American Civil War

4681:, argue Confederate victory was possible. McPherson argues that the North's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely, but not guaranteed. He argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics, it would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union. Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win, but only to fight a defensive war to convince the North the cost of winning was too high. The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win. Lincoln was not a military dictator and could fight only as long as the American public supported it. The Confederacy sought to win independence by outlasting Lincoln; however, after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864, hope for a political victory for the South ended. Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans, War Democrats, border states, emancipated slaves, and the neutrality of Britain and France. By defeating the Democrats and McClellan, he defeated the 3235: 3682: 2536:, was a binding contract, and called secession "legally void". He did not intend to invade Southern states, nor to end slavery where it existed, but he said he would use force to maintain possession of federal property, including forts, arsenals, mints, and customhouses that had been seized. The government would not try to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of federal law, US marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from mints. He stated that it would be US policy "to collect the duties and imposts"; "there will be no invasion, no using of force against or among the people anywhere" that would justify an armed revolution. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions. 2886: 4492: 5163: 4186: 5411: 4508: 239: 222: 2297: 166: 5004: 3401: 5259: 3519:, his predecessor in army command, before that date and referred to Johnston's command as the Army of Northern Virginia. Part of the confusion results from the fact Johnston commanded the Department of Northern Virginia (as of October 22, 1861) and the name Army of Northern Virginia can be seen as an informal consequence of its parent department's name. Jefferson Davis and Johnston did not adopt the name, but it is clear the organization of units as of March 14 was the same organization that Lee received on June 1, and thus it is generally referred to today as the Army of Northern Virginia, even if that is correct only in retrospect. 2995: 4088: 2602: 204: 187: 153: 3587: 491: 5783: 5587: 5478:, and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. Nor was Tennessee, which had come under Union control. Missouri and Maryland abolished slavery on their own; Kentucky and Delaware did not. Still, the proclamation did not enjoy universal support. It caused much unrest in what were then considered western states, where racist sentiments led to a great fear of abolition. There was some concern that the proclamation would lead to the secession of western states, and its issuance prompted the stationing of Union troops in Illinois in case of rebellion. 2347: 5458:'s "The Prayer of Twenty Millions"; the letter stated that Lincoln's goal was to save the Union, and that, if he freed the slaves, it would be as a means to that end. He also had a meeting at the White House with five African American representatives on August 14, 1862. Arranging for a reporter to be present, he urged his visitors to agree to the voluntary colonization of black people. Lincoln's motive for both his letter to Greeley and his statement to the black visitors was apparently to make his forthcoming Emancipation Proclamation more palatable to racist 3798: 2488: 6471: 5111:

possibly as high as 850,000. A novel way of calculating casualties, by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm, through analysis of census data, found at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people, but most likely 761,000 people, died in the war. This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths, going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses. As McPherson notes, the war's "cost in American lives was as great as in all of the nation's other wars combined through

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over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. However, as the war dragged on, and it became clear slavery was central to the conflict, and that emancipation was (to quote the Emancipation Proclamation) "a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing rebellion," Lincoln and his cabinet made ending slavery a war goal, culminating in the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln's decision to issue the Proclamation angered

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require reinforcing it, was the only workable option. On April 6, Lincoln informed the Governor of South Carolina that a ship with food but no ammunition would attempt to supply the fort. Historian McPherson describes this win-win approach as "the first sign of the mastery that would mark Lincoln's presidency"; the Union would win if it could resupply and hold the fort, and the South would be the aggressor if it opened fire on an unarmed ship supplying starving men. An April 9 Confederate cabinet meeting resulted in Davis ordering General

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for liberty, commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic." However, a European public with liberal sensibilities remained, which the U.S. sought to appeal to by building connections with the international press. By 1861, Union diplomats like

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Confederate ships to use neutral ports as safe havens from U.S. warships should end. Having no response to Lincoln's proclamation, President Johnson issued a similar proclamation dated May 10, more directly stating that the war was almost at an end and insurgent cruisers still at sea, and prepared to attack U.S. ships, should not have rights to do so through use of safe foreign ports or waters. Britain finally responded on June 6, by transmitting a letter from Foreign Secretary

4284: 3106: 2676: 17607: 1899: 1860: 4992: 249: 232: 17617: 1909: 7218:. "The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic, but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources. The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered; tens of thousands of other slaves had no contact with army doctors, leaving no records of their deaths." 4964:

Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break the blockade the Union had created around Southern ports. Lincoln's naval blockade was 95% effective at stopping trade goods; as a result, imports and exports to the South declined significantly. The abundance of European cotton and Britain's hostility to slavery, along with Lincoln's naval blockades, severely decreased any chance that Britain or France would enter the war.

5517:" to the Constitution: the 13th outlawing slavery (1865), the 14th guaranteeing citizenship to former slaves (1868), and the 15th ensuring voting rights to former male slaves (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate victory by reuniting the Union, to guarantee a "republican form of government" for the ex-Confederate states, and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status. 7281:. "An 2 April 2012 New York Times article, 'New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll', reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people. As horrific as this new number is, it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war. If former slaves were included in this figure, the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ...". 5179:, superintendent of the 1870 census, used census and surgeon general data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths, a total of 850,000 soldiers. While Walker's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 census's undercounting, it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5% and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate. 3901: 3030:. The Confederacy, recognizing the need to counter the Union's naval superiority, built or converted over 130 vessels, including 26 ironclads. Despite efforts, Confederate ships were largely unsuccessful against Union ironclads. The Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards in Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built or modified 6569:"End of the Rebellion; The Last Rebel Army Disbands. Kirby Smith Surrenders the Land and Naval Forces Under His Command. The Confederate Flag Disappears from the Continent. The Era of Peace Begins. Military Prisoners During the War to be Discharged. Deserters to be Released from Confinement. [Official.] From Secretary Stanton to Gen. Dix" 3893:, in Shiloh, Tennessee in April 1862, the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell. Overnight, the Navy landed reinforcements, and Grant counterattacked. Grant and the Union won a decisive victory—the first battle with the high casualty rates that would occur repeatedly. The Confederates lost 5513:, previously considerable, was greatly diminished until the second half of the 20th century. Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the aftermath, the most important of which were the three " 5382:. The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of undermining the legitimacy of slavery. 3663:, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest single day in US military history. Lee's army, checked at last, returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it. Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation. 6866:"Union population 1864" aggregates 1860 population, average annual immigration 1855–1864, and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source. Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen, migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies, and natural increase are excluded. 5470:

explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong .... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling .... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."

6875:"Slave 1864, CSA" aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Texas. It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation, freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies, especially in the Mississippi Valley. 3823:. After Meade's inconclusive fall campaign, Lincoln turned to the Western theater for new leadership. At the same time, the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River, permanently isolating the western Confederacy, and producing the new leader Lincoln needed, 4145:. The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862, and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas. In the Indian Territory, civil war broke out within tribes. About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy but fewer for the Union. The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General 3886:'s gunboats of the Western Flotilla, to threaten the Confederacy's "Gibraltar of the West" at Columbus, Kentucky. Although rebuffed at Belmont, Grant cut off Columbus. The Confederates, lacking their gunboats, were forced to retreat and the Union took control of west Kentucky and opened Tennessee in March 1862. 6648:, p. 31. "Lee's surrender left Johnston with no place to go. On April 26, near Durham, N.C., the Army of Tennessee laid down its arms before Sherman's forces. With the surrender of isolated forces in the Trans-Mississippi West on May 4, 11, and 26, the most costly war in American history came to an end." 2551:. Embittered by his defeat, Seward agreed to support Lincoln's candidacy only after he was guaranteed the executive office then considered the second most powerful. In the early stages of Lincoln's presidency Seward held little regard for him, due to his perceived inexperience. Seward viewed himself as the 5386:

that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of the total war needed to save the Union.

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On 3 August, General Halleck directed General McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until 14 August. The situation created an opportunity for General Lee. The removal of the

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The North's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government. Confederate independence, on the other hand, would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race-based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the 20th century and perhaps

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Also important were Lincoln's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause. The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President's war powers. The Confederate government failed to get Europe involved militarily.

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cites General Sherman, who in early 1864 commented, "The devils seem to have a determination that cannot but be admired." Despite their loss of slaves and wealth, with starvation looming, Sherman continued, "yet I see no sign of let-up—some few deserters—plenty tired of war, but the masses determined

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withdrawing rights to Confederate warships to enter British ports and waters. U.S. Secretary of State Seward welcomed the withdrawal of concessions to the Confederates. Finally, on October 18, Russell advised the Admiralty that the time specified in his June message had elapsed and "all measures of a

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After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, Jefferson Davis informed General Kirby Smith in Texas that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi. Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies, he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler, along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy, a

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Lincoln's administration initially struggled to appeal to European public opinion. At first, diplomats explained that the U.S. was not committed to ending slavery and emphasized legal arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, however, focused on their struggle

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ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates soared, and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters, though reflagging ships with European flags allowed them to continue operating unmolested. After the war, the U.S. government demanded Britain compensate it for the

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The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war due to multiple factors: severe food shortages, failing railroads, loss of control over key rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate forces. Historians agree the blockade was a major factor in ruining

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relatively few were drafted. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for men aged 18–35, with exemptions for overseers, government officials, and clergymen. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within states that could not meet their quota with volunteers. European

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asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state in October 1861. A voter turnout of 34% approved the statehood bill (96% approving). Twenty-four secessionist counties were included in the new state, and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 federal troops for much of the war.

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The Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities, ranging from the reenactment of battles to statues and memorial halls erected, films, stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. These commemorations occurred in greater numbers on the 100th

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The war is a central event in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books, and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature

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was rejected. But compensated emancipation occurred only in the District of Columbia, where Congress had the power to enact it. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, which would apply to the states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, Seward advised Lincoln to

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During the war, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement, and emancipation in the United States was divided. Lincoln's fears of making slavery a war issue were based on a harsh reality: abolition did not enjoy wide support in the west, the territories, and the border states. In 1861, Lincoln worried

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Deaths among former slaves has proven hard to estimate, due to the lack of reliable census data, though they were known to be considerable, as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in areas where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter, doctors, or food for them. Professor

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and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians, but in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said "would otherwise have

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in May 1863. Chancellorsville is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because his risky decision to divide his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force resulted in a significant Confederate victory. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the left arm and right hand by friendly fire during the battle. The

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At the war's start, a parole system operated, under which captives agreed not to fight until exchanged. They were held in camps run by their army, paid, but not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners.

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Fort Sumter proved a key challenge to Lincoln's administration. Back-channel dealing by Seward with the Confederates undermined Lincoln's decision-making; Seward wanted to pull out. But a firm hand by Lincoln tamed Seward, who was a staunch Lincoln ally. Lincoln decided holding the fort, which would

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The Davis government of the new Confederacy sent delegates to Washington to negotiate a peace treaty. Lincoln rejected negotiations, because he claimed that the Confederacy was not a legitimate government and to make a treaty with it would recognize it as such. Lincoln instead attempted to negotiate

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line, by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of it, while permitting it to the south. The Compromise would likely have prevented secession, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. Lincoln stated that any compromise that would extend slavery would bring down the Union. A

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Among the ordinances of secession, those of Texas, Alabama, and Virginia mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of Northern abolitionists. The rest made no mention of slavery but were brief announcements by the legislatures of the dissolution of ties to the Union. However, at

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The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war, with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The oldest

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Historians have paid more attention to the causes of the war than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns

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The war devastated the South and posed serious questions of how it would be reintegrated into the Union. The war destroyed much of the South's wealth, in part because wealth held in enslaved people (at least $ 1,000 each for a healthy adult prior to the war) was wiped off the books. All accumulated

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While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited, they are incomplete. In addition to many Confederate records being missing, partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits, both armies

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Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on world history. The Union victory energized popular democratic forces. A Confederate victory, on the other hand, would have meant a new birth of slavery, not freedom. Historian Fergus Bordewich, following Doyle, argues that:

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river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored those they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike them, Grant chose to fight on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for

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took part. The Union suffered a serious defeat, losing 1,515 soldiers while the Confederates lost only 174. However, the 54th was hailed for its valor, which encouraged the general acceptance of the recruitment of African American soldiers into the Union Army, which reinforced the Union's numerical

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proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports critically important. It also helped turn European opinion against the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton," as U.S. grain went from a

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that traded arms and supplies from Britain, through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in exchange for high-priced cotton. Many were lightweight and designed for speed, only carrying small amounts of cotton back to England. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned

5673:, sacrificing black American progress to white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. The Lost Cause myth was formalized by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, whose 5668:

notes that the Lost Cause was expressly a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery as a cause; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate

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Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of being recognized or otherwise aided by Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting the House of Representatives to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which mandated the ending of chattel slavery.

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Surdam contends that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, costing few lives in combat. The Confederate cotton crop became nearly useless, cutting off the Confederacy's primary income source. Critical imports were scarce, and coastal trade largely ended as

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The Confederates began the war short on military supplies, which the agrarian South could not produce. Northern arms manufacturers were restricted by an embargo, ending existing and future contracts with the South. The Confederacy turned to foreign sources, connecting with financiers and companies

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In the North and South, draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, about 10 percent of the total. Southern desertion was high because many

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As the Confederate states organized, the U.S. Army numbered 16,000, while Northern governors began mobilizing their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized up to 100,000 troops in February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for another 100,000 soldiers for one year or the duration, and the

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Abolishing slavery was not a Union war goal from the outset, but quickly became one. Lincoln's initial claims were that preserving the Union was the central goal. In contrast, the South fought to preserve slavery. While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting for slavery, most officers and

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went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited to meet state quotas. States and local communities offered higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the draft law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay

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Slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended in each area when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Proclamation. The last Confederate slaves were freed on June 19, 1865, celebrated as the modern holiday of Juneteenth. Slaves in the border states and

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were high. In the last year and a half and from all reported casualties, approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military died during the war. Their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers. While 15% of US Volunteers and just 9% of white Regular Army

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The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties (3 percent of the population), including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease—and 50,000 civilians. J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000, 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated, and

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put it, "people did not will hard enough and long enough to win." However, most historians reject the argument. McPherson, after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers, found strong patriotism that continued to the end; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and

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realized emphasizing the war against slavery was the Union's most effective moral asset in swaying European public opinion. Seward was concerned an overly radical case for reunification would distress European merchants with cotton interests; even so, he supported a widespread campaign of public

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Although the Confederacy hoped Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, so they sought to bring them in as mediators. The Union worked to block this and threatened war if any country recognized the Confederacy. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton

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and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly to stay in the Union, but rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent their use for war. Lincoln responded by

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Lincoln's election in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Southern leaders feared Lincoln would stop slavery's expansion and put it on a course toward extinction. However, Lincoln would not be inaugurated until March 4, 1861, which gave the South time to secede and prepare for war

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Kentucky did not secede, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status while maintaining slavery. During an invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers and delegates from 68 Kentucky

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Losses were far higher than during the war with Mexico, which saw roughly 13,000 American deaths, including fewer than two thousand killed in battle, between 1846 and 1848. One reason for the high number of battle deaths in the civil war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the

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terrorized the countryside, striking military installations and civilian settlements. The "Sons of Liberty" and "Order of the American Knights" attacked pro-Union people, elected officeholders, and unarmed uniformed soldiers. These partisans could not be driven out of Missouri, until an entire

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From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies grew into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. Some European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the

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Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862. It stated that slaves in all states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, would be free. He issued his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, keeping his promise. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln

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Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South. The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South. However, a 2017 study challenges this, noting that while some Southern elites retained their

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The naval part of the war ended more slowly. It had begun on April 11, two days after Lee's surrender, when Lincoln proclaimed that foreign nations had no further "claim or pretense" to deny equality of maritime rights and hospitalities to U.S. warships and, in effect, that rights extended to

4451:, Georgia, in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the march. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina, to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army. 3125:

to win the war with minimal bloodshed, calling for a blockade of the Confederacy to suffocate the South into surrender. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan but opted for a more active war strategy. In April 1861, Lincoln announced a blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get

3023:. The main riverine war was fought in the West, where major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually controlled the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy shelled Confederate forts and supported coastal army operations. 2901:

In the first year of the war, both sides had more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, relying on young men who came of age each year was not enough. Both sides enacted draft laws (conscription) to encourage or force volunteering, though

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was proof the Southern states had no reason to secede and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual". He added, however, that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress". A quarter of the US army—the Texas

2400:. It argued for states' rights for slave owners but complained about states' rights in the North in the form of resistance to the federal Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their obligations to assist in the return of fugitive slaves. The "cotton states" of 2281:

wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a

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Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it applied only in territory held by Confederates at the time it was issued. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The

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on April 1. The Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond–Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing the capital was now lost, Lee's army and the Confederate government were forced to evacuate. The Confederate capital fell on April 2–3, to the

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are subjects of lingering contention. The North and West grew rich while the once-rich South became poor for a century. The national political power of the slaveowners and rich Southerners ended. Historians are less sure about the results of postwar Reconstruction, especially regarding the

3130:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10% of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. 5363:, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the Northern state of Ohio, when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment. 3333:

affair. His request was honored, and, as a result, the British response to the U.S. was toned down, helping avert war. In 1862, the British government considered mediating between the Union and Confederacy, though such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister

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commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The

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of 1861 rapidly expanded to 6,000 officers and 45,000 sailors by 1865, with 671 vessels totaling 510,396 tons. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, control the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British

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to the stalwart island Fort Sumter. Anderson's actions catapulted him to hero status in the North. An attempt to resupply the fort on January 9, 1861, failed and nearly started the war then, but an informal truce held. On March 5, Lincoln was informed the fort was low on supplies.

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Legally, the war did not end until August 20, 1866, when President Johnson issued a proclamation that declared "that the said insurrection is at an end and that peace, order, tranquillity, and civil authority now exist in and throughout the whole of the United States of America".

2234:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's 5402:

wait for a Union military victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". Walter Stahr, however, writes, "There are contemporary sources, however, that suggest others were involved in the decision to delay", and Stahr quotes them.

2832:, inaugurated a governor, and Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10, 1861. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth, which at its greatest extent was over half the state, and it went into exile after October 1862. 5677:(1927) spawned "Beardian historiography". The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. Though this interpretation was abandoned by the Beards in the 1940s, and by historians generally by the 1950s, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. 4945:

I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back .... If there had been more Southern victories, and a lot more, the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back. I don't think the South ever had a chance to win that

2009:. Seven Southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded 11225:

At the beginning of 1865, the Confederacy controlled one third of its congressional districts, which were apportioned by population. The major slave populations found in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of

3372:. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred it from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the 3186:

the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues blockade runners provided enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to supplies like 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply.

2040:, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country. To the west, the Union first destroyed the Confederacy's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and 6636:. "Alphabetical Index of Campaigns, Battles, Engagements, Actions, Combats, Sieges, Skirmishes, Reconnaissances, Scouts and Other Military Events Connected with the "War of the Rebellion" During the Period of Actual Hostilities, From April 12, 1861, to May 26, 1865" 4126:

regular Union infantry division was engaged. By 1864, these violent activities harmed the nationwide antiwar movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln. Missouri not only stayed in the Union, but Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote to win re-election.

5649:. During and immediately after the war, Northern historians often used a term like "War of the Rebellion". Writers in rebel states often referred to the "War for Southern Independence". Some Southerners have described it as the "War of Northern Aggression". 4601:. This date is often cited by contemporaries and historians as the effective end date of the war. On June 2, with most of his troops having already gone home, a reluctant Kirby Smith had little choice but to sign the official surrender document. On June 23, 3190:

well. The blockade's success was not measured by the few ships that slipped through but by the thousands that never tried. European merchant ships could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports.

2519:, an alternative, not to interfere with slavery where it existed, but the South regarded it as insufficient. The remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy, following a no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4. 5473:

Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing the border states to remain in the Union and War Democrats to support the Union. The border states, which included Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware, and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans,

3602:. Audaciously employing rapid, unpredictable movements on interior lines, Jackson's 17,000 troops marched 646 miles (1,040 km) in 48 days and won minor battles as they successfully engaged three Union armies (52,000 men), including those of 4578:, near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces. On May 4, all remaining Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi, under the command of Lt. General 5153:

regiments of the Union Army, as were black men who had not been slaves. The US Colored Troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll—15 percent of Union deaths from disease and less than 3 percent of those killed in battle. Losses among

3259:

shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war, but this failed. Worse, Europe turned to Egypt and India for cotton, which they found superior, hindering the South's post-war recovery.

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from the south. While part of the fleet bombarded the forts, other vessels forced a break in the obstructions in the river and enabled the rest of the fleet to steam upriver to the city. A Union army force commanded by Major General

4203:. In attempting to capture Charleston, the Union military tried two approaches: by land over James or Morris Islands or through the harbor. However, the Confederates were able to drive back each attack. A famous land attack was the 6685:, who was a prominent New York lawyer; a founder, treasurer, and member of the Executive Committee of United States Sanitary Commission throughout the war; and a diarist. A diary excerpt is published in Gienapp, William E. (ed.). 4176:

The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast as well as the southern part of the Mississippi. Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan.

5549:

closed with a national consensus, except on the part of former slaves, that the war had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature, and the Jim Crow era of

5509:

investment in Confederate bonds was forfeited; most banks and railroads were bankrupt. The income per person dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North, and that lasted into the 20th century. Southern influence in the

5520:

President Johnson, who took office in April 1865, took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment.

5148:

After the Emancipation Proclamation authorized freed slaves to "be received into the armed service of the United States", former slaves who escaped from plantations or were liberated by the Union Army, were recruited into the

5215:

states that tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease, starvation, or exposure, and that if these deaths are counted in the war's total, the death toll would exceed 1 million.

2636:

At 4:30 am on April 12, Confederate forces fired the first of 4,000 shells at the fort; it fell the next day. The loss of Fort Sumter lit a patriotic fire under the North. On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to field

6854:, p. 397. The Supreme Court decided that the "legal end of the American Civil War had been decided by Congress to be August 20, 1866—the date of Andrew Johnson's final proclamation on the conclusion of the Rebellion." 6754:(Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware) where slavery was legal. Missouri and Kentucky were also claimed by the Confederacy and given full state delegations in the Confederate Congress for the duration of the war. 2428:

least four—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas—provided detailed reasons for their secession, all blaming the movement to abolish slavery and its influence over the North. Southern states believed that the

6848:, 76 U.S. 56 (1869), "The U.S. attorneys argued that the Rebellion had been suppressed following the surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, as established in the surrender document negotiated on May 26, 1865." 4341:

intending to draw Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the

3234: 2971:

writes that between 500 and 1,000 women enlisted as soldiers on both sides, disguised as men. Women also served as spies, resistance activists, nurses, and hospital personnel. Women served on the Union hospital ship

2866:

The Civil War was marked by intense and frequent battles. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, along with many smaller actions, often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. Historian

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restrictive nature on vessels of war of the United States in British ports, harbors, and waters, are now to be considered as at an end". Nonetheless, the final Confederate surrender was in Liverpool, England where

3205:

Dinçaslan argues that another outcome of the blockade was the rise of oil as a prominent commodity. The declining whale oil industry took a blow as many old whaling ships were used in blockade efforts, such as the

6995:, Archibald Dixon, and Albert G. Hodges, to discuss recruitment of African American soldiers in the state of Kentucky. In a letter dated April 4, 1864, Lincoln summarized his stance on slavery, at Hodges' request. 12605: 10873:, p. 69. "The 58-year-old Cherokee chieftain was the last Confederate general to lay down his arms. The last Confederate-affiliated tribe to surrender was the Chickasaw nation, which capitulated on 14 July." 2103:

By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the

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Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands, especially in the recently settled western

14950:– A non-profit land preservation and educational organization with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust, dedicated to preserving America's battlefields through land acquisitions. 5759:, with more than 130 battlefields in 24 states. The five major battlefield parks operated by the National Park Service had a combined 3 million visitors in 2018, down 70% from 10 million in 1970. 5663:

The memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause": that the Confederate cause was just and heroic. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations.

5397:, to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his plan of gradual compensated emancipation and 5669:

actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the

3912:

One of the early Union objectives was to capture the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half. The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of

3936:

ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans. Confederate forces abandoned the city, giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South, which allowed Union forces to move up the Mississippi.

3210:, and Confederate raiders harassed Union whalers. Oil products, especially kerosene, began replacing whale oil in lamps, increasing oil's importance long before it became fuel for combustion engines. 2211:

ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own

6608:, p. 618. "On the 26th of the same month General Kirby Smith surrendered his entire command west of the Mississippi to General Canby. With this, all military opposition to the government ended." 5957:

The Civil War is one of the most studied events in American history, and the collection of cultural works around it is enormous. This section gives an abbreviated overview of the most notable works.

2277:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian 14956:– This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. 9170: 4937:

Some scholars argue the Union held an insurmountable long-term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population. Confederate actions, they argue, only delayed defeat. Historian

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The fiercest fighting of the battle—and the second bloodiest day of the Civil War—occurred on May 3 as Lee launched multiple attacks against the Union position at Chancellorsville. That same day,

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in Maryland, along with sending in militia units. Lincoln took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing prominent figures, including arresting one-third of the members of the

6767:, although arguably there are different dates for the war's conclusion. Lee's surrender to Grant set off a wave of Confederate surrenders. The last military department of the Confederacy, the 4513:

News of Lee's April 9 surrender reached this southern newspaper (Savannah, Georgia) on April 15—after the April 14 shooting of President Lincoln. The article quotes Grant's terms of surrender.

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Hooker, too, proved unable to defeat Lee's army; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one, his Chancellorsville Campaign proved ineffective, and he was humiliated in the

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on December 13, 1862, when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during futile frontal assaults against Marye's Heights. After the battle, Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen.

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characterized the trans-Mississippi region, as the Confederacy lacked the troops and logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control. Roving Confederate bands such as

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Fort Pulaski on the Georgia coast was an early target for the Union navy. Following the capture of Port Royal, an expedition was organized with engineer troops under the command of Captain

2561:" behind the throne. Seward attempted to engage in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: 6568: 3552:

The Union had the upper hand at first, nearly pushing Confederate forces holding a defensive position into a rout, but Confederate reinforcements under Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the

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caused the British to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation increased the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Realizing that Washington could not intervene in

3515:, asserts that the army received its final name from Lee when he issued orders assuming command on June 1, 1862. However, Freeman does admit that Lee corresponded with Brigadier General 4075:, as well as the portion of Earl Van Dorn's command that included the Indian Territory and excluded the Army of the West. The Union's command was the Trans-Mississippi Division, or the 8484: 4536:. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and horse, 3126:

insurance, ending regular traffic. The South blundered by embargoing cotton exports before the blockade was fully effective; by the time they reversed this decision, it was too late. "

6701:, vol. 2 (New York: The Macmillan Company), pp. 600–601, which differs from the volume and page numbers of the original diaries; the page in Strong's original handwriting is shown at 2218:

The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially,

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only counted troops who died during their service and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged. This often happened only days or weeks later.

2922:, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who were conscripted. 2200:

on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the

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in 1899. In 1933, these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the National Park Service. Chief among modern efforts to preserve Civil War sites has been the

3286:

proved adept and convinced Britain not to challenge the Union blockade. The Confederacy purchased warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain, with the most famous being the

9592:

Army of the Potomac as a threat meant that there would be a short period when he could turn on Pope's force and actually outnumber it before the merger of the two Federal armies.

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Woods, Michael E. (August 20, 2012). "What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature".

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troops for 90 days; impassioned Union states met the quotas quickly. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for three years. Shortly after this,

17584: 17411: 15126: 6955:(2006). "On the other hand, many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs, and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought." 5866:, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses had been the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war that aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance 3113:" 1861. Tightening naval blockade, forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River, Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence, idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia. 2844:

Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginians provided about 20,000 soldiers to each side in the war. A Unionist secession attempt occurred in

10986: 1938: 6602:, p. 757. "Though the war on land ceased, and the Confederate flag utterly disappeared from this continent with the collapse and dispersion of Kirby Smith's command...." 4459:

Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive

3863:(February 11 to 16, 1862), earning him the nickname of "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. With these victories the Union gained control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. 5545:

to head a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed further reconstruction. The

4400:. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory and included a charge by teenage VMI cadets. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. 213: 6884:"Total Union railroad miles" aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860–1864 @ 5000, plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300. 6626:, p. 522. "General E. Kirby Smith surrendered the trans-Mississippi department on the 26th of May, leaving no other Confederate army at liberty to continue the war." 3967:. Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat, due to lack of logistical support and infantry recruits. Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. 12613: 11478: 5118:

Based on 1860 census figures, 8 percent of all white men aged 13–43 died in the war, including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South. About 56,000 soldiers

18290: 2392:'s legislature to call a state convention to consider secession. South Carolina had done more than any other state to advance the notion that a state had the right to 12688: 11264: 4189: 17646: 6051: 5772: 5557:

The war had a demonstrable impact on American politics. Many veterans on both sides were elected to political office, including five U.S. Presidents: Ulysses Grant,

4424:

on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the

1199: 751: 5462:. A Union victory in the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862, provided Lincoln with an opportunity to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the 254: 6620:, p. 663. "When the Confederate soldiers laid down their arms and went home, all hostilities against the power of the Government of the United States ceased." 406: 6893:

In spite of the South's shortage of soldiers, most Southern leaders—until 1865—opposed enlisting slaves. They used them as laborers to support the war effort. As

2906:

joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 in Ireland. About 50,000 Canadians served, around 2,500 of whom were black.

2824:

but was driven out after 1862. In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri.

17094: 6975:, ch. 6. "Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861, sending thousands of soldiers to the front and suffering high casualties, especially at 4620:, bringing the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in Texas and freeing the last slaves of the Confederacy. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated as 16549: 16544: 5379: 4153:

virtual "independent fiefdom" in Texas, including railroad construction and international smuggling. The Union, in turn, did not directly engage him. Its 1864

1061: 918: 12898: 12018:"Horace Greeley (1811–1872). "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". Stedman and Hutchinson, eds. 1891. A Library of American Literature: An Anthology in 11 Volumes" 11652: 16554: 11675: 7809:"Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River" 6379: 1489: 10038: 5630:

and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of

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In the 1890s, the government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the

2612:

The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces opened fire on the Union-held Fort Sumter. Fort Sumter is located in the harbor of

2163: 1998: 17747: 13730: 4501:

front page celebrated Lee's surrender, headlining how Grant let Confederate officers retain their sidearms and "paroled" the Confederate officers and men.

4408:. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. 3202:

damage caused by blockade runners and raiders outfitted in British ports. Britain paid the U.S. $ 15 million in 1871, but only for commerce raiding.

17996: 16981: 16901: 15429: 4040: 4029: 2121: 1225: 1215: 451: 14190: 10826: 15163: 12060: 8844: 5728: 4293:

At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac and put Maj. Gen.

2616:, South Carolina. Its status had been contentious for months. Outgoing President Buchanan had dithered in reinforcing its garrison, commanded by Major 2436:, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries, with little resistance from outgoing President 1931: 1458: 1021: 4443:

Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched, with no destination set, laying waste to about 20% of the farms in Georgia in his "

2903: 18237: 17009: 12954: 8211: 7638:"Confederate States of America – Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union" 4392:

Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was repelled at the

2473: 1863: 11887: 6741:

462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6707: 5378:

those in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or (on December 6, 1865) by the

5203:, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of 2723: Union territories that permitted slavery (claimed by Confederacy) at the start of the war, but where slavery was outlawed by the U.S. in 1862 2025:, the Confederacy asserted control over a third of the U.S. population in eleven states. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued. 15424: 9371: 4166: 2805: 1416: 1046: 995: 446: 14805: 11350: 7257: 2144:, making the Civil War the deadliest military conflict in American history. The technology and brutality of the Civil War foreshadowed the coming 17199: 17174: 16976: 16884: 15434: 15168: 6583: 5996: 4525: 4270: 3959:

and the capture of the Kentucky capital of Frankfort on September 3, 1862. However, the campaign ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen.

1056: 872: 456: 10830: 7560: 3871:

and central Tennessee thus fell to the Union, leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization.

2371: Border Southern states that permitted slavery but did not secede (both KY and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 18252: 17026: 16669: 16058: 15937: 12643:

Bob Zeller, "Fighting the Second Civil War: A History of Battlefield Preservation and the Emergence of the Civil War Trust", (2017: Knox Press)

6732:

211,411 Union soldiers were captured, and 30,218 died in prison. The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double-counting of casualties.

6543: 5592: 4275:

The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide.

4134: 4016:. Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga, eventually causing Longstreet to abandon his 2495: 1191: 6681:

Among the many other contemporary sources and later historians citing May 26, 1865 as the end date for the American Civil War hostilities are

5279: Gradual emancipation in New York (starting 1799, completed 1827) and New Jersey (starting 1804, completed by Thirteenth Amendment, 1865) 4524:, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached the 3511:

chose to follow his home state, despite his desire for the country to remain intact and an offer of a senior Union command. Lee's biographer,

2930:" enlisted to collect the generous bonus, deserted, then re-enlisted under a different name for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed. 18431: 18285: 17553: 16911: 16664: 16659: 16085: 8473: 6007: 5642:

and who write for the general public. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study.

5551: 3681: 2861: 2620:. Anderson took matters into his own hands and on December 26, 1860, under the cover of darkness, sailed the garrison from the poorly placed 1924: 17733: 13025: 11172: 18142: 17784: 15917: 14987: 14890: 6491: 3091:

failed, as Britain had no interest in selling warships to a nation at war with a stronger enemy and feared souring relations with the U.S.

2140:, and mass-produced weapons were widely used. The war left between 620,000 and 750,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of 1086: 1026: 911: 850: 828: 795: 762: 707: 663: 641: 608: 575: 542: 399: 14886: 14827:. (Vintage, 2007) Uses letters, diaries, and regimental newspapers to probe the world view of soldiers—black and white, Yankee and Rebel. 11632: 6697:. A footnote in Gienapp shows the excerpt was taken from an edited version of the diaries by Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas, eds., 6666:, p. . "The sheer weight of scholarship has leaned toward portraying the surrenders of the Confederate armies as the end of the war." 4532:, Lee decided the fight was hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia to Grant on April 9, 1865, during a conference at the 3742:

because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory. Lee's army suffered 28,000 casualties, versus Meade's 23,000.

17474: 17004: 16053: 15812: 13935:. The Chronicles Of America Series. New Haven: Yale University Press; Toronto: Glasgow, Brook & Co.; London: Oxford University Press. 11748: 8360: 7446: 6496: 6018: 5967: 5686: 3266:

quarter to almost half of British imports. Meanwhile, the war created jobs for arms makers, ironworkers, and ships to transport weapons.

3088: 2767: 1880: 1837: 1205: 967: 17761: 12061:"A LETTER FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN.; Reply to Horace Greeley. Slavery and the Union The Restoration of the Union the Paramount Object" 7044:

Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army

6660:, p. 308. "By 26 May, General Edward Kirby Smith had surrendered the Rebel forces in the trans-Mississippi west. The war was over." 4566:

Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered, as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, the same day Sergeant

3659:

into Maryland on September 5. Lincoln then restored Pope's troops to McClellan. McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near

2848:, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of loyalty to the Union; they were held without trial. 18305: 18295: 17791: 17568: 17431: 17416: 15847: 15463: 6521: 6501: 5243: 4130: 3335: 3169: 3139: 2880: 2528: 2242:

nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on

1535: 1480: 1453: 1031: 12285: 3382:

supported the Union, largely because it believed the U.S. served as a counterbalance to its geopolitical rival, the U.K. In 1863, the

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on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, with Lincoln ignoring a ruling on June 1, 1861, by Supreme Court Chief Justice

2747:

were slave states whose people had divided loyalties to Northern and Southern businesses and family members. Some men enlisted in the

18436: 18042: 18016: 17769: 17719: 17421: 17184: 17154: 16792: 16721: 15419: 15414: 7645: 6511: 5542: 3751: 3610:, preventing them from reinforcing the Union offensive against Richmond. The swiftness of Jackson's men earned them the nickname of " 3530:

to command all the cavalry companies of the Army of the Shenandoah. He eventually commanded the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry.

3395: 3225: 2188:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the United States (the 2033: 2029: 1104: 1041: 1036: 1003: 989: 924: 441: 436: 50: 12715: 7735: 7705: 7675: 18386: 18310: 18280: 17335: 17270: 15972: 15947: 15183: 15158: 15108: 15088: 13926: 13673: 13611:

Keller, Christian B. (January 2009). "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers".

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on July 26, 1861, and the war began in earnest in 1862. The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes:

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landed near the forts and forced their surrender. Butler's controversial command of New Orleans earned him the nickname "Beast".

3731: 2962: 2397: 1827: 1448: 1051: 1010: 981: 392: 15897: 11415: 10410: 6642:, p. 202. "The surrender of the forces of the Trans-Mississippi on May 26, 1865, brought the war to a definite conclusion." 5537:

him, although the Senate did not convict him. In 1868 and 1872, the Republican candidate Grant won the presidency. In 1872, the

2452:

As Southerners resigned their Senate and House seats, Republicans could pass projects that had been blocked. These included the

2068:

of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions. This led to the

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and slavery, heroism in combat and behind the lines, and issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an "

5239:, over 32,600 of them belonged to the Union and 45,800 the Confederacy. However, other estimates place the total at 1,000,000. 4978:

economic status, the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South, than in the North.

4227: 2231: 2113: 1114: 953: 938: 15807: 12653: 11471:"The World Was Watching: America's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege" 11470: 10908: 4305:

Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals Meade and

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described it as "one of the most ferocious wars ever fought," where, in many cases, the only target was the enemy's soldiers.

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Neely, Mark E. (June 1986). "The Perils of Running the Blockade: The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War".

8737: 8565: 7986: 7728:"Confederate States of America – A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union" 7595: 7440: 6694: 4208: 3640:, ended in yet another victory for the South. McClellan resisted General-in-Chief Halleck's orders to send reinforcements to 2401: 1902: 1530: 1494: 1435: 1343: 1093: 975: 932: 740: 530: 371:

80,000+ slaves dead (disease) 60,000 documented plus 'tens of thousands' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths.

7509:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011 7383:

Loewen, James W. (2011). "Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War".

7190: 5162: 4955:

liberty. Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864–65, most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard. Historian

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gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end."

3317:

and seized two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington smoothed this over after Lincoln released the two men.

2036:

the conflict was inconclusive. The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the

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fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."

2093: 12741: 12389: 8536:

The German Element in the United States: With Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence

7069:"The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies; Series 4 – Volume 2" 3696:

arm was amputated, but he died of pneumonia. Lee famously said: "He has lost his left arm, but I have lost my right arm."

3567:

Upon the urging of Lincoln to begin offensive operations, McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the

3197:. The smuggling of 600,000 arms enabled the Confederacy to fight on for two more years, and the commerce raiders targeted 2515:

met in Washington, proposing a solution similar the Compromise; it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed the

18416: 18259: 18227: 17662: 17300: 17290: 16941: 16649: 16012: 15977: 15872: 15450: 9404: 8450:, p. 73. "Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war, 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee." 6506: 6323: 5854:

Technological innovations during the war had a great impact on 19th-century science. The war was an early example of an "

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The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including

3493: 3219: 2646: 2417: 2017:. A wave of enthusiasm for war swept over the North and South, as military recruitment soared. Four more Southern states 1890: 1377: 1132: 512: 15927: 14927: 12135: 9492: 8689: 7291: 5867: 3932:. "The key to the river was New Orleans, the South's largest port greatest industrial center." U.S. Naval forces under 18247: 18212: 18132: 17812: 17798: 17740: 17684: 17451: 17441: 17426: 17194: 17019: 16048: 15997: 15942: 15907: 15892: 15882: 15867: 15842: 15797: 15782: 15717: 15594: 15043: 14493:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner. 11771: 9811: 9441: 7834: 7096: 6751: 6750:

The Union was the U.S. government and included the states that remained loyal to it, both the non-slave states and the

6526: 6516: 6395: 6363: 5615: 4347: 4001:, Bragg, reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps, defeated Rosecrans, despite the defensive stand of Maj. Gen. 3739: 3298: 3026:

The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution, leading to naval innovations, notably the

2857: 2829: 2821: 2704: 2670: 2650: 2642: 1885: 1442: 1210: 1071: 943: 72: 2949:

After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons, accounting for 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities.

18172: 18107: 17805: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17563: 17446: 17436: 17164: 16760: 16654: 16531: 16028: 15992: 15912: 15852: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15777: 15208: 15200: 15078: 15022: 14370: 14339: 14255: 14237: 13645: 10691: 8828: 6961:. "Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities, the poor and working class 6909:

was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat. The Confederacy surrendered at

6538: 6531: 6029: 5748: 4666: 3350: 3326: 3229: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2258: 2254: 2235: 2175: 2157: 1984: 1109: 1099: 500: 4185: 18222: 18182: 15957: 15922: 15862: 15817: 14980: 14089: 12161:"Andrew Johnson and Emancipation in Tennessee – Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)" 11660: 6427: 5978: 5752: 5744: 5670: 5410: 4548: 4529: 3940:

on June 6, 1862, and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi. Only the fortress city of

2097: 2089: 1403: 1178: 817: 195: 17826: 14881: 8607: 5419:, who were fugitive slaves, including cooks, laundresses, laborers, teamsters, railroad repair crews, fled to the 5132:

199,790 died of disease (75 percent was due to the war, the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway)

3149: 17891: 17523: 17508: 17390: 17350: 17249: 17234: 17219: 17214: 17046: 16951: 15982: 15877: 15837: 15558: 15394: 10053: 9197: 6578: 6309: 6266: 5646: 5416: 5359:, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 5247: 5119: 4425: 4416:

Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and

4020:

and driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy.

3948: 3708: 3488:, which was organized on June 20, 1861, from all operational forces in Northern Virginia. On July 20 and 21, the 3485: 3158: 2943: 2885: 2836: 2421: 2108:

in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant

1956: 1596: 1338: 1289: 13715: 12183: 12160: 7501: 6435: 4507: 4325:

were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture

4250:

for nearly eight weeks, the longest siege in US military history. The Confederates attempted to defend with the

4219:, forcing a Confederate surrender. The Union army occupied the fort for the rest of the war after repairing it. 3847:. While the Confederate forces had successes in the Eastern theater, they were defeated many times in the West. 3621:, but he was wounded in the battle, and Robert E. Lee assumed his position of command. Lee and top subordinates 3496:

were merged into the Army of the Potomac between March 14 and May 17, 1862. The Army of the Potomac was renamed

18177: 17548: 16867: 16631: 15987: 15952: 15857: 15563: 15093: 8640:

Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".

6443: 6403: 6163: 4629: 4199:(November 1861), south of Charleston. Much of the war along the South Carolina coast concentrated on capturing 3564:, Thomas J. Jackson, stood its ground, which resulted in Jackson's receiving his famous nickname, "Stonewall". 2934:

French, Prussian, and Russian armies, and without the Atlantic, could have threatened any of them with defeat.

2262: 2018: 1079: 948: 10636:"Most Glorious News of the War / Lee Has Surrendered to Grant ! / All Lee's Officers and Men Are Paroled" 9903: 9397:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World

3297:. However, public opinion against slavery in Britain created a political liability for politicians, where the 1995:, or be prohibited from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. 18441: 18325: 18232: 16906: 16827: 16644: 16110: 15568: 15376: 14182: 13900: 10228:

Graves, William H. (1991). "Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army: Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory".

7227:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War Exploratory Essays, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 4.

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and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace

5740: 5736: 5658: 5534: 5504:, Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population. 4670: 4444: 4354:. These resulted in heavy losses on both sides and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the 3198: 3152:

off Charleston. Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North's overwhelming war production.

2684: 2433: 2208: 2193: 2125: 2077: 1972: 1781: 1398: 1383: 1313: 1303: 1274: 1264: 238: 221: 171: 134: 10359: 7356:

Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2005). "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks".

3882:

ended Kentucky's policy of neutrality and turned it against the Confederacy. Grant used river transport and

3193:

To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased arms in Britain and converted British-built ships into

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In addition, there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy (2,112 in battle) and 460 in the Marines (148 in battle).

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in July 1863, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi and is one of the turning points of the war.

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federal laws and even secede. On December 20, 1860, the convention unanimously voted to secede and adopted

2238:

had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of

2223: 2181: 2171: 2167: 2117: 1992: 1988: 1388: 1362: 1348: 1318: 1308: 1259: 1185: 718: 478: 17754: 14557:

Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860

12962: 9964: 9372:"The Trent Affair: Diplomacy, Britain, and the American Civil War – National Museum of American Diplomacy" 8219: 7133: 18361: 18117: 17610: 17358: 17109: 16946: 16936: 16931: 16889: 16313: 15612: 15063: 14973: 14618: 12634:

Timothy B. Smith, "The Golden Age of Battlefield Preservation" (2008; The University of Tennessee Press).

11240: 7321: 6830: 6807: 6703: 6614:, p. 630. "With General E. K. Smith's surrender the Confederate flag no longer floated on the land." 6288: 6219: 5883: 5814:'s take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as in such film classics as 5811: 4469: 4366:

an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted

4107: 3914: 3561: 3386:'s Baltic and Pacific fleets wintered in the American ports of New York and San Francisco, respectively. 2617: 1812: 1706: 1279: 1269: 12481: 6633: 3177:

and sold, with proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen, mostly British, were released.

2926:

soldiers were more concerned about the fate of their local area than the Southern cause. In the North, "

18411: 18406: 18401: 18396: 18391: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18072: 18037: 17501: 17089: 16916: 16799: 16777: 16706: 16621: 15682: 15483: 15361: 15343: 14922: 14577: 14390: 14267: 13634: 13320: 11358: 11073: 11041: 11009: 8492:

With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30, 1860, the Regular Army...

7295: 7244: 6347: 6251: 6203: 6062: 5756: 5600: 5596: 5526: 4633: 4200: 3692: 3633: 3283: 2760: 2680: 2201: 2189: 1968: 1408: 1393: 1253: 157: 120: 14953: 13716:"Samuel and Saul Isaac: International Jewish Arms Dealers, Blockade Runners, and Civil War Profiteers" 10635: 5003: 3855:

The Union's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant, who won victories at Forts

3064:

inflicted significant damage on the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day, the first Union ironclad,

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Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War

12498: 12486: 6897:

said, "If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong." Confederate generals

6476: 6131: 6073: 5842: 5822: 5514: 5424: 5372: 4433: 3637: 3481: 2915: 2910: 2890: 2784: 2533: 2457: 2037: 1817: 1746: 1711: 1284: 773: 77: 14962:– site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War 8918: 8183: 7497:

Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas

6710:

from the original on November 16, 2022 – via New-York Historical Society Museum & Library.

5258: 2712:, was created in 1863, while KY, WV and MO had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments) 2432:

made slaveholding a constitutional right. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the

2088:. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the 18421: 18371: 18366: 18340: 18112: 18082: 17981: 17631: 17496: 17380: 17305: 17280: 17275: 17239: 17159: 16857: 16842: 16423: 15707: 15672: 15607: 15548: 15543: 15273: 14895: 11891: 11717: 11596: 11173:"Manufactures of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the original returns of the Eight Census" 9575: 6976: 6355: 6316: 6235: 6171: 6040: 5928: 5858:", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy. New inventions, such as the 5732: 5530: 4362: 4343: 4314: 4294: 4287: 4076: 3671: 3648:, which made it easier for Lee's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops. 3546: 3041: 2918:

in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the

2570: 2512: 2469: 2073: 1786: 1691: 1651: 1246: 10197:

Bohl, Sarah (2004). "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri".

9171:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 6806:

Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the

4157:

to take Shreveport, Louisiana, failed and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war.

2816:, who chased the governor and rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of Missouri (see 17484: 17104: 17072: 17067: 16765: 16738: 16130: 15627: 15617: 15389: 15384: 15238: 13016: 11736:

Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war. Most scholars, including

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directly with the governors of seceded states, whose administrations he continued to recognize.

2180:

A consensus of historians who address the origins of the war agree that the preservation of the

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Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913

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A House Divided: A Study of the Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

7417:

Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.

6784:

than in either the Union or Confederate Armies if their casualty totals are counted separately.

6211: 6179: 5973: 5709: 5525:

demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They

5427:, which Lincoln signed on January 1, 1863, more than two years before the end of the Civil War. 4682: 4597:, acting for Edmund Smith, signed a military convention surrendering Confederate forces in the 4465: 4254:

but surrendered after Vicksburg. These surrenders gave the Union control over the Mississippi.

4122: 4087: 4009: 3972: 3941: 3929: 3894: 3864: 3812: 3712: 3404: 3365: 3318: 3168:

To transport arms safely to the Confederacy, British investors built small, fast, steam-driven

3162: 2771: 2441: 2341: 2219: 2212: 2185: 2041: 1853: 1832: 1666: 1581: 1525: 597: 14555: 14001: 13817: 13753: 13567: 13546: 13487: 13341: 13103: 12866: 12578: 12458:

Belligerent Muse: Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War

9723: 9657: 8972:

Tinclads in the Civil War: Union Light-Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters, 1862–1865

8534: 8505: 8364: 7430: 6942:, resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union." 4110:(August 1861). The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the 3400: 18315: 18087: 17931: 17385: 17285: 17099: 16748: 16701: 16611: 16579: 16286: 16276: 15722: 15712: 15697: 15647: 15602: 15258: 15243: 15136: 14942: 14616:

Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories".

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Assuming Union and Confederate casualties are counted together—more Americans were killed in

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brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead, following the Battle of Stones River.

5721: 4638: 4594: 4405: 4351: 4216: 3994: 3976: 3905: 3808: 3651:

Emboldened by Second Bull Run, the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North with the

3618: 3572: 3501: 3412: 3383: 2809: 2770:, and could cut it off from the North. It had anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army 2657:

seceded and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to

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Of the 359,528 Union Army dead, amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served:

4555:, a Confederate sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning. Lincoln's vice president, 2986:, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for treating the wounded during the war. 490: 18157: 18006: 17926: 17886: 17543: 17395: 17368: 16837: 16616: 16599: 16256: 15752: 15737: 15732: 15702: 15687: 15667: 15285: 15189: 15073: 13166: 12490: 12296: 11078: 11046: 11014: 6966: 6910: 6811: 6302: 6295: 6227: 5879: 5782: 5586: 5501: 5176: 4460: 4397: 4393: 4251: 4247: 4196: 4072: 4013: 3964: 3918: 3868: 3856: 3761: 3727: 3660: 3055: 3006: 2968: 2548: 2393: 2243: 2227: 2133: 2057: 1912: 1791: 1756: 1661: 1636: 1333: 1323: 630: 619: 564: 39: 14938: 10247:

Neet, J. Frederick Jr. (1996). "Stand Watie: Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation".

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generally opposed emancipation. When the draft began in the summer of 1863, they launched

5454:

Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in response to

4361:

An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the

4257:

Several small skirmishes but no major battles were fought in Florida. The biggest was the

3711:, and then moved to the west. The Confederates fought a successful delaying action at the 3666:

When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam, he was replaced by Maj. Gen.

3586: 8: 18167: 17986: 17876: 17528: 17320: 17209: 17083: 16728: 16681: 16428: 16388: 16373: 16266: 16115: 15787: 15747: 15622: 15583: 15553: 15508: 15468: 15068: 15058: 14771:

The War for the Common Soldier: How Men Thought, Fought, and Survived in Civil War Armies

14767: 14489: 13197: 10985:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10953:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. University of California, Santa Barbara. 10656:

Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

7727: 7697: 7667: 6992: 5700: 5558: 5522: 5447:; seen here are black and white teenaged soldiers who volunteered to fight for the Union. 4617: 4583: 4437: 4367: 4142: 4111: 4002: 3844: 3735: 3723: 3685: 3445: 3441: 2979: 2630: 2574: 2507: 2477: 2250: 2197: 2141: 2081: 1776: 1726: 1681: 1671: 1656: 1646: 1631: 1611: 1586: 1576: 1566: 1328: 1153: 1143: 553: 13425: 8797: 8287: 8113: 7770: 7469:

The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830–1860

7035: 4468:, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at 3538:

In July 1861, in of the first highly visible battles, Union troops under the command of

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Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack

13742: 13403: 13201: 13003: 12371: 12209: 12205: 12070: 12065: 11579: 10463: 10360:"Battle for Fort Pulaski – Fort Pulaski National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)" 9749: 8849: 8657: 8310: 7938:"The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership" 7408: 7167: 7106: 6969:

that was suppressed by the military, as well as much smaller protests in other cities."

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for five famous battles, each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle.

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The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States, 1860–'65

13380:

Gallagher, Gary W.; Engle, Stephen D.; Krick, Robert K.; Glatthaar, Joseph T. (2003).

13249: 11211:

The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861–1865

10278: 9872:

Whitsell, Robert D. (1963). "Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus".

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argued that the war goals had been achieved and Reconstruction should end. They chose

5345: Territory incorporated into the US after the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment 4043:

refers to military operations west of the Mississippi, encompassing most of Missouri,

3867:

rallied nearly 4,000 Confederate troops and led them to escape across the Cumberland.

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Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1986).

14214: 14158: 14137: 14114: 14093: 14068: 14062: 14047: 14028: 14007: 13986: 13964: 13904: 13876: 13855: 13823: 13802: 13783: 13773: 13759: 13700: 13679: 13660: 13641: 13594: 13588: 13573: 13552: 13531: 13512: 13493: 13469: 13448: 13431: 13409: 13385: 13366: 13347: 13326: 13305: 13277: 13255: 13245: 13231: 13207: 13174: 13152: 13131: 13109: 13072: 13051: 12995: 12939: 12918: 12872: 12820: 12584: 12462: 12410: 12361: 12310: 12260: 12074: 11571: 11394: 11384: 11334:

Beringer, Richard E.; Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer; Still, William N. Jr. (1991).

11214: 10887: 10851: 10734: 10697: 10687: 10500: 10473: 10392: 10384: 10315: 10305: 10160: 10076: 9993: 9817: 9807: 9729: 9702: 9663: 9437: 9400: 9392: 9201: 8824: 8733: 8561: 7982: 7957: 7953: 7591: 7436: 7400: 7338: 6690: 6195: 6155: 6084: 6067: 6056: 5871: 5859: 5717: 5635: 5566: 5562: 5475: 4951: 4571: 4552: 4537: 4448: 4421: 4338: 4258: 4118: 3968: 3883: 3836: 3797: 3652: 3557: 3553: 3523: 3358: 2793: 2544: 2461: 2239: 2049: 1908: 1731: 1686: 1626: 1601: 1556: 1499: 518: 384: 61: 14534: 13918:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

13848: 11583: 10159:. Leavenworth papers, no. 23. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. 9644:

A Worse Place Than Hell: How the Civil War Battle of Fredericksburg Changed a Nation

3545:

attacking Confederate forces led by Beauregard near Washington were repulsed at the

3079:

was a draw, proving ironclads were effective warships. The Confederacy scuttled the

18192: 18092: 17961: 17941: 17856: 16484: 16353: 16323: 16318: 16251: 16190: 16185: 16140: 15642: 15632: 15538: 15518: 15513: 15263: 15253: 15213: 14912: 14627: 14586: 14399: 14327: 14276: 13620: 13399: 12987: 12657: 12510: 12502: 12339: 12082: 11987: 11888:"Biden signs bill making Juneteenth, marking the end of slavery, a federal holiday" 11683: 11563: 11510: 10444: 10069: 9354: 9102: 8649: 8622: 7949: 7392: 7365: 7330: 7253: 6935: 6898: 5932: 5570: 5250:

in Washington. The Union flags captured by the Confederates were sent to Richmond.

5188: 5155: 4317:, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the Atlantic Ocean, Generals 4243: 4048: 3960: 3890: 3824: 3820: 3801: 3667: 3645: 3622: 3420: 3373: 3262: 3027: 2994: 2798: 2606: 2516: 2274: 2266: 2137: 2061: 1761: 1641: 1606: 1504: 1427: 1422: 904: 729: 333: 329: 292: 288: 208: 14674: 14608:

Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary

14500: 13228:

To the Bitter End: Appomattox, Bennett Place and the Surrenders of the Confederacy

11529:"U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated, New Analysis Suggests" 7937: 7482:

North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

5015: 2204:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the 248: 231: 18122: 17906: 17896: 17558: 16847: 16696: 16589: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16449: 16418: 16328: 16271: 16261: 16220: 15248: 15218: 15038: 14919:"American Civil World" maps at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection 14867:(1943 and 1951; reprint 1994), two standard scholarly histories combined; 960pp. 14820: 14739: 14696: 14665:

1232 pp; 64 Topical chapters by scholars and experts; emphasis on historiography.

14464: 14208: 14152: 14108: 14022: 13958: 13944: 13777: 13694: 13445:

Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History

13299: 13271: 13123: 13066: 13045: 12912: 12426: 12056: 11143: 10884:

General Gordon Granger: The Savior of Chickamauga and the Man Behind "Juneteenth"

10827:"Ulysses S. Grant: The Myth of 'Unconditional Surrender' Begins at Fort Donelson" 10730:

Understanding U.S. Military Conflicts through Primary Sources [4 volumes]

10728: 9175: 8876: 8551: 7976: 7506: 7194: 6906: 6411: 6001: 5990: 5936: 5919: 5875: 5496: 5352: 5184: 4570:

killed Booth at a tobacco barn, Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 troops of the

4560: 4386: 4326: 4306: 3816: 3369: 3194: 2491: 2446: 2278: 2069: 2022: 2002: 1822: 1766: 1721: 1621: 696: 226: 191: 47: 13463: 11554:

Hacker, J. David (December 2011). "A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead".

5609: 3598:

Also in the spring of 1862, in the Shenandoah Valley, Stonewall Jackson led his

2327:

a republic based on the people's vote, in the face of an attempt to destroy it.

2315:

According to Lincoln, the American people had shown they had been successful in

17966: 17956: 17901: 16626: 16574: 16413: 16378: 16338: 16230: 16210: 16205: 16160: 15439: 15280: 15268: 14899: 13421: 12494: 12017: 11966:

McPherson, James M., "Lincoln and the Strategy of Unconditional Surrender", in

11911: 11498: 11236: 8288:"The Field Theory: Martial Law, The Suspension Power, and The Insurrection Act" 6962: 6939: 6243: 6089: 6034: 5828: 5455: 4956: 4613: 4567: 4556: 4429: 4417: 4371: 4091: 4068: 3933: 3773: 3579:, southeast of Richmond. McClellan's army reached the gates of Richmond in the 3542: 3424: 3379: 3294: 3118: 3100: 3072: 2983: 2845: 2813: 2558: 2453: 2437: 2065: 2014: 1509: 586: 431: 109: 14828: 14575:

Potter, David M. (1962). "The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa".

13135: 11514: 10978: 10946: 10164: 9904:"Death of Albert Sidney Johnston – Tour Stop #17 (U.S. National Park Service)" 5691: 2812:

called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General

2791:, not speaking for the Court, that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus ( 18355: 18335: 16894: 16494: 16489: 16479: 16454: 16363: 16358: 16200: 16195: 16180: 16150: 16120: 15458: 15083: 14857: 13954: 13908: 13483: 13435: 13413: 13363:

Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power

13211: 12999: 12991: 12482: 12290: 12264: 12101:

A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House

12078: 12039: 10658:. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 84. 10319: 9821: 9639: 9497:. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 78 and footnote 6. 8872: 8283: 8114:"Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy" 7961: 7404: 7342: 6902: 6451: 6045: 5665: 5390: 5356: 5291: Effective abolition of slavery by Mexican or joint US/British authority 5220: 5195:, and (near the end of the war for the Union) repeating firearms such as the 4575: 4382: 4064: 3875: 3840: 3700: 3675: 3656: 3539: 3508: 3474: 3122: 3110: 2973: 2927: 2820:). Early in the war the Confederacy controlled southern Missouri through the 2780: 2752: 2740: 2709: 2621: 2601: 2270: 2205: 2053: 1964: 243: 203: 186: 152: 105: 14265:

Bestor, Arthur (1964). "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis".

13664: 13190:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

12514: 12086: 10701: 8553:

African Canadians in Union Blue: Volunteering for the Cause in the Civil War

7396: 7334: 6704:"Volume 4, pages 124–125: diary entries for May 23 (continued)–June 7, 1865" 5846:(1990) is well-remembered, though criticized for its historical inaccuracy. 5433: 5192: 2828:

counties organized the secession Russellville Convention, formed the shadow

2543:

Complicating Lincoln's attempts to defuse the crisis was Secretary of State

2487: 2196:(known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century 1991:

should be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more

18147: 17691: 17363: 17340: 17330: 17325: 16862: 16804: 16716: 16691: 16604: 16584: 16383: 16281: 14484: 14349: 13259: 13086: 12375: 11967: 11575: 9519: 9436:. Columbia, Missouri, and London, UK: University of Missouri Press, p. 95. 9286: 6951:

for primary sources, see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich, eds.,

6781: 6274: 5887: 5459: 5394: 4938: 4318: 4283: 3719: 3611: 3416: 3305: 3243: 3174: 3048: 2919: 2801:, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring Taney's ruling. 2566: 2523: 2300: 2109: 14933: 12803:, Christopher H. Sterling (ed.) (New York: Arno Press, 1974) vol. 1 p. 63. 12344:

Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

11567: 10448: 10396: 9106: 8883:. Vol. 37, no. 5. American Seamen's Friend Society. p. 152. 8653: 8626: 7369: 5267: Abolition of slavery during or shortly after the American Revolution 4950:

A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because, as

4297:

in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of

4129:

Small-scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control

3376:

further distracted the European powers and ensured they remained neutral.

3144: 18162: 18137: 18127: 18057: 16135: 15173: 15153: 14358: 12179: 11291: 10617:"Union / Victory! / Peace! / Surrender of General Lee and His Whole Army" 8845:"The Case of Dr. Walker, Only Woman to Win (and Lose) the Medal of Honor" 8270:

Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman

7495: 7186: 6894: 6123: 6023: 5950: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5619: 5204: 5200: 5112: 4606: 4401: 4310: 4231: 4146: 3769: 3730:(July 1863). This was the bloodiest battle and has been called the war's 3576: 3492:

and forces from the District of Harpers Ferry were added. Units from the

3287: 3271: 3207: 3127: 3065: 2999: 2868: 2808:

on secession voted to remain in the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor

2788: 2776: 2578: 2562: 2010: 14849:

Nature's Civil War: Common Soldiers and the Environment in 1862 Virginia

14331: 13489:

Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment

13007: 10947:"Proclamation 128—Claiming Equality of Rights with All Maritime Nations" 7919: 7917: 7412: 7021: 5943:

discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer

5894:

firearms. The war saw the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and

5389:

At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War

2675: 2346: 18152: 17991: 17976: 17518: 16393: 16155: 15356: 15351: 14639: 14598: 14513:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859

14411: 14288: 14248:

The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion

13624: 13267: 12978:

Blair, William A. (2015). "Finding the Ending of America's Civil War".

12415:

Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War

12406: 11098: 8661: 7588:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

6078: 6012: 5914: 5863: 5440: 5420: 4621: 4099: 3527: 3279: 3020: 3015: 2748: 2481: 1976: 839: 685: 44: 12789:(Spring 1974). The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society: 51–53. 9156:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

8821:

Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women

8212:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: 8184:"Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly, Maryland State Archives" 5246:

were captured during the war by the Union. The flags were sent to the

4657: 4582:, surrendered. Confederate president Davis was captured in retreat at 3458:

The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River.

3368:

as emperor. Washington repeatedly protested France's violation of the

2064:'s command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening 18047: 17936: 16782: 14965: 14795:

Embattled Courage: The Experience of Combat in the American Civil War

14441:

Vindicating Lincoln: defending the politics of our greatest president

14024:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays

11637: 9038: 8557: 7914: 5833: 5309: Emancipation Proclamation as originally issued, January 1, 1863 5212: 4991: 4298: 4095: 3781: 3777: 3312: 3251: 3247: 3038: 3031: 2445:

garrison—was surrendered in February to state forces by its general,

2145: 1980: 1960: 17661: 14631: 14590: 14403: 14280: 13105:

The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865: A History of the South

12358:

Upheaval in Charleston: Earthquake and Murder on the Eve of Jim Crow

8887: 8746: 7172:. Harvard University. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 507–508. 5339: Thirteenth Amendment to the US constitution, December 18, 1865 4563:, lost his nerve, so Johnson was immediately sworn in as president. 3655:. Lee led 45,000 troops of the Army of Northern Virginia across the 3470: 2112:

to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and

18330: 18217: 18187: 17911: 16787: 14357:

Gara, Larry (1964). "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox". In

11749:"The Battle of Gettysburg & the History of the Civil War Horse" 11279: 10180:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War

9135:

Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".

7808: 7514: 6654:, p. 445. "and on May 26 he surrendered and the war was over" 5899: 5444: 5315: Subsequent operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 4602: 4052: 4044: 3792: 3362: 3254:, "You do what's right, my son, or I'll blow you out of the water." 2756: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2553: 14110:

Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War

14000:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G.; White, William E. (2010).

13837:

Nolan, Alan T. (2000). Gallagher, Gary W.; Nolan, Alan T. (eds.).

13548:

Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913

11197:

The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

10435:

Neely, Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?".

7555: 7553: 6797:

as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers.

5870:, was first used. It saw the first action involving steam-powered 5129:

110,070 were killed in action (67,000) or died of wounds (43,000).

3452:

McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond.

3411:

The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the

30: 14698:

Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War

12232: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11676:"When Necessity Meets Ingenuity: Art of Restoring What's Missing" 7612:"Ordinances of Secession of the 13 Confederate States of America" 7526: 5645:

Even the name used for the conflict has been controversial, with

3765: 3757: 3707:, defeated the small Confederate force at Marye's Heights in the 3105: 3083:

to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the

14959: 14744:. Vol. 1. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 12801:

The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States

11857: 11855: 11074:"Withdrawal of British Restrictions Upon American Naval Vessels" 9926: 9924: 9546: 9544: 8272:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 38–39. 7899:

Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.

4645:, surrendered the cruiser to British authorities on November 6. 3311:, which began when U.S. Navy personnel boarded the British ship 17857:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

17585:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

14947: 14183:"Colorblindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War" 13443:

Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J. (2002).

13322:

The Civil War: A Narrative. Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville

13151:] (in Turkish). Ankara, Turkey: Altınordu Yayınları Press. 8758: 7550: 7292:"The Declaration of Causes of Seceding States. Primary Sources" 7144: 5631: 5321: Abolition of slavery by state action during the Civil War 5232: 4541: 4222:

In April 1862, a Union naval task force commanded by Commander

4102:

forces to expel the Missouri Confederate forces and government.

3897:, considered their finest general before the emergence of Lee. 14064:

A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865

13752:

Murray, Williamson; Bernstein, Alvin; Knox, MacGregor (1996).

12044:

Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion

11811: 9806:. Washington, DC: Center of Military History. pp. 58–72. 3900: 3304:

War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the

2763:

on June 20, 1863, though half its counties were secessionist.

14154:

The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research

11938: 11936: 11921: 11852: 11438: 11365: 11153: 10627: 10597: 10585: 10573: 10561: 10549: 10537: 10513: 10136: 10086: 10018: 10006: 9945: 9921: 9853: 9768: 9676: 9621: 9609: 9597: 9556: 9541: 9529: 9340:

Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain

9238: 5224: 4609:

became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces.

3835:

The primary Confederate force in the Western theater was the

3556:

by railroad, and the course of the battle quickly changed. A

3480:

The primary Confederate force in the Eastern theater was the

15307: 14835:

Civil War Soldiers: Their Expectations and Their Experiences

13636:

All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies

13465:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776

13379: 12716:"Debate over Ken Burns Civil War doc continues over decades" 11086:(11). New York: American News Company: 172. November 4, 1865 10979:"Proclamation 132—Ordering the Arrest of Insurgent Cruisers" 10829:. American Battlefield Trust. April 17, 2009. Archived from 10157:

Third War: Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861–1865

9267: 9265: 9062: 8234: 8140: 8082: 7876: 7852: 7538: 6657: 4674:

second-class citizenship of the freedmen and their poverty.

3944:, Mississippi, prevented Union control of the entire river. 3242:

magazine in London ridicules American aggressiveness in the

3165:

in Britain, becoming the Confederacy's main source of arms.

2978:

and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals.

14612:

Provides short biographies and historiographical summaries.

13983:

Out of the Storm: The End of the Civil War, April–June 1865

13408:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles L. Webster & Company. 12220: 10999:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights".

10967:

The proclamation did not use the term "belligerent rights."

9884: 8954: 8952: 8036: 8034: 6687:

The Civil War and Reconstruction: A Documentary Collection.

5236: 5228: 4520:

Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at

4404:

in a series of battles, including a decisive defeat at the

2797:). Federal troops imprisoned a Baltimore newspaper editor, 14721:

Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859

14547:

War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865

14519:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

14497:

Ordeal of the Union: Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852

14227: 13799:

Justice in Blue and Gray: A Legal History of the Civil War

11933: 11333: 10259: 9434:

Russian-American Dialogue on Cultural Relations, 1776–1914

8729:

Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy

8206: 8204: 4685:, who had wanted a negotiated peace with the Confederacy. 4436:, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the 4106:

The first battle of the Trans-Mississippi theater was the

3455:

Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee.

2080:. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month 14781:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

14365:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston (published 1970). 13779:

Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties

13343:

Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh

12436: 12317:(Greenwood, 1991) covers all the main events and leaders. 11867: 11601: 11122: 11110: 11054:(48). New York: American News Company: 763. July 22, 1865 11022:(44). New York: American News Company: 695. June 24, 1865 10912: 10525: 9989:

The Civil War in Kentucky: Battle for the Bluegrass State

9780: 9501: 9262: 9074: 5837: 5773:

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

5122:

during the War. An estimated 60,000 soldiers lost limbs.

4589:

The final land battle was fought on May 13, 1865, at the

3839:. The army was formed on November 20, 1862, when General 14388:(1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". 14244:

Influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is

13047:

Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65

10795: 10686:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 188–189. 9992:. Mason City, IA: Savas Publishing Company. p. 95. 9226: 8983:

Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose,

8949: 8392: 8152: 8128: 8094: 8070: 8058: 8046: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7902: 7864: 7768: 7428: 7169:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

5720:, built in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. 5333: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865 5327: Operation of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1864 5303: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1862 5297: Abolition of slavery by Congressional action, 1861 4309:

were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General

3560:

under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the

14812:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

14802:

Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–65

14741:

The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations

14723:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 13696:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

12914:

By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War

12545: 12533: 11703:

Herbert Aptheker, "Negro Casualties in the Civil War",

11613: 11597:

The Cost of War: Killed, Wounded, Captured, and Missing

11393:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 57. 11315: 9472: 9455:"Eastern Theater of the Civil War – Legends of America" 9414: 9409:

The Last Emperor of Mexico: A Disaster in the New World

9320: 9296: 9250: 9026: 8770: 8361:"A State of Convenience, The Creation of West Virginia" 8201: 7750: 6928:

Lincoln's letter to O. H. Browning, September 22, 1861.

2249:

Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were

2124:. Of particular interest is the persisting myth of the 14954:

Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College

11416:"Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days" 10759: 10209: 10124: 10112: 10073:

Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy

9014: 8990: 8514: 8429: 8363:. West Virginia Archives & History. Archived from 6905:

argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war, and

3993:

The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the

3986:

that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at the

3342:

three times when deciding what his decision would be.

3293:, which caused considerable damage and led to serious 2522:

On March 4, Lincoln was sworn in as president. In his

2424:

followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.

2359: Slave states that seceded before April 15, 1861 414: 14928:

Statements of each state as to why they were seceding

13960:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy

13301:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

12846: 12681:"Civil War Battlefields Lose Ground as Tourist Draws" 10334:"Second Battle of Fort Wagner | Summary | Britannica" 10039:"The Vicksburg Campaign: A Study In Joint Operations" 9214: 9002: 8937: 8404: 7789: 6953:

Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home

5262:

Abolition of slavery in the various states over time:

5032:

Casualties according to the US National Park Service

2365: Slave states that seceded after April 15, 1861 2096:. Lincoln lived to see this victory but on April 14, 14531:

War for the Union: War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863

14381:, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1964, pp. 229–240). 13999: 13758:. Cabmbridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 13430:. Vol. II. Hartford: O. D. Case & Company. 12356:

Williams, Susan Millar; Hoffius, Stephen G. (2011).

12103:, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, ch. 3. 11828: 11499:"The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite" 11303: 10926: 10807: 10783: 10747: 10708: 8893: 8752: 8707: 7134:"U.S. Military Casualties: Principal Wars 1775–1991" 6793:

Historians disagree as to whether Roger Taney heard

6466: 3507:

When Virginia declared its secession in April 1861,

3087:. The Confederacy's efforts to obtain warships from 2323:

a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation:

2164:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

162: 14444:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 13751: 13442: 11644: 11468: 11297: 11285: 11104: 11010:"Withdrawal of Belligerent Rights by Great Britain" 10036: 9694: 9359:

The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861

9308: 9050: 8255:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

8164: 7698:"Confederate States of America – Georgia Secession" 7284: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 6689:New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2001, pp. 313–314 5191:. With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels, 4246:commanded by Major General Nathaniel P. Banks laid 4030:

Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War

3461:

The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas.

3415:, including Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and 14911:is available for free viewing and download at the 14673: 14606:Ritter, Charles F.; Wakelyn, Jon L., eds. (1998). 14466:This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War 14463: 14136:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 13847: 13845: 13633: 13492:. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. 13382:The American Civil War: This Mighty Scourge of War 12576: 12431:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 12295: 12253:"The Worth of Black Men, From Slavery to Ferguson" 11976:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 11948: 11450: 10771: 10634: 10304:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 110. 8823:. Vol. 2. Greenwood Press. pp. 474–475. 8608:"The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion" 8605: 7923: 7835:"Abraham Lincoln imposes first federal income tax" 7532: 7520: 7243: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7049: 7036:"Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War" 6582: 5729:Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 4454: 3807:The primary Union forces in this theater were the 3047:, which was not successful, and with the ironclad 2547:, who had been Lincoln's rival for the Republican 13723:Journal of the Southern Jewish Historical Society 13273:Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War 13068:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 12781:Dome, Steam (1974). "A Civil War Iron Clad Car". 12678: 10970: 10938: 10609: 10108:. American Battlefield Trust. September 17, 2014. 8725: 8594:One Million Men: the Civil War draft in the North 7422: 6380:The History Channel: Civil War – A Nation Divided 3982:Naval forces assisted Grant in the long, complex 3423:, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of 2440:, whose term ended on March 4. Buchanan said the 2222:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs, 18353: 17271:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 14760: 14525:War for the Union: The Improvised War, 1861–1862 14507:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 13839:The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History 13509:The Last Battle of the Civil War: Palmetto Ranch 13206:. Vol. 3. New York: Harper & Brothers. 13064: 12899:Bibliography of American Civil War naval history 12294:. March 31, 2011. pp. 23–25. Archived from 12125:Lincoln's Letter to A. G. Hodges, April 4, 1864. 11798:"Returned Flags Booklet, 1905 | A State Divided" 11496: 11242:One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895 10465:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant; Selected Letters 10411:"War in the West · Civil War · Digital Exhibits" 9646:, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2021. 7150: 7119: 4661:Map of Confederate territory losses year by year 4593:in Texas. On May 26, 1865, Confederate Lt. Gen. 4167:Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War 4067:'s command of troops in Arkansas and Louisiana, 3793:Army of the Tennessee and Army of the Cumberland 3625:and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the 2664: 14695:Thornton, Mark; Ekelund, Robert Burton (2004). 14694: 14541:War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864 13846:Potter, David M.; Fehrenbacher, Don E. (1976). 13755:The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War 13657:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 13340:Frank, Joseph Allan; Reaves, George A. (2003). 13128:The Rise And Fall Of The Confederate Government 12355: 12055: 12046:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014, p. 401. 12007:, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017, p. 226. 11653:"U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands" 11497:Dupont, Brandon; Rosenbloom, Joshua L. (2018). 11139: 11137: 10944: 10177: 10154: 9350: 9348: 9189: 8732:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 57–73. 8389:, University of Pittsburgh Press, map on p. 49. 8294:. Vol. 80, no. 2. p. 391, n. 2. 8218:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from 7181: 7179: 7079: 5997:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government 4689:Comparison of Union and Confederacy, 1860–1864 4559:, was unharmed, because his would-be assassin, 4544:, and a chain of Confederate surrenders began. 4271:Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War 2697: Union territories not permitting slavery 2032:, the Union made permanent gains—though in the 17095:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 14314: 13953: 13872:The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction 13130:. Vol. II. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 12520: 11235: 11042:"England and the Termination of the Rebellion" 10976: 10643:. Savannah, GA. April 16, 1865. pp. 1, 4. 9967:. American Battlefield Trust. January 31, 2013 9951: 8794:Women In Military Service For America Memorial 8353: 7981:. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. p. 27. 7071:. United States War Dept. 1900. Archived from 6763:Appomattox is referred to symbolically as the 6544:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 5909: 5166:An illustration of the war dead following the 4652: 2496:President of the Confederate States of America 1955:(April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by 17842: 17647: 14981: 14680:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14605: 14560:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14470:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13782:. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press. 13729:. Southern Jewish Historical Society: 41–79. 13699:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13678:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13482: 13468:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13276:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13071:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 12765: 12238: 9833: 9831: 9659:Generals in Blue and Gray: Lincoln's Generals 8790:"Highlights in the History of Military Women" 8676:Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 7769:President James Buchanan (December 3, 1860). 7314: 7312: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7101:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. 6008:The Private History of a Campaign That Failed 5849: 4411: 4377: 4149:, the last Confederate general to surrender. 3353:as long as the Confederacy controlled Texas, 2862:Military leadership in the American Civil War 2633:to take the fort before supplies reached it. 2534:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 1932: 400: 96:(4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks) 14646: 14437: 13551:. Wilmington, DE: Rowman & Littlefield. 13528:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory 13346:. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. 12931: 12656:. American Battlefield Trust. Archived from 12606:"Hazen's Monument a rare, historic treasure" 12400: 12250: 12226: 12034:Lincoln's letter was published first in the 11769: 11413: 11361:on March 23, 2014 – via History Today. 11134: 10886:. Havertown, PA: Casemate Publishers, 2013. 10850:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 68. 10726: 10670:Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox 9345: 9282: 9280: 8690:"A Prussian Observes the American Civil War" 7895: 7893: 7891: 7785:– via The American Presidency Project. 7565:Civil War Glass Negatives and Related Prints 7355: 7193:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 7176: 6492:Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War 5576: 5366: 5219:It is estimated that during the war, of the 5159:troops died, 21% of US Colored Troops died. 4332: 4023: 3465: 3407:map of Civil War battles by theater and year 14779:Frank, Joseph Allan, and George A. Reaves. 14653:. 2-Volume Set. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. 14300:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 14250:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 14232:. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. 13801:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13339: 12420: 11650: 11189: 10240: 9890: 9874:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 8687: 8668: 7098:Regimental losses in the American Civil War 6497:African Americans in the American Civil War 5687:American Civil War battlefield preservation 5680: 3947:Bragg's second invasion of Kentucky in the 3617:Johnston halted McClellan's advance at the 2226:. This had kept a sectional balance in the 2005:, who opposed slavery's expansion, won the 1975:("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by 18306:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 18291:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 17849: 17835: 17654: 17640: 14988: 14974: 14844:(University of South Carolina Press, 1988) 14384: 14363:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction 14210:A Religious History of the American People 13924: 13713: 13590:The American Civil War: A Military History 13065:Chambers, John W.; Anderson, Fred (1999). 12961:. Vol. 54, no. 1. Archived from 12868:A History of American Civil War Literature 12695: 12278: 11974:, pp. 52–54; also in McPherson, James M., 11420:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 11407: 10727:Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (2016). 9828: 9804:The Civil War in the Western Theater, 1862 9432:Norman E. Saul, Richard D. McKinzie, eds. 9168: 9068: 8818: 8503: 8416: 8379: 7942:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 7493: 7309: 7230: 6979:; their volunteering fell off after 1862." 6869: 6719: 6717: 6639: 6522:Native Americans in the American Civil War 6502:German Americans in the American Civil War 5138:9,058 were killed by accidents or drowning 4195:One of the earliest battles was fought at 3140:Blockade runners of the American Civil War 2959:Women in the military § United States 2881:Economic history of the American Civil War 2605:The Battle of Fort Sumter, as depicted by 2021:after the war began and, led by President 1939: 1925: 407: 393: 14458: 14418: 14295: 14150: 14067:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 14027:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14020: 13889: 13692: 13671: 13142: 12986:(5). Oxford University Press: 1753–1766. 12932:Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2004). 12864: 12742:"Why We Need a New Civil War Documentary" 12603: 12442: 12251:Rhodes-Pitts, Sharifa (October 9, 2014). 12204: 11992:Abraham Lincoln: The Man Behind the Myths 11927: 11873: 11861: 11822: 11697: 11619: 11607: 11444: 11383: 11371: 11245:. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 111. 11165: 11159: 11128: 11116: 10603: 10591: 10579: 10567: 10555: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10492: 10383: 10142: 10092: 10024: 10012: 9930: 9859: 9786: 9774: 9682: 9627: 9615: 9603: 9562: 9550: 9535: 9513: 9277: 9271: 9244: 9232: 8881:The Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend 8398: 8257:. University Press of Kansas. p. 71. 8240: 8146: 8134: 8100: 8088: 8076: 8064: 8052: 8040: 8025: 8013: 8001: 7908: 7888: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7756: 7544: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 6938:was largely antislavery especially among 6860: 6645: 6512:Irish Americans in the American Civil War 5949:in March 1865. It currently hangs in the 4160: 3752:Western theater of the American Civil War 3594:, the Civil War's deadliest one-day fight 3396:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 3226:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 2120:. It remains the subject of cultural and 2001:over slavery were brought to a head when 303:25,000–30,000 died in Confederate prisons 15184:Treatment of slaves in the United States 14245: 14213:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 14206: 13915: 13675:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 13530:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 13365:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 13251:A compendium of the War of the Rebellion 13225: 13050:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 12938:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. 12910: 12390:"Presidents Who Were Civil War Veterans" 11469:Fergus M. Bordewich (February 6, 2015). 10801: 10684:April 1865: the month that saved America 10075:. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019. 9871: 9698:Stonewall Jackson's 1862 Valley Campaign 9478: 9044: 8958: 8580: 8504:Nicolay, John George; Hay, John (1890). 8340: 8298:from the original on September 27, 2022. 8214:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861 7974: 7435:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 7138:Defence Casuality Analysis System (DCAS) 6972: 6372:Forge of Freedom: The American Civil War 6019:Texar's Revenge, or, North Against South 5968:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 5913: 5878:such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, 5690: 5495: 5257: 5161: 4656: 4381: 4282: 4264: 4184: 4086: 3899: 3796: 3680: 3585: 3469: 3399: 3233: 3143: 3104: 2993: 2889:Rioters attacking a building during the 2884: 2674: 2600: 2584: 2526:, he argued that the Constitution was a 2486: 2345: 2295: 2292:1860 United States presidential election 2084:, gateway to the Confederate capital of 16927:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 15099:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 14615: 14081: 14060: 13977: 13868: 13747:. The North Carolina Historical Review. 13631: 13525: 13461: 13420: 13101: 13091:The Centennial History of the Civil War 13024:. US Army, Center of Military History. 13014: 12812: 12766:Bailey, Thomas; Kennedy, David (1987). 12454: 12315:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 11718:"American Civil War Fortifications (2)" 11673: 11667: 11481:from the original on February 21, 2017. 11321: 11257:"U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860–1880" 10870: 10765: 10653: 10389:Ben Butler: The South Called Him Beast! 10299: 9797: 9795: 9490: 9420: 9256: 9032: 9020: 8776: 8764: 8639: 8586: 8520: 8490:from the original on October 17, 2012. 8426:, History Press, Charleston, SC, p. 28. 8410: 8282: 7795: 7590:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. 7504:from the original on December 4, 2011. 7260:from the original on September 25, 2011 7242:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011). 7161: 7159: 7042:from the original on January 30, 2016. 6851: 6841: 6714: 6599: 5769:Commemoration of the American Civil War 5423:, but were not legally freed until the 5135:24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 4997:One in thirteen veterans were amputees. 4278: 2963:Gender issues in the American Civil War 2705:Border Union states, permitting slavery 2377: Union states that banned slavery 472:This article is part of a series on the 16:1861–1865 conflict in the United States 18354: 16912:Modern display of the Confederate flag 14995: 14934:National Park Service Civil War Places 14676:America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink 14668: 14574: 14326:. New York: Fordham University Press. 14264: 14193:from the original on January 19, 2018. 14131: 14113:. University of South Carolina Press. 13815: 13740: 13610: 13586: 13569:Historical Dictionary of the Civil War 13360: 13254:. Des Moines, IA: Dyer Publishing Co. 13196: 13165: 13085: 13043: 12895:Bibliography of the American Civil War 12852: 12177: 11942: 11885: 11625: 11553: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11348: 11208: 10989:from the original on November 16, 2022 10957:from the original on November 16, 2022 10897: 10843: 10265: 10227: 10215: 10130: 9801: 9721: 9153: 9134: 9008: 8996: 8985:The Confederate Submarine H. L. Hunley 8943: 8905: 8871: 8713: 8447: 8327: 8308: 8252: 7935: 7777:from the original on December 20, 2008 7648:from the original on February 20, 2019 7449:from the original on September 5, 2015 7382: 7241: 7165: 7007: 6945: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6913:before this plan could be implemented. 6826: 6677: 6675: 6651: 6605: 6560: 6558: 5739:in Sharpsburg, Maryland, in 1890. The 5554:and legal segregation was ushered in. 5009:Remains of both sides were reinterred. 4440:, effectively destroying Hood's army. 4230:, which guarded the river approach to 3718:Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. 3504:was merged into it on April 12, 1862. 3435: 3037:The Confederacy experimented with the 2330: 334: 293: 17830: 17635: 17130: 16519: 16083: 15306: 15109:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 15007: 14969: 14882:West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles 14790:. (Kent State University Press, 1972) 14737: 14715: 14553: 14423:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14180: 14044:The Civil War: An Illustrated History 13985:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 13939: 13836: 13772: 13736:from the original on October 9, 2022. 13565: 13544: 13511:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 13486:; Gabbard, Sara Vaughn, eds. (2007). 13398: 13318: 13297: 13266: 13230:. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie. 13187: 13122: 12977: 12952: 12903: 12705:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 2008). 12551: 12539: 12417:(University of North Carolina Press). 12186:from the original on October 16, 2007 11954: 11846: 11834: 11456: 10903: 10681: 10496:Petersburg 1864–65: The Longest Siege 10461: 10434: 10357: 10182:. New York: Oxford University Press. 10118: 9985: 9728:. W.W. Norton & Co. p. 287. 9655: 9507: 9326: 9314: 9302: 9220: 9158:. University of South Carolina Press. 9092: 9080: 8532: 8435: 8267: 8170: 8158: 7678:from the original on October 10, 2014 7585: 7318: 7278: 7215: 6958: 6663: 6623: 6617: 6611: 5671:"virulent racism" of the 19th century 4077:Military Division of West Mississippi 3975:in Tennessee, the culmination of the 3726:, in June. Meade defeated Lee at the 3522:On July 4 at Harper's Ferry, Colonel 3054:, rebuilt from the sunken Union ship 2982:, the only woman ever to receive the 2597:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2285: 2265:, Southern and Northern nationalism, 2128:. The war was among the first to use 388: 18432:Rebellions against the United States 18286:Timeline of U.S. military operations 14356: 14106: 14041: 13796: 13654: 13506: 13244: 12953:Baker, Kevin (February–March 2003). 12780: 12563:Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard, 11786:– via Perseus Digital Library. 11309: 11213:. Simon & Schuster. p. 27. 10932: 10813: 10789: 10777: 10753: 10714: 10289:from the original on March 27, 2022. 10246: 10196: 9792: 9662:. Stackpole Books. pp. 237–38. 9122: 9056: 8549: 8312:Fourteen Months in American Bastiles 7762: 7738:from the original on August 11, 2011 7185: 7156: 7055: 6991:In late March 1864 Lincoln met with 6835: 6699:The Diary of George Templeton Strong 6629: 5986:Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War 5810:and 150th anniversaries of the war. 5466:added support for the proclamation. 4669:, reasons for its outcome, and even 4482:Conclusion of the American Civil War 4358:, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart. 3830: 2751:and others in the Confederate Army. 2184:was the principal aim of the eleven 2048:split the Confederacy in two at the 17266:Committee on the Conduct of the War 16942:United Daughters of the Confederacy 13304:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 12858: 12739: 11914:, "The economics of emancipation." 11485: 11351:"Why was the Confederacy Defeated?" 8919:"American Civil War: The naval war" 7801: 7094: 6916: 6672: 6555: 6507:Hispanics in the American Civil War 6324:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down 5285: The Missouri Compromise, 1821 5273: The Northwest Ordinance, 1787 4012:, which Bragg then besieged in the 3951:included initial successes such as 3220:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 3133: 2920:city's Democratic political machine 2474:slavery in the District of Columbia 2460:, a transcontinental railroad, the 2335: 2060:. Western successes led to General 341:26,000–31,000 died in Union prisons 13: 17336:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 17131: 16675:impeachment managers investigation 15054:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 14647:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (April 2014). 14199: 13932:A Chronicle of the Embattled South 13173:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12917:. United Kingdom: Hachette Books. 12679:Cameron McWhirter (May 25, 2019). 12509:, Belknap Press, pp. 385–98, 11776:Southern Historical Society Papers 11267:from the original on June 11, 2016 10945:Abraham Lincoln (April 11, 1865). 9965:"10 Facts: The Vicksburg Campaign" 9701:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 93. 9491:Freeman, Douglas Southall (1934). 9411:. London: Faber & Faber, 2022. 8894:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 8753:Tucker, Pierpaoli & White 2010 7936:Harris, William C. (Winter 2000). 7708:from the original on July 14, 2011 6517:Italian Americans in the Civil War 6396:History Civil War: Secret Missions 5788:Grand Army of the Republic (Union) 4612:On June 19, 1865, Union Maj. Gen. 4370:, where the two armies engaged in 3745: 3740:high-water mark of the Confederacy 3389: 3180: 3150:South Atlantic Blockading Squadron 2858:List of American Civil War battles 2830:Confederate Government of Kentucky 2822:Confederate government of Missouri 2671:Border states (American Civil War) 882: Modern Era 14: 18453: 18043:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 16761:Reconstruction military districts 15209:Abolitionism in the United States 15164:Plantations in the American South 15079:Origins of the American Civil War 14875: 14650:A Companion to the U.S. Civil War 14324:New Perspectives on the Union War 13925:Stephenson, Nathaniel W. (1919). 13741:Murray, Robert B. (Autumn 1967). 13203:History of the American Civil War 13143:Dinçaslan, M. Bahadırhan (2022). 13031:from the original on May 26, 2022 12816:Air Power in the Age of Total War 12565:The Rise of American Civilization 12507:Harvard Guide to American History 12461:. UNC Press Books. pp. 5–6. 12328:A Short History of Reconstruction 12136:"Lincoln Lore – Albert G. Hodges" 12036:Washington National Intelligencer 11772:"1.37: Confederate States' flags" 11707:, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 1947). 11674:Riordan, Teresa (March 8, 2004). 11298:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 11286:Murray, Bernstein & Knox 1996 11105:Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002 10046:Parameters: U.S. Army War College 6539:Outline of the American Civil War 6364:American Conquest: Divided Nation 6030:An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge 5749:Gettysburg National Military Park 5675:The Rise of American Civilization 5485: 4526:village of Appomattox Court House 4475: 3486:(Confederate) Army of the Potomac 3230:France and the American Civil War 3148:Gunline of nine Union ironclads. 3094: 3071:, arrived to challenge it in the 2898:U.S. Congress responded in kind. 2506:was proposed to re-establish the 2176:Abolitionism in the United States 2158:Origins of the American Civil War 2056:'s incursion north failed at the 18437:Wars involving the United States 17615: 17606: 17605: 16744:Enforcement Act of February 1871 16717:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 14900:Civil War Photographs Collection 14814:(Oxford University Press, 1997) 14786:Hesseltine, William Best (ed.). 14438:Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). 14230:Why the South Lost the Civil War 14157:. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press. 14090:Louisiana State University Press 14003:The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia 12833: 12806: 12793: 12774: 12759: 12733: 12708: 12672: 12646: 12637: 12628: 12597: 12583:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 304. 12570: 12557: 12475: 12448: 12382: 12349: 12333: 12320: 12304: 12244: 12198: 12171: 12153: 12128: 12119: 12106: 12093: 12049: 12028: 12010: 12005:Stanton: Lincoln's War Secretary 11997: 11981: 11960: 11905: 11879: 11790: 11763: 11741: 11738:, Oxford University Press, 2012. 11728: 11710: 11590: 11547: 11521: 11503:Explorations in Economic History 11462: 11377: 11357:. pp. 15–20. Archived from 11342: 11336:Why the South Lost the Civil War 11327: 11249: 11229: 11202: 11066: 11034: 11002: 10876: 10864: 10837: 10819: 10720: 10675: 10662: 10647: 10499:. Osprey Publishing. p. 6. 10486: 10455: 10428: 10403: 10377: 10351: 10326: 10293: 10271: 10221: 10190: 10171: 10148: 10098: 10063: 10030: 9979: 9957: 9936: 9896: 9865: 9742: 9715: 9688: 9649: 9633: 9568: 9484: 9447: 9426: 9386: 9364: 9332: 9183: 9162: 9147: 9128: 9086: 8977: 8964: 8911: 8877:"Secretary of the Navy's Report" 8865: 8837: 8812: 8782: 8533:Faust, Albert Bernhardt (1909). 6985: 6887: 6878: 6817: 6800: 6469: 5795: 5781: 5762: 5753:Vicksburg National Military Park 5608: 5585: 5432: 5409: 5235:and even confiscated children's 5014: 5002: 4990: 4941:expressed this view succinctly: 4506: 4490: 3159:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company 2989: 2766:Maryland's territory surrounded 2090:Battle of Appomattox Court House 1907: 1898: 1897: 1859: 1858: 489: 300:230,000+ accident/disease deaths 247: 237: 230: 220: 202: 185: 164: 151: 29: 18387:Civil wars in the United States 17529:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 17391:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 16952:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 14181:Downs, James (April 13, 2012). 14061:Weigley, Frank Russell (2004). 14006:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13901:Civil War Centennial Commission 13850:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 13447:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 13384:. New York: Osprey Publishing. 12888: 12360:. University of Georgia Press. 12116:, Arcadia Publishing, 2001, 10. 11916:The Journal of Economic History 11886:Cathey, Libby (June 17, 2021). 10983:The American Presidency Project 10977:Andrew Johnson (May 10, 1865). 10951:The American Presidency Project 10415:digitalexhibits.wsulibs.wsu.edu 9198:University Press of Mississippi 8719: 8688:Ryan Nadeau (January 5, 2015). 8681: 8633: 8599: 8543: 8526: 8510:. Century Company. p. 264. 8497: 8466: 8453: 8441: 8424:West Virginia and the Civil War 8302: 8276: 8261: 8246: 8176: 7968: 7929: 7827: 7720: 7690: 7660: 7630: 7604: 7579: 7487: 7474: 7461: 7376: 7349: 7272: 7221: 7209: 7191:"Statistics on the War's Costs" 6787: 6774: 6757: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6579:United States Department of War 6310:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6267:Music of the American Civil War 5500:Through the supervision of the 5253: 5022:Andersonville National Cemetery 4455:The Waterloo of the Confederacy 4171: 4141:was the decisive battle of the 4034: 3949:Confederate Heartland Offensive 3787: 3709:Second Battle of Fredericksburg 3670:. Burnside was defeated at the 2944:American Civil War prison camps 2874: 2449:, who joined the Confederacy. 1985:central conflict leading to war 18321:List of anti-war organizations 16632:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 14554:Olsen, Christopher J. (2002). 14173: 13957:; Clipson, William J. (2001). 13854:. New York: Harper & Row. 13659:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 13632:Leonard, Elizabeth D. (1999). 13405:Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant 12980:The American Historical Review 12871:. Cambridge University Press. 12394:Essential Civil War Curriculum 11807:– via PBS LearningMedia. 11631:Richard Wightman Fox (2008). " 10468:. Library of America. p. 9986:Brown, Kent Masterson (2000). 7924:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7533:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7521:Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 7061: 7028: 6581:. May 29, 1865. Archived from 6404:Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood 6331: 6164:The Good, the Bad and the Ugly 5927:portrays, from left to right, 4630:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell 4528:, they were surrounded. After 4447:". He reached the Atlantic at 4242:The following year, the Union 3997:. After Rosecrans' successful 3928:In April 1862, the Union Navy 2835:After Virginia's secession, a 2312:during the winter of 1860–61. 375:Total: 616,222–1,000,000+ dead 94:April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865 1: 18427:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 18233:War against the Islamic State 17663:International response to the 17047:Ladies' Memorial Associations 16749:Enforcement Act of April 1871 16645:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 16520: 14761:Soldier life: North and South 14419:Johannsen, Robert W. (1973). 14246:Beringer, Richard E. (1988). 14151:Woodworth, Steven E. (1996). 14046:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13593:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13097:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 12935:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 12819:. Routledge. pp. 6, 24. 7429:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002). 7001: 6967:a major riot in New York City 6934:, p. . "Sentiment among 6428:AGEOD's American Civil War II 5960: 5741:Shiloh National Military Park 5737:Antietam National Battlefield 5659:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 5652: 5083:(inc those who died as POWs) 4981: 4094:secured docks and arsenal in 4047:, most of Louisiana, and the 3484:. The Army originated as the 3430: 3323:issue diplomatic instructions 2665:Attitude of the border states 2434:Confederate States of America 2194:Confederate States of America 2126:Lost Cause of the Confederacy 135:Confederate States of America 17180:Confederate revolving cannon 16922:Sons of Confederate Veterans 16793:South Carolina riots of 1876 16771:Indian Council at Fort Smith 16722:South Carolina riots of 1876 16687:Knights of the White Camelia 15179:Slavery in the United States 14939:Civil War Battlefield Places 14825:What This Cruel War Was Over 14701:. Wilmington, DE: SR Books. 14207:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (1972). 14187:Oxford University Press blog 13869:Richter, William L. (2009). 13693:McPherson, James M. (1997). 13672:McPherson, James M. (1988). 13526:Johnson, Timothy D. (1998). 13226:Dunkerly, Robert M. (2015). 13145:Amerikan İç Savaşı El Kitabı 12604:Mike West (April 27, 2007). 12577:Richard Hofstadter (2012) . 12210:"A War that Never Goes Away" 11705:The Journal of Negro History 11651:Yancey Hall (July 1, 2003). 10844:Morris, John Wesley (1977). 10623:. April 10, 1865. p. 1. 10106:"Sherman's March to the Sea" 10037:Ronald Scott Mangum (1991). 9841:. American Battlefield Trust 9695:Jonathan A. Noyalas (2010). 9169:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 9047:, pp. 288–289, 296–298. 7151:Chambers & Anderson 1999 6769:Trans-Mississippi Department 6436:Ultimate General: Gettysburg 6420:Victoria II: A House Divided 5981:, famous eulogies to Lincoln 5925:George Peter Alexander Healy 5884:Triplett & Scott carbine 5151:United States Colored Troops 4599:Trans-Mississippi Department 4337:Grant's army set out on the 4315:attack the Shenandoah Valley 4228:Forts Jackson and St. Philip 4205:Second Battle of Fort Wagner 4180: 4082: 3938:Memphis fell to Union forces 3908:, the highest two-day losses 3850: 3815:, named for the two rivers, 3772:, North Carolina, Kentucky, 3738:on July 3 is considered the 3724:second invasion of the North 3374:Polish revolt against Russia 3213: 2937: 2779:and unilaterally suspending 2388:Lincoln's election provoked 2172:Slavery in the United States 2168:Slave states and free states 2052:, while Confederate General 2044:. The successful 1863 Union 1357:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 17534:New York City riots of 1863 17359:Battle Hymn of the Republic 17110:United Confederate Veterans 16947:Children of the Confederacy 16937:United Confederate Veterans 16932:Southern Historical Society 16084: 15564:Price's Missouri Expedition 15034:Timeline leading to the War 15008: 14800:Livermore, Thomas Leonard. 14619:Journal of Southern History 14296:Gallagher, Gary W. (2011). 13875:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 13822:. New York: HarperCollins. 13613:Journal of Military History 13462:Herring, George C. (2011). 13325:. New York: Vintage Books. 13149:American Civil War Handbook 13102:Coulter, E. Merton (1950). 12865:Hutchison, Coleman (2015). 12216:. Vol. 41, no. 2. 12112:Pulling, Sr. Anne Frances, 11426:(1). University of Illinois 11209:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994). 10654:Simpson, Brooks D. (1991). 9802:Bowery, Charles R. (2014). 9291:War for the Union 1862–1863 8606:Judith Lee Hallock (1983). 8539:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 8385:Curry, Richard Orr (1964), 8268:White, Jonathan W. (2011). 8253:Harris, William C. (2011). 7322:Journal of American History 7166:Rhodes, James Ford (1893). 6808:Battle of Columbus, Georgia 6487:American Civil War by state 6460: 6444:Ultimate General: Civil War 6289:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6191:(miniseries; 1985–1994, US) 6092:, fictionalized account of 5910:In works of culture and art 5802:United Confederate Veterans 5743:was established in 1894 in 5141:15,741 other/unknown deaths 4653:Union victory and aftermath 4547:On April 14, 1865, Lincoln 4426:Franklin–Nashville Campaign 4209:54th Massachusetts Infantry 3562:Virginia Military Institute 3238:A December 1861 cartoon in 3075:. The resulting three-hour 2305:Portrait of Abraham Lincoln 2273:, and modernization in the 1987:was a dispute over whether 73:Ruins of Richmond, Virginia 10: 18458: 18417:1860s in the United States 18223:War in North-West Pakistan 18073:Second Sumatran expedition 18038:American Revolutionary War 17502:Confederate Secret Service 17090:Grand Army of the Republic 16982:Grand Army of the Republic 16800:Southern Claims Commission 14948:American Battlefield Trust 14923:Cornell University Library 14902:at the Library of Congress 14804:(Houghton, Mifflin, 1900) 14738:Weeks, William E. (2013). 14578:American Historical Review 14391:American Historical Review 14268:American Historical Review 14085:The Civil War in Louisiana 14042:Ward, Geoffrey R. (1990). 13949:. Doubleday & Company. 13928:The Day of the Confederacy 13361:Fuller, Howard J. (2008). 13044:Canney, Donald L. (1998). 12959:American Heritage Magazine 12892: 12214:American Heritage Magazine 12114:Altoona: Images of America 11972:Lincoln, the War President 11414:Fehrenbacher, Don (2004). 10462:Grant, Ulysses S. (1990). 10300:Symonds, Craig L. (2012). 10052:(3): 74–86. Archived from 9952:Symonds & Clipson 2001 9725:Robert E. Lee: A Biography 8925:. Encyclopaedia Britannica 8819:Pennington, Reina (2003). 8726:Roger Pickenpaugh (2013). 8507:Abraham Lincoln: A History 7978:What Caused the Civil War? 7296:American Battlefield Trust 6388:AGEOD's American Civil War 6264: 6094:Sherman's March to the Sea 5874:in naval warfare history. 5850:Technological significance 5766: 5757:American Battlefield Trust 5708:surviving monument is the 5684: 5656: 5597:Grand Army of the Republic 5489: 5370: 4479: 4412:Sherman's March to the Sea 4378:Sheridan's Valley Campaign 4268: 4164: 4057:Trans-Mississippi District 4027: 3749: 3693:Battle of Chancellorsville 3634:Northern Virginia Campaign 3533: 3444:took command of the Union 3393: 3357:in 1861 and installed the 3223: 3217: 3137: 3098: 2956: 2941: 2878: 2855: 2668: 2594: 2588: 2352:Status of the states, 1861 2339: 2289: 2161: 2155: 2151: 2007:1860 presidential election 368:50,000 free civilians dead 359:Total: 864,000+ casualties 321:Total: 828,000+ casualties 18268: 18068:First Sumatran expedition 18030: 17869: 17862: 17779: 17672: 17601: 17577: 17490:Confederate States dollar 17462: 17404: 17349: 17301:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 17296:Emancipation Proclamation 17258: 17190:Medal of Honor recipients 17147: 17143: 17126: 17078:Confederate Memorial Hall 17060: 17039: 16997: 16969: 16960: 16880:Confederate Memorial Hall 16853:Confederate History Month 16833:Civil War Discovery Trail 16813: 16734:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 16565: 16540:Reconstruction Amendments 16530: 16526: 16515: 16437: 16306: 16299: 16239: 16103: 16096: 16092: 16079: 16021: 15768: 15761: 15592: 15448: 15407: 15375: 15342: 15335: 15331: 15302: 15199: 15149:Emancipation Proclamation 15117: 15018: 15014: 15003: 14377:(originally published in 14107:Wise, Stephen R. (1991). 14082:Winters, John D. (1963). 14021:Vinovskis, Maris (1990). 13963:. Naval Institute Press. 13916:Schecter, Barnet (2007). 13816:Nelson, James L. (2005). 13797:Neff, Stephen C. (2010). 13714:Mendelsohn, Adam (2012). 13507:Hunt, Jeffrey Wm (2015). 13015:Bradley, Mark L. (2015). 12526:Gaines M. Foster (1988), 12487:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. 12455:Cushman, Stephen (2014). 12330:(1990) is a brief survey. 12239:Holzer & Gabbard 2007 11633:National Life After Death 11515:10.1016/j.eeh.2017.09.002 9722:Thomas, Emory M. (1997). 9656:Jones, Wilmer L. (2006). 9399:. New York: Basic Books. 9154:Surdam, David G. (2001). 8550:Reid, Richard M. (2014). 8481:American Military History 8315:. London: H.F. Mackintosh 7954:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104 7111:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6846:United States v. Anderson 6477:American Civil War portal 5638:" influencing the world. 5577:Memory and historiography 5527:overrode Johnson's vetoes 5515:Reconstruction Amendments 5464:War Governors' Conference 5425:Emancipation Proclamation 5393:and Generals Frémont and 5373:Emancipation Proclamation 5367:Emancipation Proclamation 5242:It is estimated that 544 5097: 5080: 5069: 5058: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5036: 4908: 4877: 4850: 4823: 4794: 4749: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4605:leader and Brig. General 4333:Grant's Overland Campaign 4041:Trans-Mississippi theater 4024:Trans-Mississippi theater 3638:Second Battle of Bull Run 3498:Army of Northern Virginia 3482:Army of Northern Virginia 3466:Army of Northern Virginia 3345:The Union victory at the 2916:New York City draft riots 2911:Emancipation Proclamation 2891:New York anti-draft riots 2785:Maryland General Assembly 2717: Confederate states 2557:head of government, the " 2513:February peace conference 2484:to help finance the war. 2456:, land grant colleges, a 2192:) and united to form the 2072:in 1864 to Union General 2038:Emancipation Proclamation 427: 364: 278: 261: 178: 144: 86: 28: 23: 18022:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 17982:Battle of Blair Mountain 17564:U.S. Sanitary Commission 17475:Battlefield preservation 17381:Marching Through Georgia 17306:Hampton Roads Conference 17281:Confiscation Act of 1862 17276:Confiscation Act of 1861 17052:U.S. national cemeteries 16858:Confederate Memorial Day 16843:Civil War Trails Program 16712:New Orleans riot of 1866 14851:(UNC Press Books, 2013) 14773:(UNC Press Books, 2018) 13941:Stern, Phillip Van Doren 13744:The End of the Rebellion 13640:. W.W. Norton & Co. 13566:Jones, Terry L. (2011). 13192:. New York: Basic Books. 12227:Asante & Mazama 2004 12178:Harper, Douglas (2003). 11770:J. William Jones (ed.). 11657:National Geographic News 11195:Carter, Susan B. (ed.). 11148:Why the Confederacy Lost 10733:. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. 10178:Michael Fellman (1989). 10155:James B. Martin (2012). 9576:"Overview of the Battle" 9459:www.legendsofamerica.com 9190:Kevin Dougherty (2010). 9137:Naval War College Review 8767:, pp. 165, 310–311. 7975:Hardyman, Robyn (2016). 7586:Jaffa, Harry V. (2004). 7095:Fox, William F. (1889). 7024:. National Park Service. 6723:Total number that served 6549: 6317:Marching Through Georgia 6260: 6140:The Red Badge of Courage 6041:The Red Badge of Courage 5733:Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia 5681:Battlefield preservation 5531:civil rights legislation 4295:William Tecumseh Sherman 4288:William Tecumseh Sherman 4108:Battle of Wilson's Creek 3672:Battle of Fredericksburg 3629:and forced his retreat. 3547:First Battle of Bull Run 2952: 2759:and was admitted to the 2470:Legal Tender Act of 1862 2232:House of Representatives 2122:historiographical debate 2092:, setting in motion the 2074:William Tecumseh Sherman 860: 838: 816: 805: 783: 772: 750: 739: 728: 717: 695: 684: 673: 651: 629: 618: 596: 585: 563: 552: 18281:Wars involving the U.S. 18118:Philippine–American War 18002:1960s ghetto rebellions 17485:Confederate war finance 17105:Southern Cross of Honor 17073:1938 Gettysburg reunion 17068:1913 Gettysburg reunion 16766:Reconstruction Treaties 16739:Enforcement Act of 1870 16622:Freedman's Savings Bank 15239:Lane Debates on Slavery 15064:Lincoln–Douglas debates 13891:Robertson, James I. Jr. 12911:Anderson, Bern (1989). 12841:Naval Warfare 1815–1914 12685:The Wall Street Journal 12140:apps.legislature.ky.gov 11475:The Wall Street Journal 10847:Ghost Towns of Oklahoma 10283:Encyclopedia Britannica 9891:Frank & Reaves 2003 8694:The Gettysburg Compiler 8422:Snell, Mark A. (2011), 7771:"Fourth Annual Message" 7385:OAH Magazine of History 6683:George Templeton Strong 6348:Sid Meier's Gettysburg! 6167:(1966, Italy-Spain-FRG) 6099: 6052:The Challenge to Sirius 5695:Beginning in 1961, the 5197:Spencer repeating rifle 4591:Battle of Palmito Ranch 4356:Battle of Yellow Tavern 4139:Battle of Glorieta Pass 4061:Confederate States Army 4008:Rosecrans retreated to 3859:(February 6, 1862) and 3117:By early 1861, General 3077:Battle of Hampton Roads 2398:a secession declaration 1378:Middle Eastern American 1200:Technology and industry 18326:Conscientious objector 18228:First Libyan Civil War 18098:Second Fiji expedition 18078:Ivory Coast expedition 18012:1992 Los Angeles riots 17972:Colorado Coalfield War 17864:Listed chronologically 17544:Richmond riots of 1863 17470:Baltimore riot of 1861 17250:U.S. Military Railroad 17170:Confederate Home Guard 16902:Historiographic issues 16868:Historical reenactment 15367:Revenue Cutter Service 15234:William Lloyd Garrison 15143:Dred Scott v. Sandford 14908:A House Divided (1960) 14865:The Life of Billy Yank 14861:The Life of Johnny Reb 14842:Soldiers Blue and Gray 14134:Refugees of Revolution 13545:Jones, Howard (2002). 13319:Foote, Shelby (1974). 13188:Doyle, Don H. (2015). 12992:10.1093/ahr/120.5.1753 12813:Buckley, John (2006). 12580:Progressive Historians 11261:Digital History Reader 10905:Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 10668:William Marvel (2002) 10358:Lattimore, Ralston B. 10230:Chronicles of Oklahoma 9494:R. E. Lee: A Biography 9193:Weapons of Mississippi 8309:Howard, F. K. (1863). 7432:Atlas of World History 6180:The Outlaw Josey Wales 5974:O Captain! My Captain! 5954: 5710:Hazen Brigade Monument 5704: 5647:many names used for it 5505: 5399:voluntary colonization 5347: 5171: 4975: 4948: 4662: 4632:, to the Lords of the 4389: 4374:for over nine months. 4290: 4192: 4161:Lower Seaboard theater 4103: 3973:Battle of Stones River 3909: 3895:Albert Sidney Johnston 3865:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3813:Army of the Cumberland 3804: 3713:Battle of Salem Church 3688: 3595: 3490:Army of the Shenandoah 3477: 3408: 3255: 3163:London Armoury Company 3153: 3114: 3011: 2894: 2851: 2725: 2708:(One of these states, 2679:US Secession map. The 2609: 2502:In December 1860, the 2499: 2385: 2342:Ordinance of Secession 2308: 2224:one slave and one free 2182:institution of slavery 2100:, dying the next day. 2028:During 1861–62 in the 1999:Decades of controversy 1971:("the North") and the 1490:Admission to the Union 179:Commanders and leaders 48:Captain John Tidball's 18296:Territorial evolution 18276:Conflicts in the U.S. 18198:Intervention in Haiti 18088:First Fiji expedition 17509:Great Revival of 1863 17386:Maryland, My Maryland 17175:Confederate railroads 16838:Civil War Roundtables 16707:Meridian riot of 1871 16702:Memphis riots of 1866 15259:George Luther Stearns 15244:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 15137:Crittenden Compromise 14943:National Park Service 14829:Interview with author 14132:Wittke, Carl (1952). 13587:Keegan, John (2009). 13167:Donald, David Herbert 12799:William Rattle Plum, 12740:Merritt, Keri Leigh. 12499:Arthur M. Schlesinger 12180:"Slavery in Delaware" 11568:10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 11349:Farmer, Alan (2005). 11300:, pp. 1207–1210. 11079:Army and Navy Journal 11047:Army and Navy Journal 11015:Army and Navy Journal 10909:"What Is Juneteenth?" 10641:Savannah Daily Herald 10449:10.1353/cwh.2004.0073 10059:on November 27, 2012. 9754:National Park Service 9107:10.1353/cwh.1986.0012 8627:10.1353/cwh.1983.0013 8474:"The Civil War, 1861" 8348:The War for the Union 8335:The War for the Union 8116:. Presidency.ucsb.edu 7813:World Digital Library 7567:. Library of Congress 7397:10.1093/oahmag/oar002 7370:10.1353/cwh.2005.0051 7335:10.1093/jahist/jas272 7245:"Recounting the Dead" 6658:Gallagher et al. 2003 6587:on September 15, 2018 6356:Sid Meier's Antietam! 6282:Battle Cry of Freedom 6108:The Birth of a Nation 5917: 5817:The Birth of a Nation 5767:Further information: 5694: 5616:Cherokee Confederates 5539:"Liberal Republicans" 5499: 5261: 5201:Henry repeating rifle 5165: 4970: 4943: 4660: 4641:, the captain of CSS 4639:James Iredell Waddell 4432:defeated Hood at the 4406:Battle of Cedar Creek 4385: 4286: 4269:Further information: 4265:Pacific Coast theater 4188: 4165:Further information: 4090: 4063:to better coordinate 4028:Further information: 3995:Battle of Chickamauga 3977:Stones River Campaign 3921:, Missouri, and then 3906:Battle of Chickamauga 3903: 3809:Army of the Tennessee 3800: 3750:Further information: 3684: 3636:, which included the 3619:Battle of Seven Pines 3589: 3558:brigade of Virginians 3502:Army of the Peninsula 3494:Army of the Northwest 3473: 3413:Appalachian Mountains 3403: 3394:Further information: 3355:France invaded Mexico 3321:left his deathbed to 3299:anti-slavery movement 3284:Charles Francis Adams 3237: 3224:Further information: 3147: 3108: 2997: 2888: 2678: 2604: 2591:Battle of Fort Sumter 2585:Battle of Fort Sumter 2504:Crittenden Compromise 2490: 2430:Fugitive Slave Clause 2349: 2299: 2162:Further information: 1481:Territorial evolution 774:Post-World War II Era 279:Casualties and losses 18442:Wars of independence 18158:Bay of Pigs Invasion 18113:Spanish–American War 18083:Mexican–American War 18007:Kent State shootings 17997:Puerto Rican revolts 17927:American Indian Wars 17396:Daar kom die Alibama 17311:National Union Party 16987:memorials to Lincoln 16907:Lost Cause mythology 16612:Eufaula riot of 1874 16600:Confederate refugees 15813:District of Columbia 15440:Union naval blockade 15286:Underground Railroad 15074:Nullification crisis 14847:Shively, Kathryn J. 14840:Robertson, James I. 14810:McPherson, James M. 14768:Carmichael, Peter S. 13946:The Confederate Navy 13298:Foner, Eric (2010). 13198:Draper, John William 12768:The American Pageant 12746:Smithsonian Magazine 12720:The Spokesman-Review 12691:on October 10, 2019. 12616:on November 18, 2018 12491:Samuel Eliot Morison 12099:White, Jonathan W., 12038:on August 23, 1862. 11825:, pp. vii–viii. 11535:. September 22, 2011 10907:(January 16, 2013). 10833:on February 7, 2016. 10391:. New York: Twayne. 10302:The Civil War at sea 10279:"Red River Campaign" 10249:Great Plains Journal 9524:Terrible Swift Sword 8560:. pp. 4–5, 40. 8483:. pp. 199–221. 8463:(1995), p. 247. 8459:Gabor Boritt (ed.). 6812:Battle of West Point 6771:disbanded on May 26. 6296:The Bonnie Blue Flag 5880:Colt revolving rifle 5701:commemorative stamps 5603:veteran organization 5380:Thirteenth Amendment 5355:("Copperheads") and 5177:Francis Amasa Walker 5120:died in prison camps 4461:Battle of Five Forks 4398:John C. Breckinridge 4394:Battle of New Market 4279:Conquest of Virginia 4252:Bayou Teche Campaign 4248:siege to Port Hudson 4190:New Orleans captured 4135:New Mexico Territory 4073:Missouri State Guard 4014:Chattanooga Campaign 3965:Battle of Perryville 3930:captured New Orleans 3874:Confederate general 3728:Battle of Gettysburg 3703:advanced across the 3421:District of Columbia 3199:U.S. Merchant Marine 3060:. On March 8, 1862, 2969:Elizabeth D. Leonard 2810:Claiborne F. Jackson 2772:rioting in Baltimore 2244:American nationalism 2134:electrical telegraph 2058:Battle of Gettysburg 1983:from the Union. The 1404:Palestinian American 620:Era of Good Feelings 565:Confederation period 502:Timeline and periods 40:Battle of Gettysburg 35:Clockwise from top: 18173:Invasion of Grenada 18168:Dominican Civil War 17554:Supreme Court cases 17321:Radical Republicans 17100:Old soldiers' homes 17084:Confederate Veteran 17010:artworks in Capitol 16729:Reconstruction acts 16590:Colfax riot of 1873 15554:Richmond-Petersburg 15159:Fugitive slave laws 15089:Popular sovereignty 15069:Missouri Compromise 15059:Kansas-Nebraska Act 14793:Linderman, Gerald. 14717:Varon, Elizabeth R. 14490:Ordeal of the Union 14460:McPherson, James M. 14386:Hofstadter, Richard 14332:10.2307/j.ctvh1dnpx 14320:Varon, Elizabeth R. 13979:Trudeau, Noah Andre 13655:Long, E.B. (1971). 13572:. Scarecrow Press. 12965:on October 19, 2010 12241:, pp. 172–174. 12059:(August 24, 1862). 11945:, pp. 417–419. 11930:, pp. 831–837. 11918:33#1 (1973): 66–85. 11864:, pp. 506–508. 11447:, pp. 382–388. 11390:The Confederate War 11374:, pp. 169–172. 11185:on August 17, 2017. 11162:, pp. 771–772. 11107:, pp. 703–706. 10682:Winik, Jay (2001). 10606:, pp. 846–847. 10594:, pp. 825–830. 10582:, pp. 812–815. 10570:, pp. 773–776. 10558:, pp. 778–779. 10546:, pp. 724–742. 10522:, pp. 724–735. 10268:, pp. 220–221. 10145:, pp. 404–405. 10095:, pp. 677–680. 10027:, pp. 480–483. 10015:, pp. 419–420. 9933:, pp. 418–420. 9862:, pp. 405–413. 9777:, pp. 653–663. 9685:, pp. 639–645. 9630:, pp. 571–574. 9618:, pp. 557–558. 9606:, pp. 543–545. 9565:, pp. 528–533. 9553:, pp. 538–544. 9538:, pp. 424–427. 9510:, pp. 464–519. 9247:, pp. 546–557. 9083:, pp. 224–225. 8678:(2006), p. 74. 8654:10.1093/sf/70.2.321 8284:Vladeck, Stephen I. 8243:, pp. 284–287. 8222:on January 11, 2008 8161:, pp. 203–204. 8149:, pp. 276–307. 8091:, pp. 273–274. 7926:, pp. 572–573. 7885:, pp. 234–266. 7861:, pp. 252–254. 7547:, pp. 254–255. 6252:Free State of Jones 5559:Rutherford B. Hayes 5523:Radical Republicans 5170:battlefield in 1862 5033: 4690: 4618:General Order No. 3 4584:Irwinville, Georgia 4438:Battle of Nashville 4368:Siege of Petersburg 4143:New Mexico Campaign 4137:for the Union. The 4123:Quantrill's Raiders 4112:Battle of Pea Ridge 4003:George Henry Thomas 3988:Battle of Vicksburg 3845:Army of Mississippi 3843:renamed the former 3446:Army of the Potomac 3442:George B. McClellan 3436:Army of the Potomac 2998:Battle between the 2980:Mary Edwards Walker 2837:Unionist government 2691: Union states 2631:P. G. T. Beauregard 2581:in South Carolina. 2508:Missouri Compromise 2478:Revenue Act of 1861 2466:United States Notes 2464:, authorization of 2442:Dred Scott decision 2331:Outbreak of the war 2213:secession documents 2142:civilian casualties 2082:Siege of Petersburg 1339:Lithuanian American 1290:Vietnamese American 554:American Revolution 346:290,000+ total dead 308:365,000+ total dead 133:Dissolution of the 18362:American Civil War 18213:War in Afghanistan 18183:Invasion of Panama 18178:Lebanese Civil War 18103:Formosa Expedition 18063:Second Barbary War 18017:2020 racial unrest 17952:Johnson County War 17947:Lincoln County War 17922:American Civil War 17917:Harpers Ferry raid 17892:Turner's Rebellion 17666:American Civil War 17375:A Lincoln Portrait 17316:Politicians killed 17240:U.S. Balloon Corps 17235:Union corps badges 17015:memorials to Davis 16885:Disenfranchisement 16756:Reconstruction era 16637:Timber Culture Act 16595:Compromise of 1877 15559:Franklin–Nashville 15229:Frederick Douglass 15132:Cornerstone Speech 15049:Compromise of 1850 14997:American Civil War 14930:, battlefields.org 14797:(Free Press, 1987) 14670:Stampp, Kenneth M. 14421:Stephen A. Douglas 14316:Gallagher, Gary W. 13899:. Washington, DC: 13625:10.1353/jmh.0.0194 13246:Dyer, Frederick H. 13095:Never Call Retreat 13018:The Civil War Ends 12904:Sources referenced 12660:on August 12, 2019 12300:on April 20, 2011. 12257:The New York Times 12071:The New York Times 12066:The New York Times 11680:The New York Times 11385:Gallagher, Gary W. 10882:Conner, Robert C. 10621:The New York Times 10493:Ron Field (2013). 10385:Trefousse, Hans L. 10338:www.britannica.com 8850:The New York Times 7732:The Avalon Project 7702:The Avalon Project 7672:The Avalon Project 7642:The Avalon Project 7480:Susan-Mary Grant, 7250:The New York Times 6993:Governor Bramlette 6844:, p. 396. In 6574:The New York Times 6148:The Horse Soldiers 6132:Gone with the Wind 6085:The March: A Novel 6063:Gone with the Wind 5955: 5876:Repeating firearms 5840:television series 5823:Gone with the Wind 5747:, followed by the 5722:William B. Hazen's 5705: 5552:disenfranchisement 5547:Compromise of 1877 5511:federal government 5506: 5492:Reconstruction era 5348: 5223:killed, including 5172: 5168:Battle of Antietam 5070:Wounded in action 5031: 4960:to fight it out." 4688: 4679:James M. McPherson 4663: 4522:Appomattox Station 4434:Battle of Franklin 4428:. Union Maj. Gen. 4390: 4323:William W. Averell 4291: 4217:Quincy A. Gillmore 4193: 4155:Red River Campaign 4104: 4059:was formed by the 4018:Knoxville Campaign 3999:Tullahoma Campaign 3984:Vicksburg Campaign 3957:Battle of Richmond 3955:'s triumph at the 3923:Memphis, Tennessee 3910: 3805: 3705:Rappahannock River 3689: 3627:Seven Days Battles 3604:Nathaniel P. Banks 3596: 3592:Battle of Antietam 3581:Peninsula campaign 3517:Joseph E. Johnston 3513:Douglas S. Freeman 3478: 3409: 3347:Battle of Antietam 3256: 3250:, at right, warns 3154: 3115: 3012: 2895: 2818:Missouri secession 2806:elected convention 2726: 2610: 2529:more perfect union 2500: 2386: 2383: Territories 2309: 2286:Lincoln's election 2136:, steamships, the 2130:industrial warfare 2106:Reconstruction era 2076:, followed by his 2046:siege of Vicksburg 2042:seized New Orleans 1953:American Civil War 1459:Transgender people 1022:Capital punishment 675:Reconstruction Era 419:American Civil War 172:Confederate States 78:Battle of Franklin 24:American Civil War 18412:Conflicts in 1865 18407:Conflicts in 1864 18402:Conflicts in 1863 18397:Conflicts in 1862 18392:Conflicts in 1861 18349: 18348: 18311:Casualties of war 18143:Russian Civil War 18108:Korean Expedition 18053:First Barbary War 17932:Brooks–Baxter War 17887:Fries's Rebellion 17882:Whiskey Rebellion 17824: 17823: 17629: 17628: 17597: 17596: 17593: 17592: 17427:Italian Americans 17412:African Americans 17369:John Brown's Body 17122: 17121: 17118: 17117: 17035: 17034: 16873:Robert E. Lee Day 16617:Freedmen's Bureau 16580:Brooks–Baxter War 16511: 16510: 16507: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16295: 16294: 16075: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16067: 16066: 15484:Northern Virginia 15430:Trans-Mississippi 15403: 15402: 15298: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15190:Uncle Tom's Cabin 15127:African Americans 14891:National Archives 14788:Civil War Prisons 14783:(Greenwood, 1989) 14751:978-1-107-00590-7 14730:978-0-8078-3232-5 14708:978-0-8420-2961-2 14687:978-0-19-503902-3 14660:978-1-444-35131-6 14567:978-0-19-516097-0 14477:978-0-19-539242-5 14451:978-0-7425-5972-1 14430:978-0-19-501620-8 14379:Civil War History 14307:978-0-674-06608-3 14220:978-0-300-01762-5 14164:978-0-313-29019-0 14143:978-1-5128-0874-2 14099:978-0-8071-0834-5 14074:978-0-253-33738-2 14053:978-0-394-56285-8 14034:978-0-521-39559-5 14013:978-1-59884-338-5 13992:978-0-316-85328-6 13970:978-1-55750-984-0 13955:Symonds, Craig L. 13882:978-0-8108-6336-1 13861:978-0-06-013403-7 13829:978-0-06-052404-3 13808:978-1-61121-252-5 13789:978-0-87462-325-3 13765:978-0-521-56627-8 13706:978-0-19-974105-2 13685:978-0-19-503863-7 13600:978-0-307-26343-8 13579:978-0-8108-7953-9 13558:978-0-8420-2916-2 13537:978-0-7006-0914-7 13518:978-0-292-73461-6 13499:978-0-8093-2764-5 13475:978-0-19-976553-9 13454:978-1-57607-382-7 13400:Grant, Ulysses S. 13391:978-1-84176-736-9 13372:978-1-59114-297-3 13353:978-0-252-07126-3 13332:978-0-394-74623-4 13311:978-0-393-34066-2 13283:978-0-19-502926-0 13237:978-1-61121-252-5 13180:978-0-684-80846-8 13158:978-6-257-61066-7 13115:978-0-8071-0007-3 13078:978-0-19-507198-6 13057:978-1-55750-519-4 12945:978-0-7619-2762-4 12924:978-0-306-80367-3 12878:978-1-316-43241-9 12826:978-1-135-36275-1 12610:Murfreesboro Post 12590:978-0-307-80960-5 12554:, pp. 28–29. 12542:, pp. 14–19. 12468:978-1-4696-1878-4 12411:Gary W. Gallagher 12367:978-0-8203-3715-9 12311:Hans L. Trefousse 12286:"Finally Passing" 11988:Oates, Stephen B. 11556:Civil War History 11400:978-0-674-16056-9 11263:. Virginia Tech. 11220:978-0-13-389115-7 10892:978-1-61200-186-9 10857:978-0-8061-1420-0 10740:978-1-61069-934-1 10506:978-1-4728-0305-4 10479:978-0-940450-58-5 10437:Civil War History 10311:978-0-19-993168-2 10081:978-1-4516-4137-0 10070:Miller, Donald L. 9999:978-1-882810-47-5 9756:. October 5, 2021 9735:978-0-393-31631-5 9708:978-1-61423-040-3 9669:978-1-4617-5106-9 9393:Shawcross, Edward 9374:. January 5, 2022 9338:Richard Huzzeym, 9329:, pp. 70–74. 9305:, pp. 69–70. 9095:Civil War History 9071:, pp. 43–44. 8739:978-0-8173-1783-6 8615:Civil War History 8567:978-0-7748-2745-4 8556:. Vancouver, BC: 8438:, pp. 10–11. 8350:(1959), 1:129–36. 8337:(1959), 1:119–29. 8292:Temple Law Review 7988:978-1-4824-5180-1 7597:978-0-8476-9953-7 7523:, pp. 44–45. 7442:978-0-19-521921-0 7358:Civil War History 7189:(June 13, 2001). 7075:on July 25, 2017. 6795:Ex parte Merryman 6782:World War II 6695:978-0-393-97555-0 6340:North & South 6303:John Brown's Body 6236:Gods and Generals 6068:Margaret Mitchell 6057:Sheila Kaye-Smith 5989:(1866) poetry by 5872:ironclad warships 5745:Shiloh, Tennessee 5718:Central Tennessee 5636:Empire of Liberty 5567:Benjamin Harrison 5563:James A. Garfield 5502:Freedmen's Bureau 5476:Norfolk, Virginia 5244:Confederate flags 5156:African Americans 5108: 5107: 5048:Killed in action 4952:E. Merton Coulter 4935: 4934: 4742:21,700,000 (98%) 4726:28,800,000 (90%) 4715:22,100,000 (71%) 4667:causes of the war 4572:Army of Tennessee 4553:John Wilkes Booth 4530:an initial battle 4396:Confederate Gen. 4339:Overland Campaign 4259:Battle of Olustee 4119:guerrilla warfare 3969:William Rosecrans 3884:Andrew Hull Foote 3837:Army of Tennessee 3831:Army of Tennessee 3653:Maryland Campaign 3554:Shenandoah Valley 3524:Thomas J. Jackson 3500:on March 14. The 3340:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3109:General Scott's " 2794:Ex parte Merryman 2545:William H. Seward 2532:than the earlier 2524:inaugural address 2472:, and the end of 2462:National Bank Act 2275:antebellum period 2251:partisan politics 2206:pseudo-historical 2132:. Railroads, the 2050:Mississippi River 1949: 1948: 1871: 1870: 1500:American frontier 1399:Lebanese American 1384:Egyptian American 1314:Estonian American 1304:Albanian American 1298:European American 1275:Japanese American 1265:Filipino American 889: 888: 862:Post-Cold War Era 519:Pre-Columbian Era 481: 465: 464: 452:Trans-Mississippi 383: 382: 272:750,000–1,000,000 140: 139: 18449: 18377:Ulysses S. Grant 18301:Military history 18260:Yemeni civil war 18193:Somali Civil War 18093:Second Opium War 17962:Homestead strike 17877:Shays' Rebellion 17851: 17844: 17837: 17828: 17827: 17815: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17792:Native Americans 17787: 17785:Foreign soldiers 17772: 17765: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17715: 17708: 17701: 17694: 17687: 17680: 17656: 17649: 17642: 17633: 17632: 17619: 17609: 17608: 17432:Native Americans 17417:German Americans 17210:Partisan rangers 17205:Official Records 17145: 17144: 17128: 17127: 17020:memorials to Lee 16967: 16966: 16528: 16527: 16517: 16516: 16304: 16303: 16101: 16100: 16094: 16093: 16081: 16080: 16054:Washington, D.C. 15848:Indian Territory 15808:Dakota Territory 15766: 15765: 15683:Chancellorsville 15474:Jackson's Valley 15464:Blockade runners 15340: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15304: 15303: 15264:Thaddeus Stevens 15254:Lysander Spooner 15214:Susan B. Anthony 15016: 15015: 15005: 15004: 14990: 14983: 14976: 14967: 14966: 14913:Internet Archive 14887:Civil War photos 14833:Mitchell, Reid. 14821:Manning, Chandra 14755: 14734: 14712: 14691: 14679: 14664: 14643: 14611: 14602: 14571: 14481: 14469: 14455: 14434: 14415: 14376: 14353: 14311: 14292: 14261: 14243: 14224: 14194: 14168: 14147: 14125:Borrow book at: 14124: 14120:978-0-8724-97993 14103: 14078: 14057: 14038: 14017: 13996: 13974: 13950: 13936: 13921: 13912: 13886: 13865: 13853: 13842: 13833: 13812: 13793: 13769: 13748: 13737: 13735: 13720: 13710: 13689: 13668: 13651: 13639: 13628: 13604: 13583: 13562: 13541: 13522: 13503: 13479: 13458: 13439: 13417: 13395: 13376: 13357: 13336: 13315: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13263: 13241: 13222: 13220: 13218: 13193: 13184: 13162: 13139: 13124:Davis, Jefferson 13119: 13098: 13082: 13061: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13030: 13023: 13011: 12974: 12972: 12970: 12949: 12928: 12883: 12882: 12862: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12837: 12831: 12830: 12810: 12804: 12797: 12791: 12790: 12783:Railroad History 12778: 12772: 12771: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12712: 12706: 12701:Gary Gallagher, 12699: 12693: 12692: 12687:. 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Oates 9352: 9343: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9284: 9275: 9269: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9207:9-7816-0473-4522 9187: 9181: 9180: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9111: 9110: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9012: 9006: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8981: 8975: 8970:Myron J. Smith, 8968: 8962: 8956: 8947: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8875:(January 1865). 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8800:on April 3, 2013 8796:. 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Walsh. 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7467:John McCardell, 7465: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7316: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7254:Associated Press 7247: 7239: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7197:on July 11, 2007 7183: 7174: 7173: 7163: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7130: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7102: 7092: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7018: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6936:German Americans 6923: 6914: 6899:Patrick Cleburne 6891: 6885: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6858: 6821: 6815: 6804: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6679: 6670: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6562: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 5799: 5785: 5697:U.S. Post Office 5612: 5589: 5571:William McKinley 5533:, and the House 5436: 5413: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5034: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4790:1,064,000 (33%) 4787:2,100,000 (67%) 4761:3,550,000 (38%) 4745:5,600,000 (62%) 4729:3,000,000 (10%) 4718:9,100,000 (29%) 4691: 4687: 4595:Simon B. Buckner 4510: 4494: 4445:March to the Sea 4244:Army of the Gulf 4197:Port Royal Sound 4131:Indian Territory 4049:Indian Territory 3961:Don Carlos Buell 3891:Battle of Shiloh 3825:Ulysses S. Grant 3821:Cumberland River 3802:Ulysses S. Grant 3736:Pickett's Charge 3686:Pickett's Charge 3668:Ambrose Burnside 3646:Army of Virginia 3623:James Longstreet 3338:reportedly read 3295:postwar disputes 3263:Cotton diplomacy 3195:commerce raiders 3170:blockade runners 3134:Blockade runners 3121:had devised the 3028:ironclad warship 2804:In Missouri, an 2799:Frank Key Howard 2768:Washington, D.C. 2722: 2716: 2703: Southern 2702: 2696: 2690: 2639:75,000 volunteer 2607:Currier and Ives 2577:in Florida, and 2517:Corwin Amendment 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2336:Secession crisis 2138:ironclad warship 2098:was assassinated 2078:March to the Sea 2062:Ulysses S. Grant 1941: 1934: 1927: 1911: 1901: 1900: 1862: 1861: 1505:Manifest destiny 1495:Historic regions 1477: 1476: 1417:Native Americans 1389:Iranian American 1363:Mexican American 1349:Serbian American 1334:Italian American 1319:Finnish American 1309:English American 1260:Chinese American 1247:African American 1047:Direct democracy 1037:The Constitution 996:Higher education 905:American Century 807:Civil Rights Era 785:Civil Rights Era 741:Great Depression 730:Roaring Twenties 598:Jeffersonian Era 508: 507: 503: 493: 479: 468: 467: 422: 421: 417:Theaters of the 409: 402: 395: 386: 385: 354:436,658 captured 351:137,000+ wounded 336: 316:181,193 captured 313:282,000+ wounded 295: 251: 242: 241: 234: 225: 224: 209:Ulysses S. Grant 207: 206: 190: 189: 174: 170: 168: 167: 156: 155: 88: 87: 33: 21: 20: 18457: 18456: 18452: 18451: 18450: 18448: 18447: 18446: 18422:1860s conflicts 18372:Jefferson Davis 18367:Abraham Lincoln 18352: 18351: 18350: 18345: 18264: 18123:Boxer Rebellion 18026: 17907:Bleeding Kansas 17865: 17858: 17855: 17825: 17820: 17813:Seminole Nation 17811: 17804: 17799:Cherokee Nation 17797: 17790: 17783: 17775: 17768: 17760: 17753: 17746: 17739: 17732: 17725: 17718: 17711: 17704: 17697: 17690: 17683: 17676: 17668: 17660: 17630: 17625: 17589: 17573: 17458: 17422:Irish Americans 17400: 17345: 17254: 17245:U.S. Home Guard 17185:Field artillery 17139: 17138: 17114: 17056: 17031: 16993: 16962: 16956: 16848:Civil War Trust 16815: 16809: 16697:Ethnic violence 16682:Kirk–Holden war 16561: 16522: 16499: 16433: 16291: 16235: 16088: 16063: 16017: 15770: 15757: 15588: 15569:Sherman's March 15549:Bermuda Hundred 15444: 15399: 15371: 15327: 15326: 15290: 15249:J. Sella Martin 15219:James G. Birney 15195: 15113: 15039:Bleeding Kansas 15027: 15010: 14999: 14994: 14905:The short film 14878: 14873: 14837:(Penguin, 1997) 14763: 14758: 14752: 14731: 14709: 14688: 14661: 14632:10.2307/2204926 14591:10.2307/1845246 14568: 14478: 14452: 14431: 14404:10.2307/1840850 14373: 14342: 14322:, eds. (2019). 14308: 14281:10.2307/1844986 14258: 14240: 14221: 14202: 14200:Further reading 14197: 14176: 14171: 14165: 14144: 14121: 14100: 14088:. Baton Rouge: 14075: 14054: 14035: 14014: 13993: 13971: 13883: 13862: 13830: 13809: 13790: 13766: 13733: 13718: 13707: 13686: 13648: 13601: 13580: 13559: 13538: 13519: 13500: 13476: 13455: 13422:Greeley, Horace 13392: 13373: 13354: 13333: 13312: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13238: 13216: 13214: 13181: 13159: 13116: 13079: 13058: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13021: 12968: 12966: 12946: 12925: 12906: 12901: 12893:Main articles: 12891: 12886: 12879: 12863: 12859: 12851: 12847: 12838: 12834: 12827: 12811: 12807: 12798: 12794: 12779: 12775: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12738: 12734: 12724: 12722: 12714: 12713: 12709: 12700: 12696: 12677: 12673: 12663: 12661: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12642: 12638: 12633: 12629: 12619: 12617: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12575: 12571: 12562: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12538: 12534: 12525: 12521: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12453: 12449: 12441: 12437: 12427:David W. Blight 12425: 12421: 12413:, eds. (2009), 12405: 12401: 12388: 12387: 12383: 12368: 12354: 12350: 12346:(2nd ed. 1991). 12338: 12334: 12325: 12321: 12309: 12305: 12284: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12225: 12221: 12203: 12199: 12189: 12187: 12176: 12172: 12159: 12158: 12154: 12144: 12142: 12134: 12133: 12129: 12124: 12120: 12111: 12107: 12098: 12094: 12057:Abraham Lincoln 12054: 12050: 12033: 12029: 12016: 12015: 12011: 12003:Stahr, Walter, 12002: 11998: 11986: 11982: 11965: 11961: 11953: 11949: 11941: 11934: 11926: 11922: 11910: 11906: 11896: 11894: 11884: 11880: 11872: 11868: 11860: 11853: 11845: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11821: 11812: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11795: 11791: 11781: 11779: 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11751:. June 25, 2013 11747: 11746: 11742: 11733: 11729: 11716: 11715: 11711: 11702: 11698: 11688: 11686: 11672: 11668: 11649: 11645: 11630: 11626: 11618: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11595: 11591: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11495: 11486: 11467: 11463: 11455: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11427: 11412: 11408: 11401: 11382: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11347: 11343: 11332: 11328: 11320: 11316: 11308: 11304: 11296: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11270: 11268: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11234: 11230: 11221: 11207: 11203: 11199:(5 vols), 2006. 11194: 11190: 11182: 11175: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11144:Gabor S. Boritt 11142: 11135: 11127: 11123: 11115: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11089: 11087: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11057: 11055: 11040: 11039: 11035: 11025: 11023: 11008: 11007: 11003: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10971: 10960: 10958: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10917: 10915: 10902: 10898: 10881: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10842: 10838: 10825: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10741: 10725: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10694: 10680: 10676: 10667: 10663: 10652: 10648: 10633: 10632: 10628: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10554: 10550: 10542: 10538: 10530: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10507: 10491: 10487: 10480: 10460: 10456: 10433: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10332: 10331: 10327: 10312: 10298: 10294: 10277: 10276: 10272: 10264: 10260: 10245: 10241: 10226: 10222: 10214: 10210: 10195: 10191: 10176: 10172: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10121:, p. 1476. 10117: 10113: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10091: 10087: 10068: 10064: 10056: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10007: 10000: 9984: 9980: 9970: 9968: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9950: 9946: 9942:Kennedy, p. 58. 9941: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9902: 9901: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9844: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9829: 9814: 9800: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9748: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9693: 9689: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9654: 9650: 9638: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9584: 9582: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9530: 9518: 9514: 9506: 9502: 9489: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9453: 9452: 9448: 9431: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9405:978-1541-674196 9391: 9387: 9377: 9375: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9353: 9346: 9337: 9333: 9325: 9321: 9313: 9309: 9301: 9297: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9208: 9188: 9184: 9176:The Independent 9167: 9163: 9152: 9148: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9114: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9069:Mendelsohn 2012 9067: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9003: 8995: 8991: 8982: 8978: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8928: 8926: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8904: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8870: 8866: 8856: 8854: 8843: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8817: 8813: 8803: 8801: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8759: 8755:, p. 1466. 8751: 8747: 8740: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8696: 8686: 8682: 8673: 8669: 8638: 8634: 8610: 8604: 8600: 8591: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8568: 8548: 8544: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8502: 8498: 8487: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8461:War Comes Again 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8434: 8430: 8421: 8417: 8409: 8405: 8397: 8393: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8367:on May 18, 2012 8359: 8358: 8354: 8345: 8341: 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8307: 8303: 8286:(Summer 2007). 8281: 8277: 8266: 8262: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8225: 8223: 8210: 8209: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8157: 8153: 8145: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8119: 8117: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7898: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7841: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7780: 7778: 7767: 7763: 7755: 7751: 7741: 7739: 7726: 7725: 7721: 7711: 7709: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7681: 7679: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7636: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7619: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7527: 7519: 7515: 7507:Elizabeth Varon 7492: 7488: 7479: 7475: 7466: 7462: 7452: 7450: 7443: 7427: 7423: 7381: 7377: 7354: 7350: 7317: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7240: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7184: 7177: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7132: 7131: 7120: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7080: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7020: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6963:Irish Catholics 6924: 6917: 6907:Jefferson Davis 6892: 6888: 6883: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6822: 6818: 6805: 6801: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6702: 6680: 6673: 6669: 6640:Stephenson 1919 6590: 6588: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6483: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6412:Darkest of Days 6334: 6329: 6269: 6263: 6258: 6220:The Last Outlaw 6188:North and South 6102: 6074:North and South 6002:Jefferson Davis 5991:Herman Melville 5963: 5920:The Peacemakers 5912: 5852: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5775: 5765: 5689: 5683: 5661: 5655: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5613: 5605: 5604: 5590: 5579: 5494: 5488: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5437: 5429: 5428: 5414: 5375: 5369: 5353:Peace Democrats 5346: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5256: 5185:Napoleonic Wars 5092: 5087: 5082: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5007: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4984: 4852:Arms production 4655: 4561:George Atzerodt 4540:. His men were 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4484: 4478: 4466:Union XXV Corps 4457: 4422:fall of Atlanta 4414: 4387:Philip Sheridan 4380: 4363:Bermuda Hundred 4335: 4307:Benjamin Butler 4281: 4273: 4267: 4261:in early 1864. 4237:Benjamin Butler 4224:David D. Porter 4207:, in which the 4183: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4085: 4051:in present-day 4037: 4032: 4026: 3878:'s invasion of 3853: 3833: 3817:Tennessee River 3795: 3790: 3780:, and parts of 3754: 3748: 3746:Western theater 3608:John C. Fremont 3600:Valley Campaign 3536: 3468: 3438: 3433: 3398: 3392: 3390:Eastern theater 3370:Monroe Doctrine 3336:Lord Palmerston 3232: 3222: 3216: 3183: 3181:Economic impact 3142: 3136: 3103: 3097: 2992: 2965: 2955: 2946: 2940: 2883: 2877: 2864: 2854: 2755:separated from 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2618:Robert Anderson 2599: 2593: 2587: 2492:Jefferson Davis 2447:David E. Twiggs 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2333: 2294: 2288: 2279:David M. Potter 2230:but not in the 2186:Southern states 2178: 2160: 2154: 2070:fall of Atlanta 2034:Eastern theater 2030:Western theater 2023:Jefferson Davis 2003:Abraham Lincoln 1945: 1873: 1872: 1474: 1466: 1465: 1371:Jewish American 1344:Polish American 1324:German American 1280:Korean American 1270:Indian American 1241: 1233: 1232: 1087:Merchant Marine 1057:Law enforcement 925:Racial violence 899: 891: 890: 697:Progressive Era 505: 501: 482: 480:History of the 466: 461: 423: 416: 415: 413: 379: 357: 319: 273: 268: 252: 236: 235: 227:Jefferson Davis 219: 211: 201: 200: 192:Abraham Lincoln 184: 165: 163: 150: 129: 112: 95: 82: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18455: 18445: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18369: 18364: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18343: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18316:Peace movement 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18272: 18270: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18262: 18257: 18256: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18070: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18034: 18032: 18028: 18027: 18025: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18004: 17999: 17994: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17967:Pullman Strike 17964: 17959: 17957:Coal Creek War 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17902:Dorr Rebellion 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17873: 17871: 17867: 17866: 17863: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17853: 17846: 17839: 17831: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17809: 17806:Choctaw Nation 17802: 17788: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17774: 17773: 17770:United Kingdom 17766: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17673: 17670: 17669: 17659: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17636: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17623: 17613: 17602: 17599: 17598: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17587: 17581: 17579: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17571: 17569:Women soldiers 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17524:Naming the war 17521: 17516: 17511: 17506: 17505: 17504: 17494: 17493: 17492: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17466: 17464: 17460: 17459: 17457: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17408: 17406: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17355: 17353: 17347: 17346: 17344: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17262: 17260: 17256: 17255: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17160:Campaign Medal 17157: 17151: 17149: 17141: 17140: 17137: 17136: 17135:Related topics 17132: 17124: 17123: 17120: 17119: 17116: 17115: 17113: 17112: 17107: 17102: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17064: 17062: 17058: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17049: 17043: 17041: 17037: 17036: 17033: 17032: 17030: 17029: 17024: 17023: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17001: 16999: 16995: 16994: 16992: 16991: 16990: 16989: 16984: 16973: 16971: 16964: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16898: 16897: 16892: 16882: 16877: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16863:Decoration Day 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16819: 16817: 16816:Reconstruction 16811: 16810: 16808: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16774: 16773: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16726: 16725: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16672: 16670:second inquiry 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16642: 16641: 16640: 16634: 16627:Homestead Acts 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16575:Alabama Claims 16571: 16569: 16567:Reconstruction 16563: 16562: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16555:15th Amendment 16552: 16550:14th Amendment 16547: 16545:13th Amendment 16536: 16534: 16524: 16523: 16513: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16498: 16497: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16447: 16441: 16439: 16435: 16434: 16432: 16431: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16386: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16310: 16308: 16301: 16297: 16296: 16293: 16292: 16290: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16243: 16241: 16237: 16236: 16234: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16176:J. E. Johnston 16173: 16171:A. S. Johnston 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16111:R. H. Anderson 16107: 16105: 16098: 16090: 16089: 16077: 16076: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16065: 16064: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16025: 16023: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15973:South Carolina 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15948:North Carolina 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15774: 15772: 15763: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15673:Fredericksburg 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15613:Wilson's Creek 15610: 15605: 15599: 15597: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15455: 15453: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15425:Lower Seaboard 15422: 15417: 15411: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15401: 15400: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15381: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15348: 15346: 15337: 15329: 15328: 15325: 15324: 15321: 15318: 15315: 15312: 15308: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15289: 15288: 15283: 15281:Harriet Tubman 15278: 15277: 15276: 15269:Charles Sumner 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15205: 15203: 15197: 15196: 15194: 15193: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15123: 15121: 15115: 15114: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15104:States' rights 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15030: 15028: 15026: 15025: 15019: 15012: 15011: 15001: 15000: 14993: 14992: 14985: 14978: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14957: 14951: 14945: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14916: 14903: 14893: 14884: 14877: 14876:External links 14874: 14872: 14871: 14858:Wiley, Bell I. 14855: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14818: 14808: 14798: 14791: 14784: 14777: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14756: 14750: 14735: 14729: 14713: 14707: 14692: 14686: 14666: 14659: 14644: 14626:(4): 466–486. 14613: 14603: 14585:(4): 924–950. 14572: 14566: 14551: 14550: 14549: 14544: 14538: 14528: 14522: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14482: 14476: 14456: 14450: 14435: 14429: 14416: 14382: 14371: 14354: 14340: 14312: 14306: 14293: 14275:(2): 327–352. 14262: 14256: 14238: 14225: 14219: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14195: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14169: 14163: 14148: 14142: 14129: 14119: 14104: 14098: 14079: 14073: 14058: 14052: 14039: 14033: 14018: 14012: 13997: 13991: 13975: 13969: 13951: 13937: 13922: 13913: 13887: 13881: 13866: 13860: 13843: 13834: 13828: 13813: 13807: 13794: 13788: 13774:Neely, Mark E. 13770: 13764: 13749: 13738: 13711: 13705: 13690: 13684: 13669: 13652: 13646: 13629: 13619:(1): 117–145. 13608: 13599: 13584: 13578: 13563: 13557: 13542: 13536: 13523: 13517: 13504: 13498: 13484:Holzer, Harold 13480: 13474: 13459: 13453: 13440: 13418: 13396: 13390: 13377: 13371: 13358: 13352: 13337: 13331: 13316: 13310: 13295: 13282: 13264: 13242: 13236: 13223: 13194: 13185: 13179: 13163: 13157: 13140: 13120: 13114: 13099: 13083: 13077: 13062: 13056: 13041: 13012: 12975: 12955:"Violent City" 12950: 12944: 12929: 12923: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12877: 12857: 12845: 12832: 12825: 12805: 12792: 12773: 12770:. p. 434. 12758: 12732: 12707: 12694: 12671: 12645: 12636: 12627: 12596: 12589: 12569: 12556: 12544: 12532: 12519: 12495:Frederick Merk 12474: 12467: 12447: 12445:, p. 208. 12443:Woodworth 1996 12435: 12419: 12399: 12381: 12366: 12348: 12332: 12319: 12303: 12277: 12243: 12231: 12219: 12208:(March 1990). 12197: 12170: 12152: 12127: 12118: 12105: 12092: 12048: 12040:Holzer, Harold 12027: 12009: 11996: 11994:, p. 106. 11980: 11959: 11947: 11932: 11928:McPherson 1988 11920: 11912:Claudia Goldin 11904: 11878: 11876:, p. 686. 11874:McPherson 1988 11866: 11862:McPherson 1988 11851: 11839: 11827: 11823:McPherson 1988 11810: 11789: 11778:. Vol. 32 11762: 11740: 11727: 11709: 11696: 11666: 11643: 11624: 11620:Vinovskis 1990 11612: 11610:, p. 854. 11608:McPherson 1988 11600: 11589: 11562:(4): 307–348. 11546: 11520: 11484: 11461: 11449: 11445:McPherson 1988 11437: 11406: 11399: 11376: 11372:McPherson 1997 11364: 11355:History Review 11341: 11326: 11324:, p. 566. 11314: 11312:, p. 272. 11302: 11290: 11288:, p. 235. 11278: 11248: 11239:, ed. (1968). 11237:Chauncey Depew 11228: 11219: 11201: 11188: 11164: 11160:McPherson 1988 11152: 11133: 11131:, p. 855. 11129:McPherson 1988 11121: 11119:, p. 851. 11117:McPherson 1988 11109: 11097: 11065: 11033: 11001: 10969: 10937: 10935:, p. 205. 10925: 10896: 10875: 10863: 10856: 10836: 10818: 10816:, p. 692. 10806: 10804:, p. 117. 10794: 10792:, p. 690. 10782: 10770: 10758: 10756:, p. 688. 10746: 10739: 10719: 10717:, p. 685. 10707: 10692: 10674: 10672:, pp. 158–181. 10661: 10646: 10626: 10608: 10604:McPherson 1988 10596: 10592:McPherson 1988 10584: 10580:McPherson 1988 10572: 10568:McPherson 1988 10560: 10556:McPherson 1988 10548: 10544:McPherson 1988 10536: 10534:, p. 728. 10532:McPherson 1988 10524: 10520:McPherson 1988 10512: 10505: 10485: 10478: 10454: 10443:(4): 434–458. 10427: 10402: 10376: 10350: 10325: 10310: 10292: 10270: 10258: 10239: 10220: 10218:, p. 270. 10208: 10189: 10170: 10147: 10143:McPherson 1988 10135: 10133:, p. 100. 10123: 10111: 10097: 10093:McPherson 1988 10085: 10062: 10029: 10025:McPherson 1988 10017: 10013:McPherson 1988 10005: 9998: 9978: 9956: 9944: 9935: 9931:McPherson 1988 9920: 9895: 9893:, p. 170. 9883: 9864: 9860:McPherson 1988 9852: 9827: 9813:978-0160923166 9812: 9791: 9789:, p. 664. 9787:McPherson 1988 9779: 9775:McPherson 1988 9767: 9750:"Salem Church" 9741: 9734: 9714: 9707: 9687: 9683:McPherson 1988 9675: 9668: 9648: 9640:Matteson, John 9632: 9628:McPherson 1988 9620: 9616:McPherson 1988 9608: 9604:McPherson 1988 9596: 9567: 9563:McPherson 1988 9555: 9551:McPherson 1988 9540: 9536:McPherson 1988 9528: 9526:, pp. 263–296. 9512: 9500: 9483: 9471: 9446: 9442:978-0826210975 9425: 9423:, p. 261. 9413: 9407:. Also titled 9385: 9363: 9361:, p. 125. 9344: 9331: 9319: 9307: 9295: 9293:, pp. 263–264. 9276: 9274:, p. 386. 9272:McPherson 1988 9261: 9259:, p. 237. 9249: 9245:McPherson 1988 9237: 9233:Dinçaslan 2022 9225: 9223:, p. 225. 9213: 9206: 9200:. p. 87. 9182: 9161: 9146: 9127: 9112: 9101:(2): 101–118. 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9037: 9035:, p. 228. 9025: 9013: 9001: 8999:, p. 345. 8989: 8976: 8963: 8961:, p. 300. 8948: 8936: 8910: 8898: 8896:, p. 462. 8886: 8873:Welles, Gideon 8864: 8853:. June 4, 1977 8836: 8829: 8811: 8781: 8779:, p. 240. 8769: 8757: 8745: 8738: 8718: 8706: 8680: 8667: 8648:(2): 321–342. 8632: 8621:(2): 123–134. 8598: 8585: 8573: 8566: 8542: 8525: 8523:, p. 308. 8513: 8496: 8465: 8452: 8440: 8428: 8415: 8403: 8401:, p. 303. 8399:McPherson 1988 8391: 8378: 8352: 8339: 8326: 8301: 8275: 8260: 8245: 8241:McPherson 1988 8233: 8200: 8175: 8163: 8151: 8147:McPherson 1988 8139: 8137:, p. 278. 8135:McPherson 1988 8127: 8105: 8103:, p. 274. 8101:McPherson 1988 8093: 8089:McPherson 1988 8081: 8079:, p. 273. 8077:McPherson 1988 8069: 8067:, p. 272. 8065:McPherson 1988 8057: 8055:, p. 268. 8053:McPherson 1988 8045: 8043:, p. 267. 8041:McPherson 1988 8030: 8028:, p. 266. 8026:McPherson 1988 8018: 8016:, p. 265. 8014:McPherson 1988 8006: 8004:, p. 264. 8002:McPherson 1988 7994: 7987: 7967: 7928: 7913: 7911:, p. 262. 7909:McPherson 1988 7901: 7887: 7883:McPherson 1988 7875: 7873:, p. 253. 7871:McPherson 1988 7863: 7859:McPherson 1988 7851: 7826: 7800: 7788: 7761: 7757:McPherson 1988 7749: 7719: 7689: 7659: 7629: 7603: 7596: 7578: 7549: 7545:McPherson 1988 7537: 7535:, p. 485. 7525: 7513: 7486: 7473: 7460: 7441: 7421: 7375: 7364:(3): 317–324. 7348: 7329:(2): 415–439. 7308: 7283: 7271: 7229: 7220: 7208: 7175: 7155: 7153:, p. 849. 7143: 7118: 7078: 7060: 7058:, p. 705. 7048: 7027: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6977:Fredericksburg 6970: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6940:Forty-Eighters 6929: 6925: 6915: 6886: 6877: 6868: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6849: 6839: 6833: 6823: 6816: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6765:end of the war 6756: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6713: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6646:Robertson 1963 6643: 6637: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6564: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6481: 6480: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6448: 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6344: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6248: 6240: 6232: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6184: 6176: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6090:E. L. Doctorow 6081: 6070: 6059: 6048: 6037: 6035:Ambrose Bierce 6026: 6015: 6004: 5993: 5982: 5962: 5959: 5911: 5908: 5888:muzzle-loading 5856:industrial war 5851: 5848: 5801: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5761: 5685:Main article: 5682: 5679: 5657:Main article: 5654: 5651: 5614: 5607: 5606: 5591: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5543:Horace Greeley 5490:Main article: 5487: 5486:Reconstruction 5484: 5456:Horace Greeley 5438: 5431: 5430: 5415: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5371:Main article: 5368: 5365: 5361:1862 elections 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5252: 5248:War Department 5143: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4957:Gary Gallagher 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4796:Railroad miles 4792: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4654: 4651: 4614:Gordon Granger 4580:Richard Taylor 4574:to Sherman at 4568:Boston Corbett 4557:Andrew Johnson 4512: 4505: 4504: 4499:New York Times 4496: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4480:Main article: 4477: 4476:End of the war 4474: 4470:Sayler's Creek 4456: 4453: 4430:John Schofield 4418:John Bell Hood 4413: 4410: 4402:Jubal A. Early 4379: 4376: 4372:trench warfare 4334: 4331: 4280: 4277: 4266: 4263: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4092:Nathaniel Lyon 4084: 4081: 4069:Sterling Price 4036: 4033: 4025: 4022: 3852: 3849: 3832: 3829: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3774:South Carolina 3747: 3744: 3543:Irvin McDowell 3535: 3532: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3425:North Carolina 3391: 3388: 3301:was powerful. 3218:Main article: 3215: 3212: 3182: 3179: 3138:Main article: 3135: 3132: 3119:Winfield Scott 3101:Union blockade 3099:Main article: 3096: 3095:Union blockade 3093: 3073:Chesapeake Bay 2991: 2988: 2984:Medal of Honor 2954: 2951: 2942:Main article: 2939: 2936: 2928:bounty jumpers 2876: 2873: 2853: 2850: 2846:East Tennessee 2814:Nathaniel Lyon 2719: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2669:Main article: 2666: 2663: 2655:North Carolina 2589:Main article: 2586: 2583: 2571:Fort Jefferson 2559:prime minister 2454:Morrill Tariff 2438:James Buchanan 2390:South Carolina 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2350: 2340:Main article: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2290:Main article: 2287: 2284: 2240:white Southern 2156:Main article: 2153: 2150: 2094:end of the war 2066:naval blockade 2015:South Carolina 1947: 1946: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1905: 1894: 1893: 1891:Historiography 1888: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1536:The West Coast 1533: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1510:Indian removal 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1439: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1425: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1409:Saudi American 1406: 1401: 1396: 1394:Iraqi American 1391: 1386: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329:Irish American 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1254:Asian American 1250: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1192:Sexual slavery 1182: 1175: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Postal service 1059: 1054: 1052:Foreign policy 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1007: 1000: 999: 998: 986: 985: 984: 972: 971: 970: 958: 957: 956: 951: 946: 941: 929: 928: 927: 915: 908: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 887: 886: 883: 879: 878: 876: 868: 867: 864: 857: 856: 854: 846: 845: 842: 835: 834: 832: 824: 823: 820: 813: 812: 809: 802: 801: 799: 791: 790: 787: 780: 779: 776: 769: 768: 766: 758: 757: 754: 747: 746: 743: 736: 735: 732: 725: 724: 721: 714: 713: 711: 703: 702: 699: 692: 691: 688: 681: 680: 677: 670: 669: 667: 659: 658: 655: 648: 647: 645: 637: 636: 633: 631:Jacksonian Era 626: 625: 622: 615: 614: 612: 604: 603: 600: 593: 592: 589: 587:Federalist Era 582: 581: 579: 571: 570: 567: 560: 559: 556: 549: 548: 546: 538: 537: 534: 526: 525: 522: 506: 499: 498: 495: 494: 486: 485: 475: 474: 463: 462: 460: 459: 454: 449: 447:Lower seaboard 444: 439: 434: 432:Union blockade 428: 425: 424: 412: 411: 404: 397: 389: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 369: 365: 362: 361: 356: 355: 352: 343: 342: 339: 325: 323: 318: 317: 314: 305: 304: 301: 298: 284: 281: 280: 276: 275: 274:360,000 (peak) 270: 269:698,000 (peak) 264: 263: 259: 258: 217: 181: 180: 176: 175: 160: 147: 146: 142: 141: 138: 137: 131: 125: 124: 118: 114: 113: 110:Atlantic Ocean 104: 102: 98: 97: 92: 84: 83: 81: 80: 75: 70: 59: 53: 42: 36: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18454: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18382:Robert E. Lee 18380: 18378: 18375: 18373: 18370: 18368: 18365: 18363: 18360: 18359: 18357: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18336:War on terror 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18273: 18271: 18267: 18261: 18258: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18029: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17874: 17872: 17868: 17861: 17852: 17847: 17845: 17840: 17838: 17833: 17832: 17829: 17814: 17810: 17807: 17803: 17800: 17796: 17795: 17793: 17789: 17786: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17771: 17767: 17763: 17759: 17756: 17752: 17749: 17745: 17742: 17738: 17735: 17731: 17728: 17724: 17721: 17717: 17714: 17710: 17707: 17703: 17700: 17696: 17693: 17689: 17686: 17682: 17679: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17664: 17657: 17652: 17650: 17645: 17643: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17622: 17618: 17614: 17612: 17604: 17603: 17600: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17576: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17539:Photographers 17537: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17520: 17517: 17515: 17514:Gender issues 17512: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17499: 17498: 17495: 17491: 17488: 17487: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17465: 17461: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17409: 17407: 17403: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17376: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17352: 17348: 17342: 17341:War Democrats 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17331:Union Leagues 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17263: 17261: 17257: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17230:Turning point 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17200:Naval battles 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17134: 17133: 17129: 17125: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17088: 17086: 17085: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17059: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17044: 17042: 17038: 17028: 17025: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17007: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16996: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16979: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16963:and memorials 16959: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16930: 16928: 16925: 16923: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16896: 16893: 16891: 16888: 16887: 16886: 16883: 16881: 16878: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16823:Commemoration 16821: 16820: 16818: 16812: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16772: 16769: 16768: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16727: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16665:first inquiry 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16643: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16585:Carpetbaggers 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16568: 16564: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16525: 16518: 16514: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16446: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16436: 16430: 16427: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16298: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16238: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16108: 16106: 16102: 16099: 16095: 16091: 16087: 16082: 16078: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16026: 16024: 16020: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16008:West Virginia 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15928:New Hampshire 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15888:Massachusetts 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15767: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15628:Hampton Roads 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15618:Fort Donelson 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15596: 15591: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15514:Morgan's Raid 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15459:Anaconda Plan 15457: 15456: 15454: 15452: 15447: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15435:Pacific Coast 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15412: 15410: 15406: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15349: 15347: 15345: 15341: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15313: 15310: 15309: 15305: 15301: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15275: 15272: 15271: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15202: 15198: 15192: 15191: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15169:Positive good 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15116: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15084:Panic of 1857 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15044:Border states 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15024: 15021: 15020: 15017: 15013: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14991: 14986: 14984: 14979: 14977: 14972: 14971: 14968: 14961: 14960:The Civil War 14958: 14955: 14952: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14914: 14910: 14909: 14904: 14901: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14879: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14843: 14839: 14836: 14832: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14792: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14778: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14766: 14765: 14753: 14747: 14743: 14742: 14736: 14732: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14714: 14710: 14704: 14700: 14699: 14693: 14689: 14683: 14678: 14677: 14671: 14667: 14662: 14656: 14652: 14651: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14621: 14620: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14579: 14573: 14569: 14563: 14559: 14558: 14552: 14548: 14545: 14542: 14539: 14536: 14532: 14529: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14517: 14514: 14511: 14508: 14505: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14491: 14486: 14485:Nevins, Allan 14483: 14479: 14473: 14468: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14443: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14426: 14422: 14417: 14413: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14392: 14387: 14383: 14380: 14374: 14372:9780030796401 14368: 14364: 14360: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14341:9780823284566 14337: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14303: 14299: 14298:The Union War 14294: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14269: 14263: 14259: 14257:9780820310770 14253: 14249: 14241: 14239:9780820308159 14235: 14231: 14226: 14222: 14216: 14212: 14211: 14205: 14204: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14166: 14160: 14156: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14139: 14135: 14130: 14128: 14122: 14116: 14112: 14111: 14105: 14101: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14086: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14049: 14045: 14040: 14036: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14019: 14015: 14009: 14005: 14004: 13998: 13994: 13988: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13966: 13962: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13933: 13929: 13923: 13919: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13897: 13896:The Civil War 13892: 13888: 13884: 13878: 13874: 13873: 13867: 13863: 13857: 13852: 13851: 13844: 13840: 13835: 13831: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13804: 13800: 13795: 13791: 13785: 13781: 13780: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13761: 13757: 13756: 13750: 13746: 13745: 13739: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13717: 13712: 13708: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13653: 13649: 13647:0-3930-4712-1 13643: 13638: 13637: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13609: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13592: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13571: 13570: 13564: 13560: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13543: 13539: 13533: 13529: 13524: 13520: 13514: 13510: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13485: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13446: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13406: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13383: 13378: 13374: 13368: 13364: 13359: 13355: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13338: 13334: 13328: 13324: 13323: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13302: 13296: 13285: 13279: 13275: 13274: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13229: 13224: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13168: 13164: 13160: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13108:. LSU Press. 13107: 13106: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13087:Catton, Bruce 13084: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13069: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13049: 13048: 13042: 13027: 13020: 13019: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12976: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12951: 12947: 12941: 12937: 12936: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12916: 12915: 12909: 12908: 12900: 12896: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12869: 12861: 12855:, p. 75. 12854: 12849: 12842: 12836: 12828: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12809: 12802: 12796: 12788: 12784: 12777: 12769: 12762: 12747: 12743: 12736: 12721: 12717: 12711: 12704: 12698: 12690: 12686: 12682: 12675: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12640: 12631: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12600: 12592: 12586: 12582: 12581: 12573: 12567:(1927), 2:54. 12566: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12541: 12536: 12529: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12483:Oscar Handlin 12478: 12470: 12464: 12460: 12459: 12451: 12444: 12439: 12432: 12428: 12423: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12395: 12391: 12385: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12359: 12352: 12345: 12341: 12336: 12329: 12326:Eric Foner's 12323: 12316: 12312: 12307: 12298: 12293: 12292: 12291:The Economist 12287: 12281: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12229:, p. 82. 12228: 12223: 12215: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12166: 12162: 12156: 12141: 12137: 12131: 12122: 12115: 12109: 12102: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12052: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12031: 12023: 12019: 12013: 12006: 12000: 11993: 11989: 11984: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11963: 11956: 11951: 11944: 11939: 11937: 11929: 11924: 11917: 11913: 11908: 11893: 11889: 11882: 11875: 11870: 11863: 11858: 11856: 11848: 11843: 11837:, p. 74. 11836: 11831: 11824: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11799: 11793: 11777: 11773: 11766: 11750: 11744: 11737: 11731: 11723: 11722:United States 11719: 11713: 11706: 11700: 11685: 11681: 11677: 11670: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11647: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11628: 11621: 11616: 11609: 11604: 11598: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11550: 11539:September 22, 11534: 11533:Science Daily 11530: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11491: 11489: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11465: 11458: 11453: 11446: 11441: 11425: 11421: 11417: 11410: 11402: 11396: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11380: 11373: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11345: 11337: 11330: 11323: 11318: 11311: 11306: 11299: 11294: 11287: 11282: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11244: 11243: 11238: 11232: 11222: 11216: 11212: 11205: 11198: 11192: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11161: 11156: 11149: 11145: 11140: 11138: 11130: 11125: 11118: 11113: 11106: 11101: 11085: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11069: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11037: 11021: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11005: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10973: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10872: 10867: 10859: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10840: 10832: 10828: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10803: 10802:Dunkerly 2015 10798: 10791: 10786: 10779: 10774: 10768:, p. 68. 10767: 10762: 10755: 10750: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10731: 10723: 10716: 10711: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10693:0-06-018723-9 10689: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10650: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10605: 10600: 10593: 10588: 10581: 10576: 10569: 10564: 10557: 10552: 10545: 10540: 10533: 10528: 10521: 10516: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10458: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10339: 10335: 10329: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10307: 10303: 10296: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10267: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10212: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10120: 10115: 10107: 10101: 10094: 10089: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10066: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10040: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10014: 10009: 10001: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9982: 9971:September 13, 9966: 9960: 9954:, p. 92. 9953: 9948: 9939: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9909: 9905: 9899: 9892: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9845:September 27, 9840: 9834: 9832: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9796: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9771: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9718: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9691: 9684: 9679: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9660: 9652: 9645: 9641: 9636: 9629: 9624: 9617: 9612: 9605: 9600: 9593: 9585:September 13, 9581: 9577: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9545: 9537: 9532: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9504: 9496: 9495: 9487: 9481:, p. 91. 9480: 9479:Anderson 1989 9475: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9422: 9417: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9389: 9373: 9367: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9281: 9273: 9268: 9266: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9235:, p. 73. 9234: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9194: 9186: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9119: 9117: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9059:, p. 49. 9058: 9053: 9046: 9045:Anderson 1989 9041: 9034: 9029: 9023:, p. 49. 9022: 9017: 9011:, p. 36. 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8980: 8973: 8967: 8960: 8959:Anderson 1989 8955: 8953: 8946:, p. 92. 8945: 8940: 8924: 8920: 8914: 8907: 8902: 8895: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8852: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8832: 8830:0-313-32708-4 8826: 8822: 8815: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8754: 8749: 8741: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8716:, p. 57. 8715: 8710: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8671: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8642:Social Forces 8636: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8589: 8582: 8581:Schecter 2007 8577: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8546: 8538: 8537: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8509: 8508: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8469: 8462: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8425: 8419: 8413:, p. 55. 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8388: 8382: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8271: 8264: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8205: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8173:, p. 21. 8172: 8167: 8160: 8155: 8148: 8143: 8136: 8131: 8115: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8073: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7910: 7905: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7840: 7836: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7798:, p. 28. 7797: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7759:, p. 24. 7758: 7753: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7599: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7554: 7546: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7522: 7517: 7510: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7498: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7425: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7315: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7264:September 22, 7259: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7224: 7217: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7182: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7160: 7152: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7114: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7006: 6994: 6988: 6978: 6974: 6973:Schecter 2007 6971: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6903:Robert E. Lee 6900: 6896: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6838:, p. 207 6837: 6834: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6753: 6752:border states 6747: 6738: 6729: 6720: 6718: 6709: 6705: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6561: 6559: 6554: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6478: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6452:War of Rights 6449: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431:(2013, US/FR) 6430: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6391:(2007, US/FR) 6390: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6228:Cold Mountain 6225: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204:The Civil War 6201: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6047: 6046:Stephen Crane 6043: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5843:The Civil War 5839: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5798: 5784: 5774: 5770: 5763:Commemoration 5760: 5758: 5754: 5751:in 1895, and 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5666:Alan T. Nolan 5660: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5483: 5479: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5446: 5442: 5439:In 1863, the 5435: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391:Simon Cameron 5387: 5383: 5381: 5374: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5357:War Democrats 5354: 5260: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5035: 5023: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4814:29,100 (98%) 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4803:21,800 (71%) 4802: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4758:490,000 (2%) 4757: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576:Bennett Place 4573: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4509: 4500: 4493: 4483: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4178: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065:Ben McCulloch 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915:Island No. 10 3907: 3902: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3876:Leonidas Polk 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841:Braxton Bragg 3838: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3732:turning point 3729: 3725: 3722:during Lee's 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701:John Sedgwick 3697: 3694: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3676:Joseph Hooker 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3657:Potomac River 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509:Robert E. Lee 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3475:Robert E. Lee 3472: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3319:Prince Albert 3316: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3124: 3123:Anaconda Plan 3120: 3112: 3111:Anaconda Plan 3107: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3089:Great Britain 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2996: 2990:Naval tactics 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:habeas corpus 2778: 2775:establishing 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753:West Virginia 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741:West Virginia 2738: 2734: 2730: 2711: 2710:West Virginia 2706: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2622:Fort Moultrie 2619: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565:in Virginia, 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Homestead Act 2455: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2321:administering 2318: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2259:nullification 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:written about 2111: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:Robert E. Lee 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1965:United States 1962: 1958: 1954: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1886:List of years 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1865: 1857: 1855: 1854:Urban history 1852: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1285:Thai American 1283: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1133:Party Systems 1130: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Voting rights 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 992: 991: 987: 983: 980: 979: 978: 977: 973: 969: 966: 965: 964: 963: 959: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 934: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 916: 914: 913: 909: 907: 906: 902: 901: 895: 894: 884: 881: 880: 877: 875: 874: 870: 869: 865: 863: 859: 858: 855: 853: 852: 848: 847: 843: 841: 837: 836: 833: 831: 830: 826: 825: 821: 819: 815: 814: 810: 808: 804: 803: 800: 798: 797: 793: 792: 788: 786: 782: 781: 777: 775: 771: 770: 767: 765: 764: 760: 759: 755: 753: 749: 748: 744: 742: 738: 737: 733: 731: 727: 726: 722: 720: 716: 715: 712: 710: 709: 705: 704: 700: 698: 694: 693: 689: 687: 683: 682: 678: 676: 672: 671: 668: 666: 665: 661: 660: 656: 654: 653:Civil War Era 650: 649: 646: 644: 643: 639: 638: 634: 632: 628: 627: 623: 621: 617: 616: 613: 611: 610: 606: 605: 601: 599: 595: 594: 590: 588: 584: 583: 580: 578: 577: 573: 572: 568: 566: 562: 561: 557: 555: 551: 550: 547: 545: 544: 540: 539: 535: 533: 532: 528: 527: 523: 521: 520: 515: 514: 510: 509: 504: 497: 496: 492: 488: 487: 484: 483:United States 477: 476: 473: 470: 469: 458: 457:Pacific coast 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 426: 420: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 391: 390: 387: 376: 373: 370: 367: 366: 363: 360: 353: 350: 349: 348: 347: 340: 337: 331: 327: 326: 324: 322: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 302: 299: 296: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 271: 266: 265: 260: 257: 256: 255:and others... 250: 245: 244:Robert E. Lee 240: 233: 228: 223: 218: 216: 215: 214:and others... 210: 205: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 182: 177: 173: 161: 159: 158:United States 154: 149: 148: 143: 136: 132: 127: 126: 122: 119: 116: 115: 111: 107: 106:United States 103: 100: 99: 93: 90: 89: 85: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 68: 63: 60: 57: 54: 52: 49: 46: 43: 41: 38: 37: 32: 27: 22: 19: 18148:World War II 17942:Hamburg riot 17921: 17665: 17480:Bibliography 17463:Other topics 17405:By ethnicity 17373: 17326:Trent Affair 17225:Signal Corps 17082: 16805:White League 16692:Ku Klux Klan 16605:Confederados 16532:Constitution 16404:D. D. Porter 16257:Breckinridge 15968:Rhode Island 15963:Pennsylvania 15718:Spotsylvania 15678:Stones River 15658:2nd Bull Run 15608:1st Bull Run 15494:Stones River 15395:Marine Corps 15362:Marine Corps 15201:Abolitionism 15188: 15141: 14996: 14907: 14864: 14860: 14848: 14841: 14834: 14824: 14811: 14801: 14794: 14787: 14780: 14770: 14740: 14720: 14697: 14675: 14649: 14623: 14617: 14607: 14582: 14576: 14556: 14546: 14540: 14530: 14524: 14518: 14512: 14506: 14496: 14488: 14465: 14440: 14420: 14398:(1): 50–55. 14395: 14389: 14378: 14362: 14359:Unger, Irwin 14323: 14297: 14272: 14266: 14247: 14229: 14209: 14186: 14153: 14133: 14109: 14084: 14063: 14043: 14023: 14002: 13982: 13959: 13945: 13931: 13927: 13917: 13895: 13871: 13849: 13838: 13818: 13798: 13778: 13754: 13743: 13726: 13722: 13695: 13674: 13656: 13635: 13616: 13612: 13606:Google Books 13589: 13568: 13547: 13527: 13508: 13488: 13464: 13444: 13426: 13404: 13381: 13362: 13342: 13321: 13300: 13287:. Retrieved 13272: 13250: 13227: 13215:. 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K. Smith 16097:Confederate 16044:New Orleans 16039:Chattanooga 15903:Mississippi 15803:Connecticut 15771:territories 15762:Involvement 15723:Cold Harbor 15713:Fort Pillow 15703:Chattanooga 15698:Chickamauga 15648:Seven Pines 15638:New Orleans 15603:Fort Sumter 15544:Valley 1864 15377:Confederacy 15174:Slave Power 15154:Fire-Eaters 14896:View images 14350:j.ctvh1dnpx 14174:Web sources 14127:archive.org 13930:. Vol. 30, 13268:Foner, Eric 12853:Keegan 2009 12376:j.ctt46nc9q 12190:October 16, 12165:www.nps.gov 12145:January 20, 11943:Donald 1995 11849:, p. . 11734:Jim Downs, 11509:: 119–131. 11430:October 16, 10364:www.nps.gov 10343:January 25, 10266:Keegan 2009 10255:(1): 36–51. 10216:Keegan 2009 10205:(1): 44–51. 10131:Keegan 2009 9908:www.nps.gov 9839:"Vicksburg" 9378:January 18, 9125:, p. . 9009:Fuller 2008 8997:Nelson 2005 8944:Nelson 2005 8929:January 24, 8908:, p. . 8906:Canney 1998 8714:Keegan 2009 8583:, p. . 8448:Keegan 2009 8226:February 6, 8120:November 3, 7839:History.com 7571:January 22, 7453:October 25, 7201:October 14, 6946:Keller 2009 6932:Wittke 1952 6895:Howell Cobb 6827:Murray 1967 6652:Catton 1965 6606:Draper 1870 6447:(2016, UKR) 6439:(2014, UKR) 6332:Video games 6124:Operator 13 6116:The General 6024:Jules Verne 5951:Oval Office 5946:River Queen 5904:Gatling gun 5892:single-shot 5620:New Orleans 5618:reunion in 5417:Contrabands 5205:World War I 5193:Minié balls 4683:Copperheads 4607:Stand Watie 4586:on May 10. 4352:Cold Harbor 4329:, Alabama. 4311:Franz Sigel 4232:New Orleans 4212:advantage. 4147:Stand Watie 4010:Chattanooga 3953:Kirby Smith 3770:Mississippi 3642:John Pope's 3577:James River 3329:during the 3282:to Britain 3275:diplomacy. 3272:Carl Schurz 3208:Stone Fleet 3128:King Cotton 2869:John Keegan 2789:Roger Taney 2777:martial law 2579:Fort Sumter 2575:Fort Taylor 2563:Fort Monroe 2498:(1861–1865) 2480:introduced 2402:Mississippi 2325:maintaining 2011:Fort Sumter 1973:Confederacy 1957:other names 1805:Territories 1526:New England 1206:Agriculture 1125:Coast Guard 1120:Space Force 968:Immigration 818:Vietnam War 719:World War I 513:Prehistoric 128:Territorial 56:Confederate 18356:Categories 18341:War crimes 18208:Kosovo War 18153:Korean War 18133:Border War 17992:Bonus Army 17987:Tulsa riot 17977:Red Summer 17897:Mormon War 17755:San Marino 17519:Juneteenth 17040:Cemeteries 16917:Red Shirts 16828:Centennial 16778:Red Shirts 16186:Longstreet 16116:Beauregard 16059:Winchester 16034:Charleston 16003:Washington 15938:New Mexico 15933:New Jersey 15793:California 15769:States and 15753:Five Forks 15738:Mobile Bay 15708:Wilderness 15688:Gettysburg 15668:Perryville 15653:Seven Days 15584:Appomattox 15509:Gettysburg 15469:New Mexico 15336:Combatants 15311:Combatants 15224:John Brown 13136:1249017603 13093:. Vol. 3, 12839:Sondhaus, 12552:Nolan 2000 12540:Nolan 2000 12515:Q118746838 12407:Joan Waugh 12087:Q116965145 11955:Baker 2003 11847:Foner 1981 11835:Foner 2010 11803:January 9, 11782:January 9, 11755:January 2, 11457:Doyle 2015 11271:August 21, 10165:1029877004 10119:Jones 2011 9508:Foote 1974 9327:Doyle 2015 9315:Doyle 2015 9303:Doyle 2015 9221:Jones 2002 9081:Stern 1962 8923:Britannica 8857:January 6, 8699:January 6, 8436:Neely 1993 8319:August 18, 8171:Jones 2011 8159:Jones 2011 7279:Downs 2012 7216:Downs 2012 7002:References 6959:Baker 2003 6911:Appomattox 6829:, p. 6810:, and the 6664:Blair 2015 6632:, p. 6624:Grant 1886 6618:Davis 1881 6612:Davis 1881 6423:(2011, US) 6415:(2009, US) 6407:(2009, US) 6399:(2008, US) 6383:(2006, US) 6375:(2006, US) 6367:(2006, US) 6359:(1999, US) 6351:(1997, US) 6343:(1989, FR) 6265:See also: 6255:(2016, US) 6247:(2012, US) 6239:(2003, US) 6231:(2003, US) 6223:(1993, US) 6215:(1993, US) 6212:Gettysburg 6207:(1990, US) 6199:(1989, US) 6183:(1976, US) 6175:(1971, US) 6159:(1965, US) 6156:Shenandoah 6151:(1959, US) 6143:(1951, US) 6135:(1939, US) 6127:(1934, US) 6119:(1926, US) 6111:(1915, US) 6088:(2005) by 6079:John Jakes 6077:(1982) by 6066:(1936) by 6055:(1917) by 6044:(1895) by 6033:(1890) by 6022:(1887) by 6013:Mark Twain 6011:(1885) by 6000:(1881) by 5977:(1865) by 5961:Literature 5735:, and the 5653:Lost Cause 5441:Union Army 5421:Union Army 5187:, such as 4982:Casualties 4903:negligible 4891:4,500,000 4887:negligible 4818:negligible 4774:1,900,000 4770:negligible 4708:Population 4643:Shenandoah 4622:Juneteenth 4616:announced 4344:Wilderness 4201:Charleston 4172:Background 4117:Extensive 4100:Union Army 4098:, leading 4035:Background 3919:New Madrid 3788:Background 3661:Sharpsburg 3573:York River 3528:Jeb Stuart 3440:Maj. Gen. 3431:Background 3327:Lord Lyons 3032:steamboats 3021:Royal Navy 3014:The small 2967:Historian 2957:See also: 2904:immigrants 2879:See also: 2856:See also: 2749:Union Army 2614:Charleston 2595:See also: 2549:nomination 2482:income tax 2209:Lost Cause 2146:World Wars 1080:Journalism 1032:Corruption 1011:Government 962:Demography 949:Newspapers 840:Reagan Era 686:Gilded Age 524:until 1607 332:) / ( 291:) / ( 287:110,000+ ( 18048:Quasi-War 17937:Range War 17764:(as Siam) 17678:Australia 17497:Espionage 17291:Diplomacy 17259:Political 17215:POW camps 16961:Monuments 16788:Scalawags 16783:Redeemers 16521:Aftermath 16470:Pinkerton 16409:Rosecrans 16374:McClellan 16277:Memminger 16013:Wisconsin 15978:Tennessee 15898:Minnesota 15873:Louisiana 15748:Nashville 15693:Vicksburg 15623:Pea Ridge 15574:Carolinas 15529:Red River 15524:Knoxville 15504:Tullahoma 15499:Vicksburg 15479:Peninsula 15451:campaigns 15317:Campaigns 15094:Secession 14941:from the 14898:from the 13909:299955768 13436:936872302 13414:255136538 13289:April 20, 13212:830251756 13000:0002-8762 12265:0362-4331 12079:0362-4331 11310:Ward 1990 10933:Neff 2010 10894:. p. 177. 10814:Long 1971 10790:Long 1971 10778:Hunt 2015 10754:Long 1971 10715:Long 1971 10369:April 20, 10320:777948477 10185:counties. 9913:March 12, 9822:880934087 9760:March 30, 9464:April 22, 9123:Wise 1991 9057:Wise 1991 8558:UBC Press 8371:April 20, 7962:1945-7987 7405:0882-228X 7343:0021-8723 7107:cite book 7056:Long 1971 6836:Neff 2010 6630:Dyer 1908 6455:(TBD, US) 5864:telegraph 5834:Ken Burns 5812:Hollywood 5699:released 5535:impeached 5443:accepted 5213:Jim Downs 5093:(31,000) 5088:(30,192) 5081:Captured 5037:Category 5024:, Georgia 4634:Admiralty 4538:Traveller 4299:total war 4226:attacked 4096:St. Louis 3942:Vicksburg 3869:Nashville 3782:Louisiana 3778:Tennessee 3569:peninsula 3540:Maj. Gen. 3526:assigned 3361:Austrian 3288:CSS 3252:Uncle Sam 3248:John Bull 3214:Diplomacy 3066:USS 3057:Merrimack 3049:CSS 3042:CSS 3039:submarine 3016:U.S. Navy 3008:Merrimack 3000:USS 2975:Red Rover 2938:Prisoners 2909:When the 2647:Tennessee 2418:Louisiana 2271:economics 2263:secession 2236:abolition 1979:that had 1961:civil war 1531:The South 1115:Air Force 990:Education 866:1991–2008 851:1991–2008 844:1981–1991 829:1980–1991 822:1964–1975 811:1954–1968 796:1964–1980 789:1954–1968 778:1945–1964 763:1945–1964 756:1941–1945 745:1929–1941 734:1918–1929 723:1917–1918 708:1917–1945 701:1896–1917 690:1877–1896 679:1865–1877 664:1865–1917 657:1849–1865 642:1849–1865 635:1825–1849 624:1817–1825 609:1815–1849 602:1801–1817 591:1788–1801 576:1789–1815 569:1783–1788 558:1765–1783 543:1776–1789 536:1607–1765 328:94,000+ ( 267:2,200,000 65:USS 58:prisoners 51:artillery 18331:Cold War 18248:Cameroon 18218:Iraq War 18188:Gulf War 17912:Utah War 17870:Domestic 17762:Thailand 17611:Category 17452:Seminole 17442:Cherokee 17195:Medicine 17148:Military 17061:Veterans 16895:Jim Crow 16660:timeline 16455:Ericsson 16438:Civilian 16419:Sheridan 16379:McDowell 16339:Farragut 16324:Burnside 16314:Anderson 16307:Military 16287:Stephens 16247:Benjamin 16240:Civilian 16126:Buchanan 16104:Military 16049:Richmond 15998:Virginia 15943:New York 15918:Nebraska 15908:Missouri 15893:Michigan 15883:Maryland 15868:Kentucky 15843:Illinois 15818:Delaware 15798:Colorado 15783:Arkansas 15743:Franklin 15663:Antietam 15534:Overland 15489:Maryland 15408:Theaters 15314:Theaters 14719:(2008). 14672:(1990). 14462:(2007). 14191:Archived 13981:(1994). 13943:(1962). 13893:(1963). 13776:(1993). 13731:Archived 13665:68283123 13424:(1866). 13402:(1886). 13270:(1981). 13248:(1908). 13217:July 28, 13200:(1870). 13169:(1995). 13126:(1881). 13089:(1965). 13026:Archived 13008:43697075 12969:July 29, 12511:Wikidata 12505:(1954), 12184:Archived 12083:Wikidata 11897:June 17, 11892:ABC News 11584:30195230 11576:22512048 11479:Archived 11387:(1999). 11338:. ch. 1. 11265:Archived 11090:July 25, 11058:July 25, 11026:July 25, 10993:July 25, 10987:Archived 10961:July 25, 10955:Archived 10918:June 12, 10702:46543709 10420:March 7, 10387:(1957). 10287:Archived 10199:Prologue 9395:(2021). 8804:June 22, 8485:Archived 8346:Nevins, 8333:Nevins, 8296:Archived 7844:June 12, 7819:July 16, 7775:Archived 7736:Archived 7706:Archived 7676:Archived 7646:Archived 7502:Archived 7447:Archived 7413:23210244 7258:Archived 7187:Nofi, Al 7040:Archived 6708:Archived 6591:July 29, 6527:Cherokee 6461:See also 5900:Agar gun 5868:balloons 5832:(2012). 5820:(1915), 5593:Monument 5445:Freedmen 5199:and the 5189:charging 5104:914,660 5101:821,245 5091:462,634 5086:211,411 5076:194,026 5073:275,154 5065:164,000 5062:224,580 5059:Disease 5051:110,100 4899:300,000 4784:1860–64 4780:Soldiers 4671:its name 4603:Cherokee 4549:was shot 4449:Savannah 4053:Oklahoma 4045:Arkansas 3934:Farragut 3880:Columbus 3861:Donelson 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15519:Bristoe 15420:Western 15415:Eastern 15320:Battles 15119:Slavery 15023:Origins 15009:Origins 14889:at the 14640:2204926 14599:1845246 14412:1840850 14361:(ed.). 14289:1844986 13260:8697590 13171:Lincoln 13035:May 26, 12664:May 30, 12620:May 30, 12429:(2001) 11970:(ed.). 11146:(ed.). 9342:(2013). 8987:(1989). 8974:(2009). 8662:2580242 8596:(1971). 8193:May 28, 7022:"Facts" 6532:Choctaw 6244:Lincoln 5937:Lincoln 5929:Sherman 5829:Lincoln 5622:in 1903 5595:to the 5233:donkeys 5221:equines 5113:Vietnam 5054:94,000 4973:beyond. 4910:Exports 4542:paroled 4313:was to 4181:Battles 4083:Battles 3971:at the 3963:at the 3889:At the 3851:Battles 3766:Florida 3762:Georgia 3758:Alabama 3534:Battles 3290:Alabama 3085:Monitor 3068:Monitor 3002:Monitor 2893:of 1863 2468:by the 2414:Georgia 2410:Alabama 2406:Florida 2394:nullify 2261:versus 2152:Origins 2019:seceded 1989:slavery 1981:seceded 1963:in the 1881:Outline 1518:Regions 1449:Gay men 1226:Railway 1186:Slavery 982:Banking 976:Economy 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