975:
587:
951:, much of what was called Indian Territory was a large area in the central part of the United States whose boundaries were set by treaties between the US Government and various indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian Tribes through statute; the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act also stated that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe".
1514:
103:
575:
1542:
720:
567:
1762:
1780:
5073:
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5131:
1237:
7805:
2628:
1746:
2783:, that is a language with no known related languages. The Tonkawa seem to have inhabited northeastern Oklahoma in the 15th century. However, by the 18th century the Plains Apache had pushed the Tonkawa south to what is now southern Texas. After Texas was admitted as a State, the Tonkawa signed the 1846 Treaty with the Comanche and other Tribes at Council Springs, Texas. After siding with the Confederacy, acting as scouts for the
2617:
1526:
5083:
2457:
2431:
2446:
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States had previously recognized the Indian Tribes as semi-independent, "it has the right and authority, instead of controlling them by treaties, to govern them by acts of
Congress, they being within the geographical limit of the United States ... The Indians owe no allegiance to a State within which their reservation may be established, and the State gives them no protection."
2082:
3903:"TREATY WITH THE COMANCHE, ETC., Aug. 24, 1835. (7 Stat., 474) Treaty of Friendship between U.S. and Comanche and Witchetaw nations, and Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw and established framework for legal system supervised by U.S. Signed on the eastern border of the Grand Prairie, near the Canadian river, in the Muscogee nation"
4179:"TREATY WITH THE KIOWA, ETC, May 26, 1837 (7 Stat. 533). Treaty of friendship between U.S. and Kioway, Ka-ta-ka, and Ta-wa-ka-ro nations and Comanche, Witchetaw, Cherokee Muscogee, Choctaw, Osage, Seneca and Quapaw nations or tribes of Indians and provided for trade between Republics of Texas and Mexico, signed at Fort Gibson, Oklahoma"
1471:, which President Roosevelt signed June 16, 1906. empowered the people residing in Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory to elect delegates to a state constitutional convention and subsequently to be admitted to the union as a single state. Citizens then joined to seek admission of a single state to the Union.
925:, Choctaw, Creek and other tribes had been settling, and these indian nations objected strongly. In 1828 a new survey redefined the western Arkansas border just west of Ft. Smith. After these redefinitions, the "Indian zone" would cover the present states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska and part of Iowa.
3589:
Treaty of
Dancing Rabbit Creek: Hearings on H.R. 19213 Before the H. Subcomm. on Indian Affairs, at 24 (February 14, 1912) (statement of Hon. Byron P. Harrison) ("While the {1866 Treaty of Washington} contemplated the immediate allotment in severalty of the lands in the Choctaw-Chickasaw country, yet
2712:
family. A nomadic people, the
Comanche never developed the political idea of forming a single nation or tribe instead existing as multiple autonomous bands. The Comanche (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835. An additional treaty was signed in 1846. In 1875, the last
1252:
After the Civil War the
Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the Confederacy, reducing the territory of the Five Civilized Tribes and providing land to resettle Plains Native Americans and tribes of the mid-west. General components of replacement treaties signed in
965:
over Native
American tribes within its borders using the rationalization that "The power of the general government over these remnants of a race once powerful ... is necessary to their protection as well as to the safety of those among whom they dwell". While the federal government of the United
2551:
speak one of the Siouan languages and are closely related to the Osage Nation and Kaw tribes. The Ponca tribe were never at war with the U.S. and signed the first peace treaty in 1817. In 1858 the Ponca signed a treaty, ceding part of their land to the United States in return for annuities, payment
2535:
and were originally from the Kansas area; the name Kansas is derived from the tribe's name. The Kaw are closely related to the Osage Nation and Ponca tribes, who first settled in
Nebraska, being from the same tribe before migrating from the Ohio valley in the mid-17th century. On June 4, 1873, the
3875:"Treaty with the Comanche, Aionai, Anadarko, Caddo, etc., Wacoes, Keeches, Tonkaways, Wichetas, Towa-KarroesMay 15, 1846, (9 Stat., 844). The treaty established the US as a protectorate of the tribes and established legal procedures between tribes and the U.S., Signed at Council Springs, Texas"
856:
the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States, and admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the
Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States; and in the
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speak one of the Siouan languages and originated in present-day
Kentucky. As the Iroquois moved south, the Osage moved west. By the early 18th century the Osage had become the dominant power in the Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Kansas, controlling much of the land between the Red River and
2814:
in
Colorado and Kansas and the Red River of the Texas Panhandle and Oklahoma. In 1837 the Kiowa (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. that established a framework for legal system administered by the US. Provided for trade between Republics of Mexico and Texas. Tribal
1619:. The ancestors of the Wichita have lived in the eastern Great Plains from the Red River north to Nebraska for at least 2,000 years. The early Wichita people were hunters and gatherers who gradually adopted agriculture. By about 900 AD, farming villages began to appear on terraces above the
1846:
had gradually ceded most of their lands in the
Southeast section of the US through a series of treaties. The southern part of Indian Country (what eventually became the State of Oklahoma) served as the destination for the policy of Indian removal, a policy pursued intermittently by
1454:
The Oklahoma Organic Act of 1890 created an organized Oklahoma Territory of the United States, with the intent of combining the Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single State of Oklahoma. The citizens of Indian Territory tried, in 1905, to gain admission to the union as the
1670:, the Caddo Nation sold their tribal lands to the U.S. In 1846, the Caddo, along with several other tribes, signed a treaty that made the Caddo a protectorate of the U.S. and established framework of a legal system between the Caddo and the U.S. Tribal headquarters are in
1193:
During the Civil War, Congress gave the U.S. president the authority to, if a tribe was "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe"(25 USC Sec. 72).
1002:. The federal government took responsibility for territorial affairs. Later, the inhabitants of the territory could apply for admission as a full state. No such action was taken for the so-called Indian Territory, so that area was not treated as a legal territory.
998:, which established a three-part territorial government. The governor and judiciary were appointed by the President of the United States, while the legislature was elected by citizens residing in the territory. One elected representative was allowed a seat in the
2671:
in present-day Montana, a group of Cheyenne were escorted to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). However, they were not used to the dry heat climate and food was insufficient and of poor quality. A group of Cheyenne left the territory without permission to
1224:
played out differently in Indian Territory and for Native Americans than for the rest of the country. In 1862, Congress passed a law that allowed the president, by proclamation, to cancel treaties with Indian Nations siding with the Confederacy (25 USC 72). The
873:
After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson and his successors viewed much of the land west of the Mississippi River as a place to resettle the Native Americans, so that white settlers would be free to live in the lands east of the river.
2518:
south from the Northern Plains, their hunting area ranged from Montana to Texas. Kiowa and Comanche controlled a vast expanse of territory from the Arkansas River to the Brazos River. By 1840 many plains tribes had made peace with each other and developed
2564:
of present-day South Dakota. Conflict between the Ponca and the Sioux/Lakota, who now claimed the land as their own by U.S. law, forced the U.S. to remove the Ponca from their own ancestral lands to Indian Territory in 1877, parts of the current Kay and
954:
The Indian Appropriations Act also made it a federal crime to commit murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to kill, arson, burglary, or larceny within any Territory of the United States. The Supreme Court affirmed the action in 1886 in
2071:
just east of Muskogee, Oklahoma), accepting the area in the western part of the Creek Nation. However, the chiefs in Florida did not agree to the agreement. In spite of the disagreement, the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate in April
1273:
That within each county, a quarter section of land be held in trust for the establishment of seats of justice therein, and also as many quarter-sections as the said legislative councils may deem proper for the permanent endowment of
1859:
during the Choctaw removals starting in 1831. The trail ended in what is now Arkansas and Oklahoma, where there were already many Indians living in the territory, as well as whites and escaped slaves. Other tribes, such as the
2944:
No session in any one year shall exceed the term of thirty days, and provided that the special sessions may be called whenever, in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior, the interests of said tribes shall require
2396:, which covered land sales of tribal reservations under the U.S. Indian removal program, under which they planned to move most eastern tribes to Indian Territory. Initially, the tribes were moved to the present state of
1303:
between the U.S. government and southern Plains Indian tribes who would ultimately reside in the western part of Indian Territory (ultimately Oklahoma Territory). The first treaty was signed October 21, 1867, with the
2905:
from Washington and Idaho, were sent to Indian Territory as prisoners of war in 1878, but after great losses in their numbers due to disease, drought and famine, they returned to their northwestern homelands in 1885.
759:, and the land was ceded to the United States. The Indian Reserve was slowly reduced in size via treaties with the American colonists, and after the British defeat in the Revolutionary War, the Reserve was ignored by
3357:
United States v. Blackfeet Tribe of Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 364 F.Supp. 192, 194 (D.Mont. 1973) ("n Indian tribe is sovereign to the extent that the United States permits it to be sovereign β neither more nor
3590:
such allotment in severalty to anyone was never made under such treaty, and has only been consummated since the breaking up of the tribal organization and preparatory to the organization of the State of Oklahoma.")
2940:
A court or courts may be established in Indian Territory with such jurisdiction and organization as Congress may prescribe: "Provided that the same shall not interfere with the local judiciary of either of said
3777:
1350:. Within Indian Territory, as lands were removed from communal tribal ownership, a land patent (or first-title deed) was given to tribal members. The remaining land was sold on a first-come basis, typically by
1284:
That a land patent, or "first-title deed" be issued as evidence of allotment, "issued by the President of the United States, and countersigned by the chief executive officer of the nation in which the land
869:
This committed the U.S. government to "the ultimate, but not to the immediate, admission" of the territory as multiple states, and "postponed its incorporation into the Union to the pleasure of Congress".
3668:
1263:
Agreement to legislation that Congress and the President "may deem necessary for the better administration of justice and the protection of the rights of person and property within the Indian territory."
2949:
In a continuation of the new policy, the 1890 Oklahoma Organic Act extended civil and criminal laws of Arkansas over the Indian Territory, and extended the laws of Nebraska over Oklahoma Territory.
1474:
With Oklahoma statehood in November 1907, Indian Territory was effectively extinguished. However, in 2020, the United States Supreme Court prompted a review of tribal lands through its decision in
2918:
and the tribes occupying the land of the Quapaw Indian Agency contained provisions for a government structure in Indian Territory. Replacement treaties signed in 1866 contained provisions for:
1240:
The post-Civil War Indian Territory shaded in orange with its former western lands seized by the federal government (the future Oklahoma Territory), shaded in light orange, circa 1890. The
523:
and Indian Territory, annexing and ending the existence of an unorganized independent Indian Territory as such, and formally incorporating the tribes and residents into the United States.
3348:
Congress' plenary authority to "override treaty provisions and legislate for the protection of the Native Americans." United States v. City of McAlester, 604 F.2d 42, 47 (10th Cir. 1979)
1229:(created in 1825) was examining the effectiveness of the policy of Indian removal, which was after the war considered to be of limited effectiveness. It was decided that a new policy of
2569:
counties in Oklahoma. The land proved to be less than desirable for agriculture and many of the tribe moved back to Nebraska. In 1881, the US returned 26,236 acres (106.17 km) of
1109:
created Oklahoma Territory out of the western part of Indian Territory, in anticipation of admitting both Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory as a future single State of Oklahoma.
6341:
6270:
2063:. In October 1832, a delegation arrived in Indian Territory and conferred with the Creek Nation tribe that had already been removed to the area. In 1833, an agreement was signed at
901:, which included the present State of Arkansas plus much of the state of Oklahoma, was created out of the southern part of Missouri Territory in 1819. During negotiations with the
2931:
No legislation regarding "matters pertaining to the legislative, judicial, or other organization, laws, or customs of the several tribes or nations, except as herein provided for"
1270:, or "first-title deed" to alternate sections of land adjacent to rail roads would be granted to the rail road upon completion of each 20 mile section of track and water stations
1230:
994:
White settlers continued to flood into Indian country. As the population increased, the homesteaders could petition Congress for creation of a territory. This would initiate an
477:
2013:
was expected to cede its territory in the Southeast and move to Indian Territory. Although the treaty was not approved by the Cherokee National Council, it was ratified by the
1277:
Provision for each man, woman, and child to receive 160 acres of land as an allotment. (The allotment policy was later codified on a national basis through the passage of The
1233:
would be implemented. To implement the new policy, the Southern Treaty Commission was created by Congress to write new treaties with the Tribes siding with the Confederacy.
6554:
5422:
1197:
Members of the Five Civilized Tribes, and others who had relocated to the Oklahoma section of Indian Territory, fought primarily on the side of the Confederacy during the
1116:
did not believe in the rights of Indians to continue their separate tribal governments, and vocally championed opening the area to white settlement while campaigning for
4807:
2036:, received financial compensation. The tribe negotiated a $ 3 million payment for their native lands, which was not fully funded by the U.S. for 30 years. In 1836, the
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4493:
371:
346:
332:
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early in the 19th century, but aggressively pursued by President Andrew Jackson after the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The Five Civilized Tribes in the
1611:, an archaeological culture that flourished from 800 to 1500 AD, lived in semi-sedentary villages throughout the western part of Indian Territory, where they farmed
6148:
4910:
468:
to their land as an independent nation-state. The concept of an Indian territory was an outcome of the U.S. federal government's 18th- and 19th-century policy of
6469:
4904:
630:
7834:
6464:
4783:
2676:. Ultimately, the military gave up attempting to relocate the Northern Cheyenne back to Oklahoma and a Northern Cheyenne reservation was established in Montana
1121:
1662:
and thought to be an extension of woodland period peoples who started inhabiting the area around 200 BC. In an 1835 Treaty made at the agency-house in the
917:
of 1824 allowed a survey that established the western border of Arkansas Territory 45 miles west of Ft. Smith. But this was part of the negotiated lands of
7864:
6532:
5555:
3806:
4518:
2845:, the Kansas land was sold for $ 1.25 per acre and the Osage purchased 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km) in Indian Territory's Cherokee Outlet, the current
7929:
7879:
7829:
5442:
6454:
5086:
2849:. While the Osage did not escape the federal policy of allotting communal tribal land to individual tribal members, they negotiated to retain communal
2791:, occurring near Lawton, Oklahoma, killed about half of the tribe. In 1891 the Tonkawa were offered allotments in the Cherokee Outlet near present-day
777:, but they had a less-developed relationship with the American colonists. After the defeat of the British in the war, the Americans twice invaded the
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6476:
6403:
974:
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484:
78:
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1190:. Ultimately, the Five Civilized Tribes and other tribes that had been relocated to the area, signed treaties of friendship with the Confederacy.
4830:
3264:
1720:
entered from the east. During Indian Removal of the 19th century, additional tribes received their land either by treaty via land grant from the
4399:
7909:
4486:
3256:
2475:
entered Indian Territory during the horse culture era. Prior to adoption of the horse, some Plains Indian tribes were agrarian and others were
773:
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, many Native American tribes had long-standing relationships with the British, and were loyal to
3746:
3689:
6439:
5648:
5427:
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then proposed a compromise that would join Indian Territory with Oklahoma Territory to form a single state. This resulted in passage of the
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as a dwelling because they were portable and could be reconstructed quickly when the tribe settled in a new area for hunting or ceremonies.
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TREATIES BY TRIBE NAME Vol. II (Treaties) in part. Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904
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that had been relocated to the western part of the territory on land leased from the Five Civilized Tribes. In 1861, the U.S. abandoned
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6408:
5623:
5529:
5469:
5212:
4523:
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2829:. In the 18th century, the branch migrated south and adopted the lifestyle of the Kiowa. Tribal headquarters are in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
1198:
1137:
1133:
767:
473:
857:
meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and the religion which they profess.
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5484:
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4666:
4479:
4394:
1157:
666:. These re-written treaties included provisions for a territorial legislature with proportional representation from various tribes.
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nations, with established tribal governments and well established cultures. The region never had a formal government until after the
1292:
One component of assimilation would be the distribution of property held in-common by the tribe to individual members of the tribe.
1042:
was organized in 1861 from the northern part of Indian Country and Minnesota Territory. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the
909:, Andrew Jackson ceded more of Arkansas Territory to the Choctaw than he realized, from what is now Oklahoma into Arkansas, east of
7894:
7110:
2233:. The group settling in Nebraska adapted to the Plains Indian culture but the group settling in Kansas remained steadfast to their
579:
3515:"Abrogation of treaties (25 USC Sec. 72) Codification R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"
2890:, Indian Territory. The federal government permitted some to return to Oregon in 1909. Those that remained in Oklahoma became the
7088:
5618:
1721:
806:
457:
6361:
4930:
3074:
1343:
999:
639:). Treaties with the tribes restricted entry of non-Indians into tribal areas; Indian tribes were largely self-governing, were
30:
This article is about the historical territory in the United States of America. For states and union territories of India, see
4325:(Texas Tech University Press; 2013), 186 pages; STUDIES black women held as slaves by the Cherokee, Choctaw, and other Indians
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1385:, translated as 'red'. He envisioned an allβAmerican Indian state controlled by the tribes and overseen by the United States
813:
744:
461:
31:
6562:
2857:, from which tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. Tribal headquarters are in
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1026:(land between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers) was split from Wisconsin Territory in 1838 and became a state in 1846.
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6709:
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1187:
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No laws shall be inconsistent with the United States Constitution, or laws of Congress, or treaties of the United States
1361:
It was in 1866 during treaty negotiations with the federal government on the use of the land, that Choctaw Nation Chief
696:
to the still unorganized Indian Territory, since for years the federal U.S. District Court on the eastern borderline in
7859:
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607:
82:
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1689:. The Wichita (and other tribes) signed a treaty of friendship with the U.S. in 1835. The tribe's headquarters are in
1217:
signed at the end of the Civil War fundamentally changed the relationship between the tribes and the U.S. government.
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6654:
6599:
6594:
6459:
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2487:(or sleighs) to help move from place to place; however, by the 18th century, many Southern Plains tribes adopted the
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1355:
1141:
839:
6516:
6356:
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4882:
4836:
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2397:
2256:, residing there until 1867 when they sold their lands in Kansas and purchased land in an area administered by the
555:
508:
2741:
2237:. In 1867, part of the Kansas group negotiated the "Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi" in which the Kansas
1971:
was the first removal treaty carried into effect under the Indian Removal Act, ceding land in the future state of
610:. As such, it was not a traditional territory for the tribes settled upon it. The general borders were set by the
7924:
7239:
7073:
7013:
6444:
5332:
4819:
3179:
2914:
During the Reconstruction Era, when the size of Indian Territory was reduced, the renegotiated treaties with the
2585:
2316:
922:
681:(at the borders of Kansas and Missouri). The remaining western portion of the former Indian Territory became the
3810:
1120:
in 1860. Some historians argued Seward's words steered many tribes, notably the Cherokee and the Choctaw into
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5499:
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3436:
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2238:
1968:
1848:
1206:
1032:
was split from Iowa Territory in 1849 and part of the Minnesota Territory became the state of Minnesota in 1858
554:" is used to signify lands under the control of Native nations, including Indian reservations, trust lands on
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Superintendent of Indian Affairs (or appointee) is the presiding officer of the Indian Territory Legislature
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or "Kiowa Apache", a branch of the Apache that lived in the upper Missouri River area and speak one of the
2668:
2206:. The 1833 Treaty of Chicago forced the members of the Council of Three Fires to move first to present-day
2120:, organized following the American Revolutionary War to resist the expansion of the United States into the
2052:
1952:
5127:
4389:
2644:
of Oklahoma are a united tribe of the Southern Arapaho and the Southern Cheyenne people, headquartered in
1513:
812:
The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by
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7775:
7725:
7590:
6744:
6619:
6203:
5540:
3784:
3565:"Treaty of Washington United States-Choctaw Nation-Chickasaw Nation, 14 Stat. 769, signed April 28, 1866"
3414:
3079:
2641:
2604:. Both tribes originated in the Great Lakes region by the 16th century had settled near the Missouri and
2552:
of $ 1.25 per acre from settlers, protection from hostile tribes and a permanent reservation home on the
2520:
1991:
1929:
543:
3807:"Enabling Act (Oklahoma) Public Law 234, HR 12797, Jun 16, 1906 (59th Congress, Session 1, chapter 3335"
2968:
7710:
7645:
7575:
7475:
7289:
7008:
6679:
6629:
6143:
5966:
5736:
5731:
5447:
4449:"Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 298 - Extinguishing Indian Title to Certain Lands," October 23, 1890"
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756:
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remain within the boundaries of U.S. states, but are largely exempt from state jurisdiction. The term "
531:
526:
Before Oklahoma statehood, Indian Territory from 1890 onward comprised the territorial holdings of the
102:
4413:
4333:
2225:
The Illinois Potawatomi moved to present-day Nebraska and the Indiana Potawatomi moved to present-day
1358:
distributed the sales funds to the various tribal entities, according to previously negotiated terms.
650:
After the Civil War, the Southern Treaty Commission re-wrote treaties with tribes that sided with the
7839:
7790:
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7745:
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7715:
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7675:
7660:
7650:
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7605:
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7485:
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7136:
6649:
6634:
6065:
5788:
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2230:
2113:
1765:
1608:
1581:
1500:
948:
906:
574:
1209:, became the last Confederate general to surrender in the American Civil War, near the community of
842:, the chief negotiator of the purchase, however, believed that the 3rd article of the treaty of the
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4868:
3754:
3693:
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2265:
1964:
1386:
1288:
That treaties and parts of treaties inconsistent with the replacement treaties to be null and void.
1166:, Indian Territory had been essentially reduced to the boundaries of the present-day U.S. state of
786:
774:
663:
4407:
4231:
4204:
4021:
1855:
were the most prominent tribes displaced by the policy, a relocation that came to be known as the
1397:, and it was officially approved in 1890, two years after that area was opened to white settlers.
677:
reduced Indian Territory to the lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes and the Tribes of the
7735:
7700:
7695:
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7565:
7555:
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7229:
7166:
6689:
6313:
6249:
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5910:
5800:
5633:
5628:
5608:
5565:
5432:
2891:
2765:
2649:
2561:
2261:
2124:. Members of the confederacy were ultimately removed to the present-day Oklahoma, including the
2106:
2018:
1983:
1920:
1728:
1214:
1149:
1074:
1073:
Indian Country was reduced to the approximate boundaries of the current state of Oklahoma by the
957:
539:
119:
4376:
3619:"Treaty with the Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #2), (15 Stats. 589)"
2925:
Laws take effect unless suspended by Secretary of the Interior or President of the United States
2922:
Indian Territory Legislature would have proportional representation from tribes over 500 members
2756:
decimated the tribe. The 1857 Treaty with the Pawnee, their range was reduced to an area around
1009:
of 1834), the successor of Missouri Territory began almost immediately after its creation with:
7785:
7765:
7755:
7705:
7690:
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5189:
5149:
5021:
3999:
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north. All of the members of the Confederacy, except the Oneida and Tuscarora, allied with the
2175:
2033:
1987:
1976:
1852:
1562:
1460:
1354:, with settlers also receiving a land patent type deed. For these now former Indian lands, the
1300:
1179:
1006:
847:
828:
752:
629:, Congress never passed an Organic Act for the Indian Territory. Indian Territory was never an
611:
602:
Indian Territory, also known as the Indian Territories and the Indian Country, was land in the
504:
3951:
3942:
3490:"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528"
2810:
language. In the 18th century the Kiowa and Plains Apache moved to the plains adjacent to the
2369:
during the Revolutionary War, and were forced to cede their land after the war. Most moved to
7620:
7480:
7264:
7234:
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6021:
6006:
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1468:
1328:
1296:
1153:
824:
748:
732:
714:
655:
615:
512:
5830:
4316:
Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855β1867
2744:
had an encounter with a Pawnee chief. In the 1830s exposure to infectious diseases, such as
2573:, to the Ponca, and about half the tribe moved back north from Indian Territory. Today, the
2194:
in 1829, the tribes of the Council of Three Fires ceded to the United States their lands in
727:(highlighted in white), one of several historical territorial additions to the United States
7585:
7382:
7372:
7171:
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7131:
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7028:
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2578:
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2393:
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2257:
2014:
2006:
1896:
1248:
that was never ruled by any of the Five Tribes which governed the territory before the War.
1106:
938:
918:
790:
678:
674:
146:
4340:
Contested Territory: Whites, Native Americans and African Americans in Oklahoma, 1865β1907
1170:, and the primary residents of the territory were members of the Five Civilized Tribes or
8:
7151:
7040:
6995:
6899:
6287:
5991:
5946:
5848:
5818:
5765:
5676:
5603:
5277:
5135:
4924:
4769:
4755:
4657:
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4546:
3644:"Treaty with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, 1867" (Medicine Lodge Treaty #3), (15 Stats. 593)"
3063:
3056:
2963:
2467:
Western Indian Territory is part of the Southern Plains and is the ancestral home of the
2121:
1910:
1887:
1784:
1769:
1757:
Native American culture that flourished in North America before the arrival of Europeans.
1642:
and is a confederation of several tribes who traditionally inhabited much of what is now
1496:
1095:
1089:
1029:
1013:
1005:
The reduction of the land area of Indian Territory (or Indian Country, as defined in the
987:
910:
782:
697:
635:
351:
173:
128:
5039:
2025:
1463:
and an Administration which did not want two new Western states, Sequoyah and Oklahoma.
878:
became the official policy of the United States government with the passage of the 1830
7347:
7317:
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7244:
6849:
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6282:
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5545:
5514:
5397:
5224:
5177:
5172:
4918:
4749:
4710:
4698:
4631:
4625:
4604:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4354:"The Prairie Was on Fire": Eyewitness Accounts of the Civil War in the Indian Territory
3430:
3250:
2858:
2816:
2601:
2541:
2226:
2117:
2056:
1948:
1924:
1690:
1550:
1478:. Subsequently, almost the entire eastern half of Oklahoma was found to have remained
1475:
1464:
1394:
1241:
1221:
1163:
1082:
983:
914:
898:
894:
879:
843:
760:
724:
682:
644:
591:
547:
520:
492:
488:
337:
267:
217:
164:
155:
108:
20:
3601:"Treaty with the Kiowa and Comanche, 1867 (15 Stats., 581) (Medicine Lodge Treaty #1)"
3388:
2299:. Under stipulations of the Omnibus Treaty of 1867, these confederated tribes and the
1951:, which became some of the larger towns in the state. They also brought their African
7377:
7297:
7141:
7045:
6948:
6874:
6859:
6844:
6824:
6819:
6060:
5826:
5792:
5247:
4956:
4856:
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4728:
4610:
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4564:
4528:
3955:
3455:
3238:
3228:
2842:
2792:
2733:
2276:
2242:
2234:
1999:
1995:
1956:
1944:
1685:, who were also indigenous to what is now Oklahoma and ultimately became part of the
1678:
1639:
1631:
1456:
1317:
1182:
and Choctaw Nations defenseless against the Plains tribes. Later the same year, the
1113:
89:
68:
4424:"Benjamin Harrison: "Proclamation 295 - Sioux Nation of Indians," February 10, 1890"
499:
received statehood. The borders of Indian Territory were reduced in size as various
7899:
7367:
7357:
7337:
7327:
7322:
7279:
7194:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7049:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6854:
6839:
6834:
6804:
6799:
6779:
6624:
6371:
6308:
6303:
5923:
5770:
5721:
5412:
5218:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4651:
4471:
4263:"Organic Act, 1890, Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History"
3001:
2898:
2837:
Missouri River. From 1818 to 1825 a series of treaties reduced the Osage lands to
2788:
2780:
2769:
2722:
2645:
2532:
2378:
2350:
2326:
2160:
1933:
1914:
1892:
1671:
1541:
1370:
1339:
1078:
1039:
979:
835:
535:
465:
137:
54:
2241:
split and part of their land in Kansas was sold, purchasing land near present-day
1016:
formed in 1836 from lands east of the Mississippi and between the Mississippi and
558:, or, more casually, to describe anywhere large numbers of Native Americans live.
7809:
7392:
7387:
7352:
7307:
7214:
7204:
7199:
6909:
6889:
6814:
6699:
6644:
6614:
5932:
5918:
5864:
5716:
5402:
5387:
4973:
4722:
3927:
3549:
3152:
3133:
3106:
2761:
2737:
2476:
2338:
2168:
2141:
2129:
2086:
2010:
1883:
1812:
1647:
1589:
1565:
1558:
1342:
to an area called a "homestead" β typically 160 acres (65 hectares or one-fourth
1332:
1117:
736:
527:
412:
3518:
3493:
3318:
2085:
Jennie Bobb (left) and her daughter Nellie Longhat (right), both members of the
719:
566:
7332:
6929:
6884:
6879:
6809:
6774:
6346:
5996:
5691:
5686:
5588:
5459:
5454:
5230:
5195:
5027:
5009:
5003:
4899:
4850:
4680:
4645:
4456:
4431:
2850:
2811:
2553:
2500:
2468:
2449:
2413:
2253:
2097:
2068:
1906:
1856:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1754:
1697:
1624:
1601:
1518:
1508:
1479:
1336:
1023:
1017:
934:
883:
875:
659:
626:
551:
469:
85:
35:
24:
3723:
1592:
tribes. The arrival of horses with the Spanish in the 16th century ushered in
7823:
7362:
7224:
7209:
7156:
6985:
6754:
6724:
6719:
6604:
6157:
5976:
5814:
5796:
5784:
5761:
5706:
5578:
5509:
5392:
5372:
5045:
4997:
4979:
4886:
4124:
Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture"
3242:
2987:
2887:
2822:
2729:
2714:
2600:
Indians, is located in part of Noble County, Oklahoma with tribal offices in
2507:
2488:
2438:
2392:
were treaties with New York Indians, such as the Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga, and
2346:
2137:
2102:
1900:
1682:
1620:
1593:
1577:
1313:
1171:
962:
603:
16:
Historic sovereign territory set aside for Native American nations, 1834β1907
5852:
3339:
25 U.S.C. Β§ 71. Indian Appropriation Act of March 3, 1871, 16 Stat. 544, 566
2937:
Secretary of Interior appoints secretary of the Indian Territory Legislature
1761:
1266:
That the tribes grant right of way for rail roads authorized by Congress; A
747:. The proclamation limited the settlement of Europeans to lands east of the
111:(west of the red line) and Indian Territories (east of the red line) in 1890
6869:
6704:
6694:
5956:
5898:
5377:
5155:
5057:
5033:
5015:
4991:
4985:
3113:, published by the Oklahoma Historical Society (accessed October 17, 2013).
2875:
2833:
2807:
2697:
2684:
2480:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2272:
2183:
2040:
agreed to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws for $ 530,000.
1836:
1824:
1717:
1569:
1530:
1362:
1347:
1175:
1053:
1049:
778:
428:
423:
7100:
1745:
1584:
zone. Tribes indigenous to the present day state of Oklahoma include both
456:
are terms that generally described an evolving land area set aside by the
7219:
6090:
5981:
5822:
5810:
5756:
5746:
5711:
5696:
5671:
5593:
5474:
5324:
5051:
4842:
4802:
4513:
4406:
2709:
2300:
2156:
2076:
2029:
1972:
1779:
1585:
1525:
1267:
1202:
1105:
became a state in 1861, and Nebraska became a state in 1867. In 1890 the
995:
622:
500:
3004:
that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory:
2984:
that encompassed land that would later become part of Indian Territory:
1400:
7189:
6971:
6669:
6254:
5951:
5941:
5928:
5886:
5856:
5805:
5681:
4309:
3832:
Plains Indians, 500β1500 AD: The Archaeological Past of Historic Groups
2883:
2593:
2528:
2288:
2187:
2164:
2152:
1975:
in exchange for land in the future state of Oklahoma, resulting in the
1725:
1643:
1634:
lived in the eastern part of Indian Territory and are ancestors of the
1210:
4386:
See 1890s photographs of Native Americans in Oklahoma Indian Territory
2560:
the US mistakenly included Ponca lands in present-day Nebraska in the
6178:
6085:
5971:
5961:
5881:
5872:
5751:
5283:
4366:
3778:
Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790β1990
3722:. Oklahoma Department of Tourism and Recreation. 2007. Archived from
2871:
2854:
2718:
2660:
2597:
2296:
2292:
2203:
2037:
1804:
1667:
1278:
890:
6940:
2627:
2059:, that forced the tribes to move to Indian Territory in present-day
1791:
Many of the tribes forcibly relocated to Indian Territory were from
1281:, also called General Allotment Act, or Dawes Severalty Act of 1887)
1236:
6975:
6639:
6574:
6565:
6080:
5986:
5876:
5868:
5844:
5839:
5598:
5253:
5130:
2749:
2701:
2693:
2656:
2616:
2609:
2589:
2556:
at the confluence with the Missouri River. In the 1868 U.S.-Sioux
2515:
2401:
2362:
2358:
2280:
2219:
2215:
2199:
2195:
2090:
2060:
2044:
1865:
1816:
1800:
1773:
1709:
1655:
1651:
1351:
1309:
1167:
731:
The concept of an Indian territory is the successor to the British
693:
689:
670:
640:
595:
516:
496:
418:
408:
403:
392:
364:
286:
6271:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
6199:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3369:"United States v. Kagama, 118 U.S. 375 (1886), Filed May 10, 1886"
6764:
5653:
5583:
3410:"The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: Civil War Era"
2776:
2753:
2745:
2721:
reservation in Oklahoma. The Comanche Nation is headquartered in
2680:
2492:
2484:
2125:
2048:
1808:
1597:
1573:
1321:
1064:
1060:
902:
802:
798:
794:
763:
594:
and the Indian Territory, which were merged to form the state of
438:
433:
2592:
in Wisconsin prior to European contact. The tribe is made up of
2536:
Kaw removed themselves from Kansas to an area that would become
1316:, was signed the same day. The third treaty was signed with the
7269:
7249:
6904:
6734:
4372:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture β Indian Territory
2879:
2456:
2370:
2304:
2284:
2211:
2179:
2133:
1869:
1861:
1713:
1705:
1102:
398:
5546:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
2687:, Montana, and Wyoming area, and speak an Algonquian language.
2430:
1986:
began the process of moving to Indian Territory with the 1814
6684:
6609:
4304:
Gibson, Arrell Morgan. "Native Americans and the Civil War,"
2981:
2799:
2705:
2548:
2511:
2303:
left Kansas for Indian Territory on lands purchased from the
1940:
1701:
1663:
1635:
1612:
1546:
1305:
1043:
5423:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2588:, speak one of the Siouan languages and split away from the
1712:
people entered into Indian Territory from the west, and the
893:
became a state in 1812, the remaining territory was renamed
793:, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day
708:
625:
that provided a path for statehood for much of the original
4796:
2496:
2445:
2434:
2382:
2207:
2081:
4455:. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from
4446:
4430:. University of California - Santa Barbara. Archived from
4421:
3542:. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012.
831:
for a total of $ 15 million (less than 3 cents per acre).
816:
were called Indian country. They were distinguished from "
781:
and were twice defeated. They finally defeated the Indian
476:(1861β1865), the policy of the U.S. government was one of
3559:
3557:
3126:. "Reconstruction Treaties." Retrieved February 16, 2012.
2853:
to the reservation lands. These were later found to have
1734:
669:
In time, the Indian Territory was reduced to what is now
633:. In general, tribes could not sell land to non-Indians (
6149:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
4328:
Smith, Troy. "The Civil War Comes to Indian Territory",
4323:
Trail Sisters: Freedwomen in Indian Territory, 1850β1890
3474:
Debo, Angie (1934). "The Civil War and Reconstruction".
3146:"Acquisition of the Public Domain, 1781β1867, Table 1.1"
1772:, built in 1849, the oldest public building standing in
1327:
Another component of assimilation was homesteading. The
700:
had criminal and civil jurisdiction over the territory.
4367:
Twin Territories: Oklahoma Territory β Indian Territory
3669:"Choctaw Dictionary Β» Search Results Β» humma"
3276:
3274:
2506:
The Arapaho historically had assisted the Cheyenne and
2452:
at time of European contact and their current homelands
1112:
Some in federal leadership, such as Secretary of State
491:
of 1834, and was the successor to the remainder of the
3834:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994: 347β348.
3554:
2077:
Tribes from the Great Lakes and Northeastern Woodlands
1872:
were also forced to relocate to the Indian territory.
1299:
is the overall name given to three treaties signed in
1615:
and hunted buffalo. They are likely ancestors of the
1401:
Oklahoma Territory, end of territories upon statehood
1260:
Amnesty for siding with Confederate States of America
1098:
the current KansasβOklahoma (Indian Territory) border
692:
to the organized Oklahoma Territory, and the laws of
4501:
4292:
The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory
3845:"TREATY WITH THE CADDO, July 1, 1835 (7 Stat., 470)"
3271:
1879:
established tribal capitals in the following towns:
4294:(University of Nebraska Press, 2015). viii, 192 pp.
3950:. Nashville and New York: Abingdon Press. pp.
3681:
3941:
3769:
3222:
3174:
3172:
2659:were originally an agrarian people in present-day
2404:on land administered by the Quapaw Indian Agency.
1365:suggested that Indian Territory be given the name
7905:Former organized territories of the United States
4089:
2760:. In 1874 the tribe was relocated to land in the
2047:People, originally from the present-day state of
570:The Indian Territory (highlighted in red) in 1834
7821:
6499:List of Indian reservations in the United States
6164:Native American recognition in the United States
4885:and other inhabited territories governed by the
4026:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3897:
3895:
3869:
3867:
3865:
1741:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
1490:
820:" because the areas were established by treaty.
487:whose general borders were initially set by the
3996:"Treaty of Washington with the Potawatomi 1867"
3389:"United States v. Kagama β 118 U.S. 375 (1886)"
3169:
2325:was an alliance of tribes, originally from the
1127:
1067:were also part of the original Dakota Territory
546:, and other displaced Eastern American tribes.
6224:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
4234:. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
2357:era, their confederacy expanded to areas from
1085:. The key boundaries of the territories were:
1056:became separate states simultaneously in 1889.
961:, which affirmed that the U.S. government has
823:In 1803, the United States agreed to purchase
60:
7835:States and territories disestablished in 1907
6956:
6548:
5649:Native American identity in the United States
5340:
5113:
4487:
3892:
3862:
2878:were forced from their homelands in southern
2704:people in the late 17th century, and speak a
2523:as a means of communicate with their allies.
2116:was a loose confederacy of tribes around the
1557:Indian Territory marks the confluence of the
1380:
1374:
688:The Oklahoma Organic Act applied the laws of
46:
6494:State-recognized tribes in the United States
6276:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
4209:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3939:
3540:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3284:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3124:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3111:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
3024:List of federally recognized tribes by state
1227:United States House Committee on Territories
561:
7865:1907 disestablishments in the United States
3692:. Oklahoma State University. Archived from
3478:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 80.
3259:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2252:The Odawa tribe first purchased lands near
483:Indian Territory later came to refer to an
7930:United States and Native American treaties
7880:20th-century disestablishments in Oklahoma
7830:States and territories established in 1834
6963:
6949:
6555:
6541:
5470:Native Americans in the American Civil War
5354:
5347:
5333:
5120:
5106:
4494:
4480:
4332:(September 2013), 59#3, pp. 279β319
4171:
3315:25 USC CHAPTER 3 - AGREEMENTS WITH INDIANS
3263:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3255:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2976:Territorial evolution of the United States
1138:Native Americans in the American Civil War
1134:Indian Territory in the American Civil War
928:
751:. The territory remained active until the
614:of 1834. The territory was located in the
509:organized territories of the United States
101:
6477:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
5485:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3476:The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic
2009:established terms under which the entire
1158:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
1020:rivers. Wisconsin became a state in 1848
797:, and the lands that include present-day
709:Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase
229:β’ The 'Old Settlers' first arrivals
7855:1834 establishments in the United States
5835:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887β1924)
4342:(Louisiana State University Press, 2000)
4229:
4019:
3744:
3716:"Oklahoma State History and Information"
3333:
3180:"Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901)"
2626:
2615:
2455:
2444:
2429:
2096:
2080:
1778:
1760:
1744:
1540:
1524:
1512:
1235:
973:
718:
631:organized territory of the United States
606:reserved for the forced resettlement of
585:
573:
565:
7935:Western (genre) staples and terminology
7870:19th-century establishments in Oklahoma
7850:1834 establishments in Indian Territory
3116:
2407:
2310:
1722:federal government of the United States
194:Devolved independent tribal governments
7822:
4931:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3948:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now
3687:
3449:
3075:Former Indian Reservations in Oklahoma
1735:Tribes from the Southeastern Woodlands
1419:
1199:American Civil War in Indian territory
838:doubted the legality of the purchase.
7910:Former countries of the United States
6970:
6944:
6536:
6209:National Congress of American Indians
6154:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
6117:National Congress of American Indians
6056:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
5644:Native American disease and epidemics
5418:European colonization of the Americas
5328:
5101:
4475:
4404:
3928:A Brief History of Cherokee Lodge #10
3452:Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries
2959:Historic regions of the United States
1724:or they purchased the land receiving
969:
814:Native Americans in the United States
32:States and union territories of India
6214:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
6071:Native American people and Mormonism
5915:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
5082:
4377:High resolution maps and other items
4301:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2007)
4299:The Cherokee Nation in the Civil War
3976:"1833 Treaty with the Chippewa, etc"
3775:
3473:
3317:. uscode - house.gov. Archived from
2499:, an animal hide lodge, was used by
1700:by the U.S. federal government, the
1568:. Its western region is part of the
590:A map of the gradual opening of the
275:β’ Oklahoma Territory separated
7915:Native American history of Oklahoma
6482:List of federally recognized tribes
4356:(Oklahoma Historical Society, 2001)
3940:Burt, Jesse; Ferguson, Bob (1973).
3028:List of federally recognized tribes
1998:ceded all Creek claims east of the
1965:Choctaw signed a series of treaties
1939:These tribes founded towns such as
1766:Cherokee Nation Historic Courthouse
1572:, subjected to extended periods of
1393:later became the de facto name for
1188:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws
850:. The 3rd article stated, in part:
743:that set aside land for use by the
582:map of the Indian Territory in 1879
13:
6870:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
6245:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6240:Black Indians in the United States
6204:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
5480:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
4519:Organized incorporated territories
4447:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
4422:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.
4346:
4284:
3407:
3223:Stein, Mark, 1951- (27 May 2008).
2736:. Originally from the area around
2575:Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
2426:Native American tribes in Nebraska
1414:
1146:Cherokee in the American Civil War
1092:the current KansasβNebraska border
14:
7946:
7920:Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
6169:Native American women in politics
5520:Native Americans and World War II
5505:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
4360:
4072:"1858 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."
4047:"1817 Ponca Treaty with the U.S."
2865:
2700:in Wyoming breaking off from the
2385:, where they joined the Shawnee.
2377:in 1794, though some remained in
2192:Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien
2055:in 1832, in response to the 1830
1677:The Wichita and Caddo both spoke
1658:. The tribe was once part of the
1638:Nation. The Caddo people speak a
1356:United States General Land Office
1331:was signed into law by President
1205:, a Confederate commander of the
1142:Choctaw in the American Civil War
7803:
6564:
5801:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876β1877)
5789:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
5525:American Indian boarding schools
5129:
5081:
5072:
5071:
4883:United Nations trust territories
4503:Territories of the United States
4400:Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection
4202:
3454:, University of Oklahoma Press,
2479:. Some tribes used the dog as a
2473:indigenous peoples of the Plains
1955:to Oklahoma, which added to the
1783:The historic Choctaw Capitol of
1596:-era, when tribes could adopt a
1387:Superintendent of Indian Affairs
807:United States federal government
654:, reducing the territory of the
556:Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
369:
344:
330:
6219:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
4937:American Concession in Shanghai
4453:The American Presidency Project
4428:The American Presidency Project
4255:
4246:
4223:
4196:
4146:
4114:
4064:
4039:
4013:
3988:
3968:
3933:
3920:
3837:
3824:
3799:
3738:
3708:
3661:
3636:
3611:
3593:
3583:
3532:
3507:
3482:
3467:
3443:
3401:
3381:
3361:
3351:
3342:
3225:How the States got Their Shapes
2717:, surrendered and moved to the
2713:free band of Comanches, led by
2586:Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians
2317:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
658:and providing land to resettle
6319:Native American Pidgin English
6124:American Indian Movement (AIM)
5500:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
5383:Archaic period in the Americas
4943:American concession of Tianjin
4308:(1985), 9#4, pp. 385β410
4122:"May, John D. Otoe-Missouria.
3303:
3216:
3192:
3138:
3092:
3034:Native American tribes in Iowa
2804:Glacier National Park, Montana
2239:Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation
2105:circa 1860, how housed in the
1969:Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
1696:In the 18th century, prior to
1600:lifestyle and follow abundant
1529:An artist's 2016 depiction of
621:While Congress passed several
1:
6017:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
5793:Comanche Campaign (1867β1875)
5781:TexasβIndian wars (1836β1877)
4211:. Oklahoma Historical Society
4154:"1957 Treaty with the Pawnee"
3085:
2909:
2827:Southern Athabaskan languages
2768:. Tribal Headquarters are in
2742:Francisco VΓ‘squez de Coronado
2635:prior to European settlements
2623:prior to European settlements
2471:, a Plains tribe. Additional
2463:prior to European settlements
2149:Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma
1687:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1660:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1617:Wichita and Affiliated Tribes
1505:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1491:Tribes indigenous to Oklahoma
1312:tribes. The second, with the
1184:Confederate States of America
1124:with the Confederate States.
1000:U.S. House of Representatives
739:territory established by the
6112:Native American civil rights
6022:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
6007:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
6002:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
5924:Rogue River Wars (1855β1856)
5551:Native American civil rights
4534:U.S. territorial sovereignty
3776:Forstall, Richard L. (ed.).
3688:Wright, Muriel (June 1936).
3227:(First ed.). New York.
2669:Battle of the Little Bighorn
2540:, tribal headquarters is in
1335:. The Act gave an applicant
1128:Civil War and Reconstruction
515:created the single state of
7:
7895:Cherokee Nation (1794β1907)
6465:Native American politicians
6455:Native American War Leaders
5933:Puget Sound War (1855β1856)
5919:Ghost Dance War (1890β1891)
5911:Great Sioux War (1876β1877)
5907:Red Cloud's War (1866β1868)
5891:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
5819:Chiricahua Wars (1860β1886)
5541:Native American Rights Fund
3785:United States Census Bureau
3415:Oklahoma Historical Society
3080:Indian country jurisdiction
2952:
2642:Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes
2577:have their headquarters in
2521:Plains Indian Sign Language
1842:Between 1814 and 1840, the
1650:, and portions of southern
1537:site, as seen from the west
580:U.S. Department of Interior
249:β’ KansasβNebraska Act
10:
7951:
6144:Occupation of Wounded Knee
5861:Black Hawk War (1865β1872)
5849:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
5831:Geronimo's War (1881β1886)
5827:Victorio's War (1879β1880)
5732:American Revolutionary War
4784:Unincorporated territories
3435:: CS1 maint: url-status (
3200:"Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
2802:originated in the area of
2764:in Oklahoma Territory, in
2683:came from the present-day
2422:Treaty of St. Louis (1818)
2411:
2314:
1795:, including the so-called
1793:Southeastern United States
1738:
1494:
1244:is not shaded as it was a
1131:
932:
882:, formulated by President
757:American Revolutionary War
741:Royal Proclamation of 1763
712:
703:
61:
29:
18:
7860:1900s in Indian Territory
7845:1830s in Indian Territory
7799:
7401:
7288:
7180:
7119:
6994:
6982:
6788:
6581:
6512:
6432:
6334:
6326:Native American languages
6296:
6263:
6232:
6187:
6104:
6066:Native American religions
6048:
6030:
5815:Jicarilla War (1849β1855)
5797:Red River War (1874β1875)
5785:Comanche Wars (1836β1877)
5662:
5564:
5490:Indian Appropriations Act
5363:
5305:
5240:
5207:Antelope Hills Expedition
5165:
5142:
5067:
4969:
4952:
4895:
4878:
4792:
4779:
4542:
4509:
4306:American Indian Quarterly
4097:"US-Sioux Treaty of 1868"
3930:(retrieved 26 June 2009).
3311:"SUBCHAPTER I - TREATIES"
2390:Treaties of Buffalo Creek
2247:Citizen Potawatomi Nation
2231:Potawatomi Trail of Death
2151:was used to resettle the
2114:Western Lakes Confederacy
2053:Treaty of Payne's Landing
1992:1826 Treaty of Washington
1959:population in the state.
1609:Southern Plains villagers
1582:humid subtropical climate
1501:Southern Plains Villagers
1485:
1447:
1432:β
949:Indian Appropriations Act
789:in 1794, and imposed the
562:Description and geography
385:
309:
305:
301:
297:
283:
273:
257:
247:
237:
227:
214:
210:
202:
198:
188:
184:
115:
100:
95:
77:
43:
7885:20th century in Oklahoma
7875:19th century in Oklahoma
6139:Trail of Broken Treaties
5967:Hualapai War (1865β1870)
5957:Yavapai Wars (1861β1875)
5937:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
5899:Colorado War (1863β1865)
4869:Northern Mariana Islands
4408:"Indian Territory"
3690:"Chronicles of Oklahoma"
3204:Encyclopedia of Arkansas
2461:Western Siouan languages
2287:, where they joined the
2266:Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
2229:, an event known as the
2101:Moccasins beaded by the
2028:, rather than receiving
1967:with the Americans. The
1576:and high winds, and the
1162:At the beginning of the
787:Battle of Fallen Timbers
664:Midwestern United States
458:United States government
19:Not to be confused with
6835:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
6314:American Indian English
6250:Louisiana Creole people
6040:Native American studies
5992:Bannock Uprising (1895)
5947:Navajo Wars (1849β1866)
5903:Powder River War (1865)
5811:Apache Wars (1849β1924)
5629:Mesoamerican literature
5624:Indigenous Peoples' Day
5433:Partus sequitur ventrem
4414:The American Cyclopædia
4390:Portal to Texas History
4321:Reese, Linda Williams.
4020:Roberson, Glen (2009).
3745:Merserve, John (1941).
3538:Pennington, William D.
3450:Gibson, Arrell (1981),
3122:Pennington, William D.
2892:Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma
2766:Pawnee County, Oklahoma
2562:Great Sioux Reservation
2329:area consisting of the
2262:Ottawa County, Oklahoma
2107:Oklahoma History Center
2032:in exchange for ceding
2019:Cherokee Trail of Tears
1984:Muscogee (Creek) Nation
1963:Beginning in 1783, the
1521:in summer dress in 1870
1459:, but were rebuffed by
1381:
1375:
1369:which derives from the
1215:Reconstruction Treaties
1150:Reconstruction Treaties
1077:of 1854, which created
958:United States v. Kagama
929:Relocation and treaties
846:would be acceptable to
239:β’ Platte Purchase
47:
7925:Southern United States
6571:Native American tribes
6134:Occupation of Alcatraz
6076:Native American church
5942:Mohave War (1858β1859)
5929:Yakima War (1855β1858)
5887:Sioux Wars (1854β1891)
5865:White River War (1879)
5853:Walker War (1853β1854)
5737:CherokeeβAmerican wars
5190:Cutthroat Gap Massacre
4230:Westmoreland, Ingrid.
3751:Chronicles of Oklahoma
3286:. "Indian Territory.""
3014:Territory of Louisiana
2847:Osage County, Oklahoma
2758:Nance County, Nebraska
2740:. In the 16th century
2636:
2624:
2558:Treaty of Fort Laramie
2464:
2453:
2442:
2178:is an alliance of the
2176:Council of Three Fires
2109:
2094:
2034:indigenous land rights
1988:Treaty of Fort Jackson
1977:Choctaw Trail of Tears
1788:
1776:
1758:
1563:Southeastern Woodlands
1554:
1538:
1522:
1301:Medicine Lodge, Kansas
1249:
1213:on June 23, 1865. The
1059:Present-day states of
1007:Indian Intercourse Act
991:
907:Treaty of Doak's Stand
865:
745:Native American tribes
728:
612:Indian Intercourse Act
599:
583:
571:
460:for the relocation of
285:β’ Annexation and
218:Indian Intercourse Act
34:. For other uses, see
5997:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
5972:Modoc War (1872β1873)
5962:Snake War (1864β1869)
5877:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
5873:Bluff War (1914β1915)
5823:Tonto War (1871β1875)
5574:Mississippian culture
5537:Civil rights movement
5438:Five Civilized Tribes
5296:Oklahoma City bombing
5260:Crazy Snake Rebellion
5158:(9thβ15th century CE)
5152:(11th millennium BCE)
5143:Prior to 19th century
4524:Territorial evolution
4405:Hawes, J. W. (1879).
4290:Clampitt, Bradley R.
4252:26 Stat. 81, at 94-97
3008:District of Louisiana
2969:Parallel 36Β°30' north
2916:Five Civilized Tribes
2667:. In 1877, after the
2633:Uto-Aztecan languages
2630:
2619:
2571:Knox County, Nebraska
2459:
2448:
2433:
2418:Medicine Lodge Treaty
2375:Treaty of Canandaigua
2100:
2084:
2002:to the United States.
1877:Five Civilized Tribes
1844:Five Civilized Tribes
1797:Five Civilized Tribes
1782:
1764:
1751:Mississippian culture
1748:
1630:Member tribes of the
1544:
1535:Caddoan Mississippian
1528:
1516:
1469:Oklahoma Enabling Act
1406:Historical population
1329:Homestead Act of 1862
1297:Medicine Lodge Treaty
1239:
1201:. Brigadier General
1154:Medicine Lodge Treaty
977:
854:
818:unorganized territory
749:Appalachian Mountains
722:
715:Indian Reserve (1763)
656:Five Civilized Tribes
616:Central United States
589:
577:
569:
513:Oklahoma Enabling Act
485:unorganized territory
466:original Indian title
79:Unorganized territory
6865:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6620:Cheyenne and Arapaho
6012:Last Massacre (1911)
5977:Nez Perce War (1877)
5845:Ute Wars (1850β1923)
5742:Northwest Indian War
5495:Racial Integrity Act
5290:Red River Bridge War
5272:Osage Indian murders
5266:Green Corn Rebellion
5184:ComancheβMexico Wars
4297:Confer, Clarissa W.
3747:"Chief Allen Wright"
3571:on February 16, 2012
3069:Northwest Indian War
3044:Treaty of Fort Clark
2839:Independence, Kansas
2815:headquarters are in
2621:Algonquian languages
2579:Ponca City, Oklahoma
2538:Kay County, Oklahoma
2408:Plains Indian tribes
2394:Oneida Indian Nation
2323:Iroquois Confederacy
2311:Iroquois Confederacy
2258:Quapaw Indian Agency
2017:and resulted in the
2007:Treaty of New Echota
1666:Nation and state of
1625:South Canadian River
1580:is to the east in a
1257:Abolition of slavery
1107:Oklahoma Organic Act
939:American Indian Wars
897:to avoid confusion.
840:Robert R. Livingston
791:Treaty of Greenville
679:Quapaw Indian Agency
7810:Oklahoma portal
7290:Largest cities
7240:Oklahoma City Metro
7111:Tourist attractions
6288:Reservation poverty
6233:Ethnic subdivisions
6105:Political movements
5766:Second Seminole War
5677:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
5278:Tulsa race massacre
5136:History of Oklahoma
4961:uninhabited islands
4863:U.S. Virgin Islands
4338:Wickett, Murray R.
3830:Schlesier, Karl H.
3696:on October 13, 2007
3071:the battle for Ohio
3064:Cherokee Commission
3057:Osage Treaty (1825)
2964:Missouri Compromise
2874:from 1872 to 1873,
2696:lived in the upper
2665:Algonquian language
2648:(a rural suburb of
2122:Northwest Territory
1849:American presidents
1785:Tuskahoma, Oklahoma
1770:Tahlequah, Oklahoma
1497:History of Oklahoma
1407:
1075:KansasβNebraska Act
1030:Minnesota Territory
1014:Wisconsin Territory
990:Territories in 1855
943:Treaty of St. Louis
911:Ft. Smith, Arkansas
783:Western Confederacy
698:Ft. Smith, Arkansas
675:Organic Act of 1890
636:Johnson v. McIntosh
548:Indian reservations
352:Greer County, Texas
7890:Arkansas Territory
7245:Ouachita Mountains
6635:Citizen Potawatomi
6189:Civic and economic
6174:Tribal sovereignty
6129:Red Power Movement
6096:Longhouse Religion
6031:Education, science
5982:Bannock War (1878)
5776:American Civil War
5727:Lord Dunmore's War
5515:Blood quantum laws
5398:Post-Classic stage
5225:Oklahoma Territory
5178:Arkansas Territory
5173:Louisiana Purchase
3720:A Look at Oklahoma
3548:2014-02-20 at the
3282:"Everett, Dianna.
3132:2014-02-20 at the
3105:2012-02-25 at the
3098:Everett, Dianna. "
2859:Pawhuska, Oklahoma
2817:Carnegie, Oklahoma
2637:
2625:
2602:Red Rock, Oklahoma
2542:Kaw City, Oklahoma
2465:
2454:
2443:
2388:The 1838 and 1842
2381:and some moved to
2245:, they became the
2227:Osawatomie, Kansas
2218:and ultimately to
2118:Great Lakes region
2110:
2095:
2057:Indian Removal Act
1789:
1777:
1759:
1691:Anadarko, Oklahoma
1555:
1551:Anadarko, Oklahoma
1539:
1523:
1476:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1465:Theodore Roosevelt
1405:
1395:Oklahoma Territory
1250:
1222:Reconstruction era
1083:Nebraska Territory
992:
970:Reductions of area
915:General Survey Act
899:Arkansaw Territory
895:Missouri Territory
880:Indian Removal Act
844:Louisiana Purchase
729:
725:Louisiana Purchase
683:Oklahoma Territory
662:and tribes of the
645:American Civil War
600:
592:Oklahoma Territory
584:
572:
521:Oklahoma Territory
493:Missouri Territory
489:Nonintercourse Act
474:American Civil War
454:Indian Territories
338:Missouri Territory
268:September 21, 1865
21:Indian reservation
7817:
7816:
7046:Land Rush of 1889
6938:
6937:
6860:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
6600:Alabama-Quassarte
6530:
6529:
6061:Eagle feather law
5952:Paiute War (1860)
5895:Dakota War (1862)
5857:Tintic War (1856)
5771:Osage Indian War
5702:King Philip's War
5322:
5321:
5254:State of Oklahoma
5248:State of Sequoyah
5150:Cooper Bison Kill
5095:
5094:
4959:claims and other
4957:Guano Islands Act
4857:Panama Canal Zone
4529:Thirteen Colonies
4381:National Archives
4330:Civil War History
4318:(Routledge, 2003)
4314:Minges, Patrick.
3961:978-0-687-18793-5
3926:Moser, George W.
3521:on March 17, 2012
3496:on March 17, 2012
3408:Huston, James L.
3321:on March 17, 2012
3234:978-0-06-143138-8
3050:Lovely's Purchase
2886:to settle at the
2843:Drum Creek Treaty
2793:Tonkawa, Oklahoma
2674:travel back north
2531:speak one of the
2355:Revolutionary War
2279:, moved south to
2277:Southern Illinois
2243:Shawnee, Oklahoma
2235:woodlands culture
2000:Mississippi River
1996:Treaty of Cusseta
1679:Caddoan languages
1632:Caddo Confederacy
1457:State of Sequoyah
1452:
1451:
1448:Source: 1890β1900
1346:) of undeveloped
1318:Southern Cheyenne
1114:William H. Seward
919:Lovely's Purchase
862:8 Stat. at L. 202
768:expanded westward
761:European American
447:
446:
381:
380:
377:
376:
357:
356:
190: β’ Type
90:the United States
62:α£α§α³α°αΉ (Okalahoma)
7942:
7840:Indian Territory
7808:
7807:
7806:
7067:Unassigned Lands
6965:
6958:
6951:
6942:
6941:
6790:Tribal languages
6770:United Keetoowah
6700:Muscogee (Creek)
6660:Fort Sill Apache
6595:Absentee Shawnee
6569:
6568:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6440:Native Americans
6309:American English
5882:Posey War (1923)
5599:Iroquois culture
5465:Indian Territory
5413:Age of Discovery
5349:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5219:Washita Massacre
5201:Indian Territory
5134:
5133:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5085:
5084:
5075:
5074:
5040:Quita SueΓ±o Bank
4620:Indian Territory
4496:
4489:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4418:
4410:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4265:. Archived from
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4181:. Archived from
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4156:. Archived from
4150:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4128:. Archived from
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4099:. Archived from
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3998:. Archived from
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3905:. Archived from
3899:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:on June 15, 2010
3877:. Archived from
3871:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3847:. Archived from
3841:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:on March 3, 2016
3809:. Archived from
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3753:. Archived from
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3726:on July 29, 2006
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3646:. Archived from
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3621:. Archived from
3615:
3609:
3608:
3603:. Archived from
3597:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3567:. Archived from
3561:
3552:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3517:. Archived from
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3492:. Archived from
3486:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3288:. Archived from
3278:
3269:
3268:
3254:
3246:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:on July 23, 2011
3157:
3151:. Archived from
3150:
3142:
3136:
3120:
3114:
3100:Indian Territory
3096:
3046:with the Osage.
3002:U.S. territories
2841:. With the 1870
2789:Tonkawa Massacre
2781:language isolate
2770:Pawnee, Oklahoma
2734:Caddoan language
2723:Lawton, Oklahoma
2708:language of the
2646:Concho, Oklahoma
2533:Siouan languages
2477:hunter-gatherers
2327:Upstate New York
2161:Absentee Shawnee
1957:African American
1913:(later moved to
1899:(later moved to
1893:Chickasaw Nation
1672:Binger, Oklahoma
1640:Caddoan language
1566:cultural regions
1421:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1384:
1379:, 'people', and
1378:
1079:Kansas Territory
1040:Dakota Territory
947:Before the 1871
905:in 1820 for the
863:
836:Thomas Jefferson
829:French Louisiana
737:British American
608:Native Americans
462:Native Americans
450:Indian Territory
373:
372:
361:
360:
348:
347:
334:
333:
327:
326:
311:
310:
293:16 November 1907
191:
105:
72:
64:
63:
58:
50:
44:Indian Territory
41:
40:
7950:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7804:
7802:
7795:
7397:
7284:
7215:Four State Area
7205:Choctaw Country
7200:Cherokee Outlet
7176:
7115:
6990:
6978:
6969:
6939:
6934:
6792:
6784:
6655:Eastern Shawnee
6645:Delaware Nation
6586:
6584:
6577:
6563:
6561:
6531:
6526:
6508:
6428:
6330:
6292:
6259:
6228:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6100:
6044:
6032:
6026:
5987:Crow War (1887)
5658:
5584:Hohokam culture
5560:
5403:Woodland period
5388:Formative stage
5359:
5356:Native American
5353:
5323:
5318:
5301:
5236:
5161:
5138:
5128:
5126:
5096:
5091:
5063:
4974:Phoenix Islands
4965:
4948:
4925:Volcano Islands
4891:
4874:
4788:
4775:
4538:
4505:
4500:
4462:
4460:
4459:on 5 March 2017
4437:
4435:
4434:on 5 March 2017
4363:
4352:Edwards, Whit.
4349:
4347:Primary sources
4287:
4285:Further reading
4282:
4281:
4272:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4201:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4185:on May 30, 2017
4177:
4176:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4135:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4081:
4079:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3882:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3854:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3574:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3550:Wayback Machine
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3448:
3444:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3406:
3402:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3295:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3134:Wayback Machine
3121:
3117:
3107:Wayback Machine
3097:
3093:
3088:
2980:Territories of
2955:
2912:
2868:
2762:Cherokee Outlet
2738:Omaha, Nebraska
2510:in driving the
2428:
2412:Main articles:
2410:
2400:, and later to
2319:
2313:
2264:, becoming the
2190:tribes. In the
2087:Delaware Nation
2079:
2011:Cherokee Nation
1930:Seminole Nation
1884:Cherokee Nation
1819:, but also the
1813:Muscogee Creeks
1787:, built in 1884
1743:
1737:
1648:North Louisiana
1590:hunter-gatherer
1559:Southern Plains
1511:
1495:Main articles:
1493:
1488:
1403:
1333:Abraham Lincoln
1324:on October 28.
1207:Cherokee Nation
1160:
1132:Main articles:
1130:
1118:Abraham Lincoln
972:
945:
933:Main articles:
931:
864:
861:
755:that ended the
753:Treaty of Paris
717:
711:
706:
564:
503:were passed by
443:
413:Platte Purchase
395:(predominantly)
370:
345:
331:
290:
276:
264:
250:
240:
230:
220:
189:
172:
163:
154:
145:
136:
127:
106:
73:
66:
59:
52:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7948:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7815:
7814:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7184:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7009:Climate change
7006:
7000:
6998:
6992:
6991:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6945:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6793:(still spoken)
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6710:Otoe-Missouria
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Delaware Tribe
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6578:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6404:North Carolina
6401:
6396:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6033:and technology
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5926:
5921:
5884:
5879:
5869:Ute War (1887)
5842:
5837:
5808:
5803:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5692:Peach Tree War
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5589:Plains Indians
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5556:Discrimination
5553:
5548:
5543:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5460:Trail of Tears
5457:
5455:Indian removal
5452:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5196:Indian Removal
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5153:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5055:
5054:(1899βpresent)
5049:
5048:(1898βpresent)
5043:
5037:
5036:(1867βpresent)
5031:
5030:(1867βpresent)
5028:Howland Island
5025:
5019:
5018:(1860βpresent)
5013:
5012:(1858βpresent)
5010:Navassa Island
5007:
5006:(1858βpresent)
5004:Johnston Atoll
5001:
5000:(1858βpresent)
4995:
4994:(1857βpresent)
4989:
4983:
4977:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4908:
4900:Ryukyu Islands
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4871:(1986βpresent)
4866:
4865:(1917βpresent)
4860:
4854:
4853:(1899βpresent)
4851:American Samoa
4848:
4847:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4800:
4799:(1898βpresent)
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4444:
4419:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4388:hosted by the
4383:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4361:External links
4359:
4358:
4357:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4254:
4245:
4222:
4203:Self, Burl E.
4195:
4170:
4145:
4113:
4088:
4074:Archived from
4063:
4049:Archived from
4038:
4012:
3987:
3967:
3960:
3932:
3919:
3891:
3861:
3836:
3823:
3798:
3768:
3757:on May 7, 2006
3737:
3707:
3680:
3660:
3635:
3610:
3607:on 2011-11-26.
3592:
3582:
3553:
3531:
3506:
3481:
3466:
3460:
3442:
3400:
3380:
3360:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3302:
3270:
3233:
3215:
3191:
3168:
3137:
3115:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2911:
2908:
2867:
2866:Plateau tribes
2864:
2863:
2862:
2851:mineral rights
2830:
2819:
2812:Arkansas River
2796:
2773:
2726:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2614:
2613:
2582:
2554:Niobrara River
2545:
2501:Plains Indians
2483:to pull small
2469:Wichita people
2450:Plains Indians
2414:Plains Indians
2409:
2406:
2379:New York state
2349:, and, later,
2315:Main article:
2312:
2309:
2254:Ottawa, Kansas
2132:, also called
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2069:Arkansas River
2041:
2022:
2003:
1980:
1937:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1907:Choctaw Nation
1904:
1890:
1857:Trail of Tears
1755:mound-building
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1729:recorded title
1698:Indian Removal
1519:Wichita people
1509:Wichita people
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:Indian country
1450:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1253:1866 include:
1178:, leaving the
1129:
1126:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1024:Iowa Territory
971:
968:
935:Indian Removal
930:
927:
884:Andrew Jackson
876:Indian removal
867:
866:
859:
733:Indian Reserve
713:Main article:
710:
707:
705:
702:
660:Plains Indians
627:Indian Country
563:
560:
552:Indian country
470:Indian removal
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
406:
401:
396:
389:
387:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
367:
358:
355:
354:
349:
341:
340:
335:
323:
322:
317:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
265:
258:
255:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
215:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
181:
117:
113:
112:
98:
97:
93:
92:
86:Indian nations
75:
74:
45:
36:Indian country
25:Indian reserve
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7947:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7812:
7811:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
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7564:
7562:
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7554:
7552:
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7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7363:Oklahoma City
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7260:South Central
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7225:Green Country
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7210:Cross Timbers
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6986:Oklahoma City
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6961:
6959:
6954:
6952:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6750:Seneca-Cayuga
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6558:
6553:
6551:
6546:
6544:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6431:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6335:By state/city
6333:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6158:Red handprint
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:Seminole Wars
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Pontiac's War
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5707:Tuscarora War
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5639:Neighborhoods
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5579:Adena culture
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5510:Jim Crow laws
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:Classic stage
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Paleo-Indians
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5345:
5343:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5123:
5118:
5116:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5088:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5046:Palmyra Atoll
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4998:Jarvis Island
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:Roncador Bank
4978:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4919:Bonin Islands
4917:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4887:United States
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4341:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4269:on 2011-07-26
4268:
4264:
4258:
4249:
4233:
4226:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4160:on 2012-02-16
4159:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4132:on 2010-07-20
4131:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4103:on 2011-11-26
4102:
4098:
4092:
4078:on 2015-02-13
4077:
4073:
4067:
4053:on 2012-01-14
4052:
4048:
4042:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4002:on 2012-03-24
4001:
3997:
3991:
3977:
3971:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3943:"The Removal"
3936:
3929:
3923:
3909:on 2012-02-15
3908:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3851:on 2012-02-17
3850:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3787:. p. 132
3786:
3779:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3670:
3664:
3650:on 2009-06-29
3649:
3645:
3639:
3625:on 2017-05-30
3624:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3461:0-8061-1758-3
3457:
3453:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3390:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3292:on 2012-02-25
3291:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2904:
2903:Plateau tribe
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:Quapaw Agency
2885:
2882:and northern
2881:
2877:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2823:Plains Apache
2820:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2785:Texas Rangers
2782:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Quanah Parker
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2663:and speak an
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:Oklahoma City
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Lakota people
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:horse culture
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2439:George Catlin
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:. In the pre-
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2103:Peoria people
2099:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2051:, signed the
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:The 1835 the
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:Kichai people
1681:, as did the
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1627:in Oklahoma.
1626:
1622:
1621:Washita River
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:horse culture
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1578:Ozark Plateau
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1549:village near
1548:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Plains Apache
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:No Man's Land
1243:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:Plains tribes
1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
981:
976:
967:
964:
963:plenary power
960:
959:
952:
950:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
871:
858:
853:
852:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Great Britain
771:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
721:
716:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:United States
597:
593:
588:
581:
576:
568:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
519:by combining
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
414:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
388:
386:Today part of
384:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
353:
350:
343:
342:
339:
336:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
278:
272:
269:
266:
262:
256:
252:
246:
242:
236:
232:
226:
222:
219:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
166:
161:
157:
152:
148:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
120:Tahlonteeskee
118:
114:
110:
104:
99:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
70:
56:
49:
42:
37:
33:
26:
22:
7801:
7721:Pottawatomie
7343:Midwest City
7313:Broken Arrow
7303:Bartlesville
7265:Southwestern
7235:Northwestern
7230:Little Dixie
7147:Demographics
6984:
6760:Thlopthlocco
6283:Reservations
6264:Demographics
5935: /
5931: /
5917: /
5913: /
5909: /
5905: /
5901: /
5897: /
5893: /
5889: /
5875: /
5871: /
5867: /
5863: /
5859: /
5855: /
5851: /
5847: /
5833: /
5829: /
5825: /
5821: /
5817: /
5813: /
5799: /
5795: /
5791: /
5787: /
5783: /
5764: /
5717:Dummer's War
5539: /
5464:
5378:Lithic stage
5306:21st century
5241:20th century
5200:
5186:(1821β1870s)
5166:19th century
5156:Spiro Mounds
5058:Corn Islands
5034:Midway Atoll
5022:Swan Islands
5016:Kingman Reef
4992:Baker Island
4986:Serrana Bank
4845:1952βpresent
4843:Commonwealth
4827:Puerto Rico
4820:Commonwealth
4619:
4461:. Retrieved
4457:the original
4452:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:the original
4427:
4412:
4353:
4339:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4271:. Retrieved
4267:the original
4257:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4208:
4198:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4173:
4162:. Retrieved
4158:the original
4148:
4142:
4134:. Retrieved
4130:the original
4127:
4123:
4116:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:the original
4091:
4080:. Retrieved
4076:the original
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:the original
4041:
4029:. Retrieved
4025:
4015:
4004:. Retrieved
4000:the original
3990:
3979:. Retrieved
3970:
3947:
3935:
3922:
3911:. Retrieved
3907:the original
3883:. Retrieved
3879:the original
3853:. Retrieved
3849:the original
3839:
3831:
3826:
3815:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3755:the original
3750:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3724:the original
3719:
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3694:the original
3683:
3672:. Retrieved
3663:
3652:. Retrieved
3648:the original
3638:
3627:. Retrieved
3623:the original
3613:
3605:the original
3595:
3585:
3573:. Retrieved
3569:the original
3539:
3534:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3509:
3498:. Retrieved
3494:the original
3484:
3475:
3469:
3451:
3445:
3419:. Retrieved
3413:
3403:
3392:. Retrieved
3383:
3372:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:the original
3314:
3305:
3294:. Retrieved
3290:the original
3283:
3224:
3218:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:
3194:
3183:. Retrieved
3160:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3140:
3123:
3118:
3110:
3094:
2948:
2913:
2896:
2876:Modoc people
2869:
2834:Osage Nation
2808:Kiowa-Tanoan
2806:and speak a
2698:Platte River
2685:Saskatchewan
2606:Grand Rivers
2505:
2481:draft animal
2466:
2441:, circa 1830
2387:
2320:
2275:, native to
2273:Peoria tribe
2270:
2251:
2224:
2173:
2147:The area of
2146:
2111:
1938:
1921:Creek Nation
1874:
1841:
1837:Caddo people
1790:
1695:
1676:
1629:
1606:
1570:Great Plains
1556:
1553:in the 1870s
1531:Spiro Mounds
1473:
1453:
1390:
1366:
1360:
1348:federal land
1326:
1294:
1291:
1251:
1245:
1231:Assimilation
1219:
1196:
1192:
1176:Fort Washita
1161:
1111:
1101:
1072:
1054:South Dakota
1050:North Dakota
1004:
993:
956:
953:
946:
888:
872:
868:
855:
833:
827:'s claim to
822:
811:
779:Ohio Country
772:
730:
687:
668:
649:
634:
623:Organic Acts
620:
601:
525:
501:Organic Acts
482:
478:assimilation
472:. After the
453:
449:
448:
429:South Dakota
424:North Dakota
320:Succeeded by
319:
314:
260:
259:β’ Name
253:May 30, 1854
223:30 June 1834
177:
168:
159:
150:
141:
132:
123:
7731:Roger Mills
7275:Tulsa Metro
7220:Flint Hills
7167:LGBT rights
7014:Earthquakes
6740:Sac and Fox
6091:Sweat lodge
5757:Arikara War
5747:War of 1812
5712:Yamasee War
5697:Esopus Wars
5687:Kieft's War
5672:Beaver Wars
5594:Anishinaabe
5475:Dawes Rolls
5227:(1890β1907)
5215:(1861β1865)
5203:(1834β1907)
5180:(1819β1824)
5060:(1914β1971)
5052:Wake Island
5042:(1869β1981)
5024:(1863β1972)
4988:(1856β1981)
4982:(1856β1981)
4976:(1856β1979)
4945:(1860β1901)
4939:(1848β1863)
4933:(1947β1994)
4927:(1945β1968)
4921:(1945β1968)
4859:(1903β1979)
4803:Philippines
4772:(1900β1959)
4766:(1868β1890)
4737:(1864β1889)
4731:(1863β1912)
4725:(1863β1890)
4719:(1861β1889)
4713:(1861β1876)
4707:(1861β1864)
4701:(1854β1867)
4695:(1854β1861)
4689:(1853β1889)
4683:(1850β1896)
4667:Provisional
4663:New Mexico
4660:(1849β1858)
4654:(1848β1859)
4648:(1838β1846)
4642:(1836β1848)
4613:(1822β1845)
4607:(1819β1836)
4601:(1817β1819)
4595:(1809β1818)
4589:(1805β1837)
4583:(1805β1821)
4573:(1804β1812)
4567:(1800β1816)
4561:(1798β1817)
4559:Mississippi
4555:(1790β1796)
4549:(1787β1803)
4514:Organic act
4238:20 December
4232:"Nez Perce"
4215:20 December
4031:21 December
3325:27 February
3030:alphabetic
3016:, 1805β1812
3010:, 1804β1805
2996:, 1764β1803
2990:, 1690β1821
2710:Uto-Aztecan
2491:and became
2437:painted by
2301:Miami tribe
2157:Sac and Fox
2065:Fort Gibson
2030:land grants
2015:U.S. Senate
1994:. The 1832
1973:Mississippi
1517:Two female
1268:land patent
1203:Stand Watie
1122:an alliance
996:Organic Act
766:who slowly
652:Confederacy
511:. The 1906
315:Preceded by
279:May 2, 1890
180:) 1885β1906
171:) 1872β1906
162:) 1868β1906
153:) 1852β1906
144:) 1849β1906
135:) 1839β1906
126:) 1828β1839
83:independent
7824:Categories
7776:Washington
7726:Pushmataha
7591:Kingfisher
7383:Stillwater
7373:Ponca City
7250:The Ozarks
7079:newspapers
7074:Mass media
7024:Government
6900:Potawatomi
6585:recognized
6357:California
6255:Pretendian
5806:Cayuse War
5682:Pequot War
5530:gravesites
5313:OU Bombing
4744:Department
4687:Washington
4463:17 January
4438:17 January
4273:2012-01-30
4189:2012-03-02
4164:2012-03-01
4136:2012-03-01
4107:2011-11-04
4082:2012-03-01
4057:2012-03-01
4006:2012-02-29
3981:2012-02-29
3913:2012-03-02
3885:2012-03-01
3855:2012-03-01
3817:2012-01-30
3783:(Report).
3674:2021-10-12
3654:2012-02-29
3629:2012-02-29
3525:2012-02-07
3500:2012-02-07
3394:2012-04-29
3374:2012-04-29
3296:2012-02-15
3209:2020-07-09
3185:2012-03-02
3162:2012-03-02
3086:References
2910:Government
2884:California
2870:After the
2373:after the
2297:Wea tribes
2289:Piankashaw
2188:Potawatomi
2165:Potawatomi
2153:Iowa tribe
1897:Tishomingo
1726:fee simple
1644:East Texas
1211:Doaksville
1096:37Β° N
1090:40Β° N
921:where the
834:President
507:to create
289:statehood
147:Tishomingo
7711:Pittsburg
7646:McCurtain
7576:Jefferson
7476:Cleveland
7255:Panhandle
7157:Education
7019:Geography
6989:(capital)
6830:Chickasaw
6780:Wyandotte
6625:Chickasaw
6583:Federally
6504:Massacres
6460:musicians
6424:Wisconsin
6387:Baltimore
6297:Languages
6179:Land Back
6086:Sun Dance
5752:Creek War
5448:ownership
5284:Dust Bowl
5231:Land runs
5213:Civil War
4913:1950β1972
4907:1945β1950
4839:1900β1952
4833:1898β1900
4822:1935β1946
4816:1901β1935
4810:1898β1901
4758:1912β1959
4756:Territory
4752:1884β1912
4746:1867β1884
4675:1850β1912
4673:Territory
4669:1846β1850
4658:Minnesota
4640:Wisconsin
4634:1890β1907
4632:Territory
4628:1850β1890
4626:Panhandle
4622:1834β1907
4616:Oklahoma
4577:Louisiana
4553:Southwest
4547:Northwest
3431:cite news
3251:cite book
3243:137324984
3040:Treaties
2941:nations."
2899:Nez Perce
2872:Modoc War
2855:crude oil
2719:Fort Sill
2661:Minnesota
2631:Northern
2598:Missouria
2351:Tuscarora
2293:Kaskaskia
2283:then and
2204:Wisconsin
2038:Chickasaw
2026:Chickasaw
1911:Tuskahoma
1888:Tahlequah
1805:Chickasaw
1668:Louisiana
1367:Oklahoma,
1363:Kiliahote
1279:Dawes Act
1242:Panhandle
1186:signed a
1180:Chickasaw
1164:Civil War
988:Minnesota
891:Louisiana
805:, to the
536:Chickasaw
464:who held
174:Tuskahoma
151:Chickasaw
129:Tahlequah
96:1834β1907
48:Oklahumma
7791:Woodward
7751:Stephens
7746:Sequoyah
7741:Seminole
7716:Pontotoc
7686:Okmulgee
7681:Oklahoma
7676:Okfuskee
7661:Muskogee
7651:McIntosh
7631:Marshall
7606:Le Flore
7581:Johnston
7526:Garfield
7511:Delaware
7486:Comanche
7471:Cimarron
7461:Cherokee
7451:Canadian
7403:Counties
7348:Muskogee
7318:Del City
7190:Arklatex
7172:Politics
7162:Gun laws
7132:Cannabis
7127:Abortion
7029:governor
6976:Oklahoma
6875:Muscogee
6850:Delaware
6845:Comanche
6825:Cheyenne
6820:Cherokee
6745:Seminole
6680:Kickapoo
6675:Kialegee
6640:Comanche
6615:Cherokee
6575:Oklahoma
6517:Category
6487:by state
6419:Virginia
6409:Oklahoma
6399:Nebraska
6394:Michigan
6382:Maryland
6362:Colorado
6081:Smudging
6049:Religion
5840:Yuma War
5428:Genocide
5077:Category
4905:Military
4831:Military
4808:Military
4750:District
4711:Colorado
4699:Nebraska
4605:Arkansas
4593:Illinois
4587:Michigan
4581:Missouri
4310:in JSTOR
4022:"Peoria"
3700:July 31,
3575:March 3,
3546:Archived
3421:June 20,
3130:Archived
3103:Archived
2994:Luisiana
2953:See also
2779:speak a
2750:smallpox
2732:speak a
2702:Shoshone
2694:Comanche
2657:Cheyenne
2610:Missouri
2590:Ho-Chunk
2516:Comanche
2402:Oklahoma
2363:Virginia
2359:Kentucky
2339:Onondaga
2281:Missouri
2220:Oklahoma
2216:Nebraska
2200:Michigan
2196:Illinois
2171:tribes.
2169:Kickapoo
2142:Kickapoo
2130:Delaware
2091:Oklahoma
2067:(on the
2061:Oklahoma
2045:Seminole
1990:and the
1949:Muskogee
1925:Okmulgee
1866:Cheyenne
1862:Delaware
1817:Seminole
1801:Cherokee
1774:Oklahoma
1710:Comanche
1656:Oklahoma
1652:Arkansas
1586:agrarian
1461:Congress
1391:Oklahoma
1352:land run
1337:freehold
1310:Comanche
1168:Oklahoma
1046:tribes.
1018:Missouri
984:Nebraska
923:Cherokee
860:β
848:Congress
764:settlers
694:Arkansas
690:Nebraska
671:Oklahoma
641:suzerain
596:Oklahoma
544:Seminole
528:Cherokee
517:Oklahoma
505:Congress
497:Missouri
452:and the
419:Colorado
409:Missouri
404:Nebraska
393:Oklahoma
365:Oklahoma
287:Oklahoma
263:created
261:Oklahoma
165:Pawhuska
156:Okmulkee
142:Seminole
133:Cherokee
124:Cherokee
109:Oklahoma
69:Cherokee
7900:Choctaw
7781:Washita
7771:Wagoner
7761:Tillman
7641:McClain
7611:Lincoln
7601:Latimer
7571:Jackson
7561:Haskell
7466:Choctaw
7431:Beckham
7416:Alfalfa
7378:Shawnee
7298:Ardmore
7280:Western
7195:Central
7182:Regions
7152:Economy
7137:Culture
7120:Society
7106:Symbols
7041:History
6925:Wyandot
6920:Wichita
6915:Shawnee
6855:Koasati
6840:Choctaw
6805:Arapaho
6800:Alabama
6775:Wichita
6765:Tonkawa
6755:Shawnee
6630:Choctaw
6470:writers
6445:artists
6367:Florida
6352:Arizona
6304:English
5654:Pow wow
5634:Fashion
5566:Culture
5443:Slavery
5365:History
5286:(1930s)
5274:(1920s)
5233:(1890s)
5087:Commons
4837:Insular
4814:Insular
4764:Wyoming
4740:Alaska
4735:Montana
4729:Arizona
4611:Florida
4599:Alabama
4571:Orleans
4565:Indiana
4379:at the
4205:"Modoc"
3952:170β173
3791:May 18,
3761:June 7,
3730:June 7,
3358:less.")
2777:Tonkawa
2754:cholera
2746:measles
2681:Arapaho
2493:nomadic
2485:travois
2367:British
2210:, then
2126:Shawnee
2093:in 1915
2049:Florida
1945:Ardmore
1833:Koasati
1829:Alabama
1821:Natchez
1809:Choctaw
1604:herds.
1598:nomadic
1574:drought
1443:+117.6%
1440:392,060
1429:180,182
1373:phrase
1371:Choctaw
1344:section
1322:Arapaho
1274:schools
1065:Wyoming
1061:Montana
903:Choctaw
803:Detroit
799:Chicago
795:Indiana
785:at the
704:History
598:in 1907
532:Choctaw
439:Wyoming
434:Montana
216:β’
203:History
178:Choctaw
116:Capital
55:Choctaw
7736:Rogers
7701:Pawnee
7696:Ottawa
7671:Nowata
7656:Murray
7566:Hughes
7556:Harper
7551:Harmon
7531:Garvin
7506:Custer
7491:Cotton
7456:Carter
7436:Blaine
7426:Beaver
7368:Owasso
7358:Norman
7338:Lawton
7328:Edmond
7323:Duncan
7270:Texoma
7101:Sports
7096:People
7060:, and
6996:Topics
6910:Seneca
6905:Quapaw
6890:Pawnee
6885:Ottawa
6815:Cayuga
6735:Quapaw
6725:Peoria
6720:Pawnee
6715:Ottawa
6605:Apache
6587:tribes
6522:Portal
6450:actors
6414:Oregon
6372:Hawaii
6347:Alaska
6191:groups
5358:topics
5315:(2005)
5298:(1995)
5292:(1931)
5280:(1921)
5268:(1917)
5262:(1909)
5256:(1907)
5250:(1905)
5221:(1868)
5209:(1858)
5192:(1833)
4770:Hawaii
4717:Dakota
4705:Nevada
4693:Kansas
4652:Oregon
4334:online
3958:
3458:
3241:
3231:
2880:Oregon
2787:, the
2730:Pawnee
2495:. The
2424:, and
2398:Kansas
2371:Canada
2347:Mohawk
2343:Oneida
2335:Cayuga
2331:Seneca
2305:Quapaw
2295:, and
2285:Kansas
2212:Kansas
2202:, and
2186:, and
2180:Ojibwe
2167:, and
2140:, and
2134:Lenape
1953:slaves
1934:Wewoka
1915:Durant
1870:Apache
1868:, and
1835:, and
1815:, and
1753:was a
1714:Quapaw
1708:, and
1706:Apache
1654:, and
1507:, and
1486:Tribes
1156:, and
1103:Kansas
986:, and
980:Kansas
941:, and
913:. The
825:France
673:. The
495:after
399:Kansas
206:
138:Wewoka
65:
51:
7786:Woods
7766:Tulsa
7756:Texas
7706:Payne
7691:Osage
7666:Noble
7636:Mayes
7626:Major
7616:Logan
7596:Kiowa
7546:Greer
7541:Grant
7536:Grady
7521:Ellis
7516:Dewey
7501:Creek
7496:Craig
7446:Caddo
7441:Bryan
7421:Atoka
7411:Adair
7393:Yukon
7388:Tulsa
7353:Moore
7308:Bixby
7142:Crime
7084:radio
7004:Index
6972:State
6930:Yuchi
6895:Ponca
6880:Osage
6810:Caddo
6730:Ponca
6705:Osage
6695:Modoc
6690:Miami
6685:Kiowa
6610:Caddo
6433:Lists
5614:Music
5408:Trade
4911:Civil
4723:Idaho
3781:(PDF)
3156:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
2988:Tejas
2982:Spain
2800:Kiowa
2706:Numic
2567:Noble
2549:Ponca
2512:Kiowa
2435:Tipis
2184:Odawa
2138:Miami
2072:1834.
1941:Tulsa
1853:South
1825:Yuchi
1718:Osage
1702:Kiowa
1664:Caddo
1636:Caddo
1613:maize
1602:bison
1547:Caddo
1382:humma
1340:title
1306:Kiowa
1285:lies"
1044:Sioux
889:When
540:Creek
169:Osage
160:Creek
7621:Love
7481:Coal
7333:Enid
7062:1895
7058:1893
7054:1892
7050:1891
7033:list
6665:Iowa
6377:Iowa
6342:List
5664:Wars
5619:Film
5609:Food
4797:Guam
4681:Utah
4646:Iowa
4465:2016
4440:2016
4240:2017
4217:2017
4033:2017
3956:ISBN
3793:2020
3763:2006
3732:2006
3702:2007
3577:2012
3456:ISBN
3437:link
3423:2024
3327:2011
3265:link
3261:link
3257:link
3239:OCLC
3229:ISBN
3026:and
2901:, a
2897:The
2832:The
2821:The
2798:The
2775:The
2752:and
2728:The
2692:The
2679:The
2655:The
2640:The
2596:and
2594:Otoe
2584:The
2547:The
2527:The
2514:and
2497:tipi
2383:Ohio
2361:and
2321:The
2271:The
2214:and
2208:Iowa
2174:The
2112:The
2043:The
2024:The
1982:The
1875:The
1749:The
1716:and
1623:and
1607:The
1588:and
1561:and
1533:, a
1437:1900
1426:1890
1415:Pop.
1411:Year
1376:okla
1320:and
1308:and
1295:The
1220:The
1081:and
1063:and
1052:and
978:The
801:and
735:, a
723:The
243:1836
233:1802
107:The
7586:Kay
6974:of
6670:Kaw
6573:in
5604:Art
3109:,"
2652:.)
2608:in
2529:Kaw
2260:in
2089:in
1901:Ada
1799:or
1768:in
88:of
81:of
23:or
7826::
7089:TV
7056:,
7052:,
7048:,
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2249:.
2222:.
2198:,
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2144:.
2136:,
2128:,
1947:,
1943:,
1932:β
1923:β
1909:β
1895:β
1886:β
1864:,
1839:.
1831:,
1827:,
1823:,
1811:,
1807:,
1803:,
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1693:.
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1545:A
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1499:,
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1420:Β±%
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