are still a huge market, but most of the market is in newer explosives rather than black powder.

1484:. Ambiguous language can make it difficult to distinguish gunpowder weapons from similar technologies that do not rely on gunpowder. A commonly cited example is a report of the 4512:

Babad Dipanagara: an account of the outbreak of the Java war, 1825–30 : the Surakarta court version of the Babad Dipanagara with translations into English and Indonesian

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By the mid-17th century fireworks were used for entertainment on an unprecedented scale in Europe, being popular even at resorts and public gardens. With the publication of

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fact, and may well have been colored by the contemporary experiences of the chronicler. Translation difficulties have led to errors or loose interpretations bordering on

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Gunpowder made with less-expensive and more plentiful sodium nitrate instead of potassium nitrate (in appropriate proportions) works just as well. However, it is more

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usual way, his process tumbled the powder with graphite dust for 12 hours. This formed a graphite coating on each grain that reduced its ability to absorb moisture.

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appeared in China. Explosive weapons such as bombs have been discovered in a shipwreck off the shore of Japan dated from 1281, during the Mongol invasions of Japan.

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court bureaucrat and there is little evidence that it had any immediate impact on warfare; there is no mention of its use in the chronicles of the wars against the

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edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed, was used in Great Britain; however, by the mid 19th century this had changed to either an iron-shod stone wheel or a

1372:), is recorded as being used by Java in 1413, the knowledge of making "true" firearms came much later, after the middle of the 15th century. It was brought by the 1294:

unleashed the Mysorean rockets at their British opponents effectively defeating them on various occasions. The Mysorean rockets inspired the development of the

5334: 1039:, which included a gunpowder factory, as the only factory in Great Britain producing gunpowder. The gunpowder area of the Ardeer site closed in October 1976. 861:

existed at the Tower in 1461, and in 1515 three King's gunpowder makers worked there. Gunpowder was also being made or stored at other royal castles, such as

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is known to have introduced much more advanced matchlocks, their designs were a combination of Ottoman and Mughal designs. Shah Jahan also countered the

6541: 4076:. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press in association with the European Ethnological Research Centre and the Scottish Working People's History Trust. 1068: 5223:

Jecock, Marcus; Dunn, Christopher; et al. (2009). "Gatebeck Low Gunpowder Works and the Workers' Settlements of Endmoor and Gatebeck, Cumbria".

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Even though the knowledge of making gunpowder-based weapons was known after the failed Mongol invasion of Java, and the predecessor of firearms, the

1630:(SBC) or "cocoa powder". These brown powders reduced burning rate even further by using as little as 2 percent sulfur and using charcoal made from 1446: 920:(1748), methods for creating fireworks were sufficiently well-known and well-described that "Firework making has become an exact science." In 1774 619: 5794:

Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes

4843: 3515: 1988: in) for 7C. Even larger grains were produced for artillery bore diameters greater than about 17 cm (6.7 in). The standard DuPont 1688: 932:

Without access to cheap saltpeter (controlled by the British), for hundreds of years France had relied on saltpetremen with royal warrants, the

5836: 2830: 737:), then after the invention of gunpowder it meant the tube of fire lances, and eventually it applied to the cylinder of hand-guns and cannons. 832:. The oldest written recipes in continental Europe were recorded under the name Marcus Graecus or Mark the Greek between 1280 and 1300 in the 3819: 3943: 2489:

engine, etc., for shipment because they are harder to ignite than loose powder. As explosives, they all fall into the category of Class 1.

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inside the barrel, where it also is a nuisance for subsequent shots, and a cause of jamming an automatic weapon. Moreover, this residue is

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A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the founding and early history of the DuPont Company powder yards in Delaware

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by 1465. In 1598, Chinese writer Zhao Shizhen described Turkish muskets as being superior to European muskets. The Chinese military book

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such as gunpowder arrows, bombs, fire tubes, and fire lances or proto-guns. The manuscript describes a type of gunpowder weapon called a

2425:. They broke the dried slabs with hammers or rollers, and sorted the granules with sieves into different grades. In the United States, 960:, worked to improve the properties of gunpowder during the late 19th century. This formed the basis for the Noble-Abel gas equation for 2474: 567: 210:

replacing it, and it is no longer used for industrial purposes due to its relative inefficiency compared to newer alternatives such as

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compared to modern "smokeless" powders, and thus to achieve high energy loadings, large amounts are needed with heavy projectiles.

4332: 623: 1549:(S), which, while also serving as a fuel, lowers the temperature required to ignite the mixture, thereby increasing the rate of 253:, gunpowder causes fewer fractures and results in more usable stone compared to other explosives, making it useful for blasting 5058: 2551:

when ink wasn't available, by pricking the skin and rubbing the powder into the wound in a method known as traumatic tattooing.

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Sulfur's main role in gunpowder is to decrease the ignition temperature. A sample reaction for sulfur-free gunpowder would be:

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in 1343. A metal cannon firing an iron ball was described by Shihab al-Din Abu al-Abbas al-Qalqashandi between 1365 and 1376.

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Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols",

5924: 5813: 5783: 5750: 5711: 5690: 5671: 5594: 5572: 5551: 5532: 5503: 5418: 5361: 5027: 4976: 4923:

Molerus, Otto. "History of Civilization in the Western Hemisphere from the Point of View of Particulate Technology, Part 2,"

4896: 4495: 4453: 4136: 4106: 4081: 3970: 3752: 3718: 3626: 2782: 5171: 4247:

Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European".

4238:"rocket and missile system." Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 5382: 3918: 2481:

for shipment because it ignites so easily. Complete manufactured devices containing black powder are usually classified as

1217: 5307:

C.E. Munroe (1885) "Notes on the literature of explosives no. VIII", Proceedings of the US Naval Institute, no. XI, p. 285

5255: 6526: 4425:

Hasbullah, Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan (September 2013). "Teknologi Istinggar Beberapa Ciri Fizikal dalam Aplikasi Teknikalnya".

3495: 2942: 2043:, being the smallest mesh size, which retains no grains. Recognized grain sizes are Gunpowder G 7, G 20, G 40, and G 90. 1004: 6548: 3484: 2257:(47.2 megajoules per kilogram in combustion, but gasoline requires an oxidant; for instance, an optimized gasoline and O 574:

in the 11th century, and China was otherwise mostly at peace during this century. However, it had already been used for

6577: 5605: 4620: 3595: 909:, written in vernacular. It was published posthumously in 1540, with 9 editions over 138 years, and also reprinted by 179:

generates enough pressure to force the shot from the muzzle at high speed, but usually not enough force to rupture the

6850: 6521: 5003: 2544:

for the wounded under his care with gunpowder. It was also used for sterilization in ships when there was no alcohol.

1638: 437:

The first confirmed reference to what can be considered gunpowder in China occurred in the 9th century AD during the

5338: 4713:

Ashford, Bob (2016). "A New Interpretation of the Historical Data on the Gunpowder Industry in Devon and Cornwall".

1099:, and some of the Mongol soldiers remained in northern India after their conversion to Islam. It was written in the 455:

mentions a formula composed of six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb. According to the

5410:

Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700–1750

5145: 4471:. Vol. 22, No. 3, Special Issue: Asian Studies in Honour of Professor Charles Boxer (1988), pp. 607–628 (22 pages). 4485: 3516:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries" 336:

essential parts such as barrels and bores. Such guns have minimal fouling and corrosion and are easier to clean.

2525:

Gunpowder has occasionally been employed for other purposes besides weapons, mining, fireworks and construction:

1425: 1318:

A double barrelled cetbang on a carriage, with swivel yoke, ca. 1522. The mouth of the cannon is in the shape of

6799: 277:, and rescue-line launches. It is also used in fireworks for lifting shells, in rockets as fuel, and in certain 6673: 4411:

Andaya, L. Y. 1999. Interaction with the outside world and adaptation in Southeast Asian society 1500–1800. In

2655: 2630: 1011:

in 1941 and it never reopened. This was followed by the closure and demolition of the gunpowder section at the

869:(1642–1645) led to an expansion of the gunpowder industry, with the repeal of the Royal Patent in August 1641. 45: 2483:

Group D: Secondary detonating substance, or black powder, or article containing secondary detonating substance

6379:

Schmidtchen, Volker (1977b), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",

6369:

Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit",

5844: 2635: 2008:

powder for large artillery, which was pressed using shaped plates with a small center core—about 38 mm (

953: 845:

Some sources mention possible gunpowder weapons being deployed by the Mongols against European forces at the

351: 206:

for medicinal purposes, it was first used for warfare around AD 904. Its use in weapons has declined due to

6845: 4698:

Wisniak, J. J.; Garcés, I. (September 2001). "The Rise and Fall of the Salitre (Sodium Nitrate) Industry".

3963:

A bibliography of firework books: works on recreative fireworks from the sixteenth to the twentieth century

2453:

the Staßfurt mines, near Magdeburg, Germany, which had recently become available in industrial quantities.

976: 628:

According to Iqtidar Alam Khan, it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world. The

6807: 5438: 4262:

Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2

4074:'Oh, ye had to be careful' : personal recollections by Roslin gunpowder mill and bomb factory workers 3323: 1187: 497: 6855: 6835: 2800:"Slate, slate, everywhere slate: The cultural landscapes of the Willunga slate quarries, South Australia" 2585:. Nothing came of the invention, as continuously operating crushing machines that achieved more reliable 1024: 603: 6531: 5833: 4229:"India." Encyclopædia Britannica 2008 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 3248: 1598: 6090:

War in World History: Society, Technology, and War from Ancient Times to the Present, Volume 1, To 1500

4333:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises" 2722:"A history of tunneling and underground construction and the factors driving current and future demand" 2562: 1052: 415: 249:

In quarrying, high explosives are generally preferred for shattering rock. However, because of its low

20: 6154:

The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: an Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol 1, A-K

5865: 4851: 3523: 6617: 5916:

Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World

5701: 4020:

Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution

3993:; the realization that saltpeter contained this substance was fundamental to understanding gunpowder. 3454: 2620: 2366: 1385: 1088: 394: 2866: 945:. By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at 4889:

Gunpowder & galleys: changing technology & Mediterranean warfare at sea in the 16th century

2530: 2426: 2392: 741: 704: 419: 321:

gun barrels. Gunpowder arms therefore require thorough and regular cleaning to remove the residue.

243: 3947: 1127:

also existed in many Muslim kingdoms in India by as early as 1366. From then on the employment of

1003:

closed down. The factory was demolished by fire in 1932. The last remaining gunpowder mill at the

504:

was known to the Chinese by the mid-1st century AD and was primarily produced in the provinces of

4211: 2625: 2047: 1947:, reduced the pressure to only 20 percent as high as ordinary cannon powder would have produced. 1420: 1331: 1287: 1120: 1064: 447: 4938:

Reports of experiments on the properties of metals for cannon and the qualities of cannon powder

937:

instituted a crash program to increase saltpeter production, revised (and later eliminated) the

6571: 2327: 1012: 358: 325: 5897: 4126: 3708: 3667: 3612: 3585: 3475: 1898:

powder changed this procedure, but serpentine was used with older guns into the 17th century.

1115:

in 1258. Nasiruddin Mahmud tried to express his strength as a ruler and tried to ward off any

773:

mechanism, which was not known to have been used in European or Chinese firearms at the time.

6683: 5318: 5108: 3742: 2534: 2194: 896: 472: 411: 199: 5394: 2261:

mixture releases 10.4 megajoules per kilogram, taking into account the mass of the oxygen).

903:

but broke with the tradition of secrecy by setting down everything he knew in a book titled

805: 6860: 6703: 6610: 3365: 2842: 2514: 2385: 2287: 1178: 797:

Earliest depiction of a European cannon, "De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum",

345: 55: 971:

in the late 19th century led to a contraction of the gunpowder industry. After the end of

816:

The earliest Western accounts of gunpowder appear in texts written by English philosopher

632:

acquired knowledge of gunpowder sometime between 1240 and 1280, by which point the Syrian

8: 6840: 6658: 6236: 5562: 3450: 2381: 2174: 2131: 2046:

Owing to the large market of antique and replica black-powder firearms in the US, modern

1267: 1161:. After that, a diverse variety of firearms, large guns in particular, became visible in 1158: 1060: 961: 942: 877: 700: 306: 294: 5525:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

4381: 4313:

Mayers (1876). "Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century".

3369: 3118: 2846: 1415:

amputation. Ownership and manufacture of gunpowder was later prohibited by the colonial

1251:, which supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century. 6830: 6698: 6678: 6333: 6263: 6067: 6059: 5803: 5775: 5650: 4355: 3512: 3381: 3377: 2858: 2811: 2640: 2569: 2554: 2513:

for animals, cable splicers and other industrial construction tools. The "stud gun", a

2442: 2397: 2331: 2202: 1997: 1559: 1456: 1232:: special units that undermined heavy stone fortifications to plant gunpowder charges. 1028: 862: 798: 653: 390: 138: 42: 4034:"The Noble-Abel Equation of State: Thermodynamic Derivations for Ballistics Modelling" 1259:

participated in saltpeter production. The Dutch, French, Portuguese, and English used

6662: 6491: 6472: 6453: 6424: 6395: 6338: 6297: 6248: 6201: 6195: 6157: 6138: 6112: 6093: 6071: 6028: 6009: 5990: 5962: 5920: 5914: 5809: 5779: 5746: 5707: 5686: 5667: 5654: 5590: 5584: 5568: 5547: 5528: 5499: 5414: 5357: 5236: 5023: 4999: 4972: 4892: 4782:

Hatcher, Julian S. (1962). "Chapter XIV, Gun Corrosion and Ammunition Developments".

4491: 4449: 4359: 4132: 4102: 4077: 3966: 3748: 3714: 3622: 3591: 3462: 2778: 2650: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2142: 2116: 2086: 2071: 2063: 2031: 1396: 1346: 1128: 925: 905: 866: 599: 559: 188: 94: 38: 5055: 4803: 3614:

Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956)

3385: 2862: 2498:

more black powder was used in these industrial uses than in firearms and artillery.

424: 6779: 6751: 6693: 6668: 6654: 6567: 6552: 6328: 6320: 6258: 6181: 6051: 5642: 5232: 5096: 4347: 3990: 3373: 3335: 2850: 2615: 2558: 2541: 2291: 2218: 1887: 1481: 1358: 1080: 1076: 1032: 968: 657: 480: 329: 310: 207: 74: 5703:

Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture

5613: 5496:

Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire

4617: 4275:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis

1907:

individual dense grains that spread the fire quickly from grain to grain, much as

1666:, such as gunpowder. However, the sulfur content of traditional gunpowders caused 1543:, which provides carbon and other fuel for the reaction, simplified as carbon (C); 776:

The state-controlled manufacture of gunpowder by the Ottoman Empire through early

6789: 5840: 5434: 5389: 5062: 4966: 3499: 3488: 2470: 2323: 2250: 2214: 1880: 1490: 1335: 1299: 1295: 1096: 1092: 854: 770: 638: 633: 298: 165: 5123:"Teoretyczna i eksperymentalna analiza parametrów balistycznych prochu czarnego" 4764: 2961: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2887: 2322:

can be used. In Great Britain between the 15th and 19th centuries charcoal from

1278:

military officers were employed to train the Mysore Army. Hyder Ali and his son

6284:

The History and Chronology of Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons (c. 1000 to 1850)

6126: 5861: 4033: 3353: 3244: 2645: 2466: 2377: 2295: 2265: 2206: 2153: 2101: 2036: 1993: 1589: 1485: 1286:, their army was also the first in India to have official uniforms. During the 1240: 1191: 1146: 1008: 996: 957: 846: 760: 539: 530: 468: 445:(太上聖祖金丹秘訣) in 808, and then about 50 years later in a Taoist text known as the 407: 369: 333: 278: 192: 5292: 4264:. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Page 178. 4203: 3872: 3492: 3481: 2955: 6824: 6783: 6723: 6688: 6324: 5240: 5122: 4824: 4624: 3339: 2409: 1935:

was pressed in molds to increase its density and extract the liquid, forming

1650: 1467: 1381: 1221: 895:

thought emerged, one in Italy and the other at Nuremberg, Germany. In Italy,

595: 571: 5987:

Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity

5869: 5265:. Ministry of Regional Development and Transport Saxony-Anhalt. p. 10. 4351: 3669:

Manufacture and transportation of gunpowder in the Ottoman Empire: 1400–1800

744:

certainly used cannons by 1342. According to J. Lavin, cannons were used by

363: 328:. The most compatible modern guns are smoothbore-barreled shotguns that are 6756: 6342: 2854: 2596:

began using gunpowder as an artistic medium for a series of works on paper.

2486: 2237: 2040: 1842:{\displaystyle {\ce {6 KNO3 + C7H4O -> 3 K2CO3 + 4 CO2 + 2 H2O + 3 N2}}} 1663: 1619: 1602: 1569:

Charcoal does not consist of pure carbon; rather, it consists of partially

1399:

came to the archipelago, they referred to the breech-loading swivel gun as

1369: 1354: 1350: 1020: 892: 858: 834: 777: 734: 675: 525: 438: 314: 302: 274: 270: 235: 161: 122: 31: 1319: 646: 6649: 6633: 4765:"A Cartridge Collector's Glossary - International Ammunition Association" 4556: 2586: 2372: 2303: 2277: 2233: 1877: 1416: 1365: 1327: 1303: 1291: 1279: 1209: 1174: 1108: 1107:

the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate presented the envoy of the Mongol ruler

1016: 980: 972: 817: 765: 607: 583: 575: 524:

The earliest chemical formula for gunpowder appeared in the 11th century

516:. There is strong evidence of the use of saltpeter and sulfur in various 430: 290: 266: 227: 153: 48: 5646: 5413:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. 5356:(Repr., Durham, 1944. ed.). Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Pr. p. 83. 5173:

Department Bulleting No. 316: Willows: Their growth, use, and importance

2815: 2565:. Modern attempts to recreate his invention were similarly unsuccessful. 2361: 1451: 1314: 146: 6766: 6708: 6063: 4415:. ed. Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 345–401. 2799: 2610: 2578: 2538: 2286:

The old Powder or Pouther magazine dating from 1642, built by order of

2242: 2001: 1944: 1550: 1472: 1339: 1236: 1194: 1170: 1056: 853:

Records show that, in England, gunpowder was being made in 1346 at the

823: 428:

A 'flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor' firing thunderclap bombs from the

324:

Gunpowder loads can be used in modern firearms as long as they are not

231: 180: 176: 168: 156:

because of its relatively slow decomposition rate and consequently low

106: 6536: 5068: 1959: 1353:. Within a decade large quantities of gunpowder could be found in the 1248: 1087:

Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were transmitted to India through the

393:), excavated from the Takashima shipwreck, October 2011, dated to the 6746: 6741: 6713: 4383:

A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries

3618: 2593: 2582: 2574: 2506: 2351: 2347: 2335: 2319: 2282: 2027: 1667: 1573: 1570: 1506: 1404: 1389: 1271: 1244: 1198: 1150: 1072: 992: 949:

outside Paris became the best in the world by 1788, and inexpensive.

921: 910: 749: 501: 239: 172: 126: 114: 78: 59: 6217:

Artillery and warfare during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries

6055: 5377: 4061:, Merthyr Tydfil: Merthyr Tydfil & District Naturalists' Society 2557:

experimented with gunpowder in 1673 in an early attempt to build an

191:

projects) until the second half of the 19th century, when the first

6736: 6731: 3007: 2510: 2499: 2254: 2246: 2222: 2210: 2160: 2094: 1634:

straw that had not been completely charred, hence the brown color.

1623: 1581: 1563: 1540: 1154: 1036: 880:

to precipitate calcium from their dung liquor, and using ox blood,

781: 517: 513: 250: 211: 157: 102: 86: 4577: 4575: 2505:

Beginning in the 1930s, gunpowder or smokeless powder was used in

1662:, in the late 19th century created the need for a spark-sensitive 1388:

resulted in a new type of hybrid tradition matchlock firearm, the

293:, and with the addition of moisture absorbed from the air forms a 5843:

Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the

5100: 2973: 2518: 2355: 2226: 2051: 1916: 1659: 1530: 1498: 1460: 1260: 1182: 1162: 1143: 1132: 1047: 946: 730: 693: 505: 460: 258: 110: 26: 6042:

Lu, Gwei-Djen (1988), "The Oldest Representation of a Bombard",

5020:

The ABCs of Reloading: The Definitive Guide for Novice to Expert

4652:

Hatcher, Julian S. (1947). "Chapter XIII "Notes on Gunpowder"".

4514:

volume 9: Council of the M.B.R.A.S. by Art Printing Works: 1981.

4427:

International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (IMAN)

3821:

May on Khan, 'Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India'

2831:"The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder" 6641: 5515:

High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics

5291:

Frängsmyr, Tore; Heilbron, J.L.; Rider, Robin E., eds. (1990).

4572: 2548: 2537:, the surgeon of the Napoleonic Army, lacking salt, seasoned a 2438: 2434: 2405: 2401: 2339: 2311: 2198: 2186: 2127: 2123: 2082: 2078: 1577: 1546: 1510: 1283: 1275: 1252: 1229: 1225: 1213: 1136: 1116: 885: 780:

to obtain nitre, sulfur and high-quality charcoal from oaks in

756: 629: 509: 488: 262: 203: 184: 142: 134: 130: 118: 90: 82: 6602: 6237:"Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879" 1031:

gunpowder factory which closed in 1954. This left ICI Nobel's

6488:

Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud

5461: 3946:. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Archived from 2446: 2422: 2315: 1908: 1562:, the granules of modern gunpowder are typically coated with 1377: 1373: 1256: 1205: 1166: 1112: 1000: 745: 464: 318: 254: 5664:

Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History

5631:

Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History

5169: 3356:(1987). "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises". 2343: 2310:

charcoal is used. The best wood for the purpose is Pacific

2307: 1912: 1434: 1430: 1357:. By the end of the century firearms were also used by the 881: 690:

The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices

684:

Hasan al-Rammah included 107 gunpowder recipes in his text

598:. Fire lances were first recorded to have been used at the 579: 286: 215: 98: 5089:

Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin

4504: 1131:

in India was prevalent, with events such as the "Siege of

6310: 6025:

The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb

5567:(2 ed.). West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. 5074: 4587: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4184: 4172: 3744:

Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land

3397: 3395: 3286: 3193: 3181: 1835: 1812: 1792: 1772: 1759: 1736: 1723: 1707: 1631: 1111:

with a dazzling pyrotechnics display upon his arrival in

587: 5297:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 292. 4948: 4946: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4285: 4283: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3555: 3553: 2354:

wheel running on an iron bed. The mix was dampened with

6421:

Fighting Ships Far East (2: Japan and Korea Ad 612–1639

6156:, vol. 1, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 5440:

The Steam Engine and Its Inventors: A Historical Sketch

5192: 4905: 4886: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4656:. Military Service Publishing Company. pp. 300–05. 4150: 4148: 4001: 3999: 3451:"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East" 3276: 3274: 2756: 2754: 1566:, which prevents the build-up of electrostatic charge. 1419:

occupiers. According to colonel McKenzie quoted in Sir

872:

In late 14th century Europe, gunpowder was improved by

367:

Earliest known written formula for gunpowder, from the

6081:

The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community

5383:Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment 5290: 4599: 4544: 4517: 4446:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3710:

The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community

3647: 3635: 3565: 3392: 3298: 3249:"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part III" 3222: 3220: 3145: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3035: 2985: 2983: 987:. Shortly afterwards, on 31 December 1931, the former 5204: 5180: 4943: 4740: 4660: 4490:(. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4280: 4057:

Pritchard, Tom; Evans, Jack; Johnson, Sydney (1985),

4056: 3871:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 3791: 3550: 3538: 3407: 3259: 3169: 3157: 3133: 3086: 3023: 2568:

Near London in 1853, Captain Shrapnel demonstrated a

1691: 712:, that they used for an earlier incendiary, naphtha. 6507:

Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact

5743:

Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History

5120: 4858: 4850:. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Archived from 4145: 3996: 3767: 3271: 3047: 2957:

Would a Modern Automatic Gun Work With Black Powder?

2751: 2689: 5022:(9 ed.). Krause Publications. pp. 53–59. 4891:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 109–10, 298–300. 4448:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 3879: 3835: 3688: 3676: 3419: 3217: 3071: 2980: 1384:. Portuguese influence to local weaponry after the 1212:. Akbar is personally known to have shot a leading 769:(1621) later described Turkish muskets that used a 558:not enough to create an explosion, they produce an 4882: 4880: 4878: 4295: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4160: 3431: 3098: 2995: 2739: 1841: 1576:, in which the wood is not completely decomposed. 1466:On the origins of gunpowder technology, historian 6450:The Hundred Years War (part II): Different Vistas 6111:, vol. 5 pt. 4, Cambridge University Press, 5949:Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India 5462:Beyond Television Productions (18 October 2006). 5113:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 4124: 4099:Gunpowder And Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India 4096: 3779: 2701: 2473:and national transportation authorities, such as 2030:). A coarser grade for use in military artillery 1894:The advent of much more powerful and easy to use 1338:mentioned that the Mongol used cannons (Chinese: 1149:is known to have introduced the earliest type of 6822: 6574:'s Guns, Including showing ignition of gunpowder 5629:Bachrach, David Stewart (July 2008), "Review of 5294:The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century 3869:The Custom of the Castle: From Malory to Macbeth 3205: 2829:Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). 2477:, have classified gunpowder (black powder) as a 2249:and contains its own oxidant. This is less than 1447:Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission 1345:) against Daha forces. Cannons were used by the 1067:. The British battalion was defeated during the 891:During the Renaissance, two European schools of 620:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world 257:, which is fragile, or monumental stone such as 6294:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 5866:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources" 5564:A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery 4964: 4875: 4479: 4477: 4218: 3965:. Dingmans Ferry, PA: American Fireworks News. 2828: 2777:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 132–37. 2111:A balanced, but still simplified, equation is: 1282:were the first to introduce modern cannons and 6549:"Ulrich Bretschler's Gunpowder Chemistry page" 5455: 4418: 4277:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3813: 3811: 3352: 2953: 2910:hickok45- Glock Torture Test with Black Powder 2326:was greatly prized for gunpowder manufacture; 1658:The development of smokeless powders, such as 1330:Chinese army under the leadership of Ike Mese 536:Complete Essentials from the Military Classics 6618: 6200:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 5762:Long Range Shooting: A Historical Perspective 5013: 5011: 4697: 4390: 4373: 2899:Guns.com- Cowboy Action Black Powder Glock 21 1153:weapons, which the Ottomans used against the 669: 6006:Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan 5086: 5017: 4474: 4324: 3713:. University of Chicago Press. p. 492. 3324:"Gunpowder and Arab Firearms in Middle Ages" 1501:to denoting gunpowder, and the Chinese word 1429:(1817), the purest sulfur was supplied from 5888:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 5825:Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare 5316: 5146:"How To Load and Fire A Black Powder Rifle" 4797: 4795: 4793: 4405: 3808: 2766: 2592:Starting in 1967, Los Angeles-based artist 2469:Model Regulations on the Transportation of 1298:, which the British widely used during the 1228:rockets (mainly for signalling) and employ 821: 6625: 6611: 6471:, Westport & London: Greenwood Press, 6193: 6180: 5871:History of Science and Technology in Islam 5805:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 5222: 5121:Papliński, A; Surma, Z; Dębski, A (2009). 5008: 4635: 4633: 4581: 4562: 4190: 4178: 4071: 4065: 3577: 3520:History of Science and Technology in Islam 3358:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3292: 3253:History of Science and Technology in Islam 3187: 2475:United States Department of Transportation 2236:than powders made from potassium nitrate. 1537:), which supplies oxygen for the reaction; 1326:Cannons were introduced to Majapahit when 1177:. Guns made of bronze were recovered from 1083:against the closely massed British forces. 899:, born in 1480, was a member of the guild 6504: 6469:The Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War 6442:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press 6332: 6262: 5860: 5466:(Television production). Vol. Ep 63. 4990: 4988: 4642:, Chapter 2: The Development of Gunpowder 4437: 4424: 4267: 4050: 3239: 3237: 3235: 2547:British sailors used gunpowder to create 2421:volume. "Press cake" had the hardness of 1824: 1801: 1781: 1748: 1696: 164:(i.e., burn at subsonic speeds), whereas 6447: 6437: 6418: 6389: 6281: 6241:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 6227:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology 5661: 5628: 5433: 4790: 4605: 4566: 4396: 4379: 4241: 4232: 3587:Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660 3092: 3053: 2772: 2408:. Gunpowder was extensively used in the 2391: 2371: 2365:Edge-runner mill in a restored mill, at 2360: 2281: 1958: 1649: 1493:occurred. For instance, the Arabic word 1450: 1376:nations of West Asia, most probably the 1313: 1186: 1046: 804: 792: 475:origin is reflected in its Chinese name 423: 376: 362: 175:. Ignition of gunpowder packed behind a 125:, including use as a blasting agent for 54: 37: 25: 6274:The Total Gun Manual (Canadian edition) 6247:(2), Boston: David R. Godine: 154–155, 6214: 6125: 6106: 6087: 6078: 5975: 5959:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India 5850: 5699: 5522: 5512: 5493: 5406: 5345: 4911: 4781: 4712: 4651: 4630: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4483: 4413:The Cambridge history of southeast Asia 4330: 4128:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India 4017: 3936: 3908:"Early printing, 15th and 16th century" 3854: 3824:, Humanities and Social Sciences Online 3802: 3706: 3682: 3653: 3641: 3571: 3559: 3544: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3199: 3175: 3163: 3139: 3116: 3041: 3029: 3017: 2797: 2760: 2695: 1963:Hexagonal gunpowder for large artillery 1915:catch fire more quickly than a pile of 686:al-Furusiyyah wa al-Manasib al-Harbiyya 668:) or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" ( 624:Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam 242:" or "pressure cooker" casings to form 6823: 6485: 6466: 6440:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives 6291: 6271: 6234: 6170: 5885: 5791: 5759: 5740: 5730: 5720: 5560: 5541: 5370: 5351: 5253: 5143: 4985: 4968:The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives 4593: 4289: 4214:from the original on 11 December 2021. 4120: 4118: 4059:The Old Gunpowder Factory at Glynneath 4046:from the original on 26 November 2011. 3960: 3954: 3773: 3665: 3610: 3583: 3437: 3265: 3232: 2707: 1992:powder developed by Thomas Rodman and 1645: 1005:Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey 441:, first in a formula contained in the 381:Stoneware bombs, known in Japanese as 105:. Gunpowder has been widely used as a 6606: 6224: 6197:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 6186:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder 6151: 6022: 6003: 5984: 5912: 5853:Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650–1830 5834:"Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." 5822: 5801: 5680: 5603: 5586:The Big Bang: A History of Explosives 5582: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5170:US Department of Agriculture (1917). 4996:The Big Bang: A history of Explosives 4952: 4869: 4751: 4700:Indian Journal of Chemical Technology 4666: 4005: 3989:, which had earlier been isolated by 3900: 3894: 3785: 3694: 3280: 3226: 3151: 3104: 3080: 3065: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2719: 2668: 2449:sodium nitrate to potassium nitrate. 1612: 918:Deutliche Anweisung zur Feuerwerkerey 459:, "Some have heated together sulfur, 6542:The DuPont Company on the Brandywine 6408: 6394:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 6349: 6173:Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300–1600 5956: 5946: 5933: 5769: 5610:Ulrich Bretscher's Black Powder Page 5337:. Remington Products. Archived from 4731: 4639: 4443: 4301: 4166: 4154: 3866: 3740: 3321: 3310: 3211: 2943:1911 Black Powder 45ACP Torture Test 2479:Group A: Primary explosive substance 2302:For the most powerful black powder, 2066:for the combustion of gunpowder is: 1852: 1525:Gunpowder is a granular mixture of: 740:According to Paul E. J. Hammer, the 729:refers to the tube or cylinder of a 6392:The History of the Mongol Conquests 6359: 6131:Science & Civilisation in China 6109:Science & Civilisation in China 5895: 5317:Corporation, Bonnier (April 1932). 4844:"The History and Art of Shotshells" 4804:"Blackpowder to Pyrodex and Beyond" 4801: 4786:. Stackpole Books. pp. 346–49. 4125:Iqtidar Alam Khan (25 April 2008). 4115: 3817: 2804:Australasian Historical Archaeology 2437:chemists developed a process using 1943:powder with large grains, made for 1349:in 1352 during its invasion of the 1263:as a center of saltpeter refining. 983:removed gunpowder from its list of 670: 661: 642: 602:in 1132 by Song forces against the 521:purification are dated after 1200. 13: 6041: 5733:Saltpeter: The Mother of Gunpowder 5683:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 5464:Mythbusters: Air Cylinder of Death 5254:Heller, Cornelia (December 2009). 4841: 4687:(supplement): 33–40. January 1839. 4484:Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2010) . 4090: 3511: 3378:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x 3243: 2791: 2775:Fire: Servant, Scourge, and Enigma 2253:(4.7 megajoules per kilogram), or 1533:, typically potassium nitrate (KNO 1471:the evolution of the gun from the 1181:(1504)- the former capital of the 202:of China. Originally developed by 14: 6872: 6515: 6188:, Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons 5662:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006), 5561:Benton, Captain James G. (1862). 5376:Larrey is quoted in French at Dr 5272:from the original on 19 June 2012 5225:Research Department Report Series 5144:Wright, Chris (21 January 2015). 4736:. William Clowes and Son Limited. 3666:Nelson, Cameron Rubaloff (2010). 2376:Gunpowder storing barrels at the 1440: 1309: 1208:mass-produced matchlocks for the 97:. The sulfur and charcoal act as 77:, is the earliest known chemical 6352:Medieval Naval Warfare 1000–1500 6282:Phillips, Henry Prataps (2016), 6175:, Marlborough: The Crowood Press 6008:, Nordic Inst of Asian Studies, 5978:Renaissance War Galley 1470–1590 5470: 5427: 5400: 5327: 5310: 5301: 5284: 5247: 5216: 5163: 5137: 5080: 5049: 5036: 4971:. Pickle Partners. p. 139. 4958: 4930: 4917: 4887:John Francis Guilmartin (2003). 4835: 4817: 4775: 4757: 4725: 4706: 4691: 4672: 4645: 4611: 4369:from the original on 6 May 2020. 4131:. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. 4022:, University of California Press 3117:Delgado, James (February 2003). 2964:from the original on 7 June 2023 1978: in) for 7F to 15 mm ( 500:), which means "fire medicine". 6632: 6584:""Black Powder" search at DTIC" 6413:, University of Wisconsin Press 6079:McNeill, William Hardy (1992), 4462: 4307: 4254: 4196: 4026: 4011: 3979: 3860: 3734: 3700: 3659: 3604: 3505: 3443: 3346: 3110: 2954:Carlo Frezzoti (18 July 2019). 2947: 2936: 2925: 2914: 2903: 2892: 2460: 1954: 1622:is a large-grained product the 1266:Ever since the founding of the 1091:. The Mongols were defeated by 350:For a chronological guide, see 265:. Gunpowder is well suited for 16:Explosive once used in firearms 6532:Oare Gunpowder Works, Kent, UK 6448:Villalon, L.J. Andrew (2008), 6137:, Cambridge University Press, 6027:, Cambridge University Press, 5906:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5808:, Cambridge University Press, 5745:, Cambridge University Press, 5685:, Cambridge University Press, 5527:, Princeton University Press, 5498:, Cambridge University Press, 2881: 2822: 2720:James, Susan (15 April 2020). 2713: 2656:Technology of the Song dynasty 2631:Bulk loaded liquid propellants 1865: 1742: 613: 493: 385:(iron bomb), or in Chinese as 158:brisance (breaking/shattering) 81:. It consists of a mixture of 73:to distinguish it from modern 1: 6411:Viêt Nam Borderless Histories 6219:, Utah State University Press 6215:Patrick, John Merton (1961), 6083:, University of Chicago Press 5989:, Singapore: Leong Kit Meng, 5961:, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 5845:Geological Society of America 5706:, Swindon: English Heritage, 5606:"The Recipe for Black Powder" 5513:Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), 5486: 5176:. The Department. p. 31. 5103:(inactive 11 September 2024). 5044:Complete Guide to Handloading 4998:Sutton Publishing pp. 22, 32 4679:"Some Account of Gunpowder". 4331:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). 2745: 2636:Faversham explosives industry 2589:were already coming into use. 2492: 2271: 2205:and 42.98% gaseous products: 1870: 1520: 699:Al-Hassan claims that in the 453:Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue 443:Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue 352:Timeline of the gunpowder age 152:Gunpowder is classified as a 95:potassium nitrate (saltpeter) 6505:Willbanks, James H. (2004), 6362:Warfare in Pre-British India 6229:, Greenwood Publishing Group 5890:, Cambridge University Press 5127:Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne 3707:McNeill, William H. (1992). 2921:AK 47 with blackpowder loads 2661: 2485:, such as firework, class D 2346:. Historically, a marble or 2338:principle with non-sparking 2057: 2004:. In 1875 DuPont introduced 977:Imperial Chemical Industries 34:firearms in granulation size 7: 6490:, Harper Perennial (2006), 5957:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008), 5947:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), 5802:Ebrey, Patricia B. (1999), 5443:. Macmillan. pp. 20–25 4101:. Oxford University Press. 3672:(M.A.). University of Utah. 3584:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). 2604: 1497:transitioned from denoting 901:Fraternita di Santa Barbara 676: 647: 542:between 1040 and 1044. The 10: 6877: 6572:the Medieval Siege Society 6438:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967), 6419:Turnbull, Stephen (2003), 6409:Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006), 5741:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002), 5352:Parker, Harold T. (1983). 5046:Funk & Wagnalls p. 137 4925:Advanced Powder Technology 4510:Dipanegara, P.B.R. Carey, 4487:A History of Java Volume 1 4097:Iqtidar Alam Khan (2004). 3590:. Routledge. p. 505. 2275: 2062:A simple, commonly cited, 1901: 1444: 617: 416:List of Chinese inventions 405: 356: 349: 343: 339: 101:while the saltpeter is an 21:Gunpowder (disambiguation) 18: 6798: 6765: 6722: 6640: 6272:Petzal, David E. (2014), 6194:Partington, J.R. (1999), 6152:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006), 6088:Morillo, Stephen (2008), 5951:, Oxford University Press 5896:Johnson, Norman Gardner. 5851:Harding, Richard (1999), 5735:, Oxford University Press 5042:Sharpe, Philip B. (1953) 3747:, RDR Books, p. 28, 2621:Black powder rocket motor 2330:was used by the American 2264:Gunpowder also has a low 1673:sulfur-free mealed powder 1386:capture of Malacca (1511) 1089:Mongol invasions of India 888:to clarify the solution. 788: 484: 395:Mongol invasions of Japan 221: 216:ammonium nitrate/fuel oil 171:, producing a supersonic 69:, also commonly known as 6851:Pyrotechnic compositions 6467:Wagner, John A. (2006), 6325:10.1021/acsomega.1c03380 6107:Needham, Joseph (1980), 6023:Lorge, Peter A. (2008), 5936:Journal of Asian History 5886:Hobson, John M. (2004), 5839:12 February 2020 at the 5435:Galloway, Robert Lindsay 5407:Rediker, Marcus (1989). 5354:Three Napoleonic battles 4965:Tenney L. Davis (1943). 4072:MacDougall, Ian (2000). 3985:In 1777 Lavoisier named 3498:28 December 2019 at the 3340:10.3989/GLADIUS.1967.186 3322:Zaky, A. Rahman (1967). 3119:"Relics of the Kamikaze" 2835:Royal Society Publishing 2773:Rossotti, Hazel (2002). 2682: 2531:Battle of Aspern-Essling 2427:Eleuthere Irenee du Pont 2048:black powder substitutes 1505:changed in meaning from 1431:a crater from a mountain 1142:The shipwrecked Ottoman 1042: 1007:was damaged by a German 952:Two British physicists, 420:Heilongjiang hand cannon 401: 198:Gunpowder is one of the 6390:Saunders, J.J. (1971), 6004:Lidin, Olaf G. (2002), 5985:Liang, Jieming (2006), 5980:, Osprey Publisher Ltd. 5976:Konstam, Angus (2002), 5902:Encyclopædia Britannica 5721:Cowley, Robert (1993), 5700:Cocroft, Wayne (2000), 5681:Chase, Kenneth (2003), 5542:Arnold, Thomas (2001), 5523:Andrade, Tonio (2016), 5494:Ágoston, Gábor (2008), 4769:cartridgecollectors.org 4380:Crawfurd, John (1856). 4352:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103 4260:Lombard, Denys (1990). 2960:. Backyard Ballistics. 2798:Piddock, Susan (2007). 2626:Black powder substitute 1945:Rodman's 15-inch cannon 1421:Thomas Stamford Raffles 1288:Second Anglo-Mysore War 1197:, hunting deer using a 1139:Muhammad Shah Bahmani. 1121:Siege of Baghdad (1258) 1119:attempt similar to the 1075:, who effectively used 1065:Second Anglo-Mysore War 1059:the territories of the 457:Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe 448:Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe 6486:Watson, Peter (2006), 6452:, Brill Academic Pub, 6292:Purton, Peter (2010), 6044:Technology and Culture 5832:Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. 5731:Cressy, David (2013), 5666:, Aldershot: Ashgate, 5635:Technology and Culture 5544:The Renaissance at War 5479:22 January 1853, p. 61 5335:"MasterBlaster System" 5065:, University of Denver 4401:. Guangju Book Office. 4399:South Vietnamese Notes 4273:Reid, Anthony (1993). 4018:Metzner, Paul (1998), 3961:Philip, Chris (1988). 3867:Ross, Charles (1997). 3741:Kohn, Michael (2006), 3611:Ayalon, David (2013). 2855:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127 2413: 2389: 2369: 2299: 1968:from about 2 mm ( 1964: 1843: 1655: 1620:Prismatic Brown Powder 1580:differs from ordinary 1463: 1323: 1290:Hyder Ali and his son 1201: 1084: 1013:Royal Ordnance Factory 822: 813: 802: 677:namak-i shūra-yi chīnī 434: 398: 374: 359:History of the firearm 63: 52: 35: 6537:Royal Gunpowder Mills 6527:Cannons and Gunpowder 6423:, Osprey Publishing, 6386:(3): 213–37 (226–28). 6360:Roy, Kaushik (2015), 6235:Perrin, Noel (1979), 6225:Pauly, Roger (2004), 6171:Norris, John (2003), 5792:Easton, S.C. (1952), 5760:Curtis, W.S. (2014), 5589:, Sutton Publishing, 5018:Rodney James (2011). 4848:Nebraskaland Magazine 4825:"Swiss Handguns 1882" 4732:Spon, Ernest (1873). 4681:The Saturday Magazine 4623:11 September 2012 at 4397:Tiaoyuan, Li (1969). 4386:. Bradbury and Evans. 3818:May, Timothy (2006), 3487:16 April 2012 at the 2932:SKS blackpowder loads 2888:Black Powder 9mm Test 2535:Dominique-Jean Larrey 2445:to convert plentiful 2395: 2375: 2364: 2314:, but others such as 2285: 2195:potassium thiocyanate 1962: 1844: 1653: 1454: 1332:sought to invade Java 1317: 1216:commander during the 1190: 1051:In the year 1780 the 1050: 995:gunpowder factory at 897:Vannoccio Biringuccio 808: 796: 473:experimental medicine 427: 412:Four Great Inventions 406:Further information: 380: 366: 357:Further information: 200:Four Great Inventions 58: 41: 29: 6578:Black Powder Recipes 6376:(2): 153–73 (153–57) 6350:Rose, Susan (2002), 5913:Kelly, Jack (2004), 5823:Grant, R.G. (2011), 5770:Earl, Brian (1978), 5616:on 11 September 2012 5583:Brown, G.I. (1998), 5546:, Cassell & Co, 5388:4 March 2016 at the 5061:3 March 2008 at the 4936:T.J. Rodman (1861), 4854:on 14 November 2007. 4618:Black Powder Recipes 4584:, pp. xvi–xvii. 4469:Modern Asian Studies 4444:Wade, Geoff (2012). 2515:powder-actuated tool 2386:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1689: 1433:near the straits of 1218:Siege of Chittorgarh 1123:. Firearms known as 985:Permitted Explosives 967:The introduction of 346:History of gunpowder 330:long-recoil operated 297:. The soot contains 285:as a thick layer of 19:For other uses, see 6846:Firearm propellants 6568:Video Demonstration 6319:(35): 22848–22856, 5862:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 5855:, UCL Press Limited 5647:10.1353/tech.0.0051 5604:Bretscher, Ulrich. 5075:Ritchie et al. 2021 4994:Brown, G.I. (1998) 4829:www.swissrifles.com 3950:on 21 October 2009. 3526:on 20 November 2008 3370:1987NYASA.500..153A 2847:1952RSPSA.213..285B 2382:Point Pleasant Park 2175:potassium carbonate 1996:for use during the 1886:Loading cannons or 1837: 1814: 1794: 1774: 1761: 1738: 1725: 1709: 1646:Sulfur-free powders 1426:The History of Java 1268:Sultanate of Mysore 1247:in his province of 1235:The Mughal Emperor 1204:The Mughal emperor 1159:Siege of Diu (1531) 1071:, by the forces of 1061:Sultanate of Mysore 989:Curtis & Harvey 962:internal ballistics 943:American Revolution 878:potassium carbonate 701:Battle of Ain Jalut 463:and saltpeter with 307:potassium hydroxide 295:corrosive substance 195:were put into use. 6856:Rocket propellants 6836:Chinese inventions 6699:Total metal jacket 6135:The Gunpowder Epic 5776:Trevithick Society 5772:Cornish Explosives 5395:Musée des Familles 5341:on 4 October 2010. 5056:Flash! Bang! Whiz! 4784:Hatcher's Notebook 4654:Hatcher's Notebook 4627:, Ulrich Bretscher 4596:, pp. 108–09. 4204:"Mughal Matchlock" 3202:, pp. 293–94. 3016:, pp. 31–32; 2869:on 26 October 2019 2641:Gunpowder magazine 2570:mineral processing 2563:he did not succeed 2555:Christiaan Huygens 2443:potassium chloride 2414: 2398:gunpowder magazine 2396:1840 drawing of a 2390: 2370: 2332:Confederate States 2300: 2203:ammonium carbonate 1998:American Civil War 1965: 1839: 1825: 1802: 1782: 1762: 1749: 1726: 1713: 1697: 1656: 1628:Slow Burning Cocoa 1613:Other compositions 1560:static electricity 1464: 1324: 1202: 1085: 814: 803: 799:Walter de Milemete 435: 399: 391:thunder crash bomb 375: 64: 53: 43:American Civil War 36: 6816: 6815: 6674:Full metal jacket 6522:Gun and Gunpowder 6497:978-0-06-093564-1 6478:978-0-313-32736-0 6459:978-90-04-16821-3 6430:978-1-84176-478-8 6401:978-0-8122-1766-7 6381:Technikgeschichte 6371:Technikgeschichte 6303:978-1-84383-449-6 6296:, Boydell Press, 6254:978-0-87923-773-8 6207:978-0-8018-5954-0 6163:978-0-313-33733-8 6144:978-0-521-30358-3 6118:978-0-521-08573-1 6099:978-0-07-052584-9 6034:978-0-521-60954-8 6015:978-87-91114-12-0 5996:978-981-05-5380-7 5968:978-0-8108-5503-8 5926:978-0-465-03718-6 5847:on 25 March 2004. 5815:978-0-521-43519-2 5796:, Basil Blackwell 5785:978-0-904040-13-5 5752:978-0-521-79158-8 5723:Experience of War 5713:978-1-85074-718-5 5692:978-0-521-82274-9 5673:978-0-7546-5259-5 5596:978-0-7509-1878-7 5574:978-1-57747-079-3 5553:978-0-304-35270-8 5534:978-0-691-13597-7 5505:978-0-521-60391-1 5420:978-0-521-37983-0 5363:978-0-8223-0547-7 5201:, pp. 60–63. 5029:978-1-4402-1396-0 4978:978-1-78625-896-0 4898:978-0-85177-951-5 4734:Workshop Receipts 4715:J. Trevithick Soc 4541:, pp. 75–76. 4497:978-0-19-580347-1 4455:978-981-4311-96-0 4138:978-0-8108-5503-8 4108:978-0-19-566526-0 4083:978-1-86232-126-7 3972:978-0-929931-00-5 3754:978-1-57143-155-4 3720:978-0-226-56141-7 3628:978-1-136-27732-0 3470:Missing or empty 3154:, pp. 33–34. 3068:, pp. 31–32. 2841:(1114): 285–310. 2784:978-0-486-42261-9 2726:Graduate Programs 2651:Gunpowder warfare 2367:The Hagley Museum 2191:potassium nitrate 2183:potassium sulfide 2179:potassium sulfate 2064:chemical equation 1853:Smokeless powders 1828: 1817: 1805: 1785: 1765: 1752: 1741: 1729: 1716: 1700: 1347:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1129:gunpowder warfare 1105:Nasiruddin Mahmud 1103:(1606–1607) that 1101:Tarikh-i Firishta 926:Antoine Lavoisier 906:De la pirotechnia 867:English Civil War 810:De la pirotechnia 566:was written by a 313:, which corrodes 189:civil engineering 160:. Low explosives 89:(which is mostly 62:starter dispenser 51:with black powder 6868: 6780:Smokeless powder 6627: 6620: 6613: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6586:. Archived from 6564: 6562: 6560: 6551:. Archived from 6510: 6509:, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 6500: 6481: 6462: 6443: 6433: 6414: 6404: 6365: 6355: 6345: 6336: 6306: 6287: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6230: 6220: 6210: 6189: 6182:Partington, J.R. 6176: 6166: 6147: 6121: 6102: 6084: 6074: 6037: 6018: 5999: 5981: 5971: 5952: 5943: 5929: 5909: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5856: 5828: 5818: 5797: 5788: 5774:, Cornwall: The 5765: 5755: 5736: 5726: 5716: 5695: 5676: 5657: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5612:. Archived from 5599: 5578: 5556: 5537: 5518: 5508: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5404: 5398: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5271: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5233:English Heritage 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5118: 5112: 5104: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5015: 5006: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4927:7 (1996): 161–66 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4884: 4873: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4802:Wakeman, Randy. 4799: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4738: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4481: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4422: 4416: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4337: 4328: 4322: 4315:The China Review 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4278: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4216: 4215: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4157:, pp. 9–10. 4152: 4143: 4142: 4122: 4113: 4112: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3994: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3923: 3917:. Archived from 3915:Asher Rare Books 3912: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3877: 3876: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3815: 3806: 3800: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3632: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3522:. Archived from 3513:Hassan, Ahmad Y. 3509: 3503: 3479: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2896: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2865:. Archived from 2826: 2820: 2819: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2676: 2672: 2616:Berthold Schwarz 2559:gunpowder engine 2219:hydrogen sulfide 2021: 2020: 2016: 2013: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1803: 1793: 1790: 1783: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1698: 1482:artistic licence 1081:rocket artillery 1077:Mysorean rockets 1069:Battle of Guntur 1019:, at the end of 969:smokeless powder 939:droit de fouille 934:droit de fouille 884:, and slices of 827: 759:appeared in the 748:at the siege of 679: 673: 672: 663: 650: 644: 557: 556: 552: 499: 495: 486: 311:sodium hydroxide 305:that turns into 208:smokeless powder 75:smokeless powder 6876: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6794: 6790:Ball propellant 6761: 6718: 6636: 6631: 6593: 6591: 6590:on 16 June 2013 6582: 6558: 6556: 6547: 6518: 6513: 6498: 6479: 6460: 6431: 6402: 6304: 6255: 6208: 6164: 6145: 6133:, vol. 7: 6127:Needham, Joseph 6119: 6100: 6092:, McGraw-Hill, 6056:10.2307/3105275 6035: 6016: 5997: 5969: 5927: 5919:, Basic Books, 5876: 5874: 5841:Wayback Machine 5827:, DK Publishing 5816: 5786: 5753: 5714: 5693: 5674: 5619: 5617: 5597: 5575: 5554: 5535: 5506: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5405: 5401: 5390:Wayback Machine 5375: 5371: 5364: 5350: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5320:Popular Science 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5263:STASSFURT – FAD 5258: 5252: 5248: 5221: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5185: 5181: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5138: 5106: 5105: 5085: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5063:Wayback Machine 5054: 5050: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5016: 5009: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4935: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4885: 4876: 4868: 4859: 4840: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4741: 4730: 4726: 4711: 4707: 4696: 4692: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4582:Partington 1999 4580: 4573: 4565:, p. 198; 4563:Partington 1999 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4442: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4395: 4391: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4340:Arts Asiatiques 4335: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4259: 4255: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4219: 4210:. 7 July 2008. 4202: 4201: 4197: 4191:Partington 1999 4189: 4185: 4179:Partington 1999 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070: 4066: 4055: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4016: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3880: 3865: 3861: 3853: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3621:. p. 126. 3609: 3605: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3510: 3506: 3500:Wayback Machine 3489:Wayback Machine 3471: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3455:History Channel 3449: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3393: 3351: 3347: 3320: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3293:Partington 1960 3291: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3245:Hassan, Ahmad Y 3242: 3233: 3225: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3188:Partington 1960 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2981: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2827: 2823: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2752: 2746:Buchanan (2006) 2744: 2740: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2679: 2675:heavy fouling). 2673: 2669: 2664: 2607: 2495: 2471:Dangerous Goods 2463: 2324:alder buckthorn 2280: 2274: 2260: 2229:, 1.11% water. 2215:carbon monoxide 2164: 2157: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2135: 2120: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2075: 2060: 2041:sieve mesh size 2018: 2014: 2011: 2009: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1957: 1904: 1881:calcium nitrate 1873: 1868: 1855: 1834: 1829: 1811: 1806: 1791: 1786: 1771: 1766: 1758: 1753: 1735: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1648: 1615: 1536: 1523: 1491:semantic change 1449: 1443: 1336:History of Yuan 1312: 1300:Napoleonic Wars 1296:Congreve rocket 1097:Delhi Sultanate 1093:Alauddin Khalji 1045: 855:Tower of London 820:in 1267 called 791: 771:rack-and-pinion 634:Hasan al-Rammah 626: 618:Main articles: 616: 554: 550: 548: 422: 404: 397:(1274–1281 AD). 361: 355: 348: 342: 299:potassium oxide 279:special effects 226:Gunpowder is a 224: 193:high explosives 166:high explosives 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6771: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684:Plastic-tipped 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6555:on 23 May 2012 6545: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6516:External links 6514: 6512: 6511: 6502: 6496: 6483: 6477: 6464: 6458: 6445: 6435: 6429: 6416: 6406: 6400: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6357: 6347: 6308: 6302: 6289: 6286:, Notion Press 6279: 6269: 6253: 6232: 6222: 6212: 6206: 6191: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6123: 6117: 6104: 6098: 6085: 6076: 6050:(3): 594–605, 6039: 6033: 6020: 6014: 6001: 5995: 5982: 5973: 5967: 5954: 5944: 5931: 5925: 5910: 5893: 5883: 5858: 5848: 5830: 5820: 5814: 5799: 5789: 5784: 5767: 5757: 5751: 5738: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5697: 5691: 5678: 5672: 5659: 5626: 5601: 5595: 5580: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5539: 5533: 5520: 5510: 5504: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477:Mining Journal 5469: 5454: 5426: 5419: 5399: 5369: 5362: 5344: 5326: 5309: 5300: 5283: 5246: 5215: 5213:, p. 199. 5203: 5191: 5189:, p. 200. 5179: 5162: 5136: 5079: 5067: 5048: 5035: 5028: 5007: 4984: 4977: 4957: 4955:, p. 195. 4942: 4929: 4916: 4914:, p. 110. 4904: 4897: 4874: 4857: 4834: 4816: 4789: 4774: 4756: 4754:, p. 224. 4739: 4724: 4705: 4690: 4671: 4669:, p. 218. 4659: 4644: 4629: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4571: 4569:, p. 198. 4555: 4543: 4531: 4516: 4503: 4496: 4473: 4461: 4454: 4436: 4417: 4404: 4389: 4372: 4323: 4306: 4294: 4292:, p. 201. 4279: 4266: 4253: 4240: 4231: 4217: 4195: 4193:, p. 226. 4183: 4181:, p. 225. 4171: 4159: 4144: 4137: 4114: 4107: 4089: 4082: 4064: 4049: 4025: 4010: 4008:, p. 164. 3995: 3978: 3971: 3953: 3935: 3899: 3878: 3859: 3834: 3807: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3753: 3733: 3719: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3658: 3656:, p. 446. 3646: 3644:, p. 444. 3634: 3627: 3603: 3597:978-1351873765 3596: 3576: 3574:, p. 582. 3564: 3549: 3537: 3504: 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3404:, p. 259. 3391: 3364:(1): 153–66 . 3354:Ahmad Y Hassan 3345: 3309: 3307:, p. 194. 3297: 3295:, p. 335. 3285: 3283:, p. 365. 3270: 3268:, p. 304. 3258: 3231: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3190:, p. 246. 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3109: 3097: 3085: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3044:, p. 103. 3034: 3022: 3006: 2994: 2979: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2913: 2902: 2891: 2880: 2821: 2790: 2783: 2765: 2750: 2738: 2712: 2700: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2646:Gunpowder Plot 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2590: 2566: 2552: 2545: 2494: 2491: 2467:United Nations 2462: 2459: 2378:Martello tower 2296:North Ayrshire 2276:Main article: 2273: 2270: 2266:energy density 2258: 2207:carbon dioxide 2168: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2133: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2096: 2088: 2073: 2059: 2056: 2037:United Kingdom 1994:Lammot du Pont 1956: 1953: 1903: 1900: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1832: 1823: 1820: 1809: 1800: 1797: 1789: 1780: 1777: 1769: 1756: 1747: 1744: 1733: 1720: 1712: 1704: 1695: 1664:priming charge 1647: 1644: 1614: 1611: 1590:sodium nitrate 1555: 1554: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1522: 1519: 1486:Battle of Mohi 1457:Nguyễn dynasty 1445:Main article: 1442: 1441:Historiography 1439: 1311: 1310:Southeast Asia 1308: 1192:Mughal Emperor 1147:Seydi Ali Reis 1044: 1041: 1009:parachute mine 997:Pontneddfechan 958:Frederick Abel 847:Battle of Mohi 790: 787: 761:Ottoman Empire 615: 612: 600:Siege of De'an 544:Wujing Zongyao 540:Zeng Gongliang 538:), written by 531:Wujing Zongyao 469:elixir of life 451:(真元妙道要略). The 408:Wujing Zongyao 403: 400: 370:Wujing Zongyao 344:Main article: 341: 338: 230:: it does not 223: 220: 30:Gunpowder for 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6873: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6819: 6809: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6784:Pyrocollodion 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6724:Shotgun shell 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6704:Very-low-drag 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Semiwadcutter 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5641:(3): 785–86, 5640: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5458: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5403: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5387: 5384: 5379: 5373: 5365: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5287: 5268: 5264: 5257: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5200: 5195: 5188: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5129:(in Polish). 5128: 5124: 5116: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5052: 5045: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5012: 5005: 5004:0-7509-1878-0 5001: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4872:, p. 58. 4871: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842:Farrar, Jon. 4838: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4625:archive.today 4622: 4619: 4614: 4607: 4606:Buchanan 2006 4602: 4595: 4590: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4567:Saunders 1971 4564: 4559: 4553:, p. 15. 4552: 4547: 4540: 4535: 4529:, p. 75. 4528: 4523: 4521: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4304:, p. 75. 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4169:, p. 10. 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4060: 4053: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4002: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3924:on 5 May 2015 3920: 3916: 3909: 3903: 3897:, p. 61. 3896: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3812: 3805:, p. 76. 3804: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3776:, p. 86. 3775: 3770: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3703: 3697:, p. 23. 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3638: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3562:, p. 44. 3561: 3556: 3554: 3547:, p. 43. 3546: 3541: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3434: 3427: 3422: 3416:, p. 45. 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3267: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3229:, p. 22. 3228: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3208: 3201: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3178:, p. 51. 3177: 3172: 3166:, p. 42. 3165: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 32. 3141: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3093:Buchanan 2006 3089: 3083:, p. 31. 3082: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3054:Buchanan 2006 3050: 3043: 3038: 3032:, p. 30. 3031: 3026: 3020:, p. 30. 3019: 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2992:, p. 32. 2991: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2895: 2889: 2884: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2763:, p. 31. 2762: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2742: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2698:, p. 69. 2697: 2692: 2688: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2411: 2410:Naderian Wars 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2238:Muzzleloaders 2235: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2140: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2099: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2023: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1961: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1899: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1863: 1860: 1830: 1821: 1818: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1787: 1778: 1775: 1767: 1754: 1745: 1731: 1718: 1710: 1702: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1671:was known as 1669: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1635: 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Retrieved 6553:the original 6506: 6487: 6468: 6449: 6439: 6420: 6410: 6391: 6383: 6380: 6373: 6370: 6361: 6351: 6316: 6312: 6293: 6283: 6276:, WeldonOwen 6273: 6244: 6240: 6226: 6216: 6196: 6185: 6172: 6153: 6134: 6130: 6108: 6089: 6080: 6047: 6043: 6024: 6005: 5986: 5977: 5958: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5915: 5905: 5901: 5887: 5875:, retrieved 5870: 5852: 5824: 5804: 5793: 5771: 5764:, WeldenOwen 5761: 5742: 5732: 5722: 5702: 5682: 5663: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5618:. Retrieved 5614:the original 5609: 5585: 5563: 5543: 5524: 5514: 5495: 5476: 5472: 5463: 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5439: 5429: 5409: 5402: 5381: 5372: 5353: 5347: 5339:the original 5329: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5293: 5286: 5274:. Retrieved 5262: 5249: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5172: 5165: 5153:. Retrieved 5149: 5139: 5130: 5126: 5109:cite journal 5101:10.17402/205 5092: 5088: 5082: 5070: 5051: 5043: 5038: 5019: 4995: 4967: 4960: 4937: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4912:Andrade 2016 4907: 4888: 4852:the original 4847: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4807:. Retrieved 4783: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4733: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4662: 4653: 4647: 4613: 4608:, p. 4. 4601: 4589: 4558: 4551:Ágoston 2008 4546: 4539:Andrade 2016 4534: 4527:Andrade 2016 4511: 4506: 4486: 4468: 4464: 4445: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4412: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4382: 4375: 4343: 4339: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4297: 4274: 4269: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4207: 4198: 4186: 4174: 4162: 4127: 4098: 4092: 4073: 4067: 4058: 4052: 4028: 4019: 4013: 3986: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3948:the original 3938: 3926:. Retrieved 3919:the original 3914: 3902: 3868: 3862: 3855:Cocroft 2000 3826:, retrieved 3820: 3803:Andrade 2016 3781: 3769: 3758:, retrieved 3743: 3736: 3724:. Retrieved 3709: 3702: 3690: 3683:Needham 1986 3678: 3668: 3661: 3654:Needham 1986 3649: 3642:Needham 1986 3637: 3613: 3606: 3586: 3579: 3572:Needham 1986 3567: 3560:Needham 1986 3545:Needham 1986 3540: 3528:. Retrieved 3524:the original 3519: 3507: 3445: 3433: 3426:Ágoston 2008 3421: 3414:Needham 1986 3409: 3402:Needham 1986 3361: 3357: 3348: 3331: 3327: 3305:Needham 1980 3300: 3288: 3261: 3252: 3207: 3200:Needham 1986 3195: 3183: 3176:Andrade 2016 3171: 3164:Andrade 2016 3159: 3147: 3140:Andrade 2016 3135: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3107:, p. 1. 3100: 3095:, p. 2. 3088: 3061: 3049: 3042:Needham 1986 3037: 3030:Andrade 2016 3025: 3018:Andrade 2016 3009: 3004:, p. 4. 2997: 2972:– via 2966:. Retrieved 2956: 2949: 2938: 2927: 2916: 2905: 2894: 2883: 2871:. Retrieved 2867:the original 2838: 2834: 2824: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2774: 2768: 2761:Andrade 2016 2748:, p. 42 2741: 2731:21 September 2729:. Retrieved 2725: 2715: 2703: 2696:Agrawal 2010 2691: 2670: 2599: 2524: 2504: 2496: 2487:model rocket 2482: 2478: 2464: 2461:Legal status 2455: 2451: 2431: 2419: 2415: 2301: 2263: 2231: 2172: 2169: 2110: 2061: 2045: 2026:for priming 2024: 2005: 1989: 1966: 1955:Modern types 1949: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1921: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1874: 1859:black powder 1858: 1856: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1657: 1636: 1627: 1616: 1607: 1603:William Lobb 1595: 1586: 1568: 1556: 1524: 1515: 1502: 1494: 1478: 1465: 1424: 1413: 1408: 1403:, while the 1400: 1394: 1370:bedil tombak 1363: 1359:Trần dynasty 1355:Khmer Empire 1351:Khmer Empire 1341: 1325: 1265: 1234: 1203: 1141: 1124: 1100: 1086: 1021:World War II 984: 966: 954:Andrew Noble 951: 938: 933: 931: 917: 915: 904: 900: 890: 873: 871: 859:powder house 852: 844: 839: 835:Liber Ignium 833: 830:Opus Tertium 829: 815: 809: 775: 764: 754: 739: 735:flamethrower 726: 722: 717: 714: 709: 698: 689: 685: 683: 674: 665: 648:thalj al-ṣīn 645: 627: 592: 568:Song dynasty 563: 543: 535: 529: 526:Song dynasty 523: 492: 476: 456: 452: 446: 442: 439:Tang dynasty 436: 429: 386: 382: 368: 326:gas-operated 323: 315:wrought iron 303:sodium oxide 283: 267:blank rounds 248: 225: 197: 151: 123:pyrotechnics 71:black powder 70: 66: 65: 6861:Solid fuels 6679:Hollow-base 6634:Handloading 6364:, Routledge 6354:, Routledge 5898:"explosive" 5517:, Wiley-VCH 5447:24 November 5256:"Stassfurt" 5155:17 February 5150:Gear Patrol 4594:Purton 2010 4346:: 233–268. 4290:Purton 2010 3944:"Fireworks" 3774:Cowley 1993 3438:Purton 2010 3266:Watson 2006 3123:Archaeology 2708:Cressy 2013 2587:comminution 2304:meal powder 2278:Powder mill 2234:hygroscopic 2002:Rodman guns 1878:hygroscopic 1866:Granularity 1304:War of 1812 1292:Tipu Sultan 1280:Tipu Sultan 1210:Mughal Army 1175:Murshidabad 1157:during the 1125:top-o-tufak 1109:Hulegu Khan 1017:ROF Chorley 981:Home Office 973:World War I 893:pyrotechnic 863:Portchester 818:Roger Bacon 766:Wu Pei Chih 733:projector ( 708:gunpowder, 614:Middle East 608:hand cannon 584:fire lances 576:fire arrows 431:Huolongjing 387:Zhentianlei 373:of 1044 AD. 291:hygroscopic 236:deflagrates 137:, building 46:re-enactors 6841:Explosives 6825:Categories 6767:Propellant 6663:Soft point 5908:. Chicago. 5620:17 October 5487:References 5397:(1841–42). 5211:Kelly 2004 5199:Kelly 2004 5187:Kelly 2004 4953:Kelly 2004 4870:Kelly 2004 4752:Kelly 2004 4702:: 427–438. 4667:Kelly 2004 4251:. 3: 1–11. 4249:T'oung Pao 4006:Kelly 2004 3895:Kelly 2004 3828:16 October 3786:Chase 2003 3695:Kelly 2004 3472:|url= 3281:Nolan 2006 3227:Kelly 2004 3152:Lorge 2008 3105:Chase 2003 3081:Chase 2003 3066:Chase 2003 3014:Chase 2003 3002:Kelly 2004 2990:Lorge 2008 2611:Ballistics 2579:California 2575:goldfields 2539:horse meat 2529:After the 2507:rivet guns 2493:Other uses 2328:cottonwood 2298:, Scotland 2272:Production 2243:megajoules 2028:flintlocks 1937:press-cake 1871:Serpentine 1639:Winchester 1551:combustion 1521:Components 1473:fire lance 1455:Gunner of 1397:Portuguese 1243:and other 1237:Shah Jahan 1195:Shah Jahan 1155:Portuguese 824:Opus Majus 586:, and the 564:Essentials 560:incendiary 181:gun barrel 177:projectile 162:deflagrate 127:explosives 107:propellant 6831:Gunpowder 6775:Gunpowder 6747:Rock salt 6742:Flechette 6714:Wadcutter 6669:Frangible 6655:Expanding 6313:ACS Omega 6072:112733319 5655:111173101 5241:1749-8775 4809:31 August 4640:Earl 1978 4360:191565174 4321:: p. 178. 4302:Tran 2006 4167:Khan 2004 4155:Khan 2004 3991:Priestley 3619:Routledge 3334:: 45–58. 3212:Khan 1996 2662:Footnotes 2594:Ed Ruscha 2583:Australia 2511:stun guns 2441:or mined 2352:cast iron 2348:limestone 2336:ball mill 2320:buckthorn 2288:Charles I 2058:Chemistry 2006:Hexagonal 1933:mill-cake 1857:The term 1743:⟶ 1668:corrosion 1574:cellulose 1571:pyrolyzed 1507:trebuchet 1405:Spaniards 1395:When the 1390:istinggar 1334:in 1293. 1272:Hyder Ali 1245:Europeans 1199:matchlock 1151:matchlock 1073:Hyder Ali 1055:began to 1025:ICI Nobel 1023:, and of 993:Glynneath 922:Louis XVI 913:in 1966. 911:MIT Press 750:Algeciras 654:al-Hassan 643:ثلج الصين 549:saltpeter 518:medicinal 502:Saltpeter 240:pipe bomb 173:shockwave 139:pipelines 131:quarrying 115:artillery 79:explosive 67:Gunpowder 60:Flash pan 6737:Buckshot 6732:Birdshot 6343:34514256 6184:(1960), 6129:(1986), 5864:(2001), 5837:Archived 5725:, Laurel 5437:(1881). 5386:Archived 5267:Archived 5133:: 89–94. 5059:Archived 4940:, p. 270 4721:: 65–73. 4621:Archived 4433:: 51–59. 4364:Archived 4212:Archived 4041:Archived 3496:Archived 3485:Archived 3463:cite web 3386:84287076 2962:Archived 2863:55581169 2816:29544573 2810:: 5–18. 2605:See also 2542:bouillon 2533:(1809), 2519:shotguns 2500:Dynamite 2388:, Canada 2255:gasoline 2247:kilogram 2223:hydrogen 2211:nitrogen 1951:faster. 1888:bombards 1624:Rottweil 1599:Tarapacá 1582:charcoal 1564:graphite 1541:charcoal 1407:call it 1366:pole gun 1302:and the 1183:Zamorins 1037:Scotland 1035:site in 782:Anatolia 662:نمک چینی 514:Shandong 498:/xuoyɑʊ/ 383:Tetsuhau 251:brisance 244:shrapnel 232:detonate 212:dynamite 169:detonate 119:rocketry 111:firearms 103:oxidizer 87:charcoal 6694:Spitzer 6594:10 June 6334:8427773 6264:2595867 6064:3105275 5942:: 41–45 5877:23 July 5119:citing 4208:YouTube 3760:29 July 3726:29 July 3457:. 2007. 3366:Bibcode 3328:Gladius 2974:YouTube 2843:Bibcode 2549:tattoos 2447:Chilean 2356:alcohol 2227:methane 2052:Pyrodex 2035:In the 2017:⁄ 1990:Mammoth 1983:⁄ 1973:⁄ 1941:Mammoth 1917:sawdust 1902:Corning 1660:cordite 1531:nitrate 1499:naphtha 1461:Vietnam 1374:Islamic 1284:muskets 1261:Chhapra 1249:Gujarāt 1241:British 1230:sappers 1222:Mughals 1179:Calicut 1171:Bijapur 1163:Tanjore 1144:Admiral 1133:Belgaum 1095:of the 1053:British 947:Essonne 874:corning 801:, 1326. 742:Mamluks 731:naphtha 705:Mamluks 694:torpedo 658:Persian 630:Muslims 572:Tanguts 555: 551: 506:Sichuan 494:huǒ yào 481:Chinese 471:. 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