Presidency of Andrew Johnson

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and civil officers of the Confederacy, war criminals, and those with taxable property greater than $ 20,000. In late 1865 and early 1866, on the advice of the Southern governors that he had appointed, Johnson pardoned much of the elite planter class. Subsequently, the planter elite largely re-took power in the South, contrary to Johnson's earlier plans for Reconstruction. Foner notes that the motivation for Johnson's decision to re-empower to the Southern prewar elite, despite his earlier support for the punishment of rebel leaders, "has always been something of a mystery." Foner speculates that Johnson believed that an alliance with the planters would ensure ongoing white domination of the South and boost his 1868 re-election bid. Johnson's 1865 program of presidential reconstruction extinguished any hope of enforcing black suffrage in the aftermath of the Civil War, as re-empowered Southern whites were no longer willing to accept sweeping changes to the pre-war status quo.

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Congress's ability to protect the rights of African Americans and prevent ex-Confederates from re-establishing political dominance. Following the passage of the act, African-Americans began to participate in elections en masse for the first time; the share of black adult males registered to vote rose from 0.5% in December 1866 to 80.5% in December 1867, with all of that increase occurring in former Confederate states. As the Democratic Party was dominated by whites hostile to black voting rights, African Americans overwhelmingly chose to join the Republican Party. Aside from protecting African-American voting rights and disqualifying ex-Confederates from voting, the First Reconstruction Act also required the appointment of commanders for five districts that covered all of the former Confederate state other than Tennessee, which had been re-admitted in 1866. In consultation with General Grant, Johnson appointed Generals John Schofield,

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Southerners and the puzzled anger of Republican legislators, Johnson vetoed the Freedman's Bureau bill on February 18, 1866. By late January 1866, Johnson had become convinced that winning a showdown with the Radical Republicans was necessary to his political plans – both for the success of Reconstruction and for re-election in 1868. In his veto message, he argued that the Freedman's Bureau was an unconstitutional and unwise exercise of federal power, and added that Congress should not consider major legislation while the eleven former Confederate states were not represented in Congress. Johnson considered himself vindicated when a move to override his veto failed in the Senate the following day. Johnson believed that the Radicals would now be isolated and defeated, and that the Moderate Republicans would form behind him; he did not understand that Moderates too wanted to see African Americans treated fairly.

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administration. Johnson considered firing Stanton, but respected him for his wartime service as secretary. Stanton, for his part, feared allowing Johnson to appoint his successor and refused to resign, despite his public disagreements with his president. In mid-1867, Johnson and Stanton battled over the question of whether the military officers placed in command of the South could override the civil authorities. The president had Attorney General Stanbery issue an opinion backing his position that they could not. On August 5, after Stanton refused to endorse Johnson's position, the president demanded Stanton's resignation. The secretary refused to quit at a time when Congress was out of session. Johnson then suspended him pending the next meeting of Congress, as permitted under the Tenure of Office Act. Grant agreed to serve as temporary replacement while continuing to lead the army.

732:, Johnson allowed a military commission to try the surviving alleged perpetrators of Lincoln's assassination. A six-week trial culminated in death sentences for four of the defendants, along with lesser sentences for the others. The events of the assassination resulted in speculation, then and subsequently, concerning Johnson and what the conspirators might have intended for him. In the vain hope of having his life spared after his capture, Atzerodt spoke much about the conspiracy, but did not say anything to indicate that the plotted assassination of Johnson was merely a ruse. Conspiracy theorists point to the fact that on the day of the assassination, Booth came to the Kirkwood House and left one of his cards. This object was received by Johnson's private secretary, William A. Browning, with an inscription, "Are you at home? Don't wish to disturb you. J. Wilkes Booth." 2030:

manufacturing during the war. The goal premium over greenbacks was hundred and $ 145 in greenbacks to $ 100 in gold, and the optimists thought that the heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $ 10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. while the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal.

1437: 1835: 1484:, which had passed Congress with nearly unanimous support from Republicans. Though most of Johnson's cabinet urged him to sign the Civil Rights Act, the president vetoed it, marking a permanent break with the moderate faction of the Republican Party. In his veto message, Johnson argued that the bill discriminated against whites and a dangerous expansion of federal power. Within three weeks, Congress had overridden his veto, the first time that had been done on a major bill in American history. According to Stewart, the veto was "for many his defining blunder, setting a tone of perpetual confrontation with Congress that prevailed for the rest of his presidency". Congress also passed the Freedmen's Bureau Act a second time, and again the president vetoed it; this time, the veto was overridden. 1817: 24: 2196:

and British agents in their ranks who alerted the Canadians. Their invasion forces were too small and had poor leadership. Several attempts were organized, but they were either canceled at the last minute or failed in a matter of hours. The largest raid took place on May 31-June 2, 1866, when about 1000 Fenians crossed the Niagara River. The Canadians were forewarned, and over 20,000 Canadian militia and British regulars turned out. A few men on each side were killed and the Fenians soon retreated home. The Johnson administration at first quietly tolerated this violation of American neutrality, but, by 1867, dispatched the U.S. Army to prevent further Fenian raids. A second attack in 1870 was broken up by the United States Marshal for Vermont.

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priority, and by far the most controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $ 207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $ 428 million in greenbacks, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $ 275 million of coin was in circulation. The new administration policy announced in October would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865, by vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator

5363: 149: 1381:, an agency that had been established by Congress in March 1865. Together with the U.S. Army, the Freedmen's Bureau acted as a relief agency and police force in the South, providing aid to both whites and blacks. In September 1865, Johnson overturned a Freedmen's Bureau order that had granted abandoned land to freedmen who had begun cultivating it; Johnson instead ordered such property returned to its pre-war owners. Johnson also purged Freedmen's Bureau officers whom Southern whites had accused of favoring blacks. Johnson was less active in curbing the army's authority than that of the Freedmen's Bureau, but the army nonetheless saw its influence decline as soldiers were demobilized following the end of the war. 1320:

minority rights, and the necessity of a stronger postwar role for the federal government; they did not hold unified views on economic matters. The Moderate Republicans were not as enthusiastic about the idea of African-American suffrage as their Radical colleagues, either because of their own local political concerns, or because they believed that the freedman would be likely to cast his vote badly. Nonetheless, they were committed to ensuring that African-Americans were granted more than "nominal freedom," and they opposed restoring Confederate officials to power. The third faction in Congress, Northern Democrats, favored the unconditional restoration of the Southern states and opposed African-American suffrage.

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having resisted Radical Republican policies aimed at securing the rights and well-being of the newly emancipated African-Americans". Gordon-Reed notes that Johnson, along with his contemporaries Pierce and Buchanan, are generally listed among the five worst presidents, but states, "there have never been more difficult times in the life of this nation. The problems these men had to confront were enormous. It would have taken a succession of Lincolns to do them justice." Trefousse considers Johnson's legacy to be "the maintenance of white supremacy. His boost to Southern conservatives by undermining Reconstruction was his legacy to the nation, one that would trouble the country for generations to come."

1648:. State governments would be reformed after holding constitutional conventions. African Americans could vote for or become delegates to these conventions, while former Confederates could not. During the legislative process, Congress added to the bill a provision requiring that restoration to the Union would follow the state's ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Johnson and the Southerners attempted a compromise, whereby the South would agree to a modified version of the amendment that did not include the disqualification of former Confederates and that limited black suffrage. The Republicans insisted on the full language of the amendment, and the deal fell through. Johnson vetoed the resulting 1888: 2205: 2007:, which prohibited the restriction of suffrage on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Congress overrode Johnson's veto of the re-admission of the Southern states, as well as Johnson's veto of a bill denying electoral votes to the states that had not yet been reorganized. Shortly before it adjourned in July 1868, Congress adopted a concurrent resolution declaring the Fourteenth Amendment to be a part of the Constitution, as the requisite number of states had ratified the amendment. Though it made provisions for a reconvening in September should Johnson defy its policies, Congress did not reconvene until after the 1868 election. 440: 1701:", Southern whites who had largely opposed secession and now aligned with the Republicans. By early 1868, every former Confederate state but Texas had convened a constitutional convention and produced a new state constitution. As the conventions had been dominated by Republicans, the new state constitutions mandated suffrage for men (except leading ex-Confederates) without regard to race or property. Under the Reconstruction Acts, the new constitutions required ratification by a majority of registered voters to take effect. Southern Democrats boycotted the ratification votes, and groups such as the 5370: 1541: 1794:. Voters in Ohio, Connecticut, and Minnesota turned down propositions to grant African Americans the vote. The adverse results momentarily put a stop to Republican calls to impeach Johnson, who was elated by the election results. Nevertheless, once Congress met in November, the Judiciary Committee reversed itself and passed a resolution of impeachment against Johnson. After much debate about whether anything the president had done was a high crime or misdemeanor, the standard for impeachment under the Constitution, the resolution was defeated in the House of Representatives. 2039:

June 1868, Johnson signed a law passed by Congress that established an eight-hour workday for laborers and mechanics employed by the federal government. Although Johnson told members of a Workingmen's party delegation in Baltimore that he could not directly commit himself to an eight-hour day, he nevertheless told the same delegation that he greatly favored the "shortest number of hours consistent with the interests of all." According to Richard F. Selcer, however, the good intentions behind the law were "immediately frustrated," as wages were cut by 20%.

2064:, as well as a tug of war between the president and Congress. Despite Johnson's objections, Congress passed admission legislation for Nebraska in January 1867. Johnson vetoed the measure that same month. Less than two weeks after Johnson vetoed the Nebraska statehood bill, both houses of Congress voted overwhelmingly to override it. The territorial legislature quickly accepted the condition imposed by the Edmunds Amendment, thus eliminating racial restrictions on voting. On March 1, 1867, Nebraska became the first–and to this day the only–state to be 2339:, the author accused Rhodes of being "quite unfair to Johnson", though agreeing that the former president had created many of his own problems through inept political moves. These works had an effect; although historians continued to view Johnson as having deep flaws which sabotaged his presidency, they saw his Reconstruction policies as fundamentally correct. A series of highly favorable biographies in the late 1920s and early 1930s that "glorified Johnson and condemned his enemies" accelerated this trend. In 1948, a poll of historians conducted by 1583: 434: 1947: 1926:, which nominated Grant for president. The Senate returned on May 26 and voted on the second and third articles, with identical 35–19 results. Faced with those results, Johnson's opponents gave up and dismissed proceedings. Stanton "relinquished" his office on May 26, and the Senate subsequently confirmed Schofield as Secretary of War When Johnson renominated Stanbery to return to his position as Attorney General after his service as a defense manager, the Senate refused to confirm him. 1258:, who many thought had been involved in the assassination of Lincoln. Davis was captured on May 10. In late May, the final Confederate force in the field surrendered, and Johnson presided over a triumphant military parade in Washington, D.C. alongside the cabinet and the nation's top generals. After less than two months in office, Johnson had cultivated the reputation of someone who would be tough on the defeated Confederacy, and his esteem among congressional Republicans remained high. 113: 1569:". The trip, including speeches in Chicago, St. Louis, Indianapolis and Columbus, proved politically disastrous, as the president made controversial comparisons between himself and Christ and engaged in arguments with hecklers. These exchanges were attacked as beneath the dignity of the presidency. The Republicans won major gains in Congress and made plans to control Reconstruction. Johnson blamed the Democrats for giving only lukewarm support to the National Union movement. 2315:, all Southerners, concurred with Rhodes, believing Johnson flawed and politically inept, but concluding that he had tried to carry out Lincoln's plans for the South in good faith. Author and journalist Jay Tolson suggests that Wilson "depict as a vindictive program that hurt even repentant southerners while benefiting northern opportunists, the so-called Carpetbaggers, and cynical white southerners, or Scalawags, who exploited alliances with blacks for political gain". 2255: 6450: 5786: 637: 2251:

formation of a third party. Seymour's operatives sought Johnson's support, but Johnson remained silent for most of the presidential campaign. It was not until October, with the vote already having taken place in some states, that Johnson mentioned Seymour at all, and he never endorsed him. The campaign centered largely on Reconstruction, and many Democrats hoped that a Seymour victory would lead to the end of Reconstruction and black suffrage.

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their place as equal partners under the United States Constitution. Despite the pleas of African-Americans and many congressional Republicans, Johnson viewed suffrage as a state issue, and was uninterested in using federal power to impose sweeping changes on the defeated South. Johnson instead sought to help working class whites overcome the elite planter class, with African Americans still relegated to the lowest rung of Southern society.

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a great failure in making a satisfying and just peace. He is viewed to have been a rigid, dictatorial racist who was unable to compromise or to accept a political reality at odds with his own ideas...Most importantly, Johnson's strong commitment to obstructing political and civil rights for blacks is principally responsible for the failure of Reconstruction to solve the race problem in the South and perhaps in America as well.

1406: 2243:, who had support among the party's conservative establishment but was reluctant to enter the race, and Chief Justice Salmon Chase. On the first ballot of the convention, Johnson finished second to Pendleton, and Johnson's support fell away as the ballots passed. Seymour won the nomination on the 22nd ballot, while Johnson received only four votes, all from Tennessee. For vice president, the Democrats nominated 1759: 1514:

system that left most blacks without true economic freedom. Concerns about cost and a large standing army led Congress to authorize a 54,000-man peacetime army, which was three times the size of the 1860 force but dramatically smaller than the 1865 force. Overstretched army forces kept order in towns and cities, but were forced to withdraw from most rural areas. Even in cities, mobs attacked African-Americans, "

1402:, to investigate conditions in the South. Despite these moves, most members of Congress were reluctant to directly confront the president, and initially only sought to fine-tune Johnson's policies towards the South. According to Trefousse, "If there was a time when Johnson could have come to an agreement with the moderates of the Republican Party, it was the period following the return of Congress". 1693:

Johnson's veto. The act established the supremacy of the military governments in the South, and gave the military the power to remove state officials from office. After Secretary of War Edwin Stanton opposed Johnson's decision to veto the Third Reconstruction Act, Johnson decided to remove Stanton, setting the stage for a battle that would consume much of the second half of his presidency.

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Congress were reluctant to impeach Johnson due to the fear that it would prevent Grant from becoming president. Grant's backing came primarily from the moderate wing of the party, as many Radical Republicans feared that Grant would pursue conservative policies in office. The 1868 Republican National Convention chose Grant as the party's presidential nominee and Speaker of the House

1370:, a Johnson appointee, declared that "every political right which the state possessed under the federal Constitution is hers today, with the single exception relating to slavery." The Southern governors called state conventions that in turn organized new governments and called new elections, from which former secessionists emerged triumphant. The new governments passed strict 2025:, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. The war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $ 2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by 1779:. The act required Senate approval for the firing of Cabinet members during the tenure of the president who appointed them. The Tenure of Office Act was immediately controversial; some senators doubted that it was constitutional and questioned whether the act's terms applied to Johnson, whose key Cabinet officers were Lincoln holdovers. 1798:

complete break between the two. Johnson then dismissed Stanton and nominated Lorenzo Thomas as Stanton's replacement. Stanton still refused to leave his office, and on February 24, 1868, the House impeached the president for intentionally violating the Tenure of Office Act, by a vote of 128 to 47. The House subsequently adopted

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maintained Johnson had not violated the act; they also argued that the president had the right to test the constitutionality of an act of Congress. Johnson's counsel insisted that he make no appearance at the trial, nor publicly comment about the proceedings, and except for a pair of interviews in April, he complied.

2319: 1460:. In his hour-long speech, he instead referred to himself over 200 times. More damagingly, he also spoke of "men ... still opposed to the Union" to whom he could not extend the hand of friendship he gave to the South. When called upon by the crowd to say who they were, Johnson named Pennsylvania Congressman 2407:

For the most part, historians view Andrew Johnson as the worst possible person to have served as President at the end of the American Civil War. Because of his gross incompetence in federal office and his incredible miscalculation of the extent of public support for his policies, Johnson is judged as

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Ulysses S. Grant emerged as the likely Republican presidential candidate during the two years preceding the election. Though he had agreed to replace Stanton as Secretary of War, Grant split with Johnson over Reconstruction and other issues. So great was Grant's support among Republicans that many in

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With the dealmaking, Johnson was confident of the result in advance of the verdict, and in the days leading up to the ballot, newspapers reported that Stevens and his Radicals had given up. On May 16, the Senate voted on the 11th article of impeachment, accusing Johnson of firing Stanton in violation

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received assurances that the new, Radical-influenced constitutions ratified in South Carolina and Arkansas would be transmitted to the Congress without delay, an action which would give him and other senators political cover to vote for acquittal. Other factors also favored a Johnson acquittal. If he

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Johnson notified Congress of Stanton's suspension and Grant's interim appointment. In January 1868, the Senate disapproved of his action, and reinstated Stanton, contending the president had violated the Tenure of Office Act. Over Johnson's objection, Grant stepped down as Secretary of War, causing a

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sought voting and other civil rights for African Americans. They believed that the freedmen could be induced to vote Republican in gratitude for emancipation, and that black votes could keep the Republicans in power. Radical Republicans were defined by their views on Reconstruction, the protection of

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as a second Reconstruction and hoped their work on the postbellum era would advance the cause of civil rights. These authors sympathized with the Radical Republicans for their desire to help African Americans, and saw Johnson as callous towards the freedman. In a number of works from 1956 onwards by

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Johnson regretted Grant's victory, in part because of their animus from the Stanton affair. In his annual message to Congress in December, Johnson urged the repeal of the Tenure of Office Act and told legislators that, had they admitted their Southern colleagues in 1865, all would have been well. On

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militant organization, recruited heavily among Civil War veterans in preparation to invade Canada. The group's goal was to force Britain to grant Ireland its independence. The Fenians counted thousands of members, but they had a confused command structure, competing factions, unfamiliar new weapons,

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was instructed to sell Alaska to the United States, and did so deftly, convincing Seward to raise his initial offer from $ 5 million to $ 7.2 million. This sum is the inflation-adjusted equivalent to $ 157 million in present-day terms. On March 30, 1867, de Stoeckl and Seward signed the treaty,

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with 50,000 combat veterans to the Texas-Mexico border to emphasize the demand that France withdraw. Johnson provided arms to Juarez, and imposed a naval blockade. In response, Napoleon III informed the Johnson administration that all his troops would be brought home by November 1867. Maximilian was

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Allegations were made at the time and again later that bribery dictated the outcome of the trial. Even when it was in progress, Representative Butler began an investigation, held hearings, and issued a report, which was not endorsed by any other congressman. Butler focused on a New York–based "Astor

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to deprive the freedmen of many civil liberties, congressional Republicans refused to seat legislators from those states and established military districts across the South. Johnson vetoed their bills, and congressional Republicans overrode him, setting a pattern for the remainder of his presidency.

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For the remaining months of his term, Johnson was a nonentity with little influence on public policy. In the months after the impeachment vote, Congress re-admitted the seven Southern states that had written new constitutions and ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. As Radical Republicans feared that

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of the Tenure of Office of Act once the Senate had overturned his suspension. 35 senators voted "guilty" and 19 "not guilty", and thus the Senate fell short by a single vote of the two-thirds majority required for conviction under the Constitution. Seven Republicans—Senators Grimes, Ross, Trumbull,

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into session in March 1867 rather than in December 1867, when it would usually have convened. One of the first actions taken by the 40th Congress was to pass the Second Reconstruction Act, doing so over Johnson's veto. The act provided for the registration of only those voters that could show their

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Meanwhile, state legislatures in every former Confederate state—with the exception of Tennessee—refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. This refusal prompted Congressman Thaddeus Stevens to introduce legislation to dissolve the Southern state governments and reconstitute them into five military

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Facing opposition in Congress, Johnson sought to boost his supporters in the November 1866 congressional elections. In August 1866, Johnson held the National Union Convention, using the label that the Republican ticket had campaigned on during the 1864 presidential election. Johnson hoped to unite

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In addition to quickly restoring state governments and interfering with the work of the Freedmen's Bureau, Johnson also sought to restore the property and civil rights of white Southerners. On May 29, 1865, Johnson offered amnesty to most former Confederates. The order did not include high military

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Grant won the election, taking 52.7% of the popular vote and 214 of the 294 electoral votes. The election saw a new wave of violence across the South, as the Ku Klux Klan and other groups again sought to suppress the black vote. Seymour won Georgia and Louisiana, but Grant won the remaining former

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in New York in July 1868. Johnson remained very popular among Southern whites, and he boosted that popularity by issuing, just before the convention, a pardon ending the possibility of criminal proceedings against any Confederate not already indicted, meaning that only Davis and a few others still

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In June 1866, Johnson signed the Southern Homestead Act into law, in hopes that legislation would assist poor whites. Around 28,000 land claims were successfully patented, although few former slaves benefited from the law, fraud was rampant, and much of the best land was reserved for railroads. In

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believed that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the Homestead Act, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and in opening the transcontinental line to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of

1938:. This organization was said to have raised large sums of money from whiskey interests through Cincinnati lawyer Charles Woolley to bribe senators to acquit Johnson. Butler went so far as to imprison Woolley in the Capitol building when he refused to answer questions, but failed to prove bribery. 1635:

Reconvening in December 1866, an energized Congress began passing legislation, often over a presidential veto. In February 1867, Congress admitted Nebraska to the Union over a veto. As a result, the Republican majority in the Senate grew by two, and the Fourteenth Amendment gained one ratification

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deemed Johnson among the average presidents; in 1956, one by Clinton L. Rossiter named him as one of the near-great chief executives. Foner notes that at the time of these surveys, "the Reconstruction era that followed the Civil War was regarded as a time of corruption and misgovernment caused by

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While Johnson clashed with Congress over Reconstruction, ex-Confederates and other Southerners used increasingly violent methods to oppose federal authority and re-establish their own dominance. Through a mix of legal and extra-legal means, many African-Americans were forced into a coercive labor

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Congressional Republicans were angered by Johnson's obstruction of Congress's Reconstruction program, which eventually led to his impeachment. The battle over Reconstruction encouraged both radical and moderate Republicans to seek Constitutional guarantees for black rights, rather than relying on

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Johnson was initially left to devise a Reconstruction policy without legislative intervention, as Congress was not due to meet again until December 1865. Johnson believed that the Southern states had never truly left the Union. With the rebellion defeated, he thought that the South should re-take

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On taking office, Johnson promised to continue the policies of his predecessor, and he initially kept Lincoln's cabinet in place. Secretary of State William Seward became one of the most influential members of Johnson's Cabinet, and Johnson allowed Seward to pursue an expansionary foreign policy.

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policy quickly alienated many in the Republican Party, while Johnson's patronage decisions and alliance with Seward alienated many Democrats. Instead of allying with either of the established parties, Johnson sought to create a new party consisting of the conservative elements of both parties. In

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the worst president, "Johnson is a particular favorite for the bottom of the pile because of his impeachment ... his complete mishandling of Reconstruction policy ... his bristling personality, and his enormous sense of self-importance." Tolson suggests that "Johnson is now scorned for

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to all individuals born in the United States, with the exception of Native Americans, and declared that no state could violate the fundamental rights of U.S. citizens. Trumbull met several times with Johnson and became convinced that the president would sign the measures. To the delight of white

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as Governor of North Carolina. Johnson subsequently appointed governors to lead the other former Confederate states. He chose those governors without regard to their previous political affiliation or ideology, instead focusing upon their loyalty to the Union during the Civil War. Johnson did not

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voters narrowly approved a draft constitution; one of its provisions limited voting rights to white males. A bill to admit Nebraska to the union was then introduced in Congress, where it was adopted just before the session ended in late July, notwithstanding some resistance from Republicans who

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of the law. Other sections temporarily disenfranchised former Confederate officials, prohibited the payment of Confederate debts, and provided for the reduction congressional representation in proportion to the number of male voters denied suffrage. Johnson was strongly opposed to this proposed

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With the end of the Civil War, Johnson faced the question of what to do with the states that had formed the Confederacy. President Lincoln had authorized loyalist governments in Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee as the Union came to control large parts of those states and advocated a

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The Democratic party platform embraced Johnson's presidency, thanking him for his "patriotic efforts" in "resisting the aggressions of Congress upon the Constitutional rights of the States and the people." Nonetheless, Johnson was embittered by his defeat, and some of his backers suggested the

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and former Attorney General Stanbery were Johnson's counsel. Chief Justice Chase served as presiding judge. The defense relied on the provision of the Tenure of Office Act that made it applicable only to appointees of the current administration. Since Lincoln had appointed Stanton, the defense

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The First Reconstruction Act served as the legislative centerpiece of Radical Reconstruction, as Congress fully seized leadership of Reconstruction from Johnson. Though Johnson retained the power to command and undermine the army and the Freedmen's Bureau, the First Reconstruction Act asserted

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effectively conditioned statehood on the acceptance by the territory of a prohibition against voting restrictions based on race or color. The amendment won the support of radical Republicans and others hoping to impose similar conditions on the former Confederate states. But it drew fire from

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ticket, and the National Union convention chose Johnson as the party's vice presidential nominee in large part because of Johnson's status as a prominent Southern War Democrat. Though he never declared himself to be a Republican, when Johnson took office, he had widespread approval within the

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The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. A high

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Johnson's Attorney General, Henry Stanbery, asserted that the governments established by Johnson, rather than the military governments established by Congress, reigned supreme in the South. Disturbed by Johnson's defiance, Congress reconvened in July to pass the Third Reconstruction Act over

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Though not all Republicans favored black suffrage, the passage of the Black Codes and the restoration to power of former Confederate leaders elicited widespread outrage in the party. On its return in December 1865, Congress refused to seat the Southern Congressmen who had been elected by the

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whose term would end in early 1869, was a Radical who supported such measures as women's suffrage, placing him beyond the pale politically in much of the nation. Additionally, many Republicans saw a President Wade as a potential obstacle to a Grant victory in the 1868 presidential election.

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The validity of the Tenure of Office Act would be tested by Johnson's clash with Secretary of War Stanton. Johnson both admired, and was exasperated by Secretary of War Stanton, who, in combination with General Grant, worked to undermine the president's Southern policy from within his own

1510:, which he saw as a repudiation of his administration's actions, and he used his influence to oppose the measure. Despite unanimous opposition from congressional Democrats, the amendment passed both houses of Congress in June 1866 and was formally proposed to the states for ratification. 716:. Johnson rushed to the president's deathbed, where he remained a short time, on his return promising, "They shall suffer for this. They shall suffer for this." Lincoln died at 7:22 am the next morning; Johnson's swearing in occurred between 10 and 11 am with Chief Justice 1709:

campaigns to suppress voter turnout. In February 1868, Congress passed the Fourth Reconstruction over Johnson's veto. The act allowed for the ratification of new state constitutions with the approval of a majority of those voting, rather than a majority of those registered to vote.

810:. The convention endorsed Johnson's program, but Johnson was unable to establish a durable coalition. Towards the end of his term, Johnson pursued the 1868 Democratic nomination, but his alliance with Lincoln and his patronage decisions had made him many enemies in that party. 2398:

poll of historians ranked Johnson as the second-worst president. A 2006 poll of historians ranked Johnson's decision to oppose greater equality for African Americans in the aftermath of the Civil War as the second-worst mistake ever made by a sitting president. Historian

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in 37–2 vote. Although ridiculed in some quarters as "Seward's Folly," American public opinion was generally quite favorable in terms of the potential for economic benefits at a bargain price, maintaining the friendship of Russia, and blocking British expansion.

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Democrats and Johnson, who opposed the condition on constitutional grounds. They argued that the federal government could not infringe on the power of states to establish their own qualifications for suffrage. The issue of statehood had become a question of

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that he would not interfere with Congress's Reconstruction efforts. Grimes reported to a group of Moderates that he believed the president would keep his word. Johnson also promised to install the respected John Schofield as War Secretary. Kansas Senator

1250:, but Confederate armies remained in the field. On April 21, 1865, Johnson, with the unanimous backing of his cabinet, ordered General Ulysses S. Grant to overturn an armistice concluded between Union General William T. Sherman and Confederate General 2347:

In the 1950s, historians began to focus on the African-American experience as central to Reconstruction. They rejected completely any claim of black inferiority, which had marked many earlier historical works. Many of these writers saw the developing

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in light of the abolition of slavery. In late April, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposed an amendment that addressed most of the major issues facing Congress. The first section of the proposed amendment enshrined the principle of

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presiding in the presence of most of the Cabinet. Johnson's demeanor was described by the newspapers as "solemn and dignified". Johnson presided over Lincoln's funeral ceremonies in Washington, before his predecessor's body was sent home to

2177:, in late 1868, it was ignored by the Senate during the remainder of Johnson's term. The treaty was rejected after he left office, and the Grant administration later negotiated a treaty with considerably better terms for the United States. 1472:, and accused them of plotting his assassination. Republicans viewed the address as a declaration of war, while one Democratic ally estimated Johnson's speech cost Democratic Party 200,000 votes in the 1866 congressional midterm elections. 532:, and his presidency was dominated by the aftermath of the war. As president, Johnson attempted to build his own party of Southerners and conservative Northerners, but he was unable to unite his supporters into a new party. Republican 676:

from the ticket in favor of Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat who served as the military governor of Tennessee. After the National Union ticket won the 1864 presidential election, Johnson was sworn in as vice president on March 4, 1865.

587:, making him the first U.S. president to be impeached. Johnson narrowly avoided conviction in the Senate and removal from office, but he exercised little power in his last year in office. In foreign policy, Johnson presided over the 8316: 8311: 2299:, depicted him as an obstinate boor whose Reconstruction policies favored the South. The turn of the 20th century saw the first significant historical evaluations of Johnson. Leading the wave was Pulitzer Prize-winning historian 1163:, emerged as one of the most prominent members of Johnson's cabinet before resigning to defend Johnson during his impeachment trial. Johnson suspended Stanton after disagreements related to Reconstruction and replaced him with 1122: 2052:

opposed the "white suffrage" clause in the new constitution, as well as Democrats who were leery of granting statehood to another Republican stronghold. President Johnson pocket vetoed the bill after Congress adjourned.

1254:. The armistice had included political conditions such as the recognition of existing Confederate state governments. On May 2, Johnson issued a proclamation offering $ 100,000 for the capture of Confederate President 11282: 11277: 1696:

Throughout 1867, Southern politics polarized along partisan lines. Most Southern whites favored the Democratic Party, while the Republican Party in the South consisted of African-Americans, carpetbaggers, and

2330:

was setting out on the full rehabilitation of Johnson, using for the first time primary sources such as Johnson's papers and the diaries of Gideon Welles. The resulting volumes, such as David Miller DeWitt's

2247:, who campaigned on a promise to use the army to destroy the Southern governments that, he said, were led by "a semi-barborous race of blacks" who sought to "subject the white women to their unbridled lust." 8689: 2357:, the former president was depicted as a successful saboteur of efforts to better the freedman's lot. Reconstruction was increasingly seen as a noble effort to integrate the freed slaves into society. 1366:

impose many conditions on his governors, asking only that they seek the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment and the repudiation of secession ordinances and the Confederate debt. Alabama Governor

1557:

his conservative supporters into a new party, but the convention ended only with a pledge by attendees to support Johnson and his policies in the 1866 campaign. Republican supporters like Seward and

785:

the election of Abraham Lincoln, a Northern Republican, to the presidency in 1860. Johnson had served as a Democrat in various offices prior to the Civil War, and he became one of the most prominent

1786:

Although Republicans expressed anger with his actions, the 1867 elections generally went Democratic. No seats in Congress were directly elected in the polling, but the Democrats took control of the

1802:, for the most part alleging that he had violated the Tenure of Office Act, and had questioned the legitimacy of Congress. Johnson thus became the first U.S. president to be impeached by Congress. 2267:

Christmas Day 1868, Johnson issued a final amnesty, this one covering everyone, including Jefferson Davis. He also issued, in his final months in office, pardons for crimes, including one for Dr.

1212:

of 1866. To ensure that Johnson did not get to make any appointments, the act also provided that the Court would shrink by one justice when one next departed from office. Johnson did appoint his

2291:

In the decades after Johnson left office, there were few historical evaluations of Johnson and his presidency. Memoirs from Northerners who had dealt with him, such as former vice president

1349:

Johnson decided to organize state governments throughout the South, acting quickly to reconstitute governments in states that had, until recently, been in rebellion. In May 1865, he removed

2360: 1766:

editorial cartoon shows Secretary of War Stanton aiming a cannon labeled "Congress" to defeat Johnson. The rammer is "Tenure of Office Bill" and cannonballs on the floor are "Justice".

2279:. In February 1869, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, sending it to the states for ratification. On March 4, 1869, the final day of his presidency, Johnson refused to attend 781:

looked to redefine their party in the wake of the Civil War. Johnson's accession left a Southern former Democrat in the president's office at the end of a civil war that had as its

599:. Having broken with Republicans, and failing to establish his own party under the National Union banner, Johnson sought the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination, but it went to 11094: 11252: 10055: 7700: 5526: 251: 551: – a series of proclamations directing the seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil governments. His plans did not give protection to the 10765: 8340: 5347: 225: 10048: 9995: 9991: 9035: 7693: 6555: 1526:. These riots shocked many in the North and discredited Johnson's Reconstruction policies, resulting in increased support for a continued federal presence in the South. 8969: 6496: 2378:

In the early 21st century, Johnson is among those commonly mentioned as the worst presidents in U.S. history. According to historian Glenn W. Lafantasie, who believes

2126:

to purchase the Danish West Indies for $ 7.5 million, but the Senate refused to ratify it. Seward also proposed to acquire British Columbia as a trade-off against the

1374:

that constituted a virtual re-establishment of slavery. Johnson refused to interfere, as he firmly believed that such matters were state, rather than federal, issues.

1304:

that would allow elections after ten percent of the voters in any state took an oath of future loyalty to the Union. Many in Congress considered this too lenient. The

754: 1424:, leader of the Moderate Republicans and chairman of the Judiciary Committee, was anxious to reach an understanding with the president. He ushered through Congress a 11272: 11267: 8326: 8321: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 1775:

On March 2, 1867, in response to the president's statements indicating that he planned to fire Cabinet secretaries who did not agree with him, Congress passed the

1395: 2303:, who ascribed Johnson's faults to his personal weaknesses, and blamed him for the problems of the postbellum South. Other early 20th-century historians, such as 2263:

Confederate states that had been restored to the Union. Grant also carried the vast majority of Northern states, though Seymour won his home state of New York.

1636:

vote. Another bill passed over Johnson's veto granted voting rights to African Americans in the District of Columbia. Johnson also vetoed legislation admitting

9054: 2391: 1951: 1799: 1507: 1274: 1262: 615: 568: 328: 1640:

to the Union, but Congress failed to override it, as enough senators agreed that a district with a population of only 30,000 was not yet worthy of statehood.

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as the vice presidential nominee. Perhaps chastened by Congress's failure to convict Johnson, the party's platform did not endorse universal male suffrage.

1565:, were unwilling to fully break with their party. Following the convention, Johnson campaigned vigorously, undertaking a public speaking tour known as the " 11328: 10942: 8921: 4310:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

5396: 1191: 261: 1328: 11323: 1873: 1741: 5473: 11106: 11089: 8708: 8701: 6365: 2450:'s ticket. He attempted to establish his own party under the National Union label before unsuccessfully seeking the presidential nomination at the 1737: 5182: 700:

sympathizer. The shooting of the president was part of a conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State

11247: 11032: 10887: 9044: 8991: 8911: 8791: 6571: 6518: 6375: 6084: 464: 6064: 11067: 10114: 8962: 8660: 6489: 6340: 5493: 2170: 303: 8216: 6335: 5730: 5488: 5391: 5293: 2077: 1733: 323: 298: 1552:

in late 1866 criticized Andrew Johnson for his self-pitying stump-speech refrain, "Who, I ask, has suffered more for the Union than I have?"

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these Southern states would deny African-Americans the right to vote in 1868 or future elections, they also drafted what would become the

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had freed many slaves in the former Confederacy, the Thirteenth Amendment permanently abolished slavery nationwide and freed slaves in

1428:

extending the Freedmen's Bureau beyond its scheduled abolition in 1867, as well as a civil rights bill. The civil rights bill granted

1341:

arguing that Presidential Reconstruction risked the lives of freedmen—"people whose potential could be lost through northern inaction"

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to the states, and the amendment was ratified in 1868. As the conflict between the branches of government grew, Congress passed the

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Seward was an expansionist, and sought opportunities to gain territory for the United States. In 1867, he negotiated a treaty with

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

11205: 9930: 8753: 7962: 7807: 7359: 6607: 6463: 6430: 6425: 6415: 6400: 5823: 5505: 5342: 5271: 4110: 1893: 1745: 1039: 896: 669: 498: 344: 313: 2816: 2055:

The issue was renewed shortly after Congress reconvened in December 1866. This time, however, an amendment sponsored by Senator

1834: 1159:

Harlan, Dennison, and Speed resigned in June 1866 after Johnson had broken with congressional Republicans. Speed's replacement,

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temporary political majorities. Congress had already begun to consider amendments to address the issue of black suffrage and

389: 9158: 6523: 6435: 5571: 5511: 2447: 2090: 1816: 1233: 790: 681: 661: 596: 529: 517: 266: 63: 2271:, controversially convicted of involvement in the Lincoln assassination (he had set Booth's broken leg) and imprisoned in 11313: 10932: 9905: 9885: 9865: 9845: 9825: 9805: 9785: 9765: 9745: 9725: 9705: 9685: 9665: 9640: 9620: 9600: 9580: 9560: 9540: 9520: 9500: 9480: 9460: 9440: 9420: 9400: 9380: 9360: 9340: 9327: 9314: 9301: 9288: 9275: 9262: 9249: 9236: 9223: 9210: 9197: 9184: 9145: 9132: 9119: 9106: 9093: 9080: 9067: 8515: 7348: 7327: 7307: 7287: 7267: 7247: 7227: 7207: 7187: 7167: 7147: 7127: 7107: 7087: 7067: 7047: 7027: 7007: 6987: 6967: 6947: 6927: 6907: 6887: 6867: 6847: 6827: 6807: 6787: 6763: 6750: 6737: 6724: 6711: 6698: 6685: 6672: 6659: 6646: 6633: 6620: 6594: 6581: 6164: 5531: 5483: 5285: 5200: 2451: 2272: 2231:

might face trial. Aside from Johnson, other contenders for the Democratic nomination included former Ohio representative

2227: 1923: 1811: 1723: 1164: 1020: 860: 494: 457: 359: 308: 5004: 2130:, but the British were uninterested in this proposal. Seward was successful in staking an American claim to uninhabited 8856: 8621: 8206: 8177: 7449: 6184: 4255:

David E. Shi, "Seward's Attempt to Annex British Columbia, 1865-1869." Pacific Historical Review 47.2 (1978): 217-238.

2304: 1308:, requiring a majority of voters to take the loyalty oath, had passed both houses of Congress in 1864, but Lincoln had 1282: 1201: 1204:. In April 1866, he nominated Henry Stanbery to fill the Supreme Court vacancy left by the death of Associate Justice 11007: 8798: 8590: 8072: 7425: 7389: 6114: 6034: 5498: 5362: 5352: 5151: 5127: 4959: 4852: 4429: 4120: 4086: 4049: 1727: 782: 318: 4226: 1922:—joined their Democratic colleagues in voting to acquit the president. After the vote, the Senate adjourned for the 11227: 11159: 11116: 10623: 10078: 9978: 8978: 8768: 7783: 7419: 6505: 6104: 5720: 5547: 5141: 2443: 1247: 989: 877: 774: 770: 757: 689: 653: 631: 575:, restricting Johnson's ability to fire Cabinet officials. When he persisted in trying to dismiss Secretary of War 556: 521: 505: 490: 382: 230: 68: 2335:(1903), presented him far more favorably than they did those who had sought to oust him. In James Schouler's 1913 1273:

nationwide. The amendment was ratified by the requisite number of states (then 27) in December 1865, becoming the

11027: 10972: 10937: 10807: 10013: 8641: 8555: 8520: 7473: 7431: 7407: 7401: 6254: 6204: 6134: 6074: 6054: 5934: 5904: 5854: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5186: 2061: 1480:

Even after the veto of the Freedman's Bureau bill, Moderate Republicans were hopeful that Johnson would sign the

209: 148: 640:

Contemporary woodcut of Johnson being sworn in by Chief Justice Chase as Cabinet members look on, April 15, 1865

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on the same night. Seward barely survived his wounds, while Johnson escaped attack as his would-be assassin,

580: 293: 92: 4444:

Charles Perry Stacey, "Fenianism and the Rise of National Feeling in Canada at the Time of Confederation."

1987:), then re-ratified. Oregon rescinded ratification post-certification and was included in the official count 1353:

from command in Louisiana after Banks protested the appointment of former Confederate officials by Governor

1170:

on an interim basis. After clashing with Grant, Johnson offered the position of Secretary of War to General

11195: 11002: 10892: 10837: 10792: 10716: 9984: 9966: 9942: 8696: 8585: 8475: 8440: 8390: 8375: 7504: 7479: 7443: 6274: 6154: 6124: 5994: 5914: 5243: 4337: 4317: 2364:"This little boy would persist in handling books above his capacity...And this was the disastrous result" ( 2204: 1661: 1535: 1266: 1197: 789:

after the start of the war. During the 1864 presidential election, the Republican ticket campaigned as the

1518:" (Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction), and federal forces in upheavals such as the 10822: 10797: 9954: 9934: 8808: 8723: 8677: 8505: 8400: 8380: 7707: 7467: 7455: 7363: 6244: 6214: 5954: 5884: 5816: 5741: 5623: 5463: 5406: 1887: 1776: 1749: 1685: 1681: 1371: 572: 560: 548: 410: 11222: 10982: 10957: 10862: 10827: 10658: 10031: 10025: 10019: 8728: 8565: 7485: 6294: 6284: 6264: 6234: 6044: 5894: 5664: 5641: 5579: 5222: 5168: 5143:

The Republic for Which It Stands: The United States During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age: 1865–1896

4164: 2419: 1425: 1333: 1237: 1099:

to carry out his Reconstruction policies, and he also had a favorable opinion of Secretary of the Navy

766: 420: 185: 5964: 220: 11287: 11215: 10952: 10907: 10897: 10882: 10872: 10857: 10812: 10802: 9205: 8866: 8570: 8535: 8490: 8480: 8465: 8455: 8420: 8385: 7461: 6224: 5735: 5684: 5191: 5137: 2244: 2235:, who was relatively unconcerned about Reconstruction and focused his appeal on the continued use of 1984: 1358: 1278: 180: 3965:

The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance

1862:

Behind the scenes, Johnson maneuvered to gain an acquittal; for example, he pledged to Iowa Senator

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To ensure that Johnson would not have a free hand over Reconstruction, as he had had in 1865, the

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Another treaty that failed was the Johnson-Clarendon convention, negotiated in settlement of the

1994: 1628: 1610: 1592: 1566: 1502: 288: 3333: 11131: 11126: 10987: 10867: 10832: 10498: 9331: 9305: 9292: 9244: 9240: 9127: 9088: 8718: 8450: 8415: 8007: 7977: 6775: 5930: 5809: 5699: 5694: 5605: 4879: 4328: 4308: 4272:

The Diplomacy of Trade and Investment: American Economic Expansion in the Hemisphere, 1865–1900

2102: 2065: 1907: 1540: 1213: 433: 400: 5213: 4277: 4039: 3887: 10992: 10947: 10847: 10563: 9504: 9484: 9464: 9444: 9388: 8803: 8575: 8530: 7015: 6160: 5669: 5448: 5369: 5304: 4419: 4076: 2920: 2349: 2340: 2169:, for damages to American shipping from British-built Confederate raiders. Negotiated by the 2094: 1787: 1689:

loyalty to the Union, as well as the calling of state conventions to create new governments.

1562: 1519: 1270: 1209: 722: 618:

for his frequent clashes with Congress, strong opposition to federally guaranteed rights for

203: 5058: 10628: 10369: 9170: 9153: 8833: 8823: 8092: 8087: 8077: 7927: 7922: 7831: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7777: 7771: 6991: 6971: 6795: 6791: 6745: 6180: 4827: 1880: 1824: 1413: 1399: 1378: 1362: 1144: 1108: 994: 712:, a fellow boarder at the Kirkwood House, awoke Johnson with news of Lincoln's shooting at 5173: 8: 11210: 10503: 10493: 10327: 10232: 10220: 10190: 10184: 9257: 9231: 9192: 9188: 9166: 9006: 8996: 8786: 7997: 7735: 6767: 6754: 6650: 6533: 6110: 6030: 5629: 5468: 5443: 5177: 5025: 2833: 2232: 1919: 1753: 1649: 1354: 1305: 672:

in Baltimore in June, Lincoln was easily nominated, but the party dropped Vice President

415: 276: 5183:

Essays on Andrew Johnson and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady

1790:, allowing them to defeat for re-election one of Johnson's strongest opponents, Senator 11111: 10603: 10558: 10553: 10533: 10453: 10411: 10363: 10321: 10178: 10142: 10132: 10120: 10090: 9564: 9544: 9428: 9368: 9348: 9178: 9162: 9016: 9011: 9001: 8818: 8683: 8112: 8052: 7942: 7837: 7819: 7795: 7717: 7562: 7544: 6741: 6732: 6654: 6543: 6538: 6528: 6100: 5647: 5617: 5433: 5401: 4936: 3326: 2400: 2370: 2210: 2048: 1855: 1843: 1637: 1498: 1494: 1350: 1316: 1294: 1261:

In the final days of Lincoln's presidency, Congress had approved what would become the

1251: 1171: 798: 778: 709: 685: 509: 425: 271: 76: 6585: 11121: 10668: 10663: 10638: 10618: 10608: 10435: 10399: 10315: 10244: 10214: 10166: 10154: 10136: 10126: 10096: 9713: 9604: 9588: 9468: 9448: 9309: 9283: 8828: 8162: 8137: 8117: 8067: 8042: 8022: 8012: 7972: 7947: 7849: 7747: 7610: 7598: 7586: 7568: 7532: 7395: 7171: 7151: 7135: 7115: 7035: 6915: 6811: 6702: 6689: 6667: 6663: 6589: 6250: 6200: 6130: 6070: 6050: 6040: 5900: 5850: 5587: 5327: 5207: 5147: 5123: 5089: 5072: 5033: 4974: 4955: 4949: 4425: 4270: 4116: 4082: 4045: 3337: 2926: 2837: 2300: 2150: 2146: 2056: 1915: 1851: 1820: 1457: 1440:"President Johnson addressing his fellow-citizens at Washington, February 22, 1866" ( 1044: 975: 882: 786: 713: 693: 619: 559:-dominated Congress. When Southern states returned, many of their old leaders passed 377: 1872:

was removed from office, Johnson's successor would have been Ohio Senator Wade, the

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Impeached: the Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln's Legacy

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At the time of his accession to the presidency, Johnson was a former member of the

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Republican Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democrat Horatio Seymour in the 1868 election

2106: 2097:

in 1863, despite American warnings that this was an unacceptable violation of the

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Richard E. Welch, "American public opinion and the purchase of Russian America."

4239:

Halvdan Koht, "The Origin of Seward's Plan to Purchase the Danish West Indies."

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Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865-1903

1586:

Map of the five military districts established by the First Reconstruction Act

1196:

Johnson appointed nine Article III federal judges during his presidency, all to

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The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865-1879

3453: 2379: 2327: 2308: 2192: 2163: 2127: 1971: Ratified amendment post-certification after first rejecting it, 1869–1976 1931: 1898: 1868: 1657: 1465: 1421: 1179: 1175: 1160: 1132: 1104: 963: 932: 901: 846: 701: 611: 482: 163: 23: 1946: 1850:, and Thaddeus Stevens acted as managers for the House, or prosecutors, while 1315:

At the time of Johnson's accession, Congress consisted of three factions. The

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Herbert S. Schell, "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865-1869."

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and President Johnson summoned the Senate into session and it approved the

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casting his vote against conviction on the eleventh article of impeachment

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Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction

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On March 5, 1868, the impeachment trial began in the Senate. Congressmen

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Having failed to build his own party, Johnson sought nomination by the

1665: 636: 5051: 4165:"How Nebraska won admission to the union, despite a presidential veto" 3323: 1497:

in the constitution, and required states to observe the principles of

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Johnson took office at a time of shifting partisan alignments. Former

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on March 2, 1867, but Congress overrode his veto on the same day.

9789: 9773: 9753: 5228: 4927:(4). Washington, D.C.: American Historical Association: 807–827. 4041:

Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era: M-Z and primary documents

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Illustration of Johnson consulting with his counsel for the trial

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governments established under Johnson. It also established the

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as Secretary of War as a compromise with moderate Republicans.

607:

left Northern Republicans firmly in control of Reconstruction.

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Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South

2134:

in the Pacific, which would be officially claimed by the U.S.

2951: 2700: 4973:. American Ways (paperback ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. 4801:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (19 February 2018).

4579: 4577: 4504: 4502: 3919: 3917: 1200:; he did not successfully appoint a justice to serve on the 1178:, who accepted. Thomas never took office; Johnson appointed 497:

for only six weeks when he succeeded to the presidency. The

5105:"The 10 Worst Presidents: No. 3 Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)" 3760: 3594: 3592: 3567: 3565: 3307: 3305: 3303: 2980: 2978: 3350: 1095:

Early in his presidency, Johnson trusted Secretary of War

4613: 4574: 4499: 4487: 4463: 4451: 4147:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 119-121. 3914: 3820: 3772: 3724: 5077:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850

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The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866-1870

3890:. Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia 3712: 3628: 3604: 3589: 3562: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3317: 3300: 3125: 3038: 3014: 2975: 2796: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2688: 2664: 2652: 2640: 2616: 2568: 4225:

Mexico and the foreign policy of Napoleon III. (2001);

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Frustrated by Johnson's actions, Congress proposed the

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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

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depicting President Johnson encircled by portraits of

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Johnson saw 15 of his vetoes overridden by Congress,

2333:

The Impeachment and Trial of President Andrew Johnson

1959: Ratified amendment pre-certification, 1866–1868 1823:' illustration of Johnson's impeachment trial in the 1224:, where he served from 1868 until his death in 1874. 4919:(July 1940). "On rewriting Reconstruction history". 4205: 3736: 3676: 3640: 3577: 3494: 3434: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3264: 3252: 3228: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3161: 3149: 3113: 3089: 2990: 2939: 2922:

Thomas Nast: The Father of Modern Political Cartoons

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The grave of Andrew Johnson, Greeneville, Tennessee

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before being reinstated by Congress in January 1868

708:, got drunk instead of killing the vice president. 614:of historians, more recent historians rank Johnson 4995:(0-06-093716-5 ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 4719: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4625: 4284: 4269: 4151: 3844: 3616: 3550: 3422: 3410: 3325: 3077: 3062: 3050: 3026: 2963: 1208:, but Congress eliminated the seat by passing the 1192:List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Johnson 16:U.S. presidential administration from 1865 to 1869 4800: 4640: 4267: 4178:(10). The Council of State Governments Midwest: 5 3688: 3324:Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein; Richard Zuczek (2001). 3288: 2772: 2508: 1983: Ratified amendment, withdrew ratification ( 1977: Ratified amendment post-certification, 1959 1742:Second impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson 11300: 4589: 4070: 4068: 3963:For an econometric approach see Lee E. Ohanian, 3929: 3748: 3482: 3398: 3276: 3240: 3137: 3002: 1738:First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson 5214:Andrew Johnson Personal Manuscripts and Letters 5079:. Vol. v. New York: The Macmillan Company. 4993:Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 4664: 4417: 3470: 2847: 2199: 2114:eventually captured and executed in June 1867. 2105:and defeated local political opposition led by 2469:more than any other President, before or since 2454:. For details and references, see the section 2394:Johnson as the second-worst president. A 2017 1323: 616:among the worst presidents in American history 8963: 6490: 5817: 5244: 4296: 4065: 2390:'s Presidents and Executive Politics section 1734:Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson 1475: 1228:End of the Civil War and abolition of slavery 547:to the Union. He implemented his own form of 458: 1675: 1155:(U-M William L. Clements Library via JSTOR) 1107:. He had less esteem for Postmaster General 622:, and general ineffectiveness as president. 337:Vice presidential and Presidential campaigns 11329:1869 disestablishments in the United States 11180:National Democratic Redistricting Committee 11155:Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee 8749:National Republican Congressional Committee 5558:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library 2446:who had been elected vice president on the 1577: 8970: 8956: 8839:High School Republican National Federation 6497: 6483: 6459: 5824: 5810: 5251: 5237: 4906:For further books and other material, see 2033: 2010: 1529: 1377:Johnson frequently acted to undermine the 760:engraved portrait of Johnson as president 656:, but, in hopes of winning the support of 603:instead. Seymour's defeat by Grant in the 493:, and ended on March 4, 1869. He had been 491:assassination of President Abraham Lincoln 465: 451: 22: 11165:Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee 5348:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address 5015: 4853:"Scholars rate worst presidential errors" 3356: 2815:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997). 2455: 2214:cartoon mocking Johnson on leaving office 2078:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897 1572: 1361:'s government in Virginia, and appointed 610:Though he was held in high esteem by the 11324:1865 establishments in the United States 11175:National Conference of Democratic Mayors 11170:Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee 11150:Democratic Attorneys General Association 8932:Timeline of modern American conservatism 8764:Republican Attorneys General Association 8759:National Republican Senatorial Committee 5059:"Who's the worst president of them all?" 4999: 4740: 4379:American Slavic and East European Review 4323: 4303: 4276:. University of Missouri Press. p. 3987:A financial history of the United States 3328:Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion 2918: 2814: 2359: 2317: 2286: 2253: 2203: 2141:By 1867, the Russian government saw its 1945: 1886: 1833: 1815: 1757: 1581: 1539: 1435: 1404: 1327: 1185: 1121: 635: 595:, and his presidency saw the end of the 216:16th Vice President of the United States 11206:National Federation of Democratic Women 8754:National Republican Redistricting Trust 5506:1868 impeachment managers investigation 5122:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 5057:Lafantasie, Glenn (February 21, 2011). 5024: 4776: 4346:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 4108: 3790: 3766: 2574: 2550: 2490: 2438: 2436: 2344:granting black men the right to vote". 1746:1868 impeachment managers investigation 735: 528:. Johnson took office as the Civil War 504:president, Johnson was a member of the 43:April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869 11301: 8872:Republican National Coalition for Life 5210:at the Miller Center of Public Affairs 5208:Text of a number of Johnson's speeches 5056: 4968: 4764: 4196: 4162: 4142: 4074: 4037: 4000:Financial History of the United States 3155: 2945: 2865: 2825:Congressional Research Service reports 2388:American Political Science Association 1456:and called for an address in honor of 1357:. That same month, Johnson recognized 728:At the suggestion of Attorney General 11283:2018 House Caucus leadership election 11278:2006 House Caucus leadership election 8951: 8814:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 6478: 5805: 5553:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 5232: 5146:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5115: 4828:"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" 4788: 4619: 4583: 4544: 4508: 4493: 4469: 4457: 4405: 4344:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3998:Paul Studenski, and Herman E. Kroos, 3923: 3862: 3826: 3814: 3778: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3634: 3610: 3598: 3583: 3571: 3544: 3503: 3311: 3167: 3131: 3107: 3044: 3020: 2984: 2957: 2808: 2802: 2790: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2562: 2538: 2526: 2502: 2326:Even as Rhodes and his school wrote, 2101:. The French army propped up Emperor 2042: 1770: 1398:, led by Moderate Republican Senator 1388: 555:, and he came into conflict with the 8977: 6504: 5527:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 3949:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2433: 2337:History of the Reconstruction Period 2015: 1894:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1805: 1412:cartoon of Johnson disposing of the 1234:Conclusion of the American Civil War 5286:Vice President of the United States 5201:American Presidents: Life Portraits 5083: 5048:The Presidents: A Reference History 4880:"Andrew Johnson: Impact and Legacy" 3874: 3838: 3802: 3706: 3682: 3646: 3294: 3258: 3234: 2778: 2452:1868 Democratic National Convention 2228:1868 Democratic National Convention 1812:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 1724:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 773:contended for influence within the 543:, favored quick restoration of the 495:Vice President of the United States 256: 237:17th President of the United States 52: 13: 8857:Republican Main Street Partnership 5258: 5102: 5071: 4947: 4752: 4725: 4713: 4689: 4677: 4658: 4634: 4607: 4393: 4365: 4290: 4227:see PhD version of the book online 4211: 4075:Selcer, Richard F. (14 May 2014). 3888:"Andrew Johnson: Domestic Affairs" 3850: 3754: 3694: 3670: 3658: 3532: 3515: 3282: 3186: 2882: 2514: 1248:surrender at Appomatox Court House 345:National Union national convention 14: 11345: 11319:Presidencies of the United States 8799:Congressional Hispanic Conference 5499:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 5192:"Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson" 5162: 5136: 5103:Tolson, Jay (February 16, 2007). 4987: 4915: 4877: 4701: 4646: 4595: 4568: 4556: 4532: 4520: 4481: 3935: 3908: 3622: 3556: 3488: 3476: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3270: 3246: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3143: 3119: 3095: 3083: 3071: 3056: 3032: 3008: 2996: 2969: 2906: 2894: 2853: 2682: 2586: 2171:United States Minister to Britain 2071: 1728:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 1561:, and Democratic supporters like 1396:Joint Committee on Reconstruction 1337:was one of a series of images by 1288: 813: 660:, he ran under the banner of the 11228:High School Democrats of America 11160:Democratic Governors Association 11117:Congressional Progressive Caucus 9886:2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) 8769:Republican Governors Association 7308:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 6458: 6449: 6448: 5785: 5784: 5548:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery 5368: 5361: 5174:Andrew Johnson: A Resource Guide 5088:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 4951:The Presidency of Andrew Johnson 4871: 4845: 4820: 4794: 4438: 4411: 4371: 4261: 4249: 4233: 4217: 4190: 4136: 4112:An Interview with Andrew Johnson 4102: 4031: 4018: 4005: 3992: 3979: 3970: 3957: 3941: 3880: 3454:"The Politics of Andrew Johnson" 2208:"Farewell to all my greatness": 2118:Expansionism and Alaska Purchase 1995:Territories of the United States 1930:House Group", supposedly led by 1115:, and Secretary of the Interior 744: 632:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 536:succeeded Johnson as president. 438: 432: 231:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 147: 111: 11095:Steering and Outreach Committee 5833:Presidents of the United States 5338:1864 U.S. presidential election 5187:Miller Center of Public Affairs 4969:Fitzgerald, Michael W. (2007). 4901: 4078:Civil War America, 1850 To 1875 3989:(Columbia UP, 1970), pp 174-96. 3446: 2925:. UNC Press Books. p. 99. 2912: 2180: 1672:to command the five districts. 1548:political cartoon published in 520:ticket, which was supported by 8862:Republican Majority for Choice 8690:Steering and Policy Committees 5716:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 5517:1866 National Union Convention 5459:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 5387:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson 5343:1864 National Union Convention 5275:President of the United States 4908:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 2919:Halloran, Fiona Deans (2013). 2830:Congressional Research Service 2461: 1924:Republican National Convention 1800:eleven articles of impeachment 1713: 1416:as African Americans go flying 1103:and Secretary of the Treasury 539:Johnson, who was himself from 487:President of the United States 481:began on April 15, 1865, when 360:Democratic National Convention 1: 8927:International Democracy Union 5479:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 5218:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 4163:McCabe, Mike (October 2015). 2478: 2068:by means of a veto override. 1720:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 1684:passed a law that called the 1222:United States Court of Claims 1198:United States district courts 597:French intervention in Mexico 11309:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 11196:College Democrats of America 5109:U.S. News & World Report 5016:Goldstone, Lawrence (2011). 4547:, pp. 336–340, 345–347. 4338:American Antiquarian Society 4318:American Antiquarian Society 4109:Smalley, Ruth (April 2003). 4028:(Johns Hopkins Press, 1967). 3877:, pp. 240–247, 284–292. 3110:, pp. 219–220, 232–233. 2200:1868 election and transition 1941: 1536:1866 United States elections 802:August 1866, Johnson held a 625: 479:presidency of Andrew Johnson 226:Drunk V.P. inaugural address 38:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 7: 9159:1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) 8809:Republican Jewish Coalition 8724:Republican Governance Group 5742:Treason must be made odious 5407:Pardons for ex-Confederates 5119:Andrew Johnson: A Biography 5116:Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). 4424:. Dundurn. pp. 70–98. 2412: 2328:another group of historians 2239:, former New York governor 1750:Tenure of Office Act (1867) 1682:39th United States Congress 1490:congressional apportionment 1324:Presidential Reconstruction 549:Presidential Reconstruction 10: 11350: 11314:1860s in the United States 11273:2017 chairmanship election 11268:2005 chairmanship election 11223:Young Democrats of America 8729:Republican Study Committee 5665:Andrew Johnson and slavery 5580:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 5532:1868 Democratic Convention 5494:Second impeachment inquiry 5225:from the National Archives 5223:Resolutions of Impeachment 5084:Stewart, David O. (2009). 4948:Castel, Albert E. (1979). 4921:American Historical Review 4905: 4446:Canadian Historical Review 4268:David M. Pletcher (1998). 4241:American Historical Review 4197:Raugle, Ronald C. (2014). 4143:Naugle, Ronald C. (2014). 2420:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 2184: 2173:, former Maryland senator 2075: 1950:State ratification of the 1891:Illustration published in 1809: 1731: 1717: 1533: 1476:Break with the Republicans 1334:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 1292: 1242:Johnson took office after 1238:Andrew Johnson and slavery 1231: 1189: 680:On April 14, 1865, in the 666:1864 presidential election 650:1860 presidential election 629: 605:1868 presidential election 186:Andrew Johnson and slavery 11288:Weekly Democratic Address 11240: 11216:Stonewall Young Democrats 11188: 11142: 11077: 11066: 10764: 10481: 10296: 10047: 9929: 9027: 8987: 8904: 8867:Republican Liberty Caucus 8847: 8777: 8739: 8670: 8659: 8614: 8353: 8339: 8279: 7910: 7901: 7692: 7495: 7358: 6554: 6514: 6444: 6316: 5839: 5751: 5731:Ledger-removal allegation 5708: 5657: 5598: 5540: 5489:First impeachment inquiry 5377: 5359: 5315: 5266: 2245:Francis Preston Blair Jr. 2082: 1676:Later Reconstruction Acts 1359:Francis Harrison Pierpont 1279:Emancipation Proclamation 1077: 1040:Secretary of the Interior 1038: 1034: 1015: 988: 984: 945: 941: 914: 910: 897:Secretary of the Treasury 891: 872: 855: 836: 820: 127: 107: 87: 75: 59: 47: 34: 30: 21: 11043:Northern Mariana Islands 8637:Northern Mariana Islands 5736:Buell Commission records 5612:Martha Johnson Patterson 5454:Civil Rights Act of 1866 5412:State of the Union, 1865 4886:. University of Virginia 4418:Hereward Senior (1991). 4038:Zuczek, Richard (2006). 2960:, pp. 214–216, 226. 2709:, pp. 197, 207–208. 2426: 1650:First Reconstruction Act 1620:Fourth Military District 1602:Second Military District 1578:First Reconstruction Act 1482:Civil Rights Act of 1866 1464:, Massachusetts Senator 1069:Orville Hickman Browning 692:and mortally wounded by 688:, President Lincoln was 585:House of Representatives 406:Martha Johnson Patterson 156:This article is part of 11253:Presidential candidates 5522:Swing Around the Circle 5020:. Walker & Company. 2034:Land and labor policies 2011:Other domestic policies 1997:in 1868, not yet states 1879:of the Senate. Wade, a 1629:Fifth Military District 1611:Third Military District 1593:First Military District 1567:Swing Around the Circle 1530:1866 mid-term elections 1174:, who declined, and to 512:and had been Lincoln's 329:Articles of impeachment 289:Swing Around the Circle 284:Civil Rights Act (1866) 267:Conclusion of Civil War 11132:Problem Solvers Caucus 11127:New Democrat Coalition 9981:(1885–1889; 1893–1897) 8719:Problem Solvers Caucus 5931:William Henry Harrison 5606:Eliza McCardle Johnson 5307:(1853–1857, 1862–1865) 5294:Senator from Tennessee 4859:. AP. 18 February 2006 4243:50.4 (1945): 762-767. 3951:17.3 (1930): 404-421. 3458:historymatters.gmu.edu 2410: 2375: 2323: 2259: 2215: 2191:The Fenians, a secret 2103:Maximilian I of Mexico 1999: 1908:William Pitt Fessenden 1902: 1839: 1831: 1767: 1632: 1573:Radical Reconstruction 1553: 1495:birthright citizenship 1448:On February 22, 1866, 1445: 1430:birthright citizenship 1417: 1342: 1156: 777:, while the remaining 670:the party's convention 641: 401:Eliza McCardle Johnson 314:Managers investigation 8804:Log Cabin Republicans 6161:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5449:Judicial Circuits Act 5397:Judicial appointments 5305:Governor of Tennessee 5169:White House biography 5046:Graff, Henry F., ed. 5005:"He's The Worst Ever" 4448:12.3 (1931): 238-261. 4381:17#4 (1958): 481-494 4015:(Princeton UP, 1964). 3332:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 2405: 2363: 2350:Civil Rights Movement 2341:Arthur M. Schlesinger 2321: 2287:Historical reputation 2257: 2207: 2143:North American colony 2095:Second Mexican Empire 2076:Further information: 2066:admitted to the Union 1949: 1890: 1837: 1819: 1788:Ohio General Assembly 1761: 1585: 1543: 1450:Washington's Birthday 1439: 1408: 1331: 1271:involuntary servitude 1232:Further information: 1210:Judicial Circuits Act 1186:Judicial appointments 1125: 1021:Secretary of the Navy 806:of his supporters in 723:Springfield, Illinois 639: 204:Governor of Tennessee 119:Seal of the president 11033:District of Columbia 9706:1984 (San Francisco) 9601:1964 (Atlantic City) 9381:1920 (San Francisco) 8834:Republicans Overseas 8824:Teen Age Republicans 8627:District of Columbia 7028:1964 (San Francisco) 6988:1956 (San Francisco) 6524:National Union Party 6181:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5512:National Union Party 5464:Tenure of Office Act 5026:Gordon-Reed, Annette 5003:(December 3, 2006). 4878:Varon, Elizabeth R. 4223:Michele Cunningham, 3733:, pp. 316, 336. 2456:partisan affiliation 2448:National Union Party 2281:Grant's inauguration 1952:Fourteenth Amendment 1825:United States Senate 1777:Tenure of Office Act 1508:Fourteenth Amendment 1400:William P. Fessenden 1363:William Woods Holden 1263:Thirteenth Amendment 1109:William Dennison Jr. 995:William Dennison Jr. 736:Partisan affiliation 662:National Union Party 573:Tenure of Office Act 569:Fourteenth Amendment 516:running mate on the 262:Judicial appointment 11211:Stonewall Democrats 9866:2016 (Philadelphia) 9521:1948 (Philadelphia) 9461:1936 (Philadelphia) 9007:Fourth Party System 8997:Second Party System 8787:College Republicans 7208:2000 (Philadelphia) 6948:1948 (Philadelphia) 6908:1940 (Philadelphia) 6725:1900 (Philadelphia) 6634:1872 (Philadelphia) 6582:1856 (Philadelphia) 6534:Fourth Party System 6111:William Howard Taft 6031:Rutherford B. Hayes 5630:Mary Johnson Stover 5469:Command of Army Act 5444:Reconstruction Acts 5178:Library of Congress 5009:The Washington Post 4755:, pp. 223–225. 4716:, pp. 220–221. 4704:, pp. 807–808. 4661:, pp. 218–219. 4622:, pp. 350–351. 4610:, pp. 211–212. 4586:, pp. 345–347. 4559:, pp. 340–341. 4523:, pp. 338–339. 4511:, pp. 336–340. 4496:, pp. 327–328. 4484:, pp. 337–338. 4472:, pp. 302–303. 4460:, pp. 297–300. 4396:, pp. 204–205. 4368:, pp. 120–122. 4199:History of Nebraska 4145:History of Nebraska 4024:Robert P. Sharkey, 3985:Margaret G. Myers, 3926:, pp. 340–343. 3841:, pp. 340–341. 3829:, pp. 323–328. 3781:, pp. 323–324. 3769:, pp. 138–139. 3721:, pp. 313–316. 3709:, pp. 109–111. 3673:, pp. 135–137. 3661:, pp. 128–135. 3637:, pp. 324–325. 3547:, pp. 253–254. 3535:, pp. 107–109. 3443:, pp. 262–263. 3395:, pp. 253–254. 3383:, pp. 256–257. 3371:, pp. 251–252. 3273:, pp. 249–250. 3225:, pp. 248–249. 3213:, pp. 247–248. 3201:, pp. 243–244. 3134:, pp. 237–238. 3122:, pp. 224–226. 3098:, pp. 190–192. 3047:, pp. 226–228. 3023:, pp. 226–230. 2999:, pp. 182–183. 2987:, pp. 214–220. 2909:, pp. 242–243. 2897:, pp. 231–234. 2834:Library of Congress 2828:. Washington D.C.: 2805:, pp. 210–213. 2769:, pp. 322–323. 2757:, pp. 311–312. 2745:, pp. 305–306. 2697:, pp. 337–339. 2685:, pp. 264–265. 2673:, pp. 235–236. 2661:, pp. 267–268. 2649:, pp. 197–198. 2625:, pp. 178–179. 2589:, pp. 216–219. 2565:, pp. 211–212. 2529:, pp. 193–194. 2505:, pp. 178–180. 2386:A 2018 poll of the 2353:such historians as 2233:George H. Pendleton 2005:Fifteenth Amendment 1920:Peter G. Van Winkle 1762:"The Situation", a 1754:Command of Army Act 1563:Samuel L. M. Barlow 1468:, and abolitionist 1355:James Madison Wells 1317:Radical Republicans 1277:. Though Lincoln's 1165:General of the Army 1111:, Attorney General 821:The Johnson cabinet 652:as a member of the 416:Mary Johnson Stover 277:Reconstruction Acts 257:Cabinet appointment 11112:Blue Dog Coalition 9786:2000 (Los Angeles) 9641:1972 (Miami Beach) 9581:1960 (Los Angeles) 9361:1916 (Saint Louis) 9315:1904 (Saint Louis) 9302:1900 (Kansas City) 9263:1888 (Saint Louis) 9224:1876 (Saint Louis) 9017:Sixth Party System 9012:Fifth Party System 9002:Third Party System 8819:Republicans Abroad 8684:Legislative Digest 7148:1988 (New Orleans) 7088:1976 (Kansas City) 7068:1972 (Miami Beach) 7048:1968 (Miami Beach) 6848:1928 (Kansas City) 6712:1896 (Saint Louis) 6699:1892 (Minneapolis) 6544:Sixth Party System 6539:Fifth Party System 6529:Third Party System 6101:Theodore Roosevelt 5764:Ulysses S. Grant → 5695:William A. Johnson 5675:Elizabeth J. Forby 5618:David T. Patterson 5434:Colorado Territory 5402:Reconstruction era 5073:Rhodes, James Ford 4807:The New York Times 3967:(Routledge, 2018). 3613:, p. 291-292. 3601:, p. 288-290. 3574:, p. 280-281. 3314:, p. 251-254. 2401:Elizabeth R. Varon 2376: 2324: 2295:and Maine Senator 2260: 2216: 2049:Nebraska Territory 2043:Nebraska statehood 2000: 1903: 1856:Benjamin R. Curtis 1844:George S. Boutwell 1840: 1832: 1771:Removal of Stanton 1768: 1638:Colorado Territory 1633: 1554: 1446: 1418: 1389:Return of Congress 1351:Nathaniel P. Banks 1343: 1295:Reconstruction Era 1265:, which abolished 1252:Joseph E. Johnston 1172:William T. Sherman 1157: 990:Postmaster General 878:Secretary of State 794:Republican Party. 787:Southern Unionists 779:Northern Democrats 710:Leonard J. Farwell 642: 272:Reconstruction era 11296: 11295: 11236: 11235: 11122:Justice Democrats 10746:Wasserman Schultz 9237:1880 (Cincinnati) 9146:1856 (Cincinnati) 8945: 8944: 8900: 8899: 8829:Young Republicans 8697:Senate Conference 8655: 8654: 8335: 8334: 6647:1876 (Cincinnati) 6472: 6471: 6251:George H. W. Bush 6201:Lyndon B. Johnson 6131:Warren G. Harding 6071:Benjamin Harrison 6051:Chester A. Arthur 6041:James A. Garfield 5901:John Quincy Adams 5851:George Washington 5799: 5798: 5777:Schuyler Colfax → 5772:← Hannibal Hamlin 5757:← Abraham Lincoln 5721:Alcoholism debate 5700:Florence J. Smith 5588:Tennessee Johnson 5328:Southern Unionist 5296:(1857–1862, 1875) 5095:978-1-4165-4749-5 5039:978-0-8050-6948-8 4980:978-1-56663-739-8 4571:, pp. 96–97. 4535:, pp. 95–96. 4214:, pp. 40–41. 4172:Stateline Midwest 3911:, pp. 94–95. 3685:, pp. 95–97. 3649:, pp. 64–66. 3625:, pp. 86–91. 3559:, pp. 83–85. 3518:, pp. 88–89. 3431:, pp. 68–73. 3419:, pp. 79–81. 3359:, pp. 22–23. 3343:978-1-57607-030-7 3261:, pp. 51–53. 3237:, pp. 51–52. 3189:, pp. 62–68. 3086:, pp. 49–50. 3074:, pp. 68–69. 3059:, pp. 48–49. 3035:, pp. 41–42. 2972:, pp. 37–38. 2932:978-0-8078-3735-1 2885:, pp. 18–21. 2843:on June 27, 2004. 2601:, pp. 38–42. 2577:, pp. 90–92. 2301:James Ford Rhodes 2151:Eduard de Stoeckl 2057:George F. Edmunds 2016:Treasury policies 1916:John B. Henderson 1852:William M. Evarts 1821:Theodore R. Davis 1806:Impeachment trial 1644:districts, under 1458:George Washington 1444:, March 10, 1866) 1420:Illinois Senator 1414:Freedmen's Bureau 1379:Freedmen's Bureau 1092: 1091: 1045:John Palmer Usher 1007:Alexander Randall 976:William M. Evarts 883:William H. Seward 783:immediate impetus 694:John Wilkes Booth 620:African Americans 475: 474: 173: 172: 138: 137: 11341: 11201:Democrats Abroad 11090:Policy Committee 11075: 11074: 11058:Democrats Abroad 9846:2012 (Charlotte) 9341:1912 (Baltimore) 9211:1872 (Baltimore) 9133:1852 (Baltimore) 9120:1848 (Baltimore) 9107:1844 (Baltimore) 9094:1840 (Baltimore) 9081:1835 (Baltimore) 9068:1832 (Baltimore) 8981: 8980:Democratic Party 8972: 8965: 8958: 8949: 8948: 8702:Policy Committee 8678:House Conference 8668: 8667: 8351: 8350: 7908: 7907: 7328:2024 (Milwaukee) 7288:2016 (Cleveland) 7188:1996 (San Diego) 6888:1936 (Cleveland) 6828:1924 (Cleveland) 6608:1864 (Baltimore) 6508: 6507:Republican Party 6499: 6492: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6091:William McKinley 6081:Grover Cleveland 6061:Grover Cleveland 6021:Ulysses S. Grant 5971:Millard Fillmore 5921:Martin Van Buren 5871:Thomas Jefferson 5826: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5788: 5787: 5572:Southern Justice 5372: 5365: 5308: 5297: 5289: 5278: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5157: 5133: 5112: 5099: 5080: 5068: 5050:(3rd ed. 2002) 5043: 5021: 5012: 4996: 4984: 4965: 4944: 4917:Beale, Howard K. 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4169: 4160: 4149: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4016: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3961: 3955: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3331: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2836:. Archived from 2821: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2517:, pp. 9–10. 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2444:Democratic Party 2440: 1992: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1912:Joseph S. Fowler 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1524:New Orleans riot 1503:equal protection 1470:Wendell Phillips 1462:Thaddeus Stevens 1368:Lewis E. Parsons 1302:ten percent plan 1168:Ulysses S. Grant 1145:William Dennison 1084:Ulysses S. Grant 947:Attorney General 916:Secretary of War 818: 817: 775:Republican Party 748: 654:Republican Party 534:Ulysses S. Grant 506:Democratic Party 467: 460: 453: 442: 441: 436: 373:Return to Senate 169: 168: 166: 159: 151: 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 133: 115: 98:Ulysses S. Grant 41: 39: 26: 19: 18: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11338: 11299: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11232: 11184: 11138: 11069: 11062: 10769: 10767: 10760: 10483: 10477: 10370:C. A. Culberson 10316:J. W. Stevenson 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10292: 10179:D. B. Culberson 10064: 10061: 10059: 10054: 10050: 10043: 9935:administrations 9933: 9925: 9746:1992 (New York) 9686:1980 (New York) 9666:1976 (New York) 9401:1924 (New York) 9198:1868 (New York) 9046: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9030: 9023: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8946: 8941: 8896: 8849: 8843: 8779: 8773: 8741: 8735: 8662: 8651: 8610: 8346: 8344: 8331: 8280:Chair elections 8275: 7897: 7796:D. B. Henderson 7784:T. J. Henderson 7709: 7706: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7491: 7364:administrations 7362: 7354: 7248:2008 (St. Paul) 7228:2004 (New York) 6573: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6473: 6468: 6440: 6366:F. D. Roosevelt 6318: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6191:John F. Kennedy 6171:Harry S. Truman 6141:Calvin Coolidge 6001:Abraham Lincoln 5981:Franklin Pierce 5841: 5835: 5830: 5800: 5795: 5747: 5704: 5653: 5624:Charles Johnson 5594: 5536: 5439:Alaska Purchase 5373: 5367: 5366: 5357: 5311: 5300: 5292: 5281: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5130: 5096: 5040: 4981: 4962: 4933:10.2307/1854452 4911: 4904: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4836: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4325:McCusker, J. J. 4313: 4305:McCusker, J. J. 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4238: 4234: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4073: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4006: 4002:(2nd ed. 1963). 3997: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2733:, pp. 317. 2729: 2725: 2721:, pp. 257. 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2415: 2371:Harper's Weekly 2313:William Dunning 2297:James G. Blaine 2289: 2241:Horatio Seymour 2221:Schuyler Colfax 2211:Harper's Weekly 2202: 2189: 2183: 2175:Reverdy Johnson 2156:Alaska Purchase 2120: 2099:Monroe Doctrine 2091:had established 2085: 2080: 2074: 2045: 2036: 2018: 2013: 1998: 1990: 1988: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1944: 1864:James W. Grimes 1848:Benjamin Butler 1829:Harper's Weekly 1827:, published in 1814: 1808: 1773: 1764:Harper's Weekly 1756: 1730: 1718:Main articles: 1716: 1678: 1670:Philip Sheridan 1631: 1624: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1595: 1588: 1580: 1575: 1550:Harper's Weekly 1538: 1532: 1478: 1442:Harper's Weekly 1391: 1326: 1306:Wade–Davis Bill 1297: 1291: 1285:like Kentucky. 1256:Jefferson Davis 1240: 1230: 1218:Samuel Milligan 1194: 1188: 1128:Carte de visite 1087: 1073:1866–1869 1061:1865–1866 1030:1865–1869 1011:1866–1869 999:1865–1866 980:1868–1869 968:1866–1868 956:1865–1866 937:1868–1869 925:1865–1868 906:1865–1869 887:1865–1869 868:1865–1869 851:1865–1869 816: 763: 762: 761: 756: 751: 750: 749: 738: 718:Salmon P. Chase 706:George Atzerodt 674:Hannibal Hamlin 646:Abraham Lincoln 634: 628: 601:Horatio Seymour 530:came to a close 471: 439: 437: 430: 411:Charles Johnson 397: 394: 369: 368:Post-presidency 366: 338: 335: 238: 235: 221:Vice presidency 217: 214: 206: 200: 164: 162: 161: 160: 157: 155: 131:Library website 129: 128: 123: 122: 120: 117: 116: 103: 102: 101: 95: 93:Abraham Lincoln 67: 42: 37: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11347: 11337: 11336: 11334:Andrew Johnson 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11104: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11081: 11079: 11072: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11053:Virgin Islands 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11028:American Samoa 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10973:South Carolina 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10938:North Carolina 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10774: 10772: 10762: 10761: 10759: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10719: 10710: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10310: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10284: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10069: 10067: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9937: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9906:2024 (Chicago) 9903: 9902: 9901: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9823: 9822: 9821: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9766:1996 (Chicago) 9763: 9762: 9761: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9726:1988 (Atlanta) 9723: 9722: 9721: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9683: 9682: 9681: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9638: 9637: 9636: 9621:1968 (Chicago) 9618: 9617: 9616: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9561:1956 (Chicago) 9558: 9557: 9556: 9541:1952 (Chicago) 9538: 9537: 9536: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9501:1944 (Chicago) 9498: 9497: 9496: 9481:1940 (Chicago) 9478: 9477: 9476: 9458: 9457: 9456: 9441:1932 (Chicago) 9438: 9437: 9436: 9421:1928 (Houston) 9418: 9417: 9416: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9378: 9377: 9376: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9338: 9325: 9312: 9299: 9289:1896 (Chicago) 9286: 9276:1892 (Chicago) 9273: 9260: 9250:1884 (Chicago) 9247: 9234: 9221: 9208: 9195: 9185:1864 (Chicago) 9182: 9156: 9143: 9130: 9117: 9104: 9091: 9078: 9065: 9051: 9049: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8975: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8952: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8882:Liberty Caucus 8879: 8877:ConservAmerica 8874: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8853: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8783: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8745: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8714:Freedom Caucus 8706: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8687: 8674: 8672: 8665: 8657: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8647:Virgin Islands 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8622:American Samoa 8618: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8556:South Carolina 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8521:North Carolina 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8357: 8355: 8348: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7914: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7714: 7712: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7620: 7614: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7509: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7368: 7366: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7349:2028 (Houston) 7345: 7344: 7343: 7325: 7324: 7323: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7168:1992 (Houston) 7165: 7164: 7163: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7108:1980 (Detroit) 7105: 7104: 7103: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7008:1960 (Chicago) 7005: 7004: 7003: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6968:1952 (Chicago) 6965: 6964: 6963: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6928:1944 (Chicago) 6925: 6924: 6923: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6868:1932 (Chicago) 6865: 6864: 6863: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6808:1920 (Chicago) 6805: 6804: 6803: 6788:1916 (Chicago) 6785: 6784: 6783: 6764:1912 (Chicago) 6761: 6751:1908 (Chicago) 6748: 6738:1904 (Chicago) 6735: 6722: 6709: 6696: 6686:1888 (Chicago) 6683: 6673:1884 (Chicago) 6670: 6660:1880 (Chicago) 6657: 6644: 6631: 6621:1868 (Chicago) 6618: 6605: 6595:1860 (Chicago) 6592: 6578: 6576: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6288: 6278: 6271:George W. Bush 6268: 6258: 6248: 6238: 6228: 6218: 6208: 6198: 6188: 6178: 6168: 6158: 6151:Herbert Hoover 6148: 6138: 6128: 6121:Woodrow Wilson 6118: 6108: 6098: 6088: 6078: 6068: 6058: 6048: 6038: 6028: 6018: 6011:Andrew Johnson 6008: 5998: 5991:James Buchanan 5988: 5978: 5968: 5961:Zachary Taylor 5958: 5948: 5938: 5928: 5918: 5911:Andrew Jackson 5908: 5898: 5888: 5878: 5868: 5858: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5840:Presidents and 5837: 5836: 5829: 5828: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5642:Robert Johnson 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5392:Foreign policy 5389: 5383: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5353:Kirkwood House 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:Homestead Acts 5319: 5317: 5316:Pre-presidency 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5298: 5290: 5279: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260:Andrew Johnson 5256: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5205: 5204:, July 9, 1999 5189: 5180: 5171: 5164: 5163:External links 5161: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5138:White, Richard 5134: 5128: 5113: 5100: 5094: 5081: 5069: 5054: 5044: 5038: 5030:Andrew Johnson 5022: 5013: 4997: 4985: 4979: 4966: 4960: 4945: 4912: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4870: 4844: 4819: 4793: 4791:, p. 352. 4781: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4730: 4728:, p. 221. 4718: 4706: 4694: 4692:, p. 220. 4682: 4663: 4651: 4649:, p. 807. 4639: 4637:, p. 218. 4624: 4612: 4600: 4588: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4513: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4450: 4437: 4430: 4410: 4408:, p. 349. 4398: 4386: 4370: 4358: 4342:1800–present: 4295: 4293:, p. 120. 4283: 4260: 4248: 4232: 4216: 4204: 4189: 4150: 4135: 4121: 4101: 4087: 4064: 4050: 4030: 4017: 4004: 3991: 3978: 3969: 3956: 3940: 3928: 3913: 3901: 3879: 3867: 3865:, p. 336. 3855: 3853:, p. 195. 3843: 3831: 3819: 3817:, p. 330. 3807: 3805:, p. 307. 3795: 3793:, p. 139. 3783: 3771: 3759: 3747: 3745:, p. 319. 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 146. 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3588: 3586:, p. 276. 3576: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3520: 3508: 3506:, p. 271. 3493: 3491:, p. 265. 3481: 3469: 3445: 3433: 3421: 3409: 3407:, p. 254. 3397: 3385: 3373: 3361: 3357:Goldstone 2011 3349: 3342: 3316: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3249:, p. 249. 3239: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3172: 3170:, p. 240. 3160: 3148: 3146:, p. 239. 3136: 3124: 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3061: 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3011:, p. 189. 3001: 2989: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2931: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2807: 2795: 2793:, p. 363. 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2637:, p. 235. 2627: 2615: 2613:, p. 143. 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2541:, p. 194. 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2460: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2414: 2411: 2309:Woodrow Wilson 2288: 2285: 2273:Fort Jefferson 2201: 2198: 2193:Irish Catholic 2185:Main article: 2182: 2179: 2128:Alabama Claims 2119: 2116: 2084: 2081: 2073: 2072:Foreign policy 2070: 2047:In June 1866, 2044: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 1989: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1943: 1940: 1932:political boss 1899:Edmund G. Ross 1869:Edmund G. Ross 1810:Main article: 1807: 1804: 1772: 1769: 1715: 1712: 1677: 1674: 1658:Daniel Sickles 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1477: 1474: 1466:Charles Sumner 1422:Lyman Trumbull 1390: 1387: 1325: 1322: 1293:Main article: 1290: 1289:Reconstruction 1287: 1229: 1226: 1190:Main article: 1187: 1184: 1180:John Schofield 1176:Lorenzo Thomas 1161:Henry Stanbery 1133:William Seward 1105:Hugh McCulloch 1090: 1089: 1086:in August 1867 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1001: 1000: 997: 992: 986: 985: 982: 981: 978: 972: 970: 969: 966: 964:Henry Stanbery 960: 958: 957: 954: 949: 943: 942: 939: 938: 935: 933:John Schofield 929: 927: 926: 923: 918: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 902:Hugh McCulloch 899: 893: 892: 889: 888: 885: 880: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 861:Vice President 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 847:Andrew Johnson 844: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 827: 823: 822: 815: 814:Administration 812: 799:Reconstruction 791:National Union 753: 752: 743: 742: 741: 740: 739: 737: 734: 725:, for burial. 714:Ford's Theatre 702:William Seward 630:Main article: 627: 624: 612:Dunning School 545:seceded states 518:National Union 483:Andrew Johnson 473: 472: 470: 469: 462: 455: 447: 444: 443: 431: 429: 428: 423: 421:Robert Johnson 418: 413: 408: 403: 395: 393: 392: 387: 386: 385: 375: 367: 365: 364: 363: 362: 354: 353: 352: 347: 336: 334: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 304:Second inquiry 301: 291: 286: 281: 280: 279: 269: 264: 259: 254: 252:Foreign policy 249: 244: 236: 234: 233: 228: 223: 215: 213: 212: 201: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 175: 174: 171: 170: 165:Andrew Johnson 158:a series about 154: 152: 136: 135: 125: 124: 118: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 96: 90: 89: 88: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 64:National Union 61: 57: 56: 49: 45: 44: 32: 31: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11346: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11263:Superdelegate 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11193: 11191: 11187: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11085:Senate Caucus 11083: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11013:West Virginia 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10918:New Hampshire 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10878:Massachusetts 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10773: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10480: 10473: 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10371: 10368: 10365: 10362: 10359: 10356: 10353: 10350: 10347: 10344: 10341: 10338: 10335: 10332: 10329: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10301: 10295: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10083: 10080: 10077: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10057: 10052: 10046: 10039: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10024: 10021: 10018: 10015: 10014:L. B. Johnson 10012: 10009: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9968: 9965: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9826:2008 (Denver) 9824: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9806:2004 (Boston) 9804: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9442: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9399: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9328:1908 (Denver) 9326: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9039: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8982: 8973: 8968: 8966: 8961: 8959: 8954: 8953: 8950: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8893: 8892:The Wish List 8890: 8888: 8887:Ripon Society 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8738: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8663:organizations 8658: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8613: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8596:West Virginia 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8501:New Hampshire 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:Massachusetts 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7500: 7494: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7474:G. H. W. Bush 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7326: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7172:G. H. W. Bush 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7152:G. H. W. Bush 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7136:G. H. W. Bush 7133: 7129: 7128:1984 (Dallas) 7126: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7116:G. H. W. Bush 7113: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6566: 6559: 6553: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6465: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:G. H. W. Bush 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6386:L. B. Johnson 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6241:Ronald Reagan 6239: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6211:Richard Nixon 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5956: 5952: 5951:James K. Polk 5949: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5882: 5881:James Madison 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5820: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5792: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5685:Henry Johnson 5683: 5681: 5680:Dolly Johnson 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5648:Frank Johnson 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5636:Daniel Stover 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5155: 5153:9780190619060 5149: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5129:0-393-31742-0 5125: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4961:0-7006-0190-2 4957: 4953: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4885: 4884:Miller Center 4881: 4874: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4779:, p. 56. 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4735: 4727: 4722: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4598:, p. 99. 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4431:9781550020854 4427: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4407: 4402: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4347: 4339: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4124: 4122:9781570722578 4118: 4114: 4113: 4105: 4090: 4088:9781438107974 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4069: 4053: 4051:9780313330759 4047: 4043: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4011:Irwin Unger, 4008: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3976:Schell, 1930. 3973: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3938:, p. 94. 3937: 3932: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3910: 3905: 3889: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3757:, p. 81. 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3490: 3485: 3479:, p. 75. 3478: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3297:, p. 53. 3296: 3291: 3285:, p. 71. 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3164: 3158:, p. 36. 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3121: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3097: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2971: 2966: 2959: 2954: 2948:, p. 28. 2947: 2942: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2868:, p. 26. 2867: 2862: 2856:, p. 29. 2855: 2850: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2781:, p. 54. 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2739: 2732: 2727: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2559: 2553:, p. 93. 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2493:, p. 76. 2492: 2487: 2483: 2470: 2464: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2275:on Florida's 2274: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2206: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2112: 2111:Phil Sheridan 2108: 2107:Benito Juárez 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2040: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1986: 1953: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1792:Benjamin Wade 1789: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1686:40th Congress 1683: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1584: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:Memphis riots 1517: 1516:carpetbaggers 1511: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1310:pocket vetoed 1307: 1303: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1283:border states 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Robert E. Lee 1239: 1235: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Supreme Court 1199: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1153:John P. Usher 1150: 1149:Gideon Welles 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:Edwin Stanton 1134: 1130: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101:Gideon Welles 1098: 1097:Edwin Stanton 1085: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027: 1026:Gideon Welles 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 977: 974: 973: 971: 967: 965: 962: 961: 959: 955: 953: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 934: 931: 930: 928: 924: 922: 921:Edwin Stanton 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 890: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 875: 871: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 839: 835: 831: 828: 825: 824: 819: 811: 809: 805: 800: 795: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 759: 755: 747: 733: 731: 726: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 658:War Democrats 655: 651: 647: 638: 633: 623: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:was impeached 578: 577:Edwin Stanton 574: 570: 565: 562: 558: 554: 553:former slaves 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 526:War Democrats 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:United States 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 468: 463: 461: 456: 454: 449: 448: 446: 445: 435: 427: 426:Frank Johnson 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 391: 390:Historic Site 388: 384: 381: 380: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 361: 358: 357: 355: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 340: 339: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 299:First inquiry 297: 296: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 278: 275: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 211: 208: 207: 205: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 178: 177: 176: 167: 153: 150: 146: 145: 142: 141: 132: 126: 114: 106: 100: → 99: 94: 91:← 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 70: 65: 62: 58: 55: 54: 50: 46: 40: 33: 29: 25: 20: 11102:House Caucus 10978:South Dakota 10968:Rhode Island 10963:Pennsylvania 10943:North Dakota 10073:A. Stevenson 9972: 9931:Presidential 9565:Stevenson II 9545:Stevenson II 9171:Breckinridge 9154:Breckinridge 9101: 9045:presidential 9036:presidential 8922:Bibliography 8682: 8561:South Dakota 8551:Rhode Island 8546:Pennsylvania 8526:North Dakota 7377: 7360:Presidential 7347: 7268:2012 (Tampa) 6572:presidential 6556:Presidential 6336:T. Roosevelt 6305:2021–present 6291:Donald Trump 6281:Barack Obama 6261:Bill Clinton 6231:Jimmy Carter 6014: 5891:James Monroe 5842:presidencies 5783: 5762: 5755: 5740: 5638:(son-in-law) 5620:(son-in-law) 5586: 5578: 5570: 5562: 5541:Public image 5378: 5333:War Democrat 5199: 5142: 5118: 5108: 5085: 5076: 5062: 5047: 5029: 5017: 5008: 4992: 4970: 4950: 4924: 4920: 4902:Bibliography 4888:. Retrieved 4883: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4856: 4847: 4835:. Retrieved 4831: 4822: 4810:. 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Bryan 9150:Buchanan 9029:National 8937:Trumpism 8792:Chairmen 8709:Factions 8671:Congress 8586:Virginia 8536:Oklahoma 8516:New York 8491:Nebraska 8481:Missouri 8466:Michigan 8456:Maryland 8441:Kentucky 8421:Illinois 8396:Delaware 8386:Colorado 8376:Arkansas 8266:McDaniel 8242:Martínez 8178:Richards 8093:Brownell 8088:Spangler 8073:Hamilton 8068:Fletcher 7978:Campbell 7973:Clarkson 7943:Chandler 7886:McCarthy 7862:Gingrich 7701:Speakers 7629:Knowland 7438:Coolidge 7414:McKinley 7408:Harrison 7396:Garfield 6832:Coolidge 6816:Coolidge 6729:McKinley 6716:McKinley 6703:Harrison 6690:Harrison 6664:Garfield 6563:national 6454:Category 6356:Coolidge 6331:McKinley 5790:Category 5140:(2017). 5075:(1904). 5028:(2011). 4327:(1992). 4307:(1997). 4128:April 6, 4094:April 6, 4057:April 6, 3894:March 5, 2413:See also 2403:writes: 2380:Buchanan 1522:and the 589:purchase 383:Cemetery 350:election 324:Timeline 53:See list 11258:Debates 11241:Related 11023:Wyoming 10998:Vermont 10903:Montana 10843:Indiana 10823:Georgia 10818:Florida 10788:Arizona 10778:Alabama 10770:parties 10722:Rendell 10694:Wilhelm 10664:Strauss 10654:O'Brien 10644:O'Brien 10634:Jackson 10609:McGrath 10554:McCombs 10544:Taggart 10534:Harrity 10509:Belmont 10504:Smalley 10494:Hallett 10474:(2017–) 10472:Schumer 10460:Daschle 10436:Johnson 10418:Barkley 10322:Wallace 10300:leaders 10289:(2023–) 10257:O'Neill 10239:Rayburn 10209:Garrett 10203:Kitchin 10155:Randall 10143:Niblack 10137:Randall 10133:Niblack 10127:Houston 10051:leaders 10040:(2021–) 10026:Clinton 10008:Kennedy 9943:Jackson 9814:Edwards 9734:Bentsen 9730:Dukakis 9714:Ferraro 9710:Mondale 9694:Mondale 9674:Mondale 9653:Shriver 9585:Kennedy 9529:Barkley 9489:Wallace 9271:Thurman 9245:English 9241:Hancock 9215:Greeley 9202:Seymour 9163:Douglas 9072:Jackson 9063:Calhoun 9059:Jackson 9038:tickets 8992:History 8917:Debates 8905:Related 8606:Wyoming 8581:Vermont 8486:Montana 8426:Indiana 8406:Georgia 8401:Florida 8371:Arizona 8361:Alabama 8341:Parties 8271:Whatley 8261:Priebus 8237:Mehlman 8227:Racicot 8222:Gilmore 8212:Barbour 8202:Yeutter 8197:Atwater 8118:Roberts 8063:Sanders 7948:Cameron 7933:Claflin 7923:Raymond 7894:(2023–) 7892:Johnson 7874:Boehner 7868:Hastert 7838:Halleck 7814:Gillett 7748:McCrary 7736:Pomeroy 7696:leaders 7685:(2007–) 7653:Stevens 7635:Dirksen 7617:Bridges 7551:E. Hale 7545:Allison 7539:Sherman 7533:Edmunds 7527:Sherman 7521:Anthony 7499:leaders 7432:Harding 7378:Johnson 7372:Lincoln 6936:Bricker 6912:Willkie 6812:Harding 6772:Sherman 6759:Sherman 6655:Wheeler 6616:Johnson 6612:Lincoln 6599:Lincoln 6586:Frémont 6558:tickets 6519:History 6416:Clinton 6381:Kennedy 6351:Harding 5709:Related 5194:, from 4941:1854452 4890:11 June 3875:Stewart 3839:Stewart 3803:Stewart 3707:Stewart 3683:Stewart 3647:Stewart 3295:Stewart 3259:Stewart 3235:Stewart 2779:Stewart 2374:, 1868) 2165:Alabama 2145:(today 2136:in 1898 2124:Denmark 1267:slavery 1216:crony, 684:of the 664:in the 583:by the 485:became 319:Efforts 48:Cabinet 11070:groups 10958:Oregon 10913:Nevada 10853:Kansas 10828:Hawaii 10783:Alaska 10726:Andrew 10708:Fowler 10679:Manatt 10669:Curtis 10649:Harris 10639:Bailey 10629:Butler 10599:Walker 10589:Farley 10584:Raskob 10579:Shaver 10524:Barnum 10519:Hewitt 10514:Schell 10499:McLane 10394:Martin 10382:Martin 10358:Gorman 10346:Turpie 10340:Gorman 10308:chairs 10306:Caucus 10281:Pelosi 10263:Wright 10251:Albert 10221:Rainey 10215:Garner 10167:Holman 10065:chairs 10063:Caucus 10020:Carter 10002:Truman 9985:Wilson 9961:Pierce 9910:Harris 9894:Harris 9690:Carter 9670:Carter 9629:Muskie 9525:Truman 9509:Truman 9469:Garner 9449:Garner 9365:Wilson 9345:Wilson 9319:Parker 9297:Sewall 9228:Tilden 9137:Pierce 9128:Butler 9115:Dallas 8850:groups 8780:groups 8742:groups 8541:Oregon 8496:Nevada 8436:Kansas 8411:Hawaii 8366:Alaska 8256:Steele 8251:Duncan 8246:Duncan 8183:Laxalt 8138:Miller 8128:Alcorn 8078:Martin 8053:Huston 8043:Butler 8028:Wilcox 8023:Hilles 7983:Carter 7953:Jewell 7938:Morgan 7918:Morgan 7911:Chairs 7856:Michel 7850:Rhodes 7832:Martin 7802:Cannon 7772:Cannon 7766:Keifer 7742:Blaine 7738:(1869) 7730:Colfax 7710:chairs 7625:(1953) 7611:Wherry 7599:McNary 7593:Austin 7587:McNary 7581:Watson 7575:Curtis 7557:Cullom 7507:chairs 7468:Reagan 7444:Hoover 7402:Arthur 7398:(1881) 7272:Romney 7252:McCain 7236:Cheney 7216:Cheney 7176:Quayle 7156:Quayle 7132:Reagan 7112:Reagan 7036:Miller 6956:Warren 6916:McNary 6892:Landon 6876:Curtis 6872:Hoover 6856:Curtis 6852:Hoover 6792:Hughes 6776:Butler 6720:Hobart 6694:Morton 6677:Blaine 6668:Arthur 6642:Wilson 6629:Colfax 6603:Hamlin 6590:Dayton 6406:Reagan 6401:Carter 6371:Truman 6361:Hoover 6346:Wilson 5658:Slaves 5608:(wife) 5599:Family 5591:(1942) 5583:(1867) 5575:(1867) 5567:(1866) 5474:Vetoes 5288:(1865) 5196:C-SPAN 5150: 5126: 5092: 5052:online 5036: 4977: 4958: 4939: 4837:14 May 4832:C-SPAN 4812:14 May 4753:Castel 4726:Castel 4714:Castel 4690:Castel 4678:Tolson 4659:Castel 4635:Castel 4608:Castel 4428: 4394:Castel 4383:online 4366:Castel 4291:Castel 4257:online 4245:Online 4212:Castel 4119: 4085: 4048: 3953:online 3851:Castel 3755:Castel 3695:Castel 3671:Castel 3659:Castel 3533:Castel 3516:Castel 3340: 3283:Castel 3187:Castel 2929: 2883:Castel 2832:, The 2515:Castel 2396:C-SPAN 2392:ranked 2311:, and 2167:Claims 2147:Alaska 2088:France 2083:Mexico 1993: 1991: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1918:, and 1752:, and 1726:, and 1668:, and 1627: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1609: 1607: 1600: 1598: 1591: 1589: 1151:, and 826:Office 593:Alaska 396:Family 191:Legacy 10988:Texas 10868:Maine 10833:Idaho 10751:Perez 10741:Kaine 10713:Romer 10699:DeLee 10689:Brown 10674:White 10614:Boyle 10594:Flynn 10569:White 10539:Jones 10529:Brice 10424:Lucas 10376:Money 10269:Foley 10227:Byrns 10197:Clark 10173:Crisp 10097:Davis 10038:Biden 10032:Obama 9890:Biden 9874:Kaine 9854:Biden 9850:Obama 9834:Biden 9830:Obama 9810:Kerry 9425:Smith 9219:Brown 9206:Blair 8571:Texas 8451:Maine 8416:Idaho 8354:State 8173:Brock 8168:Smith 8148:Bliss 8143:Burch 8103:Scott 8098:Reece 8083:Walsh 8038:Adams 7993:Payne 7988:Hanna 7963:Jones 7958:Sabin 7826:Snell 7677:Frist 7659:Baker 7647:Baker 7641:Scott 7605:White 7569:Lodge 7486:Trump 7456:Nixon 7390:Hayes 7384:Grant 7336:Vance 7332:Trump 7316:Pence 7312:Trump 7296:Pence 7292:Trump 7256:Palin 7076:Agnew 7072:Nixon 7056:Agnew 7052:Nixon 7016:Lodge 7012:Nixon 6996:Nixon 6976:Nixon 6952:Dewey 6932:Dewey 6836:Dawes 6681:Logan 6651:Hayes 6638:Grant 6625:Grant 6436:Biden 6431:Trump 6426:Obama 6391:Nixon 5650:(son) 5644:(son) 5626:(son) 5484:Trial 4937:JSTOR 4702:Beale 4647:Beale 4596:White 4569:White 4557:Foner 4533:White 4521:Foner 4482:Foner 4334:(PDF) 4314:(PDF) 4168:(PDF) 3936:White 3909:White 3623:White 3557:White 3489:Foner 3477:White 3441:Foner 3429:White 3417:White 3405:Foner 3393:Foner 3381:Foner 3369:Foner 3271:Foner 3247:Foner 3223:Foner 3211:Foner 3199:Foner 3144:Foner 3120:Foner 3096:Foner 3084:White 3072:White 3057:White 3033:White 3009:Foner 2997:Foner 2970:White 2907:Foner 2895:Foner 2854:White 2841:(PDF) 2820:(PDF) 2683:Foner 2587:Foner 2427:Notes 1544:This 767:Whigs 668:. 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