29:
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232:(who was the one who came up with the idea of employing ironclads to offset the numerical superiority of the Union Navy in the first place) to the Confederate House Committee on Naval Affairs, the majority of them were from the outset designed to operate in coastal waters as well as inland waters, and unlike their Union counterparts were, theoretically at least, seaworthy to a limited extent—since they were never expected to venture out onto the high seas. This was exemplified by the fact that most Confederate ironclads were designed with a
1537:
253:, which was likewise powered by her original, wooden frigate engine) had originally envisioned his subsequent casemate ironclad designs to be equipped with superior British-made engines, theoretically giving them a cruising speed of at least ten knots. However, the Union blockade meant that very few such engines reached Confederate naval shipyards, forcing them to do with whatever was on hand (typically, engines stripped from trapped wooden
44:
58:
319:
the main armament itself was further explored by
European navies in the last third of the 19th century, by the French and British navies in particular, in no small part due to the inspiration gained from the Battle of Hampton Roads. This resulted in larger, high-freeboard ironclad frigates or battleships the British dubbed "
162:, the guns had to fire through fixed gunports and therefore aiming was done by moving the gun relative to the gunport. This was labor-intensive and often up to 20 men were needed to load, aim, fire, and clean a gun, and even with this manpower the firing rate was no better than one shot per five minutes.
318:
In their specific outer appearances, i.e. being essentially floating gun batteries encased in armored citadels, albeit powered, the low-freeboard Union and
Confederate casemate ironclads were almost uniquely North American. However, the concept of a fixed armored citadel mounted on a warship housing
136:
was the primary sloping rationale for ironclad designers, there actually was an added advantage involved, becoming more pertinent in the later stages of the war when armor-penetrating ordnance was developed, especially by the Union Navy which at war's end had developed shells capable of penetrating
236:
deep-draft hull, as opposed to the Union shallow-draft flat bottom hulls (also featured on the
Confederate river ironclads of which there were also a number built). This came at a cost, however: Confederate coastal ironclads frequently ran aground when operating in inland waters or shallow coastal
146:
a 22 percent increase of effective horizontal armor thickness at 7.33 inches (18.6 cm). However, increasing the slope came at a cost as it meant adding more armor and heavier structural support – and thus more weight – to the casemate, while maintaining the original armor thickness. Armor was
244:
Furthermore, even the relatively modest aim of limited seaworthiness was rarely achieved, since the
Confederacy had to make do with repurposed and underpowered machinery that was originally designed to power wooden vessels, and which was unsuited for powering the now-heavier casemate ironclads,
283:
in the harbor. Having to add heavier armor in the later stages of the war only served to aggravate matters. All this resulted in the
Confederate casemate ironclad never quite living up to its full potential, with glimpses of what might have been gleaned from the exploits of such vessels as CSS
224:
of their ports, but this was a choice dictated by available technology and materials rather than by confidence in the possibilities of this type. Since breaking the Union blockade was the primary objective of the
Confederacy's casemate ironclads, as outlined in a May 1861 letter from its
141:
placed armor – hence the increase of armor thickness on
Confederate ironclads; sloping increased effective armor thickness against armor-piercing ordnance, which was typically fired on a flat trajectory. For example, the later 6 inches (15.2 cm) Confederate armor, sloped at 35 degrees,
147:
also applied to the part of the hull above the waterline. The casemate was often box-shaped, with armor and weight saving octagon shapes appearing in the later stages of the war. From the top of the casemate protruded an armored lookout structure that served as a
420:, and suffered from the same defects. Still, all admiralties concluded that it was an evolutionary dead-end and that the revolving gun turret was the way to go – the validity of the conclusion being amply hammered home when the revolutionary
279:'s five-knot tides under their own power. The only time both ironclads sortied out of the harbor was on 31 January 1863 in a successful action against the Union Navy, albeit only engaging wooden enemy ships and making use of
104:. As the guns were carried on the top of the ship yet still fired through fixed gunports, the casemate ironclad is seen as an intermediate stage between the traditional broadside frigate and modern warships.
245:
seriously hampering their maneuverability and leading to many grounded
Confederate ironclads being unable to free themselves without help. Acutely aware of the fact, the Confederacy's chief naval engineer
154:
The casemate ironclad being steam driven, either by screws or by paddle-wheels, it did not need sails or masts, although sometimes, when not in combat, temporary pulley-masts, flagpoles,
120:
structure was built. This casemate housed anywhere from two to fifteen cannons, most of them in broadside positions as in classical warships. The casemate was heavily armored (later
237:
waters, with more than one being captured by the Union because of it, or were destroyed by their own crews to prevent capture in such circumstances—a fate that befell the CSS
323:" and the French "casemate" or "barbette" (if the citadel was circularly shaped) ships, which were oceangoing, unlike the American originals (excepting the Confederacy's
257:), and thus most of their ironclads were not able to surpass a speed of four to six knots at most. As an example, the engines of the first two ironclads of the
258:
175:
220:" nickname) while the South had (casemate) ironclads". In effect, the Confederacy concentrated its efforts on casemate ironclads as a means to harass the
409:
216:(predominantly deployed for coastal operations, whereas the unseaworthy Union casemate ironclads were restricted to inland river operations—hence their "
598:
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entered service, rendering everything that went before obsolete overnight. As a result, by 1910 no navy had any casemate warship left in service.
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into an "armoured steam battery" – completed in 1865 – was ordered immediately after the Battle of
Hampton Roads, much like the
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which carried its armament encased in a separate armored gun deck/turret, it exhibited a single (often sloped)
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History of the
Confederate States navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel
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Two earlier and rarer examples – having more in common with American ironclads – concerned the
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642:(paperback version of the 2000 first, hardback ed.). London, UK: Cassell. p. 240.
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ironclads had three layers of 2 inches (5.1 cm) steel) over heavy wood backing and was
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as her draft ultimately prevented her escape some time after the Battle of Hampton Roads.
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In its general appearance, a casemate ironclad consisted of a low-cut hull with little
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successfully used a substantial fleet of casemate ironclad riverboats in their
53:, the archetypal casemate ironclad. Note the sloped deck and the low waterline.
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to deflect direct hits (a 35-degree angle quickly becoming standard). Though
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575:(reprint of the 1933 ed.). Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books. pp.
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621:(Book club ed.). Garden City, New York: Doubleday. p. 201.
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as a museum ship today. The sloped casemate deck is clearly visible.
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750:. South Brunswick, New Jersey: Thomas Yoseloff Ltd. p. 319.
375:(barbette, and the first warship in history to be constructed in
16:
For the high-freeboard ironclad type developed in the 1870s, see
210:) dueled, giving rise to the popular notion that "The North had
76:
was a type of iron or iron-armored gunboat briefly used in the
376:
155:
233:
352:(the first such one completed by the British in 1865) and
57:
770:. New York City, New York: Exeter Books. p. 392.
182:, the casemate ironclad is mostly associated with the
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852:
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275:, were so weak that they were unable to overcome
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768:Sea Power: A Modern Illustrated Military History
678:Hampton Roads 1862: First Clash of the Ironclads
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838:
1504:List of ships of the Confederate States Navy
597:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
794:. Joseph McDonough, Albany, N.Y.. pp.
737:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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571:The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship
345:). British examples were, among others,
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27:
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190:, in which the Union turreted ironclad
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330:, the only Confederate high-freeboard
197:and the Confederate casemate ironclad
100:, on the main deck housing the entire
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13:
397:. The other example concerned the
14:
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717:. Osprey Publishing. p. 48.
680:. Osprey Publishing. p. 48.
661:. Osprey Publishing. p. 48.
359:(1868). French examples included
137:up to 9.5 inches (24 cm) of
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619:Duel Between the First Ironclads
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23:American Civil War warship type
1063:Ocean-going casemate ironclads
853:Ironclads of the United States
640:War at Sea in the Ironclad Age
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39:on a contemporary photograph.
1132:Never-commissioned ironclads
715:Union River Ironclad 1861-65
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659:Confederate Ironclad 1861-65
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186:. This is partly due to the
7:
998:Riverine casemate ironclads
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713:Konstam (2), Angus (2002).
676:Konstam (1), Angus (2002).
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379:in 1878, instead of iron).
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565:Baxter, James Phinney, 3rd
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908:River and harbor monitors
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748:The Confederate Ironclads
524:Melton, 1968, pp. 155–161
61:Detail of the remains of
746:Melton, Maurice (1968).
551:Preston, 1979, pp. 43–45
533:Preston, 1979, pp. 20–39
515:Konstam, 2001, pp. 11–12
488:Konstam, 2002 (1), p. 14
116:, upon which an armored
1262:Confederate States Navy
1178:Miscellaneous ironclads
657:Konstam, Angus (2001).
497:Melton, 1968, pp. 27–28
470:Konstam (1), 2002, p.16
443:Konstam, 2002 (1), p.15
188:Battle of Hampton Roads
166:In the Confederate Navy
82:Confederate States Navy
1086:Commissioned ironclads
638:Hill, Richard (2002).
461:Konstam, 2001, pp. 5–9
204:(sometimes called the
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542:Hill, 2002, pp. 28–71
367:stripped of its masts
314:Outside North America
227:Secretary of the Navy
90:monitor-type ironclad
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965:Ocean-going monitors
479:Scharf, 1894, p. 673
452:Preston, 1979, p. 24
321:centre battery ships
18:Central battery ship
786:Scharf, John Thomas
506:Konstam, 2001, p. 3
395:Chincha Islands War
259:Charleston Squadron
180:Red River Campaigns
132:of the traditional
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78:American Civil War
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32:Casemate Ironclad
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1449:Tennessee I
1027:Chillicothe
897:Miantonomoh
814:OpenLibrary
424:Dreadnought
349:Bellerophon
334:oceangoing
281:slack water
184:Confederacy
176:Mississippi
144:resulted in
122:Confederate
102:gun battery
1558:Ship types
1552:Categories
1491:Wilmington
1470:Tuscaloosa
1344:Huntsville
1309:Charleston
1185:USRC
1076:Dunderberg
1054:City class
777:0896730115
649:0304362670
432:References
414:Merrimack'
372:Redoutable
342:Dunderberg
149:pilothouse
134:round shot
130:deflection
86:Union Navy
1542:Transport
1442:Stonewall
1386:Nashville
1351:Louisiana
1274:Albemarle
1187:Naugatuck
1161:Nashville
1140:Albemarle
1122:Tennessee
1115:Stonewall
1048:Tuscumbia
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1006:Indianola
987:Kalamazoo
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889:Canonicus
756:559832629
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340:USS
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325:CSS
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1323:Columbia
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1101:Columbia
973:Dictator
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874:Onondaga
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617:(1975).
567:(1968).
418:Virginia
356:Hercules
336:barbette
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251:Virginia
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213:Monitors
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118:casemate
108:Overview
94:casemate
84:and the
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1421:Raleigh
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752:OCLC
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388:BAP
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