Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

2086:"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have 3584:. As early as the 1850s, a time when most political rhetoric focused on the sanctity of the Constitution, Lincoln redirected emphasis to the Declaration of Independence as the foundation of American political values—what he called the "sheet anchor" of republicanism. The Declaration's emphasis on freedom and equality for all, in contrast to the Constitution's tolerance of slavery, shifted the debate. As Diggins concludes regarding the highly influential Cooper Union speech of early 1860, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself." His position gained strength because he highlighted the moral basis of republicanism, rather than its legalisms. Nevertheless, in 1861, Lincoln justified the war in terms of legalisms (the Constitution was a contract, and for one party to get out of a contract all the other parties had to agree), and then in terms of the national duty to guarantee a republican form of government in every state. Burton (2008) argues that Lincoln's republicanism was taken up by the Freedmen as they were emancipated. 3289:

Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate spokesmen, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. However, the Confederacy's hope that cotton exports would compel European interference did not come to fruition, as Britain found alternative sources of cotton and experienced economic growth in industries that did not rely on cotton. Though the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation did not immediately end the possibility of European intervention, it rallied European public opinion to the Union by adding abolition as a Union war goal. Any chance of a European intervention in the war ended with the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, as European leaders came to believe that the Confederate cause was doomed.

923:" from Pennsylvania who had been sympathetic to the South, to preside over the country until that time. President Buchanan declared that secession was illegal but denied that the government had any power to resist it. Lincoln had no official power to act while the secession crisis escalated. Nevertheless, Lincoln was barraged with advice. Many wanted him to provide reassurances to the South that its interests were not being threatened. Realizing that soothing words on the rights of slaveholders would alienate the Republican base, while taking a strong stand on the indestructibility of the Union would further inflame Southerners, Lincoln chose a policy of silence. He believed that, given enough time without any overt acts or threats to the South, Southern unionists would carry the day and bring their states back into the Union. At the suggestion of a Southern merchant who contacted him, Lincoln did make an indirect appeal to the South by providing material for Senator 2274:, which effectively neutralized the Confederate naval threat. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton, especially New Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of few lives in combat. Practically, the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless (although it was sold to Union traders), costing the Confederacy its main source of income. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well. The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports. 1082: 1406:, Seward's chief political rival. Chase was the leader of the more radical faction of Republicans that sought to abolish slavery as quickly as possible. Seward, among others, opposed the selection of Chase because of both his strong antislavery record and his opposition to any type of settlement with the South that could be considered an appeasement of slaveholders. Chase surreptitiously sought the 1864 Republican nomination, and he frequently worked to undermine Lincoln's re-election, but Lincoln nonetheless retained Chase due to Chase's competence as Secretary of the Treasury and popularity among Radical Republicans. Chase offered his resignation in June 1864 due to a dispute over an appointment, and Lincoln, having just been renominated for president, accepted Chase's resignation. Lincoln replaced Chase with 1533: 2960:, the first having become law in the final months of Buchanan's tenure. These tariff acts raised import duties considerably compared to previous tariff rates, and they were designed to both raise revenue and protect domestic manufacturing against foreign competition. During the war, the tariff also helped manufacturers off-set the burden of new taxes. Compared to pre-war levels, the tariff would remain relatively high for the remainder of the 19th century. Throughout the war, members of Congress would debate whether to raise further revenue primarily through increased tariff rates, which most strongly affected rural areas in the West, or increased income taxes, which most strongly affected wealthier individuals in the Northeast. 1047:. As a result of the threat, the travel schedule was altered, tracks were closed to other traffic, and the telegraph wires even cut to heighten security. Lincoln and his entourage passed through Baltimore's waterfront at around 3 o'clock in the early morning of February 23, and arrived safely in the nation's capital a few hours later. The unannounced departure from the published schedule, along with the unconventional attire Lincoln wore to keep a low profile, led to critics and cartoonists accusing him of sneaking into Washington in disguise. Lincoln met with Buchanan and Congressional leaders shortly after arriving in Washington. He also worked to complete his cabinet, meeting with Republican Senators to obtain their feedback. 1115:

declared that secession was "the essence of anarchy" and it was his duty to "hold, occupy, and possess the property belonging to the government". Focusing on those within the South who were still on the fence regarding secession, Lincoln contrasted "persons in one section or another who seek to destroy the Union as it exists" versus "those, however, who really love the Union." In his closing remarks Lincoln spoke directly to the secessionists, and asserted that no state could secede from the Union "upon its own mere motion" and emphasized the moral commitment that he was undertaking to "preserve, protect, and defend" the laws of the land. He then concluded the address with a firm but conciliatory message:

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voting requirements should be determined by the states. He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans.... Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves.... It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death."

3403: 3131:, a Copperhead Democrat from Ohio, emerged as one of the most prominent critics of the war. General Ambrose Burnside arrested Vallandigham in May 1863 after the latter strongly criticized the draft and other wartime policies. A military commission subsequently sentenced Vallandigham to imprisonment until the end of the war, but Lincoln intervened to have Vallandigham released into Confederate territory. Ohio Democrats nonetheless nominated Vallandigham for governor in June 1863. Vallandigham's defeat in the 1863 election, along with Democratic electoral defeats elsewhere in 1863, represented a major victory for Lincoln and the Republicans as it signified public support for the war. 547: 2521: 3011:, which represented a compromise between those who favored a more progressive tax structure and those who favored a flat tax. The act established a five percent tax on incomes greater than $ 600, a ten percent tax on incomes above $ 10,000, and raised taxes on businesses. In early 1865, Congress passed another tax increase, levying a tax of ten percent on incomes above $ 5000. By the end of the war, the income tax constituted about one-fifth of the revenue of the federal government. The federal inheritance tax would remain in effect until its repeal in 1870, while the federal income tax would be repealed in 1872. 24: 1942: 1399:

President-elect Hamlin, acting on Lincoln's behalf, offered the position to him. Seward had been deeply disappointed by his failure to win the 1860 Republican presidential nomination, but he agreed to serve as Lincoln's Secretary of State. By the end of 1862, Seward had emerged as the dominant figure in Lincoln's cabinet, though the Secretary of State's conservative policies on abolition and other issues alienated many within the Republican Party. Despite pressure from some congressional leaders to fire Seward, Lincoln retained his Secretary of State for the duration of his presidency.

3331:, spending hundreds of millions of pounds on them. They were staffed by sailors and officers on leave from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. Navy captured one of the fast blockade runners, it sold the ship and cargo as prize money for the American sailors, then released the crew. During the war, blockade runners delivered the Confederacy 60 percent of its weapons, 1/3 of the lead for its bullets, 3/4 of ingredients for its powder, and most of the cloth for its uniforms, lengthening the Civil War by two years and costing an additional 400,000 lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides. 1829: 176: 3509: 2174: 2756:, he could, "as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion", emancipate the slaves in the states in rebellion. On July 22, 1862, Lincoln read to his cabinet a preliminary draft of a proclamation calling for emancipation of all slaves in the Confederacy. As the Union had suffered several defeats in the early part of the war, Seward convinced Lincoln to announce this emancipation plan after a significant Union victory so that it would not seem like a move of desperation. Lincoln waited two months until after the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam. 2890: 541: 2283: 2441: 1647: 2155:. He defined the war as an effort dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. The emancipation of slaves was now part of the national war effort. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that slavery would end as a result of the losses, and the future of democracy in the world would be assured, that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth". Lincoln concluded that the Civil War had a profound objective: a new birth of freedom in the nation. 1067: 2813: 1438:. Nonetheless, by Inauguration Day the competing factions realized that it was important to business interests that at least some Pennsylvanian be in Lincoln's cabinet, and Cameron was made Secretary of War. Historian William Gienapp believed that the final selection of Cameron for this soon-to-be-critical position was a clear indicator that Lincoln did not anticipate a civil war. Feeling that Cameron was not capable of handling the War Department, Lincoln tactfully removed Cameron in January 1862 by appointing him as the 3196:, ostensibly as the legitimate government of Virginia. In the following year, the people of West Virginia voted to secede from Virginia, and a new state constitution was written. Despite the opposition of some cabinet members who believed that the partition of Virginia posed constitutional issues, Lincoln supported the actions of West Virginia Unionists, and he signed a bill admitting West Virginia as a state. West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863. Later, through its ruling in the 1871 case of 1734:. Fox presented a plan for a naval resupply and reinforcement of the fort. The plan had been approved by Scott during the last month of the previous administration, but Buchanan had rejected it. On March 15, Lincoln asked each cabinet member to provide a written answer to the question, "Assuming it to be possible to now provision Fort-Sumter, under all circumstances, is it wise to attempt it?" Only Blair gave his unconditional approval to the plan. No decision was reached, but Lincoln personally dispatched Fox, 769: 140: 2633: 1130: 2504: 870: 3015:

from contractors providing faulty goods to the Union army. During this time, any person who submitted a false claim would have to pay double the amount of the government's damages plus $ 2,000 per false claim. The False Claims Act has been amended several times with a notable amendment being made in 1986 when Congress strengthened the law, and it still remains a model of a successful whistleblower law that works to deter contractors from defrauding the government.

9632: 8955: 2918:, which gave Congress primary responsibility for writing the laws while the executive enforced them. Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Chase contributed to the drafting and passage of some legislation, but congressional leaders played the dominant role in formulating domestic policy outside of military affairs. Throughout his presidency, Lincoln vetoed only four bills passed by Congress; the only important one was the Wade-Davis Bill. 2768:, which were mostly under federal control at the time of the Proclamation. Despite these exemptions and the delayed effect of the proclamation, the Emancipation Proclamation added a second purpose of the war, making its goal ending slavery as well as restoring the Union. The Proclamation was well received by most Republicans, but many Democrats strongly disapproved, and the latter party won several victories in the 1862 midterm elections. 8967: 9642: 971: 1747:

non-committal, Cameron was not in attendance, and Seward and Smith opposed resupply. Later that day Lincoln gave Fox the order to begin assembling a squadron to reinforce Fort Sumter. Lincoln's policy of re-supplying Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens was designed to deny the right of secession without resorting to violence, which he hoped would allow the administration maintain support among both Northerners and Southern Unionists.

1987: 2143:, the Battle of Gettysburg is often referred to as a turning point in the war. Though the battle ended with a Confederate retreat, Lincoln was dismayed that Meade had failed to destroy Lee's army. Feeling that Meade was a competent commander despite his failure to pursue Lee, Lincoln allowed Meade to remain in command of the Army of the Potomac. The Eastern Theater would be locked in a stalemate for the remainder of 1863. 1730:, the army's chief engineer, said that simply reinforcing the fort was not possible, although Secretary of the Navy Welles disagreed. Scott advised Lincoln that it would take a large fleet, 25,000 troops, and several months of training in order to defend the fort. On March 13, Postmaster General Blair, the strongest proponent in the cabinet for standing firm at Fort Sumter, introduced Lincoln to his brother-in-law, 2375:, effectively destroying Hood's army. Lincoln authorized the Union army to target the Confederate infrastructure—such as plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to shatter the South's morale and weaken its economic ability to continue fighting. Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched east with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his " 1099:, who advised Lincoln to omit the phrase "to reclaim the public property and places which have fallen". He also asked his former rival (and Secretary of State-designate) William Seward to review it. Seward exercised his due diligence by presenting Lincoln with a six-page analysis of the speech in which he offered some 49 suggested changes, of which the president-elect incorporated 27 into the final draft. 2785:, implemented a labor system in which free blacks worked as laborers on white-owned plantations. This model, which paid blacks wages but also represented a continuation of plantation agriculture, was adopted throughout much of the occupied South. Banks also presided over the ratification of a new state constitution that banned slavery, but did not guarantee free blacks the right to vote. 2720:, which authorized court proceedings to confiscate the slaves of anyone who participated in or aided the Confederate war effort. The act however, did not specify whether the slaves were free. In April 1862, Lincoln signed a law abolishing slavery in Washington, D.C., and, in June, he signed a law abolishing slavery in all federal territories. The following month, Lincoln signed the 946:, a Republican on the special House committee, saying that Kellogg should "entertain no proposition for a compromise in regard to the extension of slavery. The instant you do, they have us under again; all our labor is lost, and sooner or later must be done over. Douglas is sure to be again trying to bring in his . Have none of it. The tug has to come & better now than later." 1870:, which provided access to key rivers and served as a gateway to Tennessee and the Midwest. Hoping to avoid upsetting the delicate balance in the state, Lincoln publicly ordered military leaders to respect Kentucky's declared neutrality, but quietly provided support to Kentucky Unionists. The Confederates were the first to violate this neutrality, seizing control of the town of 2313:

spare this man. He fights." In March 1864, Grant was summoned to Washington to succeed Halleck as general-in-chief, while Halleck took on the role of chief-of-staff. Meade remained in formal command of the Army of the Potomac, but Grant would travel with the Army of the Potomac and direct its actions. Lincoln also obtained Congress's consent to reinstate for Grant the rank of

3379:. In October 1862, fearing that a re-unified United States would threaten his restored French empire, Napoleon III proposed an armistice and joint mediation of the American Civil War by France, Britain, and Russia. However, this proposal was declined by the other European powers, who feared alienating the North. Napoleon's bellicose stance towards Russia in the 1863 3384:

Maximilian's rule grew. With the end of the American Civil War in 1865, the U.S. increased pressure on France to withdraw from Mexico, and the French presence in the Western hemisphere would be a major foreign policy issue for Lincoln's successor. In 1866, France withdrew its forces from Mexico, and Maximilian was captured by republican forces and executed in 1867.

1703:. Less secure than Fort Pickens, and situated in the secessionist hotbed of South Carolina, Fort Sumter emerged as an important symbolic issue in both the North and South during early 1861. Any hope Lincoln might have had about using time to his advantage in addressing the crisis was shattered on his first full day in office, when he read a letter from Major 2760:

Proclamation, declaring free the slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion. The proclamation did not cover the nearly 500,000 slaves in the slaveholding border states that had remained in the Union; nor did it apply to Tennessee or West Virginia, both of which were largely under the control of Union forces. Also specifically exempted were

1926:, instead proposing a strike against Virginia which would end the war with one climactic battle. After Scott retired in late 1861, Lincoln appointed McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies. McClellan, a young West Point graduate, railroad executive, and Pennsylvania Democrat, took several months to plan and attempt his 2825:

Lincoln's reconstituted Southern governments. Disagreements within Congress prevented the passage of any Reconstruction bill or the recognition of governments in Arkansas and Louisiana. As the war came to a close, Lincoln indicated an openness to some of the proposals of the Radical Republicans, and he signed a bill creating the

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professional officers resisted civilian control, while many state militias sought to act autonomously. Knowing that success in the war required the support of local officials in mobilizing soldiers, Lincoln used patronage powers and personal diplomacy to ensure that Northern leaders remained devoted to the war effort.

2590:. Due to the city's important location, the fall of Petersburg would likely lead to the fall of Richmond, but Grant feared that Lee would decide to move South and link up with other Confederate armies. In March 1865, with the fall of Petersburg appearing imminent, Lee sought to break through the Union lines at the 2555:, a personal friend of both Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, unsuccessfully encouraged Lincoln to make a diplomatic visit to Richmond. Blair had advocated to Lincoln that the war could be brought to a close by having the two opposing sections of the nation stand down in their conflict, and reunite on grounds of the 1395:

Republican nomination. He did not shy away from surrounding himself with strong-minded men, even those whose credentials for office appeared to be much more impressive than his own. Though the cabinet appointees held different views on economic issues, all opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.

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majorities in both houses of Congress, Lincoln believed that he could permanently end the institution of slavery in the United States. Though he had largely avoided becoming involved in congressional legislative processes, Lincoln gave the ratification struggle his full attention. Rather than waiting for the

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support for Chase backfired as they generated a groundswell of support for Lincoln's re-nomination, and Chase announced in early 1864 that he was not a candidate for the presidential nomination. After Chase decided not to run, anti-slavery activists cast about for a new candidate. In May 1864, a group led by

2474:, Frederick Douglass, and Charles Sumner, decided to support Lincoln over Frémont, as they believed that Frémont's candidacy would ultimately help Democrats more than the abolitionist cause. Frémont himself eventually endorsed this view, and he withdrew from the race in favor of Lincoln in September 1864. 2844:

Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that the

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and journalists like Horace Greeley. The same month that Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act, he also privately decided that he would pursue emancipation as a war goal. Although, before the war, Lincoln accepted the consensus that the federal government did not have the power to interfere with

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Confederate leaders hoped that a McClellan victory would lead to the beginning of peace negotiations, potentially leaving an independent Confederacy in place. The Republicans mobilized support against the Democratic platform, calling it "The Great Surrender to the Rebels in Arms." Lincoln won a major

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met at the end of August, nominating General George McClellan as its presidential candidate. The divided Democrats adopted a platform calling for peace with the Confederacy, but McClellan himself favored continuing the war. McClellan agonized over accepting the nomination, but after the Union victory

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Lincoln's re-election prospects grew brighter after the Union Navy seized Mobile Bay in late August and General Sherman captured Atlanta a few weeks later. These victories relieved Republicans' defeatist anxieties, energized the Union-Republican alliance, and helped to restore popular support for the

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of the impending re-supply of the fort. The message was delivered to Governor Pickens on April 8. The information was telegraphed that night to Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Richmond. The Confederate cabinet was already meeting to discuss the Sumter crisis, and on April 10 Davis decided to

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of Indiana, a former Whig representing the same type of Midwestern constituency as Lincoln. His critics faulted him for some of his railroad ventures, accused him of being a Doughface, and questioned his intellectual capacity for a high government position. In the end, Smith's selection for Secretary

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We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearth-stone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the

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Goodwin (2005), p. xvi; Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 719–720. Goodwin writes, "Every member of this administration was better known, better educated, and more experienced in public life than Lincoln." Burlingame quotes Lincoln as saying, after he was advised not to select someone to a cabinet post

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conducted since the 1940s, Lincoln is consistently ranked in the top three, often as the greatest president of the United States. A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after Washington. In presidential

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to Britain while Britain exported manufactured items and munitions. British trade with the Confederacy was limited, with a trickle of cotton going to Britain and hundreds of thousands of munitions slipped in by numerous small blockade runners. The British textile industry depended on cotton from the

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in June 1864. The Confederacy lacked reinforcements, so Lee's army shrank with every costly battle. Lincoln and the Republican Party mobilized support for the draft throughout the North and replaced the Union losses. As Grant continued to wear down Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. After

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In November 1863, Lincoln was invited to Gettysburg to dedicate the first national cemetery and honor the soldiers who had fallen. His Gettysburg Address became a core statement of American political values. Defying Lincoln's prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say

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to provide oversight of military operations. Throughout the war, the committee would investigate generals deemed incompetent or insufficiently aggressive. Aside from the committee's activities, Congress would generally defer to Lincoln's leadership throughout the war. A group of congressmen known as

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On February 11, 1861, Lincoln boarded a special train that over the course of the next two weeks would take him to the nation's capital. Lincoln spoke several times each day during the train trip. While his speeches were mostly extemporaneous, his message was consistent: he had no hostile intentions

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and prohibit it in territories north of that latitude, with newly admitted states deciding on the status of slavery within their borders. Congress would be forbidden from abolishing slavery in any state (or the District of Columbia) or interfering with the domestic slave trade. Despite pressure from

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Holzer (2008) p. 69; Gienapp (2002) pp. 74–75; Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 p. 702. Burlingame writes, "Lincoln's unwillingness to make a public declaration may have been a mistake. Such a document might have allayed fears in the Upper South and Border States and predisposed them to remain in the Union

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South, but it had stocks to keep the mills operating for a year and in any case the industrialists and workers carried little weight in British politics. With the announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862, the Civil War became a war against slavery that most British supported.

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In the aftermath of the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and began to imprison suspected Confederate sympathizers. In 1861, Seward set up a special office in the State Department designed to monitor internal security, and the federal government and local police officers worked

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to oversee "national banks," which would be subject to federal, rather than state, regulation. In return for investing a third of their capital in federal bonds, these national banks were authorized to issue federal banknotes. After Congress imposed a tax on private banknotes in March 1865, federal

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in U.S. history. The act created a flat tax of three percent on incomes above $ 800 ($ 27,100 in current dollar terms). This taxation of income reflected the increasing amount of wealth held in stocks and bonds rather than property, which the federal government had taxed in the past. As the average

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After the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase faced the challenge of funding the war. Congress quickly approved Lincoln's request to assemble a 500,000-man army, but initially resisted raising taxes to pay for the war. After the Union defeat at the First Battle

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nominated Lincoln for president. Though Hamlin hoped to be re-nominated as vice president, the convention instead nominated Andrew Johnson, the military governor of Tennessee. Lincoln had refused to weigh in on his preferred running mate, and the convention chose to nominate Johnson, a Southern War

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Grant was one of the few senior generals that Lincoln did not know personally, and the president was not able to visit the Western Theater of the war. Nonetheless, Lincoln came to appreciate the battlefield exploits of Grant. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't

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on January 1, 1863, which he did. Following the battle, McClellan resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's retreating and exposed army. The mid-term elections in 1862 brought the Republicans severe losses due to sharp disfavor with the administration over its failure to deliver a speedy

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Lincoln believed that Southern threats of secession were mostly bluster and that the sectional crisis would be defused, as it had in 1820 and 1850. However, many Southerners were convinced that assenting to Lincoln's presidency and the restriction of slavery in the territories would ultimately lead

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and most of the remaining counties in the North, but he won just two of the 996 Southern counties. Nationwide, Lincoln took 39.8 percent of the popular vote, while Douglas won 29.5 percent of the popular vote, Breckenridge won 18.1 percent, and Bell won 12.6 percent. 82.2 percent of eligible voters

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met in April 1860, but adjourned after failing to agree on a candidate. A second convention met in June and nominated Stephen Douglas as the presidential nominee, but several pro-slavery Southern delegations refused to support Douglas, as they demanded a strongly pro-slavery nominee. These Southern

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to also kill Secretary of State Seward and Vice President Johnson. They hoped to revive the Confederate cause by creating chaos through destabilizing the federal government. Although Booth succeeded in killing Lincoln, the larger plot failed. Seward was attacked, but recovered from his wounds, and

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Although they remained out of the war, the European powers, especially France and Britain, factored into the American Civil War in various ways. European leaders saw the division of the United States as having the potential to eliminate, or at least greatly weaken, a growing rival. They looked for

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in the United States. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving. Before Lincoln's presidency, Thanksgiving, while a regional holiday in New England since the 17th century, had been proclaimed by the federal government only sporadically and on

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This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground

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in December. Not only had Burnside been defeated on the battlefield, but his soldiers were disgruntled and undisciplined. Desertions during 1863 were in the thousands and they increased after Fredericksburg. The defeat also amplified the criticisms of Radical Republicans such as Lyman Trumbull and

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In January 1862, Lincoln, frustrated by months of inaction, ordered McClellan to begin the offensive by the end of February. When McClellan still failed to launch his attack, members of Congress urged Lincoln to replace McClellan with McDowell or Frémont, but Lincoln decided to retain McClellan as

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On April 15, following the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln declared that a state of rebellion existed and called up a force of seventy-five thousand state militiamen to serve three-month terms. While Northern states rallied to the request, border states such as Missouri refused to provide soldiers.

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Lincoln also took action against rampant fraud during the civil war, by enacting the False Claims Act in 1863. This law, also known as the "Lincoln Law," made it possible for private citizens to file false claims qui tam lawsuits on behalf of the U.S. government and also protect the US government

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on election night. In an effort to create a cabinet that would unite the Republican Party, Lincoln attempted to reach out to every faction of his party, with a special emphasis on balancing former Whigs with former Democrats. Lincoln's eventual cabinet would include all of his main rivals for the

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Lincoln's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion. The European aristocracy (the dominant class in every major country) was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed."

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As the war continued, many in the North came to resist the sacrifices required by the war, and recruiting declined. After state and local efforts failed to furnish the troops necessary for the war, Congress instituted a draft through passage of the March 1863 Enrollment Act. The conscription act

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to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment as soon as possible. After an extensive lobbying campaign by Lincoln and Seward, the House narrowly cleared the two-thirds threshold in a 119–56 vote. The Thirteenth Amendment was sent to the states for ratification, and Secretary of State Seward proclaimed its

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As Southern states were subdued, critical decisions had to be made as to the leadership and policies of these states. Louisiana, which had a larger slave population than other Confederate states occupied early in the war, became the center of discussion regarding Reconstruction under Lincoln and

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Throughout the first year and a half of his presidency, Lincoln made it clear that the North was fighting the war to preserve the Union and not to end slavery. Though unwilling to publicly declare the abolition of slavery as a war goal, Lincoln considered various plans that would provide for the

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led a covert campaign for Chase's nomination. Much of the support for Chase came from abolitionists who were frustrated by Lincoln's unwillingness to push for the immediate end of slavery and his willingness to work with conservative Unionist leaders in the South. Pomeroy's attempts to galvanize

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On March 28, Scott recommended that both Pickens and Sumter be abandoned, basing his decision more on political than military grounds. The next day a deeply agitated Lincoln presented Scott's proposal to the cabinet. Blair was now joined by Welles and Chase in supporting reinforcement. Bates was

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took part in the contentious election, the second highest turnout in U.S. history. Despite Republican success in the presidential election, the party failed to win a majority in either house of Congress, although after the Southern states seceded, Lincoln governed with a majority in both houses.

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divided the powers and greatly diminished any chance of a joint European intervention. The United States refused to recognize Maximilian's government and threatened to drive France out of the country by force, but it did not become directly involved in the conflict even as Mexican resistance to

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the military draft law, and fears that freed slaves would undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for the Republicans in the rural areas of New England and the upper Midwest, but it lost votes in the cities and the lower Midwest. After the 1862 mid-term elections,

1886:

to ensure Union control of the area, but Frémont alienated many in the state by declaring martial law and issuing a proclamation freeing slaves that belonged to rebels. Lincoln removed Frémont and reversed the order, but Missouri emerged as the most problematic of the border states for Lincoln.

1114:

and spoke favorably about a pending constitutional amendment that would preserve slavery in the states where it currently existed. He also assured the states that had already seceded that the federal government would not "assail" (violently attack) them. After these assurances, however, Lincoln

3542:

The successful reunification of the states had consequences for the name of the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used, sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular, without any particular grammatical consistency. The Civil War was a

2824:

Even as they cooperated on most other issues, Lincoln and congressional Republicans continued to clash over Reconstruction policies after the 1864 election. Many in Congress sought far-reaching reforms to Southern society that went beyond the abolition of slavery, and they refused to recognize

2759:

Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, five days after the Battle of Antietam. It provided that, in any states in rebellion on January 1, 1863, the slaves would be free. Lincoln kept his promise, and, on January 1, 1863, he issued the Final Emancipation

1805:

to curry favor with various groups, especially Democrats. On its return in July 1861, Congress supported Lincoln's war proposals, providing appropriations for the expansion of the army to 500,000 men. Organizing the army would prove to be a challenge for Lincoln and the War Department, as many

1010:

in the nation's capital. The convention submitted to Congress a seven-point constitutional amendment proposal similar in content to the earlier Crittenden Compromise. The proposal was rejected by the Senate and never considered by the House. The second effort was a "never-never" constitutional

3006:

Despite these new measures, funding the war continued to be a difficult struggle for Chase and the Lincoln administration. The government continued to issue greenbacks and borrow large amounts of money, and the United States national debt grew from $ 65 million in 1860 to $ 2 billion in 1866.

2865:

in 1864, Lincoln told the party that he would seek to ratify a constitutional amendment that would abolish slavery in the United States. After winning re-election, Lincoln made ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment (as it would become known) a top priority. With the aid of large Republican

865:

for president. Breckinridge and Bell would primarily contest the South, while Lincoln and Douglas would compete for votes in the North. Republicans were confident after these party conventions, with Lincoln predicting that the fractured Democrats stood little chance of winning the election.

2257:

In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late.

3103:

Chief Justice Taney asserted that only Congress had the right to suspend habeas corpus. In a message to Congress delivered in July 1861, Lincoln responded by arguing that his actions had been constitutional and necessary given the threat posed by the Confederacy. Congress later passed the

1764:

Lincoln also called Congress into a special session to begin in July. Though an in-session Congress could potentially affect his freedom of action, Lincoln needed Congress to authorize funds to fight the war. On the advice of Winfield Scott, Lincoln asked a political ally to offer General

1801:(Peace Democrats) advocated peace with the Confederacy. From the start, it was clear that bipartisan support would be essential to success in the war effort, and any action, such as the appointment of generals, could alienate factions on both sides of the aisle. Lincoln appointed several 2797:, Lincoln sought to find a middle ground, calling for the emancipation of Confederate slaves and the re-integration of Southern states once ten percent of voters in a state took an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to respect emancipation. Radical Republicans countered with the 2929:, which had previously held the record for most public acts passed. The 38th Congress, meeting from 1863 to 1865, passed 411 public acts. Many of these bills were designed to raise revenue for funding the war, as federal expenses increased seven-fold in the first year of the Civil War. 1398:

The first cabinet position filled was that of Secretary of State. It was tradition for the president-elect to offer this, the most senior cabinet post, to the leading (best-known and most popular) person of his political party. William Seward was that man and in mid-December 1860, Vice

3252:

in late 1861 to make sure there was no escalation into a war with Britain. Seward's main role was to keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. He was successful after indicating to London and Paris that Washington would declare war on them if they supported Richmond.

1970:

commander of Army of the Potomac over either potential replacement. He did, however, remove McClellan as general-in-chief of the army in May, leaving the office vacant. McClellan moved against Confederate forces in March, and the Army of Potomac fought the bloody-but-inconclusive

825:, Lincoln finished second to Seward, but Seward was unable to clinch the nomination. Ignoring Lincoln's strong dictate to "make no contracts that bind me", his managers maneuvered to win Lincoln's nomination on the third ballot of the convention. Delegates then nominated Senator 2448:

With Democratic gains in the 1862 and 1863 midterm elections, Lincoln felt increasing pressure to finish the war before the end of his term in early 1865. Hoping to rally unionists of both parties, Lincoln urged Republican leaders to adopt a new label for the 1864 election: the

2127:

in June 1863. Lee hoped that Confederate victories in the offensive would empower Lincoln's political opponents and convince the North that the Union could not win the war. After Hooker failed to stop Lee in the early stages of his advance, Lincoln replaced Hooker with General

2493:

told the president directly that his "re-election was an impossibility." Acknowledging this, Lincoln wrote and signed a pledge that, if he should lose the election, he would nonetheless defeat the Confederacy by an all-out military effort before turning over the White House:

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In December 1863, a proposed constitutional amendment that would outlaw slavery was introduced in Congress; though the Senate voted for the amendment with the necessary two-thirds majority, the amendment did not receive sufficient support in the House. On accepting the

2533:

was the largest that any presidential candidate had won since Andrew Jackson's 1832 re-election. Republican victories extended to other races, as the party gained dominant majorities in both houses of Congress and Republicans won nearly all of the gubernatorial races.

2738:

Union victories in 1861 and 1862 secured the border states, which in turn freed Lincoln's hand to pursue more aggressive anti-slavery policies. Additionally, many Northerners came to support abolition during the war due to the influence of religious leaders like

737:

Following his death, Lincoln was portrayed as the liberator of the slaves, the savior of the Union, and a martyr for the cause of freedom. Political historians have long held Lincoln in high regard for his accomplishments and personal characteristics. Alongside

1094:

Lincoln, aware that his inaugural address would be delivered in an atmosphere filled with fear and anxiety, and amid an unstable political landscape, sought guidance from colleagues and friends as he prepared it. Among those whose counsel Lincoln sought was

1429:

as the Secretary of War. Cameron was one of the most influential public leaders in the crucial political state of Pennsylvania, but he was also alleged to be one of the most corrupt. He was opposed within his own state by the faction led by Governor-elect

2829:. Established as a temporary institution, the Freedmen's Bureau was designed to provide food and other supplies to free blacks in the South, and was also authorized to grant confiscated land to former slaves. Lincoln did not take a definitive stand on 2344:. Even though they had the advantage of fighting on the defensive, the Confederate forces had a similarly high level of casualties. The high casualty figures alarmed many in the North, but, despite the heavy losses, Lincoln continued to support Grant. 3264:

to support the Union, while the other European powers had varying degrees of sympathy for the Confederacy. Washington's policy was a success: all foreign nations were officially neutral throughout the Civil War, and none recognized the Confederacy.

2913:

domestic manufacturing against foreign competition. With the secession of several Southern states, the Republicans dominated both houses of Congress and were free to implement the party's economic agenda. Lincoln adhered to the Whig understanding of

2018:

to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, but Burnside, who was close friends with McClellan, declined the post. Pope's forces moved South towards Richmond, and in late August, the Army of Virginia met the Confederate army in the

1861:

remained a critical part of the Union. Lincoln continued to suppress Southern sympathizers in the state, but historian Ronald White also notes Lincoln's forbearance in refusing to take harsher measures. Maryland's election of Unionist Governor

2875:

adoption on December 18, 1865. With the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, some abolitionist leaders viewed their work as complete, though Frederick Douglass believed that "slavery is not abolished until the black man has the ballot."

3040:

in May 1862, making millions of acres of government-held land in the West available for purchase at very low cost. Under the act, settlers would be granted 160 acres of public land if they invested five years into developing the land. The

1962:

the Radical Republicans often became frustrated with Lincoln's conduct of the war and reluctance to immediately push abolition, but Lincoln was able to maintain good relations with many of the Radical Republican leaders, including Senator

3533:

2008, C-SPAN 2009 and C-SPAN 2017. Generally, the top three presidents are rated as 1. Lincoln; 2. George Washington; and 3. Franklin D. Roosevelt, although Lincoln and Washington, and Washington and Roosevelt, are occasionally reversed.

1785:

from prison. While Lincoln struggled to maintain order in Maryland and other border states, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee all seceded from the Union. North Carolina was the last state to secede, doing so on May 20.

1755:

demand the surrender of the fort and bombard it if the demand was refused. An attack on the fort was initiated on April 12, and the fort surrendered the next day. The relief expedition sent by the Union arrived too late to intervene.

2606:, who was positioned in North Carolina, while Grant sought to force the surrender of Lee's army. On April 5, Lincoln visited the vanquished Confederate capital. As he walked through the city, white Southerners were stone-faced, but 11498: 11493: 3112:

included various exemptions and allowed potential draftees to pay for substitutes, but it nonetheless proved unpopular in many communities and among many state and local leaders. Opposition to the draft was especially strong among

2792:

sought the withdrawal of the Emancipation Proclamation and amnesty for the Confederates. By contrast, Radical Republicans like Sumner argued that rebel Southerners had lost all rights by attempting to secede from the Union. In his

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of July 1863 saw mobs attack soldiers, policemen, and African Americans, and was only subdued after Lincoln diverted soldiers from the Gettysburg Campaign. Rejecting calls to institute martial law in the city, Lincoln appointed

1742:

to South Carolina to assess the situation. The recommendations that came back were that reinforcement was both necessary, since secessionist feeling ran high and threatened the fort, and feasible, despite Anderson's misgivings.

2987:, but rather by the promise of the United States government to honor their value. By the end of the war, $ 450 million worth of greenbacks were in circulation. Congress also passed the Revenue Act of 1862, which established an 3191:

while Lincoln was in office. The first, West Virginia, had been part of Virginia before the start of the American Civil War. In the June 1861 Wheeling Convention, delegates from several counties in western Virginia formed the

2694:

I would save the Union. I would save it the shortest way under the Constitution. The sooner the national authority can be restored; the nearer the Union will be "the Union as it was".... My paramount object in this struggle

1608:

died in 1864, Lincoln appointed former Secretary of the Treasury Salmon Chase to the position of Chief Justice. Lincoln's appointments gave Northern Unionists a majority on the Court. Lincoln also appointed 27 judges to the

942:, and the domestic slave trade. However he made it clear that he was unalterably opposed to anything which would allow the expansion of slavery into any new states or territories. On December 6, Lincoln wrote to Congressman 2253:

in November, driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee. The capture of Chattanooga left Georgia vulnerable to attack, raising the possibility of a Union march to the Atlantic Ocean, which would divide the Confederacy.

962:

Seward, Lincoln refused to support the compromise. Still opposed to the expansion of slavery into the territories, Lincoln privately asked Republican Senators to oppose the compromise, and it failed to pass Congress.

661:

Lincoln was called on to handle both the political and military aspects of the Civil War, facing challenges in both spheres. As commander-in-chief, he ordered the suspension of the constitutionally-protected right to

654:. After being sworn in as president, Lincoln refused to accept any resolution that would result in Southern secession from the Union. The Civil War began weeks into Lincoln's presidency with the Confederate attack on 1856:

of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri would join the Confederacy. Of these four states, Lincoln was least concerned about Delaware, which had a proportionally large pro-Union population. Due to its location,

1768:

command of the Union forces, but Lee chose to serve the Confederacy. Union soldiers in Southern states burned federal facilities to prevent Southern forces from taking control of them, while Confederate sympathizers

804:

of New York had, Lincoln believed that he could emerge as the Republican presidential nominee at the convention after multiple ballots. Lincoln spent much of 1859 and 1860 building support for his candidacy, and his

2132:. Lee led his army into Pennsylvania, and was followed by Meade's Army of the Potomac. While many in the North fretted over Lee's advance, Lincoln saw the offensive as an opportunity to destroy a Confederate army. 7768:

Volume Two concentrates on Lincoln the person - his conversation, his personality, his daily tasks, his marriage, his sense of humour - and covers his life from the period of the Emancipation Proclamation to his

3045:, also enacted in 1862, provided government grants for agricultural colleges in each state. The law gave each member of Congress 30,000 acres of public land to sell, with proceeds funding the establishment of 2805:" indicating that they had never and never would support a rebellion against the United States. As the Wade–Davis Bill interfered with Lincoln's plans for the readmission of Louisiana and Arkansas, Lincoln 3247:

as Secretary of State, and left most diplomatic issues in his portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some of the top diplomats as part of his patronage policy. He also closely watched the handling of the

2583:—to discuss terms to end the war. Lincoln refused to allow any negotiation with the Confederacy as a coequal; his sole objective was an agreement to end the fighting and the meetings produced no results. 1690:

By the time Lincoln assumed office seven states had declared their secession and had seized federal property within their bounds, but the United States retained control of major military installations at

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As the Civil War continued, freeing the slaves became an important wartime measure for weakening the rebellion by destroying the economic base of its leadership class. In August 1861, Lincoln signed the

3303:

Elite opinion in Britain tended to favor the Confederacy, but public opinion tended to favor the United States. Large scale trade continued in both directions with the United States, with the Americans

3035:

Many of the bills passed by the 37th and 38th Congress were designed at least in part to pay for the war, but other bills instituted long-term reforms in areas unrelated to revenue. Congress passed the

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Johnson's would-be assassin fled Washington upon losing his nerve. With the failure of the plot to assassinate Johnson, Johnson succeeded Lincoln, becoming the 17th President of the United States.

3161:

who were accused of killing innocent farmers, Lincoln conducted his own personal review of each of these warrants, eventually approving 39 for execution (one was later reprieved). In his final two

2686:. Abolitionists criticized Lincoln for his slowness in moving from his initial position of non-interference with slavery to one of emancipation. In an August 1862 letter to anti-slavery journalist 686:

recognized the legal freedom of the 3.5 million slaves then held in Confederate territory and established emancipation as a Union war goal. In 1865, Lincoln was instrumental in the passage of the

6741: 1446:, a staunchly Unionist pro-business conservative Democrat who moved toward the Radical Republican faction. Stanton worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than any other senior official. 1509:

of the Interior had much to do with his campaign efforts on behalf of Lincoln and their friendship. Smith would serve less than two years before resigning due to poor health. He was replaced by

2119:. Despite possessing a larger army, the Union suffered another major loss at Chancellorsville, though the Confederates also suffered a high number of casualties, including the death of General 938:

formed special committees to address the unfolding crisis. Lincoln communicated with various Congressmen that there was room for negotiation on issues such as fugitive slaves, slavery in the

1110:. He opened by attempting to reassure the South that he had no intention or constitutional authority to interfere with slavery in states where it already existed. He promised to enforce the 12149: 3525:

ranking polls conducted in the United States since 1948, Lincoln has been rated at the very top in the majority of polls: Schlesinger 1948, Schlesinger 1962, 1982 Murray Blessing Survey,

1043:

to investigate reports that secessionists might try to sabotage the railroad along the route. In conducting his investigation Pinkerton obtained information that indicated to him that an

3169:

and federal Indian policy. However, as the war to preserve the Union was Lincoln's primary concern, he simply allowed the system to function unchanged for the balance of his presidency.

2567:. Though wary of peace efforts which could threaten his goal of emancipation, Lincoln did eventually agree to meet with the Confederates. On February 3, 1865, Lincoln and Seward held a 2530: 1134: 3551:, which were ratified after Lincoln's death but were made possible by the Civil War, changed the nature of the Constitution. The Union victory and the subsequent Supreme Court case of 5448: 2147:

here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, following ratification of the

2963:

The revenue measures of 1861 proved inadequate for the funding of the war, forcing Congress to pass further bills designed to generate revenue. In February 1862, Congress passed the

747: 5211: 3256:

The U.S. and the CSA both recognized the vital importance of foreign powers, as a European intervention could greatly aid the Confederate cause, much as French intervention in the

915:

Following Lincoln's victory, all the slave states began to consider secession. Lincoln was not scheduled to take office until March 4, 1861, leaving incumbent Democratic President

1958: 1715: 2678:

eventual abolition of slavery and explored the idea of compensated emancipation, including one proposal that would have seen all Delaware slaves freed by 1872. He also met with

2023:, which was another major Union defeat. Following the battle, Lincoln turned to McClellan again, placing him in command of the Army of Virginia as well as the Army of Potomac. 1938:

and then overland to the Confederate capital. McClellan's repeated delays frustrated Lincoln and Congress, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington.

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boosted Union morale, breaking the pessimism that had set in throughout 1864. Hood's forces left the Atlanta area to menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the

2177:

Despite several defeats in the Eastern Theater, the Union experienced success in the Western Theater, taking control of Tennessee and the Mississippi River by the end of 1863.

829:

from Maine for vice president. The party platform opposed the extension of slavery into the territories but pledged not to interfere with it in the states. It also endorsed a

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amendment on slavery, that would shield domestic institutions of the states from Congressional interference and from future constitutional amendments. Commonly known as the

2820:. The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended." 2610:

greeted him as a hero, with one admirer remarking, "I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father Abraham and have felt him". On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at

5865: 10875: 9737: 8514: 3971: 3108:, which provided congressional authorization to the president to suspend habeas corpus and placed limits on the administration's ability to indefinitely hold prisoners. 6251: 9678: 8711: 3221:. Nebraska's constitutional convention voted against statehood, while voters in Colorado rejected the proposed state constitution, so of those three territories, only 2090:— that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." 2383:, Georgia in December 1864. Following the March to the Sea, Sherman turned North through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Lee's army from the south. 2915: 1541: 2614:

and the war was effectively over. Following Lee's surrender, other rebel armies soon did as well, and there was no subsequent guerrilla warfare as had been feared.

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in order to suppress Confederate sympathizers. He also became the first president to institute a military draft. As the Union faced several early defeats in the

3367:

of France sought to re-establish a French empire in North America, with Mexico at the center of an empire that he hoped would eventually include a canal across

2486:

of the Confederacy, and also endorsed open immigration policies, the construction of a transcontinental railroad, and the establishment of a national currency.

7995: 3521: 2855: 687: 323: 5518:

Freedom: a documentary history of emancipation 1861–1867: selected from the holdings of the National Archives of the United States. The destruction of slavery

2999:

structure to the federal income tax, implementing a tax of five percent on incomes above $ 10,000. To collect these taxes, Congress created the Office of the

2745: 2489:

By August, Republicans across the country were experiencing feelings of extreme anxiety, fearing that Lincoln would be defeated. The outlook was so grim that

5550: 4113:

that was "a great deal bigger" than Lincoln, "Well, do you know of any other men who think they are bigger than I am? I want to put them all in my cabinet."

3285:. However, many in Europe also hoped for a quick end to the civil war, for both humanitarian purposes and due to the economic disruption caused by the war. 12169: 7556: 2410:

is said to have shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!", but this is commonly regarded as apocryphal. Afterward, Grant created the

2325:. Lincoln strongly approved of Grant's new strategy, which focused on the destruction of Confederate armies rather than the capture of Confederate cities. 901: 7973: 12103: 8239: 8206: 8131: 8072: 7864: 1522: 246: 6731: 3349:, in which the United States finally was given $ 15.5 million in arbitration by an international tribunal for damages caused by British-built warships. 2262:" was dead, as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton. The Confederate Navy briefly challenged Union naval supremacy by building an 12164: 8716: 2406:, an outpost on the defensive perimeter of Washington. Lincoln watched the combat from an exposed position; at one point during the skirmish Captain 1002:

In February 1861, two final political efforts were made to preserve the Union. The first was made by a group of 131 delegates sent by 21 states to a

2034:

in September 1862. The ensuing Union victory was among the bloodiest in American history, but it enabled Lincoln to announce that he would issue an

11890: 11883: 9547: 571: 12093: 11973: 9753: 9700: 9557: 9266: 8460: 3064:

In June 1864, Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as

2938: 2901:

In the decades prior to the Civil War, Southern congressmen had blocked the passage of various economic proposals, including federal funding for

2611: 2321:. Grant ordered Meade to destroy Lee's army, while he ordered General Sherman, now in command of Union forces in the Western Theater, to capture 1036: 9246: 1087:

Headlines on the day of Lincoln's inauguration portended hostilities with the Confederacy, Fort Sumter being attacked less than six weeks later.

11842: 9671: 9522: 8502: 5964: 2801:, a Reconstruction plan that included protections for the rights of freed African Americans and required fifty percent of voters to swear the " 1974:

at the end of May. Following the battle, Robert E. Lee took command of Confederate forces in Virginia, and he led his forces to victory in the

3766:

when hostilities broke out. But it might also have wrecked the Republican coalition and doomed his administration to failure before it began."

2453:. By the end of 1863, Lincoln had won the respect of many, but his re-nomination was not assured, as no president had won a second term since 11398: 9517: 8731: 8618: 8136: 7990: 3238: 1630: 397: 2139:

on July 1. The battle, fought over three days, resulted in the highest number of casualties in the war. Along with the Union victory in the

690:, which made slavery unconstitutional. Lincoln also presided over the passage of important domestic legislation, including the first of the 10522: 10502: 10482: 10462: 10442: 10422: 10402: 10382: 10362: 10342: 10322: 10302: 10282: 10262: 10242: 10222: 10202: 10182: 10162: 10142: 10122: 10102: 10082: 10062: 10042: 10022: 10002: 9982: 9962: 9592: 9567: 9532: 9507: 8651: 8477: 8123: 3316:, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys en route to Europe. The incident aroused public outrage in Britain; the government of 1107: 750:

both by scholars and the public as one of the top three greatest American presidents, often as the greatest president in American history.

392: 11930: 11818: 9512: 8439: 3202:, the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the consents necessary to become a separate state. 3561:

by the states. In addition to ending slavery, the Reconstruction Amendments enshrined Constitutional clauses promoting racial equality.

3312:

A serious diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Great Britain arose late in 1861. The Union Navy intercepted a British mail ship, the

927:

to insert into his own public address. Republicans praised Trumbull's address, Democrats assailed it, and the South largely ignored it.

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were all nominated by Lincoln and confirmed by the Senate in 1862. Congress added a tenth seat on the Court through the passage of the

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Mexico. While the official justification was the collection of debts, France eventually established a puppet state under the rule of

3345:, over vehement protests from the United States. The controversy would ultimately be resolved after the Civil War in the form of the 3298: 3023: 2164: 2152: 1896: 1419: 1411: 1081: 679: 671: 607:

on April 14, 1865 and death the next morning, 42 days into his second term. Lincoln was the first member of the recently established

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Following the secession of four states after the Battle of Fort Sumter, one of Lincoln's major concerns was that the slave-holding

809:

was well received by eastern elites. Lincoln positioned himself in the "moderate center" of his party; he opposed the expansion of

781: 763: 703: 627: 371: 357: 210: 93: 88: 11935: 11144: 10989: 10541: 9789: 9645: 9612: 9607: 9597: 9582: 9005: 8336: 7983: 7855: 3182: 3153:

continued during the Civil War, as American settlers continued to push west. In 1862, Lincoln sent General Pope to put down the "

3050: 2627: 2478: 2234: 1362: 1207: 597: 593: 376: 12139: 12073: 12053: 11828: 11577: 9577: 8706: 8497: 8492: 8268: 7909: 7798: 6771: 3503: 2347:

While Grant's campaign continued, General Sherman led Union forces from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals

1750:

With the Fort Sumter mission ready to go, Lincoln sent State Department clerk Robert S. Chew to inform South Carolina Governor

999:

of Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri still remained part of the union.

931: 518: 336: 7442: 5988: 3975: 2181:

Compared to the eastern theater of the war, Lincoln exercised less direct control over operations that took place west of the

2095:

Following the Battle of Fredericksburg, Lincoln reassigned Burnside to the western theater and replaced Burnside with General

12098: 11995: 11808: 8308: 8159: 8118: 7892: 7672:

The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media—from the Founding Fathers to Fake News

7658: 7629: 7516: 7474: 7432: 7403: 7305: 7220: 7128: 7105: 6970: 6946: 6908: 6860: 6261: 5560: 5530: 5238: 3397: 3146: 2833:, stating only that "very intelligent blacks" and those that had served in the military should be granted the right to vote. 1492:

Lincoln tasked Vice President-elect Hamlin with finding someone from a New England state for the cabinet. Hamlin recommended

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of Kentucky, the chairman of the special Senate committee, proposed a package of six constitutional amendments, known as the

454: 293: 3447:. The mortally wounded president was immediately examined by a doctor in the audience and then carried across the street to 3413:(1868), depicting together those who visited the dying president throughout the night and early morning of April 14–15, 1865 9705: 9617: 8341: 8318: 6462: 5359:

Harris, William C. (Winter 2000). "The Hampton Roads Peace Conference: A Final Test of Lincoln's Presidential Leadership".

4319: 3372: 3082: 2862: 2450: 2238: 707: 564: 266: 74: 3490:

retraced, with a few alterations, Lincoln's 1,654 miles (2,662 km) 1861 journey as president-elect. He was buried at

2840:

notes that no one knows what Lincoln would have done about Reconstruction had he served out his second term, but he adds,

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in addition to Republicans. Though Lincoln feared he might lose the contest, he defeated his former subordinate, General

630:, in which he won a plurality of the popular vote in a four-candidate field. Almost all of Lincoln's votes came from the 429: 362: 7675: 7609: 4065: 12038: 11803: 11388: 11359: 10631: 9366: 8776: 8675: 8638: 8211: 8093: 7261: 3125:

to oversee New York City, and Dix allowed the city to hold civilian trials on those who had participated in the riots.

2394:

crossed the Potomac River, and advanced into Maryland. On July 11, two days after defeating Union forces under General

2314: 2115:

and other locations. In April 1863, Hooker began his offensive towards Richmond, and his army encountered Lee's at the

2014:

from the Western Theater of the war to take command as general-in-chief of the army. Shortly thereafter, Lincoln asked

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Having succeeded in rallying the North against secession, Lincoln next determined to attack the Confederate capital of

1774: 1718:

Gustavus Fox, a U.S. Navy veteran, became a key figure in the Navy Department after his role in the Fort Sumter crisis.

1626: 1563: 1553: 1450: 1439: 663: 434: 261: 1966:. Congressional Democrats, on the other hand, tended to oppose Lincoln's policies regarding both the war and slavery. 11980: 11772: 11254: 10607: 10571: 9296: 9216: 8766: 8726: 8701: 8556: 8251: 8103: 7948: 7566: 7542: 7495: 7382: 7344: 7320: 7291: 7240: 7181: 7160: 7084: 7043: 7023: 7003: 6928: 6070: 5689: 5343: 4373: 3868: 3558: 3358: 3105: 1016: 905: 878: 814: 651: 444: 7963: 7782: 1866:

in November 1861 ensured that Maryland would remain part of the Union. Perhaps even more critical than Maryland was

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significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century. Legal historian

3096:, an officer of the Maryland militia who had cut telegraph lines leading to Washington. In the subsequent case of 722:. Months after the election, Grant would essentially end the war by defeating the Confederate army led by General 11823: 11737: 11702: 10655: 10613: 10589: 10583: 9436: 9386: 9316: 9256: 9236: 9116: 9086: 9036: 8761: 8598: 8519: 8507: 8482: 8062: 8057: 7606:

Congress at War: How Republican Reformers Fought the Civil War, Defied Lincoln, Ended Slavery, and Remade America

7595: 6692: 3193: 3058: 3042: 2992: 2949: 2576: 1789:

With the secession of several states, Lincoln's Republicans enjoyed large majorities in both houses of Congress.

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Rating the Presidents, A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent

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the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.

2482:

Democrat, in order to boost the party's appeal to Unionists of both parties. The party platform called for the

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The Last Emperor of Mexico: The Dramatic Story of the Habsburg Archduke Who Created a Kingdom in the New World

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majority with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won every county in

3402: 2060:, who believed that Lincoln had mishandled the war, particularly with regards to his selection of generals. 1584:. Despite the vacancies, Lincoln did not nominate a replacement for any of the justices until January 1862. 11878: 11767: 11657: 11622: 11572: 11557: 10686: 10661: 10625: 10559: 9456: 9336: 9306: 9196: 9176: 9096: 8911: 8613: 8570: 8452: 8216: 6000: 3069: 2893:

While Lincoln is usually portrayed bearded, he first grew a beard in 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old

2411: 2003: 1391: 996: 643: 513: 225: 124: 119: 7739:

Volume One covers Lincoln's life as far as Gettysburg, focusing mainly on his presidential administration.

2594:, but the Confederate assault was repulsed. On April 2, Grant launched an attack that became known as the 1028:

towards the South, disunion was not acceptable, and he intended to enforce the laws and protect property.

958: 12154: 11990: 11905: 11859: 11687: 11582: 11562: 10889: 10649: 10637: 10545: 9426: 9396: 9136: 9066: 8998: 8546: 8388: 8278: 8221: 8174: 8108: 8005: 6555: 2926: 2922: 2871: 2867: 2623: 2360: 2099:, who had served in several battles of the eastern theater. With the war dragging on, Lincoln signed the 1704: 256: 251: 230: 3092:

together to suppress those suspected of actively supporting the Confederacy. Among those imprisoned was

2002:

In late June 1862, while the Army of the Potomac was fighting the Seven Days Battles, Lincoln appointed

1576:

had left a vacant seat on the Supreme Court. Two more vacancies arose in early 1861 due to the death of

619:, which dominated his presidency and resulted in the end of slavery. He was succeeded by Vice President 11910: 11747: 10667: 9476: 9466: 9446: 9416: 9226: 9076: 8971: 8027: 6332:

Neill F. Sanders, " 'When A House Is on Fire': The English Consulates and Lincoln's Patronage Policy."

6256:. The Pruett Series (10th ed.). WestWinds Press An imprint of Graph Arts Books. pp. 145–148. 3257: 2884: 2753: 2595: 2194: 2148: 2116: 1832:"Running the 'Machine'": an 1864 political cartoon takes a swing at Lincoln's administration—featuring 1139: 1111: 789: 639: 612: 532: 508: 485: 472: 308: 9146: 7958: 6659: 3886:

Lincoln and the Politics of Slavery: The Other Thirteenth Amendment and the Struggle to Save the Union

2749: 2470:

nominated John C. Frémont for president. Most abolitionist leaders and Radical Republicans, including

1882:

controlled access to key rivers and had a large pro-Confederate population. Lincoln appointed General

1572:

had done much to invigorate the Republican cause in the North. When Lincoln took office, the death of

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Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: the Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War,

3205:

The second state admitted to the Union while Lincoln was president was Nevada. Congress approved an

1120:

chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.

800:

in the 1858 Senate election in Illinois. Though he lacked the broad support that Republican Senator

12174: 11813: 11787: 11762: 11667: 11612: 11607: 11587: 11552: 11542: 9126: 9046: 8959: 8746: 8668: 8098: 7968: 7821: 6888: 3166: 3086: 2816:

A political cartoon of Vice President Andrew Johnson (a former tailor) and Lincoln, 1865, entitled

2724:, which declared that all Confederate slaves taking refuge behind Union lines were to be set free. 2721: 2717: 2568: 2387: 2337: 2287: 2246: 2052: 1822: 1532: 1457:

of Maryland, who was popular among anti-slavery and border state Democrats, became Lincoln's first

1096: 1032: 1003: 439: 8067: 6505:"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years" 3158: 2953:

urban worker made approximately $ 600 per year, the income tax burden fell primarily on the rich.

1825:, the Confederate army dealt the Union a major defeat, ending any hope of a quick end to the war. 674:, Lincoln cycled through numerous military commanders during the war, finally settling on General 11722: 11677: 11617: 11592: 11547: 11314: 11209: 9486: 8821: 8303: 3455: 3260:

had helped the United States gain its independence. At the start of the war, Russia was the lone

2968: 2580: 2483: 2304: 2210: 1581: 695: 540: 7934: 3320:

protested vehemently, while the American public cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis, known as the

2039:

end to the war, as well as rising inflation, new taxes, rumors of corruption, the suspension of

1102:

Lincoln's first presidential inauguration occurred on March 4, 1861, on the East Portico of the

11900: 11632: 11597: 11189: 11159: 9957: 9112: 8991: 8608: 8432: 8273: 7774: 7487:

The Great Tax Wars: Lincoln to Wilson-The Fierce Battles over Money That Transformed the Nation

3944: 3376: 3188: 3065: 2591: 2560: 2471: 2403: 2190: 1770: 1568: 984: 635: 631: 7393: 6232: 5679: 4006: 11985: 11757: 11712: 10197: 9342: 8905: 8863: 8839: 8756: 8696: 8487: 6717:(Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2001), pp. 1–32; Ridings, Jr., William J. and Stuart B. McIver, 5522: 3860: 3709: 3651: 3278: 3046: 2902: 2572: 2552: 2341: 2182: 2044:

Lincoln, frustrated with McClellan's continued inactivity, replaced McClellan with Burnside.

1971: 1798: 1727: 1641: 1601: 1589: 1501: 1462: 1103: 1073: 954: 834: 743: 699: 175: 3508: 2414:

and put Sheridan in command. Sheridan quickly repelled Early and suppressed the Confederate

2213:. The Confederates were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the March 1862 12015: 12005: 11274: 11269: 11259: 11109: 11104: 11013: 10995: 10983: 10971: 10959: 10953: 10173: 10153: 9977: 9973: 9927: 9362: 8815: 8298: 7029: 6956: 6934: 5989:

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/civil/legacy/2011/04/22/C-FRAUDS_FCA_Primer.pdf

3639: 3569: 3128: 3054: 3019: 2826: 2543: 2250: 2237:

of the war. In October 1863, Lincoln appointed Grant as the commander of the newly created

2206: 2136: 2047:

Against the advice of the president, Burnside prematurely launched an offensive across the

1474: 1407: 1329: 1224: 935: 850: 6985:

Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War

3486:. Funeral services were held in Washington, D.C., and then at additional locations as the 2925:, which met from 1861 to 1863, passed 428 public acts, more than double the number of the 1477:. Missouri provided the other border state cabinet member in the form of Attorney General 784:

held up by the slavery issue with a slave on the left and party organization on the right.

8: 11968: 11179: 10917: 9949: 9936: 9832: 9715: 9292: 9212: 8833: 8809: 8401: 8382: 8358: 8113: 7929: 7697: 6637: 6454: 3427: 3008: 2976: 2945: 2798: 2599: 2547: 2372: 2214: 2173: 2124: 2069: 1946: 1931: 1919: 1907: 1573: 1566:

in the period before Lincoln took office, and their unpopular ruling in the 1857 case of

974:

Following the admission of Kansas in 1861, there were 19 free states and 15 slave states.

806: 715: 449: 6307: 1922:

and eventually secede from Virginia. With Lincoln's support, McClellan rejected Scott's

1496:

of Connecticut, a former Democrat who had served in the Navy Department under President

12000: 11865: 11294: 11234: 11124: 11019: 11001: 10977: 10899: 10744: 10726: 9923: 9914: 9836: 9725: 9720: 9710: 9282: 8923: 8881: 8857: 8682: 8628: 8419: 8256: 8128: 8000: 7914: 7462: 7438: 7358: 7226: 7200: 6960: 6917: 3682: 3491: 3274: 3218: 3214: 3162: 3154: 2782: 2740: 2679: 2603: 2440: 2399: 2348: 2295: 2230: 2205:

quickly earned Lincoln's attention, winning the first significant Union victory at the

2140: 2080: 2073: 2048: 2031: 1975: 1950: 1935: 1927: 1871: 1810: 1751: 1735: 1700: 1622: 1585: 950: 797: 731: 719: 616: 459: 346: 303: 103: 9767: 6715:

Reassessing The Presidency, The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom

5367:(1). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library: 30–61. 3022:

in February 1863, as well as a second banking act in 1864. Those acts established the

2889: 2529:

victory, taking 55% of the popular vote and 212 of the 233 electoral votes. Lincoln's

2123:. Following the Confederate victory, Lee decided to take the offensive, launching the 1883: 813:

into the territories but accepted the consensus that the federal government could not

12010: 11344: 11319: 11299: 11249: 11224: 11204: 11194: 11154: 11129: 11031: 10929: 10792: 10780: 10768: 10750: 10714: 10577: 10353: 10333: 10317: 10297: 10217: 10097: 9993: 9884: 9871: 9849: 9845: 9771: 9432: 9382: 9312: 9252: 9232: 9222: 9082: 9032: 8803: 8736: 8689: 8588: 8395: 8376: 8017: 7919: 7757: 7728: 7654: 7625: 7619: 7576: 7562: 7538: 7531: 7512: 7491: 7470: 7428: 7399: 7378: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7316: 7301: 7287: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7236: 7230: 7216: 7177: 7171: 7156: 7150: 7124: 7101: 7080: 7074: 7058: 7055:

The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois

7039: 7033: 7019: 6999: 6966: 6942: 6924: 6904: 6856: 6593: 6477:

Kinley J. Brauer, "British Mediation and the American Civil War: A Reconsideration,"

6458: 6257: 6066: 5685: 5556: 5526: 5372: 5339: 5234: 5195: 3864: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3244: 3150: 3098: 2910: 2657: 2653: 2462: 2419: 2415: 2380: 2356: 2333: 2329: 2318: 2233:, which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the 2120: 1875: 1863: 1841: 1833: 1818: 1802: 1778: 1510: 1505: 1435: 1379: 1193: 801: 739: 7795: 7446: 7277: 5212:

Lincoln, Memorandum concerning his probable failure of re-election, August 23, 1864.

3853: 3644: 3213:

to form a state government in March 1864; similar legislation was also approved for

3057:

of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States'

2461:. Chase emerged as the most prominent potential intra-party challenger, and Senator 2328:

Two months after being promoted to general-in-chief, Grant embarked upon his bloody

1066: 11373: 11368: 11279: 11199: 11174: 11164: 11037: 10947: 10810: 10786: 10738: 10702: 10017: 9953: 9940: 9910: 9897: 9819: 9806: 9272: 9262: 9242: 9202: 9152: 9102: 9052: 8875: 8646: 8169: 7978: 7779:

The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War

7745: 7718: 7687: 7602: 7421: 7354: 7121:

Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861.

5368: 3674: 3380: 3210: 2964: 2794: 2661: 2641: 2467: 2291: 2263: 2242: 2226: 2202: 2186: 2015: 2007: 1941: 1486: 1454: 1431: 1317: 1012: 939: 773: 675: 318: 241: 8983: 2744:

slavery in the states where it existed, he now believed that, under his power as "

11452: 11383: 11304: 11244: 11139: 11134: 11119: 11114: 11099: 10941: 10923: 10911: 10905: 10864: 10816: 10762: 10213: 10133: 10117: 10113: 10093: 10013: 9997: 9858: 9810: 9793: 9784: 9780: 9372: 9352: 9322: 9182: 9162: 8583: 8293: 8244: 8032: 7897: 7844: 7802: 7750: 7722: 7712: 7526: 7506: 7485: 7070: 7012: 6993: 6850: 6509: 5938: 5516: 5086: 4103:

Paludan (1994), pp. 35–41; Gienapp (2002), pp. 75–76; Donald (1995), pp. 261–263.

3463: 3368: 3270: 3113: 3027:

banknotes would become the dominant form of paper currency in the United States.

2996: 2789: 2778: 2683: 2682:

and other black leaders, discussing the possibility of a colonization project in

2645: 2598:, which ended with Lee's retreat from Petersburg and Richmond. In the subsequent 2556: 2299: 1906:

After the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, Lincoln summoned Major General

1817:

led a force of 30,000 men south, where he met a force led by Confederate General

1739: 1549: 1403: 1212: 1174: 1040: 992: 943: 826: 777: 730:

in April 1865, five days after the surrender of Lee, left the final challenge of

589: 298: 190: 23: 11423: 7807: 4327: 2703:

either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing

1711:, stating that his troops would run out of provisions within four to six weeks. 1031:

Rumors abounded during the course of the trip of various plots to kill Lincoln.

841:, and policies designed to encourage the settlement of public land in the West. 12063: 12058: 11895: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11289: 11239: 11067: 11049: 11007: 10804: 10798: 10756: 10413: 10393: 10057: 10053: 10037: 10033: 9875: 9797: 9452: 9332: 9302: 9192: 9172: 9142: 9092: 8945: 8938: 8899: 8845: 8798: 8790: 8663: 8576: 8409: 8186: 8012: 7146: 6736: 6206: 3565: 3553: 3544: 3513: 3471: 3448: 3410: 3346: 3122: 2957: 2830: 2687: 2587: 2454: 2364: 2352: 2218: 2168: 2100: 1963: 1814: 1794: 1723: 1466: 1415: 1367: 1236: 1044: 980: 924: 916: 691: 620: 341: 215: 6347:

Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power

3116:, urban laborers, and others who could not afford to pay for substitutes. The 2026:

Shortly after McClellan's return to command, General Lee's forces crossed the

1828: 12133: 12068: 11393: 11334: 11219: 11043: 10774: 10313: 10293: 10253: 10233: 10193: 10177: 10157: 9901: 9888: 9862: 9422: 9392: 9132: 9062: 8851: 8603: 7902: 7667: 7370: 7134: 5336:

What Shall We Do with the Negro? Lincoln, White Racism, and Civil War America

5191: 4073: 3573: 3487: 3422: 3335: 3093: 3037: 2802: 2649: 2112: 2096: 2057: 2027: 2011: 1923: 1915: 1845: 1837: 1790: 1782: 1765: 1497: 1493: 1443: 1426: 1348: 1267: 1255: 854: 849:

Democrats held a separate convention that nominated incumbent Vice President

723: 711: 6400:

The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War

2632: 1129: 139: 11413: 11408: 11329: 11309: 11264: 11214: 11184: 11149: 11073: 11055: 10840: 10828: 10720: 10708: 10696: 10513: 10493: 10473: 9823: 9472: 9462: 9442: 9412: 9072: 8893: 8593: 8524: 8426: 8191: 8164: 8037: 7939: 3459: 3364: 3321: 3249: 3225:

became a state during Lincoln's presidency. It did so on October 31, 1864.

3206: 2975:

issued by the federal government of the United States since the end of the

2894: 2665: 2490: 2267: 2129: 2104: 2087: 1731: 1696: 1478: 1286: 957:. The compromise would protect slavery in federal territories south of the 658:, a federal installation located within the boundaries of the Confederacy. 480: 7692:

Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War

7062: 6063:

Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails

5261:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 4381: 4009:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016 11432: 11427: 11418: 11403: 11378: 11364: 11229: 11025: 10935: 10834: 10732: 10453: 10437: 10433: 10417: 10397: 10273: 10257: 10237: 10137: 9402: 8827: 8470: 7709: 7615: 7552: 6683:. James Lindgren. November 16, 2000. International World History Project. 4054:

Miller (2008), p. 25; Gienapp (2002), pp. 78–79; White (2005), pp. 87–90.

3440: 3418: 3339: 3305: 3261: 2806: 2761: 2395: 2391: 2271: 2259: 2222: 1991: 1708: 1692: 1605: 1577: 1482: 1298: 979:

to the extinction of slavery in the United States. On December 20, 1860,

882: 818: 655: 157: 108: 7705: 2571:

with three representatives of the Confederate government—Vice President

2241:, giving him command of the Western Theater. Grant and Generals Hooker, 1646: 11354: 11324: 11284: 11169: 10858: 10852: 10822: 10497: 10477: 10357: 10337: 10077: 10073: 9122: 9042: 8887: 7152:

A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War

7139:

Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President

6980: 6482: 5675: 5546: 3974:. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Archived from 3686: 3577: 3018:

Hoping to stabilize the currency, Chase convinced Congress to pass the

2988: 2837: 2812: 2503: 2282: 1773:

in Baltimore. To ensure the security of the capital, Lincoln suspended

1682: 869: 7643: 7298:

Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War

4961:

Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War

4915: 4913: 4560:

Lincoln and the Democrats: The Politics of Opposition in the Civil War

2897:(Lincoln as a symbol of his opposition to war, never grew a mustache). 1414:. The aging Fessenden resigned in February 1865 and was replaced with 987:

in the next forty days. In February, these Southern states formed the

11061: 10457: 10377: 9482: 5514: 3475: 2765: 920: 768: 7808:

The Lincoln Collection: Original Signed Documents and Correspondence

7173:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

7053:

Graebner, Norman (1959). "Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman".

3972:"The 19th Presidential Inauguration: Abraham Lincoln, March 4, 1861" 3678: 3157:" in Minnesota. Presented with 303 execution warrants for convicted 2991:

that affected nearly every commodity, as well as the first national

2477:

Despite recent setbacks in the Western Theater of the war, the June

1015:, the measure was approved by Congress, but was not ratified by the 12118: 11339: 10846: 10517: 10373: 10277: 9656: 6758:... a new meaning was conferred on our country's name ... 4941:

Surdam, David G. (1998). "The Union Navy's blockade reconsidered".

4910: 4221:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 733–737; Donald (1995), pp. 266–267.

3665:

Luthin, Reinhard H. (July 1994). "Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff".

2972: 2607: 1425:

The most problematic cabinet selection made by Lincoln was that of

1135:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

1072:

The March 4, 1861, inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in front of the

970: 667: 7813: 4297:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 742–744; Paludan (1994), pp. 42–43.

2870:

to convene in March, Lincoln pressed the lame duck session of the

2542:

Following the Overland Campaign, Grant's army reached the town of

2107:

in U.S. history. The draft law sparked harsh reactions, including

1986: 642:, Lincoln ran on a political platform opposed to the expansion of 611:

elected to the presidency. Lincoln successfully presided over the

8917: 3324:, by releasing the two diplomats, who had been seized illegally. 3068:. Lincoln is also largely responsible for the institution of the 2322: 1930:. The campaign's objective was to capture Richmond by moving the 810: 7624:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 3076: 2586:

Grant ground down the Confederate army across several months of

2524:

Frank Bellew caricature of Lincoln following his 1864 reelection

1981: 1402:

Lincoln's choice for Secretary of the Treasury was Ohio Senator

995:

as provisional president. Despite the formation of the CSA, the

7533:

The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words

6250:

Benson, Maxine; Smith, Duane A.; Ubbelohde (December 4, 2015).

3529:

1982 poll, Schlesinger 1996, C-SPAN 1996, Ridings-McIver 1996,

3282: 3222: 2984: 2628:

Reconstruction Era § Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction

2564: 2197:, to coordinate support with Unionists in Kentucky and Eastern 2193:, and Henry Halleck, Frémont's replacement as commander of the 1978:, which effectively brought the Peninsula Campaign to a close. 1797:

of Tennessee also supported many of Lincoln's policies, though

1714: 1461:. Blair came from a prominent political family, as his father, 7682:

Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion

4306:

Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, pp. 739–742; Paludan (1994), p. 42.

3557:

ended debate regarding the constitutionality of secession and

7621:

Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership

6594:"Today in History – April 14: Lincoln Shot at Ford's Theater" 5795: 5793: 5791: 5763: 5761: 5155: 5153: 4847: 3945:"Affairs of the Nation / The Change of Administration To-Day" 3884:

Crofts, Daniel W. (2016). "Chapter 6: The Corwin Amendment".

2517:

in Atlanta, he accepted the nomination with a public letter.

1500:. Other influential Republicans concurred, and Welles became 796:

presidential candidate following his narrow loss to Democrat

12150:

United States government oversight of the American Civil War

7113:

From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776

6525:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War.

5059: 5047: 4871: 4859: 4835: 3537: 3439:

and two guests. Lincoln was shot in the back of his head by

1910:

to replace McDowell. McClellan had won minor battles in the

1142:, showing Lincoln and several members of his cabinet in 1864 6753: 5712: 5710: 5169: 5167: 5165: 2980: 2286:

President Lincoln (center right) with, from left, Generals

6724: 5788: 5758: 5150: 4279:

Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 p. 725–726; Paludan (1994) p. 42.

3775:

Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 701–702; Thomas (1952) p. 27.

3734: 3732: 2636:

Lincoln met with his Cabinet for the first reading of the

2209:

and earning a national reputation with his victory at the

6995:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863-1877

6207:"Today in History – June 20: Mountaineers Always Freemen" 4250:

Stanton, the Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War

3625: 3623: 3269:

ways to exploit the inability of the U.S. to enforce the

1410:, a Radical Republican who had served as Chairman of the 634:, as the Republicans held little appeal to voters in the 7274:

The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties

5707: 5162: 3996:

Burlingame, vol. 2 (2008), p. 60; Gienapp (2002), p. 78.

3338:, built two warships for the Confederacy, including the 2371:, and General Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the 2270:, but the Union responded by building its own ship, the 2217:. In April 1862, U.S. Naval forces under the command of 1669: States that permitted slavery, but did not secede 1504:. For the position of Interior Secretary, Lincoln chose 7756:. Vol. Two. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 7727:. Vol. One. Boston, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 7035:

Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

6852:

By Sea and By River: The naval history of the Civil War

6674: 6084: 6082: 4401: 4399: 4125: 3729: 3451:

where he died at 7:22 a.m. the following morning.

2707:

slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing

853:

of Kentucky for president. A group of former Whigs and

650:. His election served as the immediate impetus for the 7415:

The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U. S. Navy

7313:

Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Politics and Policy

6732:"Presidential Proclamation-Civil War Sesquicentennial" 5965:"How A Law From The Civil War Fights Modern-Day Fraud" 3620: 2856:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1874:, while the Union would capture the important town of 7315:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 6287:. Elko, Nevada: Elko Daily Free Press. April 14, 2011 5681:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

5552:

The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery

5091:

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self

2158: 877:

Lincoln carried all but one Northern state to win an

7581:

Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln

7558:

Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America

7375:

Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and The War Years

7213:

Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief.

6449:

Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).

6249: 6079: 4396: 2967:, which authorized the minting of $ 150 million of " 2355:

along the way. Sherman's victory in the September 2

1045:

attempt on Lincoln's life would be made in Baltimore

902:

Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

678:, who had led the Union to several victories in the 9013: 6721:(Citadel Press, Kensington Publishing Corp., 2000). 5230:

To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party

4094:

Holzer (2008), pp. 59–60; McClintock (2008), p. 42.

3547:argues that Union victory in the Civil War and the 3497: 3482:through April 21, when his coffin was taken to the 1675: States of the Union where slavery was banned 1523:

List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln

7749: 7530: 7205:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 5338:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 201–202. 3852: 3643: 3327:British financiers built and operated most of the 3134: 1957:In response to Bull Run, Congress established the 1901: 1106:. Prior to taking the oath, Lincoln delivered his 16:U.S. presidential administration from 1861 to 1865 6660:"President Abraham Lincoln's White House Funeral" 5834: 5832: 3454:Booth had also plotted with fellow conspirators, 2336:, given high Union losses at battles such as the 12131: 6693:"Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest President" 3937: 3925:Gienapp (2002) p. 77; Thomas (1952) pp. 243–244. 3714:Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections 1657: States that seceded before April 15, 1861 7413:Symonds, Craig L.; Clipson, William J. (2001). 7079:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. 6903:. Vol. 1. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5897: 5895: 4027:Gienapp (2002), p. 78; Miller (2008), pp. 9–10. 3409:, designed by John B. Bachelder and painted by 3172: 2939:Economic history of the United States Civil War 2818:The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union 1663: States that seceded after April 15, 1861 1485:, the older brother of Lincoln's close friend, 1037:Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 983:voted to secede, and six other Southern states 7653:. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois UP. 7412: 6448: 5829: 5515:Freedmen and Southern Society Project (1982). 5227:Richardson, Heather Cox (September 23, 2014). 4853: 4522:Donald (1996), pp. 315, 331–333, 338–339, 417. 3835: 3810: 3808: 3650:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 2905:, support for higher education, and increased 2249:led the Union to another major victory at the 1481:. Bates resigned in 1864, and was replaced by 1390:Lincoln began the process of constructing his 1022: 9672: 8999: 7829: 7417:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 6233:"Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)" 5751: 5749: 5233:. Philadelphia: Basic Books. pp. 48–49. 4158:Donald (1995), p. 264; Paludan (1994), p. 37. 3077:Domestic dissent and Confederate sympathizers 2932: 2617: 1982:Second Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg 1631:Military leadership in the American Civil War 565: 7353: 6881:Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (9 vols.) 6772:"How the Civil War Changed the Constitution" 6763: 6640:. Washington, D.C.: Architect of the Capitol 6638:"The Lincoln Catafalque at the U.S. Capitol" 5892: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 3747:McPherson (2008) p. 9; Thomas (1952) p. 229. 3710:"1860 Presidential General Election Results" 3512:Lincoln's image is carved into the stone of 2727: 2332:. This campaign is often characterized as a 2135:The Confederate and Union armies met at the 12170:1865 disestablishments in the United States 11931:National Republican Congressional Committee 6392: 6285:"Civil War history and the birth of Nevada" 5220: 4963:(University of South Carolina Press, 2001). 4709: 4063: 3805: 3522:surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents 2916:separation of powers under the Constitution 2672: 2499:that he cannot possibly save it afterwards. 1914:, and those victories had allowed Unionist 1726:, the top-ranking general in the army, and 1449:Lincoln appointed two individuals from the 12021:High School Republican National Federation 9679: 9665: 9641: 9006: 8992: 7836: 7822: 7253:President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman 6895: 6872:Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings 6502: 6444: 6442: 6428: 6426: 6065:. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 48. 5866:"The First National Income Tax, 1861–1872" 5746: 5668: 5361:Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 5255:"Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections" 5247: 5226: 4374:"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges" 4362:. University Press of America. p. 56. 4314: 4312: 4072:. U. Michigan and Drexel U. Archived from 3756:Thomas (1952) p. 226; Holzer (2008) p. 68. 3141:Native Americans in the American Civil War 2432:Abraham Lincoln 1864 presidential campaign 2051:and was stunningly defeated by Lee at the 1890: 896:Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln 760:Abraham Lincoln 1860 presidential campaign 572: 558: 22: 7199: 7190: 7155:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 6769: 5850: 5065: 5053: 4877: 4865: 4841: 4366: 4351: 3999: 3888:. The University of North Carolina Press. 3646:The Oxford History of the American People 3538:Redefining the republic and republicanism 3299:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 3239:History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897 3053:to aid farming in the United States. The 3024:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 2956:Lincoln also signed the second and third 2551:Lincoln won reelection in November 1864, 2165:Western theater of the American Civil War 1959:Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War 1897:Eastern theater of the American Civil War 672:Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 12165:1861 establishments in the United States 12114:Timeline of modern American conservatism 11946:Republican Attorneys General Association 11941:National Republican Senatorial Committee 8440:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 8349:1860 United States presidential election 7369: 7363:Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure 7193:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era 7052: 6848: 6698: 6060: 4919: 4357: 4248:Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, 3580:have stressed Lincoln's redefinition of 3507: 3421:, April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was 3401: 2888: 2878: 2811: 2631: 2537: 2519: 2502: 2439: 2436:1864 United States presidential election 2281: 2172: 1985: 1940: 1827: 1713: 1650:1861 United States Secession Crisis map. 1645: 1600:, and Lincoln appointed a War Democrat, 1516: 1465:, had served as an adviser to President 1128: 969: 868: 767: 764:1860 United States presidential election 11936:National Republican Redistricting Trust 7744: 7717: 7483: 7329: 7310: 7232:Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography 7110: 7028: 6686: 6635: 6439: 6423: 6305: 5863: 4309: 3702: 3638: 3243:Lincoln named his main political rival 3183:West Virginia in the American Civil War 2995:. The Revenue Act of 1862 also added a 2849: 2479:1864 National Union National Convention 2317:, which no U.S. officer had held since 43:March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 12132: 12054:Republican National Coalition for Life 8637: 8269:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial 7575: 7437: 7249: 7225: 7133: 7069: 6955: 6933: 6878: 6869: 6744:from the original on February 17, 2021 5358: 5333: 4940: 4790: 3883: 3850: 3664: 3632: 3504:Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln 2277: 2185:. At the end of 1861, Lincoln ordered 2063: 910: 11996:Republican National Hispanic Assembly 9660: 8987: 8309:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site 7925:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 7817: 7648: 7551: 7525: 7391: 7169: 7145: 7016:Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America 6991: 6979: 6855:. New York, New York: Da Capo Press. 6001:"What Is The False Claims Act? | FAQ" 5674: 5545: 4450:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 108–110. 4441:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 102–107. 3802:Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 712–718. 3793:Burlingame (2008) vol. 1 pp. 708–709. 3398:Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln 2602:, Lee sought to link up with General 2225:. Grant won further victories at the 1616: 1562:Southern Democrats had dominated the 1057:First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 1050: 9686: 8327:Republican National Convention, 1856 6306:Edwards, Jerome (October 21, 2009). 4432:Burlingame vol. 2 (2008) pp. 99–101. 3564:In recent years, historians such as 3083:Opposition to the American Civil War 2379:". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at 2221:captured the important port city of 889: 7843: 7640:The Presidents: A Reference History 7614: 7395:Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man 7076:Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President 6636:Wolanin, Barbara (April 15, 2015). 6451:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling 3859:. New York: HarperCollins. p. 3478:of the White House and then in the 3235:Diplomacy of the American Civil War 2514:1864 Democratic National Convention 2512:administration's war strategy. The 2507:1864 Electoral College vote results 2444:Lincoln and Johnson campaign poster 2425: 965: 846:1860 Democratic National Convention 823:1860 Republican National Convention 753: 273:16th President of the United States 58: 13: 12039:Republican Main Street Partnership 8677:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State 7589: 7561:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7038:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6941:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5215:Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln 4176:Burlingame (2008), vol. 1, p. 737. 4007:"Abraham Lincoln:Domestic Affairs" 3277:in 1861, while France established 2559:in attacking the French-installed 2159:Western theater and naval blockade 1627:List of American Civil War battles 1564:Supreme Court of the United States 1554:Chief Justice of the United States 626:Lincoln took office following the 14: 12186: 12160:Presidencies of the United States 11981:Congressional Hispanic Conference 8557:Association of Lincoln Presenters 7996:13th Amendment abolishing slavery 7789: 7336:The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 5684:. W. W. Norton. pp. 334–36. 3425:while attending a performance of 3417:Shortly after 10:00 p.m. on 3407:The Last Hours of Abraham Lincoln 3359:France and the American Civil War 3228: 3165:Lincoln called for reform of the 3106:Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863 2944:of Bull Run, Congress passed the 2771: 2579:, and Assistant Secretary of War 1722:At a meeting on March 7, General 1124: 906:Origins of the American Civil War 821:. On the first ballot of the May 11951:Republican Governors Association 10490:2020 (Charlotte/other locations) 9640: 9631: 9630: 8965: 8954: 8953: 8535:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 8058:State of the Union Address, 1863 7651:Lincoln and the Election of 1860 7469:. Southern Illinois University. 7098:Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency 7057:. University of Illinois Press. 6825: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6789: 6770:Finkelman, Paul (June 2, 2015). 6707: 6695:. Gallup Inc. February 28, 2011. 6652: 6629: 6604: 6586: 6573: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6517: 6496: 6487: 6471: 6414: 6405: 6383: 6374: 6365: 6352: 6339: 6326: 6299: 6277: 6243: 6225: 6199: 6190: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6154: 6145: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6054: 6045: 6036: 6027: 6018: 5993: 5982: 5957: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5883: 5841: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5779: 5770: 5737: 5728: 5719: 5698: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5539: 5508: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5442: 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5397: 5388: 5379: 5352: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5273: 5205: 5185: 5176: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5080: 5071: 5038: 5029: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4975: 4966: 4953: 4934: 4925: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4700: 4252:(1962), pp. 71, 87, 229–30, 385. 4070:Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2) 3498:Historical reputation and legacy 3394:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 3387: 3179:Nevada in the American Civil War 3003:within the Treasury Department. 3001:Commissioner of Internal Revenue 2979:. Greenbacks were not backed by 1531: 1080: 1065: 792:congressman, emerged as a major 545: 539: 174: 138: 9015:Presidents of the United States 8966: 8520:Illinois Centennial half dollar 8461:Presidential Library and Museum 8137:Second inaugural address (1865) 7596:Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln 7276:(1992). Pulitzer Prize winner. 5200:The Collapse of the Confederacy 4691: 4682: 4673: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4342: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 3990: 3964: 3955: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3877: 3844: 3826: 3817: 3796: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3194:Restored Government of Virginia 3135:Conflicts with Native Americans 3061:, which was completed in 1869. 3059:First transcontinental railroad 3049:. Another 1862 law created the 3043:Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act 2863:National Union Party nomination 2103:, which provided for the first 2010:. On July 11, Lincoln summoned 1902:1861 and the Peninsula campaign 1681: U.S. territories, under 710:ticket, which was supported by 12044:Republican Majority for Choice 11872:Steering and Policy Committees 8624:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln 8181:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. 8124:First inaugural address (1861) 8109:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) 7859:President of the United States 7704:(1890), 10 volumes; online at 7443:"Abraham Lincoln: A Biography" 7339:. University Press of Kansas. 6965:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 6841: 6583:, New York: Basic Books, 2021. 6312:The Online Nevada Encyclopedia 6005:Kohn, Kohn & Colapinto LLP 4326:. July 1, 2015. Archived from 3855:The Impending Crisis 1848–1861 3720: 3693: 3658: 3611: 3602: 3593: 2030:into Maryland, leading to the 1635: 989:Confederated States of America 718:of the Democratic Party, in a 696:Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862 601:president of the United States 1: 12140:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 12109:International Democracy Union 8289:Cottage at the Soldier's Home 8262:Little Pigeon Creek Community 7810:Shapell Manuscript Foundation 7684:(Simon & Schuster, 2014). 7505:White, Ronald C. Jr. (2009). 7256:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7235:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 7195:. New York: Ballantine Books. 7176:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 6061:Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). 4360:Presidents and their Justices 3587: 2971:." Greenbacks were the first 2640:draft on July 22, 1862. L–R: 1611:United States district courts 1469:, while his younger brother, 588:began on March 4, 1861, when 586:presidency of Abraham Lincoln 38:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 8912:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith 8619:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 8614:Lincoln Trail State Memorial 8043:National Academy of Sciences 7796:Lincoln Administration links 7467:Abraham Lincoln: A Biography 7250:Miller, William Lee (2008). 7191:McPherson, James M. (1988). 6556:"Emperor of Mexico executed" 6503:David Keys (June 24, 2014). 6479:Journal of Southern History, 6402:(2014), pp. 8 (quote), 69–70 5864:Pollack, Sheldon D. (2014). 5093:. New York, 1993, pp. 64–65. 4814:Wills, pp. 20, 27, 105, 146. 3443:and Confederate sympathizer 3173:States admitted to the Union 2781:. Butler and his successor, 2748:of the Army and Navy" under 2006:to command the newly-formed 1758: 1556:, 1864 – 1873 702:. He ran for re-election in 700:Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 7: 11991:Republican Jewish Coalition 11906:Republican Governance Group 8547:Abraham Lincoln Association 8279:Lincoln-Berry General Store 8207:Political career, 1849–1861 8114:Cooper Union Address (1860) 8104:House Divided speech (1858) 8006:Department of the Northwest 7674:(Dutton, 2020) pp. 69–82. 7484:Weisman, Steven R. (2002). 7461: 7365:. Dodd, Mead & Company. 7284:The Last Best Hope of Earth 6921:Lincoln and the First Shot. 6481:(1972) 38#1 pp. 49–64 6196:Paludan (1994), pp. 161–162 6169:Paludan (1994), pp. 117–118 6160:Paludan (1994), pp. 226–227 6142:Paludan (1994), pp. 213–214 6133:Paludan (1994), pp. 192–195 6124:Paludan (1994), pp. 190–191 6115:Paludan (1994), pp. 191–192 6042:Paludan (1994), pp. 115–116 6033:Paludan (1994), pp. 114–115 5928:Weisman (2002), pp. 99–101. 5838:Paludan (1994), pp. 109–110 5808:Paludan (1994), pp. 113–114 5799:Paludan (1994), pp. 111–112 5767:Paludan (1994), pp. 108–109 5704:Donald (1996), pp. 562–563. 5647:Paludan (1994), pp. 306–309 5638:Paludan (1994), pp. 302–303 5629:Paludan (1994), pp. 280–282 5593:Paludan (1994), pp. 238–239 5584:Paludan (1994), pp. 155–157 5487:Paludan (1994), pp. 144–145 5478:Paludan (1994), pp. 125–126 5324:Thomas (2008), pp. 422–424. 5306:Paludan (1994), pp. 289–291 5288:Paludan (1994), pp. 284–285 5279:Paludan (1994), pp. 290–291 5182:Paludan (1994), pp. 271–272 5159:Paludan (1994), pp. 270–273 5147:Paludan (1994), pp. 268–269 5138:Paludan (1994), pp. 261–262 5102:Donald (1996), pp. 516–518. 4999:Donald (1996), pp. 490–492. 4931:Paludan (1994), pp. 120–121 4805:Donald (1996), pp. 460–466. 4733:Donald (1996), pp. 429–431. 4706:Donald (1996), pp. 389–390. 4643:Paludan (1994), pp. 142–143 4634:Paludan (1994), pp. 103–105 4616:Donald (1996), pp. 349–352. 4607:Donald (1996), pp. 318–319. 4270:Paludan (1994), pp. 287–288 4194:Paludan (1994), pp. 286–287 4185:Paludan (1994), pp. 266–268 4149:Paludan (1994), pp. 169–176 3951:. March 4, 1861. p. 1. 3617:Donald (1996), pp. 247–250. 3371:. In December 1861, France 3163:annual messages to Congress 2788:After 1862, Democrats like 2624:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 2569:conference at Hampton Roads 2361:Franklin-Nashville Campaign 2251:Third Battle of Chattanooga 2239:Division of the Mississippi 2153:Declaration of Independence 1613:during his time in office. 1604:, to fill that seat. After 1420:Comptroller of the Currency 1023:Arrival in Washington, D.C. 930:In December 1860, both the 873:1860 electoral vote results 782:1860 presidential candidacy 746:, he has been consistently 247:Political career, 1849–1861 10: 12191: 12145:1860s in the United States 11911:Republican Study Committee 7964:Overland Campaign strategy 7702:Abraham Lincoln: A History 7649:Green, Michael S. (2011). 7593: 7537:. New York: Random House. 7504: 7311:Nichols, David A. (1999). 7115:. Oxford University Press. 5919:Weisman (2002), pp. 90–91. 5910:Weisman (2002), pp. 84–88. 5901:Weisman (2002), pp. 81–82. 5889:Weisman (2002), pp. 40–42. 5826:Weisman (2002), pp. 37–38. 5785:Weisman (2002), pp. 30–35. 5776:Weisman (2002), pp. 27–28. 5716:White (2009), pp. 653–654. 5665:White (2009), pp. 671–672. 5620:White (2009), pp. 611–613. 5575:White (2009), pp. 517–519. 5505:White (2009), pp. 516–517. 5496:White (2009), pp. 495–496. 5469:White (2009), pp. 492–493. 5439:White (2009), pp. 509–511. 5430:White (2009), pp. 458–459. 5412:Donald (1995) pp. 576, 580 5403:White (2009), pp. 667–670. 5385:White (2009), pp. 656–657. 5315:White (2009), pp. 636–637. 5173:White (2009), pp. 632–635. 5129:White (2009), pp. 614–615. 5120:White (2009), pp. 592–593. 5111:White (2009), pp. 554–555. 5044:White (2009), pp. 640–641. 5035:White (2009), pp. 631–632. 5008:White (2009), pp. 629–630. 4990:White (2009), pp. 617–620. 4972:White (2009), pp. 547–549. 4922:, pp. 288–89, 296–98. 4907:White (2009), pp. 593–594. 4898:White (2009), pp. 610–611. 4889:White (2009), pp. 600–601. 4854:Symonds & Clipson 2001 4832:White (2009), pp. 472–474. 4823:White (2009), pp. 462–463. 4787:White (2009), pp. 576–581. 4778:White (2009), pp. 571–576. 4769:White (2009), pp. 557–561. 4760:White (2009), pp. 555–556. 4751:White (2009), pp. 535–538. 4742:White (2009), pp. 525–527. 4724:White (2009), pp. 518–521. 4679:White (2009), pp. 505–508. 4670:White (2009), pp. 496–497. 4661:White (2009), pp. 481–486. 4652:White (2009), pp. 471–472. 4598:White (2009), pp. 440–441. 4589:White (2009), pp. 438–439. 4580:White (2009), pp. 448–456. 4571:White (2009), pp. 429–435. 4549:White (2009), pp. 443–445. 4540:White (2009), pp. 427–428. 4531:White (2009), pp. 444–445. 4513:White (2009), pp. 424–425. 4504:White (2009), pp. 408–417. 4495:White (2009), pp. 406–407. 4358:Clouatre, Douglas (2012). 4288:White (2009), pp. 648–649. 4239:White (2009), pp. 461–462. 4131:Stahr (2012), pp. 214–217. 3934:White (2009), pp. 382–384. 3814:White (2009), pp. 361–369. 3784:Thomas (1952) pp. 229–230. 3738:White (2009), pp. 351–354. 3726:White (2009), pp. 350–351. 3667:American Historical Review 3629:White (2009), pp. 325–329. 3608:White (2009), pp. 307–316. 3599:White (2009), pp. 291–293. 3501: 3391: 3356: 3296: 3292: 3258:American Revolutionary War 3232: 3176: 3138: 3080: 3030: 2948:, which imposed the first 2936: 2933:Fiscal and monetary policy 2885:Union (American Civil War) 2882: 2853: 2754:United States Constitution 2731: 2699:to save the Union, and is 2621: 2618:Slavery and Reconstruction 2596:Third Battle of Petersburg 2429: 2195:Department of the Missouri 2162: 2149:United States Constitution 2117:Battle of Chancellorsville 2067: 1894: 1777:in Maryland and ignored a 1639: 1620: 1520: 1442:. Cameron was replaced by 1140:Francis Bicknell Carpenter 1054: 899: 893: 859:Constitutional Union Party 788:Lincoln, who was a former 757: 628:1860 presidential election 12086: 12049:Republican Liberty Caucus 12029: 11959: 11921: 11852: 11841: 11796: 11535: 11521: 11461: 11092: 11083: 10874: 10677: 10540: 9736: 9696: 9626: 9498: 9021: 8933: 8834:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln 8789: 8757:Parliament Square, London 8552:Abraham Lincoln Institute 8449: 8367: 8317: 8230: 8197:Medical and mental health 8145: 8129:Gettysburg Address (1863, 8081: 8048:Department of Agriculture 7954:Emancipation Proclamation 7878: 7851: 6885:New Brunswick, New Jersey 6536:Herring, pp. 225, 243–244 6493:Stahr (2012) pp. 307–323. 6106:Paludan (1994), pp. 75–78 6097:Paludan (1994), pp. 70–75 5373:2027/spo.2629860.0021.104 5017:McPherson (2009), p. 113. 4625:Paludan (1994), pp. 97–99 4459:Paludan (1994), pp. 64–66 4348:Paludan (1994), pp. 12–13 4261:Paludan (1994), pp. 41–42 4167:Paludan (1994), pp. 37–40 4140:Paludan (1994), pp. 37–38 4122:Paludan (1994), pp. 36–37 3898:Gienapp (2002) pp. 76–77. 3851:Potter, David M. (1976). 3823:Paludan (1994), pp. 33–35 3549:Reconstruction Amendments 3494:in Springfield on May 4. 3449:Petersen's Boarding House 3352: 3199:Virginia v. West Virginia 3118:New York City draft riots 3051:Department of Agriculture 2764:and 13 named parishes of 2734:Emancipation Proclamation 2728:Emancipation Proclamation 2638:Emancipation Proclamation 2531:proportion of the popular 2408:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. 2036:Emancipation Proclamation 2021:Second Battle of Bull Run 1912:Western Virginia campaign 1598:Tenth Circuit Act of 1863 1471:Francis Preston Blair Jr. 1363:Secretary of the Interior 1361: 1357: 1338: 1311: 1307: 1280: 1276: 1249: 1245: 1208:Secretary of the Treasury 1206: 1202: 1183: 1164: 1148: 949:In mid-December, Senator 839:transcontinental railroad 684:Emancipation Proclamation 652:outbreak of the Civil War 314:Emancipation Proclamation 154: 134: 114: 102: 81: 65: 53: 34: 30: 21: 11819:Northern Mariana Islands 8828:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III 8670:Abraham Lincoln: The Man 8252:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial 7969:Hampton Roads Conference 7490:. Simon & Schuster. 7425:Lincoln and His Admirals 7398:. Simon & Schuster. 7111:Herring, George (2008). 6889:Rutgers University Press 6681:"Ranking Our Presidents" 6662:. Abraham Lincoln Online 5521:. CUP Archive. pp. 5460:McPherson (1988), p. 356 5334:Escott, Paul D. (2009). 5297:White (2009), pp. 641–6. 5217:, vol. 7, p. 514 (1953). 4943:Naval War College Review 4715:Nevins vol 6 pp. 318–322 4423:Symonds (2008) pp.10–11. 3961:White (2005), pp. 67–70. 3167:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3087:American Civil War spies 2722:Confiscation Act of 1862 2718:Confiscation Act of 1861 2673:Early actions on slavery 2388:Valley Campaigns of 1864 2338:Battle of the Wilderness 2247:William Tecumseh Sherman 2053:Battle of Fredericksburg 1823:First Battle of Bull Run 1418:, who had served as the 1412:Senate Finance Committee 772:"The Rail Candidate", a 492:Assassination and legacy 183:This article is part of 8902:(17th-century ancestor) 8822:William Wallace Lincoln 8304:Lincoln Pioneer Village 8119:Farewell Address (1861) 8028:Fanny McCullough letter 7959:West Virginia statehood 7949:Habeas Corpus suspended 7775:Richardson, Heather Cox 7508:A. Lincoln: A Biography 6901:Abraham Lincoln: A Life 6879:Basler, Roy P. (1953). 6870:Basler, Roy P. (1946). 6849:Anderson, Bern (1989). 6831:Orville Vernon Burton, 5734:Paludan (1994), pp. 6–7 5656:Foner (1988), pp. 68–69 5611:Foner (1988), pp. 48–50 5602:Foner (1988), pp. 55–60 4405:McPherson (2008) p. 13. 4378:Federal Judicial Center 2809:the bill in late 1864. 2484:unconditional surrender 2211:Battle of Fort Donelson 1891:Eastern theater to 1864 1582:John Archibald Campbell 1580:and the resignation of 776:illustration depicting 473:The Suicide's Soliloquy 252:Lincoln–Douglas debates 11901:Problem Solvers Caucus 9113:William Henry Harrison 8609:Lincoln Heritage Trail 8594:Lincoln Park (Chicago) 8493:Photographs of Lincoln 8433:O Captain! My Captain! 7694:(Penguin Press, 2022). 7392:Stahr, Walter (2012). 6713:Densen, John V., ed., 6600:. Library of Congress. 6336:(1981) 83#4 pp 579–59. 6151:Paludan (1994), p. 199 6088:Donald (1996), p. 471. 6051:Paludan (1994), p. 116 6024:Paludan (1994), p. 113 5939:"The False Claims Act" 5847:Paludan (1994), p. 111 5817:Weisman (2002), p. 85. 5755:Donald (2001), p. 137. 5421:Donald (1996), p. 589. 5394:Donald (1996), p. 565. 5077:Thomas (2008), p. 434. 5026:Donald (1996), p. 501. 4981:Thomas (2008), p. 315. 4477:Current (1963) p. 123. 4230:Gienapp (2002), p. 76. 4203:Weisman (2002), p. 91. 3517: 3414: 3377:Maximilian I of Mexico 3066:Yosemite National Park 2898: 2847: 2821: 2713: 2669: 2592:Battle of Fort Stedman 2525: 2508: 2501: 2472:William Lloyd Garrison 2445: 2412:Army of the Shenandoah 2390:, Confederate general 2309: 2191:Department of the Ohio 2178: 2092: 1999: 1954: 1849: 1719: 1687: 1569:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1143: 1122: 975: 874: 785: 734:the nation to others. 636:Southern United States 632:Northern United States 353:Presidential elections 11986:Log Cabin Republicans 9343:Franklin D. Roosevelt 8908:(great-granddaughter) 8906:Mary Lincoln Beckwith 8864:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby 8840:Jessie Harlan Lincoln 8717:Hodgenville, Kentucky 8697:Emancipation Memorial 8155:Early life and career 8089:Lyceum address (1838) 8073:Judicial appointments 8018:National Banking Acts 8013:Homestead Act of 1862 7752:Lincoln the President 7724:Lincoln the President 7638:Graff, Henry F., ed. 7331:Paludan, Phillip Shaw 7170:Klein, Maury (1997). 7091:Second edition, 2022. 7030:Goodwin, Doris Kearns 6957:Donald, David Herbert 6935:Donald, David Herbert 6813:Foner (2010), p. 215. 6213:. Library of Congress 6187:Nichols, pp. 207–232. 5743:Paludan (1994), p. 27 4796:Bulla (2010), p. 222. 4688:Goodwin, pp. 478–480. 4468:Current (1963) p. 108 4414:Paludan (1994), p. 59 4212:Paludan (1994) p. 43. 4045:Miller (2008), p. 25. 3916:Holzer (2008) p. 378. 3907:Gienapp (2002) p. 77. 3640:Morison, Samuel Eliot 3511: 3405: 3357:Further information: 3297:Further information: 3233:Further information: 3189:admitted to the Union 3177:Further information: 3139:Further information: 2903:internal improvements 2892: 2883:Further information: 2879:Other domestic issues 2854:Further information: 2842: 2815: 2750:Article II, section 2 2692: 2690:, Lincoln explained: 2635: 2622:Further information: 2573:Alexander H. Stephens 2553:Francis Preston Blair 2538:Confederate surrender 2523: 2506: 2496: 2443: 2367:defeated Hood at the 2302:of events aboard the 2285: 2183:Appalachian Mountains 2176: 2163:Further information: 2084: 2068:Further information: 1989: 1972:Battle of Seven Pines 1944: 1895:Further information: 1848:, Lincoln and others. 1831: 1717: 1649: 1642:Battle of Fort Sumter 1640:Further information: 1621:Further information: 1602:Stephen Johnson Field 1590:Samuel Freeman Miller 1548:engraved portrait of 1521:Further information: 1517:Judicial appointments 1502:Secretary of the Navy 1463:Francis Preston Blair 1344:Secretary of the Navy 1132: 1117: 1104:United States Capitol 1074:U.S. Capitol Building 973: 955:Crittenden Compromise 872: 835:internal improvements 771: 744:Franklin D. Roosevelt 603:, and ended upon his 509:Historical reputation 211:Early life and career 146:Seal of the president 12016:Republicans Overseas 12006:Teen Age Republicans 11809:District of Columbia 10210:1964 (San Francisco) 10170:1956 (San Francisco) 9706:National Union Party 9363:Dwight D. Eisenhower 8816:Edward Baker Lincoln 8742:Louisville, Kentucky 8478:Artifacts and relics 8342:National Union Party 8299:Lincoln Sitting Room 8099:"Lost Speech" (1856) 8094:Peoria speech (1854) 7930:War based income tax 7698:Nicolay, John George 7603:Bordewich, Fergus M. 7211:McPherson, James M. 6998:. Harper & Row. 6992:Foner, Eric (1988). 6962:Lincoln Reconsidered 6545:Herring, pp. 252–253 6455:Taylor & Francis 6420:Herring, pp. 242–246 6411:Herring, pp. 235–236 6389:Herring, pp. 240–241 6380:Herring, pp. 224–229 6371:Herring, pp. 226–229 6360:Lincoln in the World 4036:White (2005), p. 85. 3699:Paludan (1994), p. 5 3334:A British shipyard, 3273:. Spain invaded the 3187:Two new states were 3129:Clement Vallandigham 3070:Thanksgiving holiday 3055:Pacific Railway Acts 3020:National Banking Act 3007:Congress passed the 2997:progressive taxation 2850:Thirteenth Amendment 2451:National Union Party 2207:Battle of Fort Henry 2151:, but with the 1776 2137:Battle of Gettysburg 1695:near Charleston and 1440:ambassador to Russia 1408:William P. Fessenden 1330:William Dennison Jr. 1225:William P. Fessenden 997:slave-holding states 940:District of Columbia 851:John C. Breckinridge 688:Thirteenth Amendment 11969:College Republicans 10390:2000 (Philadelphia) 10130:1948 (Philadelphia) 10090:1940 (Philadelphia) 9907:1900 (Philadelphia) 9816:1872 (Philadelphia) 9764:1856 (Philadelphia) 9716:Fourth Party System 9293:William Howard Taft 9213:Rutherford B. Hayes 8896:(great-grandfather) 8852:Nancy Hanks Lincoln 8810:Robert Todd Lincoln 8772:U.S. Capitol statue 8722:Indianapolis relief 8599:Lincoln Park (D.C.) 8498:Cultural depictions 8402:Sic semper tyrannis 8383:Our American Cousin 8274:Lincoln's New Salem 8175:Boat lifting patent 7910:Second inauguration 7865:U.S. Representative 7463:Thomas, Benjamin P. 7439:Thomas, Benjamin P. 7359:Current, Richard N. 7296:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7282:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7227:Miller, William Lee 7201:McPherson, James M. 7013:Gienapp, William A. 6918:Current, Richard N. 6897:Burlingame, Michael 6579:Shawcross, Edward, 6349:(2014). pp 138–169. 6314:. Nevada Humanities 5725:Foner (1988), p. 67 4076:on October 11, 2011 3978:on January 12, 2017 3428:Our American Cousin 3336:John Laird and Sons 3047:land-grant colleges 3009:Revenue Act of 1864 2977:American Revolution 2946:Revenue Act of 1861 2648:, Abraham Lincoln, 2600:Appomattox Campaign 2577:Robert M. T. Hunter 2548:Siege of Petersburg 2373:Battle of Nashville 2278:Grant takes command 2215:Battle of Pea Ridge 2189:, commander of the 2125:Gettysburg campaign 2070:Gettysburg campaign 2064:Gettysburg campaign 1998:, January 31, 1863) 1990:"Manager Lincoln" ( 1932:Army of the Potomac 1920:Wheeling Convention 1908:George B. McClellan 1707:, the commander at 1574:Peter Vivian Daniel 1434:and party chairman 1149:The Lincoln cabinet 1035:, president of the 911:Threat of secession 807:Cooper Union speech 716:George B. McClellan 404:State of the Union 389:Inaugural speeches 12155:American Civil War 12001:Republicans Abroad 11866:Legislative Digest 10330:1988 (New Orleans) 10270:1976 (Kansas City) 10250:1972 (Miami Beach) 10230:1968 (Miami Beach) 10030:1928 (Kansas City) 9894:1896 (Saint Louis) 9881:1892 (Minneapolis) 9726:Sixth Party System 9721:Fifth Party System 9711:Third Party System 9283:Theodore Roosevelt 8882:Mary Lincoln Crume 8858:Sarah Bush Lincoln 8747:Newark, New Jersey 8684:Lincoln the Lawyer 8420:Lincoln catafalque 8359:1860 campaign song 8257:Lincoln State Park 8240:Lincoln Birthplace 8001:Dakota War of 1862 7893:First inauguration 7801:2015-08-01 at the 7577:Wilson, Douglas L. 7271:Neely, Mark E. Jr. 7095:Harris, William C. 6833:The Age of Lincoln 6740:. April 12, 2011. 6308:"Nevada Statehood" 6253:A Colorado History 5451:, August 22, 1862. 5068:, pp. 825–30. 5056:, pp. 812–15. 4880:, pp. 637–38. 4868:, pp. 405–13. 4844:, pp. 404–05. 4558:Mark E. Neely Jr, 4486:Klein pp. 399–400. 4320:"Past Secretaries" 3949:The New York Times 3518: 3492:Oak Ridge Cemetery 3415: 3275:Dominican Republic 3219:Nebraska Territory 3215:Colorado Territory 2950:federal income tax 2909:rates designed to 2899: 2822: 2783:Nathaniel P. Banks 2777:military governor 2746:Commander in Chief 2741:Henry Ward Beecher 2680:Frederick Douglass 2670: 2604:Joseph E. Johnston 2561:Emperor Maximilian 2526: 2509: 2446: 2400:Battle of Monocacy 2369:Battle of Franklin 2349:Joseph E. Johnston 2315:Lieutenant General 2310: 2231:Siege of Vicksburg 2179: 2141:Siege of Vicksburg 2081:Gettysburg Address 2074:Gettysburg Address 2049:Rappahannock River 2032:Battle of Antietam 2000: 1976:Seven Days Battles 1955: 1951:Battle of Antietam 1936:Virginia Peninsula 1928:Peninsula campaign 1850: 1803:political generals 1752:Francis W. Pickens 1736:Stephen A. Hurlbut 1720: 1688: 1623:American Civil War 1617:American Civil War 1586:Noah Haynes Swayne 1459:Postmaster-General 1313:Postmaster General 1189:Secretary of State 1144: 1112:fugitive slave law 1051:First inauguration 1039:, hired detective 1017:state legislatures 991:(CSA) and elected 976: 951:John J. Crittenden 875: 798:Stephen A. Douglas 786: 617:American Civil War 385:Speeches and works 304:American Civil War 12127: 12126: 12082: 12081: 12011:Young Republicans 11879:Senate Conference 11837: 11836: 11517: 11516: 9829:1876 (Cincinnati) 9654: 9653: 9433:George H. W. Bush 9383:Lyndon B. Johnson 9313:Warren G. Harding 9253:Benjamin Harrison 9233:Chester A. Arthur 9223:James A. Garfield 9083:John Quincy Adams 9033:George Washington 8981: 8980: 8804:Mary Todd Lincoln 8785: 8784: 8767:U.S. Capitol bust 8732:Lincoln, Nebraska 8691:Young Abe Lincoln 8629:White House ghost 8589:Lincoln, Nebraska 8396:John Wilkes Booth 7935:Seaports blockade 7920:Confiscation Acts 7746:Randall, James G. 7719:Randall, James G. 7688:Lowenstein, Roger 7660:978-0-8093-3035-5 7631:978-0-87249-400-8 7518:978-1-4000-6499-1 7476:978-0-8093-2887-1 7433:978-0-19-531022-1 7422:Symonds, Craig L. 7405:978-1-4391-2118-4 7377:. Harvest Books. 7306:978-1-107-03626-0 7221:978-1-59420-191-2 7129:978-0-7432-8947-4 7106:978-0-7006-1520-9 6972:978-0-375-72532-6 6948:978-0-684-82535-9 6910:978-0-8018-8993-6 6862:978-0-306-80367-3 6754:National Archives 6263:978-0-87108-323-4 5562:978-0-393-06618-0 5532:978-0-521-22979-1 5449:To Horace Greeley 5240:978-0-465-02431-5 5196:Brooks D. Simpson 4959:David G. Surdam, 4330:on April 22, 2021 4066:"Abraham Lincoln" 4064:Summers, Robert. 3582:republican values 3445:John Wilkes Booth 3245:William H. Seward 3151:American frontier 3099:Ex parte Merryman 3073:irregular dates. 2827:Freedmen's Bureau 2658:William H. Seward 2463:Samuel C. Pomeroy 2420:Shenandoah Valley 2402:, Early attacked 2357:Battle of Atlanta 2330:Overland Campaign 2319:George Washington 2121:Stonewall Jackson 1878:. Like Kentucky, 1864:Augustus Bradford 1834:William Fessenden 1819:P.G.T. Beauregard 1511:John Palmer Usher 1506:Caleb Blood Smith 1388: 1387: 1380:John Palmer Usher 1194:William H. Seward 1108:inaugural address 890:Transition period 879:Electoral College 831:protective tariff 802:William H. Seward 740:George Washington 682:. 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Grant 9153:Millard Fillmore 9103:Martin Van Buren 9053:Thomas Jefferson 9008: 9001: 8994: 8985: 8984: 8969: 8968: 8957: 8956: 8946:Andrew Johnson → 8939:← James Buchanan 8914:(great-grandson) 8876:Mordecai Lincoln 8727:Laramie, Wyoming 8647:Lincoln Memorial 8635: 8634: 8530:Five-dollar bill 8170:Spot Resolutions 8023:Thanksgiving Day 7979:Ten percent plan 7974:Tour of Richmond 7838: 7831: 7824: 7815: 7814: 7771: 7755: 7741: 7680:Holzer, Harold. 7664: 7642:(3rd ed. 2002) 7635: 7584: 7572: 7548: 7536: 7527:White, Ronald C. 7522: 7511:. Random House. 7501: 7480: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7445:. 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Stanton 2581:John A. Campbell 2546:, beginning the 2468:Wendell Phillips 2426:Election of 1864 2377:March to the Sea 2334:war of attrition 2264:ironclad warship 2243:George H. Thomas 2227:Battle of Shiloh 2203:Ulysses S. Grant 2187:Don Carlos Buell 2016:Ambrose Burnside 2008:Army of Virginia 1947:George McClellan 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1535: 1487:Joshua Fry Speed 1475:William Dennison 1455:Montgomery Blair 1453:to his cabinet. 1432:Andrew G. Curtin 1318:Montgomery Blair 1282:Attorney General 1251:Secretary of War 1146: 1145: 1097:Orville Browning 1084: 1069: 1013:Corwin Amendment 1004:Peace Conference 966:Deepening crisis 774:Currier and Ives 754:Election of 1860 676:Ulysses S. Grant 666:in the state of 609:Republican Party 574: 567: 560: 549: 548: 543: 455:Farewell address 337:2nd inauguration 319:Ten percent plan 294:1st inauguration 257:Views on slavery 242:Spot Resolutions 196: 195: 193: 186: 178: 171: 170: 167: 166: 161: 160: 142: 41: 39: 26: 19: 18: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12175:Abraham Lincoln 12130: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12078: 12031: 12025: 11961: 11955: 11923: 11917: 11844: 11833: 11792: 11528: 11526: 11513: 11462:Chair elections 11457: 11079: 10978:D. B. Henderson 10966:T. J. Henderson 10891: 10888: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10870: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10673: 10546:administrations 10544: 10536: 10430:2008 (St. Paul) 10410:2004 (New York) 9755: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9655: 9650: 9622: 9548:F. D. Roosevelt 9500: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9373:John F. Kennedy 9353:Harry S. Truman 9323:Calvin Coolidge 9183:Abraham Lincoln 9163:Franklin Pierce 9023: 9017: 9012: 8982: 8977: 8929: 8870:Abraham Lincoln 8842:(granddaughter) 8836:(granddaughter) 8781: 8777:Wabash, Indiana 8702:Brooklyn relief 8657:reflecting pool 8633: 8584:Lincoln Highway 8564:Abraham Lincoln 8451: 8445: 8363: 8313: 8294:Lincoln Bedroom 8245:Knob Creek Farm 8232: 8226: 8212:Religious views 8192:Lincoln's beard 8147: 8141: 8077: 8033:Birchard Letter 7898:Perpetual Union 7874: 7847: 7845:Abraham Lincoln 7842: 7803:Wayback Machine 7792: 7787: 7764: 7735: 7661: 7632: 7598: 7592: 7590:Further reading 7587: 7569: 7545: 7519: 7498: 7477: 7452: 7450: 7449:on May 29, 2012 7406: 7385: 7347: 7323: 7264: 7243: 7184: 7163: 7147:Jaffa, Harry V. 7087: 7046: 7006: 6973: 6949: 6911: 6863: 6844: 6839: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6764: 6747: 6745: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6616:The White House 6610: 6609: 6605: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6554: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6522: 6518: 6510:The Independent 6501: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6457:. p. 321. 6447: 6440: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6353: 6345:Kevin Peraino, 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6304: 6300: 6290: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6244: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6059: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5945:. June 17, 2019 5943:www.justice.gov 5937: 5936: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5868: 5862: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5789: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555:. W.W. Norton. 5544: 5540: 5533: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5210: 5206: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5087:G. Edward White 5085: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3849: 3845: 3841:Morison p. 609. 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3679:10.2307/1850218 3663: 3659: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3568:, Herman Belz, 3540: 3527:Chicago Tribune 3506: 3500: 3484:B&O Station 3480:Capitol Rotunda 3470:Lincoln's body 3464:George Atzerodt 3400: 3392:Main articles: 3390: 3369:Central America 3361: 3355: 3318:Lord Palmerston 3301: 3295: 3279:a puppet regime 3271:Monroe Doctrine 3241: 3231: 3185: 3175: 3145:Conflicts with 3143: 3137: 3114:Irish Americans 3089: 3079: 3033: 2993:inheritance tax 2958:Morrill Tariffs 2941: 2935: 2887: 2881: 2858: 2852: 2799:Wade–Davis Bill 2790:Reverdy Johnson 2779:Benjamin Butler 2774: 2736: 2730: 2684:Central America 2675: 2646:Salmon P. Chase 2630: 2620: 2557:Monroe Doctrine 2540: 2438: 2430:Main articles: 2428: 2280: 2171: 2161: 2093: 2083: 2076: 2066: 1996:Harper's Weekly 1984: 1934:by boat to the 1904: 1899: 1893: 1884:John C. Frémont 1761: 1732:Gustavus V. Fox 1705:Robert Anderson 1686: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1644: 1638: 1633: 1619: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1550:Salmon P. Chase 1543: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1525: 1519: 1404:Salmon P. Chase 1213:Salmon P. Chase 1175:Abraham Lincoln 1127: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1059: 1053: 1041:Allan Pinkerton 1025: 1008:Willard's Hotel 993:Jefferson Davis 968: 959:36°30′ parallel 944:Orlando Kellogg 913: 908: 898: 892: 827:Hannibal Hamlin 817:slavery in the 778:Abraham Lincoln 766: 758:Main articles: 756: 680:Western Theater 615:victory in the 590:Abraham Lincoln 578: 546: 544: 537: 493: 490: 386: 383: 354: 351: 333: 330: 299:Hannibal Hamlin 285: 282: 274: 271: 238: 235: 207: 192:Abraham Lincoln 191: 189: 188: 187: 184: 182: 158:Library website 156: 155: 150: 149: 147: 144: 143: 130: 129: 128: 122: 98: 73: 44: 42: 37: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12188: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12064:Liberty Caucus 12061: 12059:ConservAmerica 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11965: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11927: 11925: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11896:Freedom Caucus 11888: 11887: 11886: 11876: 11875: 11874: 11869: 11856: 11854: 11847: 11839: 11838: 11835: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11829:Virgin Islands 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11804:American Samoa 11800: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11738:South Carolina 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11703:North Carolina 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11539: 11537: 11530: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11077: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10896: 10894: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10693: 10691: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10605: 10599: 10593: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10550: 10548: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10531:2028 (Houston) 10527: 10526: 10525: 10507: 10506: 10505: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10350:1992 (Houston) 10347: 10346: 10345: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10307: 10306: 10305: 10290:1980 (Detroit) 10287: 10286: 10285: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10227: 10226: 10225: 10207: 10206: 10205: 10190:1960 (Chicago) 10187: 10186: 10185: 10167: 10166: 10165: 10150:1952 (Chicago) 10147: 10146: 10145: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10110:1944 (Chicago) 10107: 10106: 10105: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10050:1932 (Chicago) 10047: 10046: 10045: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10007: 10006: 10005: 9990:1920 (Chicago) 9987: 9986: 9985: 9970:1916 (Chicago) 9967: 9966: 9965: 9946:1912 (Chicago) 9943: 9933:1908 (Chicago) 9930: 9920:1904 (Chicago) 9917: 9904: 9891: 9878: 9868:1888 (Chicago) 9865: 9855:1884 (Chicago) 9852: 9842:1880 (Chicago) 9839: 9826: 9813: 9803:1868 (Chicago) 9800: 9787: 9777:1860 (Chicago) 9774: 9760: 9758: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9697: 9694: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9676: 9669: 9661: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9648: 9638: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9504: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9480: 9470: 9460: 9453:George W. Bush 9450: 9440: 9430: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9390: 9380: 9370: 9360: 9350: 9340: 9333:Herbert Hoover 9330: 9320: 9310: 9303:Woodrow Wilson 9300: 9290: 9280: 9270: 9260: 9250: 9240: 9230: 9220: 9210: 9200: 9193:Andrew Johnson 9190: 9180: 9173:James Buchanan 9170: 9160: 9150: 9143:Zachary Taylor 9140: 9130: 9120: 9110: 9100: 9093:Andrew Jackson 9090: 9080: 9070: 9060: 9050: 9040: 9029: 9028: 9027: 9025: 9022:Presidents and 9019: 9018: 9011: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8988: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8963: 8950: 8949: 8942: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8900:Samuel Lincoln 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8846:Thomas Lincoln 8843: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8813: 8807: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8712:D.C. City Hall 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8680: 8673: 8666: 8664:Mount Rushmore 8661: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8643: 8641: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8577:Here I Grew Up 8573: 8568: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8542:Postage stamps 8539: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8474: 8473: 8463: 8457: 8455: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8412: 8410:Petersen House 8407: 8406: 8405: 8393: 8392: 8391: 8379: 8377:Ford's Theater 8373: 8371: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8236: 8234: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8187:Baltimore Plot 8184: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8160:Black Hawk War 8157: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7998: 7993: 7991:Foreign policy 7988: 7987: 7986: 7984:Reconstruction 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7912: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7862: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7841: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7805: 7791: 7790:External links 7788: 7786: 7785: 7772: 7762: 7742: 7733: 7715: 7700:and John Hay. 7695: 7685: 7678: 7668:Holzer, Harold 7665: 7659: 7646: 7636: 7630: 7612: 7599: 7594:Main article: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7573: 7567: 7549: 7543: 7523: 7517: 7502: 7496: 7481: 7475: 7459: 7435: 7419: 7410: 7404: 7389: 7383: 7371:Sandburg, Carl 7367: 7355:J. G., Randall 7351: 7345: 7327: 7321: 7308: 7294: 7280: 7278:online version 7268: 7263:978-1400041039 7262: 7247: 7241: 7223: 7209: 7197: 7188: 7182: 7167: 7161: 7143: 7135:Holzer, Harold 7131: 7117: 7108: 7092: 7085: 7067: 7050: 7044: 7026: 7010: 7004: 6989: 6977: 6971: 6953: 6947: 6931: 6915: 6909: 6893: 6876: 6867: 6861: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6824: 6822:Jaffa, p. 263. 6815: 6806: 6797: 6795:Jaffa, p. 399. 6788: 6776:New York Times 6762: 6737:whitehouse.gov 6723: 6706: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6651: 6628: 6603: 6585: 6572: 6547: 6538: 6529: 6516: 6495: 6486: 6470: 6463: 6438: 6432:Howard Jones, 6422: 6413: 6404: 6398:Don H. Doyle, 6391: 6382: 6373: 6364: 6351: 6338: 6334:Lincoln Herald 6325: 6298: 6276: 6262: 6242: 6224: 6198: 6189: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6078: 6071: 6053: 6044: 6035: 6026: 6017: 5992: 5981: 5956: 5930: 5921: 5912: 5903: 5891: 5882: 5849: 5840: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5787: 5778: 5769: 5757: 5745: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5706: 5697: 5690: 5667: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5561: 5547:Foner, Eric C. 5538: 5531: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5351: 5344: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5272: 5246: 5239: 5219: 5204: 5184: 5175: 5161: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5079: 5070: 5066:McPherson 1988 5058: 5054:McPherson 1988 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4974: 4965: 4952: 4933: 4924: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4878:McPherson 1988 4870: 4866:McPherson 1988 4858: 4846: 4842:McPherson 1988 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4395: 4365: 4350: 4341: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4020: 3998: 3989: 3963: 3954: 3936: 3927: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3876: 3869: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3728: 3719: 3701: 3692: 3673:(4): 609–629. 3657: 3631: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3554:Texas v. White 3545:Paul Finkelman 3539: 3536: 3514:Mount Rushmore 3499: 3496: 3433:Ford's Theatre 3411:Alonzo Chappel 3389: 3386: 3354: 3351: 3347:Alabama Claims 3306:shipping grain 3294: 3291: 3230: 3229:Foreign policy 3227: 3174: 3171: 3155:Sioux Uprising 3136: 3133: 3123:John Adams Dix 3078: 3075: 3032: 3029: 2937:Main article: 2934: 2931: 2880: 2877: 2851: 2848: 2831:black suffrage 2773: 2772:Reconstruction 2770: 2732:Main article: 2729: 2726: 2688:Horace Greeley 2674: 2671: 2619: 2616: 2588:trench warfare 2539: 2536: 2455:Andrew Jackson 2427: 2424: 2365:John Schofield 2353:John Bell Hood 2279: 2276: 2235:turning points 2219:David Farragut 2169:Union blockade 2160: 2157: 2105:military draft 2101:Enrollment Act 2078: 2077: 2065: 2062: 2041:habeas corpus, 1983: 1980: 1964:Charles Sumner 1903: 1900: 1892: 1889: 1842:William Seward 1815:Irvin McDowell 1795:Andrew Johnson 1760: 1757: 1728:John G. Totten 1724:Winfield Scott 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1637: 1634: 1618: 1615: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1515: 1467:Andrew Jackson 1416:Hugh McCulloch 1386: 1385: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368:Caleb B. Smith 1365: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1237:Hugh McCulloch 1233: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1126: 1125:Administration 1123: 1086: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1055:Main article: 1052: 1049: 1024: 1021: 1006:, held at the 981:South Carolina 967: 964: 925:Lyman Trumbull 917:James Buchanan 912: 909: 894:Main article: 891: 888: 861:and nominated 755: 752: 732:reconstructing 708:National Union 692:Homestead Acts 621:Andrew Johnson 580: 579: 577: 576: 569: 562: 554: 551: 550: 538: 536: 535: 529: 528: 522: 521: 516: 511: 505: 504: 499: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 477: 476: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 402: 401: 400: 395: 384: 382: 381: 380: 379: 368: 367: 366: 365: 352: 350: 349: 347:Reconstruction 344: 342:Andrew Johnson 339: 331: 329: 328: 327: 326: 324:13th Amendment 321: 316: 311: 301: 296: 291: 283: 281: 280: 272: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 236: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 185:a series about 181: 179: 163: 162: 152: 151: 145: 137: 136: 135: 132: 131: 125:Andrew Johnson 123: 120:James Buchanan 117: 116: 115: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 97: 96: 91: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75:National Union 67: 63: 62: 55: 51: 50: 32: 31: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12187: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12074:The Wish List 12072: 12070: 12069:Ripon Society 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12028: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11971: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11920: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11880: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11867: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11845:organizations 11840: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11778:West Virginia 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683:New Hampshire 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11643:Massachusetts 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11524: 11520: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11460: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11015: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10994: 10991: 10988: 10985: 10982: 10979: 10976: 10973: 10970: 10967: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10940: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10884: 10879: 10873: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10836: 10833: 10830: 10827: 10824: 10821: 10818: 10815: 10812: 10809: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10682: 10676: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10656:G. H. W. Bush 10654: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10627: 10624: 10621: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10594: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10515: 10511: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10354:G. H. W. Bush 10351: 10348: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10334:G. H. W. Bush 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10318:G. H. W. Bush 10315: 10311: 10310:1984 (Dallas) 10308: 10304: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10298:G. H. W. Bush 10295: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10008: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9761: 9759: 9757: 9748: 9741: 9735: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9682: 9677: 9675: 9670: 9668: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9647: 9639: 9637: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:G. H. W. Bush 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9568:L. B. Johnson 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9497: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9423:Ronald Reagan 9421: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9393:Richard Nixon 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9133:James K. Polk 9131: 9128: 9124: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9084: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9063:James Madison 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9016: 9009: 9004: 9002: 8997: 8995: 8990: 8989: 8986: 8974: 8973: 8964: 8962: 8961: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8932: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8872:(grandfather) 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8856: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8835: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8752:New York City 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8642: 8640: 8636: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8604:Lincoln Prize 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8525:Lincoln penny 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8448: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8415:State funeral 8413: 8411: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8372: 8370: 8369:Assassination 8366: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7904: 7903:Lincoln Bible 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7816: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7652: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7597: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7568:0-671-86742-3 7564: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7544:0-8129-7046-2 7540: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7497:0-684-85068-0 7493: 7489: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7390: 7386: 7384:0-15-602611-2 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7346:0-7006-0671-8 7342: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7322:0-252-06857-2 7318: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7292:0-674-51125-5 7289: 7285: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7242:0-375-40158-X 7238: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7189: 7185: 7183:0-679-44747-4 7179: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7162:0-8476-9952-8 7158: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7096: 7093: 7088: 7086:0-8028-3872-3 7082: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7047: 7045:0-684-82490-6 7041: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7024:0-19-515099-6 7021: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7005:0-06-015851-4 7001: 6997: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6930: 6929:0-88133-498-7 6926: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6834: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6801: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6661: 6655: 6639: 6632: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6561: 6557: 6551: 6542: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6490: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6417: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6386: 6377: 6368: 6361: 6355: 6348: 6342: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6286: 6280: 6265: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6072:0-89997-244-6 6068: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5896: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5844: 5835: 5833: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5711: 5701: 5693: 5691:9780393340662 5687: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5626: 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5391: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5345:9780813927862 5341: 5337: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5208: 5202:(2001) p. 80. 5201: 5197: 5193: 5192:Mark Grimsley 5188: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5144: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5055: 5050: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4987: 4978: 4969: 4962: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4928: 4921: 4920:Anderson 1989 4916: 4914: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4856:, p. 92. 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4251: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4008: 4002: 3993: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3870:0-06-131929-5 3866: 3862: 3857: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3832:Klein p. 239. 3829: 3820: 3811: 3809: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3762: 3753: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574:Vernon Burton 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3559:Nullification 3556: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3488:funeral train 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3388:Assassination 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3300: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159:Santee Dakota 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3095: 3094:John Merryman 3088: 3084: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3038:Homestead Act 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3010: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2927:27th Congress 2924: 2923:37th Congress 2919: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2876: 2873: 2872:38th Congress 2869: 2868:39th Congress 2864: 2857: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2807:pocket vetoed 2804: 2803:Ironclad Oath 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650:Gideon Welles 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2308:in March 1865 2307: 2306: 2301: 2300:1868 painting 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2266:known as the 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2113:New York City 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2097:Joseph Hooker 2091: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2058:Benjamin Wade 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Potomac River 2024: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2012:Henry Halleck 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:Anaconda Plan 1921: 1917: 1916:West Virginia 1913: 1909: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1854:border states 1847: 1846:Gideon Welles 1843: 1839: 1838:Edwin Stanton 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:War Democrats 1787: 1784: 1783:John Merryman 1780: 1776: 1775:habeas corpus 1772: 1767: 1766:Robert E. Lee 1756: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1648: 1643: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1534: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1498:James K. Polk 1495: 1494:Gideon Welles 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451:border states 1447: 1445: 1444:Edwin Stanton 1441: 1437: 1436:A. K. McClure 1433: 1428: 1427:Simon Cameron 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1349:Gideon Welles 1347: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1268:Edwin Stanton 1266: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1256:Simon Cameron 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1083: 1075: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033:Samuel Felton 1029: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 972: 963: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 907: 903: 897: 887: 884: 880: 871: 867: 864: 860: 856: 855:Know Nothings 852: 847: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 783: 779: 775: 770: 765: 761: 751: 749: 745: 741: 735: 733: 729: 728:assassination 725: 724:Robert E. Lee 721: 717: 713: 712:War Democrats 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 664:habeas corpus 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 605:assassination 602: 599: 595: 591: 587: 575: 570: 568: 563: 561: 556: 555: 553: 552: 542: 534: 533:Topical guide 531: 530: 527: 524: 523: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502:State funeral 500: 498: 497:Assassination 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 474: 470: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 445:House Divided 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 403: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 388: 387: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 361: 360: 359: 356: 355: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 334: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 286: 279: 276: 275: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 194: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 168: 159: 153: 141: 133: 127: → 126: 121: 118:← 113: 110: 107: 105: 101: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 84: 80: 76: 71: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47:Assassination 40: 33: 29: 25: 20: 12104:Bibliography 11864: 11743:South Dakota 11733:Rhode Island 11728:Pennsylvania 11708:North Dakota 10553: 10542:Presidential 10529: 10450:2012 (Tampa) 9754:presidential 9738:Presidential 9518:T. Roosevelt 9487:2021–present 9473:Donald Trump 9463:Barack Obama 9443:Bill Clinton 9413:Jimmy Carter 9186: 9073:James Monroe 9024:presidencies 8970: 8958: 8944: 8937: 8894:Joseph Hanks 8860:(stepmother) 8762:Philadelphia 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8575: 8563: 8483:Bibliography 8427:Lincoln Tomb 8381: 8284:Lincoln Home 8179: 8165:Matson Trial 8038:Bixby letter 7941: 7879: 7778: 7767: 7751: 7738: 7723: 7701: 7691: 7681: 7671: 7650: 7639: 7620: 7616:Cox, LaWanda 7605: 7580: 7557: 7553:Wills, Garry 7532: 7507: 7486: 7466: 7453:September 8, 7451:. Retrieved 7447:the original 7424: 7414: 7394: 7374: 7362: 7335: 7312: 7297: 7283: 7273: 7252: 7231: 7212: 7204: 7192: 7172: 7151: 7138: 7120: 7112: 7097: 7075: 7054: 7034: 7015: 6994: 6984: 6961: 6938: 6920: 6900: 6880: 6871: 6851: 6835:(2008) p 243 6832: 6827: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6775: 6765: 6757: 6752:– via 6746:. Retrieved 6735: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6700: 6688: 6676: 6664:. Retrieved 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6631: 6619:. 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Retrieved 4382:the original 4377: 4368: 4359: 4353: 4344: 4332:. Retrieved 4328:the original 4323: 4302: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4217: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4074:the original 4069: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4011:. Retrieved 4001: 3992: 3980:. Retrieved 3976:the original 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3879: 3854: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3798: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3761: 3752: 3743: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3645: 3634: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3581: 3570:John Diggins 3563: 3552: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3472:lay in state 3469: 3460:David Herold 3456:Lewis Powell 3453: 3426: 3423:assassinated 3416: 3406: 3365:Napoleon III 3362: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3322:Trent Affair 3313: 3311: 3302: 3287: 3267: 3255: 3250:Trent Affair 3242: 3209:authorizing 3207:enabling act 3204: 3197: 3186: 3144: 3127: 3110: 3097: 3090: 3063: 3034: 3017: 3013: 3005: 2962: 2955: 2942: 2920: 2900: 2895:Grace Bedell 2859: 2843: 2835: 2823: 2817: 2787: 2775: 2758: 2737: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2676: 2666:Edward Bates 2585: 2541: 2527: 2510: 2497: 2491:Thurlow Weed 2488: 2476: 2447: 2404:Fort Stevens 2385: 2346: 2327: 2311: 2303: 2294:and Admiral 2268:CSS Virginia 2256: 2180: 2145: 2134: 2130:George Meade 2094: 2088:died in vain 2085: 2046: 2040: 2025: 2001: 1995: 1968: 1956: 1945:Lincoln and 1918:to hold the 1905: 1851: 1808: 1788: 1762: 1749: 1745: 1721: 1697:Fort Pickens 1689: 1567: 1561: 1491: 1479:Edward Bates 1448: 1424: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1287:Edward Bates 1133: 1118: 1101: 1093: 1030: 1026: 1001: 977: 948: 929: 914: 876: 843: 819:slave states 787: 736: 726:. Lincoln's 660: 625: 585: 583: 526:Bibliography 481:Bixby letter 450:Cooper Union 277: 57: 36: 11922:Fundraising 11843:Affiliated 11824:Puerto Rico 11658:Mississippi 11573:Connecticut 11295:Summerfield 11070:(2019–2023) 11064:(2015–2019) 11058:(2007–2015) 11052:(1999–2007) 11046:(1995–1999) 11040:(1981–1995) 11034:(1973–1981) 11028:(1965–1973) 11022:(1959–1965) 11016:(1939–1959) 11010:(1931–1939) 11004:(1925–1931) 10998:(1919–1925) 10992:(1911–1919) 10986:(1903–1911) 10980:(1899–1903) 10974:(1895–1899) 10968:(1891–1895) 10962:(1889–1891) 10956:(1883–1889) 10950:(1881–1883) 10944:(1879–1881) 10938:(1877–1879) 10932:(1875–1877) 10926:(1869–1875) 10914:(1863–1869) 10908:(1861–1863) 10902:(1860–1861) 10861:(2003–2007) 10855:(1996–2003) 10849:(1985–1996) 10843:(1980–1985) 10837:(1979–1980) 10831:(1977–1979) 10825:(1969–1977) 10819:(1959–1969) 10813:(1953–1959) 10801:(1952–1953) 10795:(1949–1952) 10789:(1944–1949) 10783:(1941–1944) 10777:(1940–1941) 10771:(1933–1940) 10765:(1929–1933) 10759:(1924–1929) 10753:(1918–1924) 10747:(1913–1918) 10741:(1911–1913) 10735:(1908–1911) 10729:(1897–1908) 10723:(1891–1897) 10717:(1885–1891) 10711:(1884–1885) 10705:(1862–1884) 10699:(1859–1862) 10679:U.S. Senate 10670:(2017–2021) 10664:(2001–2009) 10658:(1989–1993) 10652:(1981–1989) 10646:(1974–1977) 10640:(1969–1974) 10634:(1953–1961) 10628:(1929–1933) 10622:(1923–1929) 10616:(1921–1923) 10610:(1909–1913) 10604:(1901–1909) 10598:(1897–1901) 10592:(1889–1893) 10586:(1881–1885) 10574:(1877–1881) 10568:(1869–1877) 10562:(1865–1868) 10556:(1861–1865) 9747:conventions 9403:Gerald Ford 8799:Family tree 8737:Los Angeles 8471:Lincoln/Net 7871:(1847–1849) 7861:(1861–1865) 6981:Foner, Eric 6842:Works cited 6621:February 3, 6565:January 13, 5676:Foner, Eric 4324:www.doi.gov 4080:December 9, 3566:Harry Jaffa 3419:Good Friday 3262:great power 2762:New Orleans 2654:Caleb Smith 2396:Lew Wallace 2392:Jubal Early 2386:During the 2342:Cold Harbor 2305:River Queen 2272:USS Monitor 2260:King Cotton 2223:New Orleans 2109:draft riots 1992:Thomas Nast 1799:Copperheads 1781:to release 1779:court order 1709:Fort Sumter 1693:Fort Sumter 1636:Fort Sumter 1606:Roger Taney 1594:David Davis 1578:John McLean 1483:James Speed 1299:James Speed 883:New England 857:formed the 656:Fort Sumter 648:territories 638:. A former 594:inaugurated 440:Lost Speech 332:Second term 148:(1850–1894) 109:White House 77:(1864–1865) 72:(1861–1864) 12134:Categories 11773:Washington 11693:New Mexico 11688:New Jersey 11563:California 11374:Fahrenkopf 11369:Fahrenkopf 11290:Gabrielson 10900:Pennington 10890:Conference 10876:U.S. House 10697:J. P. Hale 10687:Conference 10662:G. W. Bush 10632:Eisenhower 10414:G. W. Bush 10394:G. W. Bush 10174:Eisenhower 10154:Eisenhower 9603:G. W. Bush 9558:Eisenhower 9508:Washington 9499:Presidency 9123:John Tyler 9043:John Adams 8888:John Hanks 8707:Cincinnati 8450:Legacy and 8233:and places 7888:Transition 7880:Presidency 7763:0306807556 7734:0306807548 6237:Justia.com 5873:Tax Lawyer 4388:August 11, 3588:References 3578:Eric Foner 3502:See also: 3081:See also: 2989:excise tax 2969:greenbacks 2838:Eric Foner 2836:Historian 2612:Appomattox 2575:, Senator 2544:Petersburg 2416:guerrillas 2363:. General 2201:. General 1949:after the 1740:Ward Lamon 1683:Union Army 900:See also: 837:such as a 794:Republican 698:, and the 519:Depictions 460:Gettysburg 377:Convention 363:Convention 289:Transition 284:First term 278:Presidency 70:Republican 12094:Primaries 12030:Factional 11960:Sectional 11797:Territory 11783:Wisconsin 11748:Tennessee 11653:Minnesota 11628:Louisiana 11529:territory 11527:state and 11414:Gillespie 11399:Nicholson 11335:R. Morton 11315:T. Morton 11200:Rosewater 11190:Hitchcock 11180:Cortelyou 11002:Longworth 10865:McConnell 10745:Gallinger 10602:Roosevelt 10523:primaries 10503:primaries 10483:primaries 10463:primaries 10443:primaries 10423:primaries 10403:primaries 10383:primaries 10363:primaries 10343:primaries 10323:primaries 10303:primaries 10283:primaries 10263:primaries 10243:primaries 10223:primaries 10214:Goldwater 10203:primaries 10183:primaries 10163:primaries 10143:primaries 10123:primaries 10103:primaries 10083:primaries 10063:primaries 10043:primaries 10023:primaries 10003:primaries 9983:primaries 9978:Fairbanks 9963:primaries 9928:Fairbanks 9924:Roosevelt 9915:Roosevelt 9756:primaries 9501:timelines 9483:Joe Biden 9477:2017–2021 9467:2009–2017 9457:2001–2009 9447:1993–2001 9437:1989–1993 9427:1981–1989 9417:1977–1981 9407:1974–1977 9397:1969–1974 9387:1963–1969 9377:1961–1963 9367:1953–1961 9357:1945–1953 9347:1933–1945 9337:1929–1933 9327:1923–1929 9317:1921–1923 9307:1913–1921 9297:1909–1913 9287:1901–1909 9277:1897–1901 9267:1893–1897 9257:1889–1893 9247:1885–1889 9237:1881–1885 9217:1877–1881 9207:1869–1877 9197:1865–1869 9187:1861–1865 9177:1857–1861 9167:1853–1857 9157:1850–1853 9147:1849–1850 9137:1845–1849 9127:1841–1845 9107:1837–1841 9097:1829–1837 9087:1825–1829 9077:1817–1825 9067:1809–1817 9057:1801–1809 9047:1797–1801 9037:1789–1797 8453:memorials 8319:Elections 8217:Sexuality 8148:and views 7915:Civil War 7748:(1997) . 7721:(1997) . 6937:(1996) . 6748:April 26, 6666:April 21, 6644:April 21, 6358:Peraino, 6010:April 27, 5974:April 27, 5949:April 27, 3476:East Room 3435:with his 2973:banknotes 2766:Louisiana 2199:Tennessee 2004:John Pope 1821:. At the 1759:Early war 1701:Pensacola 1384:1863–1865 1372:1861–1862 1353:1861–1865 1334:1864–1865 1322:1861–1864 1303:1864–1865 1291:1861–1864 1272:1862–1865 1260:1861–1862 1229:1864–1865 1217:1861–1864 1198:1861–1865 1179:1861–1865 1170:President 921:doughface 863:John Bell 720:landslide 514:Memorials 309:The Union 237:Political 226:Sexuality 12119:Trumpism 11974:Chairmen 11891:Factions 11853:Congress 11768:Virginia 11718:Oklahoma 11698:New York 11673:Nebraska 11663:Missouri 11648:Michigan 11638:Maryland 11623:Kentucky 11603:Illinois 11578:Delaware 11568:Colorado 11558:Arkansas 11448:McDaniel 11424:Martínez 11360:Richards 11275:Brownell 11270:Spangler 11255:Hamilton 11250:Fletcher 11160:Campbell 11155:Clarkson 11125:Chandler 11068:McCarthy 11044:Gingrich 10883:Speakers 10811:Knowland 10620:Coolidge 10596:McKinley 10590:Harrison 10578:Garfield 10014:Coolidge 9998:Coolidge 9911:McKinley 9898:McKinley 9885:Harrison 9872:Harrison 9846:Garfield 9745:national 9636:Category 9538:Coolidge 9513:McKinley 8960:Category 8890:(cousin) 8866:(sister) 8854:(mother) 8848:(father) 8515:Currency 8488:Birthday 8082:Speeches 7799:Archived 7710:Volume 2 7706:Volume 1 7618:(1981). 7579:(1999). 7555:(1993). 7529:(2005). 7465:(2008). 7441:(1952). 7427:(2008). 7373:(1974). 7361:(1955). 7333:(1994). 7300:(2017). 7286:(1993). 7229:(2002). 7203:(1991). 7149:(2000). 7137:(2004). 7100:(2007). 7073:(1999). 7032:(2005). 6983:(1970). 6959:(2001). 6899:(2008). 6781:July 14, 6742:Archived 6483:in JSTOR 6362:pp 3–16. 5678:(2011). 5549:(2010). 4334:March 8, 4013:April 9, 3982:April 9, 3642:(1965). 3363:Emperor 2608:freedmen 2381:Savannah 2229:and the 1880:Missouri 1872:Columbus 1868:Kentucky 1859:Maryland 1811:Richmond 1793:such as 1652:Legend: 1552:, sixth 668:Maryland 206:Personal 82:Election 59:See list 12099:Debates 12087:Related 11788:Wyoming 11763:Vermont 11668:Montana 11608:Indiana 11588:Georgia 11583:Florida 11553:Arizona 11543:Alabama 11523:Parties 11453:Whatley 11443:Priebus 11419:Mehlman 11409:Racicot 11404:Gilmore 11394:Barbour 11384:Yeutter 11379:Atwater 11300:Roberts 11245:Sanders 11130:Cameron 11115:Claflin 11105:Raymond 11076:(2023–) 11074:Johnson 11056:Boehner 11050:Hastert 11020:Halleck 10996:Gillett 10930:McCrary 10918:Pomeroy 10878:leaders 10867:(2007–) 10835:Stevens 10817:Dirksen 10799:Bridges 10733:E. Hale 10727:Allison 10721:Sherman 10715:Edmunds 10709:Sherman 10703:Anthony 10681:leaders 10614:Harding 10560:Johnson 10554:Lincoln 10118:Bricker 10094:Willkie 9994:Harding 9954:Sherman 9941:Sherman 9837:Wheeler 9798:Johnson 9794:Lincoln 9781:Lincoln 9768:Frémont 9740:tickets 9701:History 9598:Clinton 9563:Kennedy 9533:Harding 8972:Outline 8920:(horse) 8918:Old Bob 8878:(uncle) 8639:Statues 8222:Slavery 8068:Cabinet 8053:Pardons 7783:excerpt 7781:(1997) 7610:excerpt 7608:(2020) 7215:(2008) 7123:(2008) 7018:(2002) 6939:Lincoln 6923:(1963) 6598:loc.gov 6560:HISTORY 6211:loc.gov 5969:NPR.org 5198:, eds. 3687:1850218 3652:602–605 3474:in the 3373:invaded 3342:Alabama 3293:Britain 3149:on the 3031:Reforms 2911:protect 2752:of the 2418:in the 2398:in the 2323:Atlanta 2288:Sherman 1953:in 1862 1876:Paducah 1685:control 1392:cabinet 985:seceded 815:abolish 811:slavery 706:on the 646:in the 644:slavery 596:as the 54:Cabinet 12032:groups 11962:groups 11924:groups 11723:Oregon 11678:Nevada 11618:Kansas 11593:Hawaii 11548:Alaska 11438:Steele 11433:Duncan 11428:Duncan 11365:Laxalt 11320:Miller 11310:Alcorn 11260:Martin 11235:Huston 11225:Butler 11210:Wilcox 11205:Hilles 11165:Carter 11135:Jewell 11120:Morgan 11100:Morgan 11093:Chairs 11038:Michel 11032:Rhodes 11014:Martin 10984:Cannon 10954:Cannon 10948:Keifer 10924:Blaine 10920:(1869) 10912:Colfax 10892:chairs 10807:(1953) 10793:Wherry 10781:McNary 10775:Austin 10769:McNary 10763:Watson 10757:Curtis 10739:Cullom 10689:chairs 10650:Reagan 10626:Hoover 10584:Arthur 10580:(1881) 10454:Romney 10434:McCain 10418:Cheney 10398:Cheney 10358:Quayle 10338:Quayle 10314:Reagan 10294:Reagan 10218:Miller 10138:Warren 10098:McNary 10074:Landon 10058:Curtis 10054:Hoover 10038:Curtis 10034:Hoover 9974:Hughes 9958:Butler 9902:Hobart 9876:Morton 9859:Blaine 9850:Arthur 9824:Wilson 9811:Colfax 9785:Hamlin 9772:Dayton 9588:Reagan 9583:Carter 9553:Truman 9543:Hoover 9528:Wilson 8884:(aunt) 8806:(wife) 8791:Family 8652:statue 8580:mosaic 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10638:Nixon 10572:Hayes 10566:Grant 10518:Vance 10514:Trump 10498:Pence 10494:Trump 10478:Pence 10474:Trump 10438:Palin 10258:Agnew 10254:Nixon 10238:Agnew 10234:Nixon 10198:Lodge 10194:Nixon 10178:Nixon 10158:Nixon 10134:Dewey 10114:Dewey 10018:Dawes 9863:Logan 9833:Hayes 9820:Grant 9807:Grant 9618:Biden 9613:Trump 9608:Obama 9573:Nixon 8926:(dog) 8830:(son) 8824:(son) 8818:(son) 8812:(son) 8571:1988) 8503:films 8389:opera 8231:Homes 7942:Trent 7713:vol 6 5869:(PDF) 3683:JSTOR 3441:actor 3314:Trent 2292:Grant 1699:near 932:House 919:, a " 613:Union 393:First 66:Party 11814:Guam 11758:Utah 11713:Ohio 11613:Iowa 11509:2024 11504:2023 11499:2021 11494:2019 11489:2017 11484:2015 11479:2013 11474:2011 11469:2009 11389:Bond 11345:Bush 11340:Dole 11305:Hall 11240:Fess 11230:Work 11215:Hays 11195:Hill 11150:Quay 11110:Ward 11062:Ryan 11026:Ford 10990:Mann 10972:Reed 10960:Reed 10942:Frye 10936:Hale 10906:Grow 10853:Lott 10847:Dole 10805:Taft 10644:Ford 10608:Taft 10458:Ryan 10378:Kemp 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Presidency of Abraham Lincoln

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