Union (American Civil War)

2176:. They showed a Protestant religious tone and "promoted the principles of hard work, obedience, generosity, humility, and piety; trumpeted the benefits of family cohesion; and furnished mild adventure stories, innocent entertainment, and instruction". Their pages featured factual information and anecdotes about the war along with related quizzes, games, poems, songs, short oratorical pieces for "declamation", short stories and very short plays that children could stage. They promoted patriotism and the Union war aims, fostered kindly attitudes toward freed slaves, blackened the Confederates cause, encouraged readers to raise money for war-related humanitarian funds, and dealt with the death of family members. By 1866, the Milton Bradley Company was selling "The Myriopticon: A Historical Panorama of the Rebellion" that allowed children to stage a neighborhood show that would explain the war. It comprised colorful drawings that were turned on wheels and included pre-printed tickets, poster advertisements, and narration that could be read aloud at the show. 1407: 162: 56: 1235:. It was a joint committee of both houses that was dominated by the Radical Republicans, who took a hard line against the Confederacy. During the 37th and 38th Congresses, the committee investigated every aspect of Union military operations, with special attention to finding commanders culpable for military defeats. It assumed an inevitable Union victory. Failure was perceived to indicate evil motivations or personal failures. The committee distrusted graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point, since many of the academy's alumni were leaders of the enemy army. Members of the committee much preferred political generals with a satisfactory political record. Some of the committee suggested that West-Pointers who engaged in strategic maneuver were cowardly or even disloyal. It ended up endorsing incompetent but politically correct generals. 805: 1395:

temporary new volunteer army that was formed, with expectations that their experience would lead to rapid promotions. The problem with volunteering, however, was its serious lack of planning, leadership, and organization at the highest levels. Washington called on the states for troops, and every northern governor set about raising and equipping regiments, and sent the bills to the War Department. The men could elect the junior officers, while the governor appointed the senior officers, and Lincoln appointed the generals. Typically, politicians used their local organizations to raise troops and were in line (if healthy enough) to become colonel. The problem was that the War Department, under the disorganized leadership of

79: 689: 63: 711:, the Union, or the United States, is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was often called "the South". The Union (the United States) never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy's secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States. In foreign affairs, the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term "Union" occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the 1671: 1517: 1443: 1561:. There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water, inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps, and dirty camp hospitals took their toll. This was a common scenario in wars from time immemorial, and conditions faced by the Confederate army were even worse. What was different in the Union was the emergence of skilled, well-funded medical organizers who took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department, and the 2209: 2180:

Glenwood and Cedar Falls. The state government funded pensions for the widows and children of soldiers. Orphan schools like the Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphan School, also spoke of the broader public welfare experiment that began as part of the aftermath of the Civil War. These orphan schools were created to provide housing, care, and education for orphans of Civil War soldiers. They became a matter of state pride, with orphans were paraded around at rallies to display the power of a patriotic schooling.

1718:. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit. With the South gone and Northern Democrats weak, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for most of the rest. Economic historians attribute the remainder of the cost of the war to inflation. Congress wrote an elaborate program of economic 1280: 1756: 9054: 9064: 2301: 1387: 151: 781: 1736:

government regardless of their politics. By contrast the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. Overall the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit, while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots.

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system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to Confederate prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.

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legitimate opposition force unfairly treated by the government, adding that the draft was in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons. Copperheadism was a major issue in the 1864 presidential election—its strength waxed when Union armies were doing poorly and waned when they won great victories. After the fall of

1768:. State banks lost their power to issue banknotes. Only national banks could do that and Chase made it easy to become a national bank; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks. Chase numbered them, so that the first one in each city was the "First National Bank". Third, the government printed paper money called " 1819:

machinery and other implements. The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient, even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army. Many wives took their place and often consulted by mail on what to do; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help.

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notice, the army forced almost 20,000 people, mostly women, children and the elderly, to leave their homes. Many never returned and the affected counties were economically devastated for years after the end of the war. Families passed along stories of their bitter experiences down through several generations—future U.S. President

2614:†Had two state governments, one Unionist one Confederate, both claiming to be the legitimate government of their state. Kentucky's and Missouri's Confederate governments never had significant control after 1862, though the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. 2239:. Likewise, large pockets of eastern Kentucky were Unionist and helped keep the state from seceding. In western Virginia the counties that bordered Ohio and Pennsylvania were Unionist strongholds, though the interior counties supported Richmond and the Confederacy. With the aid of the Union army, and support in Congress, a 1498:(1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state lost track of men who enlisted after 1861; it had no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees, and there was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. 2796: 2102:

of the war, so it would not bitterly divide their membership. The Quakers, while giving strong support to the abolitionist movement on a personal level, refused to take a denominational position. Some clergymen who supported the Confederacy were denounced as Copperheads, especially in the border regions.

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All the northern states had free public school systems before the war but not the border states. West Virginia set up its system in 1863. Over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves. Thousands of black refugees poured into St. Louis,

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The Protestant clergy in America took a variety of positions. In general, the pietistic denominations such as the Methodists, Northern Baptists and Congregationalists strongly supported the war effort. Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans and conservative Presbyterians generally avoided any discussion

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Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war. Prices were high, pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain (which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports). The war acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn

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The calls for more and more soldiers continued, so states and localities responded by offering cash bonuses. By 1863, a draft law was in effect, but few men actually were drafted and served, since the law was designed to get them to volunteer or hire a substitute. Others hid away or left the country.

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The Copperheads were a large faction of northern Democrats who opposed the war, demanding an immediate peace settlement. They said they wanted to restore "the Union as it was" (that is, with the South and with slavery) but they realized that the Confederacy would never voluntarily rejoin the U.S. The

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the "political genius" of Abraham Lincoln's performance as president. His first priority was military victory. This required that he master entirely new skills as a strategist and diplomat. He oversaw supplies, finances, manpower, the selection of generals, and the course of overall strategy. Working

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At the time, Northerners were right to wonder at the near unanimity that so quickly followed long months of bitterness and discord. It would not last throughout the protracted war to come—or even through the year—but in that moment of unity was laid bare the common Northern nationalism usually hidden

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Unlike the Confederacy, the loyal areas of the United States had a relatively large industrialized and urbanized area in the Northeast, and more advanced commercial, transportation and financial systems than the rural slaveholding South. Additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of five

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with their hard line toward the white South. Dissident Methodists left the church. During Reconstruction the Methodists took the lead in helping form Methodist churches for Freedmen and moving into Southern cities even to the point of taking control, with Army help, of buildings that had belonged to

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The North's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion. Even more important, the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds. Thereby the nation monetized

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Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's

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Michigan was especially eager to send thousands of volunteers. A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by

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ravaged the countryside. Prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers' wives, widows, and orphans, and for the

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The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. Arranged in Chronological Order, Together with the Constitution for the Provisional Government and the

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Historian Stephen M. Frank reports that what it meant to be a father varied with status and age. He says most men demonstrated dual commitments as providers and nurturers and believed that husband and wife had mutual obligations toward their children. The war privileged masculinity, dramatizing and

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but Lincoln quickly overruled this show of anti-semitism. Critics said the cotton trade helped the South, prolonged the war and fostered corruption. Lincoln decided to continue the trade for fear that Britain might intervene if its textile manufacturers were denied raw material. Another goal was to

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The Treasury started buying cotton during the war, for shipment to Europe and northern mills. The sellers were Southern planters who needed the cash, regardless of their patriotism. The Northern buyers could make heavy profits, which annoyed soldiers like Ulysses Grant. He blamed Jewish traders and

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Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues. These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed the support of

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The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a very large army and navy. The Republicans in Washington had a Whiggish vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories, productive farms, all national banks, all knit together by a modern railroad system, to

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grew stronger and generated fears of corruption in high places. Voters became afraid of power being centralized in Washington, extravagant spending, and war profiteering. Democratic candidates emphasized these fears. The candidates added that rapid modernization was putting too much political power

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The Army learned many lessons and modernized its procedures, and medical science—especially surgery—made many advances. In the long run, the wartime experiences of the numerous Union commissions modernized public welfare, and set the stage for large—scale community philanthropy in America based on

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sent agents into the Army camps to provide psychological support as well as books, newspapers, food and clothing. Through prayer, sermons and welfare operations, the agents ministered to soldiers' spiritual as well as temporal needs as they sought to bring the men to a Christian way of life. Most

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and some recent German immigrants. It was a Democratic stronghold and few men dared speak out in favor of conscription. Local politicians denounced Lincoln and Congress as despotic, seeing the draft law as a violation of their local autonomy. In June 1863, small-scale disturbances broke out; they

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On the whole, the national, state, and local governments handled the avalanche of paperwork effectively. Skills developed in insurance and financial companies formed the basis of systematic forms, copies, summaries, and filing systems used to make sense of masses of human data. The leader in this

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While business had been slow or depressed in spring 1861, because of war fears and Southern boycotts, by fall business was hiring again, offering young men jobs that were an alternative way to help win the war. Nonpartisanship was the rule in the first year, but by summer 1862, many Democrats had

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Pennsylvania, for example, had acute problems. When Washington called for 10 more regiments, enough men volunteered to form 30. However, they were scattered among 70 different new units, none of them a complete regiment. Not until Washington approved gubernatorial control of all new units was the

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Year by year, the rebel Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources and population. Meanwhile, the United States turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force. However, much of the US strength had to be used to garrison former-Confederate

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in 1863, and evacuated areas of Jackson, Cass, and Bates counties. They forced the residents out to reduce support for the guerrillas. Union cavalry could sweep through and track down Confederate guerrillas, who no longer had places to hide and people and infrastructure to support them. On short

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Caring for war orphans was an important function for local organizations as well as state and local government. A typical state was Iowa, where the private "Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home Association" operated with funding from the legislature and public donations. It set up orphanages in Davenport,

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The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms (80 to 200 acres) at low prices with extended credit. In addition the government sponsored fresh information, scientific methods and the latest techniques

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of 1861 was designed to raise revenue. The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports. Furthermore, it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers, and as a

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for the 1864 presidential but imposed an anti-war platform on him. In terms of Congress the opposition against the war was nearly powerless—as was the case in most states. In Indiana and Illinois pro-war governors circumvented anti-war legislatures elected in 1862. For 30 years after the war the

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promoted Christian family activism. Its articles provided moral uplift to women and children. It portrayed the War as a great moral crusade against a decadent Southern civilization corrupted by slavery. It recommended activities that family members could perform in order to aid the Union cause.

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showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy. Many new taxes were imposed and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb. The government paid for supplies in real money, which encouraged people to sell to the

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Both sides operated prison camps; they handled about 400,000 captives, but many other prisoners were quickly released and never sent to camps. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861–63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange

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called for an end to the use of the term "Union", writing "The employment of 'Union' instead of 'United States,' implicitly supports the Lost Cause, Confederate view of secession wherein the nation of the United States collapsed In reality, however, the United States never ceased to exist The

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The U.S. government owned vast amounts of good land (mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846). The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt. Land grants went to

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of July 13 to July 16, 1863. Irish Catholic and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Initially focused on the draft, the protests quickly expanded into violent attacks on blacks in New York City, with many killed on the

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In the first few months, men wore low quality uniforms made of "shoddy" material, but by fall, sturdy wool uniforms—in blue—were standard. The nation's factories were converted to produce the rifles, cannons, wagons, tents, telegraph sets, and the myriad of other special items the army needed.

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for inspiration—with ideals that promoted an agrarian rather than industrialized concept of society. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies. However, other historians say the Copperheads were a

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was able to maintain control of the state's contribution to the war effort despite the Democratic majority. Washington was especially helpful in 1864 in arranging furloughs to allow Hoosier soldiers to return home so they could vote in elections. Across the North in 1864, the great majority of

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was deeply split. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war. However, the party increasingly split down the middle between the moderates who supported the war effort, and the peace element, including Copperheads, who did not. It scored major gains in the 1862 elections, and elected the moderate

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The Union used hundreds of thousands of animals. The Army had plenty of cash to purchase them from farmers and breeders but especially in the early months the quality was mixed. Horses were needed for cavalry and artillery. Mules pulled the wagons. The supply held up, despite an unprecedented

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Enthusiastic young men clamored to join the Union army in 1861. They came with family support for reasons of patriotism and excitement. Washington decided to keep the small regular army intact; it had only 16,000 men and was needed to guard the frontier. Its officers could, however, join the

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home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.

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Even before the Civil War began the phrase "preserve the Union" was commonplace, and a "union of states" had been used to refer to the entire United States of America. Using the term "Union" to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the

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in April 1862, Ohio sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals equipped with doctors, nurses, and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to 11 hospital ships, and the state set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes, to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.

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Missouri was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between Union and Confederate forces, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands. Western Missouri was the scene of brutal guerrilla warfare during the Civil War. Roving insurgent bands such as

2376:. To pacify Kentucky, Burbridge rigorously suppressed disloyalty and used economic pressure as coercion. His guerrilla policy, which included public execution of four guerrillas for the death of each unarmed Union citizen, caused the most controversy. After a falling out with Governor 4922:, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner; vol 1–4 cover 1848–61; vol 5. The Improvised War, 1861–62; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–63; 7. The Organized War, 1863–64; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–65 631:

provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies and financing the war. They provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, and training camps. Army hospitals were also set up across the Union. Most Northern states had

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As the federal draft laws tightened, there was serious unrest among Copperhead strongholds, such as the Irish in the Pennsylvania coal mining districts. The government needed the coal more than the draftees, so it ignored the largely non-violent draft dodging there. The violent

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In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small-scale operations of the government through land sales and customs based on a low tariff. Peacetime revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war but the Treasury Department under Secretary

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soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered in order to escape the draft and to take advantage of generous cash bounties on offer from states and localities. Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially in parts of

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railroad construction companies to open up the western plains and link up to California. Together with the free lands provided farmers by the Homestead Law the low-cost farm lands provided by the land grants sped up the expansion of commercial agriculture in the West.

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areas, and to protect railroads and other vital points. The loyal states’ great advantages in population and industry would prove to be vital long-term factors in its victory over the rebel Confederacy, but it took the a long while to fully mobilize these resources.

2118:. Carwardine argues that for many Methodists, the victory of Lincoln in 1860 heralded the arrival of the kingdom of God in America. They were moved into action by a vision of freedom for slaves, freedom from the persecutions of godly abolitionists, release from the 1422:

The new recruits spent their time drilling in company and regiment formations. The combat in the first year, though strategically important, involved relatively small forces and few casualties. Sickness was a much more serious cause of hospitalization or death.

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Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3

1152:, the Confederate capital, and his wit smoothed many rough edges. Lincoln's cabinet proved much stronger and more efficient than Davis's, as Lincoln channeled personal rivalries into a competition for excellence rather than mutual destruction. With 771:

Press noted that it was replacing usages of the word "Union" with "Federal Government" or "U.S. Government". The Army University Press stated this was "more historically accurate" as "the term 'Union' always referred to all the states together."

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exaggerating, father-son bonds. Especially at five critical stages in the soldier's career (enlistment, blooding, mustering out, wounding and death) letters from absent fathers articulated a distinctive set of 19th-century ideals of manliness.

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The Christian Commission comprised 6,000 volunteers who aided chaplains in many ways. For example, its agents distributed Bibles, delivered sermons, helped with sending letters home, taught men to read and write, and set up camp libraries.

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problem resolved. Allan Nevins is particularly scathing of this in his analysis: "A President more exact, systematic and vigilant than Lincoln, a Secretary more alert and clearheaded than Cameron, would have prevented these difficulties."

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The hygiene of the camps was poor, especially at the beginning of the war when men who had seldom been far from home were brought together for training with thousands of strangers. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of

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foster latent Unionism in Southern border states. Northern textile manufacturers needed cotton to remain in business and to make uniforms, while cotton exports to Europe provided an important source of gold to finance the war.

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Apart from taxes, the second major source of income was government bonds. For the first time bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people, with publicity and patriotism as key factors, as designed by banker

1255:, who were strongest in the Midwest and wanted to allow Confederate secession. In the East, opposition to the war was strongest among Irish Catholics, but also included business interests connected to the South typified by 2227:. Confederates sometimes styled them "Homemade Yankees". However, Southern Unionists were not necessarily northern sympathizers and many of them, although opposing secession, supported the Confederacy once it was formed. 1739:

The United States needed $ 3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War—over $ 400 million just in 1862 alone. Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from

1502:(1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned. 1100:... Anger swept the land. From every side came news of mass meetings, speeches, resolutions, tenders of business support, the muster of companies and regiments, the determined action of governors and legislatures. 127: 1524:

More soldiers died of disease than from battle injuries, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease, and accidents. The Union responded by building army hospitals in every state.

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By the end of 1861, 700,000 soldiers were drilling in Union camps. The first wave in spring was called up for only 90 days, then the soldiers went home or reenlisted. Later waves enlisted for three years.

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terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements. Because of the widespread attacks and the protection offered by Confederate sympathizers, Federal leaders issued

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The Sanitary Commission collected enormous amounts of statistical data, and opened up the problems of storing information for fast access and mechanically searching for data patterns. The pioneer was

2251:, in 1863. The new state government however had control of no more than half its territory. The Union army remained in West Virginia until 1869, dealing with unrest and resistance to the new state. 1148:) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. Lincoln's charm and willingness to cooperate with political and personal enemies made Washington work much more smoothly than 129: 648:". The Democrats made major electoral gains in 1862 in state elections, most notably in New York. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. In 1864, the Republicans campaigned under the 784:

The United States had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war, and the ratio grew steadily in favor of the United States. In the chart, "cauc men" means white men (

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West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864.

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in Ohio. He was defeated in an intense election for governor in 1863. Republican prosecutors in the Midwest accused some Copperhead activists of treason in a series of trials in 1864.

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called the war a failure, and it became an increasingly partisan Republican effort. Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.

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churches made an effort to support their soldiers in the field and especially their families back home. Much of the political rhetoric of the era had a distinct religious tone.

1577:. Systematic funding appeals raised public consciousness as well as millions of dollars. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet 569:

In the context of the Civil War, "Union" is also often used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government". In this meaning, the Union included 20

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Military and reconstruction issues were another matter. Lincoln, as the leader of the moderate and conservative factions of the Republican Party, often crossed swords with the

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The Republican Congress passed many major laws that reshaped the nation's economy, financial system, tax system, land system, and higher education system. These included: the

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dichotomy of 'Union v. Confederacy' lends credibility to the Confederate experiment and undermines the legitimacy of the United States as a political entity." In 2021, the

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in the hands of Eastern financiers and industrialists. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North.

2262:, which served as William Sherman's personal escort on his march to the sea. Southern Unionists were extensively used as anti-guerrilla paramilitary forces. During the 3872: 2342:. Vigilante groups appeared in remote areas where law enforcement was weak, to deal with the lawlessness left over from the guerrilla warfare phase. For example, the 735:

pre-existing political entity. Before the American Civil War, the United States was known as the "United States' federal union", a union of states controlled by the

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the potential wealth represented by farms, urban buildings, factories, and businesses, and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs.

1639:; he also figured out how to mechanically analyze data by turning it into numbers and punching onto the computer punch card, later developed by his student 8762: 8651: 8636: 6480: 3220:

Bruce Tap, "Inevitability, masculinity, and the American military tradition: the committee on the conduct of the war investigates the American Civil War",

2122:'s evil grip on the American government and the promise of a new direction for the Union. Methodists formed a major element of the popular support for the 1059: 1490:. Nevertheless, old-fashioned methodology had to be recognized and overcome. An illustrative case study came in New Hampshire, where the critical post of 8428: 8348: 6876: 3001: 6346:"The Peoples Contest: A Civil War era digital archiving project", access to primary sources from Pennsylvania, especially newspapers and other resources 1324:

Democrats carried the burden of having opposed the martyred Lincoln, who was viewed by many as the salvation of the Union and the destroyer of slavery.

9108: 6610: 78: 1827:, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians. In the South, the Union army shot all the horses it did not need to keep them out of Confederate hands. 652:

banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket against Democratic candidate

9093: 8456: 1569:, as well as smaller private agencies, such as the Women's Central Association of Relief for Sick and Wounded in the Army (WCAR), founded in 1861 by 4505:

Frank, Stephen M. (1992). "'Rendering Aid and Comfort': Images of Fatherhood in the Letters of Civil War Soldiers from Massachusetts and Michigan".

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Smith, Michael T.; Engle, Stephen D. (2018). "Review of 'Gathering to Save a Nation : Lincoln and the Union's War Governors', EngleStephen D".

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was given command over the state of Kentucky. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with

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of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union

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The 1862 election for the Indiana legislature was especially hard-fought. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were

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States at War, Volume 1: A Reference Guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War

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Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War",

4802: 1025: 381: 55: 9088: 8921: 8451: 7500: 7259: 2286:. In states bitterly divided, neighbors frequently used the excuse of war to settle personal grudges and took up arms against neighbors. 2258:

during the Civil War and Unionist regiments were raised from every Confederate state except for South Carolina. Among such units was the

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of determined men. Except for monitoring major appointments and decisions, Lincoln gave them free rein to end the Confederate rebellion.

1005: 751:. Confederates generally saw the Union as being opposed to slavery, occasionally referring to them as abolitionists, in reference to the 6237:, an extensive collection of reports on each state, Congress, military activities and many other topics; annual issues from 1861 to 1901 3736:

Hovde, David M. (1989). "The U.S. Christian Commission's Library and Literacy Programs for the Union Military Forces in the Civil War".

9015: 8878: 8863: 7294: 6910: 2389: 1708: 1628: 1015: 68: 636:

governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64. The

8868: 8631: 8601: 8239: 8168: 6866: 6861: 1232: 3553:

Robert E., Mitchell, "Civil War Recruiting and Recruits from Ever-Changing Labor Pools: Midland County, Michigan, as a Case Study",

1620:

after the war. She argued that women needed more education and job opportunities to help them fulfill their role of serving others.

1596:

who won office on a coalition "Union Party" ticket with Republicans, Ohio acted vigorously. Following the unexpected carnage at the

1439:

taking effect in January 1863, localities could meet their draft quota by sponsoring regiments of ex-slaves organized in the South.

8782: 8717: 7419: 7394: 6630: 6605: 6555: 6535: 4906: 2669: 2203: 1455:

1862 the casualties were mounting, and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union.

1165: 1035: 6377: 1679: 8985: 8960: 8676: 8373: 8269: 8121: 7454: 7334: 6545: 4617:

F. Talbott, "Some Legislative and Legal Aspects of the Negro Question in West Virginia during the Civil War and Reconstruction",

3762:

Frank R. Freemon, "Lincoln finds a surgeon general: William A. Hammond and the transformation of the Union Army Medical Bureau."

3621:

States at war: a reference guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War

2594: 2527: 2512: 2479: 2248: 1807: 1467:

Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer, and die over four years:

972: 936: 896: 876: 736: 693: 563: 7344: 1231:, led by Stevens and Sumner. Author, Bruce Tap, shows that Congress challenged Lincoln's role as commander-in-chief through the 8926: 8671: 7414: 7409: 7084: 5107: 2578: 2566: 2556: 2426: 926: 921: 7254: 3949: 2364:

In response to the growing problem of locally organized guerrilla campaigns throughout 1863 and 1864, in June 1864, Maj. Gen.

8498: 7490: 7485: 7349: 7249: 6500: 5919: 5440:

Grant, S.-M. "'Mortal in this season': Union Surgeons and the Narrative of Medical Modernisation in the American Civil War."

5182:(University of North Carolina Press, 2011); covers the U.S. and the Confederate constitutions and their role in the conflict. 2405: 1790:

major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs.

836: 411: 5135: 8757: 8461: 8433: 7672: 7480: 7449: 7379: 7239: 6813: 6387: 4126:

Huston, James L. (1983). "A Political Response to Industrialism: The Republican Embrace of Protectionist Labor Doctrines".

2571: 2561: 2539: 2517: 2454: 2400: 2259: 1690:

Small-scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts, and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads.

1040: 901: 831: 649: 502: 2334:

Some marauding units became organized criminal gangs after the war. In 1882, the bank robber and ex-Confederate guerrilla

1565:, a new private agency. Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the 1350:

Copperheadism was a grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well as some urban ethnic

9118: 8747: 8737: 8388: 8096: 7459: 7424: 7319: 6897: 5441: 2958:

Permanent Constitution of the Confederate States, and the Treaties Concluded by the Confederate States with Indian Tribes

2600: 2544: 2500: 2489: 2449: 1121:

Republicans responded with charges of defeatism. They indicted Copperheads for criminal conspiracies to free Confederate

941: 886: 7374: 8898: 8888: 8873: 8641: 8466: 7495: 7444: 7389: 7354: 7339: 7329: 7314: 7289: 7244: 7229: 7164: 7041: 6490: 6360: 5301: 4491:

Kathleen L. Endres, "A Voice for the Christian Family: The Methodist Episcopal 'Ladies' Repository' in the Civil War",

3804:

Wendy Hamand Venet, "The Emergence of a Suffragist: Mary Livermore, Civil War activism, and the Moral Power of Women",

3604: 3203:

Robert Cook, "Stiffening Abe: William Pitt Fessenden and the Role of the Broker Politician in the Civil War Congress",

2608: 2588: 2522: 2494: 2484: 2466: 2443: 2416: 2410: 2094: 1966: 1566: 1511: 1447: 1114: 995: 967: 962: 957: 906: 881: 871: 846: 841: 606: 602: 574: 336: 294: 194: 6231: 4173:

Sarah T. Phillips et al. "Reflections on One Hundred and Fifty Years of the United States Department of Agriculture",

1588:

States could use their own tax money to support their troops, as Ohio did. Under the energetic leadership of Governor

9010: 8893: 8883: 8611: 8207: 8101: 7978: 7475: 7439: 7359: 7299: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7224: 6655: 6647: 6525: 6469: 5997: 4042: 4017: 3354: 3298: 3271: 3160: 3077: 2895: 2868: 2806: 2583: 2421: 2114:) and religion was a powerful force in their lives. No denomination was more active in supporting the Union than the 1562: 1296: 1020: 931: 851: 84: 1125:

and played on the spirit of nationalism and the growing hatred of the slave owners, as the guilty party in the war.

7404: 7369: 7309: 7264: 6427: 6407: 6397: 6392: 3412: 2551: 2507: 2438: 2271: 2076: 1344: 1000: 981: 916: 891: 861: 489: 6402: 6104:

Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865",

1793:

Customs revenue from tariffs totaled $ 345 million from 1861 through 1865 or 43% of all federal tax revenue.

8970: 8955: 8837: 8797: 8696: 8681: 8666: 8661: 8493: 8398: 7429: 7324: 7284: 7005: 6841: 5608:

Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations",

5518:

Kamphoefner, Walter D. "German-Americans and Civil War Politics: A Reconsideration of the Ethnocultural Thesis."

4298: 4216:

J.L. Anderson, "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865",

3465:

Lewis J. Wertheim, "The Indianapolis Treason Trials, the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press."

2709: 2461: 2240: 2185: 1741: 1715: 1656: 1644: 1411: 1173: 1010: 866: 239: 5508:

Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era." (2018). 288 pp.

4608:

James Marten, "Children and Youth during the Civil War Era", (New York University Press) Winter 2012, pp 188–195

3566:

Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865",

8995: 8314: 8078: 7434: 7399: 7304: 7010: 6540: 6311: 6054: 5969: 5694: 3820:

James H. Cassedy, "Numbering the North's Medical Events: Humanitarianism and Science in Civil War Statistics",

2534: 2433: 2213: 1971: 911: 856: 559: 246: 5941: 3370:

Dupree, A. Hunter; Fishel, Leslie H. (1960). "An Eyewitness Account of the New York Draft Riots, July, 1863".

2231:

never supported the Confederacy fully, and Unionists there became powerful state leaders, including governors

1399:, also authorized local and private groups to raise regiments. The result was widespread confusion and delay. 8353: 8274: 8091: 7557: 7015: 6823: 6019: 5781: 4162:

American Singularity: The 1787 Northwest Ordinance, the 1862 Homestead and Morrill Acts, and the 1944 GI Bill

2331:'s grandparents were caught up in the raids, and he would tell of how they were kept in concentration camps. 2323: 1941: 1134: 697: 547: 450: 262: 185: 6142:

Giesberg, Judith Ann. "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War",

4552:

James Marten, "For the good, the true, and the beautiful: Northern children's magazines and the Civil War",

2184:

where the Freedmen's Relief Society, the Ladies Union Aid Society, the Western Sanitary Commission, and the

8626: 8368: 8158: 8133: 7845: 6920: 6625: 6565: 5854: 5586: 5237:(1997), pp. 67–88; a scholarly history of the munitions industry; concludes profits were not excessive 1991: 1632: 1284: 570: 277: 3579:

Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan",

1304:

soldiers voted Republican. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican.

9057: 8805: 8556: 8393: 8383: 8378: 8336: 7760: 7059: 6510: 6420: 5929: 4829: 3994: 1956: 1901: 1837: 137: 5724:

Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments",

5461: 4089:

A history of the greenbacks: with special reference to the economic consequences of their issue: 1862–65

1752:

laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end.

1585:, a famous landscape architect, was the highly efficient executive director of the Sanitary Commission. 8948: 8536: 8363: 8246: 8224: 8153: 8068: 7129: 6930: 6808: 5172: 2115: 1748:—that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several 1351: 716: 624: 4670:

Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868

2380:, Burbridge was dismissed in February 1865. Confederates remembered him as the "Butcher of Kentucky". 1627:(1838–1913). A senior surgeon in the war, Billings built two of the world's most important libraries, 1486:, later developed a system of mechanically storing, sorting, and counting numerical information using 9067: 8980: 8936: 8742: 8524: 8326: 8299: 8279: 8180: 7986: 7891: 7189: 7104: 7020: 6670: 6595: 3931:

Shannon Smith Bennett, "Draft Resistance and Rioting." in by Maggi M. Morehouse and Zoe Trodd, eds.,

2359: 2295: 2220: 2016: 1683: 1436: 1309: 1288: 712: 677: 669: 463: 437: 5671:

Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War."

2742: 804: 688: 8943: 8827: 8752: 8727: 8722: 8686: 8606: 8304: 8289: 7870: 7154: 7119: 7054: 6995: 6990: 6720: 5816:

The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872

5676: 3003:

The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies

628: 620:. Keeping the southern border states in the Union was considered essential to its winning the war. 6181:"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", 6097:"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", 3854: 1682:

law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. By far the most important were the

8931: 8551: 8519: 8514: 8212: 8185: 7577: 7074: 7064: 6836: 6831: 6685: 2244: 2011: 1636: 5025:(2011), emphasizes that the North fought primarily for nationalism and preservation of the Union 8916: 8616: 8190: 7780: 7617: 7592: 7124: 7025: 6940: 6680: 6589: 5342:

This grand experiment: When women entered the federal workforce in Civil War–Era Washington, DC

4245:

Spencer Jones, "The Influence of Horse Supply Upon Field Artillery in the American Civil War",

3809: 3540: 2472: 2339: 2314: 2111: 2046: 1951: 1891: 1491: 1456: 1333: 1221: 728: 398: 394: 4352:

Carwardine, Richard (2000). "Methodists, Politics, and the Coming of the American Civil War".

4007: 3594: 3288: 3263: 8832: 8732: 8546: 8195: 8148: 8058: 8026: 7733: 7723: 7169: 7159: 7144: 7094: 7049: 6705: 6690: 6583: 3514: 3067: 2021: 1986: 1582: 1570: 1252: 645: 424: 3318: 3102: 8990: 8842: 8815: 8284: 8063: 8046: 7703: 7199: 7184: 7179: 7149: 7134: 7114: 6732: 6636: 6520: 4658:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

2674: 2656: 2365: 2318: 2041: 1926: 1886: 1431:

stopped supporting the war effort, and volunteering fell off sharply in their strongholds.

1359: 1340: 1217: 1201: 1197: 1177: 5657:

Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment",

5387:

Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front

4720:

Sarah Bohl, "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri",

3918:

Kenneth H. Wheeler, "Local Autonomy and Civil War Draft Resistance: Holmes County, Ohio",

1312:

of 1863 were suppressed by the U.S. Army firing grape shot down cobblestone city streets.

8: 8975: 8767: 8656: 8530: 8175: 8128: 7875: 7835: 7820: 7713: 7562: 7234: 7194: 7069: 7030: 7000: 6955: 6915: 6515: 6505: 5166: 4918: 4259:

Sharrer, G. Terry (1995). "The Great Glanders Epizootic, 1861–1866: A Civil War Legacy".

3900: 3431:

Cowden, Joanna D. (1983). "The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut".

2719: 2377: 2236: 2123: 1921: 1911: 1851: 1691: 1670: 1617: 1316: 1228: 653: 476: 5987: 5180:

Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War

5159:

A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution

4092: 3989:

Jane Flaherty, "'The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury' on the Eve of the Civil War",

3848: 1113:

Historian Michael Smith argues that as the war ground on year after year, the spirit of

640:

strongly supported the war at the beginning in 1861, but by 1862, was split between the

616:

was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular

62: 8821: 8691: 8217: 8202: 8083: 8041: 8013: 7850: 7815: 7662: 7622: 7139: 7109: 7099: 6975: 6970: 6950: 6945: 6925: 6675: 6578: 6495: 6443: 6374: 6340: 6029: 5770: 5682: 5596: 5479:

The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union

5215: 5008: 4951: 4902: 4878: 4857: 4522: 4474: 4439: 4404: 4377: 4369: 4268: 4143: 3745: 3718: 3533: 3528: 3448: 3387: 2839: 2645: 2629: 2263: 2036: 1906: 1769: 1722:

that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy.

1695: 1624: 1483: 1145: 821: 756: 752: 708: 701: 617: 551: 167: 7795: 4293:

David S. Surdam, "Traders or traitors: Northern cotton trading during the Civil War",

9113: 9063: 8319: 7921: 7855: 7790: 7693: 7612: 7572: 7174: 6980: 6935: 6550: 6335: 6085: 6043: 6003: 5993: 5965: 5690: 5207: 5019: 5000: 4861: 4849: 4381: 4276: 4038: 4013: 3867:

Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War", in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.

3791:

Robert H. Bremner, "The Impact of the Civil War on Philanthropy and Social Welfare",

3600: 3350: 3294: 3267: 3256: 3192:

Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress

3156: 3149: 3073: 2891: 2864: 2831: 2802: 2700:

saw its own civil war, as the major tribes held slaves and endorsed the Confederacy.

2685: 2661: 2305: 2283: 2224: 2197: 2066: 1931: 1861: 1856: 1785:

protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in the bill's drafting. The

1516: 1442: 1153: 990: 660: 5666:

Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments

3889:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

3507: 3095: 1096:

The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment

7931: 7800: 7770: 7765: 7698: 7637: 7632: 7587: 7089: 7079: 6985: 6965: 6960: 6710: 6700: 6660: 5983: 5675:

118.2 (2003): 519–548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers.

5320:(2011) details on Treasury Department, government contracting, and the cotton trade 5199: 5104:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

4992: 4841: 4514: 4466: 4431: 4361: 4135: 3978:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

3944:

Shannon M. Smith, "Teaching Civil War Union Politics: Draft Riots in the Midwest."

3907: 3710: 3440: 3379: 2697: 2650: 2639: 2634: 2219:

People loyal to the U.S. federal government and opposed to secession living in the

2051: 2031: 2001: 1640: 1597: 1300: 1205: 1157: 740: 229: 204: 5643:

Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review."

4457:

Morrow, Ralph E. (1954). "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction".

2208: 1545:. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment, bringing 161: 9005: 8294: 8143: 8036: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7896: 7865: 7775: 7718: 7708: 7667: 6695: 6665: 6485: 6381: 6364: 6252:

Tragic Years, 1860–1865: A Documentary History of the American Civil War – Vol. 1

6240: 5864: 5766: 5650:

Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War",

5311: 5262: 5111: 5033: 4897:

Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History

3965: 3876: 3780:

Learning from the Wounded: The Civil War and the Rise of American Medical Science

3416: 3344: 3242: 2885: 2858: 2714: 2679: 2373: 2071: 2026: 1946: 1936: 1896: 1866: 1745: 1732: 1265: 1161: 1122: 768: 555: 367: 325: 313: 268: 98: 4774:

The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah

4595:

George Gallarno, "How Iowa Cared for Orphans of Her Soldiers of the Civil War",

1367:

in September 1864, military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed.

8073: 8021: 7860: 7825: 7785: 7677: 7657: 7652: 7607: 6886: 6727: 6715: 5428: 2232: 2228: 1996: 1786: 1749: 1613: 1538: 1499: 1256: 1213: 1209: 1189: 785: 748: 355: 283: 115: 5390: 9082: 8341: 7941: 7936: 7926: 7901: 7810: 7805: 7647: 7642: 7627: 7597: 7567: 6905: 6530: 5527:

The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture

5211: 5062:

The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture

5004: 4853: 4422:

Sweet, William W. (1915). "Methodist Church Influence in Southern Politics".

4395:

Morrow, Ralph E. (1956). "Methodists and "Butternuts" in the Old Northwest".

3775: 2835: 2767: 2343: 1916: 1871: 1719: 1554: 1495: 1396: 1193: 1169: 744: 665: 641: 536: 520: 176: 6357: 5451:

Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission

3660:

Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission

3409:

A respectable minority: the Democratic Party in the Civil War era, 1860–1868

2223:(where slavery was legal) and states under Confederate control, were termed 1279: 1144:

closely with state and local politicians, he rallied public opinion and (at

727:, for the United States of America, is then repeated in such clauses as the 8810: 8787: 8777: 8772: 8309: 8251: 8163: 8138: 8051: 8031: 7830: 7728: 6007: 5380:

So Conceived and So Dedicated: Intellectual Life in the Civil War Era North

4913: 4280: 2973:

Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation

2328: 2061: 2056: 2006: 1976: 1593: 1578: 1574: 1320: 1273: 1149: 1089: 540: 6266:

The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants.

6082:

Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction

5541:

Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War.

5332:

The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865.

5298:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

5242:

Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat

4759:

Louis De Falaise, "General Stephen Gano Burbridge's Command in Kentucky",

4337:

God's Almost Chosen Peoples: A Religious History of the American Civil War

1755: 7582: 6620: 6600: 5871:

Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War.

4518: 3404: 2369: 2335: 2119: 1876: 1844: 1530: 1085: 673: 644:

and the anti-war element known as Peace Democrats, led by the extremist "

6205: 6188:

Giesberg, Judith. "Mary Elizabeth Massey and the Civil War Centennial."

6137: 5926:

States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War

5802:

The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870

5489: 5335: 5069:

Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North

4873: 4408: 3749: 3027:"A Proposal to Change the Words We Use When Talking About the Civil War" 2843: 2093:

The Protestant religion was quite strong in the North in the 1860s. The

8965: 7840: 7602: 6803: 6798: 5617: 5425:

Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War

5397:

The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union

5291: 5287: 5252: 5219: 5187: 5145: 5012: 4980: 4966: 4845: 4830:""The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury" on the Eve of the Civil War" 4526: 4478: 4443: 4373: 4272: 4147: 3722: 3391: 2255: 1981: 1961: 1487: 1376: 815: 613: 5041:

Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War.

4696:

The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction

3452: 3331:

Deserter Country:Civil War Opposition in the Pennsylvania Appalachians

2824:

Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association

1390:

Union soldiers on the Mason's Island (Theodore Roosevelt Island), 1861

659:

The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and

601:

both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments with the

8229: 6412: 6388:"Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North" visual exhibit at the 6193: 5603:

Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays

5583:

Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources

4931:

Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900

3933:

Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources

3592: 2300: 2282:

Besides organized military conflict, the border states were beset by

2267: 1881: 1765: 1589: 1550: 543: 5773:. Each year 1861 to 1902 includes several pages on each U.S. state. 5729: 5548:

American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869

5273: 5247:

Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865",

5203: 4996: 4645:

Sister States, Enemy States: The Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee

4470: 4435: 4365: 4139: 4105:

Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War

4076:

Sovereignty and the Empty Purse: Banks and Politics in the Civil War

3714: 3701:

Cannon, M. Hamlin (1951). "The United States Christian Commission".

3383: 3118:

Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession

2928:

Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc

1088:

rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian

8234: 5532:

Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.

5411:

Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War

4709:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War

4630:

Lawrence O. Christensen, "Black Education in Civil War St. Louis",

3850:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864–1866

3444: 3290:

Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln

2771: 2110:

Many Northerners had only recently become religious (following the

1824: 1546: 1276:

but Republicans retained control of both the House and the Senate.

598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 208: 6369: 6345: 6259:

The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition

6165:

Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front.

5496:

Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War

5259:

Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War

5142:

Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North

4309:

Randall M. Miller, Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds.

4188:

Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War

3962:

Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War

3835:

Order out of chaos: John Shaw Billings and America's coming of age

3480:

Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North

3050: 1772:". They led to endless controversy because they caused inflation. 1386: 6200:

Rodgers, Thomas E. "Hoosier Women and the Civil War Home Front",

5948:

Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War

5118:

A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era

4973:

Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union's War Governors

4541:

Children for the Union: The War Spirit of the Northern Home Front

2988:

Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization

1558: 1542: 1364: 6134:

Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front

5809:

The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876

5578:(University of Chicago Press, 2013) 193 pp. heavily illustrated. 5404:

The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880

5347:

Zonderman, David A. "White Workers and the American Civil War."

5188:"The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order" 4735:

Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks

4565:

James Marten, "History in a Box: Milton Bradley's Myriopticon",

3346:

The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

2346:

were the term for several law-and-order vigilante groups in the

9032:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

6118:

Bahde, Thomas. "'I never wood git tired of wrighting to you.'"

5788:

Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War

5562:

Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War.

3313:

Arnold Shankman, "Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania."

2911:

Stampp, Kenneth M. (1980). "The Concept of a Perpetual Union".

2798:

The Papers And Writings Of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 2: 1860–1865

2347: 2970: 2913:

The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War

6301:

The Civil War: Primary Documents on Events from 1860 to 1865.

5097:

The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War

2395:

List of Knowledge articles on Union states and major cities:

1534: 780: 6754: 6125:

Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War"

5977:

A History of Chicago, Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871

5318:

The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North

5132:

The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North

3904:

In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City

3134:

The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North

6212:

Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War.

6158:

Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography

5435:

War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North

4890:

Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front

4815:

The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War

3069:

The American Civil War: The War in the East 1861 – May 1863

2350:. In some cases, they too turned to illegal gang activity. 1109:

by the fierce battles more typical of the political arena."

5712:

Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War

2964: 2270:", a derogatory term for white Southern supporters of the 2191: 1612:

Additionally, women gained new public roles. For example,

1520:

Field hospital after the Battle of Savage's Station (1862)

550:(CSA), also known as the Confederacy or South, during the 6403:"First Plans for Emancipation", by Nicolay and Hay (1889) 6113:

Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War

6070:(Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013). x, 248 pp. 5308:

Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade

3632:

Kenneth Link, "Potomac Fever: The Hazards of Camp Life",

2960:. D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. pp. 1–2. 193: Southern slave states which remained in the Union ( 184: Southern slave states which seceded and formed the 6325:

Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History

5687:

Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy

5083:

The Divided Union: Party Conflict in the Civil War North

4683:

Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy

3509:

War for the Union: Vol. 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862

3122:

pp. 254–274 provide details of support across the North.

1243: 5750:

The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union

5705:

For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War

5030:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

3151:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

5844:

The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873

5765:(1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; 5092:(1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration 2254:

Nearly 100,000 Unionists from the South served in the

1845:

Industrial and business leaders and military inventors

6287:

The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction

5363:

The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War

5268:

Hammond, Bray. "The North's Empty Purse, 1861–1862",

4229:

Gervase Phillips, "Warhorses of the U.S. Civil War",

3175: 3146: 3131: 2625:

The Union-controlled territories in April 1861 were:

562:, and sought to preserve the nation a constitutional 2925: 1270:

They gained 28 seats in the House of Representatives

747:

of independent states, functioning similarly to the

175: Northern and Western free states loyal to the 6408:"Emancipation Announced", by Nicolay and Hay (1889) 4975:(University of North Carolina Press, 2016). 725 pp. 3593:Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor, ed. (2010). 3527: 3253: 3115: 3097:

The War for the Union: The Improvised War 1861–1862

2975:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 21, 27. 2944:. George Dearborn & Company. 1841. p. 202. 743:This was opposite to the CSA's first government, a 6219:A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore. 5719:The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home 5325:The northern railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865 5050:(Southern Illinois University Press, 2013) 162 pp. 4822:This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath 3673:Genius of Place: The Life of Frederick Law Olmsted 3596:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction 3532: 3506: 3255: 3148: 3094: 2910: 2152:There were numerous children's magazines, such as 203: U.S. territories, with the exception of the 6172:Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War 5778:American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia 5568: 4220:, Summer/Fall 2007, Vol. 66 Issue 3/4, pp 241–265 3846: 3286: 3065: 2919: 9080: 8718:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 5902:Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War 5605:(1991), new social history; quantitative studies 5513:Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union Ethnic Regiments 5349:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 4870:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction. 4748:Bald Knobbers: Vigilantes on the Ozarks Frontier 4397:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 2985: 1573:, a Unitarian minister, and the social reformer 6393:"Financial Measures", by Nicolay and Hay (1889) 6323:Smith, Charles Winston and Charles Judah, eds. 5962:A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875 5272:, October 1961, Vol. 67 Issue 1, pp. 1–18 4567:Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth 3493:Lincoln's Critics: The Copperheads of the North 8542:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 6398:"Lincoln Reelected", by Nicolay and Hay (1889) 6294:Civil War America: Voices from the Home Front. 6174:(1966), overview North and South; reissued as 5885:State of the Union: New York and the Civil War 5475:Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War 5171:(Oxford University Press, 1991); won the 1992 4883:The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front 3315:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1609:fund raising campaigns and private donations. 713:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. 6428: 6068:"Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War 5878:Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862–1863 5795:A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War. 5664:Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds. 5638:We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War 5576:Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North 5370:Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North 5125:No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North 5064:(1979), statistical study of voting patterns. 4347: 4345: 3696: 3694: 3504: 3092: 3051:Donald, David Herbert; Randall, J.G. (1961). 2979: 2934: 2266:(1865–1877), many Southern Unionists became " 1060: 6250:Angle, Paul M. and Earl Schenck Miers, eds. 6151:Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia. 5689:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 5378:Foote, Lorien and Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai. 5355: 5278:Hill, Joseph A. "The Civil War Income Tax", 5235:Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America 4824:(2nd ed. 2007), 544 page university textbook 4803:Bibliography of American Civil War homefront 4660:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pp. 46–54 3795:, December 1966, Vol. 12 Issue 4, pp 293–303 3369: 1694:was an isolated parochial area dominated by 240:Federal presidential constitutional republic 6318:The Civil War Era: An Anthology of Sources. 6280:Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865 6261:(5 vols), 2006; online at many universities 5989:A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War 5151: 4872:(2005). 518 pp. 23 essays by scholars 4761:Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 4621:, January 1963, Vol. 24 Issue 2, pp 110–133 4599:, January 1926, Vol. 15 Issue 3, pp 163–193 4495:, January 1995, Vol. 33 Issue 2, pp. 84–97, 4339:(University of North Carolina Press, 2010). 4297:, Winter 1999, Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp 299–310 3342: 2954: 6435: 6421: 6332:Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents 6308:Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents 6221:(U. of Massachusetts Press, 2005). 322 pp. 6051:Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents 5892:Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents 5837:The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky 5823:A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865 5389:(2015) how civilians defined their roles. 4787:The American Civil War in Indian Territory 4351: 4342: 4324:The Politics of Faith during the Civil War 3824:, Summer 1992, Vol. 66 Issue 2, pp 210–233 3691: 2821: 2737: 2735: 1709:Economic history of the American Civil War 1494:was held in 1861–64 by elderly politician 1462: 1247:Anti-Lincoln Copperhead pamphlet from 1864 1067: 1053: 221:Recognized government of the United States 160: 9109:History of the Northeastern United States 6247:, thorough coverage of the events of 1863 5938:Indiana's War: The Civil War in Documents 5936:Nation, Richard F. and Stephen E. Towne. 5502: 4763:, April 1971, Vol. 69 Issue 2, pp 101–127 4634:, April 2001, Vol. 95 Issue 3, pp 302–316 3808:, June 2002, Vol. 48 Issue 2, pp 143–164 3426: 3424: 2971:Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007). 2304:Quantrill's 1863 raid burned the town of 2188:(AMA) set up schools for their children. 1699:ended when the Army sent in armed units. 1233:Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War 672:and in some remote districts such as the 166:Map of the division of the states in the 16:Civil War term for northern United States 9094:Social history of the American Civil War 6631:Treatment of slaves in the United States 6026:Banners South: Northern Community at War 6016:Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents 5982: 5593:Banners South: Northern Community at War 5581:Morehouse, Maggi M. and Zoe Trodd, eds. 4907:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 4895:Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler, eds, 4827: 4459:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4424:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4326:(Louisiana State University Press, 2013) 4059:A financial history of the United States 4032: 4012:. Oxford University Press. p. 331. 3703:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3372:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3258:This Great Struggle: America's Civil War 2299: 2207: 2204:Unionist politician (American Civil War) 1810:and the Morrill Land Grant College Act. 1754: 1669: 1515: 1441: 1405: 1385: 1381: 1278: 1242: 779: 687: 9104:History of the Midwestern United States 8374:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 6546:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 6316:Sizer, Lyde Cullen and Jim Cullen, ed. 6273:Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents. 6075:Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880 5681: 5626:(Michigan State University Press, 2014) 5185: 4910:(1988), 900 page survey; Pulitzer prize 4724:, April 2004, Vol. 36 Issue 1, pp 44–51 4556:, March 1995, Vol. 41 Issue 1, pp 57–75 4258: 3636:, April 1983, Vol. 51 Issue 2, pp 69–88 2948: 2743:"Books and Manuscript Submission Guide" 2732: 2212:Confederate soldiers hanging pro-Union 2192:Unionists in Southern and Border states 1629:Library of the Surgeon General's Office 1410:Union soldiers before Marye's Heights, 9081: 8359:Modern display of the Confederate flag 6442: 5851:Ohio's war: the Civil War in documents 5555:The Civil War as a Theological Crisis. 5458:The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine 4456: 4394: 4125: 3700: 3647:The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865 3430: 3421: 3024: 3006:. 1. Vol. 14. pp. 185–1, 015 2883: 2856: 503:Ceasefire Agreement of the Confederacy 8577: 7966: 7530: 6753: 6556:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 6454: 6416: 6289:(1962), excerpts from primary sources 6268:(1950), excerpts from primary sources 6061:Indiana Politics during the Civil War 5169:: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties 4504: 4421: 4005: 3735: 3235:Indiana Politics during the Civil War 3025:Landis, Michael (September 9, 2015). 2990:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214. 1505: 1448:Fourth United States Colored Infantry 1339:most prominent Copperhead was Ohio's 6233:American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861 5707:(1998), based on letters and diaries 5624:Food in the Civil War Era: The North 5585:(2013), 29 short essays by scholars 5186:Paludan, Phillip S. (October 1972). 4978: 4892:(2010), essays on specialized issues 4313:(Oxford University Press, 1998) p. 4 3262:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 2620: 2277: 1838:expelled them from his lines in 1862 1725: 1476: 1128: 775: 9099:Social history of the United States 8713:Committee on the Conduct of the War 8389:United Daughters of the Confederacy 6091: 5763:Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863 5534:Religion and the American Civil War 5437:(University of Chicago Press, 2012) 5071:(University Press of Kansas, 2002). 4311:Religion and the American Civil War 3822:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 3222:American Nineteenth Century History 3205:American Nineteenth Century History 2794: 2127:the southern branch of the church. 1650: 13: 9089:Politics of the American Civil War 8783:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 8578: 8122:impeachment managers investigation 6501:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 6225: 5863:(Columbia University Press, 1912) 5830:The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870 5756: 5368:Brownlee, Peter John et al., eds. 4672:, John Frew, Wheeling, 1868, p. 10 3853:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 2784:"Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation" 2095:United States Christian Commission 1967:William Mason (locomotive builder) 1567:United States Christian Commission 1512:Medicine in the American Civil War 1343:, a Congressman and leader of the 607:Confederate government of Missouri 603:Confederate government of Kentucky 14: 9130: 8208:Reconstruction military districts 6656:Abolitionism in the United States 6611:Plantations in the American South 6526:Origins of the American Civil War 6351: 5909:Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865 5090:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 3178:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 3072:. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. 1563:United States Sanitary Commission 1220:(on land grants and tariffs) and 1079: 755:as the "abolition fleet" and the 731:clause in Article IV, Section 3. 9062: 9053: 9052: 8191:Enforcement Act of February 1871 8164:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 6341:diaries, journals. reminiscences 5992:. Boston: E.P. Dutton & Co. 5300:(2022); major scholarly survey; 5286:4 (July 1894), pp. 416–452 4779: 4766: 4753: 4740: 4727: 4714: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4663: 4650: 4637: 4624: 4611: 4249:, (April 2010), 74#2 pp 357–377, 3349:. University Press of Kentucky. 3053:The Civil War and Reconstruction 2774:and became another border state. 2247:was able to create a new state, 2077:George Worthington (businessman) 1297:unable to impede the war effort. 803: 793:to two at the start of the war. 490:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 147: 125: 77: 61: 54: 8976:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 8838:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 8399:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 5861:Politics of Michigan, 1865–1878 5127:(Oxford University Press, 2006) 5048:Lincoln and the Union Governors 4796: 4602: 4589: 4576: 4559: 4546: 4533: 4498: 4485: 4450: 4415: 4388: 4329: 4316: 4303: 4295:Business & Economic History 4287: 4252: 4239: 4223: 4210: 4197: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4128:The Journal of American History 4119: 4110: 4097: 4081: 4068: 4051: 4026: 3999: 3983: 3970: 3954: 3938: 3925: 3912: 3894: 3881: 3861: 3840: 3827: 3814: 3798: 3785: 3769: 3756: 3729: 3678: 3665: 3652: 3639: 3626: 3613: 3586: 3573: 3560: 3547: 3521: 3498: 3485: 3472: 3459: 3398: 3363: 3336: 3323: 3307: 3280: 3247: 3227: 3214: 3197: 3184: 3169: 3140: 3125: 3109: 3086: 3059: 3044: 3018: 2994: 2801:. Jazzybee Verlag. p. 94. 2710:American Civil War prison camps 2642:(disputed with the Confederacy) 2383: 2186:American Missionary Association 1830: 1716:United States Military Railroad 1657:American Civil War prison camps 1645:International Business Machines 8079:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 6204:97#2 (2001), pp. 105–128 5673:Quarterly Journal of Economics 5616:1 (June 1989), pp. 34–58 5569:Social and demographic history 5280:Quarterly Journal of Economics 5192:The American Historical Review 4985:The American Historical Review 3535:The North Fights the Civil War 3176:Paludsn, Phillip Shaw (1994). 3147:Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). 3132:Smith, Michael Thomas (2011). 3055:(2nd ed.). pp. 3–13. 2904: 2877: 2850: 2815: 2788: 2777: 2760: 2130:The Methodist family magazine 1972:William Metcalf (manufacturer) 1813: 1806:through the newly established 1796: 1665: 1327: 560:president of the United States 1: 8494:Ladies' Memorial Associations 8196:Enforcement Act of April 1871 8092:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 7967: 6185:(2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444. 6129:(2017) 81#1 pp. 199–204. 6101:(2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444. 6036:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873, 5950:(Yale University Press, 1965) 5647:32 (September 1986): 208–228. 5630: 5574:Brownlee, Peter John, et al. 5251:(1924) 29#4 pp. 700–715 5055:Lincoln and the War Governors 4958:(1943), details on each state 4746:Elmo Ingenthron and Hartman, 4205:Agriculture and the Civil War 3901:The New York City Draft Riots 2926:Charles Daniel Drake (1864). 2105: 1942:Robert Knight (industrialist) 1643:. Hollerith's company became 1287:for the first reading of the 1238: 1135:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 670:anti-draft riots of July 1863 548:Confederate States of America 8627:Confederate revolving cannon 8369:Sons of Confederate Veterans 8240:South Carolina riots of 1876 8218:Indian Council at Fort Smith 8169:South Carolina riots of 1876 8134:Knights of the White Camelia 6626:Slavery in the United States 6358:Lincoln Administration links 6285:Hesseltine, William B., ed. 6264:Commager, Henry Steele, ed. 6046:, Detailed scholarly history 5736:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873 5728:73 (December 1986): 695–701 5265:, old but still quite useful 4828:Flaherty, Jane (June 2009). 4785:John Spencer and Adam Hook, 4009:Salmon P. Chase: a biography 3686:The Civil War Era, 1850–1873 3254:Steven E. Woodworth (2011). 3116:McClintock, Russell (2008). 2930:. p. 219–220, 222, 241. 2887:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography 2884:Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). 2860:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography 2857:Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). 2260:1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment 1992:Daniel Pratt (industrialist) 1633:National Library of Medicine 1208:(on taxation and spending), 683: 412:Abraham Lincoln inauguration 7: 8981:New York City riots of 1863 8806:Battle Hymn of the Republic 8557:United Confederate Veterans 8394:Children of the Confederacy 8384:United Confederate Veterans 8379:Southern Historical Society 7531: 7011:Price's Missouri Expedition 6481:Timeline leading to the War 6455: 6214:(Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp. 6202:Indiana Magazine of History 6127:Journal of Military History 6120:Journal of Illinois History 5726:Journal of American History 5610:Journal of American History 5423:Adams, George Worthington. 5227: 4981:"Lincoln and the Patronage" 4979:Fish, Carl Russell (1902). 4965:(1999) the best biography; 4945:The Congressman's Civil War 4937: 4733:Michael R. Gardner, et al. 4247:Journal of Military History 4190:, (1910) pp 1–23; Paludan, 3467:Indiana Magazine of History 2703: 2353: 2289: 2214:bridge-burning conspirators 2147: 2088: 1957:John Lenthall (shipbuilder) 1902:John Crerar (industrialist) 1370: 1274:Speaker of the House's seat 1183: 10: 9135: 9119:Union (American Civil War) 8949:Confederate Secret Service 8537:Grand Army of the Republic 8429:Grand Army of the Republic 8247:Southern Claims Commission 6167:Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 209 pp. 5786:Aley, Ginette et al. eds. 5659:Missouri Historical Review 5486:The Negro in the Civil War 5477:(1982); first edition was 5456:Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. 5449:Maxwell, William Quentin. 5443:Social History of Medicine 5417: 5270:American Historical Review 5249:American Historical Review 5173:Pulitzer Prize for History 5078:(1944) on election of 1860 5076:The first Lincoln campaign 4807: 4800: 4632:Missouri Historical Review 4164:(U of Georgia Press, 2008) 4037:. Pickering & Chatto. 3993:, (2009) 55#2 pp. 244–277 3847:James Ford Rhodes (1904). 3581:Michigan Historical Review 3568:Michigan Historical Review 3557:, 35 (Spring 2009), 29–60. 3555:Michigan Historical Review 3293:. LSU Press. p. 116. 3287:Jonathan W. White (2014). 3066:Gary W. Gallagher (2001). 2890:. SIU Press. p. 428. 2863:. SIU Press. p. 377. 2357: 2293: 2201: 2195: 2158:The Student and Schoolmate 2116:Methodist Episcopal Church 2083: 1779: 1706: 1702: 1654: 1509: 1374: 1331: 1132: 508:April 9 – November 6, 1865 9048: 9024: 8937:Confederate States dollar 8909: 8851: 8796: 8748:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 8743:Emancipation Proclamation 8705: 8637:Medal of Honor recipients 8594: 8590: 8573: 8525:Confederate Memorial Hall 8507: 8486: 8444: 8416: 8407: 8327:Confederate Memorial Hall 8300:Confederate History Month 8280:Civil War Discovery Trail 8260: 8181:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 8012: 7987:Reconstruction Amendments 7977: 7973: 7962: 7884: 7753: 7746: 7686: 7550: 7543: 7539: 7526: 7468: 7215: 7208: 7039: 6895: 6854: 6822: 6789: 6782: 6778: 6749: 6646: 6596:Emancipation Proclamation 6564: 6465: 6461: 6450: 5887:(2002) Essays by scholars 5743:Journal of Social History 5661:76 (October 1981): 53–77. 5601:Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. 5488:(1953), standard history 5356:Intellectual and cultural 5102:Richardson, Heather Cox. 4956:Lincoln and the Patronage 4864:– via Project MUSE. 4507:Journal of Social History 3658:William Quentin Maxwell, 3433:The New England Quarterly 2986:John T. Ishiyama (2011). 2360:Kentucky in the Civil War 2308:and killed 164 defenders. 2296:Missouri in the Civil War 2138: 2017:Christopher Miner Spencer 1808:Department of Agriculture 1684:New York City draft riots 1678:Discontent with the 1863 1674:New York City draft riots 1437:Emancipation Proclamation 1310:New York City draft riots 1289:Emancipation Proclamation 1268:as governor of New York. 1251:The opposition came from 1176:, Lincoln had a powerful 678:Northeastern Pennsylvania 516: 512: 499: 486: 473: 464:New York City draft riots 460: 447: 438:Emancipation Proclamation 434: 421: 408: 391: 387: 377: 373: 361: 349: 345: 335: 331: 319: 307: 303: 293: 289: 274: 259: 255: 245: 235: 225: 217: 159: 110: 93: 50: 45: 23: 9011:U.S. Sanitary Commission 8922:Battlefield preservation 8828:Marching Through Georgia 8753:Hampton Roads Conference 8728:Confiscation Act of 1862 8723:Confiscation Act of 1861 8499:U.S. national cemeteries 8305:Confederate Memorial Day 8290:Civil War Trails Program 8159:New Orleans riot of 1866 6330:Voss-Hubbard, Mark, ed. 6235:(N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864) 6053:(2009), primary sources 5940:(2009), primary sources 5900:Karamanski, Theodore J. 5853:(2006), primary sources 5769:; for online copies see 5344:(UNC Press Books, 2017). 5152:Constitutional and legal 5034:excerpts and text search 4820:Fellman, Michael et al. 4643:Kent Dollar et al. eds. 4233:, (December 2005) 55#12 3976:Heather Cox Richardson, 3922:, (1999) 45@2 pp 147–158 3619:Richard F. Miller, ed., 3599:. Cengage. p. 178. 2725: 2653:(became a state in 1864) 2372:authorized by President 1315:The Democrats nominated 531:, colloquially known as 482:March 29 – April 9, 1865 138:My Country, 'Tis of Thee 30:United States of America 8932:Confederate war finance 8552:Southern Cross of Honor 8520:1938 Gettysburg reunion 8515:1913 Gettysburg reunion 8213:Reconstruction Treaties 8186:Enforcement Act of 1870 8069:Freedman's Savings Bank 6686:Lane Debates on Slavery 6511:Lincoln–Douglas debates 6363:August 1, 2015, at the 6312:excerpt and text search 6138:excerpt and text search 6073:Thornbrough, Emma Lou. 6055:excerpt and text search 6020:excerpt and text search 5942:excerpt and text search 5924:Miller, Richard F. ed. 5914:Miller, Richard F. ed. 5896:excerpt and text search 5855:excerpt and text search 5654:30 (June 1984): 157–171 5490:excerpt and text search 5467: 5462:excerpt and text search 5429:excerpt and text search 5395:Fredrickson, George M. 5336:excerpt and text search 5316:Smith, Michael Thomas. 5161:(Alfred A. Knopf, 1973) 5146:excerpt and text search 5130:Smith, Michael Thomas. 5053:Hesseltine, William B. 5028:Goodwin, Doris Kearns. 4967:excerpt and text search 4961:Donald, David Herbert. 4874:excerpt and text search 4207:(1965) covers 1850–1870 4177:(2013) 87#3 pp 314–367. 4033:Flaherty, Jane (2009). 3948:(2013) 27#2 pp: 33–36. 3946:OAH Magazine of History 3738:Libraries & Culture 2012:Horace Smith (inventor) 1637:New York Public Library 1463:Motivations of soldiers 1341:Clement L. Vallandigham 1291:draft on July 22, 1862. 759:as "abolition forces". 554:. The Union was led by 8991:Richmond riots of 1863 8917:Baltimore riot of 1861 8697:U.S. Military Railroad 8617:Confederate Home Guard 8349:Historiographic issues 8315:Historical reenactment 6814:Revenue Cutter Service 6681:William Lloyd Garrison 6590:Dred Scott v. Sandford 6375:Abraham Lincoln online 6257:Carter, Susan B., ed. 6192:61.4 (2015): 400–406. 6176:Women in the Civil War 5911:(1941), Pulitzer Prize 5865:online at Google books 5828:Cole, Arthur Charles. 5503:Religion and ethnicity 5036:, on Lincoln's cabinet 4584:Children for the Union 4035:The revenue imperative 3875:June 18, 2018, at the 3869:The American Civil War 3505:Nevins, Allan (1959). 3155:. Simon and Schuster. 3093:Nevins, Allan (1959). 2340:Saint Joseph, Missouri 2309: 2216: 2112:Second Great Awakening 2047:Ezra Warner (inventor) 1952:David Leavitt (banker) 1892:William Wesley Cornell 1760: 1675: 1521: 1492:state adjutant general 1474: 1451: 1415: 1391: 1334:Copperheads (politics) 1292: 1248: 1222:William Pitt Fessenden 1212:(on foreign affairs), 1141:overwhelmingly praised 1115:American republicanism 1111: 1102: 789: 729:Admission to the Union 707:In the context of the 704: 8956:Great Revival of 1863 8833:Maryland, My Maryland 8622:Confederate railroads 8285:Civil War Roundtables 8154:Meridian riot of 1871 8149:Memphis riots of 1866 6706:George Luther Stearns 6691:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 6584:Crittenden Compromise 6380:May 14, 2011, at the 6217:Venet, Wendy Hamand. 6038:History of Ohio, vol. 5776:Tucker, Spencer, ed. 5622:Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. 5402:Stevenson, Louise A. 5385:Gallman, J. Matthew. 5257:Fite, Emerson David. 5110:May 25, 2012, at the 4950:Carman, Harry J. and 4888:Gallman, J. Matthew. 4619:West Virginia History 3833:Carleton B. Chapman, 3766:(1987) 33#1 pp: 5–21. 3583:(2005) 31#2 pp 43–66. 3415:May 25, 2012, at the 3241:May 25, 2012, at the 3224:, (2004) 5#2 pp 19–46 3211:8 Issue 2, pp 145–167 2747:Army University Press 2611:with slavery in 1861 2303: 2211: 2022:George Luther Stearns 1987:Robert Parker Parrott 1758: 1707:Further information: 1673: 1583:Frederick Law Olmsted 1571:Henry Whitney Bellows 1519: 1469: 1450:at Fort Lincoln, 1865 1445: 1409: 1389: 1382:Recruiting volunteers 1283:Lincoln met with his 1282: 1246: 1106: 1094: 783: 691: 539:when eleven Southern 425:Battle of Fort Sumter 8843:Daar kom die Alibama 8758:National Union Party 8434:memorials to Lincoln 8354:Lost Cause mythology 8059:Eufaula riot of 1874 8047:Confederate refugees 7260:District of Columbia 6887:Union naval blockade 6733:Underground Railroad 6521:Nullification crisis 6306:Siddali, Silvana R. 6271:Dee, Christine, ed. 6144:Pennsylvania History 6049:Siddali, Silvana R. 5960:Parrish, William E. 5953:O'Connor, Thomas H. 5869:Gallman, Matthew J. 5859:Dilla, Harriette M. 5849:Dee, Christine, ed. 5842:Current, Richard N. 5835:Coulter, E. Merton. 5780:(2 vol 2015) 1019pp 5734:Roseboom, Eugene H. 5494:Voegeli, V. Jacque. 5473:McPherson, James M. 5074:Luthin, Reinhard H. 4813:Cashin, Joan E. ed. 4694:James Alex Baggett, 4681:Richard N. Current, 4261:Agricultural History 4175:Agricultural History 4116:Richardson, 100, 113 4087:Wesley C. Mitchell, 4006:Niven, John (1995). 3960:Emerson David Fite, 3684:Eugene E. Roseboom, 3570:(1992) 18#1 pp 28–69 3469:1989 85(3): 236–250. 3343:Adrian Cook (1974). 3317:(1977) pp: 190–204. 3031:Smithsonian Magazine 2955:W. W. Gaunt (1864). 2682:(split off in 1863) 2675:Washington Territory 2657:New Mexico Territory 2366:Stephen G. Burbridge 2324:General Order No. 11 2319:Bloody Bill Anderson 2170:Forrester's Playmate 2042:Cornelius Vanderbilt 1927:Benjamin Tyler Henry 1887:George Henry Corliss 1714:be mobilized by the 1457:Copperhead Democrats 1360:Jacksonian Democracy 1358:. It looked back to 1299:Republican Governor 1253:Copperhead Democrats 1218:Justin Smith Morrill 1202:National Banking Act 1198:Pacific Railroad Act 1006:District of Columbia 982:Territories and D.C. 650:National Union Party 295:Speaker of the House 9001:Supreme Court cases 8768:Radical Republicans 8547:Old soldiers' homes 8531:Confederate Veteran 8457:artworks in Capitol 8176:Reconstruction acts 8037:Colfax riot of 1873 7001:Richmond-Petersburg 6606:Fugitive slave laws 6536:Popular sovereignty 6516:Missouri Compromise 6506:Kansas-Nebraska Act 6292:Marten, James, ed. 6278:Freidel Frank, ed. 6156:McDevitt, Theresa. 6146:(2005). 72: 159–191 6059:Stampp, Kenneth M. 5710:Miller, William J. 5683:Current, Richard N. 5522:37 (1991): 232–246. 5511:Burton, William L. 5484:Quarles, Benjamin. 5433:Clarke, Frances M. 5296:Lowenstein, Roger. 5240:Clark Jr., John E. 5178:Neely Jr., Mark E. 5167:The Fate of Liberty 5164:Neely Jr., Mark E. 5140:Weber, Jennifer L. 5088:Paludan, Philip S. 5046:Harris, William C. 4903:McPherson, James M. 4879:Gallman, J. Matthew 4868:Ford, Lacy K., ed. 4569:, Winter 2009, Vol. 4322:Timothy L. Wesley. 4192:A People's Contest" 3871:(1996), pp 466–478 3529:Gallman, J. Matthew 3478:Jennifer L. Weber, 3233:Kenneth M. Stampp, 2942:The New-York Review 2720:Central Confederacy 2688:(split off in 1864) 2664:(split off in 1863) 2378:Thomas E. Bramlette 2315:Quantrill's Raiders 2241:Unionist government 2237:William G. Brownlow 2174:The Little Corporal 2124:Radical Republicans 1922:William P. Halliday 1912:James Buchanan Eads 1852:Matthias W. Baldwin 1692:Holmes County, Ohio 1229:Radical Republicans 1216:(on legal issues), 1104:McClintock states: 762:In 2015, historian 668:, with its massive 654:George B. McClellan 575:border slave states 477:Appomattox campaign 8822:A Lincoln Portrait 8763:Politicians killed 8687:U.S. Balloon Corps 8682:Union corps badges 8462:memorials to Davis 8332:Disenfranchisement 8203:Reconstruction era 8084:Timber Culture Act 8042:Compromise of 1877 7006:Franklin–Nashville 6676:Frederick Douglass 6579:Cornerstone Speech 6496:Compromise of 1850 6444:American Civil War 6370:Civil War Soldiers 6299:Risley, Ford, ed. 6149:Harper, Judith E. 6132:Giesberg, Judith. 6122:(2009). 12:129–155 6108:(2007) 66: 241–265 6034:Roseboom, Eugene. 6030:Cortland, New York 5832:(1919) on Illinois 5814:Bradley, Erwin S. 5771:Annual Cyclopaedia 5703:McPherson, James. 5597:Cortland, New York 5539:Miller, Robert J. 5222:– via JStor. 5123:Smith, Adam I. P. 5039:Green, Michael S. 5020:Gallagher, Gary W. 5015:– via JStor. 4971:Engle, Stephen D. 4952:Reinhard H. Luthin 4846:10.1353/cwh.0.0058 4656:Curry, Richard O. 4519:10.1353/jsh/26.1.5 4057:Jerry W. Markham, 3491:Frank L. Klement, 3329:Robert M. Sandow, 3190:Leonard P. Curry, 2795:Lincoln, Abraham. 2646:Nebraska Territory 2630:Colorado Territory 2310: 2264:Reconstruction era 2217: 2166:The Little Pilgrim 2132:Ladies' Repository 2037:John Edgar Thomson 1907:Charles I. du Pont 1761: 1696:Pennsylvania Dutch 1676: 1625:John Shaw Billings 1541:, and especially, 1522: 1506:Medical conditions 1484:John Shaw Billings 1452: 1416: 1392: 1293: 1249: 1168:, and (from 1862) 822:American Civil War 790: 737:federal government 709:American Civil War 705: 702:American Civil War 700:states during the 573:and four southern 552:American Civil War 382:American Civil War 168:American Civil War 9076: 9075: 9044: 9043: 9040: 9039: 8874:Italian Americans 8859:African Americans 8816:John Brown's Body 8569: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8482: 8481: 8320:Robert E. Lee Day 8064:Freedmen's Bureau 8027:Brooks–Baxter War 7958: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7742: 7741: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7513: 6931:Northern Virginia 6877:Trans-Mississippi 6850: 6849: 6745: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6637:Uncle Tom's Cabin 6574:African Americans 6190:Civil War History 6183:Civil War History 6099:Civil War History 5984:Schouler, William 5907:Leech, Margaret. 5745:(2008) 41:843–866 5652:Civil War History 5645:Civil War History 5546:Moorhead, James. 5520:Civil War History 5340:Ziparo, Jessica. 5306:Merk, Frederick. 5292:appendix in JSTOR 5233:Brandes, Stuart. 5095:Rawley, James A. 5067:Lawson, Melinda. 4919:War for the Union 4834:Civil War History 4707:Michael Fellman, 4573:2 Issue 1, pp 5–7 4554:Civil War History 4493:Methodist History 4335:George C. Rable, 4160:Harold M. Hyman, 3991:Civil War History 3920:Civil War History 3887:Barnet Schecter, 3806:Civil War History 3793:Civil War History 3764:Civil War History 3675:(2011) pp 178–230 3645:Mary C. Gillett, 3623:(2013) 1: 366–367 3207:, June 2007, Vol. 3180:. pp. 21–48. 2686:Montana Territory 2662:Arizona Territory 2621:Union territories 2284:guerrilla warfare 2278:Guerrilla warfare 2198:Southern Unionist 2067:Oliver Winchester 1932:Gouverneur Kemble 1862:John Jacob Bausch 1857:Benjamin Bates IV 1726:Financing the war 1477:The paperwork war 1129:President Lincoln 1077: 1076: 776:Size and strength 661:guerrilla warfare 526: 525: 451:Savannah campaign 430:April 12–13, 1861 363:• 1864–1865 351:• 1861–1864 321:• 1863–1865 309:• 1861–1863 152: 132: 71:Bottom: 1863–1865 9126: 9066: 9056: 9055: 8879:Native Americans 8864:German Americans 8657:Partisan rangers 8652:Official Records 8592: 8591: 8575: 8574: 8467:memorials to Lee 8414: 8413: 7975: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7751: 7750: 7548: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7528: 7527: 7501:Washington, D.C. 7295:Indian Territory 7255:Dakota Territory 7213: 7212: 7130:Chancellorsville 6921:Jackson's Valley 6911:Blockade runners 6787: 6786: 6780: 6779: 6751: 6750: 6711:Thaddeus Stevens 6701:Lysander Spooner 6661:Susan B. Anthony 6463: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6414: 6413: 6160:(Praeger, 2003). 6092:Women and family 6086:full text online 6041: 6024:Raus, Edmund J. 6014:Ponce, Pearl T. 6011: 5975:Pierce, Bessie. 5955:Civil War Boston 5883:Holzer, Harold. 5821:Castel, Albert. 5717:Mitchell; Reid. 5700: 5615: 5591:Raus, Edmund J. 5560:Stout, Harry S. 5525:Kleppner, Paul. 5427:(1996), 253 pp; 5409:Wilson, Edmund. 5334:(2006). 306 pp. 5330:Wilson, Mark R. 5285: 5223: 5198:(4): 1013–1034. 5060:Kleppner, Paul. 5016: 4943:Bogue, Allan G. 4865: 4790: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4764: 4757: 4751: 4744: 4738: 4731: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4705: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4557: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4349: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4085: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4003: 3997: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3968: 3958: 3952: 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3908:Leslie M. Harris 3906:, 1626–1863, by 3898: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3812: 3802: 3796: 3789: 3783: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3698: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3624: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3512: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3428: 3419: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3261: 3251: 3245: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3154: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3129: 3123: 3121: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2775: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2739: 2698:Indian Territory 2651:Nevada Territory 2640:Indian Territory 2635:Dakota Territory 2390:Washington, D.C. 2272:Republican Party 2052:Daniel B. Wesson 2032:Ezekiel A. Straw 2002:Christian Sharps 1742:new excise taxes 1651:Prisoners of war 1641:Herman Hollerith 1618:women's suffrage 1598:battle of Shiloh 1496:Anthony C. Colby 1446:Soldiers of the 1356:Republican Party 1345:Democratic Party 1317:George McClellan 1301:Oliver P. Morton 1272:, including the 1261:Democratic Party 1206:Thaddeus Stevens 1139:Historians have 1123:prisoners of war 1099: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1016:Indian Territory 950:Dual governments 807: 800: 799: 741:Washington, D.C. 722: 692:The division of 638:Democratic Party 535:, refers to the 469:July 13–16, 1863 230:Washington, D.C. 205:Indian Territory 202: 192: 183: 174: 164: 154: 153: 134: 133: 104:Out of many, one 81: 65: 58: 35: 21: 20: 9134: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9036: 9020: 8905: 8869:Irish Americans 8847: 8792: 8701: 8692:U.S. Home Guard 8632:Field artillery 8586: 8585: 8561: 8503: 8478: 8440: 8409: 8403: 8295:Civil War Trust 8262: 8256: 8144:Ethnic violence 8129:Kirk–Holden war 8008: 7969: 7946: 7880: 7738: 7682: 7535: 7510: 7464: 7217: 7204: 7035: 7016:Sherman's March 6996:Bermuda Hundred 6891: 6846: 6818: 6774: 6773: 6737: 6696:J. Sella Martin 6666:James G. Birney 6642: 6560: 6486:Bleeding Kansas 6474: 6457: 6446: 6441: 6382:Wayback Machine 6365:Wayback Machine 6354: 6320:(2005). 434 pp. 6303:(2004). 320 pp. 6296:(2003). 346 pp. 6275:(2007). 244 pp. 6228: 6226:Primary sources 6163:Marten, James. 6153:(2004). 472 pp. 6115:(1998). 294 pp. 6111:Attie, Jeanie. 6094: 6080:Ware, Edith E. 6039: 6000: 5890:Hubbard, Mark. 5876:Hall, Susan G. 5800:Baker, Jean H. 5797:(2004). 239 pp. 5759: 5757:State and local 5748:Wiley, Bell I. 5697: 5636:Geary James W. 5633: 5613: 5571: 5564:(2006). 544 pp. 5557:(2006). 199 pp. 5505: 5470: 5420: 5361:Aaron, Daniel. 5358: 5323:Weber, Thomas. 5283: 5230: 5204:10.2307/1859506 5157:Hyman, Harold. 5154: 5112:Wayback Machine 5043:(2004). 400 pp. 4997:10.2307/1832574 4940: 4925:Resch, John P. 4810: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4772:Ray C. Colton, 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4702: 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4655: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4594: 4590: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4471:10.2307/1895802 4455: 4451: 4436:10.2307/1886955 4420: 4416: 4393: 4389: 4366:10.2307/3169398 4350: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4308: 4304: 4292: 4288: 4257: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4203:Paul W. Gates, 4202: 4198: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4159: 4155: 4140:10.2307/1890520 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4098: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3995:in Project MUSE 3988: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3877:Wayback Machine 3866: 3862: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3815: 3810:in Project MUSE 3803: 3799: 3790: 3786: 3774: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3734: 3730: 3715:10.2307/1898252 3699: 3692: 3683: 3679: 3671:Justin Martin, 3670: 3666: 3657: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3634:Vermont History 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3561: 3552: 3548: 3526: 3522: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3464: 3460: 3429: 3422: 3417:Wayback Machine 3403: 3399: 3384:10.2307/1888878 3368: 3364: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3252: 3248: 3243:Wayback Machine 3232: 3228: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3185: 3174: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3141: 3130: 3126: 3114: 3110: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2980: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2793: 2789: 2782: 2778: 2770:separated from 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2715:Perpetual Union 2706: 2680:Idaho Territory 2623: 2605: 2386: 2374:Abraham Lincoln 2362: 2356: 2317:and the men of 2298: 2292: 2280: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2162:Our Young Folks 2150: 2141: 2108: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2072:John F. Winslow 2027:Henry J. Steere 1947:Benedict Lapham 1937:Benjamin Knight 1897:Erastus Corning 1867:Andrew Carnegie 1847: 1833: 1816: 1799: 1782: 1759:1862 Greenbacks 1746:value added tax 1733:Salmon P. Chase 1728: 1711: 1705: 1668: 1659: 1653: 1647:(IBM) in 1911. 1514: 1508: 1479: 1465: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1336: 1330: 1266:Horatio Seymour 1241: 1224:(on finances). 1186: 1162:Salmon P. Chase 1137: 1131: 1097: 1082: 1073: 828: 820: 818: 778: 769:Army University 720: 715:The subsequent 686: 556:Abraham Lincoln 505: 492: 479: 466: 453: 443:January 1, 1863 440: 427: 414: 401: 395:Southern states 368:Salmon P. Chase 364: 352: 326:Schuyler Colfax 322: 314:Galusha A. Grow 310: 280: 269:Abraham Lincoln 265: 213: 212: 200: 198: 190: 188: 181: 179: 172: 155: 148: 145: 136: 135: 126: 123: 106: 99:E pluribus unum 89: 88: 87: 82: 74: 73: 70: 66: 59: 41: 40: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9132: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9070: 9060: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9035: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9016:Women soldiers 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8971:Naming the war 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8913: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8848: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8802: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8607:Campaign Medal 8604: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8582:Related topics 8579: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8511: 8509: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8441: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8420: 8418: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8329: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310:Decoration Day 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8266: 8264: 8263:Reconstruction 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8117:second inquiry 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8081: 8074:Homestead Acts 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8022:Alabama Claims 8018: 8016: 8014:Reconstruction 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8002:15th Amendment 7999: 7997:14th Amendment 7994: 7992:13th Amendment 7983: 7981: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7757: 7755: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7623:J. E. Johnston 7620: 7618:A. S. Johnston 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7558:R. H. Anderson 7554: 7552: 7545: 7537: 7536: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7420:South Carolina 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:North Carolina 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7221: 7219: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7120:Fredericksburg 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7060:Wilson's Creek 7057: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6902: 6900: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6872:Lower Seaboard 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6728:Harriet Tubman 6725: 6724: 6723: 6716:Charles Sumner 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6551:States' rights 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6372: 6367: 6353: 6352:External links 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6310:(2009), 256pp 6304: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6238: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6215: 6210:Silber, Nina. 6208: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6170:Massey, Mary. 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6109: 6106:Annals of Iowa 6102: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6078: 6071: 6066:Taylor, Paul. 6064: 6057: 6047: 6032: 6022: 6012: 5998: 5980: 5973: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5857: 5847: 5840: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5793:Bak, Richard. 5791: 5784: 5774: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5606: 5599: 5595:(2011), about 5589: 5579: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5558: 5553:Noll, Mark A. 5551: 5544: 5543:(2007). 260 pp 5537: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5482: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5431: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5400: 5393: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5365:(2nd ed. 1987) 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5312:online edition 5304: 5294: 5276: 5266: 5263:online edition 5255: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5183: 5176: 5162: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5128: 5121: 5116:Silbey, Joel. 5114: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5026: 5017: 4976: 4969: 4959: 4948: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4923: 4911: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4885:(1994), survey 4876: 4866: 4840:(2): 244–277. 4825: 4818: 4809: 4806: 4801:Main article: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4778: 4765: 4752: 4739: 4726: 4713: 4700: 4687: 4674: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4601: 4597:Annals of Iowa 4588: 4575: 4558: 4545: 4539:James Marten, 4532: 4497: 4484: 4465:(2): 197–218. 4449: 4430:(4): 546–560. 4414: 4387: 4360:(3): 578–609. 4354:Church History 4341: 4328: 4315: 4302: 4286: 4251: 4238: 4222: 4218:Annals of Iowa 4209: 4196: 4179: 4166: 4153: 4118: 4109: 4096: 4093:online edition 4080: 4074:Bray Hammond, 4067: 4061:(2001) vol 3 p 4050: 4043: 4025: 4018: 3998: 3982: 3969: 3966:online edition 3953: 3937: 3924: 3911: 3893: 3880: 3860: 3839: 3826: 3813: 3797: 3784: 3768: 3755: 3744:(3): 295–316. 3728: 3690: 3677: 3664: 3651: 3638: 3625: 3612: 3606:978-0618875207 3605: 3585: 3572: 3559: 3546: 3520: 3497: 3484: 3471: 3458: 3445:10.2307/365104 3439:(4): 538–554. 3420: 3397: 3378:(3): 472–479. 3362: 3355: 3335: 3322: 3306: 3299: 3279: 3272: 3246: 3226: 3213: 3196: 3183: 3168: 3161: 3139: 3124: 3120:. p. 255. 3108: 3085: 3078: 3058: 3043: 3017: 2993: 2978: 2963: 2947: 2933: 2918: 2903: 2896: 2876: 2869: 2849: 2830:(3): 361–363. 2814: 2807: 2787: 2776: 2759: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2672: 2670:Utah Territory 2667: 2666: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2632: 2622: 2619: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2476: 2475: 2464: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2429: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2358:Main article: 2355: 2352: 2338:was killed in 2294:Main article: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2233:Andrew Johnson 2229:East Tennessee 2196:Main article: 2193: 2190: 2154:Merry's Museum 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2107: 2104: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1997:George Pullman 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1832: 1829: 1815: 1812: 1798: 1795: 1787:Morrill Tariff 1781: 1778: 1750:Morrill tariff 1727: 1724: 1704: 1701: 1667: 1664: 1655:Main article: 1652: 1649: 1614:Mary Livermore 1539:whooping cough 1510:Main article: 1507: 1504: 1500:Nathaniel Head 1478: 1475: 1464: 1461: 1412:Fredericksburg 1383: 1380: 1375:Main article: 1372: 1369: 1332:Main article: 1329: 1326: 1257:August Belmont 1240: 1237: 1214:Lyman Trumbull 1210:Charles Sumner 1190:Morrill tariff 1185: 1182: 1174:War Department 1154:William Seward 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1084:The attack on 1081: 1080:Public opinion 1078: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 985: 984: 978: 977: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 825: 824: 809: 808: 777: 774: 764:Michael Landis 749:European Union 685: 682: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 500: 497: 496: 495:April 14, 1865 493: 487: 484: 483: 480: 474: 471: 470: 467: 461: 458: 457: 454: 448: 445: 444: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 422: 419: 418: 415: 409: 406: 405: 402: 392: 389: 388: 385: 384: 379: 378:Historical era 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 362: 359: 358: 356:Roger B. Taney 353: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 339: 333: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 317: 316: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 286: 284:Andrew Johnson 281: 275: 272: 271: 266: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 243: 242: 237: 233: 232: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 199: 189: 180: 171: 165: 157: 156: 146: 124: 116:Hail, Columbia 108: 107: 102: 91: 90: 83: 76: 75: 69:Top: 1861–1863 67: 60: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 43: 42: 39: 38: 37: 36: 31: 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9131: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9059: 9051: 9050: 9047: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Photographers 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8961:Gender issues 8959: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8788:War Democrats 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8778:Union Leagues 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8677:Turning point 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8647:Naval battles 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8410:and memorials 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8270:Commemoration 8268: 8267: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8112:first inquiry 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:Carpetbaggers 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7961: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:West Virginia 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:New Hampshire 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:Massachusetts 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:Hampton Roads 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Fort Donelson 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Morgan's Raid 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6906:Anaconda Plan 6904: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6882:Pacific Coast 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6616:Positive good 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531:Panic of 1857 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6491:Border states 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6431: 6426: 6424: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:online review 6333: 6329: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6282:(2 vol. 1967) 6281: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6031: 6028:(2011) about 6027: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5999:9781582180014 5995: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5946:Niven, John. 5945: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5796: 5792: 5789: 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5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5136:online review 5133: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5081:Neely, Mark. 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5023:The Union War 5021: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4914:Nevins, Allan 4912: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899:(2002) 2740pp 4898: 4894: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4804: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4743: 4736: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4528: 4524: 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Porter 7704:Breckinridge 7415:Rhode Island 7410:Pennsylvania 7165:Spotsylvania 7125:Stones River 7105:2nd Bull Run 7055:1st Bull Run 6941:Stones River 6842:Marine Corps 6809:Marine Corps 6790: 6648:Abolitionism 6635: 6588: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6241: 6232: 6218: 6211: 6201: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6098: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6060: 6050: 6035: 6025: 6015: 5988: 5976: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5937: 5925: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5870: 5860: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5808: 5807:Baum, Dale. 5801: 5794: 5787: 5777: 5762: 5749: 5742: 5738:(1944), Ohio 5735: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5686: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5623: 5612:Vol. 76, No. 5609: 5602: 5592: 5582: 5575: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5495: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5424: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5379: 5369: 5362: 5348: 5341: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5307: 5297: 5279: 5269: 5258: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5195: 5191: 5179: 5165: 5158: 5141: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5103: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5040: 5029: 5022: 4991:(1): 53–69. 4988: 4984: 4972: 4962: 4955: 4944: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4905: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4869: 4837: 4833: 4821: 4814: 4797:Bibliography 4786: 4781: 4773: 4768: 4760: 4755: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4652: 4644: 4639: 4631: 4626: 4618: 4613: 4604: 4596: 4591: 4583: 4578: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4543:(2004) p. 17 4540: 4535: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4492: 4487: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4403:(1): 34–47. 4400: 4396: 4390: 4357: 4353: 4336: 4331: 4323: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4294: 4289: 4267:(1): 79–97. 4264: 4260: 4254: 4246: 4241: 4230: 4225: 4217: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4134:(1): 35–57. 4131: 4127: 4121: 4112: 4104: 4099: 4088: 4083: 4075: 4070: 4058: 4053: 4034: 4028: 4008: 4001: 3990: 3985: 3977: 3972: 3961: 3956: 3945: 3940: 3935:(2013) ch. 1 3932: 3927: 3919: 3914: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3883: 3868: 3863: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3805: 3800: 3792: 3787: 3779: 3771: 3763: 3758: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3709:(1): 61–80. 3706: 3702: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3641: 3633: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3567: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3534: 3523: 3508: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3479: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3436: 3432: 3408: 3400: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3325: 3314: 3309: 3289: 3282: 3257: 3249: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3216: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3150: 3142: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3088: 3068: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3034:. 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Smith 7544:Confederate 7491:New Orleans 7486:Chattanooga 7350:Mississippi 7250:Connecticut 7218:territories 7209:Involvement 7170:Cold Harbor 7160:Fort Pillow 7150:Chattanooga 7145:Chickamauga 7095:Seven Pines 7085:New Orleans 7050:Fort Sumter 6991:Valley 1864 6824:Confederacy 6621:Slave Power 6601:Fire-Eaters 5282:Vol. 8, No. 4737:(2003) p. 4 4586:pp 107, 166 4513:(1): 5–31. 3539:. pp. 3405:Joel Silbey 3101:. pp. 3036:January 30, 2406:Connecticut 2370:martial law 2336:Jesse James 2120:Slave Power 1877:Samuel Colt 1814:Agriculture 1797:Land grants 1744:—a sort of 1666:Draft riots 1531:chicken pox 1488:punch cards 1328:Copperheads 1086:Fort Sumter 837:Connecticut 698:Confederate 674:Coal Region 646:Copperheads 571:free states 558:, the 16th 186:Confederacy 9083:Categories 8966:Juneteenth 8487:Cemeteries 8364:Red Shirts 8275:Centennial 8225:Red Shirts 7633:Longstreet 7563:Beauregard 7506:Winchester 7481:Charleston 7450:Washington 7385:New Mexico 7380:New Jersey 7240:California 7216:States and 7200:Five Forks 7185:Mobile Bay 7155:Wilderness 7135:Gettysburg 7115:Perryville 7100:Seven Days 7031:Appomattox 6956:Gettysburg 6916:New Mexico 6783:Combatants 6758:Combatants 6671:John Brown 6084:, (1916). 5970:0826201482 5696:0195084659 4194:pp 159–169 3513:. p. 2572:Pittsburgh 2562:Harrisburg 2540:Cincinnati 2518:New Jersey 2455:Louisville 2401:California 2256:Union Army 2202:See also: 2106:Methodists 1982:Asa Packer 1962:Henry Lomb 1770:greenbacks 1635:) and the 1414:, May 1863 1377:Union Army 1239:Opposition 1200:, and the 1146:Gettysburg 1041:Washington 1031:New Mexico 902:New Jersey 832:California 634:Republican 614:Union Army 236:Government 8944:Espionage 8738:Diplomacy 8706:Political 8662:POW camps 8408:Monuments 8235:Scalawags 8230:Redeemers 7968:Aftermath 7917:Pinkerton 7856:Rosecrans 7821:McClellan 7724:Memminger 7460:Wisconsin 7425:Tennessee 7345:Minnesota 7320:Louisiana 7195:Nashville 7140:Vicksburg 7070:Pea Ridge 7021:Carolinas 6976:Red River 6971:Knoxville 6951:Tullahoma 6946:Vicksburg 6926:Peninsula 6898:campaigns 6764:Campaigns 6541:Secession 6042:4 (1944) 5212:0002-8762 5005:0002-8762 4862:144177006 4854:1533-6271 4382:154489893 4103:Hammond, 3010:March 19, 2836:0024-6816 2766:In 1863, 2752:April 28, 2601:Wisconsin 2545:Cleveland 2501:St. Louis 2490:Minnesota 2473:Baltimore 2450:Lexington 2268:Scalawags 2225:Unionists 1882:Jay Cooke 1766:Jay Cooke 1687:streets. 1631:(now the 1590:David Tod 1551:dysentery 1435:With the 942:Wisconsin 887:Minnesota 786:Caucasian 757:U.S. Army 753:U.S. Navy 684:Etymology 625:Northeast 618:U.S. Army 593:, though 533:the North 529:The Union 404:1860–1861 399:secession 397:declared 263:1861–1865 247:President 46:1861–1865 9114:Unionism 9058:Category 8899:Seminole 8889:Cherokee 8642:Medicine 8595:Military 8508:Veterans 8342:Jim Crow 8107:timeline 7902:Ericsson 7885:Civilian 7866:Sheridan 7826:McDowell 7786:Farragut 7771:Burnside 7761:Anderson 7754:Military 7734:Stephens 7694:Benjamin 7687:Civilian 7573:Buchanan 7551:Military 7496:Richmond 7445:Virginia 7390:New York 7365:Nebraska 7355:Missouri 7340:Michigan 7330:Maryland 7315:Kentucky 7290:Illinois 7265:Delaware 7245:Colorado 7230:Arkansas 7190:Franklin 7110:Antietam 6981:Overland 6936:Maryland 6855:Theaters 6761:Theaters 6378:Archived 6361:Archived 6206:in JSTOR 5986:(1868). 5964:(1973) ( 5730:in JSTOR 5685:(1992). 5668:. 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