3178:
conscripts." Many men in otherwise "bombproof" positions were enlisted in one way or another, nearly 160,000 additional volunteers and conscripts in uniform. Still there was shirking. To administer the draft, a Bureau of
Conscription was set up to use state officers, as state Governors would allow. It had a checkered career of "contention, opposition and futility". Armies appointed alternative military "recruiters" to bring in the out-of-uniform 17β50-year-old conscripts and deserters. Nearly 3,000 officers were tasked with the job. By late 1864, Lee was calling for more troops. "Our ranks are constantly diminishing by battle and disease, and few recruits are received; the consequences are inevitable." By March 1865 conscription was to be administered by generals of the state reserves calling out men over 45 and under 18 years old. All exemptions were abolished. These regiments were assigned to recruit conscripts ages 17β50, recover deserters, and repel enemy cavalry raids. The service retained men who had lost but one arm or a leg in home guards. Ultimately, conscription was a failure, and its main value was in goading men to volunteer.
5666:
steamboats which had not been captured or destroyed were in a state of disrepair, wharves had decayed or were missing, and trained personnel were dead or dispersed. Horses, mules, oxen, carriages, wagons, and carts had nearly all fallen prey at one time or another to the contending armies. The railroads were paralyzed, with most of the companies bankrupt. These lines had been the special target of the enemy. On one stretch of 114 miles in
Alabama, every bridge and trestle was destroyed, cross-ties rotten, buildings burned, water-tanks gone, ditches filled up, and tracks grown up in weeds and bushes ... Communication centers like Columbia and Atlanta were in ruins; shops and foundries were wrecked or in disrepair. Even those areas bypassed by battle had been pirated for equipment needed on the battlefront, and the wear and tear of wartime usage without adequate repairs or replacements reduced all to a state of disintegration.
7249:"It had no existence, except as a conspiracy to overthrow lawful authority. Its foundation was treason against the existing Federal government. Its single purpose, so long as it lasted, was to make that treason successful. So far from being necessary to the organization of civil government, or to its maintenance and support, it was inimical to social order, destructive to the best interests of society, and its primary object was to overthrow the government on which these so largely depended. Its existence and temporary power were an enormous evil, which the whole force of the government and the people of the United States was engaged for years in destroying.When it was overthrown it perished totally. It left no laws, no statutes, no decrees, no authority which can give support to any contract, or any act done in its service, or in aid of its purpose, or which contributed to protract its existence."
5642:
9283:, p. 101. Virginia was practically promised as a condition of secession by Vice President Stephens. It had rail connections south along the east coast and into the interior, and laterally west into Tennessee, parallel the U.S. border, a navigable river to the Hampton Roads to menace ocean approaches to Washington DC, trade via the Atlantic Ocean, an interior canal to North Carolina sounds. It was a great storehouse of supplies, food, feed, raw materials, and infrastructure of ports, drydocks, armories and the established Tredegar Iron Works. Nevertheless, Virginia never permanently ceded land for the capital district. A local homeowner donated his home to the City of Richmond for use as the Confederate White House, which was in turn rented to the Confederate government for the Jefferson Davis presidential home and administration offices.
7670:. (1996) pp. 112β113. Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the 1863 Confederate mid-term election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."
5549:
dollars that were minted either under the authority of the U.S. government, the State of
Louisiana, or finally the Confederate States. Unlike the gold coins, this issue was produced in significant numbers (over 2.5 million) and is inexpensive in lower grades, although fakes have been made for sale to the public. However, before the New Orleans Mint ceased operation in May 1861, the Confederate government used its own reverse design to strike four half dollars. This made one of the great rarities of American numismatics. A lack of silver and gold precluded further coinage. The Confederacy apparently also experimented with issuing one cent coins, although only 12 were produced by a jeweler in Philadelphia, who was afraid to send them to the South. Like the half dollars, copies were later made as souvenirs.
3054:.) Rather than a universal draft, the first program was a selective one with physical, religious, professional, and industrial exemptions. These became narrower as the battle progressed. Initially substitutes were permitted, but by December 1863 these were disallowed. In September 1862 the age limit was increased from 35 to 45 and by February 1864, all men under 18 and over 45 were conscripted to form a reserve for state defense inside state borders. By March 1864, the Superintendent of Conscription reported that all across the Confederacy, every officer in constituted authority, man and woman, "engaged in opposing the enrolling officer in the execution of his duties". Although challenged in the state courts, the Confederate State Supreme Courts routinely rejected legal challenges to conscription.
2030:). Support for these three collectively, ranged from significant to outright majority, running from 25% in Texas to 81% in Missouri. There were minority views everywhere, especially in the upland and plateau areas of the South, particularly concentrated in western Virginia and eastern Tennessee. The first six signatory states establishing the Confederacy counted about one-fourth its population. They voted 43% for pro-Union candidates. The four states which entered after the attack on Fort Sumter held almost half the population of the Confederacy and voted 53% for pro-Union candidates. The three big turnout states voted extremes; Texas, with 5% of the population, voted 20% for pro-Union candidates; Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the Confederate population, voted 68% for pro-Union.
3332:
251:
5721:
5653:
Charleston, Columbia, and
Richmond (with prewar populations of 40,500, 8,100, and 37,900, respectively); the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census, or 14% of the urban South. Historians have not estimated what their actual population was when Union forces arrived. The number of people (as of 1860) who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1% of the Confederacy's 1860 population. In addition, 45 court houses were burned (out of 830). The South's agriculture was not highly mechanized. The value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $ 81 million; by 1870, there was 40% less, worth just $ 48 million. Many old tools had broken through heavy use; new tools were rarely available; even repairs were difficult.
5265:, an executive order of the U.S. government on January 1, 1863, changed the legal status of three million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free". The long-term effect was that the Confederacy could not preserve the institution of slavery and lost the use of the core element of its plantation labor force. Slaves were legally freed by the Proclamation, and became free by escaping to federal lines, or by advances of federal troops. Over 200,000 freed slaves were hired by the federal army as teamsters, cooks, launderers and laborers, and eventually as soldiers. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army.
5630:
5766:
4251:". During the debates on drafting the Confederate Constitution, one proposal would have allowed states to secede from the Confederacy. The proposal was tabled with only the South Carolina delegates voting in favor of considering the motion. The Confederate Constitution also explicitly denied States the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy. In contrast with the secular language of the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God's blessing ("... invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God ...").
5736:
2783:...not attempted to conceal any of the peculiarities or defects of the Southern people. Many persons will doubtless highly disapprove of some of their customs and habits in the wilder portion of the country; but I think no generous man, whatever may be his political opinions, can do otherwise than admire the courage, energy, and patriotism of the whole population, and the skill of its leaders, in this struggle against great odds. And I am also of opinion that many will agree with me in thinking that a people in which all ranks and both sexes display a unanimity and a heroism which can never have been surpassed in the history of the world, is destined, sooner or later, to become a great and independent nation.
125:
3563:
921:
824:
5793:
5676:
5780:
868:
5911:
7657:
partisanship or prevent
Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. Indeed, some states, notably Georgia and North Carolina, remained political tinderboxes throughout the war. Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."
5751:
1047:
4006:
3844:
977:
838:
768:
5657:
fences and barns were in disrepair. Paskoff shows the loss of farm infrastructure was about the same whether or not fighting took place nearby. The loss of infrastructure and productive capacity meant that rural widows throughout the region faced not only the absence of able-bodied men, but a depleted stock of material resources that they could manage and operate themselves. During four years of warfare, disruption, and blockades, the South used up about half its capital stock. The North, by contrast, absorbed its material losses so effortlessly that it appeared richer at the end of the war than at the beginning.
4105:
3899:
5900:, and majority Mexican areas. Randolph B. Campbell states, "In spite of terrible losses and hardships, most Texans continued throughout the war to support the Confederacy as they had supported secession". Dale Baum in his analysis of Texas politics in the era counters: "This idea of a Confederate Texas united politically against northern adversaries was shaped more by nostalgic fantasies than by wartime realities." He characterizes Texas Civil War history as "a morose story of intragovernmental rivalries coupled with wide-ranging disaffection that prevented effective implementation of state wartime policies".
18294:
5394:", a failed strategy to coerce international support for the Confederacy through its cotton exports. When the blockade was announced, commercial shipping practically ended (the ships could not get insurance), and only a trickle of supplies came via blockade runners. The cutoff of exports was an economic disaster for the South, rendering useless its most valuable properties, its plantations and their enslaved workers. Many planters kept growing cotton, which piled up everywhere, but most turned to food production. All across the region, the lack of repair and maintenance wasted away the physical assets.
7009:
2480:
2648:
4045:
3878:
4934:
District Judges. Confederate district courts began reopening in early 1861, handling many of the same type cases as had been done before. Prize cases, in which Union ships were captured by the
Confederate Navy or raiders and sold through court proceedings, were heard until the blockade of southern ports made this impossible. After a Sequestration Act was passed by the Confederate Congress, the Confederate district courts heard many cases in which enemy aliens (typically Northern absentee landlords owning property in the South) had their property sequestered (seized) by Confederate Receivers.
1061:
710:
1019:
726:
132:
5363:
produce wealth, while the great majority of farmers fed themselves and supplied a small local market. Southern cities and industries grew faster than ever before, but the thrust of the rest of the country's exponential growth elsewhere was toward urban industrial development along transportation systems of canals and railroads. The South was following the dominant currents of the
American economic mainstream, but at a "great distance" as it lagged in the all-weather modes of transportation that brought cheaper, speedier freight shipment and forged new, expanding inter-regional markets.
3160:
1005:
810:
3067:
5599:
caused by direct military action, but most was caused by lack of repairs and upkeep, and by deliberately using up resources. Historians have recently estimated how much of the devastation was caused by military action. Paul
Paskoff calculates that Union military operations were conducted in 56% of 645 counties in nine Confederate states (excluding Texas and Florida). These counties contained 63% of the 1860 white population and 64% of the slaves. By the time the fighting took place, undoubtedly some people had fled to safer areas, so the exact population exposed to war is unknown.
5484:, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. After 1863 the invading Union forces had a policy of shooting all the local horses and mules that they did not need, in order to keep them out of Confederate hands. The Confederate armies and farmers experienced a growing shortage of horses and mules, which hurt the Southern economy and the war effort. The South lost half of its 2.5 million horses and mules; many farmers ended the war with none left. Army horses were used up by hard work, malnourishment, disease and battle wounds; they had a life expectancy of about seven months.
5078:
5845:
935:
740:
4084:
3946:
3211:
156:
4071:
3831:
963:
782:
1033:
949:
907:
854:
796:
3110:
754:
4019:
3865:
2056:
3993:
3810:
18282:
17405:
13774:
partisanship or prevent
Confederates from holding on to and exploiting old political prejudices. ... Even the most bitter foes of the Confederate government, however, refused to form an opposition party, and the Georgia dissidents, to cite the most prominent example, avoided many traditional political activities. Only in North Carolina did there develop anything resembling a party system, and there the central values of the Confederacy's two political cultures had a far more powerful influence on political debate than did organizational maneuvering."
16872:
7391:
combined with the vast difference in wealth between the slave-owning class and the small farmers created insolvable dilemmas when the
Confederate survival presupposed a strong central government backed by a united populace. The prewar claim that white solidarity was necessary to provide a unified Southern voice in Washington no longer held. Davis failed to build a network of supporters who would speak up when he came under criticism, and he repeatedly alienated governors and other state-based leaders by demanding centralized control of the war effort.
991:
7219:", under the Constitution. This case settled the law that applied to all questions regarding state legislation during the war. Furthermore, it decided one of the "central constitutional questions" of the Civil War: The Union is perpetual and indestructible, as a matter of constitutional law. In declaring that no state could leave the Union, "except through revolution or through consent of the States", it was "explicitly repudiating the position of the Confederate states that the United States was a voluntary compact between sovereign states".
17021:
4058:
3912:
3390:
5130:
1922:
4867:
5433:
3141:
2876:
2068:
7911:
overseers working as plantation managers throughout the antebellum south. They were employed by the wealthiest of planters, planters who held multiple plantations and owned hundreds of enslaved Africans. By 1860, 85 percent of all cotton grown in the South was on plantations of 100 acres or more. On these plantations resided 91.2 percent of enslaved Africans. Planters came to own these Africans through the internal slave trade in the United States that moved to its cotton fields approximately one million enslaved laborers.
14062:
5345:" plantation areas (because few white families in the poor regions owned slaves). For decades, there had been widespread fear of slave revolts. During the war, extra men were assigned to "home guard" patrol duty and governors sought to keep militia units at home for protection. Historian William Barney reports, "no major slave revolts erupted during the Civil War." Nevertheless, slaves took the opportunity to enlarge their sphere of independence, and when union forces were nearby, many ran off to join them.
5606:
3229:
5425:
4915:
3674:
5329:
5315:
2005:, and internal improvements, but above all, cultural and financial dependence on the South's slavery-based economy. The convergence of race and slavery, politics, and economics raised South-related policy questions to the status of moral questions over, way of life, merging love of things Southern and hatred of things Northern. As the war approached, political parties split, and national churches and interstate families divided along sectional lines. According to historian John M. Coski:
6605:
4277:
4288:
Confederate armies, when elected, he assumed the office of Provisional President. Three candidates for provisional Vice President were under consideration the night before the February 9 election. All were from Georgia, and the various delegations meeting in different places determined two would not do, so Alexander H. Stephens was elected unanimously provisional Vice President, though with some privately held reservations. Stephens was inaugurated February 11, Davis February 18.
13791:
parties, the opposition group is strongly impelled to formulate real alternative policies and to press for the adoption of these policies on a constructive basis. ... But the absence of a two-party system meant the absence of any available alternative leadership, and the protest votes which were cast in the election became more expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction rather than implements of a decision to adopt new and different policies for the Confederacy."
5114:
4883:
2447:
2289:, voters from 24 counties had voted for disunion in Virginia's May 23 referendum on the ordinance of secession. In the 1860 election "Constitutional Democrat" Breckenridge had outpolled "Constitutional Unionist" Bell in the 50 counties by 1,900 votes, 44% to 42%. The counties simultaneously supplied over 20,000 soldiers to each side of the conflict. Representatives for most counties were seated in both state legislatures at Wheeling and at Richmond for the duration of the war.
5094:
7315:
2660:
3688:
2464:
3118:
and under officers of their state. Those under 18 and over 35 could substitute for conscripts, in September those from 35 to 45 became conscripts. The cry of "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" led Congress to abolish the substitute system altogether in December 1863. All principals benefiting earlier were made eligible for service. By February 1864, the age bracket was made 17 to 50, those under eighteen and over forty-five to be limited to in-state duty.
5618:
18070:
17637:
16726:
10258:, pp. 308β311. The patchwork recruitment was (a) with and without state militia enrolment, (b) state Governor sponsorship and direct service under Davis, (c) for under six months, one year, three years and the duration of the war. Davis proposed recruitment for some period of years or the duration. Congress and the states equivocated. Governor Brown of Georgia became "the first and most persistent critic" of Confederate centralized military and civil power.
7300:
2526:. The move was used by Vice President Stephens and others to encourage other border states to follow Virginia into the Confederacy. In the political moment it was a show of "defiance and strength". The war for Southern independence was surely to be fought in Virginia, but it also had the largest Southern military-aged white population, with infrastructure, resources, and supplies. The Davis Administration's policy was that "It must be held at all hazards."
4696:
1868:
4899:
1951:
2934:
resulted in the destruction of the opposing army. He lacked reserve troops to exploit an advantage on the battlefield as Napoleon had done. Lee explained, "More than once have most promising opportunities been lost for want of men to take advantage of them, and victory itself had been made to put on the appearance of defeat, because our diminished and exhausted troops have been unable to renew a successful struggle against fresh numbers of the enemy."
3314:
2930:'s river gunboats as they gained dominance along navigable rivers northβsouth and eastβwest. Overseas blockade running then came to be of "outstanding importance". On April 17, President Davis called on privateer raiders, the "militia of the sea", to wage war on U.S. seaborne commerce. Despite noteworthy effort, over the course of the war the Confederacy was found unable to match the Union in ships and seamanship, materials and marine construction.
16736:
8099:, the Confederate States Constitution did not grant anyone (including the President) the power to dissolve the country. However, May 5, 1865, was the last day anyone holding a Confederate office recognized by the secessionist governments attempted to exercise executive, legislative, or judicial power under the C.S. Constitution. For this reason, that date is generally recognized to be the day the Confederate States of America formally dissolved.
3369:
Confederacy's shores, Union forces had closed ports and made garrisoned lodgments on every coastal Confederate state except Alabama and Texas. Although scholars sometimes assess the Union blockade as ineffectual under international law until the last few months of the war, from the first months it disrupted Confederate privateers, making it "almost impossible to bring their prizes into Confederate ports". British firms developed small fleets of
3412:
5504:
3545:
5571:
4632:
2949:
7177:
the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure, and exhausted resources. Still dependent on an agricultural economy and resisting investment in infrastructure, it remained dominated by the planter elite into the next century. Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy, and Democrat-dominated legislatures passed new constitutions and amendments
2308:. Overall, 24,000 men from Maryland joined Confederate forces, compared to 63,000 who joined Union forces. Delaware never produced a full regiment for the Confederacy, but neither did it emancipate slaves as did Missouri and West Virginia. District of Columbia citizens made no attempts to secede and through the war, referendums sponsored by Lincoln approved compensated emancipation and slave confiscation from "disloyal citizens".
10389:, pp. 313β314. Military officers including Joseph E. Johnston and Robert E. Lee, advocated conscription. In the circumstances they persuaded Congressmen and newspaper editors. Some editors advocating conscription in early 1862 later became "savage critics of conscription and of Davis for his enforcement of it: Yancey of Alabama, Rhett of the Charleston 'Mercury', Pollard of the Richmond 'Examiner', and Senator Wigfall of Texas".
5907:, 150 suspected Unionists were arrested; 25 were lynched without trial and 40 more were hanged after a summary trial. Draft resistance was widespread especially among Texans of German or Mexican descent, many of the latter leaving for Mexico. Confederate officials attempted to hunt down and kill potential draftees who had gone into hiding. Over 4,000 suspected Unionists were imprisoned in the Confederate States without trial.
3058:
defense, not combat". Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. In early 1865, the Confederate Congress, influenced by the public support by General Lee, approved the recruitment of black infantry units. Contrary to Lee's and Davis's recommendations, the Congress refused "to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers". No more than two hundred black combat troops were ever raised.
2331:
4032:
3933:
7880:
the southern slave economy or, more commonly, the plantation economy... Slaveholders' demand for labor increased apace. The number of southern slaves jumped from under one million in 1790 to roughly four million by 1860. By the middle decades of the antebellum period, the Old South had matured into a slave society whose plantation economy affected virtually every social and economic relation within the South.
17649:
5960:
10861:, p. 303. French shipyards built four corvettes, and two ironclad rams for the Confederacy, but the American minister prevented their delivery. British firms contracted to build two additional ironclad rams, but under threat from the U.S., the British government bought them for their own navy. Two of the converted blockade runners effectively raided up and down the Atlantic coast until the end of the war.
5410:
government in its entire history collected only $ 3.5 million in tariff revenue. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation. The Confederacy underwent an economic revolution by centralization and standardization, but it was too little too late as its economy was systematically strangled by blockade and raids.
3280:) in Missouri. At all three, Confederate forces could not follow up their victory due to inadequate supply and shortages of fresh troops to exploit their successes. Following each battle, Federals maintained a military presence and occupied Washington, DC; Fort Monroe, Virginia; and Springfield, Missouri. Both North and South began training up armies for major fighting the next year. Union General
5379:
49:
11192:
4299:
referred to their "Revolution", it was in their eyes more a counter-revolution against changes away from their understanding of U.S. founding documents. In Davis' inauguration speech, he explained the Confederacy was not a French-like revolution, but a transfer of rule. The Montgomery Convention had assumed all the laws of the United States until superseded by the Confederate Congress.
5445:
to market. Railroads tied plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport and so made supply more dependable, lowered costs and increased profits. In the event of invasion, the vast geography of the Confederacy made logistics difficult for the Union. Wherever Union armies invaded, they assigned many of their soldiers to garrison captured areas and to protect rail lines.
5822:. This flag too had its problems when used in military operations as, on a windless day, it could easily be mistaken for a flag of truce or surrender. Thus, in 1865, a modified version of the Stainless Banner was adopted. This final national flag of the Confederacy kept the Battle Flag canton, but shortened the white field and added a vertical red bar to the fly end.
5700:" was an embarrassment to the woman and her family, but after the war, it became almost a norm. Some women welcomed the freedom of not having to marry. Divorce, while never fully accepted, became more common. The concept of the "New Woman" emerged β she was self-sufficient and independent, and stood in sharp contrast to the "Southern Belle" of antebellum lore.
10647:"A bill supplemental to the act entitled 'An act for the Admission of the State of 'West Virginia' into the Union, and for other purposes' which would include the counties of "Boone, Logan, Wyoming, Mercer, McDowell, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Greenbrier, Monroe, Pendleton, Fayette, Nicholas, and Clay, now in the possession of the so-called confederate government".
5177:
army. Mail delivery was also important for the Confederacy for a myriad of business and military reasons. Because of the Union blockade, basic supplies were always in demand and so getting mailed correspondence out of the country to suppliers was imperative to the successful operation of the Confederacy. Volumes of material have been written about the
2149:. The Confederacy recognized the pro-Confederate claimants in Kentucky (December 10, 1861) and Missouri (November 28, 1861) and laid claim to those states, granting them Congressional representation and adding two stars to the Confederate flag. Voting for the representatives was mostly done by Confederate soldiers from Kentucky and Missouri.
10308:. Most preliminary officer training was had from Hardee's "Tactics", and thereafter by observation and experience in battle. The Confederacy had no officers training camps or military academies, although early on, cadets of the Virginia Military Institute and other military schools drilled enlisted troops in battlefield evolutions.
3606:, Tennessee, the gateway to the lower south. For the remainder of the war fighting was restricted inside the South, resulting in a slow but continuous loss of territory. In early 1864, the Confederacy still controlled 53% of its population, but it withdrew further to reestablish defensive positions. Union offensives continued with
2505:. Six states created the Confederacy there on February 8, 1861. The Texas delegation was seated at the time, so it is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy; it had no roll call vote until after its referendum made secession "operative". The Permanent Constitution was adopted there on March 12, 1861.
10676:, controlling the upper Mississippi River, fell to a combined Army and Naval gunboat siege of three weeks. Federal occupation of Confederate territory expanded to include northwestern Arkansas, south down the Mississippi River and east up the Tennessee River. The Confederate River Defense fleet sank two Union ships at
2034:
sympathizers with the North. Once fighting began, many who voted to remain in the Union accepted the majority decision, and supported the Confederacy. Many writers have evaluated the War as an American tragedyβa "Brothers' War", pitting "brother against brother, father against son, kin against kin of every degree".
5370:, nor the habits of thrift that marked the rest of the country. It had access to the tools of capitalism, but it did not adopt its culture. The Southern Cause as a national economy in the Confederacy was grounded in "slavery and race, planters and patricians, plain folk and folk culture, cotton and plantations".
4942:
filing appeals. This prevented their clients' property from being sold until a supreme court could be constituted to hear the appeal, which never occurred. Where Federal troops gained control over parts of the Confederacy and re-established civilian government, US district courts sometimes resumed jurisdiction.
2158:
cause of southern independence. They demanded that their own states join the cause. Scores of demonstrations took place from April 12 to 14, before Lincoln issued his call for troops. Many conditional unionists were swept along by this powerful tide of southern nationalism; others were cowed into silence.
10900:(1960) pp. 289β290. Weak national leadership led to disorganized overall direction in contrast to improved organization in Washington. With another 10,000 men Lee and Bragg might have prevailed in the border states, but the local populations did not respond to their pleas to recruit additional soldiers.
7352:
became mere expressions of futile and frustrated dissatisfaction. According to historian David M. Potter, the lack of a functioning two-party system caused "real and direct damage" to the Confederate war effort since it prevented the formulation of any effective alternatives to the conduct of the war
7328:
Vice President Alexander H. Stephens feared losing the very form of republican government. Allowing President Davis to threaten "arbitrary arrests" to draft hundreds of governor-appointed "bomb-proof" bureaucrats conferred "more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. History
7176:
ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states. Federal troops were withdrawn from the South, where conservative white Democrats had already regained political control of state governments, often through extreme violence and fraud to suppress black voting. The prewar South had many rich areas;
7127:
in May 1872 lifting those restrictions. There was a great deal of discussion in 1865 about bringing treason trials, especially against Jefferson Davis. There was no consensus in President Johnson's cabinet, and no one was charged with treason. An acquittal of Davis would have been humiliating for the
5943:
The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline, thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground. Most of the interior portion consisted of arable farmland, though much was also hilly and mountainous, and
5589:
The overall decline in food supplies, made worse by the inadequate transportation system, led to serious shortages and high prices in urban areas. When bacon reached a dollar a pound in 1863, the poor women of Richmond, Atlanta and many other cities began to riot; they broke into shops and warehouses
5466:
control of the military. In contrast, the U.S. Congress had authorized military administration of Union-controlled railroad and telegraph systems in January 1862, imposed a standard gauge, and built railroads into the South using that gauge. Confederate armies successfully reoccupying territory could
5444:
In peacetime, the South's extensive and connected systems of navigable rivers and coastal access allowed for cheap and easy transportation of agricultural products. The railroad system in the South had developed as a supplement to the navigable rivers to enhance the all-weather shipment of cash crops
5176:
With the chaos of the war, a working postal system was more important than ever for the Confederacy. The Civil War had divided family members and friends and consequently letter writing increased dramatically across the entire divided nation, especially to and from the men who were away serving in an
5160:
When the war began, the US Post Office briefly delivered mail from the secessionist states. Mail that was postmarked after the date of a state's admission into the Confederacy through May 31, 1861, and bearing US postage was still delivered. After this time, private express companies still managed to
4712:
The Permanent Confederate Congress was elected and began its first session February 18, 1862. The Permanent Congress for the Confederacy followed the United States forms with a bicameral legislature. The Senate had two per state, twenty-six Senators. The House numbered 106 representatives apportioned
4246:
The second Confederate Constitution was finally adopted on February 22, 1862, one year into the American Civil War, and did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of
3304:
The victories of 1861 were followed by a series of defeats east and west in early 1862. To restore the Union by military force, the Federal strategy was to (1) secure the Mississippi River, (2) seize or close Confederate ports, and (3) march on Richmond. To secure independence, the Confederate intent
3295:
Meanwhile, the Union Navy seized control of much of the Confederate coastline from Virginia to South Carolina. It took over plantations and the abandoned slaves. Federals there began a war-long policy of burning grain supplies up rivers into the interior wherever they could not occupy. The Union Navy
3181:
The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year of fighting, and the Confederacy never succeeded in replacing casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although
3133:
that specifically exempted one white overseer or owner for every plantation with at least 20 slaves. Backpedaling six months later, Congress provided overseers under 45 could be exempted only if they held the occupation before the first Conscription Act. The number of officials under state exemptions
3117:
The Confederacy passed the first American law of national conscription on April 16, 1862. The white males of the Confederate States from 18 to 35 were declared members of the Confederate army for three years, and all men then enlisted were extended to a three-year term. They would serve only in units
3082:
Anticipating the need for more "duration" men, in January 1862 Congress provided for company level recruiters to return home for two months, but their efforts met little success on the heels of Confederate battlefield defeats in February. Congress allowed for Davis to require numbers of recruits from
2859:
wrote that for those who would secure its independence, "The Confederacy was unfortunate in its failure to work out a general strategy for the whole war". Aggressive strategy called for offensive force concentration. Defensive strategy sought dispersal to meet demands of locally minded governors. The
2797:
to Europe with a message that the war was fought solely for "the vindication of our rights to self-government and independence" and that "no sacrifice is too great, save that of honor". The message stated that if the French or British governments made their recognition conditional on anything at all,
11319:
Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their own liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers
10533:
I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun, though no blow had been struck, when the hostile fleet, styled the 'Relief Squadron', with eleven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was sent out from New York and Norfolk, with orders from the authorities
5527:
The Confederate government initially wanted to finance its war mostly through tariffs on imports, export taxes, and voluntary donations of gold. After the spontaneous imposition of an embargo on cotton sales to Europe in 1861, these sources of revenue dried up and the Confederacy increasingly turned
4708:
The only two "formal, national, functioning, civilian administrative bodies" in the Civil War South were the Jefferson Davis administration and the Confederate Congresses. The Confederacy was begun by the Provisional Congress in Convention at Montgomery, Alabama on February 28, 1861. The Provisional
3736:
sailed from Europe to break the Union blockade in March; on making Havana, Cuba, it surrendered. Some high officials escaped to Europe, but President Davis was captured May 10; all remaining Confederate land forces surrendered by June 1865. The U.S. Army took control of the Confederate areas without
3125:
of April 1862 exempted occupations related to transportation, communication, industry, ministers, teaching and physical fitness. The Second Conscription Act of October 1862 expanded exemptions in industry, agriculture and conscientious objection. Exemption fraud proliferated in medical examinations,
3002:
The total population of the Confederate Army is unknowable due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records but estimates are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of slaves pressed into army tasks, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or
2845:
Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's
2638:
all spent years in Britain, where fugitive slaves were safe and, as Allen said, there was an "absence of prejudice against color. Here the colored man feels himself among friends, and not among enemies". Most British public opinion was against the practice, with Liverpool seen as the primary base of
2547:
During its four years, the Confederacy asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. None were recognized by a foreign government. The US government regarded the Southern states as being in rebellion or insurrection and so refused any formal recognition of their status.
7879:
Antebellum southern society was defined in no small part by the shaping and working of large tracts of land whose soil was tilled and staples tended by enslaved African-American laborers. This was, in short, a society dependent on what historians have variously referred to as the plantation system,
7643:
The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the
5452:
as well as lack of interchange. Locomotives and freight cars had fixed axles and could not use tracks of different gauges (widths). Railroads of different gauges leading to the same city required all freight to be off-loaded onto wagons for transport to the connecting railroad station, where it had
5401:
such as turpentine. The main industrial areas were border cities such as Baltimore, Wheeling, Louisville and St. Louis, that were never under Confederate control. The government did set up munitions factories in the Deep South. Combined with captured munitions and those coming via blockade runners,
5215:
The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen β and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was
3267:
for three months to recapture the Charleston Harbor forts and all other federal property. This emboldened secessionists in Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina to secede rather than provide troops to march into neighboring Southern states. In May, Federal troops crossed into Confederate
3259:
that without Confederate resistance to the resupply there would be no military reinforcement without further notice, but Lincoln prepared to force resupply if it were not allowed. Confederate President Davis, in cabinet, decided to seize Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived, and on April 12,
3074:
The immediate onset of war meant that it was fought by the "Provisional" or "Volunteer Army". State governors resisted concentrating a national effort. Several wanted a strong state army for self-defense. Others feared large "Provisional" armies answering only to Davis. When filling the Confederate
2920:
Rangers in twenty to fifty-man units were awarded 50% valuation for property destroyed behind Union lines, regardless of location or loyalty. As Federals occupied the South, objections by loyal Confederate concerning Ranger horse-stealing and indiscriminate scorched earth tactics behind Union lines
2157:
As the telegraph chattered reports of the attack on Sumter April 12 and its surrender next day, huge crowds poured into the streets of Richmond, Raleigh, Nashville, and other upper South cities to celebrate this victory over the Yankees. These crowds waved Confederate flags and cheered the glorious
1908:
The Confederate administration pursued a policy of national territorial integrity, continuing earlier state efforts in 1860β61 to remove U.S. government presence. This included taking possession of U.S. courts, custom houses, post offices, and most notably, arsenals and forts. After the Confederate
13790:
Potter wrote in his contribution to this book, "Where parties do not exist, criticism of the administration is likely to remain purely an individual matter; therefore the tone of the criticism is likely to be negative, carping, and petty, as it certainly was in the Confederacy. But where there are
9243:
The sessions of the Provisional Congress were in Montgomery, Alabama, (1) First Session February 4 β March 10, and (2) Second Session April 29 β May 21, 1861. The Capital was moved to Richmond May 30. The (3) Third Session was held July 20 β August 31. The (4) Fourth Session called for September 3
9229:
The Texas delegation was seated with full voting rights after its statewide referendum of secession on March 2, 1861. It is generally counted as an "original state" of the Confederacy. Four upper south states declared secession following Lincoln's call for volunteers: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee
5805:
The first official flag of the Confederate States of Americaβcalled the "Stars and Bars"βoriginally had seven stars, representing the first seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. As more states joined, more stars were added, until the total was 13 (two stars were added for the divided
5656:
The economic losses affected everyone. Banks and insurance companies were mostly bankrupt. Confederate currency and bonds were worthless. The billions of dollars invested in slaves vanished. Most debts were also left behind. Most farms were intact, but most had lost their horses, mules and cattle;
5598:
By the end of the war deterioration of the Southern infrastructure was widespread. The number of civilian deaths is unknown. Every Confederate state was affected, but most of the war was fought in Virginia and Tennessee, while Texas and Florida saw the least military action. Much of the damage was
5470:
In the last year before the end of the war, the Confederate railroad system stood permanently on the verge of collapse. There was no new equipment and raids on both sides systematically destroyed key bridges, as well as locomotives and freight cars. Spare parts were cannibalized; feeder lines were
5457:
before proceeding. Centers requiring off-loading included Vicksburg, New Orleans, Montgomery, Wilmington and Richmond. In addition, most rail lines led from coastal or river ports to inland cities, with few lateral railroads. Because of this design limitation, the relatively primitive railroads of
5272:
of the Union hierarchy during and immediately following the war, no program of reparations for freed slaves was ever attempted. Unlike other Western countries, such as Britain and France, the U.S. government never paid compensation to Southern slave owners for their "lost property". The only place
4929:
The Confederate Constitution outlined a judicial branch of the government, but the ongoing war and resistance from states-rights advocates, particularly on the question of whether it would have appellate jurisdiction over the state courts, prevented the creation or seating of the "Supreme Court of
3086:
The veteran Confederate army of early 1862 was mostly twelve-month volunteers with terms about to expire. Enlisted reorganization elections disintegrated the army for two months. Officers pleaded with the ranks to re-enlist, but a majority did not. Those remaining elected majors and colonels whose
2900:
in October 1862, generals proposed concentrating forces from state commands to re-invade the north. Nothing came of it. Again in mid-1863 at his incursion into Pennsylvania, Lee requested of Davis that Beauregard simultaneously attack Washington with troops taken from the Carolinas. But the troops
2529:
The naming of Richmond as the new capital took place on May 30, 1861, and the last two sessions of the Provisional Congress were held there. As war dragged on, Richmond became crowded with training and transfers, logistics and hospitals. Prices rose dramatically despite government efforts at price
2100:
declared neutrality, but after Confederate troops moved in, the state legislature asked for Union troops to drive them out. Delegates from 68 Kentucky counties were sent to the Russellville Convention that signed an Ordinance of Secession. Kentucky was admitted into the Confederacy on December 10,
2033:
Following South Carolina's unanimous 1860 secession vote, no other Southern states considered the question until 1861; when they did, none had a unanimous vote. All had residents who cast significant numbers of Unionist votes. Voting to remain in the Union did not necessarily mean individuals were
11689:
Neely (1999) p. 172. Neely notes that. "Most surprising of all, the Confederacy at a greater rate than the North arrested persons who held opposition political views at least in part because they held them, despite the Confederacy's vaunted lack of political parties. Such arrests were more common
7394:
According to Coulter, Davis was not an efficient administrator as he attended to too many details, protected his friends after their failures were obvious, and spent too much time on military affairs versus his civic responsibilities. Coulter concludes he was not the ideal leader for the Southern
7378:
E. Merton Coulter, viewed by historians as a Confederate apologist, says Davis was heroic, but his "tenacity, determination, and will power" stirred up lasting opposition from enemies. He failed to overcome "petty leaders of the states" who made the term "Confederacy" into a label for tyranny and
5585:
State governments requested that planters grow less cotton and more food, but most refused. When cotton prices soared in Europe, expectations were that Europe would soon intervene to break the blockade and make them rich, but Europe remained neutral. The Georgia legislature imposed cotton quotas,
5581:
As women were the ones who remained at home, they had to make do with the lack of food and supplies. They cut back on purchases, used old materials, and planted more flax and peas to provide clothing and food. They used ersatz substitutes when possible, but there was no real coffee, only okra and
5532:
and printing money to pay for war expenses. The Confederate States politicians were worried about angering the general population with hard taxes. A tax increase might disillusion many Southerners, so the Confederacy resorted to printing more money. As a result, inflation increased and remained a
5479:
The Confederate army experienced a persistent shortage of horses and mules and requisitioned them with dubious promissory notes given to local farmers and breeders. Union forces paid in real money and found ready sellers in the South. Both armies needed horses for cavalry and for artillery. Mules
5358:
in the North. The Southern economy was "pre-capitalist" in that slaves were put to work in the largest revenue-producing enterprises, not free labor markets. That labor system as practiced in the American South encompassed paternalism, whether abusive or indulgent, and that meant labor management
5258:, the 11 states that seceded had the highest percentage of slaves as a proportion of their population, representing 39% of their total population. The proportions ranged from a majority in South Carolina (57.2%) and Mississippi (55.2%) to about a quarter in Arkansas (25.5%) and Tennessee (24.8%).
4941:
between Union and Confederate forces. Thus, the District Attorney won the case by default, the property was typically sold, and the money used to further the Southern war effort. Eventually, because there was no Confederate Supreme Court, sharp attorneys like South Carolina's Edward McCrady began
4298:
Coulter stated, "No president of the U.S. ever had a more difficult task." Washington was inaugurated in peacetime. Lincoln inherited an established government of long standing. The creation of the Confederacy was accomplished by men who saw themselves as fundamentally conservative. Although they
3700:
The Confederacy controlled no ports, harbors or navigable rivers. Railroads were captured or had ceased operating. Its major food-producing regions had been war-ravaged or occupied. Its administration survived in only three pockets of territory holding only one-third of its population. Its armies
3461:
placed his hopes in a European-built ironclad fleet, but they were never realized. On the other hand, four new English-built commerce raiders served the Confederacy, and several fast blockade runners were sold in Confederate ports. They were converted into commerce-raiding cruisers, and manned by
2735:
and received a letter supposedly addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America"; Mann had mistranslated the address. In his report to Richmond, Mann claimed a great diplomatic achievement for himself, but Confederate Secretary of State
2699:
and abolitionist opposition in Britain put an end to these possibilities. The cost to Britain of a war with the U.S. would have been high: the immediate loss of American grain-shipments, the end of British exports to the U.S., and seizure of billions of pounds invested in American securities. War
12575:
at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Society. Second National Flag, "the stainless banner" references, Devereaux D. Cannon, Jr., The Flags of the Confederacy, An Illustrated History (St. Lukes Press, 1988), 22β24. Section Heading "Second and Third National Flags". Retrieved
5652:
The eleven Confederate States in the 1860 United States Census had 297 towns and cities with 835,000 people; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces. Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action, including Atlanta (with an 1860 population of 9,600),
5548:
in Louisiana. During 1861 all of these facilities produced small amounts of gold coinage, and the latter half dollars as well. Since the mints used the current dies on hand, all appear to be U.S. issues. However, by comparing slight differences in the dies specialists can distinguish 1861-O half
5409:
or tax on imports of 15%, and imposed it on all imports from other countries, including the United States. The tariff mattered little; the Union blockade minimized commercial traffic through the Confederacy's ports, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the North. The Confederate
4716:
The political influences of the civilian, soldier vote and appointed representatives reflected divisions of political geography of a diverse South. These in turn changed over time relative to Union occupation and disruption, the war impact on the local economy, and the course of the war. Without
4272:
The Montgomery Convention to establish the Confederacy and its executive met on February 4, 1861. Each state as a sovereignty had one vote, with the same delegation size as it held in the U.S. Congress, and generally 41 to 50 members attended. Offices were "provisional", limited to a term not to
3368:
Although Confederates had suffered major reverses everywhere, as of the end of April the Confederacy still controlled territory holding 72% of its population. Federal forces disrupted Missouri and Arkansas; they had broken through in western Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Louisiana. Along the
3078:
It was important to raise troops; it was just as important to provide capable officers to command them. With few exceptions the Confederacy secured excellent general officers. Efficiency in the lower officers was "greater than could have been reasonably expected". As with the Federals, political
3045:
Most soldiers were white males aged between 16 and 28. The median year of birth was 1838, so half the soldiers were 23 or older by 1861. The Confederate Army was permitted to disband for two months in early 1862 after its short-term enlistments expired. The majority of those in uniform would not
2925:
The Confederacy relied on external sources for war materials. The first came from trade with the enemy. "Vast amounts of war supplies" came through Kentucky, and thereafter, western armies were "to a very considerable extent" provisioned with illicit trade via Federal agents and northern private
2792:
and John A. Lindsay. Roebuck in turn publicly prepared a bill to submit to Parliament supporting joint Anglo-French recognition of the Confederacy. "Southerners had a right to be optimistic, or at least hopeful, that their revolution would prevail, or at least endure." Following the disasters at
2534:
progressed, Congress authorized Davis to remove the executive department and call Congress to session elsewhere in 1864 and again in 1865. Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate further south. Little came of these plans before Lee's
2042:
Initially, some secessionists hoped for a peaceful departure. Moderates in the Confederate Constitutional Convention included a provision against importation of slaves from Africa to appeal to the Upper South. Non-slave states might join, but the radicals secured a two-thirds requirement in both
1962:
was a contract among sovereign states that could be abandoned without consultation and each state had a right to secede. After intense debates and statewide votes, seven Deep South cotton states passed secession ordinances by February 1861, while secession efforts failed in the other eight slave
11107:
Sherman was closing in on Raleigh, whose occupation tomorrow would make it the ninth of the eleven seceded state capitals to feel the tread of the invader. All, that is, but Austin and Tallahassee, whose survival was less the result of their ability to resist than it was of Federal oversight or
10097:
seeded defensive water-borne mines in principal harbors and rivers to compromise the Union naval superiority. These "torpedoes" were said to have caused more loss in U.S. naval ships and transports than by any other cause. Despite a rage for Congressional appropriations and public "subscription
7347:
Though political differences were within the Confederacy, no national political parties were formed because they were seen as illegitimate. "Anti-partyism became an article of political faith." Without a system of political parties building alternate sets of national leaders, electoral protests
7122:
When the war ended over 14,000 Confederates petitioned President Johnson for a pardon; he was generous in giving them out. He issued a general amnesty to all Confederate participants in the "late Civil War" in 1868. Congress passed additional Amnesty Acts in May 1866 with restrictions on office
5362:
Approximately 85% of both the North and South white populations lived on family farms, both regions were predominantly agricultural, and mid-century industry in both was mostly domestic. But the Southern economy was pre-capitalist in its overwhelming reliance on the agriculture of cash crops to
4933:
Confederate district courts were authorized by Article III, Section 1, of the Confederate Constitution, and President Davis appointed judges within the individual states of the Confederate States of America. In many cases, the same US Federal District Judges were appointed as Confederate States
2867:
As the Confederate government lost control of territory in campaign after campaign, it was said that "the vast size of the Confederacy would make its conquest impossible". The enemy would be struck down by the same elements which so often debilitated or destroyed visitors and transplants in the
4213:
In certain areas, the second Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states (or curtailed the powers of the central government more) than the U.S. Constitution of the time did, but in other areas, the states lost rights they had under the U.S. Constitution. Although the Confederate
3759:
concluded that the Confederacy capitulated in early 1865 because northern armies crushed "organized southern military resistance". The Confederacy's population, soldier and civilian, had suffered material hardship and social disruption. Jefferson Davis' assessment in 1890 determined, "With the
3177:
The Conscription Act of February 1864 "radically changed the whole system" of selection. It abolished industrial exemptions, placing detail authority in President Davis. As the shame of conscription was greater than a felony conviction, the system brought in "about as many volunteers as it did
3057:
Many thousands of slaves served as personal servants to their owner, or were hired as laborers, cooks, and pioneers. Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but their officers deployed them for "local
12596:
at "Mississippi History Now" online Mississippi Historical Socie ty. Third National Flag, "the bloodstained banner" references 19. Southern Historical Society Papers (cited hereafter as SHSP, volume number, date for the first entry, and page number), 24, 118. Section Heading "Second and Third
9230:
and North Carolina. "The founders of the Confederacy desired and ideally envisioned a peaceful creation of a new union of all slave-holding states, including the border states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri." Kentucky and Missouri were seated in December 1861. Kenneth C. Martis,
7390:
Escott argues that Davis was unable to mobilize Confederate nationalism in support of his government effectively, and especially failed to appeal to the small farmers who made up the bulk of the population. Escott also emphasizes that the widespread opposition to any strong central government
5817:
Although it was never officially adopted by the Confederate government, the popularity of the Southern Cross among both soldiers and the civilian population was a primary reason why it was made the main color feature when a new national flag was adopted in 1863. This new standardβknown as the
5461:
The Confederacy had no plan to expand, protect or encourage its railroads. Southerners' refusal to export the cotton crop in 1861 left railroads bereft of their main source of income. Many lines had to lay off employees; many critical skilled technicians and engineers were permanently lost to
4720:
The absence of political parties made individual roll call voting all the more important, as the Confederate "freedom of roll-call voting unprecedented in American legislative history." Key issues throughout the life of the Confederacy related to (1) suspension of habeas corpus, (2) military
4287:
Jefferson Davis was elected provisional president. His U.S. Senate resignation speech greatly impressed with its clear rationale for secession and his pleading for a peaceful departure from the Union to independence. Although he had made it known that he wanted to be commander-in-chief of the
3705:
with Lincoln, senior Confederate officials rejected his invitation to restore the Union with compensation for emancipated slaves. The three pockets of unoccupied Confederacy were southern VirginiaβNorth Carolina, central AlabamaβFlorida, and Texas, the latter two areas less from any notion of
2933:
An inescapable obstacle to success in the warfare of mass armies was the Confederacy's lack of manpower, and sufficient numbers of disciplined, equipped troops in the field at the point of contact with the enemy. During the winter of 1862β63, Lee observed that none of his famous victories had
10363:, pp. 313, 332. Officially dropping 425 officers by board review in October was followed immediately by 1,300 "resignations". Some officers who resigned then served honorably as enlisted for the duration or until they were made casualties, others resigned and returned home until conscription.
7910:
The plantation as the vehicle to wealth was tied to the primacy of cotton in the growth of global capitalism. The large-scale cultivation and harvest of cot ton required new forms of labor organization, as well as labor management, Enter the overseer. By 1860, there were approximately 38,000
7333:, to control elections and to suppress the peace meetings there. As Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights" without considerations of military necessity, pragmatism or compromise.
5665:
One of the greatest calamities which confronted Southerners was the havoc wrought on the transportation system. Roads were impassable or nonexistent, and bridges were destroyed or washed away. The important river traffic was at a standstill: levees were broken, channels were blocked, the few
4197:
of "sovereign and independent states", guaranteeing states the right to a republican form of government. Prior to adopting to the first Confederate constitution, the independent states were sovereign republics, e.g. "Republic of Louisiana", "Republic of Mississippi", "Republic of Texas" etc.
2793:
Vicksburg and Gettysburg in July 1863, the Confederates "suffered a severe loss of confidence in themselves" and withdrew into an interior defensive position. By December 1864, Davis considered sacrificing slavery in order to enlist recognition and aid from Paris and London; he secretly sent
1917:
to muster under his command. The stated purpose was to re-occupy U.S. properties throughout the South, as the U.S. Congress had not authorized their abandonment. The resistance at Fort Sumter signaled his change of policy from that of the Buchanan Administration. Lincoln's response ignited a
1858:
wrote: "The problem for Americans who, in the age of Lincoln, wanted slaves to be free was not simply that southerners wanted the opposite, but that they themselves cherished a conflicting value: they wanted the Constitution, which protected slavery, to be honored, and the Union, which was a
4201:
A second Confederate constitution was written in March, 1861, which sought to replace the confederation with a federal government; much of this constitution replicated the United States Constitution verbatim, but contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery including
2846:
home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.
2551:
The US government never declared war on those "kindred and countrymen" in the Confederacy but conducted its military efforts beginning with a presidential proclamation issued April 15, 1861. It called for troops to recapture forts and suppress what Lincoln later called an "insurrection and
13773:
Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2β3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate
7656:
Cooper (2000) p. 462. Rable (1994) pp. 2β3. Rable wrote, "But despite heated arguments and no little friction between the competing political cultures of unity and liberty, antiparty and broader fears about politics in general shaped civic life. These beliefs could obviously not eliminate
2605:
had been held in 1840. Black abolitionist speakers toured England, Scotland, and Ireland, exposing the reality of America's chattel slavery and rebutting the Confederate position that blacks were "unintellectual, timid, and dependent", and "not equal to the white man...the superior race."
4302:
The Permanent Constitution provided for a President of the Confederate States of America, elected to serve a six-year term but without the possibility of re-election. Unlike the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution gave the president the ability to subject a bill to a
3621:
In April 1863, the C.S. Congress authorized a uniformed Volunteer Navy, many of whom were British. The Confederacy had altogether eighteen commerce-destroying cruisers, which seriously disrupted Federal commerce at sea and increased shipping insurance rates 900%. Commodore Tattnall again
3029:
The Confederate officer corps consisted of men from both slave-owning and non-slave-owning families. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, some colleges (such as
5895:
Claude Elliott estimates that only a third of the Texas population actively supported the Confederacy. Many Unionists supported the Confederacy after the war began, but many others clung to their Unionism throughout the war, especially in the northern counties, German districts in the
2166:
The bombardment of Fort Sumter, by itself, did not destroy Unionist majorities in the upper South. Because only three days elapsed before Lincoln issued the proclamation, the two events viewed retrospectively, appear almost simultaneous. Nevertheless, close examination of contemporary
5500:. Inflation became rampant as the paper money depreciated and eventually became worthless. The state governments and some localities printed their own paper money, adding to the runaway inflation. Many bills still exist, although in recent years counterfeit copies have proliferated.
2820:
slaves were cheap. The CaptainβGeneral of Cuba declared in writing that Confederate ships were welcome, and would be protected in Cuban ports. Historians speculate that if the Confederacy had achieved independence, it probably would have tried to acquire Cuba as a base of expansion.
3501:
of the Confederacy. The failures of the two invasions were attributed to the same irrecoverable shortcomings: lack of manpower at the front, lack of supplies including serviceable shoes, and exhaustion after long marches without adequate food. Also in September Confederate General
5156:
in 1861. This made him the first Postmaster General of the Confederate Post Office, and a member of Davis's presidential cabinet. Writing in 1906, historian Walter Flavius McCaleb praised Reagan's "energy and intelligence... in a degree scarcely matched by any of his associates".
1776:, as free states outstripped slave states in numbers of eligible voters. Thus, at mid-19th century, the free-versus-slave status of the new territories was a critical issue, both for the North, where anti-slavery sentiment had grown, and for the South, where the fear of slavery's
10428:, p. 320. One such exemption was allowed for every 20 slaves on a plantation, the May 1863 reform required previous occupation and that the plantation of 20 slaves (or group of plantations within a five-mile area) had not been subdivided after the first exemption of April 1862.
7131:
Davis was indicted for treason but never tried; he was released from prison on bail in May 1867. The amnesty of December 25, 1868, by President Johnson eliminated any possibility of Jefferson Davis (or anyone else associated with the Confederacy) standing trial for treason.
2125:
from Jefferson City. The executive committee of the convention called the members together in July, and declared the state offices vacant and appointed a Unionist interim state government. The exiled governor called a rump session of the former General Assembly together in
205:
204:
5462:
military service. In the early years of the war the Confederate government had a hands-off approach to the railroads. Only in mid-1863 did the Confederate government initiate a national policy, and it was confined solely to aiding the war effort. Railroads came under the
9058:, Univ. of Kentucky Press, 1993, second edition, p. 112. Another way of looking at the results would note the pro-union candidates winning 56% with Bell 20,997, Douglas 5,742, and Lincoln 1,402 versus Breckenridge 21,908. But the "deeply divided sentiment" point remains.
10991:, pp. 297β298. They were required to supply their own ships and equipment, but they received 90% of their captures at auction, 25% of any U.S. warships or transports captured or destroyed. Confederate cruisers raided merchant ship commerce but for one exception in 1864.
10321:, pp. 310β311. Early 1862 "dried up the enthusiasm to volunteer" due to the impact of victory's battle casualties, the humiliation of defeats and the dislike of camp life with its monotony, confinement and mortal diseases. Immediately following the great victory at the
1271:, effectively ceasing to exist as a legislative body on March 18. After four years of heavy fighting, nearly all Confederate land and naval forces either surrendered or otherwise ceased hostilities by May 1865. The most significant capitulation was Confederate general
2432:
aligned with the Confederacy. They practiced and supported slavery, opposed abolition, and feared their lands would be seized by the Union. After the war, the Indian territory was disestablished, their black slaves were freed, and the tribes lost some of their lands.
4717:
political parties, key candidate identification related to adopting secession before or after Lincoln's call for volunteers to retake Federal property. Previous party affiliation played a part in voter selection, predominantly secessionist Democrat or unionist Whig.
3760:
capture of the capital, the dispersion of the civil authorities, the surrender of the armies in the field, and the arrest of the President, the Confederate States of America disappeared ... their history henceforth became a part of the history of the United States."
5829:
The "Confederate Flag" has a color scheme similar to that of the most common Battle Flag design, but is rectangular, not square. The "Confederate Flag" is a highly recognizable symbol of the South in the United States today and continues to be a controversial icon.
2597:", that is, that Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton, proved mistaken. The British had stocks to last over a year and been developing alternative sources. The United Kingdom took pride leading the end of transatlantic enslavement of Africans; by
2860:
controlling philosophy evolved into a combination "dispersal with a defensive concentration around Richmond". The Davis administration considered the war purely defensive, a "simple demand that the people of the United States would cease to war upon us". Historian
2895:
to the Confederacy. A council of war by the victorious Confederate generals decided not to advance against larger numbers of fresh Federal troops in defensive positions. Davis did not countermand it. Following the Confederate incursion into Maryland halted at the
5296:
The plantations of the South, with white ownership and an enslaved labor force, produced substantial wealth from cash crops. It supplied two-thirds of the world's cotton, which was in high demand for textiles, along with tobacco, sugar, and naval stores (such as
2813:
until the 1880s and the abolitionist movement was small. Confederate ships were welcome in Brazilian ports. After the war, Brazil was the primary destination of those Southerners who wanted to continue living in a slave society, where, as one immigrant remarked,
4721:
concerns such as control of state militia, conscription and exemption, (3) economic and fiscal policy including impressment of slaves, goods and scorched earth, and (4) support of the Jefferson Davis administration in its foreign affairs and negotiating peace.
3344:
Much of northwestern Virginia was under Federal control. In February and March, most of Missouri and Kentucky were Union "occupied, consolidated, and used as staging areas for advances further South". Following the repulse of a Confederate counterattack at the
7210:, the United States Supreme Court ruledβby a 5β3 majorityβthat Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States of America. In this case, the court held that the Constitution did not permit
5402:
the armies were kept minimally supplied with weapons. The soldiers suffered from reduced rations, lack of medicines, and the growing shortages of uniforms, shoes and boots. Shortages were much worse for civilians, and the prices of necessities steadily rose.
2723:. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled European diplomatic missions for advising their resident subjects to refuse to serve in the Confederate army. Both Confederate and Union agents were allowed to work openly in British territories. The Confederacy appointed
7237:
and held that the Confederate States of America was little more than a briefly-existing breakaway state. Specifically, the opinion would condemn the Confederacy as treasonous and as totally perishing upon being overthrown. Writing for the court's majority,
8387:, Bruce Levine, Marc Egnal, and Michael Holt at a plenary session of the organization of American Historians, March 17, 2011, reported by David A. Walsh "Highlights from the 2011 Annual Meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Houston, Texas"
7267:
argued that the Confederacy "died of states' rights". The central government was denied requisitioned soldiers and money by governors and state legislatures because they feared that Richmond would encroach on the rights of the states. Georgia's governor
3003:
driving wagons. Confederate casualty figures also are incomplete and unreliable, estimated at 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. One incomplete estimate is 194,026.
9362:
Violations of the rules of law were precipitated on both sides and can be found in historical accounts of guerrilla war, units in cross-racial combat and captives held in prisoner of war camps, brutal, tragic accounts against both soldiers and civilian
5800:
pattern is the one most often thought of as the Confederate Flag. It is one of many used by the Confederate armed forces. Variations of this design served as the Battle Flag of the Armies of Northern Virginia and Tennessee, and as the Confederate Naval
5660:
The rebuilding took years and was hindered by the low price of cotton after the war. Outside investment was essential, especially in railroads. One historian has summarized the collapse of the transportation infrastructure needed for economic recovery:
5353:
living in small cabins, using self-made tools and outfitted with one suit of work clothes each year of inferior fabric, did not generate consumer demand to sustain local manufactures of any description in the same way as did a mechanized family farm of
3532:), both sides losing the largest percentage of casualties suffered during the war. It was followed by another strategic withdrawal by Confederate forces. The Confederacy won a significant victory April 1863, repulsing the Federal advance on Richmond at
2387:
after the US evacuated the federal forts and installations. Over half of the American Indian troops participating in the War from the Indian Territory supported the Confederacy. On July 12, 1861, the Confederate government signed a treaty with both the
5695:
More than 250,000 Confederate soldiers died during the war. Some widows abandoned their family farms and merged into the households of relatives, or even became refugees living in camps with high rates of disease and death. In the Old South, being an
2046:
Seven states declared their secession from the United States before Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861. After the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter April 12, 1861, and Lincoln's subsequent call for troops, four more states declared their secession.
5825:
Because of its depiction in the 20th-century and popular media, many people consider the rectangular battle flag with the dark blue bars as being synonymous with "the Confederate Flag", but this flag was never adopted as a Confederate national flag.
11348:, p. 23. While the Texas delegation was seated, and is counted in the "original seven" states of the Confederacy, its referendum to ratify secession had not taken place, so its delegates did not yet vote on instructions from their state legislature.
5305:
were exported to factories in Europe and the Northeast. Planters reinvested their profits in more slaves and fresh land, as cotton and tobacco depleted the soil. There was little manufacturing or mining; shipping was controlled by non-southerners.
203:
10774:, pp. 294, 296β297. Europeans refused to allow captured U.S. shipping to be sold for the privateers 95% share, so through 1862, Confederate privateering disappeared. The CSA Congress authorized a Volunteer Navy to man cruisers the following year.
219:
10098:
ironclads", armored platforms constructed in blockaded ports lacked the requisite marine engines to become ironclad warships. The armored platforms intended to become ironclads were employed instead as floating batteries for port city defense.
8504:
10874:, pp. 354β356. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign caused the surprised Confederates to destroy their winter camp to mobilize against the threat to their Capital. They burned "a vast amount of supplies" to keep them from falling into enemy hands.
5181:
who evaded Union ships on blockade patrol, usually at night, and who moved cargo and mail in and out of the Confederate States throughout the course of the war. Of particular interest to students and historians of the American Civil War is
1201:. The Confederacy was formed on February 8, 1861, by South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. These states seceded in the first of two waves of secession. They adopted a new constitution establishing a
2908:
The eleven states of the Confederacy were outnumbered by the North about four-to-one in military manpower. It was overmatched far more in military equipment, industrial facilities, railroads for transport, and wagons supplying the front.
10284:, pp. 328, 330β332. About 90% of West Pointers in the U.S. Army resigned to join the Confederacy. Notably, of Virginia's West Pointers, not 90% but 70% resigned for the Confederacy. Exemplary officers without military training included
5246:
were stepped up. The slaves did become increasingly independent, and resistant to punishment, but historians agree there were no insurrections. In the invaded areas, insubordination was more the norm than was loyalty to the old master;
3706:
resistance than from the disinterest of Federal forces to occupy them. The Davis policy was independence or nothing, while Lee's army was wracked by disease and desertion, barely holding the trenches defending Jefferson Davis' capital.
3484:
In an attempt to seize the initiative, reprove, protect farms in mid-growing season and influence U.S. Congressional elections, two major Confederate incursions into Union territory had been launched in August and September 1862. Both
3079:
appointees could be indifferent. Otherwise, the officer corps was governor-appointed or elected by unit enlisted. Promotion to fill vacancies was made internally regardless of merit, even if better officers were immediately available.
2403:
never formally joined the Confederacy, but did receive representation in the Congress. Many Indians from the Territory were integrated into regular Confederate Army units. After 1863, the tribal governments sent representatives to the
5348:
Slave labor was applied in industry in a limited way in the Upper South and in a few port cities. One reason for the regional lag in industrial development was top-heavy income distribution. Mass production requires mass markets, and
7272:
warned of a secret conspiracy by Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. The first conscription act in North America, authorizing Davis to draft soldiers, was said to be the "essence of military despotism".
17686:
3640:
Large numbers of families relocated to safer places, usually remote rural areas, bringing along household slaves if they had any. Mary Massey argues these elite exiles introduced an element of defeatism into the southern outlook.
2167:
evidence ... shows that the proclamation had a far more decisive impact....Many concluded ... that Lincoln had deliberately chosen "to drive off all the Slave states, in order to make war on them and annihilate slavery".
7383:" from becoming a symbol of larger patriotic service and sacrifice. Instead of campaigning to develop nationalism and gain support for his administration, he rarely courted public opinion, assuming an aloofness, "almost like an
4206:, though it made the ban's application explicit to "Negroes of the African race" in contrast to the U.S. Constitution's reference to "such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit". It protected the
3182:
enthusiastic in 1861β62, seem to have lost faith in the future of the Confederacy by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities. As Rable explains, "This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed
5210:
found 4,108 names of men arrested and estimated a much larger total. The Confederacy arrested pro-Union civilians in the South at about the same rate as the Union arrested pro-Confederate civilians in the North. Neely argues:
2152:
Some southern unionists blamed Lincoln's call for troops as the precipitating event for the second wave of secessions. Historian James McPherson argues such claims have "a self-serving quality" and regards them as misleading:
10787:, pp. 288β291. As many as half the Confederate blockade runners had British nationals serving as officers and crew. Confederate regulations required one-third, then one-half of the cargoes to be munitions, food and medicine.
2840:
Most soldiers who joined Confederate national or state military units joined voluntarily. Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of soldiers seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:
2021:
as their candidate during the 1860 presidential election, but in no Southern state was support for him unanimous, as they recorded at least some popular vote for at least one of the other three candidates (Abraham Lincoln,
7214:
to unilaterally secede from the United States. Further, that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within the eleven seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely
221:
4242:
that essentially duplicated the respective clauses of the U.S. Constitution. The Confederate Constitution also incorporated each of the 12 amendments to the U.S. Constitution that had been ratified up to that point.
3445:
was forced into port and burned by Confederates at their retreat. Despite several attempts mounted from their port cities, CSA naval forces were unable to break the Union blockade. Attempts were made by Commodore
2787:
French Emperor Napoleon III assured Confederate diplomat John Slidell that he would make "direct proposition" to Britain for joint recognition. The Emperor made the same assurance to British Members of Parliament
10639:, Univ. of North Carolina, 1937, p. 419, note 36. Letter of Adjutant General Henry L. Samuels, August 22, 1862, to Gov. Francis Pierpont listing 22 of 48 counties under sufficient control for soldier recruitment.
3090:
In early 1862, the popular press suggested the Confederacy required a million men under arms. But veteran soldiers were not re-enlisting, and earlier secessionist volunteers did not reappear to serve in war. One
2105:
relocated to accompany western Confederate armies and never controlled the state population after 1862. By the end of the war, 90,000 Kentuckians had fought for the Union, compared to 35,000 for the Confederacy.
10350:, p. 312. The government funded parades and newspaper ad campaigns, $ 2,000,000 for recruitment in Kentucky alone. With a state-enacted draft, Governor Brown with a quota of 12,000 raised 22,000 Georgia militia.
1810:
in March 1861. Nationalists in the North and "Unionists" in the South refused to accept the declarations of secession. No foreign government ever recognized the Confederacy. The U.S. government, under President
239:
1937:
had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments. Red represents seceded states in rebellion, also known as the Confederate States of America. Uncolored areas were territories, with the exception of the
7329:
proved the dangers of such unchecked authority." The abolishment of draft exemptions for newspaper editors was interpreted as an attempt by the Confederate government to muzzle presses, such as the Raleigh NC
2718:
Several European nations maintained diplomats in place who had been appointed to the U.S., but no country appointed any diplomat to the Confederacy. Those nations recognized the Union and Confederate sides as
1275:'s surrender on April 9, after which any doubt about the war's outcome or the Confederacy's survival was extinguished. Confederate President Davis's administration declared the Confederacy dissolved on May 5.
17679:
9824:
201:
4230:(but allowed tariffs for providing domestic revenue), and spoke of "carry on the Government of the Confederate States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". State legislatures had the power to
1806:, all of whose riverfront or coastal economies were based on cotton that was cultivated by slave labor. They formed the Confederate States of America after Lincoln was elected in November 1860 but before
2891:(the name used by Confederate forces). It drove the Confederate people "insane with joy"; the public demanded a forward movement to capture Washington, relocate the Confederate capital there, and admit
1753:
ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession, a view that has been disproven by the overwhelming historical evidence against it, notably some of the seceding states' own
9486:
8972:
also operated. Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861. The Commonwealth of Virginia ratified the Constitution of the Confederate States on June 19, 1861.
5582:
chicory substitutes. The households were severely hurt by inflation in the cost of everyday items like flour, and the shortages of food, fodder for the animals, and medical supplies for the wounded.
3284:'s forces gained possession of much of northwestern Virginia in mid-1861, concentrating on towns and roads; the interior was too large to control and became the center of guerrilla activity. General
2740:
told Mann it was "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.
1854:. As a panel of historians emphasized in 2011, "while slavery and its various and multifaceted discontents were the primary cause of disunion, it was disunion itself that sparked the war." Historian
7157:
which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. The priorities were: to guarantee that Confederate nationalism and slavery were ended, to ratify and enforce the
5533:
problem for the southern states throughout the rest of the war. By April 1863, for example, the cost of flour in Richmond had risen to $ 100 (~$ 2,475 in 2023) a barrel and housewives were rioting.
2715:
in Britain; they were owned and operated by British financiers and shipowners; a few were owned and operated by the Confederacy. The British investors' goal was to acquire highly profitable cotton.
2134:. The Confederate state government was unable to control substantial parts of Missouri territory, effectively only controlling southern Missouri early in the war. It had its capital at Neosho, then
17672:
7344:
of North Carolina showed intense opposition to conscription, limiting recruitment success. Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into repeated, stubborn opposition to the Davis administration.
6596:
In 1860, the areas that later formed the eleven Confederate states (and including the future West Virginia) had 132,760 (2%) free blacks. Males made up 49% of the total population and females 51%.
5814:. To rectify the situation, a separate "Battle Flag" was designed for use by troops in the field. Also known as the "Southern Cross", many variations sprang from the original square configuration.
6629:
lay in Confederate territory. Only 13 Confederate-controlled cities ranked among the top 100 U.S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities vanished or suffered severely in the
5144:
When the Confederacy was formed and its seceding states broke from the Union, it was at once confronted with the arduous task of providing its citizens with a mail delivery system, and, amid the
3087:
performance led to officer review boards in October. The boards caused a "rapid and widespread" thinning out of 1,700 incompetent officers. Troops thereafter would elect only second lieutenants.
10572:
17153:
5428:
Main railroads of Confederacy, 1861; colors show the different gauges (track width); the top railroad shown in the upper right is the Baltimore and Ohio, which was at all times a Union railroad
4560:
3129:
Rich men's sons were appointed to the socially outcast "overseer" occupation, but the measure was received in the country with "universal odium". The legislative vehicle was the controversial
8616:
5397:
The eleven states had produced $ 155 million (~$ 4.29 billion in 2023) in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local gristmills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and
7380:
5184:
1893:
issued a call for 100,000 men from the states' militias to defend the newly formed Confederacy. All Federal property was seized, including gold bullion and coining dies at the U.S. mints in
202:
7340:
of Texas determined that state troops were required for defense against Plains Indians and Union forces that might attack from Kansas. He refused to send his soldiers to the East. Governor
5104:
4314:. In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress. The only person to serve as president was
2508:
The permanent capital provided for in the Confederate Constitution called for a state cession of a 100 square mile district to the central government. Atlanta, which had not yet supplanted
5390:. Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The cash came from exports but the Southern people spontaneously stopped exports in early 1861 to hasten the impact of "
9734:
Scholars such as Emory M. Thomas have characterized Girard's book as "more propaganda than anything else, but Girard caught one essential truth", the quote referenced. "Thomas1979" p. 220
8968:. Virginia took two steps toward secession, first by secession convention vote on April 17, 1861, and then by ratification of this by a popular vote conducted on May 23, 1861. A Unionist
237:
14040:
has over 4000 Confederate imprints, including rare books, pamphlets, government documents, manuscripts, serials, broadsides, maps, and sheet music that have been conserved and digitized.
2530:
regulation. A movement in Congress argued for moving the capital from Richmond. At the approach of Federal armies in mid-1862, the government's archives were readied for removal. As the
3365:, and the Confederacy lost control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. It had to concede extensive agricultural resources that had supported the Union's sea-supplied logistics base.
3075:
government's call for 100,000 men, another 200,000 were turned away by accepting only those enlisted "for the duration" or twelve-month volunteers who brought their own arms or horses.
218:
7540:
NYC 1856, slaveholding Washington is pictured in his uniform of the Revolution securing American independence. Though armed, he does not have his sword drawn as he is depicted in the
6651:
5190:
5178:
3599:, Pennsylvania despite Pickett's famous charge and other acts of valor. Southern newspapers assessed the campaign as "The Confederates did not gain a victory, neither did the enemy."
1688:
2983:
established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,
5590:
to seize food, as they were angry at ineffective state relief efforts, speculators, and merchants. As wives and widows of soldiers, they were hurt by the inadequate welfare system.
1760:
The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the Western territories destined to become states. Initially
13636:
Brown declaimed against Davis Administration policies: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session."
11278:
he slaveholding elites' project of Confederate nation buildingβvery likely believing the idea that the Confederacy was a 'herrenvolk democracy' or 'democracy of the white race'....
1742:
on the centrality of slavery in the conflict, they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important, and on the
16772:
16384:
7079:
10883:
Nevin's analysis of the strategic highpoint of Confederate military scope and effectiveness is in contra-distinction to the conventional "last chance" battlefield imagery of the
16703:
16530:
14245:
12613:
9012:. The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.
10626:, p. xiv. Inflicting intolerable casualties on invading Federal armies was a Confederate strategy to make the northern Unionists relent in their pursuit of restoring the Union.
5162:
2743:
Nevertheless, the Confederacy was seen internationally as a serious attempt at nationhood, and European governments sent military observers to assess whether there had been a
2368:
and established a territorial government with Mesilla serving as its capital. The Confederacy proclaimed the Confederate Arizona Territory on February 14, 1862, north to the
3305:
was to (1) repel the invader on all fronts, costing him blood and treasure, and (2) carry the war into the North by two offensives in time to affect the mid-term elections.
10537:
After the war, Confederate Vice President Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln's attempt to resupply Sumter was a disguised reinforcement and had provoked the war.
9965:, p. 348. "The enemy could not hold territory, a hostile people would close in behind. The Confederacy still existed wherever there was an army under her unfurled banners."
238:
18354:
12552:
Retrieved 2012-06-13, published in LSU's History of the South series, on p. 118 notes that beginning in March 1861, the Stars-and-Bars was used "all over the Confederacy".
5293:, about 31% of free households in the eleven states that would join the Confederacy owned slaves. Most whites were subsistence farmers who traded their surpluses locally.
2775:
testified "this government ... is no longer a trial government ... but really a normal government, the expression of popular will". Fremantle went on to write in his book
1905:. The Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery to Richmond, Virginia, in May 1861. On February 22, 1862, Davis was inaugurated as president with a term of six years.
10672:, Tennessee was the first conquered Confederate state capital. On April 6β7, Federals turned back the Confederate offensive at the Battle of Shiloh, and three days later
7239:
5926:
or pro-Union guerilla groups. Although Southern Unionists came from all classes, most differed socially, culturally, and economically from the region's dominant pre-war
5148:, the newly formed Confederacy created and established the Confederate Post Office. One of the first undertakings in establishing the Post Office was the appointment of
5069:
3774:
3741:
against them, but peace was subsequently marred by a great deal of local violence, feuding and revenge killings. The last confederate military unit, the commerce raider
2586:. The diplomats were eventually released and continued their voyage. However, their mission was unsuccessful; historians judge their diplomacy as poor. Neither secured
7349:
4930:
the Confederate States". Thus, the state courts generally continued to operate as they had done, simply recognizing the Confederate States as the national government.
893:
2101:
1861, with Bowling Green as its first capital. Early in the war, the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky but largely lost control in 1862. The splinter
7420:
3469:
of Virginia. Lee subsequently ended that threat from the east, then Union General John Pope attacked overland from the north only to be repulsed at Second Bull Run (
12589:
12568:
10815:, the Navy's bravery and fighting skill was compromised in combat by mechanical failure in the engines or steering. The joint combined Army-Navy defense by General
18106:
9184:
5918:, a 22-year-old cavalry colonel from Knoxville, and his regiment of Southern Unionist "mountaineers", were called "damned Tennessee Yankees" by Confederate troops.
5720:
5578:
By mid-1861, the Union naval blockade virtually shut down the export of cotton and the import of manufactured goods. Food that formerly came overland was cut off.
2957:
3159:
16213:
11481:
11294:
9487:"British Support During the U.S. Civil War Β· Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War Β· Lowcountry Digital History Initiative"
5641:
4431:
1112:
5320:
New Orleans, the South's largest port city and the only pre-war population over 100,000. The port and region's agriculture were lost to the Union in April 1862.
18384:
18253:
15668:
15663:
7162:
7158:
3510:, and the Kanawha Valley in western Virginia, but lacking reinforcements Loring abandoned his position and by November the region was back in Federal control.
1681:
5735:
15673:
7472:
7166:
2700:
would have meant higher taxes in Britain, another invasion of Canada, and attacks on the British merchant fleet. In mid-1862, fears of a race war (like the
16765:
16434:
16323:
16308:
14152:
10052:
7012:
6989:
3199:
1713:
1354:
18389:
17001:
16100:
16020:
14548:
8661:
5949:
4369:
2601:, the Royal Navy patrolled middle passage waters to prevent additional slave ships from reaching the Western Hemisphere. It was in London that the first
1997:
Its establishment flowed from and deepened Southern nationalism, which prepared men to fight for "The Southern Cause". This "Cause" included support for
1986:
that had proclaimed their secession. After the fighting began in April, four additional slave states seceded and were admitted. Later, two slave states (
462:
7150:, was tried and convicted by a military court, and executed on November 10, 1865. The charges against him involved conspiracy and cruelty, not treason.
5880:
in 1863. Unionists also attempted control over western Virginia, but never effectively held more than half of the counties that formed the new state of
5797:
3653:, devastating a wide swath of the remaining Confederate heartland. The "breadbasket of the Confederacy" in the Great Valley of Virginia was occupied by
2999:
garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
14282:
550:
526:
10669:
9077:"No other state serves as a better example of this than West Virginia, where there was relatively equal support for the northern and southern causes."
3140:
2868:
South. Heat exhaustion, sunstroke, endemic diseases such as malaria and typhoid would match the destructive effectiveness of the Moscow winter on the
16128:
12939:
11542:
5750:
5278:
3622:
unsuccessfully attempted to break the Union blockade on the Savannah River in Georgia with an ironclad in 1863. Beginning in April 1864 the ironclad
3095:, newspaper asked how two million brave fighting men of the South were about to be overcome by four million northerners who were said to be cowards.
1674:
18319:
14543:
13545:
5552:
US coinage was hoarded and did not have any general circulation. U.S. coinage was admitted as legal tender up to $ 10, as were British sovereigns,
2114:
1886:
in Alabama on February 4, 1861. A provisional government was established, and a representative Congress met for the Confederate States of America.
220:
124:
12125:
10080:
to protect privateers from outlaw status. Some of the early raiders were converted merchantmen seized in Southern ports at the outbreak of the war
7997:
5467:
not be resupplied directly by rail as they advanced. The C.S. Congress formally authorized military administration of railroads in February 1865.
18329:
17640:
16758:
16318:
16293:
16095:
16003:
14553:
14287:
5419:
3726:
3579:
Without an effective answer to Federal gunboats, river transport and supply, the Confederacy lost the Mississippi River following the capture of
12913:
2278:
18364:
18349:
16989:
16145:
15788:
15177:
15056:
6017:
gives a picture of the population for the areas that had joined the Confederacy. The population numbers exclude non-assimilated Indian tribes.
4787:
4350:
4292:
4267:
2321:
1253:
432:
421:
5386:
The Confederacy started its existence as an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and
5194:
as these items were often involved with a variety of military and other war time activities. The postal history of the Confederacy along with
3349:, Tennessee, permanent Federal occupation expanded west, south and east. Confederate forces repositioned south along the Mississippi River to
18399:
18314:
16672:
16030:
15783:
15778:
15204:
12776:
Browning, Judkin (2005). "Removing the Mask of Nationality: Unionism, Racism, and Federal Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862β1865".
10326:
5779:
5251:
says, "It was not disloyalty, but the lure of freedom." Many slaves became spies for the North, and large numbers ran away to federal lines.
2117:
was approved and delegates elected. The convention rejected secession 89β1 on March 19, 1861. The governor maneuvered to take control of the
1331:
13997:
11042:
10804:
7536:
The cash crops circling the Seal are wheat, corn, tobacco, cotton, rice and sugar cane. Like Washington's equestrian statue honoring him at
2380:
to take the northern half of the U.S. territory failed and the Confederate territorial government in exile relocated to San Antonio, Texas.
18099:
17652:
17060:
16985:
15036:
14106:
12741:
Zimring, David R. (2009). "'Secession in Favor of the Constitution': How West Virginia Justified Separate Statehood during the Civil War".
11655:
11320:
fought.... Herrenvolk democracyβthe equality of all who belonged to the master raceβwas a powerful motivator for many Confederate soldiers.
11146:
10742:
8206:"What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature"
7410:
5232:
4620:
4327:
3730:
2498:
1918:
firestorm of emotion. The people of both North and South demanded war, with soldiers rushing to their colors in the hundreds of thousands.
155:
7097:
The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. One result was wave after wave of revivals in the Army.
5765:
18369:
17020:
16593:
16123:
15172:
14931:
11226:
11202:
10720:, p. 27. Federal occupation expanded into northern Virginia, and their control of the Mississippi extended south to Nashville, Tennessee.
10038:, p. 306. Confederate units harassed them throughout the war years by laying torpedo mines and loosing barrages from shoreline batteries.
8337:
7467:
5888:, and at first were largely welcomed by local unionists. The occupiers became perceived as oppressive, callous, radical and favorable to
3122:
3104:
2916:
in the roads, and made harbors inlets and inland waterways unusable with sunken mines (called "torpedoes" at the time). Coulter reports:
2560:
2297:
2013:
as their prime motive ... Acknowledging the centrality of slavery to the Confederacy is essential for understanding the Confederate.
1261:
13063:
12218:
16687:
16550:
16535:
14966:
14582:
10022:
7569:
5811:
5709:
3370:
2712:
2384:
2325:
1784:
nationalism in the preceding decades. The primary reason for the North to reject secession was to preserve the Union, a cause based on
137:
12624:
5852:
definition. Virginia and Tennessee show the public votes, while the other states show the vote by county delegates to the conventions.
5629:
5165:
and was allowed to pass at only two specific points. Mail sent from the Confederacy to the U.S. was received, opened and inspected at
2883:
Early in the war, both sides believed that one great battle would decide the conflict; the Confederates won a surprise victory at the
18394:
18339:
18073:
16540:
16303:
16273:
15911:
15840:
14538:
14533:
7462:
7441:
7178:
3438:
were deployed for the first time in sustained blockades at sea. After some success against the Union blockade, in March the ironclad
3268:
territory along the entire border from the Chesapeake Bay to New Mexico. The first battles were Confederate victories at Big Bethel (
2943:
2731:
in September 1863, but the Holy See never released a statement supporting or recognizing the Confederacy. In November 1863, Mann met
35:
13281:"Proclamation 179 β Granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War"
7537:
18374:
18015:
18010:
17424:
17296:
17134:
16834:
16829:
16454:
16389:
15091:
15066:
14302:
14277:
14227:
14207:
7541:
7091:
7063:
4541:
4108:
4061:
3915:
3902:
3264:
2266:
2234:
2176:
1795:
1738:) and united to form the Confederate States of America (known as the "Confederacy"). However, while historians in the 21st century
1660:
1486:
1335:
1245:
1187:
1176:
1136:
843:
715:
11239:. Available free online as an ebook. Chapter LXXXVIII, "Re-establishment of the Union by force", p. 503. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
5198:
has helped historians document the various people, places and events that were involved in the American Civil War as it unfolded.
4937:
When the matter came before the Confederate court, the property owner could not appear because he was unable to travel across the
4310:
The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds votes required in the
1815:, refused to relinquish its forts that were in territory claimed by the Confederacy. The war itself began on April 12, 1861, when
18222:
18092:
18035:
17232:
16859:
16854:
16657:
16632:
16348:
16045:
15941:
15793:
15126:
15006:
14217:
7477:
7415:
4686:
2286:
1283:
1210:
17664:
15016:
11455:
5077:
4207:
18359:
18334:
17700:
16598:
16343:
15086:
15081:
14756:
13958:
10641:
10059:, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia for supplies from Europe via Bermuda and Nassau. On the Gulf were Galveston, Texas and
7457:
4188:
2711:
and other French capitalists for ironclad warships and military supplies. The British government did allow the construction of
1773:
579:
303:
14926:
12416:
Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".
12362:
Williams, Teresa Crisp; Williams, David (2002). "'The Women Rising': Cotton, Class, and Confederate Georgia's Rioting Women".
9070:
5496:
as paper currency in various denominations, with a total face value of $ 1.5 billion. Much of it was signed by Treasurer
5341:
The plantations that enslaved over three million black people were the principal source of wealth. Most were concentrated in "
4273:
exceed one year. One name was placed in nomination for president, one for vice president. Both were elected unanimously, 6β0.
2509:
18379:
18227:
18139:
18000:
17348:
17029:
16824:
16170:
15162:
15157:
15021:
14921:
14172:
13450:
13061:
All data for this section taken from the University of Virginia Library, Historical Census Browser, Census Data for Year 1860
12923:
12533:
11236:
11170:
10623:
10060:
10056:
9676:
9157:
9142:
8331:
8120:
8072:
7903:
7872:
7779:
7718:...between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.
7680:
7447:
6683:
4388:
4203:
4048:
3881:
2912:
Confederates slowed the Yankee invaders, at heavy cost to the Southern infrastructure. The Confederates burned bridges, laid
2681:
2224:
2183:
1807:
1570:
1140:
731:
14008:
12961:
10325:, many believed the war was won and there was no need for more troops. Then the new year brought defeat over February 6β23:
3331:
18169:
16429:
16133:
16105:
15344:
15152:
15121:
15051:
14911:
14485:
12662:
McKenzie, Robert Tracy (2002). "Contesting Secession: Parson Brownlow and the Rhetoric of Proslavery Unionism, 1860β1861".
9865:
Robert E. May, "The irony of confederate diplomacy: visions of empire, the Monroe doctrine, and the quest for nationhood."
8929:
8690:
6849:
6709:
5493:
2084:
1859:
fellowship with slaveholders, to be preserved. Thus they were committed to values that could not logically be reconciled."
1373:
678:
619:
380:
13283:
11987:. "The Confederacy underwent a government-led industrial revolution during the war, but its economy was slowly strangled."
7895:
Race Unequals: Overseer Contracts, White Masculinities, and the Formation of Managerial Identity in the Plantation Economy
5382:
The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war; the ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union
5334:
Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond VA. South's largest factory. Ended locomotive production in 1860 to make arms and munitions.
2708:
18243:
18020:
17995:
17508:
17464:
17241:
17172:
17091:
16976:
16839:
16819:
16419:
16409:
16060:
15768:
15131:
15096:
14991:
14569:
12586:
12565:
7644:
Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes
5242:
Across the South, widespread rumors alarmed the whites by predicting the slaves were planning some sort of insurrection.
4579:
4474:
4116:
4022:
3923:
3868:
3296:
began a blockade of the major southern ports and prepared an invasion of Louisiana to capture New Orleans in early 1862.
2259:
2211:
1323:
1295:
1241:
1205:
of "sovereign and independent states". Some Northerners reacted by saying "Let the Confederacy go in peace!", while some
1172:
1156:
859:
787:
17404:
15046:
9025:
9005:
8985:
8961:
8909:
8889:
8869:
8849:
8829:
8795:
5458:
the Confederacy were unable to overcome the Union naval blockade of the South's crucial intra-coastal and river routes.
5366:
A third count of the pre-capitalist Southern economy relates to the cultural setting. White southerners did not adopt a
5169:
on the Virginia coast before being passed on into the U.S. mail stream. Mail sent from the North to the South passed at
5093:
2835:
18030:
18005:
17990:
17975:
17444:
17368:
17328:
17292:
17272:
17198:
16905:
16900:
16893:
16888:
16849:
16804:
16570:
16560:
16545:
16313:
16138:
15167:
15116:
15061:
15026:
15011:
15001:
14986:
14961:
14916:
14901:
14836:
14713:
14162:
13708:
13663:
13348:
12708:
12202:
12148:
11948:
11890:
11863:
11735:
11312:
11271:
10884:
10337:, Nashvilleβthe first capital to fall. Among some not yet in uniform, the less victorious "Cause" seemed less glorious.
10221:
9946:
9893:
9753:
9525:
9438:
9415:
9330:
8745:
8718:
8514:
8447:
8095:
The constitutionality of the Confederacy's dissolution is open to interpretation at least to the extent that, like the
7812:
7094:. Catholics included an Irish working-class element in coastal cities and an old French element in southern Louisiana.
5881:
4914:
4132:
4124:
4095:
4087:
3949:
3889:
3855:
3821:
3718:
3662:
2798:
the Confederacy would consent to such terms. European leaders all saw that the Confederacy was on the verge of defeat.
2519:
2405:
2301:
2252:
2245:
2110:
2102:
2097:
1926:
1257:
1237:
1233:
1168:
1164:
829:
815:
495:
418:
83:
16871:
10094:
5129:
4866:
3493:
of Maryland were decisively repulsed, leaving Confederates in control of but 63% of its population. Civil War scholar
2273:
In Virginia, the populous counties along the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders rejected the Confederacy. Unionists held a
17985:
17980:
17965:
17316:
17284:
17260:
16814:
16809:
16799:
16682:
16565:
16555:
16283:
15879:
15773:
15650:
15147:
15111:
15031:
14971:
14951:
14946:
14941:
14896:
14327:
14319:
14197:
14141:
14053:
13945:
13931:
13878:
13504:
13475:
12896:
12867:
12508:
11984:
11778:
11400:
11100:
10925:
9432:
8096:
7744:
7075:
6963:
6633:. The population of Richmond swelled after it became the Confederate capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864.
5440:. The two were hanged by Confederate authorities near the railroad tracks so passing train passengers could see them.
5342:
4772:
4074:
4009:
3996:
3847:
3834:
3813:
2559:
Once war with the United States began, the Confederacy pinned its hopes for survival on military intervention by the
2204:
2197:
2190:
1959:
1835:
1831:
1777:
1707:
1559:
1401:
1152:
1148:
1144:
773:
759:
745:
17830:
14043:
12301:
Coulter, E. Merton (1927). "The Movement for Agricultural Reorganization in the Cotton South during the Civil War".
7299:
2879:
The Seal has symbols of an independent agricultural Confederacy surrounding an equestrian Washington, sword encased.
18184:
18048:
17929:
17848:
15076:
15041:
14981:
14936:
14099:
13081:"U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1860, Internet Release date: June 15, 1998"
8295:
7169:, which made it illegal to deny the right to vote because of race; and repeal each state's ordinance of secession.
4735:
4700:
4234:
officials of the Confederate government in some cases. On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a
4218:, the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding
3633:
by sea-based amphibious assault in August, ending Gulf coast trade east of the Mississippi River. In December, the
3046:
re-enlist after their one-year commitment, thus on April 16, 1862, the Confederate Congress imposed the first mass
2980:
2864:
is a critic of Lee's offensive strategy: "Lee pursued a faulty military strategy that ensured Confederate defeat".
2027:
1534:
593:
510:
14022:
1730:(seven states before the onset of the war and four states after the onset) that declared their secession from the
18212:
18025:
17520:
16844:
16642:
16627:
16509:
16469:
16368:
16353:
16338:
16333:
16165:
16070:
15101:
14996:
14956:
14677:
14513:
13396:
Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".
13375:
Deutsch, Eberhard P. (1966). "United States v. Jefferson Davis: Constitutional Issues in the Trial for Treason".
8969:
7487:
7405:
5849:
4898:
4797:
4792:
4405:
4193:
In February, 1861, Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama to adopt their first constitution, establishing a
4159:
4035:
3936:
3378:
2973:
2282:
2218:
1979:
1160:
801:
10160:
Soldiering in the Army of Northern Virginia: A Statistical Portrait of the Troops Who Served under Robert E. Lee
9602:
Lebergott, Stanley (1981). "Through the Blockade: The Profitability and Extent of Cotton Smuggling, 1861β1865".
8391:
7070:. Baptists and Methodists both broke off from their Northern coreligionists over the slavery issue, forming the
4202:
provisions for the recognition and protection of slavery in any territory of the Confederacy. It maintained the
2987:. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at
2809:. Militarily this meant little. Brazil represented the "peoples most identical to us in Institutions", in which
18344:
18115:
16667:
15986:
15750:
15106:
15071:
14976:
14682:
14212:
13833:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993; Revised, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996, p. xii
9781:
A compilation of the messages and papers of the Confederacy: including the diplomatic correspondence, 1861β1865
7314:
7048:
5556:
and Spanish and Mexican doubloons at a fixed rate of exchange. Confederate money was paper and postage stamps.
4882:
3031:
3023:
2673:
2429:
1839:
1799:
1198:
1190:
1128:
161:
13978:
9372:
Francis M. Carroll, "The American Civil War and British Intervention: The Threat of Anglo-American Conflict."
8665:
2707:
John Slidell, the Confederate States emissary to France, succeeded in negotiating a loan of $ 15,000,000 from
2138:, before being driven out of the state. For the remainder of the war, it operated as a government in exile at
18154:
17953:
16025:
15946:
15763:
15229:
14687:
10574:
The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies; Series 1
9407:
8165:"Pride or Prejudice?: Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag"
8049:
7361:
The enemies of President Davis proposed that the Confederacy "died of Davis". He was unfavorably compared to
7181:
most blacks and many poor whites. This exclusion and a weakened Republican Party remained the norm until the
7106:
5206:
The Confederacy actively used the army to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. Historian
4311:
3607:
2602:
1750:
1565:
1287:
16750:
13987:
10757:. In May retreating Confederates burned their two pre-war Navy yards at Norfolk and Pensacola. See Coulter,
8138:"Pride or Prejudice? Racial Prejudice, Southern Heritage, and White Support for the Confederate Battle Flag"
5605:
3562:
2552:
rebellion". Mid-war parleys between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the
18159:
16298:
16040:
15830:
15805:
15517:
14592:
14297:
14237:
13970:
10840:. It made two sorties, was captured by Union forces, repaired, and returned to service as the ironclad USS
10076:, pp. 296, 304. Two days later Lincoln proclaimed a blockade, declaring them pirates. Davis responded with
9471:
7986:
7452:
7395:
Revolution, but he showed "fewer weaknesses than any other" contemporary character available for the role.
5195:
2768:
1780:
had grown. Another factor leading to secession and the formation of the Confederacy was the development of
1765:
1723:
1600:
1299:
28:
11546:
10192:'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and the Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases"
9850:
5113:
4713:
by free and slave populations within each state. Two Congresses sat in six sessions until March 18, 1865.
3357:, its River Defense Fleet was sunk. Confederates withdrew from northern Mississippi and northern Alabama.
3038:) maintained cadet corps that trained Confederate military leadership. A naval academy was established at
3014:
who had resigned their Federal commissions and were appointed to senior positions. Many had served in the
2285:, but sentiment in the region remained deeply divided. In the 50 counties that would make up the state of
2121:
and restrict Federal movements. This led to a confrontation, and in June federal forces drove him and the
250:
18324:
17947:
17885:
17488:
17460:
17225:
16729:
16477:
16228:
16065:
16055:
16050:
16008:
15432:
14731:
14182:
14092:
14037:
13080:
13018:
12778:
11811:
10673:
9511:
8636:
Journal and Proceedings of the Missouri State Convention Held at Jefferson City and St. Louis, March 1861
8210:
7117:
7071:
5792:
5675:
4690:
4235:
3277:
3035:
2691:
attempted unsuccessfully to convince Palmerston to intervene. By September 1862 the Union victory at the
2685:
1481:
1265:
17867:
17726:
9456:
8946:
8023:
3255:, but Confederate artillery drove it away. In March, President Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor
2360:
formed a secession convention, which voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Dr.
18272:
18129:
17923:
17595:
17312:
16620:
16208:
16035:
15918:
15896:
15825:
15740:
14801:
14602:
14480:
14462:
13302:
11456:""Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School"
11263:
9833:
7165:
which guaranteed dual U.S. and state citizenship to all native-born residents, regardless of race; the
7003:
6973:
6693:
5892:. Occupiers pillaged, freed slaves, and evicted those who refused to swear loyalty oaths to the Union.
3710:
3533:
3525:
3481:
VA in December. Both armies then turned to winter quarters to recruit and train for the coming spring.
3424:
2988:
2598:
2512:, Georgia, as its state capital, put in a bid noting its central location and rail connections, as did
1975:
1820:
1743:
1735:
1461:
1426:
1218:
12549:
11504:
9200:
9101:
The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 β January 11, 1978: A Bicentennial Register of Members
7836:
5910:
1302:. Intense periods of Lost Cause activity developed around the turn of the 20th century and during the
279:
18286:
18174:
18042:
17905:
17555:
17452:
17392:
16739:
16652:
16608:
16414:
16196:
15998:
15971:
15951:
15852:
15658:
15563:
14861:
14776:
14692:
14342:
14267:
13923:
11568:
McCaleb, Walter Flavius (1906). "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy".
10677:
9934:
9461:
8779:
7587:
7430:
7182:
7028:
6735:
6609:
6014:
5968:
5508:
5290:
5262:
5255:
3722:
3592:
3507:
3470:
2892:
2869:
2806:
2696:
2653:
Lord John Russell, British foreign secretary and later PM, considered mediation in the 'American War'
2305:
2146:
2122:
1971:
1967:
1894:
1540:
1524:
673:
13008:
Calculated by dividing the number of owners (obtained via the census) by the number of free persons.
12236:
10737:, North Carolina along with a large garrison in February. In March, Confederates abandoned forts at
10534:
at Washington, to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably, if permitted 'but forcibly if they must' ...
10018:
8244:
Aaron Sheehan-Dean, "A Book for Every Perspective: Current Civil War and Reconstruction Textbooks",
3050:
on North American territory. (A year later, on March 3, 1863, the United States Congress passed the
2767:. European travelers visited and wrote accounts for publication. Importantly in 1862, the Frenchman
1982:), and disintegrated in AprilβMay 1865. It was formed by delegations from seven slave states of the
17836:
17824:
17818:
17420:
17304:
16954:
16615:
16499:
16424:
16399:
16394:
16358:
16278:
15976:
15961:
15542:
14826:
14791:
14726:
14667:
14662:
14392:
12164:
Burdekin, Richard; Langdana, Farrokh (1993). "War Finance in the Southern Confederacy, 1861β1865".
10734:
10528:
10330:
10322:
9555:
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
5807:
5274:
4809:
4760:
3702:
3498:
3478:
3273:
3235:
3083:
each governor to supply the volunteer shortfall. States responded by passing their own draft laws.
3015:
2884:
2409:
2334:
1588:
1501:
1476:
1441:
1416:
11189:, United States Naval War Records Office, United States Office of Naval Records and Library, 1894
9938:
Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War: Reflections on the American Civil War
9785:
9697:
9349:
Abraham Lincoln; Complete Works, Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Miscellaneous Writings
8617:"Why do people believe myths about the Confederacy? Because our textbooks and monuments are wrong"
5856:
Unionismβopposition to the Confederacyβwas strong in certain areas within the Confederate States.
5617:
3629:
engaged Union gunboats for six months on the Roanoke River in North Carolina. The Federals closed
3587:
in July, ending Southern access to the trans-Mississippi West. July brought short-lived counters,
3292:
in September and no serious Confederate advance in western Virginia occurred until the next year.
1248:βthen seceded, in the second wave of secession, and joined the Confederacy. On February 22, 1862,
17694:
17539:
17496:
16969:
16603:
16223:
16191:
16186:
15884:
15857:
15249:
14746:
14736:
14508:
14503:
14357:
13994:
11626:
Garrison, L. R. (1916). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, II".
11304:
11050:
10828:
10665:
10660:, p. 27. In the Mississippi River Valley, during the first half of February, central Tennessee's
10196:
8260:"Using Confederate Documents to Teach About Secession, Slavery, and the Origins of the Civil War"
7831:
7435:
4999:
3551:
3400:
3354:
2969:
2965:
2688:
2365:
1466:
1249:
75:
11659:
11605:
Garrison, L. R. (1915). "Administrative Problems of the Confederate Post Office Department, I".
11335:, p. 22. The Texas delegation had four in the U.S. Congress, seven in the Montgomery Convention.
10917:
10911:
10188:
7544:. The plates for the Seal were engraved in England but never received due to the Union Blockade.
7008:
5586:
making it a crime to grow an excess. But food shortages only worsened, especially in the towns.
5471:
torn up to get replacement rails for trunk lines, and rolling stock wore out through heavy use.
5448:
At the onset of the Civil War the South had a rail network disjointed and plagued by changes in
3465:
In the east, Union forces could not close on Richmond. General McClellan landed his army on the
3381:
while the Ordnance Department secured its own blockade runners for dedicated munitions cargoes.
2479:
18248:
17619:
17280:
17218:
16588:
16288:
15862:
15452:
15289:
15264:
14796:
14697:
14612:
14352:
14261:
13438:
12072:
Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War",
11751:
10754:
10750:
10681:
8308:
Confederate leaders themselves made it plain that slavery was the key issue sparking secession.
7147:
7083:
5903:
In Texas, local officials harassed and murdered Unionists and Germans during the Civil War. In
5885:
5269:
5221:
4818:
4766:
4223:
3529:
3358:
2623:
2587:
2523:
2516:, noting its strategically interior situation, rail connections and deposits of coal and iron.
2417:
2304:
did not secede, citizens exhibited divided loyalties. Regiments of Marylanders fought in Lee's
1761:
1754:
1727:
1629:
1622:
1421:
1264:
on April 16, 1862. By 1865, the Confederacy's federal government dissolved into chaos, and the
1120:
350:
59:
24:
13700:
13492:
12500:
12494:
12138:
11938:
11880:
11853:
9936:
9883:
9515:
9347:
9320:
8437:
8321:
8110:
7860:
4005:
3843:
3186:; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment."
2009:
The statesmen who led the secession movement were unashamed to explicitly cite the defense of
17899:
17800:
17756:
17547:
17504:
17068:
17009:
16504:
16404:
16218:
15867:
15820:
15730:
15698:
15405:
15395:
14841:
14831:
14816:
14766:
14721:
14377:
14362:
14255:
13338:
13060:
12698:
12192:
11725:
11525:
Walter Flavius McCaleb, "The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy."
10293:
10211:
9680:
9653:
8735:
8708:
7893:
7573:
7366:
7264:
7242:
7067:
5520:
5048:
4920:
4840:
4663:
4654:
4646:
4436:
4374:
4104:
3898:
3778:
3217:
3195:
3066:
2748:
2611:
2502:
2230:
1883:
1816:
1655:
1610:
1529:
1491:
1343:
1303:
1225:
481:
10941:
9120:
8530:
5844:
5161:
carry some of the mail across enemy lines. Later, mail that crossed lines had to be sent by
18298:
17782:
17750:
17563:
17384:
17123:
16662:
16514:
16487:
15956:
15735:
15718:
15375:
14871:
14856:
14851:
14821:
14806:
14786:
14404:
14308:
14192:
11019:
10661:
10519:
9403:
9043:
A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia
7425:
7211:
7058:
Most large denominations experienced a NorthβSouth split in the prewar era on the issue of
6881:
6833:
6811:
6621:
The CSA was overwhelmingly rural. Few towns had populations of more than 1,000βthe typical
5684:
5565:
5437:
5350:
5170:
4527:
4255:
4219:
3714:
3630:
3603:
3596:
3584:
3269:
2631:
2619:
2564:
2483:
2357:
2018:
1785:
1769:
1594:
1547:
1451:
1411:
1290:, an idealized view of the Confederacy valiantly fighting for a just cause, emerged in the
1268:
1123:
that existed from February 8, 1861, to May 9, 1865. The Confederacy was composed of eleven
1040:
231:
12860:
The Shattering of Texas Unionism: Politics in the Lone Star State during the Civil War Era
12389:
Chesson, Michael B. (1984). "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot".
10021:, TN became a major source of supply for Confederate armies, comparable to Nassau and its
4044:
3877:
2647:
8:
18207:
17970:
17935:
17893:
17873:
17770:
17738:
17571:
17336:
17324:
17043:
16925:
16880:
16647:
16439:
16328:
16202:
15847:
15800:
15547:
15507:
15492:
15385:
15234:
14906:
14866:
14741:
14702:
14672:
14627:
14587:
14187:
14177:
12618:
12086:
Sharrer, G. Terry (1995). "The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861β1866: A Civil War Legacy".
11392:
11046:
10845:
10820:
10808:
10746:
8621:
7804:
7524:
7189:
of the early 20th century did not achieve national levels of prosperity until long after
7044:
7016:
5971:
with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate and terrain varied from vast
5904:
5516:
5041:
4964:
4831:
4170:
4140:
3957:
3634:
3615:
3447:
3281:
3109:
2902:
2724:
2615:
2501:, served as capital of the Confederate States from February 4 until May 29, 1861, in the
2453:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2349:
2317:
2274:
2145:
Not having seceded, neither Kentucky nor Missouri was declared in rebellion in Lincoln's
2135:
1876:
1827:
1739:
1406:
1396:
873:
316:
71:
9779:
8360:
The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830β1860
3536:, but the Union consolidated positions along the Virginia coast and the Chesapeake Bay.
131:
18217:
18054:
17603:
17587:
17579:
17376:
17356:
17268:
17256:
17111:
16962:
16493:
16363:
15889:
15874:
15755:
15713:
15685:
15522:
15487:
15334:
15294:
14811:
14781:
14771:
14647:
14642:
14622:
14617:
14597:
14347:
14250:
14167:
14115:
13741:
13611:
13520:
13405:
13384:
13319:
13262:
13215:
13181:
Edgar Legare Pennington, "The Confederate Episcopal Church and the Southern Soldiers."
12987:
12885:
12825:
12795:
12758:
12679:
12433:
12398:
12371:
12310:
12095:
12033:
11840:
Agriculture and the Confederacy: Policy, Productivity, and Power in the Civil War South
11809:
Kolchin, Peter (2015). "Reexamining Southern Emancipation in Comparative Perspective".
11635:
11614:
11585:
11482:
Constitution of the Confederate States of America β Wikisource, the free online library
11290:
10834:
10515:
10134:
9829:
9627:
9619:
9584:
8384:
8287:
7482:
7173:
7154:
6767:
6719:
6625:
had a population under 500. Of the twenty largest U.S. cities in the 1860 census, only
5987:
to flourish; on both sides more soldiers died from disease than were killed in combat.
5984:
5897:
5207:
5145:
4992:
4673:
4503:
4222:
in another state. The Confederate Constitution's equivalent to the U.S. Constitution's
4083:
3945:
3650:
3580:
3490:
3466:
3451:
3350:
3320:
3256:
3210:
3011:
3007:
2996:
2927:
2897:
2861:
2701:
2692:
2607:
2536:
2487:
2470:
2131:
2023:
1898:
1719:
1456:
1359:
1347:
1291:
1279:
1194:
1132:
606:
564:
537:
330:
323:
194:
79:
65:
15467:
11389:
The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861β1865
7702:
7062:. The creation of a new country necessitated independent structures. For example, the
5553:
4070:
3830:
2684:, showed interest in recognition of the Confederacy or at least mediation of the war.
2376:
served in both Confederate Congresses as Arizona's delegate. In 1862, the Confederate
1882:
The first secession state conventions from the Deep South sent representatives to the
18179:
18164:
18144:
17917:
17812:
17794:
17440:
17180:
17105:
17099:
17049:
16735:
15991:
15593:
15527:
15462:
15365:
15284:
15244:
14846:
14652:
14607:
14222:
13941:
13938:
The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861β1865
13927:
13874:
13745:
13704:
13693:
13630:
Beringer, Richard E.; Still, William N. Jr.; Jones, Archer; Hattaway, Herman (1986).
13500:
13471:
13446:
13344:
12919:
12892:
12863:
12762:
12704:
12683:
12529:
12504:
12437:
12198:
12144:
12103:
11980:
11944:
11886:
11859:
11774:
11731:
11459:
11396:
11308:
11267:
11232:
11166:
11096:
10921:
10823:, repelled amphibious assault of Savannah for the duration of the war. Union General
10619:
10289:
10217:
10077:
9942:
9889:
9749:
9684:
9672:
9631:
9521:
9411:
9326:
9244:
was never held. The (5) Fifth Session was held November 18, 1861 β February 17, 1862.
9232:
The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America 1861β1865
9138:
8741:
8714:
8510:
8443:
8327:
8279:
8227:
8186:
8116:
7899:
7868:
7808:
7775:
7750:
7740:
7371:
7362:
7052:
6925:
6859:
6789:
6000:
5996:
5945:
5915:
5857:
5839:
5135:
5028:
5021:
5017:
4667:
4638:
4584:
4491:
4479:
4417:
4227:
3738:
3729:, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. "The Surrender" marked the end of the Confederacy. The
3611:
3503:
3039:
2856:
2810:
2752:
2737:
2531:
2118:
2080:
1998:
1914:
1781:
1315:
1206:
1054:
399:
11011:
had ranged the Atlantic for two years, sinking 58 vessels worth $ 6,54,000 [
9567:
Gentry, Judith Fenner (1970). "A Confederate Success in Europe: The Erlanger Loan".
7039:
together formed majorities of both the white and the slave population, becoming the
5536:
The Confederate government took over the three national mints in its territory: the
5492:
Both the individual Confederate states and later the Confederate government printed
5454:
4018:
3864:
2704:
of 1791β1804) led to the British considering intervention for humanitarian reasons.
2055:
1294:
among former Confederate generals and politicians, and in organizations such as the
18149:
18134:
17941:
17911:
17879:
17806:
17788:
17480:
17472:
17364:
17344:
15603:
15472:
15442:
15437:
15370:
15309:
15304:
15259:
14761:
14751:
14657:
14637:
14632:
14382:
14372:
14332:
14066:
13733:
13603:
13311:
13254:
13231:
W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy".
12787:
12750:
12671:
12425:
12173:
12025:
11577:
11039:
10827:
captured Savannah from the land side in December 1864. The British blockade runner
10824:
10801:
10527:. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: National Pub. Co.; Chicago: Zeigler, McCurdy. p.
10297:
10184:
10063:, Louisiana for those from Havana, Cuba and Mexican ports of Tampico and Vera Cruz.
9611:
9576:
9452:
9067:
8804:
8271:
8219:
8176:
7337:
7320:
7286:
7274:
6903:
6614:
5545:
5497:
5432:
4985:
4888:
4239:
3588:
3474:
3435:
3389:
3346:
3251:
3166:
3147:
3130:
3113:
Southern Unionists throughout the Confederate States resisted the 1862 conscription
2802:
2794:
2760:
2635:
2556:
predominantly governed military relationships on both sides of uniformed conflict.
2513:
2400:
2396:
Indian nations. After several battles, Union armies took control of the territory.
2338:
2127:
1939:
1851:
1843:
1649:
1506:
1471:
1436:
1431:
384:
372:
12887:
Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism
12725:
11963:
11159:
hauled down the last Confederate flag at Liverpool in the UK on November 5, 1865.
11152:
had been purchased from Denmark and set sail from Spain in March. The crew of the
9154:
8373:
North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era
7684:
3992:
3809:
1921:
1746:'s reasons for refusing to allow the Southern states to secede. Proponents of the
18084:
17861:
17842:
17776:
17762:
17696:
17432:
17192:
17142:
17074:
16992:
16791:
16677:
15966:
15815:
15708:
15588:
15583:
15578:
15568:
15537:
15447:
15390:
15380:
15339:
14367:
14337:
14157:
14012:
14005:
14001:
13287:
13067:
12965:
12593:
12572:
9666:
9395:
9161:
9074:
9029:
9009:
8989:
8965:
8933:
8913:
8893:
8873:
8853:
8833:
8799:
8694:
8395:
7797:
7769:
7305:
7269:
7143:
6745:
5869:
5818:"Stainless Banner"βconsisted of a lengthened white field area with a Battle Flag
5529:
5166:
5153:
5099:
4978:
4872:
4650:
4642:
4608:
4546:
4448:
4355:
4315:
4280:
4215:
3654:
3458:
3374:
3194:
The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with a Confederate victory at the
2984:
2875:
2789:
2491:
2361:
2353:
2139:
1890:
1872:
1855:
1791:
1553:
1311:
1282:, the Confederate states were readmitted to the Congress after each ratified the
1214:
1183:
451:
14048:
12700:
A House Divided, Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia
12267:
Kidd, Jessica Fordham (2006). "Privation and Pride: Life in Blockaded Alabama".
11187:
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion
10546:
8926:
8687:
8551:
4057:
3911:
3528:
campaign was ended January 2, 1863, at the inconclusive Battle of Stones River (
17611:
17161:
17080:
15745:
15693:
15532:
15497:
15457:
15349:
15329:
15324:
15279:
14558:
14399:
14387:
13724:
Moretta, John (1999). "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas".
13280:
12561:
12496:
Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War
11153:
10637:
Francis H. Pierpont: Union War Governor of Virginia and Father of West Virginia
10498:
10285:
9466:
7282:
7206:
6630:
5980:
5976:
5953:
5877:
5873:
5541:
5537:
5424:
5149:
5119:
5083:
4822:
4565:
4460:
4304:
3756:
3742:
3569:
3362:
3289:
3246:
3183:
3092:
3051:
2888:
2568:
2293:
2088:
1812:
1446:
984:
970:
17210:
13300:
Nichols, Roy Franklin (1926). "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865β1869".
12288:
Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and Substitutes on the Southern Homefront
9935:
James M. McPherson Professor of American History Princeton University (1996).
9870:
9615:
8181:
8164:
5963:
Map of the states and territories claimed by the Confederate States of America
4709:
Confederate Congress was a unicameral assembly; each state received one vote.
3228:
3042:, Virginia in 1863, but no midshipmen graduated before the Confederacy's end.
2067:
1925:
Blue indicates the Union states and light blue Union-supporting slave states (
18308:
17855:
17732:
17704:
17516:
17037:
16939:
16780:
16013:
15613:
15608:
15598:
15573:
15482:
15477:
15319:
15314:
15299:
15269:
15239:
14577:
14202:
13831:
Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory Of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction
12016:
Ramsdell, Charles W. (1917). "The Confederate Government and the Railroads".
11300:
11198:
10816:
10738:
10334:
10305:
9687:
in Bermuda, where a Confederate agent openly worked to help blockade runners.
9022:
9002:
8982:
8958:
8906:
8886:
8866:
8846:
8826:
8792:
8283:
8231:
8190:
7754:
7341:
7290:
7087:
5927:
5819:
5480:
pulled the wagons. The supply was undermined by an unprecedented epidemic of
5248:
4658:
4393:
4194:
3623:
3519:
3486:
3285:
3019:
2953:
2764:
2627:
2383:
Confederate supporters in the trans-Mississippi west claimed portions of the
1847:
1747:
1731:
1616:
1378:
1319:
1272:
1202:
1079:
886:
412:
20:
14071:
9714:
The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War
8275:
8223:
6604:
5328:
5314:
4276:
3673:
3121:
Confederate conscription was not universal; it was a selective service. The
17744:
17186:
17117:
16482:
16459:
16449:
16444:
15981:
15923:
15835:
15810:
15723:
15703:
15502:
15400:
14044:
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
13871:
After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism
13820:, ed. Glenn Feldman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001, p. 46).
12177:
12107:
10301:
7925:
Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation
7190:
7040:
5922:
Up to 100,000 men living in states under Confederate control served in the
5810:) it sometimes proved difficult to distinguish the Stars and Bars from the
5398:
5302:
5243:
4971:
4596:
4515:
3494:
3439:
3047:
2816:
2732:
2677:
2580:
2572:
211:
13737:
12675:
12429:
11004:, pp. 305β306. The most successful Confederate merchant raider 1863β1864,
7734:
7279:
Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War
7233:, the Supreme Court ruledβby a 8β1 majorityβto reaffirm its conclusion in
2755:, who entered the Confederacy via Mexico, Fitzgerald Ross of the Austrian
2665:
French Emperor Napoleon III sought joint FrenchβBritish recognition of CSA
2575:
to Paris. On their way in 1861, the U.S. Navy intercepted their ship, the
2446:
17720:
15254:
14292:
14272:
12957:
11005:
8388:
7613:
7506:
Slaves are included in the above population according to the 1860 census.
7186:
7124:
6667:
6626:
6622:
5688:
5449:
5391:
4747:
4231:
3658:
3417:
2992:
2720:
2594:
2553:
1983:
1910:
1902:
1307:
1229:
1012:
519:
504:
345:
179:
13409:
13388:
13186:
13144:
12829:
12799:
12375:
11639:
11618:
8291:
8259:
8205:
5948:
bisected the country, and the western half was often referred to as the
5848:
Map of the county secession votes of 1860β1861 in Appalachia within the
5806:
states of Kentucky and Missouri). During the First Battle of Bull Run, (
4291:
Davis and Stephens were elected president and vice president, unopposed
3687:
3070:
Recruitment poster: "Do not wait to be drafted". Under half re-enlisted.
2659:
2463:
16637:
15512:
15274:
14475:
14470:
13615:
13323:
13266:
13219:
13114:
12754:
12402:
12314:
12099:
12037:
11589:
11530:
11260:
Civil War and Agrarian Unrest: The Confederate South and Southern Italy
9623:
9588:
7384:
7281:(2022) that the Confederacy's failure to raise adequate revenue led to
7216:
7139:
7135:
7036:
7024:
5923:
5861:
5367:
5355:
5298:
4938:
4695:
4248:
2964:
The military armed forces of the Confederacy comprised three branches:
1954:
Evolution of the Confederate States between December 1860 and July 1870
1950:
1867:
1803:
1124:
19:"Confederate States" redirects here. For the system of government, see
13199:
The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America
12940:
Southerner vs. Southerner: Union Supporters Below the Mason-Dixon Line
12063:
Ramsdell, "The Confederate Government and the Railroads", pp. 809β810.
11756:
History Net: Where History Comes Alive β World & US History Online
7348:
tended to be narrowly state-based, "negative, carping and petty". The
7019:. The Secession Convention of Southern Churches was held here in 1861.
5944:
the far western territories were deserts. The southern reaches of the
5173:, also in Virginia, where it was also inspected before being sent on.
17715:
16917:
15901:
14084:
14030:
13594:
Owsley (1925). "Local Defense and the Overthrow of the Confederacy".
12791:
12614:"How the Confederate battle flag became an enduring symbol of racism"
11690:
before 1863 while memories of the votes on secession remained fresh."
9855:. New York and Washington, The Neale publishing company. p. 203.
5680:
5570:
5387:
5006:
4904:
4835:
4631:
4318:, as the Confederacy was defeated before the completion of his term.
4166:
3749:
3313:
2913:
2393:
1339:
956:
900:
376:
16984:
13818:
Reading Southern History: Essays on Interpreters and Interpretations
13628:
Rable (1994) 257. For a detailed criticism of Owsley's argument see
13607:
13315:
13258:
12915:
Sherman's Horsemen: Union Cavalry Operations in the Atlanta Campaign
12029:
11581:
11535:
11505:"Records of District Courts of the United States, National Archives"
9580:
8137:
7973:
Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc
5503:
3544:
3411:
3006:
The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the
2948:
2926:
traders. But that trade was interrupted in the first year of war by
1994:) and two territories were given seats in the Confederate Congress.
15906:
14049:
Confederate States of America Collection at the Library of Congress
10547:
Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states
9838:. September 12, 1861. p. 1 – via accessiblearchives.com.
7520:
7516:
7369:, editor of the most influential newspaper in the Confederacy, the
7032:
5889:
5697:
5481:
4826:
4813:
2728:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2342:
1991:
1987:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1327:
1116:
998:
914:
364:
13245:
Dorris, J. T. (1928). "Pardoning the Leaders of the Confederacy".
12499:. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. pp.
9784:. Volume II. Nashville: United States Publishing Company. p.
9668:
Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War
9650:
Lifeline of the Confederacy: Blockade Running During the Civil War
9457:"Letter from Professor Wm. G. Allen [dated June 20, 1853]"
2330:
270: Territorial claims made and under partial control for a time
13139:
W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Presbyterians in the Confederacy."
9113:
7940:
Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization
7059:
6947:
4844:
3473:). Lee's strike north was turned back at Antietam MD, then Union
2756:
2672:
Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary
2389:
2010:
1318:
would continue to support white supremacist policies such as the
942:
928:
392:
13155:
W. Harrison Daniel, "The Southern Baptists in the Confederacy."
12330:
Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865β1872
11163:
Last Flag Down: The Epic Journey of the Last Confederate Warship
10645:
37th Congress, 3rd Session, Senate Bill S.531, February 14, 1863
9881:
7080:
Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America
6636:
The cities of the Confederacy included (by size of population):
4031:
3932:
3126:
army furloughs, churches, schools, apothecaries and newspapers.
3018:(including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but some such as
2337:, a Cherokee secessionist and Confederate Representative in the
1193:
in 1860, the southern states were convinced their slavery-based
16704:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
13210:
Sidney J. Romero, "Louisiana Clergy and the Confederate Army".
11648:
9852:
The public life and diplomatic correspondence of James M. Mason
9103:, Virginia State Library, Richmond, Virginia, 1978, pp. 478β493
7826:
7824:
7570:"Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy, 1861β65"
5959:
5865:
5406:
3721:
fell immediately. Lee surrendered a remnant of 50,000 from the
2579:
and took them to Boston, an international episode known as the
2002:
12816:
Elliott, Claude (1947). "Union Sentiment in Texas 1861β1865".
11018:], but she was trapped and sunk in June by the chain-clad
7922:
7375:. Beyond the early honeymoon period, Davis was never popular.
4254:
Some historians have referred to the Confederacy as a form of
4165:
or being admitted to the Confederacy (for subsequent states);
3783:
3134:
appointed by state Governor patronage expanded significantly.
2921:
led to Congress abolishing the Ranger service two years later.
2773:
Seven months in the rebel states during the North American War
11796:
The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents
9088:
West Virginia and the Civil War, Mountaineers Are Always Free
7542:
equestrian statue at the Virginia Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
7055:
was very high and chaplains played a major role in the Army.
5972:
5378:
2801:
The Confederacy's biggest foreign policy successes were with
1026:
14426:
13126:
Pamela Robinson-Durso, "Chaplains in the Confederate Army."
13109:
Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout, and Charles Reagan, eds.
12449:
12447:
10549:(bottom of page); Department of War details to States (top).
9385:
Blumenthal (1966) p. 151; Jones (2009) p. 321; Owsley (1959)
8506:
The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem
8163:
Ogorzalek, Thomas; Piston, Spencer; Strother, Logan (2017).
7821:
3026:
but did not serve in the Army) had little or no experience.
14016:
11727:
Blacks in the United States Army: Portraits Through History
5952:. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was
5512:
5070:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States
3775:
List of C.S. states by date of admission to the Confederacy
3595:. Robert E. Lee's strike into Pennsylvania was repulsed at
3319:
General Burnside halted at the bridge. Battle of Antietam (
3249:
had attempted to resupply the garrison with the steamship,
2680:
of France, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister
13984:, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga., edited by J.A. Turner
13664:"The Hidden Story of the North's Victory in the Civil War"
13629:
13168:
G. Clinton Prim. "Southern Methodism in the Confederacy".
8778:
Crofts pp. 337β338, quoting the North Carolina politician
7916:
3717:. When the Union broke through Lee's lines at Petersburg,
2281:
in June 1861, establishing a "restored government" with a
12444:
11964:
Tariff of the Confederate States of America, May 21, 1861
11493:
11491:
11013:
8947:
Lincoln's calling-up of the militia of the several States
7421:
Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps
7289:, despite the prowess of its military leadership such as
7153:
The U.S. government began a decade-long process known as
1718:
A consensus of historians who address the origins of the
13363:
Nichols, "United States vs. Jefferson Davis, 1865β1869".
13340:
The Papers of Jefferson Davis: June 1865 β December 1870
12955:
Two-thirds of soldiers' deaths occurred due to disease.
10521:
A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States
10051:, pp. 287β288. The principal ports on the Atlantic were
9542:
American foreign relations: A history, to 1920: Volume 1
9090:, History Press, Charleston, South Carolina, 2011, p. 28
8319:
7958:
History of Mississippi, the Heart of the South, volume 1
7739:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 55.
7646:. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. p. 1,2.
5983:. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed
4775:
of Mississippi, December 23β24, 1861 and January 6, 1862
3709:
The Confederacy's last remaining blockade-running port,
2747:
establishment of independence. These observers included
13695:
The Confederate Republic: A Revolution Against Politics
13651:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 64β83, 424β457.
11296:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
10733:, p. 354. Federal sea-based amphibious forces captured
9910:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
8439:
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies
8162:
4769:
of Virginia, December 10β21, 1861 and January 7β8, 1862
3403:, (Monitor and Merrimac) nearby destroyed Union warship
2292:
Attempts to secede from the Confederacy by counties in
1826:
Background factors in the run up to the Civil War were
13183:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
12219:"1861 O 50C MS Seated Liberty Half Dollars | NGC"
11488:
11160:
5436:
Passers-by abused the bodies of Union supporters near
4214:
Constitution, like the U.S. Constitution, contained a
18270:
14033:β numerous online text, image, and audio collections.
13989:
The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared
13799:
13797:
13563:
13042:
Figures for Virginia include the future West Virginia
13019:"Selected Statistics on Slavery in the United States"
10592:, University of Kentucky Press, 1993, 2nd ed., p. 130
8136:
Strother, Logan; Piston, Spencer; Ogorzalek, Thomas.
7473:
List of treaties of the Confederate States of America
7258:
7027:. Both free and enslaved populations identified with
3637:
ended Confederate operations in the western theater.
2836:
Confederate States Army Β§ Morale and motivations
2539:, which served as their headquarters for eight days.
2162:
Historian Daniel W. Crofts disagrees with McPherson:
13995:
Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution
13445:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. xix.
11658:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from
11545:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from
11228:
A Short History of the Confederate States of America
9777:
9322:
Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years
9164:, University of Maryland. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
7970:
6990:
Wilmington, North Carolina in the American Civil War
4738:
functioned as the Confederacy's legislative branch.
2590:
for the Confederacy, much less military assistance.
1817:
Confederate forces bombarded the Union's Fort Sumter
1714:
Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War
18355:
Former regions and territories of the United States
11771:
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
9400:
James Murray Mason : defender of the old South
9121:"Background of the Confederate States Constitution"
8733:
8662:"Secession Acts of the Thirteen Confederate States"
8135:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7066:split, with much of the new leadership provided by
6010:
Percentages may not total 100% because of rounding.
2296:were checked by martial law. Although slaveholding
1314:. Advocates sought to ensure future generations of
1209:wanted to maintain their loyalty to the Union. The
18114:
13794:
13692:
12884:
12647:Noe, Kenneth W.; Wilson, Shannon H., eds. (1997).
12623:
11543:"U.S. Postal Issue Used in the Confederacy (1893)"
10916:(2nd ed.). Univ. of Kentucky Press. pp.
10540:
9885:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
9683:. An example of agents working openly occurred in
8112:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
8074:Short History of the Confederate States of America
7964:
7885:
7799:This mighty scourge: perspectives on the Civil War
7796:
4755:Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress
3701:were defeated or disbanding. At the February 1865
3602:September and November left Confederates yielding
3276:) in Virginia July and in August, Wilson's Creek (
3171:military recruiter under Bragg, then J.E. Johnston
2171:The order of secession resolutions and dates are:
11936:
11851:
10887:found at "The Angle" of the Battle of Gettysburg.
10668:fell with a small army. By the end of the month,
9882:Michael Perman; Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. (2010).
8313:
7927:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 21,27.
7222:
3361:by a combined Army-Navy force under U.S. Admiral
2535:surrender. Davis and most of his cabinet fled to
2494:and dubbed the "last Capitol of the Confederacy".
1929:) that primarily stayed in Union control, though
1764:had admitted new states into the Union in pairs,
18306:
16390:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
13972:Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms
13634:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 443β457.
12526:Scarlett's Sisters: Young Women in the Old South
12361:
12163:
11977:American Civil War: Naval & Economic Warfare
11878:
11723:
8805:"South Carolina documents including signatories"
8544:
7951:
7949:
7937:
7696:
7694:
7557:
4750:of Georgia, February 4, 1861 β February 17, 1862
4283:, President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865
3265:Lincoln directed states to provide 75,000 troops
3152:Conscription Bureau chief, April 1862 β May 1863
1966:The Confederacy expanded in MayβJuly 1861 (with
1224:The Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the
1131:and warred against the United States during the
17240:
14063:Works by or about Confederate States of America
13336:
12528:. U of North Carolina Press. pp. 273β280.
11382:
11380:
9510:
9345:
9155:Chronology of Emancipation during the Civil War
8740:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 42β43.
8614:
8169:Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race
8108:
7960:. S. J. Clarke publishing Company. p. 784.
7728:
7726:
5670:
5420:Confederate railroads in the American Civil War
5216:severely limited by a domestic passport system.
3693:Appomattox Courthouse, site of "The Surrender".
3649:The first three months of 1865 saw the Federal
3614:to encircle Richmond and besiege Lee's army at
3260:1861, General Beauregard forced its surrender.
1217:and states under its control were known as the
23:. For a list of confederate nation states, see
16:Unrecognized state in North America (1861β1865)
16214:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
12611:
12343:McCurry, Stephanie (2011). "Bread or Blood!".
11283:
10811:Web Archives. In both events, as with the CSS
10209:
9116:. Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas.
8435:
7955:
7891:
7253:
4804:Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress
4295:. They were inaugurated on February 22, 1862.
4268:President of the Confederate States of America
2991:, where South Carolina state militia besieged
2364:as the new territorial governor. They won the
2322:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War
18385:States and territories disestablished in 1865
18100:
17680:
17226:
16970:
16766:
14100:
14076:
13810:
13686:
13684:
13437:
13426:Interpreting American History: Reconstruction
12949:
11474:
11251:
10753:fell and Savannah, Georgia was closed by the
10616:General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse,
9748:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 124.
9318:
7946:
7931:
7691:
6599:
4321:
4307:, a power also held by some state governors.
1682:
1332:modern display of the Confederate battle flag
82:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
13969:Civil War Research & Discussion Group β
13761:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
13290:, December 25, 1868. Accessed July 18, 2014.
12964:. Louisiana State University. Archived from
12811:
12809:
12550:The Confederate States of America, 1861β1865
11997:Hankey, John P. (2011). "The Railroad War".
11773:. New York: Knopf. pp. 30β36, 105β166.
11377:
11289:
10833:was purchased and converted to the ironclad
10712:
10710:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10173:The Confederate States of America: 1861β1865
10122:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
9325:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 151.
9218:Two Fires: American Indians in the Civil War
9135:General Lee's Army: from victory to collapse
8706:
8590:The Growth of Southern Nationalism 1848β1861
8531:"1860 Presidential General Election Results"
8509:. Harvard University Press. pp. 23β27.
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8129:
7723:
7411:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
7356:
7111:
5233:Economy of the Confederate States of America
4635:Davis's cabinet in 1861, Montgomery, Alabama
4328:Cabinet of the Confederate States of America
4158:Statehood date is the date of ratifying the
3978:
3450:'s ironclads from Savannah in 1862 with the
2522:, was chosen for the interim capital at the
14004:and other Civil War documents owned by the
13574:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
12597:National Flags". Retrieved October 4, 2012.
11203:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
11095:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 967.
10680:(naval Fort Pillow), but they withdrew and
10213:The Black Experience in the Civil War South
9799:
9699:The American Catholic Historical Researches
9671:. University of South Carolina Press, 1991
9114:"Marx and Engels on the American Civil War"
8575:The Confederate States of America 1861β1865
8050:"Industry and Economy during the Civil War"
7640:
7468:List of Confederate monuments and memorials
5860:were widespread in the mountain regions of
5559:
5270:concept was promoted within certain circles
3796:
1768:. This had kept a sectional balance in the
1226:South Carolina militia attacked Fort Sumter
18390:States and territories established in 1861
18107:
18093:
17687:
17673:
17233:
17219:
16977:
16963:
16773:
16759:
14107:
14093:
13681:
12607:
12605:
12603:
12391:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
12237:"Confederate Coinage: A Short-lived Dream"
11185:United States Government Printing Office,
9648:(2001) vol. 1 p. 202 and Stephen R. Wise,
8102:
7761:
7618:Danville Museum of Fine Arts & History
7572:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5715:Flags of the Confederate States of America
5710:Flags of the Confederate States of America
5152:to the position of Postmaster General, by
5034:Texas-East William Pinckney Hill 1861β1865
3785:State flags, statehood and territory dates
3763:
2829:
2326:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
1889:The new provisional Confederate President
1689:
1675:
249:
14006:Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library
13918:Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J.,
13699:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp.
12806:
12646:
11943:. U. of Georgia Press. pp. 105β109.
11793:
10910:Rice, Otis K.; Brown, Stephen W. (1993).
10909:
10707:
10687:
9819:
9817:
9743:
9601:
9201:"The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory"
9153:Freedmen & Southern Society Project,
8413:
8180:
8115:. Harvard University Press. p. 259.
7923:Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007).
7852:
7794:
7788:
7636:
7634:
7463:List of Confederate arsenals and armories
7442:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America
5413:
3427:, location of the only cruiser engagement
2944:Military forces of the Confederate States
2469:The second Capitol of the Confederacy in
290: Contested Native American territory
36:C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America
14303:Treatment of slaves in the United States
14031:DocSouth: Documenting the American South
13816:Fred A. Bailey, "E. Merton Coulter", in
13646:
13051:Rows may not add to 100% due to rounding
12918:. Indiana University Press. p. 28.
12775:
12723:
12661:
12327:
12015:
12005:(3). Kalmbach Publishing Company: 24β35.
11990:
11882:Encyclopedia of African American History
11855:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Civil War
11625:
11604:
11257:
11197:This article incorporates text from the
10514:
9430:
9045:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, p. 49
8326:. Oxford University Press. p. 184.
7700:
7196:
7100:
7092:Presbyterian Church in the United States
7064:Presbyterian Church in the United States
7051:were fully ensured by Confederate laws.
7007:
6603:
5958:
5909:
5843:
5791:
5674:
5569:
5502:
5487:
5431:
5423:
5377:
5359:considerations apart from productivity.
4694:
4630:
4275:
3572:ended trade with the Confederate states.
3108:
3065:
2947:
2874:
2593:The Confederates who had believed that "
2478:
2452:The first Capitol of the Confederacy in
2329:
1949:
1920:
1866:
1798:. His victory triggered declarations of
18320:1865 disestablishments in North America
18223:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
16046:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
14218:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
13723:
13647:Beringer, Richard; et al. (1986).
13546:"Treason Clause: Doctrine and Practice"
13395:
13374:
13299:
12988:"1860 Census of Population and Housing"
12815:
12740:
12600:
12415:
12388:
12342:
12300:
12085:
12044:
11808:
11768:
11567:
11040:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage
10802:CSS Atlanta, USS Atlanta. Navy Heritage
9646:Encyclopedia of American foreign policy
9023:North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession
8793:South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession
8610:
8608:
8572:
8041:
8022:Hacker, J. David (September 20, 2011).
7732:
7478:List of historical separatist movements
7416:Commemoration of the American Civil War
7082:, which had reluctantly split from the
5956:in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,670 m).
4687:Provisional Confederate States Congress
4173:was organized by the Confederate States
3661:in North Carolina, and Sherman finally
3550:Bombardment of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
3337:Burying Union dead. Antietam, Maryland.
3105:Confederate Conscription Acts 1862β1864
2130:and, on October 31, 1861, it passed an
1338:, when the battle flag was used by the
1284:13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
18330:Anti-black racism in the United States
18307:
16031:Modern display of the Confederate flag
14114:
13959:Bibliography of the American Civil War
13868:
13783:
13593:
13569:
13497:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era
13490:
13465:
13244:
12587:Brief History of the Confederate Flags
12566:Brief History of the Confederate Flags
12523:
12285:
12190:
12136:
11996:
11386:
9814:
9805:
9566:
9182:
8710:Sketches from the Five States of Texas
8340:from the original on September 5, 2015
8257:
8021:
7803:. Oxford University Press US. p.
7767:
7631:
7458:List of Confederate arms manufacturers
7078:. Elites in the southeast favored the
5593:
5373:
4189:Constitution of the Confederate States
3768:
3748:, surrendered on November 6, 1865, in
3513:
2995:in Charleston harbor, held by a small
18365:History of the Southern United States
18350:Former countries of the United States
18228:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
18088:
17948:The Great Republic of Rough and Ready
17668:
17214:
16958:
16754:
16249:
15638:
15202:
14425:
14228:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
14126:
14088:
14075:
14024:Photographic History of the Civil War
13758:
13690:
13661:
13470:. Stackpole Books. pp. 155β159.
12911:
12882:
12696:
12492:
12477:
12462:
11708:
11628:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
11607:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
11161:John Baldwin; Ron Powers (May 2008).
11090:
10017:, p. 286. After capture by Federals,
9848:
9451:
9394:
9388:
8638:, George Knapp & Co., 1861, p. 47
8502:
8203:
8070:
8047:
7942:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214.
7858:
7448:History of the Southern United States
6684:New Orleans in the American Civil War
5938:
5494:Confederate States of America dollars
5037:Texas-West Thomas J. Devine 1861β1865
4742:President of the Provisional Congress
4210:of slaves among slaveholding states.
3977:
3795:
2221:(February 1; referendum February 23)
1842:, Southern and Northern nationalism,
1661:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
18400:White supremacy in the United States
18315:1861 establishments in North America
17648:
13873:. Louisiana State University Press.
13596:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
13428:(Kent State University Press, 2016).
13247:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
12956:
12857:
12842:
12266:
11752:"African Americans In The Civil War"
10588:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown,
9054:Rice, Otis K. and Stephen W. Brown,
8827:Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession
8713:. Texas A&M UP. pp. 27β28.
8605:
7774:. Harper Collins. pp. 256β257.
6710:Charleston in the American Civil War
5833:
5284:
4957:
4782:Sessions of the Confederate Congress
4724:
3568:Closing of Mobile Bay, Alabama. The
3477:offensive was disastrously ended at
3359:New Orleans was captured on April 29
2850:
1726:was the principal aim of the eleven
1322:through activities such as building
42:
18244:2012 U.S. state secession petitions
17716:Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain
16385:Committee on the Conduct of the War
16061:United Daughters of the Confederacy
13784:Donald, David Herbert, ed. (1996).
13111:Religion and the American Civil War
12612:Erin Blakemore (January 12, 2021).
12197:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 41.
11165:. Three Rivers Press. p. 368.
11093:The Civil War, a narrative: Vol III
11049:Web Archives, in 1863 the ironclad
10942:"The Civil War Comes to Charleston"
9746:Three Months in the Southern States
7736:The Burden of Confederate Diplomacy
6850:Nashville in the American Civil War
5474:
4763:of South Carolina, February 4, 1861
4734:For the first year, the unicameral
3497:argues that 1862 was the strategic
3299:
2901:there remained in place during the
2777:Three Months in the Southern States
2248:(April 17; referendum May 23, 1861)
2043:houses of Congress to accept them.
1722:agree that the preservation of the
1296:United Daughters of the Confederacy
424:constitutional republic (1862β1865)
13:
18370:Politics of the American Civil War
16455:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
16250:
15794:impeachment managers investigation
14173:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
13952:
13343:. Louisiana State UP. p. 96.
12730:. New York, The Macmillan company.
12703:. Univ. of Pittsburgh. p. 8.
12478:Frank, Lisa Tendrich, ed. (2008).
10885:High-water mark of the Confederacy
10819:, and his successor and Commodore
10452:The Confederates States of America
9825:"Spain and the Confederate States"
9778:Richardson, James D., ed. (1905).
9439:University of North Carolina Press
9003:Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession
8907:Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession
8587:
8298:from the original on April 7, 2023
8003:from the original on April 1, 2010
7588:"Reaction to the Fall of Richmond"
6736:Richmond in the American Civil War
5201:
4662:Back row, standing left to right:
4204:ban on international slave-trading
3189:
2567:. The Confederate government sent
2103:Confederate government of Kentucky
1571:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1427:End of slavery in British colonies
14:
18411:
18254:List of state partition proposals
15880:Reconstruction military districts
14328:Abolitionism in the United States
14283:Plantations in the American South
14198:Origins of the American Civil War
13963:
13895:The Confederate States of America
13805:The Confederate States of America
13550:LII / Legal Information Institute
13525:LII / Legal Information Institute
12818:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
12255:The Confederate States of America
12124:, (February 2006) 45#1 pp. 30β36
11372:The Confederate States of America
11359:The Confederate States of America
11346:The Confederate States of America
11333:The Confederate States of America
11134:The Confederate States of America
11121:The Confederate States of America
11066:The Confederate States of America
11036:The Confederate States of America
11002:The Confederate States of America
10989:The Confederate States of America
10976:The Confederate States of America
10963:The Confederate States of America
10872:The Confederate States of America
10859:The Confederate States of America
10798:The Confederate States of America
10785:The Confederate States of America
10772:The Confederate States of America
10759:The Confederate States of America
10731:The Confederate States of America
10603:The Confederate States of America
10560:The Confederate States of America
10478:The Confederate States of America
10465:The Confederate States of America
10439:The Confederate States of America
10426:The Confederate States of America
10413:The Confederate States of America
10400:The Confederate States of America
10387:The Confederate States of America
10374:The Confederate States of America
10361:The Confederate States of America
10348:The Confederate States of America
10319:The Confederate States of America
10282:The Confederate States of America
10269:The Confederate States of America
10256:The Confederate States of America
10109:The Confederate States of America
10091:The Confederate States of America
10074:The Confederate States of America
10049:The Confederate States of America
10036:The Confederate States of America
10015:The Confederate States of America
10002:The Confederate States of America
9989:The Confederate States of America
9976:The Confederate States of America
9963:The Confederate States of America
9923:The Confederate States of America
9307:The Confederate States of America
9281:The Confederate States of America
9268:The Confederate States of America
8959:Virginia's Ordinance of Secession
8688:Missouri's Ordinance of Secession
7865:A Companion to the American South
7771:The Confederate Nation: 1861β1865
7515:Population values do not include
7076:Methodist Episcopal Church, South
6964:Atlanta in the American Civil War
5884:. Union forces captured parts of
5703:
4773:Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell
3644:
3061:
2225:Inauguration of President Lincoln
1913:in April 1861, Lincoln called up
1708:Origins of the American Civil War
1560:The Impending Crisis of the South
1402:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
415:of independent states (1861β1862)
18395:White supremacy in North America
18340:Federal constitutional republics
18292:
18280:
18185:Northwest Territorial Imperative
18069:
18068:
18049:Provisional Government of Hawaii
17930:Provisional Government of Oregon
17849:Provisional Government of Mexico
17647:
17636:
17635:
17403:
17019:
16870:
16734:
16725:
16724:
15863:Enforcement Act of February 1871
15836:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
13887:
13862:
13849:
13836:
13823:
13777:
13767:
13752:
13717:
13655:
13649:Why the South Lost the Civil War
13639:
13632:Why the South Lost the Civil War
13622:
13587:
13578:
13538:
13513:
13484:
13459:
13431:
13418:
13398:American Bar Association Journal
13377:American Bar Association Journal
13366:
13357:
13330:
13293:
13273:
13238:
13225:
13204:
13191:
13175:
13162:
13149:
13141:North Carolina Historical Review
13133:
13120:
13103:
13094:
13073:
13054:
13045:
13036:
13011:
13002:
12980:
12932:
12905:
12891:. University Press of Virginia.
12876:
12851:
12836:
12769:
12734:
12717:
12690:
12655:
12640:
12579:
12555:
12542:
12517:
12486:
12471:
12456:
12409:
12382:
12355:
12336:
12321:
12294:
12279:
12260:
12247:
12229:
12211:
12184:
12166:Explorations in Economic History
12157:
12143:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 378.
12130:
12120:Keith Miller, "Southern Horse",
12114:
12079:
12076:, (April 2010), 74#2 pp. 357β377
12066:
12057:
12009:
11969:
11957:
11930:
11921:
11908:
11899:
11872:
11845:
11832:
11823:
11802:
11794:Vorenberg, Michael, ed. (2010).
11787:
11762:
11744:
11717:
11702:
11693:
11683:
11674:
11656:"Confederate States Post Office"
11596:
11561:
11519:
11497:
11448:
11435:
11422:
11409:
11364:
11351:
11338:
11325:
11242:
11219:
11210:
11190:
11179:
11139:
11126:
11113:
11084:
11071:
11058:
11028:
10994:
10981:
10968:
10955:
10934:
10903:
10890:
10877:
10864:
10851:
10790:
10777:
10764:
10723:
10650:
10629:
10608:
10595:
10582:
10565:
10552:
10508:
10492:
10483:
10470:
10457:
10444:
10431:
10418:
10405:
10392:
10379:
10366:
10353:
10340:
10311:
10274:
10261:
10248:
10239:
10230:
10203:
10178:
10165:
10152:
10127:
10114:
10101:
10083:
10066:
10041:
10028:
10007:
9994:
9981:
9968:
9955:
9928:
9915:
9902:
9875:
9859:
9842:
9771:
9762:
9737:
9728:
9719:
9706:
9690:
9659:
9638:
9595:
9560:
9547:
9534:
8983:Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession
8887:Georgia's Ordinance of Secession
8867:Alabama's Ordinance of Secession
8847:Florida's Ordinance of Secession
8615:James W. Loewen (July 1, 2015).
8204:Woods, M. E. (August 20, 2012).
7892:McMurtry-Chubb, Teri A. (2021).
7530:
7313:
7298:
5778:
5764:
5749:
5734:
5719:
5640:
5628:
5616:
5604:
5327:
5313:
5128:
5112:
5092:
5076:
4988:1861, Edward J. Harden 1861β1865
4913:
4897:
4881:
4865:
4736:Provisional Confederate Congress
4103:
4082:
4069:
4056:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3944:
3931:
3910:
3897:
3876:
3863:
3842:
3829:
3808:
3686:
3672:
3561:
3543:
3475:Major General Ambrose Burnside's
3410:
3388:
3379:S. Isaac, Campbell & Company
3330:
3312:
3227:
3209:
3158:
3139:
2981:Provisional Confederate Congress
2658:
2646:
2462:
2445:
2066:
2054:
1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
961:
947:
933:
919:
905:
891:
866:
852:
836:
822:
808:
794:
780:
766:
752:
738:
724:
708:
594:Battle of Appomattox Court House
235:
216:
199:
154:
130:
123:
62:to read and navigate comfortably
47:
18375:Separatism in the United States
18213:Mississippi Secession Ordinance
16648:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
16510:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
16071:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
14017:University of Georgia Libraries
13786:Why the North Won the Civil War
13572:State Rights in the Confederacy
12962:"Statistics on the War's Costs"
12912:Evans, David (March 22, 1999).
12480:Women in the American Civil War
12286:Massey, Mary Elizabeth (1952).
11458:. Albanylaw.edu. Archived from
11079:Refugee Life in the Confederacy
9604:The Journal of Economic History
9569:The Journal of Southern History
9504:
9479:
9445:
9437:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
9424:
9379:
9366:
9356:
9339:
9312:
9299:
9286:
9273:
9260:
9247:
9237:
9223:
9210:
9193:
9176:
9167:
9147:
9127:
9106:
9093:
9080:
9061:
9048:
9035:
9015:
8995:
8975:
8970:Restored government of Virginia
8951:
8939:
8919:
8899:
8879:
8859:
8839:
8819:
8785:
8772:
8763:
8754:
8727:
8700:
8686:Weigley (2000) p. 43 See also,
8680:
8654:
8641:
8629:
8596:
8581:
8566:
8523:
8496:
8487:
8478:
8469:
8464:The Impending Crisis, 1848β1861
8456:
8429:
8400:
8378:
8365:
8352:
8251:
8238:
8197:
8156:
8089:
8064:
8015:
7979:
7898:. Lexington Books. p. 31.
7832:"Confederate States of America"
7701:Tikkanen, Amy (June 17, 2020).
7668:Why the North Won the Civil War
7488:National Civil War Naval Museum
7406:American Civil War prison camps
5990:
5683:at Natchez City Cemetery is in
4182:
3663:took Charleston, South Carolina
3434:During the Civil War fleets of
3098:
2937:
2490:was the temporary residence of
1326:and influencing the authors of
1095:), commonly referred to as the
64:. When this tag was added, its
18116:Secession in the United States
15751:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
12946:. Retrieved December 27, 2022.
12018:The American Historical Review
11570:The American Historical Review
9808:The Fall of the House of Dixie
9520:. A&C Black. p. 144.
9431:Flanders, Ralph Betts (1933).
9216:Laurence M. Between Hauptman,
9068:The Civil War in West Virginia
7673:
7660:
7650:
7606:
7580:
7509:
7500:
7224:Sprott v. United States (1874)
7090:belonging to the 1861-founded
7049:separation of church and state
5063:
4680:
3657:. The Union Blockade captured
3238:), the North's "Big Skedaddle"
2311:
2017:Southern Democrats had chosen
1958:Secessionists argued that the
1496:
1191:President of the United States
1:
18360:Former unrecognized countries
18335:Confederate States of America
18203:Confederate States of America
17960:Confederate States of America
16166:Ladies' Memorial Associations
15868:Enforcement Act of April 1871
15764:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
15639:
13915:, New York: Bison Books, 1983
13759:Moore, Albert Burton (1924).
13662:Foner, Eric (March 8, 2022).
13466:Murray, Robert Bruce (2003).
13443:The American South: a history
12990:. Census.gov. January 7, 2009
12328:Thompson, C. Mildred (1915).
12194:The Language of the Civil War
10800:, pp. 287, 306, 302, 306 and
10175:, op. cit., pp. 313β315, 318.
9434:Plantation slavery in Georgia
9408:University of Tennessee Press
9183:Farish, Thomas Edwin (1915).
8927:Texas' Ordinance of Secession
8320:Patrick Karl O'Brien (2002).
7971:Charles Daniel Drake (1864).
7550:
7353:by the Davis administration.
7107:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
6005:
3737:post-surrender insurgency or
3610:to take Savannah and Grant's
2603:World Anti-Slavery Convention
1915:75,000 of the states' militia
1802:by seven slave states of the
1334:primarily started during the
1199:secede from the United States
1197:was threatened, and began to
1089:Confederate States of America
109:Confederate States of America
18380:Slavery in the United States
17954:The Kingdom of Beaver Island
16299:Confederate revolving cannon
16041:Sons of Confederate Veterans
15912:South Carolina riots of 1876
15890:Indian Council at Fort Smith
15841:South Carolina riots of 1876
15806:Knights of the White Camelia
14298:Slavery in the United States
14056:Confederate Veteran Magazine
13468:Legal Cases of the Civil War
12364:Georgia Historical Quarterly
10749:, North Carolina. In April,
9810:. Random House. p. 248.
8734:Wilfred Buck Yearns (2010).
7795:McPherson, James M. (2007).
7453:Knights of the Golden Circle
7379:oppression, preventing the "
7372:Richmond (Virginia) Examiner
7161:which outlawed slavery; the
5933:
5671:Effect on women and families
5453:to await freight cars and a
4261:
3489:'s invasion of Kentucky and
3220:, Charleston, South Carolina
2542:
1862:
1535:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
1497:Secession of Southern states
1350:used it for demonstrations.
1300:Sons of Confederate Veterans
262: The Confederate States
29:Confederacy (disambiguation)
7:
17242:Confederate States senators
16945:Organized January 18, 1862.
16781:Political divisions of the
16653:New York City riots of 1863
16478:Battle Hymn of the Republic
16229:United Confederate Veterans
16066:Children of the Confederacy
16056:United Confederate Veterans
16051:Southern Historical Society
15203:
14683:Price's Missouri Expedition
14153:Timeline leading to the War
14127:
13499:. Bloomsbury. p. 649.
13128:Journal of Church and State
12883:Neely, Mark E. Jr. (1999).
12779:Journal of Southern History
12724:McGregor, James C. (1922).
12493:Faust, Drew Gilpin (1996).
12463:Ezell, John Samuel (1963).
12137:Cooper, William J. (2010).
12074:Journal of Military History
11812:Journal of Southern History
11711:Southern Negroes, 1861β1865
11387:Martis, Kenneth C. (1994).
9941:. Oxford U.P. p. 152.
9867:Journal of Southern History
9517:Gladstone: God and Politics
9374:Canadian Journal of History
8573:Coulter, E. Merton (1950).
8211:Journal of American History
7863:. In Boles, John B. (ed.).
7398:
7254:Theories regarding downfall
7118:Pardons for ex-Confederates
7086:in 1861. Other elites were
7072:Southern Baptist Convention
7023:The CSA was overwhelmingly
7013:St. John's Episcopal Church
6997:
4858:
4691:Confederate States Congress
4236:Necessary and Proper Clause
3679:Armory, Richmond, Virginia.
3506:pushed Federal forces from
3036:Virginia Military Institute
2686:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2436:
2235:President Lincoln's call-up
1850:, and modernization in the
1530:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
1374:End of Atlantic slave trade
1266:Confederate States Congress
1228:. Four slave states of the
620:Debellation and dissolution
74:content into sub-articles,
10:
18416:
17924:Republic of the Rio Grande
16621:Confederate Secret Service
16209:Grand Army of the Republic
16101:Grand Army of the Republic
15919:Southern Claims Commission
13956:
13904:
13441:; Terrill, Tom E. (2009).
13303:American Historical Review
13286:November 22, 2017, at the
12727:The Disruption of Virginia
12697:Curry, Richard O. (1964).
12592:February 24, 2021, at the
12571:February 24, 2021, at the
12453:Paskoff, "Measures of War"
11937:Thomas Conn Bryan (2009).
11858:. Oxford Up. p. 291.
11852:William L. Barney (2011).
11709:Wiley, Bell Irvin (1938).
11527:American Historical Review
11264:Cambridge University Press
11145:The French-built ironclad
10577:. Vol. 5. p. 56.
9834:Charleston, South Carolina
9744:Fremantle, Arthur (1864).
8442:. Routledge. p. 150.
8097:United States Constitution
7975:. p. 219,220,222,241.
7666:David Herbert Donald, ed.
7592:American Battlefield Trust
7285:and being unable to win a
7115:
7104:
7004:Christian views on slavery
7001:
6600:Rural and urban population
6009:
5994:
5837:
5707:
5679:This Confederate memorial
5647:Rail bridge, Petersburg VA
5563:
5417:
5405:The Confederacy adopted a
5230:
5226:
5219:
5196:surviving Confederate mail
5067:
4684:
4637:Front row, left to right:
4325:
4322:Administration and cabinet
4265:
4186:
3772:
3711:Wilmington, North Carolina
3608:Sherman's March to the Sea
3517:
3102:
2989:Charleston, South Carolina
2979:On February 28, 1861, the
2941:
2833:
2315:
2262:(May 7; referendum June 8)
2231:Bombardment of Fort Sumter
1960:United States Constitution
1821:Charleston, South Carolina
1796:1860 presidential election
1711:
1705:
1701:
1617:Recapture of Anthony Burns
1487:1860 presidential election
1462:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
1336:1948 presidential election
1306:of the 1950s and 1960s in
1278:After the war, during the
33:
18:
18236:
18195:
18122:
18064:
17906:Republic of Indian Stream
17711:
17630:
17531:
17412:
17401:
17248:
17171:
17152:
17133:
17090:
17061:Secretary of the Treasury
17059:
17028:
17017:
17000:
16934:
16916:
16879:
16868:
16790:
16720:
16696:
16609:Confederate States dollar
16581:
16523:
16468:
16420:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
16415:Emancipation Proclamation
16377:
16309:Medal of Honor recipients
16266:
16262:
16245:
16197:Confederate Memorial Hall
16179:
16158:
16116:
16088:
16079:
15999:Confederate Memorial Hall
15972:Confederate History Month
15952:Civil War Discovery Trail
15932:
15853:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
15684:
15659:Reconstruction Amendments
15649:
15645:
15634:
15556:
15425:
15418:
15358:
15222:
15215:
15211:
15198:
15140:
14887:
14880:
14711:
14567:
14526:
14494:
14461:
14454:
14450:
14421:
14318:
14268:Emancipation Proclamation
14236:
14137:
14133:
14122:
14082:
14077:Links to related articles
13924:Stanford University Press
13570:Owsley, Frank L. (1925).
13521:"SPROTT v. UNITED STATES"
13066:October 11, 2014, at the
12862:. LSU Press. p. 83.
12269:Alabama Heritage Magazine
12140:Jefferson Davis, American
12052:Ersatz in the Confederacy
11885:. ABC-CLIO. p. 351.
11879:Leslie Alexander (2010).
11769:Litwack, Leon F. (1979).
11730:. McFarland. p. 13.
11724:Martha S. Putney (2003).
11485:. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
11258:Dal Lago, Enrico (2018).
9616:10.1017/S0022050700044946
9472:Frederick Douglass' Paper
9160:October 11, 2007, at the
9099:Leonard, Cynthia Miller,
9073:October 15, 2004, at the
9028:October 12, 2007, at the
9008:October 12, 2007, at the
8988:October 12, 2007, at the
8964:October 12, 2007, at the
8932:October 12, 2007, at the
8912:October 12, 2007, at the
8892:October 12, 2007, at the
8872:October 12, 2007, at the
8852:October 12, 2007, at the
8832:October 12, 2007, at the
8798:October 12, 2007, at the
8693:October 12, 2007, at the
8394:December 4, 2011, at the
8258:Loewen, James W. (2011).
8182:10.1017/S1742058X17000017
8077:. Belford co. p. 503
8071:Davis, Jefferson (1890).
7987:"Learn β Civil War Trust"
7938:John T. Ishiyama (2011).
7867:. John Wiley & Sons.
7768:Thomas, Emory M. (1979).
7733:Hubbard, Charles (2000).
7431:Confederate Patent Office
7183:Voting Rights Act of 1965
7112:Amnesty and treason issue
7029:evangelical Protestantism
6969:
6943:
6921:
6899:
6877:
6855:
6829:
6807:
6785:
6763:
6741:
6715:
6689:
6663:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6641:
6610:A Home on the Mississippi
6578:
6564:
6550:
6536:
6522:
6508:
6494:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6480:
6442:
6410:
6378:
6346:
6314:
6282:
6250:
6218:
6186:
6154:
6122:
6090:
6081:
6074:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6025:
6022:
6015:1860 United States Census
5969:humid subtropical climate
5611:Potters House, Atlanta GA
5574:Richmond bread riot, 1863
5291:1860 United States census
5263:Emancipation Proclamation
5256:1860 United States census
5237:
4578:
4574:
4555:
4536:
4473:
4469:
4432:Secretary of the Treasury
4430:
4426:
4387:
4383:
4364:
4345:
4155:
3984:
3973:
3802:
3791:
3782:
3723:Army of Northern Virginia
3593:New York City draft riots
2824:
2697:Emancipation Proclamation
2306:Army of Northern Virginia
2147:Emancipation Proclamation
2115:constitutional convention
2037:
1566:OberlinβWellington Rescue
1541:American Slavery As It Is
1075:
687:
674:Confederate States dollar
666:
662:
652:
642:
638:
633:
629:
616:
603:
590:
575:
560:
547:
543:
533:
516:
501:
491:
487:
475:
471:
461:
457:
445:
441:
431:
405:
391:
357:
341:
309:
299:
248:
189:
184:Under God, our Vindicator
174:
119:
114:
107:
17868:Santa Fe de Nuevo MΓ©xico
17843:Second Republic of Texas
17837:Republic of the Floridas
17825:Republic of East Florida
17819:Republic of West Florida
17783:United States of America
17727:Santa Fe de Nuevo MΓ©xico
17703:within the contemporary
16683:U.S. Sanitary Commission
16594:Battlefield preservation
16500:Marching Through Georgia
16425:Hampton Roads Conference
16400:Confiscation Act of 1862
16395:Confiscation Act of 1861
16171:U.S. national cemeteries
15977:Confederate Memorial Day
15962:Civil War Trails Program
15831:New Orleans riot of 1866
13491:Zuczek, Richard (2006).
13337:Jefferson Davis (2008).
12191:Wright, John D. (2001).
11699:Neely (1993) pp. 11, 16.
10913:West Virginia, A History
10590:West Virginia, A History
10216:. ABC-CLIO. p. 43.
9888:. Cengage. p. 178.
9849:Mason, Virginia (1906).
9725:"Thomas1979" pp. 219β221
9540:Thomas Paterson, et al.
9465:. p. 4 – via
9346:Abraham Lincoln (1920).
9207:(2013) 59#3 pp. 279β319.
9056:West Virginia, A History
8737:The Confederate Congress
8647:Eugene Morrow Violette,
8552:"Reluctant Confederates"
8109:David W. Blight (2009).
7861:"The Plantation Economy"
7494:
7259:"Died of states' rights"
5560:Food shortages and riots
5277:was carried out was the
5275:compensated emancipation
4810:Elias Cornelius Boudinot
4761:Robert Woodward Barnwell
4671:Illustration printed in
3979:(listed chronologically)
3703:Hampton Roads Conference
3457:. Secretary of the Navy
2885:First Battle of Bull Run
2727:as special agent to the
2695:, Lincoln's preliminary
2410:Elias Cornelius Boudinot
2356:in the southern part of
1774:House of Representatives
1589:Trial of Reuben Crandall
1502:Peace Conference of 1861
1477:Caning of Charles Sumner
1260:, and enacted the first
1203:confederation government
551:Provisional constitution
527:House of Representatives
17831:First Republic of Texas
16604:Confederate war finance
16224:Southern Cross of Honor
16192:1938 Gettysburg reunion
16187:1913 Gettysburg reunion
15885:Reconstruction Treaties
15858:Enforcement Act of 1870
15741:Freedman's Savings Bank
14358:Lane Debates on Slavery
14183:LincolnβDouglas debates
14011:April 29, 2012, at the
13920:Civil War High Commands
13493:"Texas v. White (1869)"
13115:excerpt and text search
12944:Warfare History Network
12649:Civil War in Appalachia
12548:Coulter, Ellis Merton.
12050:Mary Elizabeth Massey.
11529:12#1 (1906), pp. 66β74
11305:Oxford University Press
11077:Mary Elizabeth Massey,
10684:was captured downriver.
10210:Stephen V. Ash (2010).
10197:Mississippi Law Journal
9702:. 1901. pp. 27β28.
9644:Alexander DeConde, ed.
9352:. Century. p. 542.
8602:"Thomas1979" pp. 59, 81
8503:Coski, John M. (2005).
8436:John D. Wright (2013).
8264:OAH Magazine of History
8248:(2005) 51#3 pp. 317β324
8052:. National Park Service
8048:Arrington, Benjamin P.
7956:Dunbar Rowland (1925).
7859:Smith, Mark M. (2008).
7837:Encyclopædia Britannica
7707:Encyclopedia Britannica
7436:Confederate war finance
7350:1863 mid-term elections
7231:Sprott v. United States
6656:Return to U.S. control
5967:Much of the area had a
5798:Confederate Battle Flag
5540:in North Carolina, the
5000:Alexander Mosby Clayton
4924:South Carolina District
4908:North Carolina District
4208:existing internal trade
3797:(listed alphabetically)
3764:Government and politics
3375:John Fraser and Company
3270:Bethel Church, Virginia
2830:Motivations of soldiers
2091:portrait of Washington.
1942:, which is present-day
1482:LincolnβDouglas debates
1310:to growing support for
1252:leaders re-installed a
1250:Confederate States Army
327:(until April 2β3, 1865)
34:For the 2004 film, see
18249:Ordinance of Secession
16663:Richmond riots of 1863
16589:Baltimore riot of 1861
16369:U.S. Military Railroad
16289:Confederate Home Guard
16021:Historiographic issues
15987:Historical reenactment
14486:Revenue Cutter Service
14353:William Lloyd Garrison
14262:Dred Scott v. Sandford
14000:March 3, 2012, at the
13911:Bowman, John S. (ed),
13424:John David Smith, ed.
13185:17.4 (1948): 356β383.
13143:44.3 (1967): 231β255.
12843:Campbell, Randolph B.
12178:10.1006/exeh.1993.1015
11916:The Confederate Nation
11905:"Thomas1979" pp. 12β15
11829:"Thomas1979" pp. 13β14
11091:Foote, Shelby (1974).
11045:April 7, 2010, at the
11025:off Cherbourg, France.
10807:April 7, 2010, at the
10755:Battle of Fort Pulaski
10614:Glatthaar, Joseph T.,
10516:Stephens, Alexander H.
10503:Reveille in Washington
9806:Levine, Bruce (2013).
9376:(2012) 47#1 pp. 94β95.
9319:Carl Sandburg (1940).
9133:Glatthaar, Joseph T.,
8323:Atlas of World History
7251:
7148:Andersonville, Georgia
7020:
6618:
5964:
5919:
5886:coastal North Carolina
5853:
5802:
5759:"Blood Stained Banner"
5692:
5668:
5623:Downtown Charleston SC
5575:
5524:
5511:depicts a vignette of
5441:
5429:
5414:Transportation systems
5383:
5222:Confederate patriotism
5218:
4819:Samuel Benton Callahan
4767:Thomas Stanhope Bocock
4705:
4677:
4284:
4224:general welfare clause
4160:permanent constitution
3727:Appomattox Court House
3245:In January, President
3123:First Conscription Act
3114:
3071:
2961:
2923:
2880:
2848:
2811:slavery remained legal
2785:
2624:James W. C. Pennington
2588:diplomatic recognition
2524:Virginia State Capitol
2495:
2418:Samuel Benton Callahan
2345:
2169:
2160:
2132:ordinance of secession
2015:
1955:
1947:
1909:attack and capture of
1879:
1766:one slave and one free
1724:institution of slavery
1630:Virginia v. John Brown
1623:Dred Scott v. Sandford
1525:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1348:racial segregationists
1121:Southern United States
580:Permanent constitution
334:(until April 10, 1865)
27:. For other uses, see
25:List of confederations
18345:Former confederations
17900:Republic of Madawaska
17801:Trans-Oconee Republic
17135:Secretary of the Navy
17010:Alexander H. Stephens
16628:Great Revival of 1863
16505:Maryland, My Maryland
16294:Confederate railroads
15957:Civil War Roundtables
15826:Meridian riot of 1871
15821:Memphis riots of 1866
14378:George Luther Stearns
14363:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
14256:Crittenden Compromise
14054:Religion in the CSA:
13913:The Civil War Almanac
13869:Escott, Paul (1992).
13738:10.1353/cwh.1999.0101
13233:Mississippi Quarterly
13214:2.3 (1961): 277β300.
13172:23.4 (1985): 240β249.
12743:West Virginia History
12676:10.1353/cwh.2002.0060
12524:Jabour, Anya (2007).
12430:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007
12332:. pp. 14β17, 22.
11713:. pp. 21, 66β69.
11307:. pp. 106, 109.
10200:(2000) 69: 1123β1180.
10158:Joseph T. Glatthaar,
10120:Albert Burton Moore,
9491:ldhi.library.cofc.edu
8707:A. C. Greene (1998).
8649:A History of Missouri
8276:10.1093/oahmag/oar002
8224:10.1093/jahist/jas272
8024:"Recounting the Dead"
7681:"1860 Census Results"
7367:Edward Alfred Pollard
7308:, governor of Georgia
7265:Frank Lawrence Owsley
7247:
7243:Samuel Freeman Miller
7101:Legacy and assessment
7068:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
7011:
6607:
5995:Further information:
5962:
5913:
5847:
5795:
5678:
5663:
5635:Navy Yard, Norfolk VA
5573:
5506:
5488:Financial instruments
5435:
5427:
5381:
5220:Further information:
5213:
5068:Further information:
5049:John W. Brockenbrough
4841:Robert McDonald Jones
4704:, Montgomery, Alabama
4698:
4664:Christopher Memminger
4655:John Henninger Reagan
4647:Alexander H. Stephens
4634:
4542:Secretary of the Navy
4437:Christopher Memminger
4375:Alexander H. Stephens
4279:
4220:internal improvements
4169:date is the date the
4162:(for the first seven)
3462:their British crews.
3353:, where at the naval
3196:Battle of Fort Sumter
3112:
3069:
2951:
2918:
2878:
2843:
2781:
2749:Arthur Lyon Fremantle
2612:Henry Highland Garnet
2503:Alabama State Capitol
2482:
2333:
2164:
2155:
2007:
1953:
1924:
1884:Montgomery Convention
1870:
1656:Battle of Fort Sumter
1611:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
1492:Crittenden Compromise
1344:civil rights movement
1324:Confederate monuments
1304:civil rights movement
1292:decades after the war
482:Alexander H. Stephens
358:Common languages
214:(popular, unofficial)
17894:Republic of Fredonia
17124:John C. Breckinridge
16881:Governments in exile
16515:Daar kom die Alibama
16430:National Union Party
16106:memorials to Lincoln
16026:Lost Cause mythology
15731:Eufaula riot of 1874
15719:Confederate refugees
14932:District of Columbia
14559:Union naval blockade
14405:Underground Railroad
14193:Nullification crisis
13159:6.4 (1960): 389β401.
12628:on February 17, 2021
12465:The South since 1865
12303:Agricultural History
12088:Agricultural History
11393:Simon & Schuster
10643:Congressional Globe,
10489:Rable (1994) p. 265.
10171:Coulter, E. Merton,
9869:83.1 (2017): 69β106
9404:Knoxville, Tennessee
9041:Curry, Richard Orr,
8493:"Thomas1979" pp. 4β5
8484:"Thomas1979" pp. 3β4
8475:Potter, pp. 448β484.
8408:The Impending Crisis
7996:. October 29, 2013.
7703:"American Civil War"
7641:W. W. Gaunt (1864).
7426:Confederate colonies
7159:Thirteenth Amendment
5868:. Unionists, led by
5566:Southern bread riots
5544:in Georgia, and the
5438:Knoxville, Tennessee
5279:District of Columbia
5185:Prisoner of War mail
4788:Provisional Congress
4730:Provisional Congress
4701:Provisional Congress
4528:John C. Breckinridge
4256:Herrenvolk democracy
4138:Jan. 18, 1862:
4130:Dec. 10, 1861:
4122:Nov. 28, 1861:
4067:Apr. 22, 1861:
4041:Mar. 29, 1861:
4028:Mar. 23, 1861:
4015:Mar. 21, 1861:
4002:Mar. 16, 1861:
3989:Mar. 13, 1861:
3961:: Jan. 18, 1862
3940:: Mar. 23, 1861
3893:: Nov. 28, 1861
3885:: Mar. 29, 1861
3872:: Mar. 21, 1861
3859:: Dec. 10, 1861
3851:: Mar. 16, 1861
3838:: Apr. 22, 1861
3817:: Mar. 13, 1861
3508:Charleston, Virginia
3022:(who graduated from
3016:MexicanβAmerican War
2855:Civil War historian
2632:Samuel Ringgold Ward
2620:Charles Lenox Remond
2484:William T. Sutherlin
2406:Confederate Congress
2358:New Mexico Territory
1871:The inauguration of
1786:American nationalism
1595:Commonwealth v. Aves
1452:Nashville Convention
1442:MexicanβAmerican War
1412:Nullification crisis
1288:Lost Cause mythology
381:Indigenous languages
320:(until May 29, 1861)
232:The Bonnie Blue Flag
18208:Louisiana secession
18043:Free State of Jones
17936:California Republic
17771:Republic of Watauga
17739:Provincias Internas
17701:unrecognized states
17044:Robert M. T. Hunter
16673:Supreme Court cases
16440:Radical Republicans
16219:Old soldiers' homes
16203:Confederate Veteran
16129:artworks in Capitol
15848:Reconstruction acts
15709:Colfax riot of 1873
14673:Richmond-Petersburg
14278:Fugitive slave laws
14208:Popular sovereignty
14188:Missouri Compromise
14178:Kansas-Nebraska Act
13936:Martis, Kenneth C.
13897:, pp. 108, 113, 103
13844:Freedom's Lawmakers
13788:. pp. 112β113.
13584:"Thomas1979" p. 155
12858:Baum, Dale (1998).
12619:National Geographic
11940:Confederate Georgia
11462:on November 3, 2007
11291:M. McPherson, James
11123:, pp. 323β325, 327.
11047:Library of Congress
10846:Siege of Petersburg
10844:supporting Grant's
10821:Josiah Tattnall III
10809:Library of Congress
10761:, pp. 287, 306, 302
10480:, pp. 323β325, 327.
10467:, pp. 322β324, 326.
10402:, pp. 313β314, 319.
10245:Levine pp. 146β147.
10093:, pp. 299β302. The
9768:"Thomas1979" p. 243
9716:(2014) pp. 257β270.
9544:(2009) pp. 149β155.
9123:. Civilwarhome.com.
8651:(1918), pp. 393β395
8622:The Washington Post
8466:(1976) pp. 484β514.
7576:on August 28, 2013.
7365:by critics such as
7323:, governor of Texas
7245:would remark that:
7045:Freedom of religion
6565:Free black females
5985:infectious diseases
5905:Cooke County, Texas
5594:Devastation by 1865
5374:National production
5042:James D. Halyburton
4965:William Giles Jones
4948:β not established.
4832:Burton Allen Holder
4293:on November 6, 1861
4114:Jul. 2, 1861:
4101:May 20, 1861:
4093:May 18, 1861:
4054:Apr. 3, 1861:
3927:: Jul. 2, 1861
3919:: Apr. 3, 1861
3906:: May 20, 1861
3825:: May 18, 1861
3769:Political divisions
3635:Battle of Nashville
3612:Wilderness Campaign
3583:, Mississippi, and
3514:Anaconda: 1863β1864
3448:Josiah Tattnall III
3373:companies, such as
3282:George B. McClellan
3272:), First Bull Run (
2903:Gettysburg Campaign
2725:Ambrose Dudley Mann
2616:Sarah Parker Remond
2532:Wilderness Campaign
2499:Montgomery, Alabama
2454:Montgomery, Alabama
2378:New Mexico campaign
2374:Marcus H. MacWillie
2318:Confederate Arizona
2179:(December 20, 1860)
2079:Both sides honored
1877:Montgomery, Alabama
1819:, in the harbor of
1755:secession documents
1467:KansasβNebraska Act
1407:Missouri Compromise
1397:Northwest Ordinance
1362:
1286:outlawing slavery.
317:Montgomery, Alabama
66:readable prose size
18325:American Civil War
18287:American Civil War
18218:Missouri secession
18150:Confederate States
18055:Republic of Hawaii
17751:Florida Occidental
17154:Postmaster-General
17143:Stephen R. Mallory
17112:George W. Randolph
17030:Secretary of State
16783:Confederate States
16494:A Lincoln Portrait
16435:Politicians killed
16359:U.S. Balloon Corps
16354:Union corps badges
16134:memorials to Davis
16004:Disenfranchisement
15875:Reconstruction era
15756:Timber Culture Act
15714:Compromise of 1877
14678:FranklinβNashville
14348:Frederick Douglass
14251:Cornerstone Speech
14168:Compromise of 1850
14116:American Civil War
13668:The New York Times
13439:Cooper, William J.
13235:17.4 (1964): 179+.
13197:David T. Gleeson,
13100:Dabney 1990 p. 182
12938:Scott, E. Carele.
12755:10.1353/wvh.0.0060
12257:, pp. 127, 151β153
11927:"Thomas1979" p. 16
11225:Davis, Jefferson.
10745:Florida, and lost
10323:Battle of Manassas
10294:James J. Pettigrew
10162:(2011) p. 3, ch. 9
10055:, North Carolina,
9830:Charleston Mercury
9186:History of Arizona
8807:. Docsouth.unc.edu
8554:. Personal.tcu.edu
8406:Potter, David M.,
8385:Elizabeth R. Varon
8371:Susan-Mary Grant,
7594:. December 9, 2008
7483:List of civil wars
7336:In 1863, Governor
7174:Compromise of 1877
7021:
6619:
6490:60 years and over
5965:
5939:Region and climate
5920:
5898:Texas Hill Country
5876:, took control of
5858:Southern Unionists
5854:
5803:
5744:"Stainless Banner"
5693:
5576:
5525:
5442:
5430:
5384:
5146:American Civil War
5087:Postmaster General
4993:Edwin Warren Moise
4706:
4678:
4561:Postmaster General
4504:George W. Randolph
4406:Robert M.T. Hunter
4389:Secretary of State
4285:
4249:federal government
4228:protective tariffs
4080:May 7, 1861:
3953:: May 7, 1861
3665:, by land attack.
3651:Carolinas Campaign
3591:into Ohio and the
3554:controlled rivers.
3524:The failed Middle
3351:Memphis, Tennessee
3263:Following Sumter,
3115:
3072:
3012:United States Navy
3008:United States Army
2962:
2898:Battle of Antietam
2881:
2862:James M. McPherson
2702:Haitian Revolution
2693:Battle of Antietam
2639:Southern support.
2608:Frederick Douglass
2537:Danville, Virginia
2520:Richmond, Virginia
2496:
2488:Danville, Virginia
2471:Richmond, Virginia
2346:
2087:and used the same
2024:Stephen A. Douglas
1956:
1948:
1897:, North Carolina;
1880:
1720:American Civil War
1457:Compromise of 1850
1360:American Civil War
1353:
1280:Reconstruction era
1258:Richmond, Virginia
1254:federal government
1211:Federal Government
1195:plantation economy
1135:. The states were
1133:American Civil War
1097:Confederate States
565:American Civil War
538:American Civil War
331:Danville, Virginia
324:Richmond, Virginia
304:Unrecognized state
195:God Save the South
18268:
18267:
18262:
18261:
18082:
18081:
17918:Republic of Texas
17813:State of Muskogee
17795:State of Franklin
17662:
17661:
17208:
17207:
17181:Judah P. Benjamin
17106:Judah P. Benjamin
17050:Judah P. Benjamin
16952:
16951:
16926:Arizona Territory
16748:
16747:
16716:
16715:
16712:
16711:
16546:Italian Americans
16531:African Americans
16488:John Brown's Body
16241:
16240:
16237:
16236:
16154:
16153:
15992:Robert E. Lee Day
15736:Freedmen's Bureau
15699:BrooksβBaxter War
15630:
15629:
15626:
15625:
15622:
15621:
15414:
15413:
15194:
15193:
15190:
15189:
15186:
15185:
14603:Northern Virginia
14549:Trans-Mississippi
14522:
14521:
14417:
14416:
14413:
14412:
14309:Uncle Tom's Cabin
14246:African Americans
14026:, 10 vols., 1912.
13859:, pp. 119β20, 180
13857:Black Legislators
13726:Civil War History
13452:978-0-7425-6095-6
13279:Johnson, Andrew.
13212:Louisiana History
13170:Methodist history
13157:Civil War History
13023:faculty.weber.edu
12960:(June 13, 2001).
12925:978-0-253-21319-8
12664:Civil War History
12535:978-0-8078-3101-4
12467:. pp. 27β28.
12418:Civil War History
12290:. pp. 71β73.
11838:R. Douglas Hurt,
11680:Neely (1999) p. 1
11549:on March 29, 2012
11237:978-1-175-82358-8
11172:978-0-307-23656-2
10898:War for the Union
10635:Ambler, Charles,
10624:978-0-684-82787-2
10618:Free Press 2008.
10290:Nathan B. Forrest
10139:navyandmarine.org
10078:letters of marque
9908:James McPherson,
9677:978-0-87249-799-3
9665:Wise, Stephen R.
9475:, August 5, 1853.
9455:(July 22, 1853).
9205:Civil War History
9143:978-0-684-82787-2
8588:Craven, Avery O.
8462:David M. Potter,
8426:Freehling, p. 503
8333:978-0-19-521921-0
8246:Civil War History
8122:978-0-674-02209-6
7905:978-1-4985-9907-8
7874:978-1-4051-3830-7
7781:978-0-06-206946-7
7525:Arizona Territory
7363:George Washington
7240:Associate Justice
7123:holding, and the
7053:Church attendance
6995:
6994:
6976:, North Carolina
6696:, South Carolina
6594:
6593:
6551:Free black males
6476:
6475:
6001:Black Southerners
5997:White Southerners
5950:Trans-Mississippi
5946:Mississippi River
5916:James P. Brownlow
5840:Southern Unionist
5834:Southern Unionism
5756:3rd National Flag
5741:2nd National Flag
5726:1st National Flag
5289:According to the
5285:Political economy
5254:According to the
5136:George Washington
5060:
5059:
5029:West H. Humphreys
5022:Benjamin F. Perry
5018:Andrew G. Magrath
4855:
4854:
4668:LeRoy Pope Walker
4639:Judah P. Benjamin
4629:
4628:
4585:Judah P. Benjamin
4492:Judah P. Benjamin
4480:Leroy Pope Walker
4418:Judah P. Benjamin
4179:
4178:
4171:Arizona Territory
4151:
4150:
4141:Arizona Territory
3969:
3968:
3958:Arizona Territory
3739:guerrilla warfare
3504:William W. Loring
3355:Battle of Memphis
2857:E. Merton Coulter
2851:Military strategy
2753:Coldstream Guards
2738:Judah P. Benjamin
2689:William Gladstone
2674:Lord John Russell
2420:representing the
2412:representing the
2366:Battle of Mesilla
2186:(January 9, 1861)
2119:St. Louis Arsenal
2081:George Washington
2073:20-cent C.S. 1863
2061:10-cent U.S. 1861
2019:John Breckinridge
1852:antebellum period
1828:partisan politics
1748:pseudo-historical
1699:
1698:
1548:Uncle Tom's Cabin
1355:Events leading to
1262:Confederate draft
1085:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1055:Arizona Territory
879:
878:
874:Arizona Territory
607:Military collapse
586:February 22, 1862
477:β’ 1861β1865
447:β’ 1861β1865
371:minor languages:
240:
222:
206:
101:
100:
68:was 16,000 words.
18407:
18297:
18296:
18295:
18285:
18284:
18283:
18276:
18123:Active movements
18109:
18102:
18095:
18086:
18085:
18072:
18071:
17942:State of Deseret
17912:Indian Territory
17880:Coahuila y Tejas
17874:Sonora y Sinaloa
17807:Hawaiian Kingdom
17789:Vermont Republic
17745:Florida Oriental
17689:
17682:
17675:
17666:
17665:
17655:
17651:
17650:
17643:
17639:
17638:
17623:
17615:
17607:
17599:
17591:
17583:
17575:
17567:
17559:
17551:
17543:
17524:
17512:
17500:
17492:
17484:
17476:
17468:
17456:
17448:
17436:
17428:
17407:
17396:
17388:
17380:
17372:
17360:
17352:
17340:
17332:
17320:
17308:
17300:
17288:
17276:
17264:
17235:
17228:
17221:
17212:
17211:
17173:Attorney-General
17092:Secretary of War
17023:
16979:
16972:
16965:
16956:
16955:
16938:Admitted to the
16874:
16775:
16768:
16761:
16752:
16751:
16738:
16728:
16727:
16551:Native Americans
16536:German Americans
16329:Partisan rangers
16324:Official Records
16264:
16263:
16247:
16246:
16139:memorials to Lee
16086:
16085:
15647:
15646:
15636:
15635:
15423:
15422:
15220:
15219:
15213:
15212:
15200:
15199:
15173:Washington, D.C.
14967:Indian Territory
14927:Dakota Territory
14885:
14884:
14802:Chancellorsville
14593:Jackson's Valley
14583:Blockade runners
14459:
14458:
14452:
14451:
14423:
14422:
14383:Thaddeus Stevens
14373:Lysander Spooner
14333:Susan B. Anthony
14135:
14134:
14124:
14123:
14109:
14102:
14095:
14086:
14085:
14073:
14072:
14067:Internet Archive
13898:
13891:
13885:
13884:
13866:
13860:
13853:
13847:
13840:
13834:
13827:
13821:
13814:
13808:
13801:
13792:
13789:
13781:
13775:
13771:
13765:
13764:
13756:
13750:
13749:
13721:
13715:
13714:
13698:
13688:
13679:
13678:
13676:
13674:
13659:
13653:
13652:
13643:
13637:
13635:
13626:
13620:
13619:
13591:
13585:
13582:
13576:
13575:
13567:
13561:
13560:
13558:
13556:
13542:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13517:
13511:
13510:
13488:
13482:
13481:
13463:
13457:
13456:
13435:
13429:
13422:
13416:
13413:
13392:
13370:
13364:
13361:
13355:
13354:
13334:
13328:
13327:
13297:
13291:
13277:
13271:
13270:
13242:
13236:
13229:
13223:
13208:
13202:
13195:
13189:
13179:
13173:
13166:
13160:
13153:
13147:
13137:
13131:
13130:33 (1991): 747+.
13124:
13118:
13107:
13101:
13098:
13092:
13091:
13089:
13087:
13077:
13071:
13058:
13052:
13049:
13043:
13040:
13034:
13033:
13031:
13029:
13015:
13009:
13006:
13000:
12999:
12997:
12995:
12984:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12973:
12968:on July 11, 2007
12953:
12947:
12936:
12930:
12929:
12909:
12903:
12902:
12890:
12880:
12874:
12873:
12855:
12849:
12848:
12840:
12834:
12833:
12813:
12804:
12803:
12792:10.2307/27648821
12773:
12767:
12766:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12694:
12688:
12687:
12659:
12653:
12652:
12644:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12633:
12627:
12622:. Archived from
12609:
12598:
12585:Sansing, David,
12583:
12577:
12576:October 4, 2012.
12559:
12553:
12546:
12540:
12539:
12521:
12515:
12514:
12490:
12484:
12483:
12475:
12469:
12468:
12460:
12454:
12451:
12442:
12441:
12413:
12407:
12406:
12386:
12380:
12379:
12359:
12353:
12352:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12298:
12292:
12291:
12283:
12277:
12276:
12264:
12258:
12251:
12245:
12244:
12233:
12227:
12226:
12215:
12209:
12208:
12188:
12182:
12181:
12161:
12155:
12154:
12134:
12128:
12118:
12112:
12111:
12083:
12077:
12070:
12064:
12061:
12055:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12013:
12007:
12006:
11994:
11988:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11934:
11928:
11925:
11919:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11897:
11896:
11876:
11870:
11869:
11849:
11843:
11836:
11830:
11827:
11821:
11820:
11806:
11800:
11799:
11791:
11785:
11784:
11766:
11760:
11759:
11748:
11742:
11741:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11706:
11700:
11697:
11691:
11687:
11681:
11678:
11672:
11671:
11669:
11667:
11662:on July 20, 2011
11652:
11646:
11643:
11622:
11600:
11594:
11593:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11539:
11533:
11523:
11517:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11501:
11495:
11486:
11484:
11478:
11472:
11471:
11469:
11467:
11452:
11446:
11443:Historical Atlas
11439:
11433:
11430:Historical Atlas
11426:
11420:
11417:Historical Atlas
11413:
11407:
11406:
11384:
11375:
11368:
11362:
11355:
11349:
11342:
11336:
11329:
11323:
11322:
11287:
11281:
11280:
11255:
11249:
11246:
11240:
11223:
11217:
11216:Gallagher p. 157
11214:
11208:
11194:
11193:
11183:
11177:
11176:
11143:
11137:
11130:
11124:
11117:
11111:
11110:
11088:
11082:
11075:
11069:
11062:
11056:
11032:
11026:
10998:
10992:
10985:
10979:
10972:
10966:
10959:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10938:
10932:
10931:
10907:
10901:
10894:
10888:
10881:
10875:
10868:
10862:
10855:
10849:
10825:Tecumseh Sherman
10794:
10788:
10781:
10775:
10768:
10762:
10727:
10721:
10718:Historical Atlas
10714:
10705:
10702:Historical Atlas
10698:
10685:
10674:Island Number 10
10658:Historical Atlas
10654:
10648:
10633:
10627:
10612:
10606:
10599:
10593:
10586:
10580:
10578:
10569:
10563:
10556:
10550:
10544:
10538:
10536:
10526:
10512:
10506:
10496:
10490:
10487:
10481:
10474:
10468:
10461:
10455:
10448:
10442:
10435:
10429:
10422:
10416:
10409:
10403:
10396:
10390:
10383:
10377:
10370:
10364:
10357:
10351:
10344:
10338:
10315:
10309:
10278:
10272:
10265:
10259:
10252:
10246:
10243:
10237:
10234:
10228:
10227:
10207:
10201:
10191:
10185:Alfred L. Brophy
10182:
10176:
10169:
10163:
10156:
10150:
10149:
10147:
10145:
10131:
10125:
10118:
10112:
10105:
10099:
10087:
10081:
10070:
10064:
10045:
10039:
10032:
10026:
10023:blockade runners
10011:
10005:
9998:
9992:
9985:
9979:
9972:
9966:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9932:
9926:
9919:
9913:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9879:
9873:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9846:
9840:
9839:
9821:
9812:
9811:
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9792:
9775:
9769:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9741:
9735:
9732:
9726:
9723:
9717:
9710:
9704:
9703:
9694:
9688:
9663:
9657:
9642:
9636:
9635:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9564:
9558:
9551:
9545:
9538:
9532:
9531:
9508:
9502:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9428:
9422:
9421:
9396:Young, Robert W.
9392:
9386:
9383:
9377:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9343:
9337:
9336:
9316:
9310:
9303:
9297:
9294:Historical Atlas
9290:
9284:
9277:
9271:
9264:
9258:
9255:Historical Atlas
9251:
9245:
9241:
9235:
9227:
9221:
9214:
9208:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9180:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9151:
9145:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9104:
9097:
9091:
9086:Snell, Mark A.,
9084:
9078:
9065:
9059:
9052:
9046:
9039:
9033:
9019:
9013:
8999:
8993:
8979:
8973:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8923:
8917:
8903:
8897:
8883:
8877:
8863:
8857:
8843:
8837:
8823:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8789:
8783:
8776:
8770:
8767:
8761:
8760:McPherson p. 278
8758:
8752:
8751:
8731:
8725:
8724:
8704:
8698:
8684:
8678:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8668:on March 8, 2017
8664:. Archived from
8658:
8652:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8612:
8603:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8570:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8548:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8500:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8482:
8476:
8473:
8467:
8460:
8454:
8453:
8433:
8427:
8424:
8411:
8404:
8398:
8382:
8376:
8369:
8363:
8358:John McCardell,
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8255:
8249:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8184:
8160:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8106:
8100:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8002:
7991:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7953:
7944:
7943:
7935:
7929:
7928:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7802:
7792:
7786:
7785:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7730:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7698:
7689:
7688:
7687:on June 4, 2004.
7683:. Archived from
7677:
7671:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7638:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7566:
7545:
7534:
7528:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7338:Pendleton Murrah
7321:Pendleton Murrah
7317:
7302:
7287:war of attrition
7275:Roger Lowenstein
7084:Episcopal Church
6648:1860 population
6639:
6638:
6615:Currier and Ives
6580:Total population
6478:
6477:
6020:
6019:
5787:"Southern Cross"
5782:
5768:
5753:
5738:
5729:"Stars and Bars"
5723:
5644:
5632:
5620:
5608:
5554:French Napoleons
5546:New Orleans Mint
5498:Edward C. Elmore
5475:Horses and mules
5331:
5317:
5179:Blockade runners
5132:
5116:
5096:
5080:
4986:Henry R. Jackson
4958:
4917:
4901:
4892:Georgia District
4889:Henry R. Jackson
4885:
4876:Florida District
4869:
4748:Howell Cobb, Sr.
4725:
4580:Attorney General
4475:Secretary of War
4332:
4331:
4240:Supremacy Clause
4174:
4163:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3975:
3974:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3939:
3935:
3926:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3833:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3793:
3792:
3780:
3779:
3690:
3676:
3565:
3552:Federal gunboats
3547:
3534:Chancellorsville
3436:armored warships
3414:
3392:
3371:blockade running
3347:Battle of Shiloh
3334:
3316:
3300:Incursions: 1862
3288:was defeated at
3252:Star of the West
3234:First Bull Run (
3231:
3213:
3172:
3167:Gideon J. Pillow
3162:
3153:
3148:Gabriel J. Rains
3143:
3131:Twenty Negro Law
2958:General in Chief
2887:, also known as
2795:Duncan F. Kenner
2761:Justus Scheibert
2713:blockade runners
2662:
2650:
2636:William G. Allen
2514:Opelika, Alabama
2466:
2449:
2401:Indian Territory
2385:Indian Territory
2339:Indian Territory
2283:rump legislature
2123:General Assembly
2070:
2058:
1940:Indian Territory
1691:
1684:
1677:
1650:Star of the West
1507:Corwin Amendment
1472:Ostend Manifesto
1437:Texas annexation
1432:Texas Revolution
1363:
1352:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1007:
1006:
993:
992:
979:
978:
965:
964:
951:
950:
937:
936:
923:
922:
909:
908:
895:
894:
883:
882:
870:
869:
856:
855:
846:
840:
839:
826:
825:
812:
811:
798:
797:
784:
783:
770:
769:
756:
755:
742:
741:
728:
727:
718:
712:
711:
705:
704:
689:
688:
679:State currencies
582:
567:
556:February 8, 1861
529:
385:Indian territory
369:
289:
277:
269:
261:
253:
242:
241:
224:
223:
208:
207:
166:
158:
148:
142:
134:
127:
105:
104:
96:
93:
87:
51:
50:
43:
18415:
18414:
18410:
18409:
18408:
18406:
18405:
18404:
18305:
18304:
18303:
18293:
18291:
18281:
18279:
18271:
18269:
18264:
18263:
18258:
18232:
18191:
18118:
18113:
18083:
18078:
18060:
17886:Las Californias
17862:Alta California
17777:United Colonies
17763:Alta California
17707:
17693:
17663:
17658:
17646:
17634:
17626:
17618:
17610:
17602:
17594:
17586:
17578:
17570:
17562:
17554:
17546:
17538:
17527:
17515:
17503:
17495:
17487:
17479:
17471:
17459:
17451:
17439:
17431:
17419:
17408:
17399:
17391:
17383:
17375:
17363:
17355:
17343:
17335:
17323:
17311:
17303:
17291:
17279:
17267:
17255:
17244:
17239:
17209:
17204:
17193:Thomas H. Watts
17167:
17148:
17129:
17118:James A. Seddon
17100:Leroy P. Walker
17086:
17069:C. G. Memminger
17055:
17024:
17015:
16996:
16993:Jefferson Davis
16983:
16953:
16948:
16930:
16912:
16875:
16866:
16786:
16779:
16749:
16744:
16708:
16692:
16577:
16541:Irish Americans
16519:
16464:
16373:
16364:U.S. Home Guard
16304:Field artillery
16258:
16257:
16233:
16175:
16150:
16112:
16081:
16075:
15967:Civil War Trust
15934:
15928:
15816:Ethnic violence
15801:KirkβHolden war
15680:
15641:
15618:
15552:
15410:
15354:
15207:
15182:
15136:
14889:
14876:
14707:
14688:Sherman's March
14668:Bermuda Hundred
14563:
14518:
14490:
14446:
14445:
14409:
14368:J. Sella Martin
14338:James G. Birney
14314:
14232:
14158:Bleeding Kansas
14146:
14129:
14118:
14113:
14078:
14038:Boston Athenæum
14013:Wayback Machine
14002:Wayback Machine
13966:
13961:
13955:
13953:Further reading
13950:
13907:
13902:
13901:
13892:
13888:
13881:
13867:
13863:
13854:
13850:
13841:
13837:
13828:
13824:
13815:
13811:
13802:
13795:
13782:
13778:
13772:
13768:
13757:
13753:
13722:
13718:
13711:
13689:
13682:
13672:
13670:
13660:
13656:
13644:
13640:
13627:
13623:
13608:10.2307/1895910
13592:
13588:
13583:
13579:
13568:
13564:
13554:
13552:
13544:
13543:
13539:
13529:
13527:
13519:
13518:
13514:
13507:
13489:
13485:
13478:
13464:
13460:
13453:
13436:
13432:
13423:
13419:
13371:
13367:
13362:
13358:
13351:
13335:
13331:
13316:10.2307/1838262
13298:
13294:
13288:Wayback Machine
13278:
13274:
13259:10.2307/1891664
13243:
13239:
13230:
13226:
13209:
13205:
13196:
13192:
13180:
13176:
13167:
13163:
13154:
13150:
13138:
13134:
13125:
13121:
13108:
13104:
13099:
13095:
13085:
13083:
13079:
13078:
13074:
13068:Wayback Machine
13059:
13055:
13050:
13046:
13041:
13037:
13027:
13025:
13017:
13016:
13012:
13007:
13003:
12993:
12991:
12986:
12985:
12981:
12971:
12969:
12954:
12950:
12937:
12933:
12926:
12910:
12906:
12899:
12881:
12877:
12870:
12856:
12852:
12841:
12837:
12814:
12807:
12774:
12770:
12739:
12735:
12722:
12718:
12711:
12695:
12691:
12660:
12656:
12645:
12641:
12631:
12629:
12610:
12601:
12594:Wayback Machine
12584:
12580:
12573:Wayback Machine
12560:
12556:
12547:
12543:
12536:
12522:
12518:
12511:
12491:
12487:
12476:
12472:
12461:
12457:
12452:
12445:
12414:
12410:
12387:
12383:
12360:
12356:
12345:Civil War Times
12341:
12337:
12326:
12322:
12299:
12295:
12284:
12280:
12265:
12261:
12252:
12248:
12235:
12234:
12230:
12223:www.ngccoin.com
12217:
12216:
12212:
12205:
12189:
12185:
12162:
12158:
12151:
12135:
12131:
12122:Civil War Times
12119:
12115:
12084:
12080:
12071:
12067:
12062:
12058:
12049:
12045:
12030:10.2307/1836241
12014:
12010:
11995:
11991:
11979:(2003) p. 138.
11975:Ian Drury, ed.
11974:
11970:
11962:
11958:
11951:
11935:
11931:
11926:
11922:
11913:
11909:
11904:
11900:
11893:
11877:
11873:
11866:
11850:
11846:
11837:
11833:
11828:
11824:
11807:
11803:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11767:
11763:
11750:
11749:
11745:
11738:
11722:
11718:
11707:
11703:
11698:
11694:
11688:
11684:
11679:
11675:
11665:
11663:
11654:
11653:
11649:
11601:
11597:
11582:10.2307/1832885
11566:
11562:
11552:
11550:
11541:
11540:
11536:
11524:
11520:
11510:
11508:
11503:
11502:
11498:
11489:
11480:
11479:
11475:
11465:
11463:
11454:
11453:
11449:
11440:
11436:
11427:
11423:
11414:
11410:
11403:
11385:
11378:
11369:
11365:
11356:
11352:
11343:
11339:
11330:
11326:
11315:
11288:
11284:
11274:
11256:
11252:
11247:
11243:
11224:
11220:
11215:
11211:
11191:
11184:
11180:
11173:
11144:
11140:
11131:
11127:
11118:
11114:
11103:
11089:
11085:
11076:
11072:
11063:
11059:
11033:
11029:
10999:
10995:
10986:
10982:
10973:
10969:
10960:
10956:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10939:
10935:
10928:
10908:
10904:
10895:
10891:
10882:
10878:
10869:
10865:
10856:
10852:
10795:
10791:
10782:
10778:
10769:
10765:
10728:
10724:
10715:
10708:
10699:
10688:
10678:Plum Point Bend
10655:
10651:
10640:
10634:
10630:
10613:
10609:
10600:
10596:
10587:
10583:
10571:
10570:
10566:
10557:
10553:
10545:
10541:
10524:
10513:
10509:
10497:
10493:
10488:
10484:
10475:
10471:
10462:
10458:
10449:
10445:
10436:
10432:
10423:
10419:
10410:
10406:
10397:
10393:
10384:
10380:
10371:
10367:
10358:
10354:
10345:
10341:
10316:
10312:
10279:
10275:
10266:
10262:
10253:
10249:
10244:
10240:
10235:
10231:
10224:
10208:
10204:
10189:
10183:
10179:
10170:
10166:
10157:
10153:
10143:
10141:
10133:
10132:
10128:
10119:
10115:
10106:
10102:
10088:
10084:
10071:
10067:
10046:
10042:
10033:
10029:
10012:
10008:
9999:
9995:
9986:
9982:
9973:
9969:
9960:
9956:
9949:
9933:
9929:
9920:
9916:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9880:
9876:
9864:
9860:
9847:
9843:
9823:
9822:
9815:
9804:
9800:
9790:
9788:
9776:
9772:
9767:
9763:
9756:
9742:
9738:
9733:
9729:
9724:
9720:
9711:
9707:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9664:
9660:
9643:
9639:
9600:
9596:
9581:10.2307/2205869
9565:
9561:
9552:
9548:
9539:
9535:
9528:
9512:Richard Shannon
9509:
9505:
9495:
9493:
9485:
9484:
9480:
9469:. Reprinted in
9450:
9446:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9410:. p. 166.
9393:
9389:
9384:
9380:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9357:
9344:
9340:
9333:
9317:
9313:
9304:
9300:
9291:
9287:
9278:
9274:
9265:
9261:
9252:
9248:
9242:
9238:
9228:
9224:
9215:
9211:
9198:
9194:
9181:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9162:Wayback Machine
9152:
9148:
9132:
9128:
9119:
9112:
9111:
9107:
9098:
9094:
9085:
9081:
9075:Wayback Machine
9066:
9062:
9053:
9049:
9040:
9036:
9030:Wayback Machine
9020:
9016:
9010:Wayback Machine
9000:
8996:
8990:Wayback Machine
8980:
8976:
8966:Wayback Machine
8956:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8934:Wayback Machine
8924:
8920:
8914:Wayback Machine
8904:
8900:
8894:Wayback Machine
8884:
8880:
8874:Wayback Machine
8864:
8860:
8854:Wayback Machine
8844:
8840:
8834:Wayback Machine
8824:
8820:
8810:
8808:
8803:
8800:Wayback Machine
8790:
8786:
8777:
8773:
8768:
8764:
8759:
8755:
8748:
8732:
8728:
8721:
8705:
8701:
8695:Wayback Machine
8685:
8681:
8671:
8669:
8660:
8659:
8655:
8646:
8642:
8634:
8630:
8613:
8606:
8601:
8597:
8586:
8582:
8571:
8567:
8557:
8555:
8550:
8549:
8545:
8535:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8501:
8497:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8479:
8474:
8470:
8461:
8457:
8450:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8414:
8405:
8401:
8396:Wayback Machine
8383:
8379:
8370:
8366:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8334:
8318:
8314:
8301:
8299:
8256:
8252:
8243:
8239:
8202:
8198:
8161:
8157:
8147:
8145:
8134:
8130:
8123:
8107:
8103:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8078:
8069:
8065:
8055:
8053:
8046:
8042:
8032:
8030:
8020:
8016:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7980:
7969:
7965:
7954:
7947:
7936:
7932:
7921:
7917:
7906:
7890:
7886:
7875:
7857:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7840:. July 20, 1998
7830:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7793:
7789:
7782:
7766:
7762:
7747:
7731:
7724:
7711:
7709:
7699:
7692:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7651:
7639:
7632:
7622:
7620:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7568:
7567:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7535:
7531:
7514:
7510:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7492:
7401:
7359:
7357:"Died of Davis"
7324:
7318:
7309:
7306:Joseph E. Brown
7303:
7261:
7256:
7227:
7202:
7144:prisoner-of-war
7142:of a notorious
7120:
7114:
7109:
7103:
7006:
7000:
6602:
6315:South Carolina
6283:North Carolina
6085:
6083:
6078:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6027:
6011:
6008:
6003:
5993:
5941:
5936:
5870:Parson Brownlow
5842:
5836:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5712:
5706:
5673:
5648:
5645:
5636:
5633:
5624:
5621:
5612:
5609:
5596:
5568:
5562:
5490:
5477:
5422:
5416:
5376:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5287:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5224:
5204:
5202:Civil liberties
5167:Fortress Monroe
5163:'Flag of Truce'
5154:Jefferson Davis
5140:
5138:
5133:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5108:
5105:The first stamp
5103:
5100:Jefferson Davis
5097:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5072:
5066:
5061:
5016:South Carolina
5005:North Carolina
4979:Jesse J. Finley
4952:District Courts
4925:
4923:
4918:
4909:
4907:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4877:
4875:
4873:Jesse J. Finley
4870:
4861:
4856:
4821:Unknown years,
4693:
4685:Main articles:
4683:
4674:Harper's Weekly
4670:
4661:
4651:Jefferson Davis
4643:Stephen Mallory
4636:
4609:Thomas H. Watts
4547:Stephen Mallory
4449:George Trenholm
4356:Jefferson Davis
4330:
4324:
4316:Jefferson Davis
4281:Jefferson Davis
4270:
4264:
4216:commerce clause
4191:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4164:
4157:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4102:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3980:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3943:
3930:
3922:
3909:
3896:
3888:
3875:
3862:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3820:
3807:
3798:
3787:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3655:Philip Sheridan
3647:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3548:
3522:
3516:
3499:high-water mark
3471:Second Manassas
3467:Lower Peninsula
3459:Stephen Mallory
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3393:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:Bombardment of
3214:
3192:
3190:Victories: 1861
3173:
3170:
3163:
3154:
3151:
3144:
3107:
3101:
3064:
2985:Jefferson Davis
2946:
2940:
2870:invading armies
2853:
2838:
2832:
2827:
2790:John A. Roebuck
2751:of the British
2682:Lord Palmerston
2670:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2545:
2492:Jefferson Davis
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2439:
2430:Cherokee Nation
2362:Lewis S. Owings
2341:of present-day
2328:
2316:Main articles:
2314:
2233:(April 12) and
2140:Marshall, Texas
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2085:Founding Father
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2040:
1901:, Georgia; and
1891:Jefferson Davis
1873:Jefferson Davis
1865:
1856:David M. Potter
1792:Abraham Lincoln
1772:but not in the
1728:Southern states
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1666:
1665:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1554:Bleeding Kansas
1520:
1512:
1511:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1369:
1357:
1316:Southern whites
1312:racial equality
1215:Washington D.C.
1184:Abraham Lincoln
1105:the Confederacy
1060:
1046:
1032:
1018:
1004:
990:
976:
962:
948:
934:
920:
906:
892:
867:
853:
844:
837:
823:
809:
795:
781:
767:
753:
739:
725:
716:
709:
683:
655:
645:
622:
609:
596:
583:
578:
568:
563:
553:
525:
522:
507:
478:
452:Jefferson Davis
448:
427:
398:
370:
361:
348:
337:
333:
326:
319:
295:
294:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
244:
243:
236:
225:
217:
210:
209:
200:
185:
170:
169:
168:
164:
163:
159:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:
140:
139:
135:
128:
110:
97:
91:
88:
69:
52:
48:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18413:
18403:
18402:
18397:
18392:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18367:
18362:
18357:
18352:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18317:
18302:
18301:
18289:
18266:
18265:
18260:
18259:
18257:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18240:
18238:
18234:
18233:
18231:
18230:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18199:
18197:
18193:
18192:
18190:
18189:
18188:
18187:
18177:
18172:
18167:
18162:
18157:
18152:
18147:
18142:
18137:
18132:
18126:
18124:
18120:
18119:
18112:
18111:
18104:
18097:
18089:
18080:
18079:
18077:
18076:
18065:
18062:
18061:
18059:
18058:
18052:
18046:
18040:
18039:
18038:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18016:South Carolina
18013:
18011:North Carolina
18008:
18003:
17998:
17993:
17988:
17983:
17978:
17973:
17968:
17957:
17951:
17945:
17939:
17933:
17927:
17921:
17915:
17909:
17903:
17897:
17891:
17890:
17889:
17883:
17877:
17871:
17865:
17859:
17846:
17840:
17834:
17828:
17822:
17816:
17810:
17804:
17798:
17792:
17786:
17780:
17774:
17768:
17767:
17766:
17760:
17754:
17748:
17742:
17736:
17730:
17724:
17712:
17709:
17708:
17692:
17691:
17684:
17677:
17669:
17660:
17659:
17657:
17656:
17644:
17631:
17628:
17627:
17625:
17624:
17616:
17608:
17600:
17592:
17584:
17576:
17568:
17560:
17552:
17544:
17535:
17533:
17529:
17528:
17526:
17525:
17513:
17501:
17493:
17485:
17477:
17469:
17457:
17449:
17437:
17429:
17416:
17414:
17410:
17409:
17402:
17400:
17398:
17397:
17389:
17381:
17373:
17361:
17353:
17341:
17333:
17321:
17309:
17301:
17289:
17277:
17265:
17252:
17250:
17246:
17245:
17238:
17237:
17230:
17223:
17215:
17206:
17205:
17203:
17202:
17196:
17190:
17184:
17177:
17175:
17169:
17168:
17166:
17165:
17162:John H. Reagan
17158:
17156:
17150:
17149:
17147:
17146:
17139:
17137:
17131:
17130:
17128:
17127:
17121:
17115:
17109:
17103:
17096:
17094:
17088:
17087:
17085:
17084:
17081:John H. Reagan
17078:
17075:G. A. Trenholm
17072:
17065:
17063:
17057:
17056:
17054:
17053:
17047:
17041:
17034:
17032:
17026:
17025:
17018:
17016:
17014:
17013:
17006:
17004:
17002:Vice-President
16998:
16997:
16982:
16981:
16974:
16967:
16959:
16950:
16949:
16947:
16946:
16943:
16942:June 20, 1863.
16935:
16932:
16931:
16929:
16928:
16922:
16920:
16914:
16913:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16908:
16898:
16897:
16896:
16885:
16883:
16877:
16876:
16869:
16867:
16865:
16864:
16863:
16862:
16857:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16835:South Carolina
16832:
16830:North Carolina
16827:
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16796:
16794:
16788:
16787:
16778:
16777:
16770:
16763:
16755:
16746:
16745:
16743:
16742:
16732:
16721:
16718:
16717:
16714:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16707:
16706:
16700:
16698:
16694:
16693:
16691:
16690:
16688:Women soldiers
16685:
16680:
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16643:Naming the war
16640:
16635:
16630:
16625:
16624:
16623:
16613:
16612:
16611:
16601:
16596:
16591:
16585:
16583:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16573:
16568:
16563:
16558:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16527:
16525:
16521:
16520:
16518:
16517:
16512:
16507:
16502:
16497:
16490:
16485:
16480:
16474:
16472:
16466:
16465:
16463:
16462:
16457:
16452:
16447:
16442:
16437:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16381:
16379:
16375:
16374:
16372:
16371:
16366:
16361:
16356:
16351:
16346:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16321:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16286:
16281:
16279:Campaign Medal
16276:
16270:
16268:
16260:
16259:
16256:
16255:
16254:Related topics
16251:
16243:
16242:
16239:
16238:
16235:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16226:
16221:
16216:
16211:
16206:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16183:
16181:
16177:
16176:
16174:
16173:
16168:
16162:
16160:
16156:
16155:
16152:
16151:
16149:
16148:
16143:
16142:
16141:
16136:
16131:
16120:
16118:
16114:
16113:
16111:
16110:
16109:
16108:
16103:
16092:
16090:
16083:
16077:
16076:
16074:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16048:
16043:
16038:
16033:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16001:
15996:
15995:
15994:
15989:
15984:
15982:Decoration Day
15979:
15974:
15969:
15964:
15959:
15954:
15949:
15938:
15936:
15935:Reconstruction
15930:
15929:
15927:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15915:
15914:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15893:
15892:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15871:
15870:
15865:
15860:
15855:
15845:
15844:
15843:
15838:
15833:
15828:
15823:
15813:
15808:
15803:
15798:
15797:
15796:
15791:
15789:second inquiry
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15761:
15760:
15759:
15753:
15746:Homestead Acts
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15727:
15726:
15716:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15694:Alabama Claims
15690:
15688:
15686:Reconstruction
15682:
15681:
15679:
15678:
15677:
15676:
15674:15th Amendment
15671:
15669:14th Amendment
15666:
15664:13th Amendment
15655:
15653:
15643:
15642:
15632:
15631:
15628:
15627:
15624:
15623:
15620:
15619:
15617:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15560:
15558:
15554:
15553:
15551:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15435:
15429:
15427:
15420:
15416:
15415:
15412:
15411:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15398:
15393:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15368:
15362:
15360:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15295:J. E. Johnston
15292:
15290:A. S. Johnston
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15230:R. H. Anderson
15226:
15224:
15217:
15209:
15208:
15196:
15195:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15187:
15184:
15183:
15181:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15144:
15142:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15092:South Carolina
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15067:North Carolina
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14949:
14944:
14939:
14934:
14929:
14924:
14919:
14914:
14909:
14904:
14899:
14893:
14891:
14882:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14874:
14869:
14864:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14809:
14804:
14799:
14794:
14792:Fredericksburg
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14734:
14732:Wilson's Creek
14729:
14724:
14718:
14716:
14709:
14708:
14706:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14574:
14572:
14565:
14564:
14562:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14544:Lower Seaboard
14541:
14536:
14530:
14528:
14524:
14523:
14520:
14519:
14517:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14500:
14498:
14492:
14491:
14489:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14473:
14467:
14465:
14456:
14448:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14440:
14437:
14434:
14431:
14427:
14419:
14418:
14415:
14414:
14411:
14410:
14408:
14407:
14402:
14400:Harriet Tubman
14397:
14396:
14395:
14388:Charles Sumner
14385:
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14324:
14322:
14316:
14315:
14313:
14312:
14305:
14300:
14295:
14290:
14285:
14280:
14275:
14270:
14265:
14258:
14253:
14248:
14242:
14240:
14234:
14233:
14231:
14230:
14225:
14223:States' rights
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14190:
14185:
14180:
14175:
14170:
14165:
14160:
14155:
14149:
14147:
14145:
14144:
14138:
14131:
14130:
14120:
14119:
14112:
14111:
14104:
14097:
14089:
14083:
14080:
14079:
14070:
14069:
14060:
14051:
14046:
14041:
14034:
14028:
14020:
13992:
13985:
13980:The Countryman
13976:
13965:
13964:External links
13962:
13957:Main article:
13954:
13951:
13949:
13948:
13934:
13916:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13900:
13899:
13886:
13879:
13861:
13848:
13835:
13822:
13809:
13793:
13776:
13766:
13763:. p. 295.
13751:
13732:(2): 126β146.
13716:
13710:978-0807821442
13709:
13691:Rable (1994).
13680:
13654:
13638:
13621:
13602:(4): 492β525.
13586:
13577:
13562:
13537:
13512:
13505:
13483:
13476:
13458:
13451:
13430:
13417:
13415:
13414:
13404:(3): 263β268.
13393:
13383:(2): 139β145.
13365:
13356:
13350:978-0807133415
13349:
13329:
13310:(2): 266β284.
13292:
13272:
13237:
13224:
13203:
13190:
13174:
13161:
13148:
13132:
13119:
13102:
13093:
13072:
13053:
13044:
13035:
13010:
13001:
12979:
12948:
12931:
12924:
12904:
12897:
12875:
12868:
12850:
12847:. p. 264.
12835:
12824:(4): 449β477.
12805:
12786:(3): 589β620.
12768:
12733:
12716:
12710:978-0822977513
12709:
12689:
12670:(4): 294β312.
12654:
12639:
12599:
12578:
12562:Sansing, David
12554:
12541:
12534:
12516:
12509:
12485:
12470:
12455:
12443:
12408:
12397:(2): 131β175.
12381:
12354:
12335:
12320:
12293:
12278:
12259:
12246:
12228:
12210:
12204:978-1573561358
12203:
12183:
12172:(3): 352β376.
12156:
12150:978-0307772640
12149:
12129:
12113:
12078:
12065:
12056:
12054:(1952) p. 128.
12043:
12024:(4): 794β810.
12008:
11989:
11968:
11956:
11950:978-0820334998
11949:
11929:
11920:
11907:
11898:
11892:978-1851097746
11891:
11871:
11865:978-0199878147
11864:
11844:
11831:
11822:
11801:
11786:
11779:
11761:
11743:
11737:978-0786415939
11736:
11716:
11701:
11692:
11682:
11673:
11647:
11645:
11644:
11634:(3): 232β250.
11623:
11613:(2): 111β141.
11595:
11560:
11534:
11518:
11507:. Archives.gov
11496:
11487:
11473:
11447:
11434:
11421:
11408:
11401:
11376:
11363:
11350:
11337:
11324:
11314:978-0195124996
11313:
11282:
11273:978-1108340625
11272:
11266:. p. 79.
11250:
11241:
11231:, 1890, 2010.
11218:
11209:
11178:
11171:
11138:
11125:
11112:
11101:
11083:
11070:
11057:
11027:
10993:
10980:
10967:
10954:
10933:
10926:
10902:
10896:Allan Nevins,
10889:
10876:
10863:
10850:
10789:
10776:
10763:
10735:Roanoke Island
10722:
10706:
10686:
10649:
10628:
10607:
10594:
10581:
10564:
10562:, pp. 352β353.
10551:
10539:
10507:
10499:Margaret Leech
10491:
10482:
10469:
10456:
10443:
10441:, pp. 317β318.
10430:
10417:
10415:, pp. 315β317.
10404:
10391:
10378:
10365:
10352:
10339:
10331:Roanoke Island
10310:
10298:John H. Morgan
10286:John B. Gordon
10273:
10260:
10247:
10238:
10229:
10223:978-0275985240
10222:
10202:
10177:
10164:
10151:
10135:"1862blackCSN"
10126:
10113:
10100:
10095:Torpedo Bureau
10082:
10065:
10040:
10027:
10006:
10004:, pp. 333β338.
9993:
9980:
9967:
9954:
9948:978-0199727834
9947:
9927:
9914:
9901:
9895:978-0618875207
9894:
9874:
9858:
9841:
9813:
9798:
9770:
9761:
9755:978-1429016667
9754:
9736:
9727:
9718:
9712:Don H. Doyle,
9705:
9689:
9658:
9637:
9610:(4): 867β888.
9594:
9575:(2): 157β188.
9559:
9553:Howard Jones,
9546:
9533:
9527:978-1847252036
9526:
9503:
9478:
9467:newspapers.com
9444:
9441:. p. 289.
9423:
9417:978-0870499982
9416:
9387:
9378:
9365:
9355:
9338:
9332:978-1402742880
9331:
9311:
9298:
9285:
9272:
9259:
9246:
9236:
9222:
9209:
9192:
9189:. Vol. 2.
9175:
9173:Bowman, p. 48.
9166:
9146:
9126:
9105:
9092:
9079:
9060:
9047:
9034:
9014:
8994:
8974:
8950:
8938:
8918:
8898:
8878:
8858:
8838:
8818:
8784:
8780:Jonathan Worth
8771:
8762:
8753:
8747:978-0820334769
8746:
8726:
8720:978-0890968536
8719:
8699:
8679:
8653:
8640:
8628:
8604:
8595:
8592:. p. 390.
8580:
8565:
8543:
8522:
8516:978-0674029866
8515:
8495:
8486:
8477:
8468:
8455:
8449:978-0415878036
8448:
8428:
8412:
8399:
8377:
8364:
8351:
8332:
8312:
8250:
8237:
8218:(2): 415β439.
8196:
8175:(1): 295β323.
8155:
8128:
8121:
8101:
8088:
8063:
8040:
8014:
7978:
7963:
7945:
7930:
7915:
7904:
7884:
7873:
7851:
7820:
7814:978-0198042761
7813:
7787:
7780:
7760:
7745:
7722:
7690:
7672:
7659:
7649:
7630:
7605:
7579:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7529:
7508:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7381:Stars and Bars
7358:
7355:
7326:
7325:
7319:
7312:
7310:
7304:
7297:
7283:hyperinflation
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7226:
7221:
7207:Texas v. White
7201:
7198:Texas v. White
7195:
7179:to now exclude
7155:Reconstruction
7116:Main article:
7113:
7110:
7102:
7099:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6986:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6787:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6774:
6771:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6743:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6726:
6723:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6671:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6652:1860 U.S. rank
6649:
6646:
6643:
6631:Union blockade
6601:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6569:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6537:Female slaves
6534:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6509:White females
6506:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6481:Age structure
6474:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6080:
6073:
6064:
6055:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6007:
6004:
5992:
5989:
5954:Guadalupe Peak
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5878:East Tennessee
5874:Andrew Johnson
5838:Main article:
5835:
5832:
5808:First Manassas
5790:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5775:
5771:CSA Naval Jack
5770:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5718:
5716:
5708:Main article:
5705:
5704:National flags
5702:
5672:
5669:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5592:
5564:Main article:
5561:
5558:
5542:Dahlonega Mint
5538:Charlotte Mint
5521:C.G. Memminger
5507:The 1862 $ 10
5489:
5486:
5476:
5473:
5418:Main article:
5415:
5412:
5375:
5372:
5333:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5286:
5283:
5239:
5236:
5231:Main article:
5228:
5225:
5203:
5200:
5150:John H. Reagan
5142:
5141:
5134:
5127:
5125:
5120:Andrew Jackson
5118:
5111:
5109:
5098:
5091:
5089:
5084:John H. Reagan
5082:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5047:Virginia-West
5045:
5040:Virginia-East
5038:
5035:
5032:
5025:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4956:
4927:
4926:
4921:Andrew Magrath
4919:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4838:
4829:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4682:
4679:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4566:John H. Reagan
4563:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4461:John H. Reagan
4457:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4370:Vice President
4366:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4326:Main article:
4323:
4320:
4305:line item veto
4266:Main article:
4263:
4260:
4187:Main article:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4109:North Carolina
4099:
4091:
4078:
4065:
4062:South Carolina
4052:
4039:
4026:
4013:
4000:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3920:
3916:South Carolina
3907:
3903:North Carolina
3894:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3852:
3839:
3826:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3788:
3773:Main article:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3757:Gary Gallagher
3692:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3646:
3645:Collapse: 1865
3643:
3570:Union blockade
3567:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3518:Main article:
3515:
3512:
3491:Lee's invasion
3479:Fredericksburg
3416:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3363:David Farragut
3336:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3290:Cheat Mountain
3274:First Manassas
3247:James Buchanan
3236:First Manassas
3233:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3215:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3191:
3188:
3184:libertarianism
3175:
3174:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3145:
3138:
3103:Main article:
3100:
3097:
3093:Macon, Georgia
3063:
3062:Raising troops
3060:
3052:Enrollment Act
3040:Drewry's Bluff
2942:Main article:
2939:
2936:
2928:Admiral Porter
2889:First Manassas
2852:
2849:
2834:Main article:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2769:Charles Girard
2664:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2618:, her brother
2595:cotton is king
2571:to London and
2569:James M. Mason
2544:
2541:
2486:'s mansion in
2468:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2335:Elias Boudinot
2313:
2310:
2294:East Tennessee
2271:
2270:
2267:North Carolina
2263:
2256:
2249:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2177:South Carolina
2089:Gilbert Stuart
2078:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2036:
1999:states' rights
1980:North Carolina
1864:
1861:
1813:James Buchanan
1808:he took office
1782:white Southern
1706:Main article:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Wilmot Proviso
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Tariff of 1828
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1246:North Carolina
1177:North Carolina
1137:South Carolina
1127:that declared
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1001:
995:
994:
987:
985:South Carolina
981:
980:
973:
971:North Carolina
967:
966:
959:
953:
952:
945:
939:
938:
931:
925:
924:
917:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
889:
880:
877:
876:
871:
863:
862:
857:
849:
848:
845:North Carolina
841:
833:
832:
827:
819:
818:
813:
805:
804:
799:
791:
790:
785:
777:
776:
771:
763:
762:
757:
749:
748:
743:
735:
734:
729:
721:
720:
717:South Carolina
713:
701:
700:
695:
685:
684:
682:
681:
676:
670:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:β’ Slaves
653:
650:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
617:
614:
613:
612:April 26, 1865
610:
604:
601:
600:
597:
591:
588:
587:
584:
576:
573:
572:
571:April 12, 1861
569:
561:
558:
557:
554:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
534:Historical era
531:
530:
523:
517:
514:
513:
508:
502:
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:
485:
484:
479:
476:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
463:Vice President
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
428:
426:
425:
416:
409:
407:
403:
402:
395:
389:
388:
359:
355:
354:
343:
339:
338:
336:
335:
328:
321:
313:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
293:
292:
286:
284:
274:
272:
266:
264:
258:
255:
254:
246:
245:
234:
226:
215:
198:
187:
186:
183:
172:
171:
160:
153:
152:
136:
129:
122:
121:
120:
117:
116:
112:
111:
108:
99:
98:
78:it, or adding
55:
53:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18412:
18401:
18398:
18396:
18393:
18391:
18388:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18312:
18310:
18300:
18299:North America
18290:
18288:
18278:
18277:
18274:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18241:
18239:
18237:Miscellaneous
18235:
18229:
18226:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18200:
18198:
18194:
18186:
18183:
18182:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18133:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18125:
18121:
18117:
18110:
18105:
18103:
18098:
18096:
18091:
18090:
18087:
18075:
18067:
18066:
18063:
18056:
18053:
18050:
18047:
18044:
18041:
18037:
18036:West Virginia
18034:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17992:
17989:
17987:
17984:
17982:
17979:
17977:
17974:
17972:
17969:
17967:
17963:
17962:
17961:
17958:
17955:
17952:
17949:
17946:
17943:
17940:
17937:
17934:
17931:
17928:
17925:
17922:
17919:
17916:
17913:
17910:
17907:
17904:
17901:
17898:
17895:
17892:
17887:
17884:
17881:
17878:
17875:
17872:
17869:
17866:
17863:
17860:
17857:
17856:Mexican Texas
17853:
17852:
17850:
17847:
17844:
17841:
17838:
17835:
17832:
17829:
17826:
17823:
17820:
17817:
17814:
17811:
17808:
17805:
17802:
17799:
17796:
17793:
17790:
17787:
17784:
17781:
17778:
17775:
17772:
17769:
17764:
17761:
17758:
17755:
17752:
17749:
17746:
17743:
17740:
17737:
17734:
17731:
17728:
17725:
17722:
17719:
17718:
17717:
17714:
17713:
17710:
17706:
17705:United States
17702:
17698:
17690:
17685:
17683:
17678:
17676:
17671:
17670:
17667:
17654:
17645:
17642:
17633:
17632:
17629:
17621:
17617:
17613:
17609:
17605:
17601:
17597:
17593:
17589:
17585:
17581:
17577:
17573:
17569:
17565:
17561:
17557:
17553:
17549:
17545:
17541:
17537:
17536:
17534:
17530:
17522:
17518:
17514:
17510:
17506:
17502:
17498:
17494:
17490:
17486:
17482:
17478:
17474:
17470:
17466:
17462:
17458:
17454:
17450:
17446:
17442:
17438:
17434:
17430:
17426:
17422:
17418:
17417:
17415:
17411:
17406:
17394:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17378:
17374:
17370:
17366:
17362:
17358:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17342:
17338:
17334:
17330:
17326:
17322:
17318:
17314:
17310:
17306:
17302:
17298:
17294:
17290:
17286:
17282:
17278:
17274:
17270:
17266:
17262:
17258:
17254:
17253:
17251:
17247:
17243:
17236:
17231:
17229:
17224:
17222:
17217:
17216:
17213:
17200:
17197:
17194:
17191:
17188:
17185:
17182:
17179:
17178:
17176:
17174:
17170:
17163:
17160:
17159:
17157:
17155:
17151:
17144:
17141:
17140:
17138:
17136:
17132:
17125:
17122:
17119:
17116:
17113:
17110:
17107:
17104:
17101:
17098:
17097:
17095:
17093:
17089:
17082:
17079:
17076:
17073:
17070:
17067:
17066:
17064:
17062:
17058:
17051:
17048:
17045:
17042:
17039:
17038:Robert Toombs
17036:
17035:
17033:
17031:
17027:
17022:
17011:
17008:
17007:
17005:
17003:
16999:
16994:
16991:
16987:
16980:
16975:
16973:
16968:
16966:
16961:
16960:
16957:
16944:
16941:
16937:
16936:
16933:
16927:
16924:
16923:
16921:
16919:
16915:
16907:
16904:
16903:
16902:
16899:
16895:
16892:
16891:
16890:
16887:
16886:
16884:
16882:
16878:
16873:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16855:West Virginia
16853:
16852:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16797:
16795:
16793:
16789:
16784:
16776:
16771:
16769:
16764:
16762:
16757:
16756:
16753:
16741:
16737:
16733:
16731:
16723:
16722:
16719:
16705:
16702:
16701:
16699:
16695:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16658:Photographers
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16644:
16641:
16639:
16636:
16634:
16633:Gender issues
16631:
16629:
16626:
16622:
16619:
16618:
16617:
16614:
16610:
16607:
16606:
16605:
16602:
16600:
16597:
16595:
16592:
16590:
16587:
16586:
16584:
16580:
16572:
16569:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16528:
16526:
16522:
16516:
16513:
16511:
16508:
16506:
16503:
16501:
16498:
16496:
16495:
16491:
16489:
16486:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16475:
16473:
16471:
16467:
16461:
16460:War Democrats
16458:
16456:
16453:
16451:
16450:Union Leagues
16448:
16446:
16443:
16441:
16438:
16436:
16433:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16382:
16380:
16376:
16370:
16367:
16365:
16362:
16360:
16357:
16355:
16352:
16350:
16349:Turning point
16347:
16345:
16342:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16320:
16319:Naval battles
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16271:
16269:
16265:
16261:
16253:
16252:
16248:
16244:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16204:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16184:
16182:
16178:
16172:
16169:
16167:
16164:
16163:
16161:
16157:
16147:
16144:
16140:
16137:
16135:
16132:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16115:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16098:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16087:
16084:
16082:and memorials
16078:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16006:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15993:
15990:
15988:
15985:
15983:
15980:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15965:
15963:
15960:
15958:
15955:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15944:
15943:
15942:Commemoration
15940:
15939:
15937:
15931:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15913:
15910:
15909:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15891:
15888:
15887:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15869:
15866:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15850:
15849:
15846:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15818:
15817:
15814:
15812:
15809:
15807:
15804:
15802:
15799:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15784:first inquiry
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15765:
15762:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15748:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15725:
15722:
15721:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15704:Carpetbaggers
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15691:
15689:
15687:
15683:
15675:
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15661:
15660:
15657:
15656:
15654:
15652:
15648:
15644:
15637:
15633:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15561:
15559:
15555:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15430:
15428:
15424:
15421:
15417:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15394:
15392:
15389:
15387:
15384:
15382:
15379:
15377:
15374:
15372:
15369:
15367:
15364:
15363:
15361:
15357:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15225:
15221:
15218:
15214:
15210:
15206:
15201:
15197:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15145:
15143:
15139:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15127:West Virginia
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15047:New Hampshire
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15007:Massachusetts
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14948:
14945:
14943:
14940:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14894:
14892:
14886:
14883:
14879:
14873:
14870:
14868:
14865:
14863:
14860:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14747:Hampton Roads
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14737:Fort Donelson
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14715:
14710:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14633:Morgan's Raid
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14578:Anaconda Plan
14576:
14575:
14573:
14571:
14566:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14554:Pacific Coast
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14532:
14531:
14529:
14525:
14515:
14512:
14510:
14507:
14505:
14502:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14493:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14472:
14469:
14468:
14466:
14464:
14460:
14457:
14453:
14449:
14441:
14438:
14435:
14432:
14429:
14428:
14424:
14420:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14394:
14391:
14390:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14325:
14323:
14321:
14317:
14311:
14310:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14294:
14291:
14289:
14288:Positive good
14286:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14263:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14243:
14241:
14239:
14235:
14229:
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14203:Panic of 1857
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14184:
14181:
14179:
14176:
14174:
14171:
14169:
14166:
14164:
14163:Border states
14161:
14159:
14156:
14154:
14151:
14150:
14148:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14136:
14132:
14125:
14121:
14117:
14110:
14105:
14103:
14098:
14096:
14091:
14090:
14087:
14081:
14074:
14068:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14057:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14039:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14025:
14021:
14018:
14014:
14010:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13990:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13977:
13974:
13973:
13968:
13967:
13960:
13947:
13946:0-13-389115-1
13943:
13939:
13935:
13933:
13932:0-8047-3641-3
13929:
13925:
13921:
13917:
13914:
13910:
13909:
13896:
13890:
13882:
13880:0-8071-1807-9
13876:
13872:
13865:
13858:
13852:
13845:
13839:
13832:
13826:
13819:
13813:
13807:, pp. 105β106
13806:
13800:
13798:
13787:
13780:
13770:
13762:
13755:
13747:
13743:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13727:
13720:
13712:
13706:
13702:
13697:
13696:
13687:
13685:
13669:
13665:
13658:
13650:
13642:
13633:
13625:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13590:
13581:
13573:
13566:
13551:
13547:
13541:
13526:
13522:
13516:
13508:
13506:0-313-33073-5
13502:
13498:
13494:
13487:
13479:
13477:0-8117-0059-3
13473:
13469:
13462:
13454:
13448:
13444:
13440:
13434:
13427:
13421:
13411:
13407:
13403:
13399:
13394:
13390:
13386:
13382:
13378:
13373:
13372:
13369:
13360:
13352:
13346:
13342:
13341:
13333:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
13305:
13304:
13296:
13289:
13285:
13282:
13276:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13252:
13248:
13241:
13234:
13228:
13221:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13200:
13194:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13171:
13165:
13158:
13152:
13146:
13142:
13136:
13129:
13123:
13116:
13112:
13106:
13097:
13082:
13076:
13069:
13065:
13062:
13057:
13048:
13039:
13024:
13020:
13014:
13005:
12989:
12983:
12967:
12963:
12959:
12952:
12945:
12941:
12935:
12927:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12908:
12900:
12898:0-8139-1894-4
12894:
12889:
12888:
12879:
12871:
12869:0-8071-2245-9
12865:
12861:
12854:
12846:
12845:Gone to Texas
12839:
12831:
12827:
12823:
12819:
12812:
12810:
12801:
12797:
12793:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12780:
12772:
12764:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12748:
12744:
12737:
12729:
12728:
12720:
12712:
12706:
12702:
12701:
12693:
12685:
12681:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12665:
12658:
12650:
12643:
12626:
12621:
12620:
12615:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12595:
12591:
12588:
12582:
12574:
12570:
12567:
12563:
12558:
12551:
12545:
12537:
12531:
12527:
12520:
12512:
12510:0-8078-2255-8
12506:
12502:
12498:
12497:
12489:
12481:
12474:
12466:
12459:
12450:
12448:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12412:
12404:
12400:
12396:
12392:
12385:
12377:
12373:
12369:
12365:
12358:
12350:
12346:
12339:
12331:
12324:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12297:
12289:
12282:
12274:
12270:
12263:
12256:
12250:
12242:
12238:
12232:
12224:
12220:
12214:
12206:
12200:
12196:
12195:
12187:
12179:
12175:
12171:
12167:
12160:
12152:
12146:
12142:
12141:
12133:
12127:
12123:
12117:
12109:
12105:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12082:
12075:
12069:
12060:
12053:
12047:
12039:
12035:
12031:
12027:
12023:
12019:
12012:
12004:
12000:
11993:
11986:
11985:0-00-716458-0
11982:
11978:
11972:
11965:
11960:
11952:
11946:
11942:
11941:
11933:
11924:
11917:
11911:
11902:
11894:
11888:
11884:
11883:
11875:
11867:
11861:
11857:
11856:
11848:
11841:
11835:
11826:
11818:
11814:
11813:
11805:
11797:
11790:
11782:
11780:0-394-50099-7
11776:
11772:
11765:
11757:
11753:
11747:
11739:
11733:
11729:
11728:
11720:
11712:
11705:
11696:
11686:
11677:
11661:
11657:
11651:
11641:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11624:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11603:
11602:
11599:
11591:
11587:
11583:
11579:
11575:
11571:
11564:
11548:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11528:
11522:
11506:
11500:
11494:
11492:
11483:
11477:
11461:
11457:
11451:
11444:
11438:
11431:
11425:
11418:
11412:
11404:
11402:0-13-389115-1
11398:
11395:. p. 1.
11394:
11390:
11383:
11381:
11373:
11367:
11360:
11354:
11347:
11341:
11334:
11328:
11321:
11316:
11310:
11306:
11302:
11301:New York City
11298:
11297:
11292:
11286:
11279:
11275:
11269:
11265:
11261:
11254:
11248:Davis p. 248.
11245:
11238:
11234:
11230:
11229:
11222:
11213:
11207:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11199:public domain
11188:
11182:
11174:
11168:
11164:
11158:
11157:
11151:
11150:
11142:
11135:
11129:
11122:
11116:
11109:
11104:
11102:0-394-74622-8
11098:
11094:
11087:
11080:
11074:
11067:
11061:
11055:
11054:
11048:
11044:
11041:
11037:
11031:
11024:
11023:
11017:
11015:
11010:
11009:
11003:
10997:
10990:
10984:
10977:
10971:
10964:
10958:
10943:
10937:
10929:
10927:0-8131-1854-9
10923:
10919:
10915:
10914:
10906:
10899:
10893:
10886:
10880:
10873:
10867:
10860:
10854:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10826:
10822:
10818:
10817:Robert E. Lee
10814:
10810:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10793:
10786:
10780:
10773:
10767:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10743:St. Augustine
10740:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10719:
10713:
10711:
10703:
10697:
10695:
10693:
10691:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10671:
10667:
10666:Fort Donelson
10664:was lost and
10663:
10659:
10653:
10646:
10644:
10638:
10632:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10611:
10604:
10598:
10591:
10585:
10576:
10575:
10568:
10561:
10555:
10548:
10543:
10535:
10530:
10523:
10522:
10517:
10511:
10504:
10500:
10495:
10486:
10479:
10473:
10466:
10460:
10453:
10447:
10440:
10434:
10427:
10421:
10414:
10408:
10401:
10395:
10388:
10382:
10375:
10369:
10362:
10356:
10349:
10343:
10336:
10335:Fort Donelson
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10314:
10307:
10306:John S. Mosby
10303:
10299:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10277:
10271:, pp. 310β311
10270:
10264:
10257:
10251:
10242:
10236:Rubin p. 104.
10233:
10225:
10219:
10215:
10214:
10206:
10199:
10198:
10193:
10186:
10181:
10174:
10168:
10161:
10155:
10140:
10136:
10130:
10123:
10117:
10110:
10104:
10096:
10092:
10086:
10079:
10075:
10069:
10062:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10044:
10037:
10031:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10010:
10003:
9997:
9990:
9984:
9977:
9971:
9964:
9958:
9950:
9944:
9940:
9939:
9931:
9925:, pp. 342β343
9924:
9918:
9911:
9905:
9897:
9891:
9887:
9886:
9878:
9872:
9868:
9862:
9854:
9853:
9845:
9837:
9835:
9831:
9826:
9820:
9818:
9809:
9802:
9787:
9783:
9782:
9774:
9765:
9757:
9751:
9747:
9740:
9731:
9722:
9715:
9709:
9701:
9700:
9693:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9651:
9647:
9641:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9598:
9590:
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9563:
9557:(2002), p. 48
9556:
9550:
9543:
9537:
9529:
9523:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9507:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9464:
9463:
9462:The Liberator
9458:
9454:
9453:Allen, Wm. G.
9448:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9427:
9419:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9397:
9391:
9382:
9375:
9369:
9359:
9351:
9350:
9342:
9334:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9315:
9308:
9302:
9295:
9289:
9282:
9276:
9269:
9263:
9256:
9250:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9219:
9213:
9206:
9202:
9196:
9188:
9187:
9179:
9170:
9163:
9159:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9130:
9122:
9115:
9109:
9102:
9096:
9089:
9083:
9076:
9072:
9069:
9064:
9057:
9051:
9044:
9038:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9018:
9011:
9007:
9004:
8998:
8991:
8987:
8984:
8978:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8902:
8895:
8891:
8888:
8882:
8875:
8871:
8868:
8862:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8842:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8822:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8794:
8788:
8781:
8775:
8769:Crofts p. 336
8766:
8757:
8749:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8730:
8722:
8716:
8712:
8711:
8703:
8696:
8692:
8689:
8683:
8672:September 30,
8667:
8663:
8657:
8650:
8644:
8637:
8632:
8624:
8623:
8618:
8611:
8609:
8599:
8591:
8584:
8577:. p. 61.
8576:
8569:
8553:
8547:
8536:September 30,
8532:
8526:
8518:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8499:
8490:
8481:
8472:
8465:
8459:
8451:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8432:
8423:
8421:
8419:
8417:
8409:
8403:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8381:
8374:
8368:
8361:
8355:
8339:
8335:
8329:
8325:
8324:
8316:
8309:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8241:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8212:
8207:
8200:
8192:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8159:
8148:September 13,
8143:
8139:
8132:
8124:
8118:
8114:
8113:
8105:
8098:
8092:
8076:
8075:
8067:
8051:
8044:
8029:
8025:
8018:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7982:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7952:
7950:
7941:
7934:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7907:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7888:
7881:
7876:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7855:
7839:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7825:
7816:
7810:
7806:
7801:
7800:
7791:
7783:
7777:
7773:
7772:
7764:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7746:1-57233-092-9
7742:
7738:
7737:
7729:
7727:
7719:
7708:
7704:
7697:
7695:
7686:
7682:
7676:
7669:
7663:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7619:
7615:
7609:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7556:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7373:
7368:
7364:
7354:
7351:
7345:
7343:
7342:Zebulon Vance
7339:
7334:
7332:
7322:
7316:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7291:Robert E. Lee
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7250:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7220:
7218:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7199:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7175:
7172:By 1877, the
7170:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7119:
7108:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7089:
7088:Presbyterians
7085:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7005:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6978:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6759:
6756:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6597:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6479:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6396:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6054:slaveholders
6021:
6018:
6016:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5975:to semi-arid
5974:
5970:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5931:
5929:
5928:planter class
5925:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5899:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5882:West Virginia
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5781:
5776:
5767:
5762:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5701:
5699:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5522:
5518:
5517:R.M.T. Hunter
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5439:
5434:
5426:
5421:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5369:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5330:
5316:
5307:
5304:
5303:raw materials
5300:
5294:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5234:
5223:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5191:Blockade mail
5187:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5139:20 cent, 1863
5137:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4946:Supreme Court
4943:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4922:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4659:Robert Toombs
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:Robert Toombs
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4313:
4312:U.S. Congress
4308:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4247:a "permanent
4244:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4195:confederation
4190:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3746:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3689:
3675:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:Morgan's Raid
3586:
3582:
3571:
3564:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3520:Anaconda Plan
3511:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:Braxton Bragg
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3437:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3413:
3402:
3401:Hampton Roads
3398:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3333:
3322:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:Robert E. Lee
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3237:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3168:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:Leonidas Polk
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2954:Robert E. Lee
2950:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2872:of Napoleon.
2871:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2779:that he had:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:Prussian Army
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2661:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:Martin Delany
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:Milledgeville
2506:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2455:
2448:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:34th parallel
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:West Virginia
2284:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2003:tariff policy
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:border states
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:nullification
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:United States
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:Panic of 1857
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:. During the
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Jim Crow laws
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1273:Robert E. Lee
1270:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1080:United States
1078:
1076:Today part of
1074:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
988:
986:
983:
982:
974:
972:
969:
968:
960:
958:
955:
954:
946:
944:
941:
940:
932:
930:
927:
926:
918:
916:
913:
912:
904:
902:
899:
898:
890:
888:
887:West Virginia
885:
884:
881:
875:
872:
865:
864:
861:
858:
851:
850:
847:
842:
835:
834:
831:
828:
821:
820:
817:
814:
807:
806:
803:
800:
793:
792:
789:
786:
779:
778:
775:
772:
765:
764:
761:
758:
751:
750:
747:
744:
737:
736:
733:
730:
723:
722:
719:
714:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
647:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
621:
615:
611:
608:
602:
599:April 9, 1865
598:
595:
589:
585:
581:
574:
570:
566:
559:
555:
552:
546:
542:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
521:
515:
512:
509:
506:
500:
497:
494:
490:
486:
483:
480:
474:
470:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
423:
420:
417:
414:
413:Confederation
411:
410:
408:
404:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
367:
366:
360:
356:
352:
347:
344:
340:
332:
329:
325:
322:
318:
315:
314:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
285:
282:West Virginia
281:
273:
265:
257:
256:
252:
247:
233:
229:
213:
196:
192:
188:
182:
181:
177:
173:
167:
157:
149:
133:
126:
118:
113:
106:
103:
95:
85:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
61:
56:This article
54:
45:
44:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
21:Confederation
18202:
17959:
17851:(1823β1824)
17199:George Davis
17187:Thomas Bragg
16782:
16599:Bibliography
16582:Other topics
16524:By ethnicity
16492:
16445:Trent Affair
16344:Signal Corps
16201:
15924:White League
15811:Ku Klux Klan
15724:Confederados
15651:Constitution
15523:D. D. Porter
15376:Breckinridge
15087:Rhode Island
15082:Pennsylvania
14837:Spotsylvania
14797:Stones River
14777:2nd Bull Run
14727:1st Bull Run
14613:Stones River
14514:Marine Corps
14495:
14481:Marine Corps
14320:Abolitionism
14307:
14260:
14055:
14023:
13988:
13979:
13971:
13937:
13919:
13912:
13894:
13889:
13870:
13864:
13856:
13855:Eric Foner,
13851:
13843:
13838:
13830:
13829:Eric Foner,
13825:
13817:
13812:
13804:
13785:
13779:
13769:
13760:
13754:
13729:
13725:
13719:
13694:
13671:. Retrieved
13667:
13657:
13648:
13641:
13631:
13624:
13599:
13595:
13589:
13580:
13571:
13565:
13553:. Retrieved
13549:
13540:
13528:. Retrieved
13524:
13515:
13496:
13486:
13467:
13461:
13442:
13433:
13425:
13420:
13401:
13397:
13380:
13376:
13368:
13359:
13339:
13332:
13307:
13301:
13295:
13275:
13250:
13246:
13240:
13232:
13227:
13211:
13206:
13198:
13193:
13182:
13177:
13169:
13164:
13156:
13151:
13140:
13135:
13127:
13122:
13110:
13105:
13096:
13084:. Retrieved
13075:
13056:
13047:
13038:
13026:. Retrieved
13022:
13013:
13004:
12992:. Retrieved
12982:
12972:September 8,
12970:. Retrieved
12966:the original
12951:
12943:
12934:
12914:
12907:
12886:
12878:
12859:
12853:
12844:
12838:
12821:
12817:
12783:
12777:
12771:
12749:(2): 23β51.
12746:
12742:
12736:
12726:
12719:
12699:
12692:
12667:
12663:
12657:
12648:
12642:
12630:. Retrieved
12625:the original
12617:
12581:
12557:
12544:
12525:
12519:
12495:
12488:
12479:
12473:
12464:
12458:
12424:(1): 35β62.
12421:
12417:
12411:
12394:
12390:
12384:
12370:(1): 49β83.
12367:
12363:
12357:
12348:
12344:
12338:
12329:
12323:
12306:
12302:
12296:
12287:
12281:
12272:
12268:
12262:
12254:
12249:
12240:
12231:
12222:
12213:
12193:
12186:
12169:
12165:
12159:
12139:
12132:
12121:
12116:
12094:(1): 79β97.
12091:
12087:
12081:
12073:
12068:
12059:
12051:
12046:
12021:
12017:
12011:
12002:
11998:
11992:
11976:
11971:
11959:
11939:
11932:
11923:
11915:
11910:
11901:
11881:
11874:
11854:
11847:
11839:
11834:
11825:
11816:
11810:
11804:
11795:
11789:
11770:
11764:
11755:
11746:
11726:
11719:
11710:
11704:
11695:
11685:
11676:
11666:November 17,
11664:. Retrieved
11660:the original
11650:
11631:
11627:
11610:
11606:
11598:
11576:(1): 66β74.
11573:
11569:
11563:
11551:. Retrieved
11547:the original
11537:
11526:
11521:
11509:. Retrieved
11499:
11476:
11464:. Retrieved
11460:the original
11450:
11442:
11437:
11429:
11424:
11416:
11411:
11388:
11374:, pp. 25, 27
11371:
11366:
11361:, pp. 23β26.
11358:
11353:
11345:
11340:
11332:
11327:
11318:
11295:
11285:
11277:
11259:
11253:
11244:
11227:
11221:
11212:
11205:
11196:
11186:
11181:
11162:
11155:
11148:
11141:
11133:
11128:
11120:
11115:
11108:disinterest.
11106:
11092:
11086:
11078:
11073:
11065:
11060:
11052:
11035:
11030:
11021:
11012:
11007:
11001:
10996:
10988:
10983:
10975:
10970:
10962:
10957:
10945:. Retrieved
10936:
10912:
10905:
10897:
10892:
10879:
10871:
10866:
10858:
10853:
10841:
10836:
10829:
10812:
10797:
10792:
10784:
10779:
10771:
10766:
10758:
10730:
10725:
10717:
10701:
10657:
10652:
10642:
10636:
10631:
10615:
10610:
10602:
10597:
10589:
10584:
10573:
10567:
10559:
10554:
10542:
10532:
10520:
10510:
10502:
10494:
10485:
10477:
10472:
10464:
10459:
10451:
10446:
10438:
10433:
10425:
10420:
10412:
10407:
10399:
10394:
10386:
10381:
10373:
10368:
10360:
10355:
10347:
10342:
10318:
10313:
10302:Turner Ashby
10281:
10276:
10268:
10263:
10255:
10250:
10241:
10232:
10212:
10205:
10195:
10180:
10172:
10167:
10159:
10154:
10142:. Retrieved
10138:
10129:
10121:
10116:
10108:
10103:
10090:
10085:
10073:
10068:
10048:
10043:
10035:
10030:
10014:
10009:
10001:
9996:
9988:
9983:
9975:
9970:
9962:
9957:
9937:
9930:
9922:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9884:
9877:
9866:
9861:
9851:
9844:
9828:
9807:
9801:
9789:. Retrieved
9780:
9773:
9764:
9745:
9739:
9730:
9721:
9713:
9708:
9698:
9692:
9667:
9661:
9649:
9645:
9640:
9607:
9603:
9597:
9572:
9568:
9562:
9554:
9549:
9541:
9536:
9516:
9506:
9494:. Retrieved
9490:
9481:
9470:
9460:
9447:
9433:
9426:
9399:
9390:
9381:
9373:
9368:
9363:populations.
9358:
9348:
9341:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9301:
9293:
9288:
9280:
9275:
9267:
9262:
9254:
9249:
9239:
9231:
9225:
9217:
9212:
9204:
9199:Troy Smith.
9195:
9185:
9178:
9169:
9149:
9134:
9129:
9108:
9100:
9095:
9087:
9082:
9063:
9055:
9050:
9042:
9037:
9021:The text of
9017:
9001:The text of
8997:
8981:The text of
8977:
8957:The text of
8953:
8945:The text of
8941:
8925:The text of
8921:
8905:The text of
8901:
8885:The text of
8881:
8865:The text of
8861:
8845:The text of
8841:
8825:The text of
8821:
8809:. Retrieved
8791:The text of
8787:
8782:(1802β1869).
8774:
8765:
8756:
8736:
8729:
8709:
8702:
8682:
8670:. Retrieved
8666:the original
8656:
8648:
8643:
8635:
8631:
8620:
8598:
8589:
8583:
8574:
8568:
8556:. Retrieved
8546:
8534:. Retrieved
8525:
8505:
8498:
8489:
8480:
8471:
8463:
8458:
8438:
8431:
8410:, pp. 44β45.
8407:
8402:
8380:
8372:
8367:
8359:
8354:
8342:. Retrieved
8322:
8315:
8307:
8300:. Retrieved
8270:(2): 35β44.
8267:
8263:
8253:
8245:
8240:
8215:
8209:
8199:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8146:. Retrieved
8142:academia.edu
8141:
8131:
8111:
8104:
8091:
8081:February 10,
8079:. Retrieved
8073:
8066:
8054:. Retrieved
8043:
8031:. Retrieved
8027:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
7994:civilwar.org
7993:
7981:
7972:
7966:
7957:
7939:
7933:
7924:
7918:
7909:
7894:
7887:
7878:
7864:
7854:
7842:. Retrieved
7835:
7798:
7790:
7770:
7763:
7735:
7717:
7710:. Retrieved
7706:
7685:the original
7675:
7667:
7662:
7652:
7642:
7621:. Retrieved
7617:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7591:
7582:
7574:the original
7538:Union Square
7532:
7511:
7502:
7440:
7393:
7389:
7377:
7370:
7360:
7346:
7335:
7330:
7327:
7278:
7270:Joseph Brown
7262:
7248:
7234:
7230:
7228:
7223:
7205:
7203:
7197:
7191:World War II
7171:
7152:
7134:
7130:
7128:government.
7121:
7096:
7057:
7041:Black church
7022:
6836:, Tennessee
6770:, Tennessee
6670:, Louisiana
6635:
6620:
6608:
6595:
6579:
6523:Male slaves
6495:White males
6487:15β59 years
6443:
6251:Mississippi
6077:as % of
6052:Total number
6012:
5991:Demographics
5966:
5942:
5921:
5902:
5894:
5872:and Senator
5855:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5804:
5694:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5597:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5577:
5551:
5535:
5530:issuing debt
5526:
5491:
5478:
5469:
5463:
5460:
5447:
5443:
5404:
5399:naval stores
5396:
5385:
5365:
5361:
5347:
5340:
5295:
5288:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5241:
5214:
5205:
5189:
5183:
5175:
5159:
5143:
5123:2 cent, 1862
5054:
4998:Mississippi
4972:Daniel Ringo
4951:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4849:
4798:2nd Congress
4793:1st Congress
4733:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4699:
4672:
4621:George Davis
4597:Thomas Bragg
4516:James Seddon
4309:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4271:
4253:
4245:
4212:
4200:
4192:
4183:Constitution
3784:
3754:
3744:
3732:
3708:
3699:
3648:
3639:
3625:
3620:
3601:
3578:
3530:Murfreesboro
3523:
3495:Allan Nevins
3483:
3464:
3453:
3441:
3433:
3419:
3396:
3367:
3343:
3303:
3294:
3262:
3250:
3244:
3193:
3180:
3176:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3099:Conscription
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3056:
3048:conscription
3044:
3028:
3005:
3001:
2978:
2974:Marine Corps
2963:
2938:Armed forces
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2907:
2882:
2866:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2815:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2744:
2742:
2733:Pope Pius IX
2721:belligerents
2717:
2706:
2678:Napoleon III
2671:
2592:
2581:
2576:
2573:John Slidell
2558:
2550:
2546:
2528:
2518:
2507:
2497:
2398:
2382:
2348:Citizens at
2347:
2291:
2272:
2214:(January 26)
2207:(January 19)
2200:(January 11)
2193:(January 10)
2170:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2108:
2096:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2016:
2008:
1996:
1965:
1957:
1907:
1888:
1881:
1844:expansionism
1832:abolitionism
1825:
1790:
1759:
1717:
1648:
1628:
1621:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1558:
1546:
1539:
1277:
1223:
1181:
1113:unrecognized
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
698:Succeeded by
697:
692:
644:β’ 1860
422:presidential
363:
342:Largest city
227:
197:(unofficial)
190:
178:
176:Motto:
175:
144:Bottom: Flag
102:
89:
57:
40:
18170:Puerto Rico
18057:(1894β1898)
18051:(1893β1894)
18045:(1863β1865)
18001:Mississippi
17964:1861β1865;
17956:(1850β1856)
17944:(1849β1850)
17932:(1841β1848)
17920:(1836β1846)
17914:(1834β1907)
17908:(1832β1835)
17896:(1826β1827)
17888:, 1836β1846
17882:, 1824β1835
17876:, 1824β1830
17870:, 1821β1846
17864:, 1821β1836
17858:, 1821β1824
17854:1835β1846;
17833:(1812β1813)
17815:(1799β1803)
17809:(1795β1893)
17797:(1784β1788)
17791:(1777β1791)
17785:(1776β1783)
17779:(1775β1776)
17773:(1772β1777)
17765:, 1804β1821
17759:, 1769β1801
17757:La Luisiana
17753:, 1783β1821
17747:, 1783β1821
17741:, 1776β1821
17735:, 1690β1821
17729:, 1598β1821
17723:, 1565β1821
17721:New Navarre
16995:(1861β1865)
16825:Mississippi
16785:(1861β1865)
16405:Copperheads
16117:Confederate
16009:Black Codes
15335:E. K. Smith
15216:Confederate
15163:New Orleans
15158:Chattanooga
15022:Mississippi
14922:Connecticut
14890:territories
14881:Involvement
14842:Cold Harbor
14832:Fort Pillow
14822:Chattanooga
14817:Chickamauga
14767:Seven Pines
14757:New Orleans
14722:Fort Sumter
14663:Valley 1864
14496:Confederacy
14293:Slave Power
14273:Fire-Eaters
14058:, May, 1922
13982:, 1862β1866
13253:(1): 3β21.
12351:(3): 36β41.
12309:(1): 3β17.
11553:January 29,
11445:, pp. 90β91
11419:, pp. 72β73
11038:, in 1862,
10751:New Orleans
10682:Fort Pillow
10061:New Orleans
9234:(1994) p. 8
8344:October 25,
8056:February 5,
8028:Opinionator
7187:Solid South
7125:Amnesty Act
6884:, Virginia
6862:, Virginia
6814:, Virginia
6722:, Virginia
6668:New Orleans
6627:New Orleans
6623:county seat
6484:0β14 years
6079:population
6049:population
6042:households
6028:population
5785:Battle Flag
5689:Mississippi
5515:flanked by
5450:track gauge
5392:King Cotton
5268:Though the
5064:Post Office
5020:1861β1864,
4939:front lines
4681:Legislative
4226:prohibited
4049:Mississippi
3882:Mississippi
3659:Fort Fisher
3604:Chattanooga
3585:Port Hudson
3218:Fort Sumter
3032:The Citadel
2993:Fort Sumter
2817:Confederado
2554:laws of war
2312:Territories
2184:Mississippi
1984:Lower South
1911:Fort Sumter
1903:New Orleans
1230:Upper South
1207:Southerners
1141:Mississippi
1125:U.S. states
1013:Mississippi
732:Mississippi
693:Preceded by
625:May 5, 1865
520:Lower house
505:Upper house
492:Legislature
397:Confederate
351:May 1, 1862
346:New Orleans
180:Deo vindice
165:(1863β1865)
141:(1861β1863)
92:August 2024
80:subheadings
18309:Categories
18140:California
17473:W. Johnson
17325:R. Johnson
17313:H. Johnson
16906:government
16894:government
16860:government
16638:Juneteenth
16159:Cemeteries
16036:Red Shirts
15947:Centennial
15897:Red Shirts
15305:Longstreet
15235:Beauregard
15178:Winchester
15153:Charleston
15122:Washington
15057:New Mexico
15052:New Jersey
14912:California
14888:States and
14872:Five Forks
14857:Mobile Bay
14827:Wilderness
14807:Gettysburg
14787:Perryville
14772:Seven Days
14703:Appomattox
14628:Gettysburg
14588:New Mexico
14455:Combatants
14430:Combatants
14343:John Brown
13086:August 29,
12994:August 29,
11819:(1): 7β40.
11511:August 29,
11466:August 29,
11156:Shenandoah
10662:Fort Henry
10327:Fort Henry
10057:Charleston
10053:Wilmington
9652:, (1991),
9257:, pp. 7β8.
8811:August 29,
8389:HNN online
8007:August 27,
7551:References
7277:argued in
7263:Historian
7163:Fourteenth
7146:camp near
7140:commandant
7136:Henry Wirz
7105:See also:
7037:Methodists
7025:Protestant
7017:Montgomery
7002:See also:
6974:Wilmington
6950:, Georgia
6928:, Georgia
6906:, Georgia
6882:Alexandria
6812:Petersburg
6792:, Georgia
6748:, Alabama
6694:Charleston
6457:5,582,222
6454:1,027,967
6451:3,521,110
6448:9,103,332
6423:1,105,453
6414:1,596,318
6350:1,109,801
6347:Tennessee
6219:Louisiana
6190:1,057,286
6059:population
6006:Population
5924:Union Army
5862:Appalachia
5812:Union flag
5455:locomotive
5368:work ethic
5356:free labor
5343:black belt
5299:turpentine
5261:Lincoln's
5249:Bell Wiley
5208:Mark Neely
5171:City Point
5027:Tennessee
4991:Louisiana
3755:Historian
3745:Shenandoah
3631:Mobile Bay
3616:Petersburg
3597:Gettysburg
3321:Sharpsburg
3200:Charleston
3024:West Point
2914:land mines
2676:, Emperor
2275:Convention
2237:(April 15)
1804:Deep South
1751:Lost Cause
1712:See also:
1340:Dixiecrats
1115:breakaway
634:Population
406:Government
393:Demonym(s)
76:condensing
18021:Tennessee
17996:Louisiana
17697:sovereign
17201:(1864β65)
17195:(1862β63)
17189:(1861β62)
17164:(1861β65)
17145:(1861β65)
17120:(1862β65)
17108:(1861β62)
17077:(1864β65)
17071:(1861β64)
17052:(1862β65)
17046:(1861β62)
17012:(1861β65)
16990:President
16918:Territory
16840:Tennessee
16820:Louisiana
16616:Espionage
16410:Diplomacy
16378:Political
16334:POW camps
16080:Monuments
15907:Scalawags
15902:Redeemers
15640:Aftermath
15589:Pinkerton
15528:Rosecrans
15493:McClellan
15396:Memminger
15132:Wisconsin
15097:Tennessee
15017:Minnesota
14992:Louisiana
14867:Nashville
14812:Vicksburg
14742:Pea Ridge
14693:Carolinas
14648:Red River
14643:Knoxville
14623:Tullahoma
14618:Vicksburg
14598:Peninsula
14570:campaigns
14436:Campaigns
14213:Secession
13893:Coulter,
13803:Coulter,
13746:143584568
13645:See also
12763:159561246
12684:143199643
12438:144929048
12253:Coulter,
11918:pp. 15β16
11370:Coulter,
11357:Coulter,
11344:Coulter,
11331:Coulter,
11149:Stonewall
11132:Coulter,
11119:Coulter,
11064:Coulter,
11034:Coulter,
11022:Kearsarge
11020:USS
11000:Coulter,
10987:Coulter,
10974:Coulter,
10961:Coulter,
10870:Coulter,
10857:Coulter,
10796:Coulter,
10783:Coulter,
10770:Coulter,
10747:New Berne
10739:Fernandia
10729:Coulter,
10670:Nashville
10605:, p. 353.
10601:Coulter,
10558:Coulter,
10476:Coulter,
10463:Coulter,
10454:, p. 324.
10450:Coulter,
10437:Coulter,
10424:Coulter,
10411:Coulter,
10398:Coulter,
10385:Coulter,
10372:Coulter,
10359:Coulter,
10346:Coulter,
10317:Coulter,
10280:Coulter,
10267:Coulter,
10254:Coulter,
10107:Coulter,
10089:Coulter,
10072:Coulter,
10047:Coulter,
10034:Coulter,
10013:Coulter,
10000:Coulter,
9987:Coulter,
9974:Coulter,
9961:Coulter,
9921:Coulter,
9791:March 18,
9632:154654909
9496:April 21,
9309:, p. 102.
9305:Coulter,
9279:Coulter,
9266:Coulter,
8558:April 19,
8284:0882-228X
8232:0021-8723
8191:1742-058X
7755:745911382
7614:"History"
7523:, or the
7167:Fifteenth
6834:Nashville
6411:Virginia
6123:Arkansas
6066:% of Free
6057:% of Free
6040:number of
6033:number of
5979:and arid
5934:Geography
5681:tombstone
5388:sugarcane
5301:). These
5051:1861β1865
5044:1861β1865
5031:1861β1865
5009:1861β1865
5007:Asa Biggs
5002:1861β1865
4995:1861β1865
4981:1861β1862
4974:1861β1865
4970:Arkansas
4967:1861β1865
4954:β judges
4905:Asa Biggs
4843:1863β65,
4836:Chickasaw
4834:1864β65,
4812:1862β65,
4351:President
4262:Executive
4167:territory
4117:Tennessee
4023:Louisiana
3924:Tennessee
3869:Louisiana
3750:Liverpool
3733:Stonewall
3626:Albemarle
3581:Vicksburg
3526:Tennessee
3425:Cherbourg
3278:Oak Hills
2997:U.S. Army
2543:Diplomacy
2394:Chickasaw
2260:Tennessee
2227:, March 4
2212:Louisiana
2136:Cassville
2028:John Bell
1976:Tennessee
1899:Dahlonega
1895:Charlotte
1863:Secession
1848:economics
1840:secession
1800:secession
1778:abolition
1391:Political
1328:textbooks
1269:adjourned
1242:Tennessee
1173:Tennessee
1157:Louisiana
1129:secession
1111:, was an
1109:the South
957:Louisiana
901:Tennessee
860:Tennessee
788:Louisiana
658:3,521,110
648:9,103,332
433:President
377:Louisiana
362:English (
280:Separated
138:Top: Flag
115:1861β1865
84:talk page
72:splitting
70:Consider
18165:Sequoyah
18145:Cascadia
18074:Category
18031:Virginia
18006:Missouri
17991:Kentucky
17976:Arkansas
17641:Category
17441:Caperton
17421:Barnwell
16901:Missouri
16889:Kentucky
16850:Virginia
16805:Arkansas
16730:Category
16571:Seminole
16561:Cherokee
16314:Medicine
16267:Military
16180:Veterans
16014:Jim Crow
15779:timeline
15574:Ericsson
15557:Civilian
15538:Sheridan
15498:McDowell
15458:Farragut
15443:Burnside
15433:Anderson
15426:Military
15406:Stephens
15366:Benjamin
15359:Civilian
15245:Buchanan
15223:Military
15168:Richmond
15117:Virginia
15062:New York
15037:Nebraska
15027:Missouri
15012:Michigan
15002:Maryland
14987:Kentucky
14962:Illinois
14937:Delaware
14917:Colorado
14902:Arkansas
14862:Franklin
14782:Antietam
14653:Overland
14608:Maryland
14527:Theaters
14433:Theaters
14009:Archived
13998:Archived
13926:, 2001,
13846:, p. xii
13673:March 8,
13555:June 18,
13410:25723552
13389:25723506
13284:Archived
13064:Archived
12958:Nofi, Al
12830:30237490
12800:27648821
12632:July 21,
12590:Archived
12569:Archived
12376:40584640
12108:11639801
11640:30237275
11619:30234666
11441:Martis,
11428:Martis,
11415:Martis,
11293:(1997).
11136:, p. 287
11068:, p. 305
11053:Savannah
11043:Archived
10978:, p. 356
10965:, p. 357
10813:Virginia
10805:Archived
10716:Martis,
10704:, p. 28.
10700:Martis,
10656:Martis,
10518:(1870).
10376:, p. 313
10111:, p. 321
9991:, p. 346
9978:, p. 343
9685:Hamilton
9514:(2008).
9398:(1998).
9292:Martis,
9270:, p. 100
9253:Martis,
9158:Archived
9137:, 2008.
9071:Archived
9026:Archived
9006:Archived
8986:Archived
8962:Archived
8930:Archived
8910:Archived
8890:Archived
8870:Archived
8850:Archived
8830:Archived
8802:. Also,
8796:Archived
8691:Archived
8392:Archived
8338:Archived
8302:April 7,
8296:Archived
8292:23210244
7998:Archived
7844:June 25,
7712:June 28,
7623:July 12,
7598:July 12,
7521:Kentucky
7517:Missouri
7399:See also
7331:Standard
7074:and the
7033:Baptists
6998:Religion
6926:Columbus
6790:Savannah
6720:Richmond
6673:168,675
6472:132,760
6460:316,632
6420:201,523
6417:490,865
6391:421,649
6385:182,566
6382:604,215
6359:834,082
6356:149,335
6353:275,719
6327:301,302
6321:402,406
6318:703,708
6295:661,563
6292:125,090
6289:331,059
6286:992,622
6263:354,674
6257:436,631
6254:791,305
6231:376,276
6225:331,726
6222:708,002
6199:595,088
6196:109,919
6193:462,198
6187:Georgia
6158:140,424
6155:Florida
6135:324,335
6129:111,115
6126:435,450
6103:529,121
6097:435,080
6094:964,201
6091:Alabama
6086:colored
6068:families
5890:Freedmen
5864:and the
5698:old maid
5509:CSA note
5482:glanders
5464:de facto
5102:, 5 cent
4984:Georgia
4977:Florida
4963:Alabama
4859:Judicial
4827:Seminole
4814:Cherokee
4133:Kentucky
4125:Missouri
4096:Arkansas
4088:Virginia
3950:Virginia
3890:Missouri
3856:Kentucky
3822:Arkansas
3719:Richmond
3715:was lost
3442:Virginia
3397:Virginia
2952:General
2893:Maryland
2745:de facto
2729:Holy See
2709:Erlanger
2437:Capitals
2422:Seminole
2414:Cherokee
2343:Oklahoma
2302:Maryland
2298:Delaware
2279:Wheeling
2269:(May 20)
2253:Arkansas
2246:Virginia
2111:Missouri
2098:Kentucky
1992:Kentucky
1988:Missouri
1972:Arkansas
1968:Virginia
1963:states.
1944:Oklahoma
1935:Missouri
1931:Kentucky
1794:won the
1762:Congress
1643:Military
1583:Judicial
1417:Gag rule
1368:Economic
1308:reaction
1298:and the
1238:Arkansas
1234:Virginia
1169:Arkansas
1165:Virginia
1117:republic
999:Virginia
915:Arkansas
830:Arkansas
816:Virginia
667:Currency
496:Congress
400:Southern
365:de facto
60:too long
18273:Portals
18196:History
18160:Lakotah
17986:Georgia
17981:Florida
17971:Arizona
17966:Alabama
17695:Former
17653:Commons
17612:Sparrow
17588:Mitchel
17580:Jemison
17558:(Tenn.)
17548:Garland
17540:Burnett
17532:Class 3
17517:Wigfall
17497:Preston
17481:Maxwell
17435:(Miss.)
17413:Class 2
17395:(Miss.)
17249:Class 1
16986:Cabinet
16815:Georgia
16810:Florida
16800:Alabama
16697:Related
16566:Choctaw
16556:Catawba
16339:Rations
16284:Cavalry
16146:Removal
15774:efforts
15758:of 1873
15604:Stevens
15599:Stanton
15584:Lincoln
15543:Sherman
15478:Halleck
15468:FrΓ©mont
15453:Du Pont
15391:Mallory
15350:Wheeler
15285:Jackson
15265:Forrest
15205:Leaders
15148:Atlanta
15112:Vermont
15032:Montana
14972:Indiana
14947:Georgia
14942:Florida
14907:Arizona
14897:Alabama
14847:Atlanta
14762:Corinth
14714:battles
14658:Atlanta
14638:Bristoe
14539:Western
14534:Eastern
14439:Battles
14238:Slavery
14142:Origins
14128:Origins
14065:at the
14015:at the
13940:(1994)
13905:Sources
13842:Foner,
13703:, 259.
13616:1895910
13530:June 4,
13324:1838262
13267:1891664
13220:4230621
13201:(2013).
13113:(1998)
12501:139β152
12403:4248710
12315:3739261
12275:: 8β15.
12100:3744026
12038:1836241
11914:Thomas
11590:1832885
11008:Alabama
10918:134β135
10842:Atlanta
10837:Atlanta
10019:Memphis
9871:excerpt
9624:2120650
9589:2205869
9296:, p. 2.
9220:(1996).
8033:May 19,
7212:a state
7060:slavery
6948:Atlanta
6909:12,493
6904:Augusta
6887:12,652
6865:14,620
6860:Norfolk
6839:16,988
6817:18,266
6795:22,619
6773:22,623
6768:Memphis
6751:29,258
6725:37,910
6699:40,522
6438:58,042
6426:52,128
6394:21,878
6388:76,781
6362:36,844
6330:26,701
6324:58,642
6310:30,463
6298:34,658
6266:30,943
6260:63,015
6246:18,647
6234:22,033
6228:74,725
6202:41,084
6167:78,679
6164:15,090
6161:61,745
6138:11,481
6132:57,244
6106:33,730
6100:96,603
6072:slaves
6063:slaves
6035:slaves
5981:deserts
5977:steppes
5773:1863β65
5685:Natchez
5244:Patrols
5227:Economy
4845:Choctaw
4625:1864β65
4613:1862β63
4601:1861β62
4570:1861β65
4551:1861β65
4520:1862β65
4496:1861β62
4453:1864β65
4441:1861β64
4422:1862β65
4410:1861β62
4379:1861β65
4360:1861β65
4232:impeach
4075:Florida
4010:Georgia
3997:Alabama
3848:Georgia
3835:Florida
3814:Alabama
3454:Atlanta
3420:Alabama
3257:Pickens
2763:of the
2757:Hussars
2390:Choctaw
2350:Mesilla
2255:(May 6)
2205:Georgia
2198:Alabama
2191:Florida
2011:slavery
1838:versus
1702:Origins
1603:Amistad
1188:elected
1153:Georgia
1149:Alabama
1145:Florida
1119:in the
1041:Georgia
943:Alabama
929:Florida
774:Georgia
760:Alabama
746:Florida
618:β’
605:β’
592:β’
577:β’
562:β’
549:β’
518:β’
503:β’
419:Federal
349:(until
310:Capital
191:Anthem:
58:may be
18155:Hawaii
18130:Alaska
17950:(1850)
17938:(1846)
17926:(1840)
17902:(1827)
17845:(1819)
17839:(1817)
17827:(1812)
17821:(1810)
17803:(1794)
17622:(Ala.)
17620:Yancey
17606:(S.C.)
17598:(Tex.)
17596:Oldham
17590:(Ark.)
17582:(Ala.)
17572:Hunter
17556:Haynes
17550:(Ark.)
17505:Semmes
17489:Peyton
17483:(Fla.)
17455:(N.C.)
17453:Dortch
17393:Watson
17387:(Ala.)
17385:Walker
17359:(N.C.)
17345:Phelan
17307:(N.C.)
17305:Graham
17183:(1861)
17126:(1865)
17114:(1862)
17102:(1861)
17083:(1865)
17040:(1861)
16792:States
16740:Portal
16678:Tokens
15614:Welles
15594:Seward
15579:Hamlin
15548:Thomas
15483:Hooker
15448:Butler
15401:Seddon
15386:Hunter
15371:Bocock
15345:Taylor
15340:Stuart
15330:Semmes
15310:Morgan
15270:Gorgas
15250:Cooper
15141:Cities
15077:Oregon
15042:Nevada
14982:Kansas
14952:Hawaii
14852:Crater
14752:Shiloh
14712:Major
14698:Mobile
14568:Major
14442:States
14393:Caning
13975:, 1861
13944:
13930:
13877:
13744:
13707:
13614:
13503:
13474:
13449:
13408:
13387:
13347:
13322:
13265:
13218:
13187:online
13145:online
13028:May 3,
12922:
12895:
12866:
12828:
12798:
12761:
12707:
12682:
12532:
12507:
12436:
12401:
12374:
12313:
12201:
12147:
12126:online
12106:
12098:
12036:
11999:Trains
11983:
11947:
11889:
11862:
11842:(2015)
11777:
11734:
11638:
11617:
11588:
11531:online
11432:, p. 3
11399:
11311:
11270:
11235:
11195:
11169:
11099:
11081:(1964)
10947:May 3,
10924:
10830:Fingal
10622:
10505:(1942)
10220:
10144:May 3,
10124:(1924)
9945:
9912:(1998)
9892:
9752:
9675:
9630:
9622:
9587:
9524:
9414:
9329:
9141:
8744:
8717:
8513:
8446:
8375:(2000)
8362:(1981)
8330:
8290:
8282:
8230:
8189:
8119:
7902:
7871:
7811:
7778:
7753:
7743:
7200:(1869)
7185:. The
7138:, the
6979:9,553
6953:9,554
6931:9,621
6746:Mobile
6659:Notes
6617:, 1871
6379:Texas
6374:7,300
6342:9,914
6214:3,500
6170:5,152
6118:2,690
6075:Slaves
6070:owning
6061:owning
6023:State
5973:swamps
5866:Ozarks
5820:canton
5407:tariff
5351:slaves
5238:Slaves
5107:, 1861
5055:
4850:
4657:, and
4335:Office
4238:and a
2960:(1865)
2825:At war
2803:Brazil
2759:, and
2634:, and
2584:Affair
2577:Trent,
2565:France
2428:. The
2354:Tucson
2324:, and
2128:Neosho
2038:States
1770:Senate
1605:affair
1519:Social
1330:. The
1244:, and
1175:, and
511:Senate
467:
437:
373:French
300:Status
288:
278:
276:
268:
260:
230:
228:March:
193:
147:(1865)
18180:White
18175:Texas
18135:Black
18026:Texas
17733:Tejas
17614:(La.)
17574:(Va.)
17566:(Ga.)
17542:(Ky.)
17499:(Va.)
17491:(Mo.)
17475:(Mo.)
17465:Tenn.
17461:Henry
17433:Brown
17379:(Mo.)
17365:Simms
17357:Reade
17349:Miss.
17339:(Ga.)
17337:Lewis
17293:Davis
17269:Clark
17257:Baker
16940:Union
16845:Texas
16483:Dixie
16470:Music
16089:Union
15933:Post-
15769:trial
15569:Chase
15564:Adams
15533:Scott
15508:Meigs
15503:Meade
15473:Grant
15463:Foote
15438:Buell
15419:Union
15381:Davis
15325:Price
15315:Mosby
15260:Ewell
15255:Early
15240:Bragg
15102:Texas
14997:Maine
14957:Idaho
14463:Union
13742:S2CID
13612:JSTOR
13406:JSTOR
13385:JSTOR
13320:JSTOR
13263:JSTOR
13216:JSTOR
12826:JSTOR
12796:JSTOR
12759:S2CID
12680:S2CID
12434:S2CID
12399:JSTOR
12372:JSTOR
12311:JSTOR
12096:JSTOR
12034:JSTOR
11636:JSTOR
11615:JSTOR
11586:JSTOR
10525:(PDF)
9681:p. 86
9654:p. 86
9628:S2CID
9620:JSTOR
9585:JSTOR
8288:JSTOR
8001:(PDF)
7990:(PDF)
7495:Notes
7385:Adams
7235:White
6985:1865
6959:1864
6937:1865
6915:1865
6893:1861
6871:1862
6845:1862
6823:1865
6801:1864
6779:1862
6757:1865
6731:1865
6705:1865
6679:1862
6645:City
6444:Total
6082:Total
6045:Total
6038:Total
6031:Total
6026:Total
5914:Col.
5801:Jack.
5796:This
4823:Creek
4036:Texas
3937:Texas
3165:Gen.
3146:Gen.
2582:Trent
2426:Creek
2219:Texas
2083:as a
1744:North
1740:agree
1736:Union
1734:(the
1219:Union
1182:When
1161:Texas
1107:, or
1027:Texas
802:Texas
212:Dixie
17564:Hill
17521:Tex.
17425:S.C.
17377:Vest
17329:Ark.
17297:N.C.
17285:Ala.
17281:Clay
17261:Fla.
16668:Salt
16274:Arms
16124:List
16096:List
15609:Wade
15518:Pope
15488:Hunt
15320:Polk
15280:Hood
15275:Hill
15107:Utah
15072:Ohio
14977:Iowa
14509:Navy
14504:Army
14476:Navy
14471:Army
14036:The
13942:ISBN
13928:ISBN
13875:ISBN
13705:ISBN
13675:2022
13557:2024
13532:2024
13501:ISBN
13472:ISBN
13447:ISBN
13345:ISBN
13088:2010
13030:2023
12996:2010
12974:2008
12920:ISBN
12893:ISBN
12864:ISBN
12705:ISBN
12634:2022
12530:ISBN
12505:ISBN
12241:PCGS
12199:ISBN
12145:ISBN
12104:PMID
11981:ISBN
11945:ISBN
11887:ISBN
11860:ISBN
11775:ISBN
11732:ISBN
11668:2010
11555:2011
11513:2010
11468:2010
11397:ISBN
11309:ISBN
11268:ISBN
11233:ISBN
11167:ISBN
11154:CSS
11147:CSS
11097:ISBN
11051:CSS
11006:CSS
10949:2023
10922:ISBN
10835:CSS
10741:and
10620:ISBN
10304:and
10218:ISBN
10146:2023
9943:ISBN
9890:ISBN
9793:2013
9750:ISBN
9673:ISBN
9522:ISBN
9498:2024
9412:ISBN
9327:ISBN
9139:ISBN
9118:and
8813:2010
8742:ISBN
8715:ISBN
8674:2014
8560:2014
8538:2014
8511:ISBN
8444:ISBN
8346:2015
8328:ISBN
8304:2023
8280:ISSN
8228:ISSN
8187:ISSN
8150:2019
8117:ISBN
8083:2015
8058:2022
8035:2018
8009:2017
7900:ISBN
7869:ISBN
7846:2019
7809:ISBN
7776:ISBN
7751:OCLC
7741:ISBN
7714:2020
7625:2021
7600:2021
7217:null
7047:and
7035:and
6988:See
6982:100
6970:14.
6962:See
6944:13.
6922:12.
6900:11.
6878:10.
6848:See
6734:See
6708:See
6682:See
6587:52%
6584:44%
6571:54%
6568:40%
6557:50%
6554:45%
6543:51%
6540:45%
6529:51%
6526:44%
6515:52%
6512:44%
6501:52%
6498:43%
6469:39%
6466:31%
6435:31%
6432:26%
6406:355
6403:30%
6400:28%
6371:25%
6368:25%
6339:57%
6336:46%
6307:33%
6304:28%
6278:773
6275:55%
6272:49%
6243:47%
6240:29%
6211:44%
6208:37%
6182:932
6179:44%
6176:34%
6150:144
6147:26%
6144:20%
6115:45%
6112:35%
6084:free
6047:free
6013:The
5999:and
5519:and
5513:Hope
5188:and
5024:1865
4689:and
4666:and
4589:1861
4532:1865
4508:1862
4484:1861
4465:1865
4398:1861
4341:Term
4338:Name
3743:CSS
3731:CSS
3624:CSS
3452:CSS
3440:CSS
3423:off
3418:CSS
3395:CSS
3377:and
3034:and
3010:and
2972:and
2970:Navy
2966:Army
2807:Cuba
2805:and
2599:1833
2424:and
2416:and
2399:The
2392:and
2352:and
2300:and
2265:11.
2258:10.
2113:, a
2026:and
1990:and
1933:and
1601:The
1358:the
1186:was
1101:C.S.
1087:The
162:Seal
17699:or
17604:Orr
17509:La.
17445:Va.
17369:Ky.
17317:Ga.
17273:Mo.
16988:of
15513:Ord
15300:Lee
13734:doi
13701:258
13604:doi
13312:doi
13255:doi
12788:doi
12751:doi
12672:doi
12426:doi
12174:doi
12026:doi
11578:doi
11014:sic
9786:697
9612:doi
9577:doi
8272:doi
8220:doi
8177:doi
8144:: 7
7387:".
7229:In
7204:In
6956:99
6934:97
6912:77
6890:75
6868:61
6856:9.
6842:54
6830:8.
6820:50
6808:7.
6798:41
6786:6.
6776:38
6764:5.
6754:27
6742:4.
6728:25
6716:3.
6702:22
6690:2.
6664:1.
6590:4%
6574:6%
6560:5%
6546:3%
6532:4%
6518:4%
6504:4%
6463:6%
6429:5%
6397:5%
6365:4%
6333:9%
6301:5%
6269:9%
6237:6%
6205:7%
6173:7%
6141:4%
6109:6%
5850:ARC
5528:to
3725:at
3399:at
3198:in
2771:'s
2563:or
2277:in
2251:9.
2244:8.
2217:7.
2210:6.
2203:5.
2196:4.
2189:3.
2182:2.
2175:1.
2109:In
1875:in
1256:in
1213:in
1103:),
1093:CSA
379:),
18311::
13922:,
13796:^
13740:.
13730:45
13728:.
13683:^
13666:.
13610:.
13600:11
13598:.
13548:.
13523:.
13495:.
13402:52
13400:.
13381:52
13379:.
13318:.
13308:31
13306:.
13261:.
13251:15
13249:.
13021:.
12942:.
12822:50
12820:.
12808:^
12794:.
12784:71
12782:.
12757:.
12745:.
12678:.
12668:48
12666:.
12616:.
12602:^
12564:.
12503:.
12446:^
12432:.
12422:54
12420:.
12395:92
12393:.
12368:86
12366:.
12349:50
12347:.
12305:.
12273:82
12271:.
12239:.
12221:.
12170:30
12168:.
12102:.
12092:69
12090:.
12032:.
12022:22
12020:.
12003:71
12001:.
11817:81
11815:.
11754:.
11632:19
11630:.
11611:19
11609:.
11584:.
11574:12
11572:.
11490:^
11391:.
11379:^
11317:.
11303::
11299:.
11276:.
11262:.
11105:.
10920:.
10709:^
10689:^
10531:.
10529:36
10501:,
10333:,
10329:,
10300:,
10296:,
10292:,
10288:,
10194:,
10187:,
10137:.
9827:.
9816:^
9679:,
9626:.
9618:.
9608:41
9606:.
9583:.
9573:36
9571:.
9489:.
9459:.
9406::
9402:.
9203:,
8619:.
8607:^
8415:^
8336:.
8306:.
8294:.
8286:.
8278:.
8268:25
8266:.
8262:.
8226:.
8216:99
8214:.
8208:.
8185:.
8173:14
8171:.
8167:.
8140:.
8026:.
7992:.
7948:^
7908:.
7877:.
7834:.
7823:^
7807:.
7805:65
7749:.
7725:^
7716:.
7705:.
7693:^
7633:^
7616:.
7590:.
7559:^
7519:,
7293:.
7193:.
7043:.
7031:.
7015:,
6676:6
6642:#
6613:,
5930:.
5687:,
5281:.
4825:,
4653:,
4649:,
4645:,
4641:,
4258:.
3752:.
3713:,
3618:.
3323:).
3202:.
3169:,
3150:,
2976:.
2968:,
2956:,
2905:.
2630:,
2626:,
2622:,
2614:,
2610:,
2561:UK
2408::
2372:.
2320:,
2142:.
2001:,
1978:,
1974:,
1970:,
1846:,
1834:,
1830:,
1823:.
1788:.
1757:.
1346:,
1240:,
1236:,
1221:.
1179:.
1171:,
1167:,
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1151:,
1147:,
1143:,
1139:,
18275::
18108:e
18101:t
18094:v
17688:e
17681:t
17674:v
17523:)
17519:(
17511:)
17507:(
17467:)
17463:(
17447:)
17443:(
17427:)
17423:(
17371:)
17367:(
17351:)
17347:(
17331:)
17327:(
17319:)
17315:(
17299:)
17295:(
17287:)
17283:(
17275:)
17271:(
17263:)
17259:(
17234:e
17227:t
17220:v
16978:e
16971:t
16964:v
16774:e
16767:t
16760:v
14108:e
14101:t
14094:v
14019:.
13883:.
13748:.
13736::
13713:.
13677:.
13618:.
13606::
13559:.
13534:.
13509:.
13480:.
13455:.
13412:.
13391:.
13353:.
13326:.
13314::
13269:.
13257::
13222:.
13117:.
13090:.
13070:.
13032:.
12998:.
12976:.
12928:.
12901:.
12872:.
12832:.
12802:.
12790::
12765:.
12753::
12747:3
12713:.
12686:.
12674::
12651:.
12636:.
12538:.
12513:.
12482:.
12440:.
12428::
12405:.
12378:.
12317:.
12307:1
12243:.
12225:.
12207:.
12180:.
12176::
12153:.
12110:.
12040:.
12028::
11966:.
11953:.
11895:.
11868:.
11798:.
11783:.
11758:.
11740:.
11670:.
11642:.
11621:.
11592:.
11580::
11557:.
11515:.
11470:.
11405:.
11206:.
11175:.
11016:?
10951:.
10930:.
10848:.
10579:4
10226:.
10190:"
10148:.
10025:.
9951:.
9898:.
9836:)
9832:(
9795:.
9758:.
9656:.
9634:.
9614::
9591:.
9579::
9530:.
9500:.
9420:.
9335:.
9032:.
8992:.
8936:.
8916:.
8896:.
8876:.
8856:.
8836:.
8815:.
8750:.
8723:.
8697:.
8676:.
8625:.
8562:.
8540:.
8519:.
8452:.
8348:.
8274::
8234:.
8222::
8193:.
8179::
8152:.
8125:.
8085:.
8060:.
8037:.
8011:.
7848:.
7817:.
7784:.
7757:.
7627:.
7602:.
7527:.
5696:"
5691:.
5523:.
1946:.
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1232:β
1099:(
1091:(
387:)
383:(
375:(
368:)
353:)
94:)
90:(
86:.
38:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.