Great Seal of the United States

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are kept closely united by the chief and the Chief depends upon that union & the strength resulting from it for its support, to denote the Confederacy of the United States of America & the preservation of their union through Congress. The colours of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the colour of the Chief signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice. The Olive branch and arrows denote the power of peace & war which is exclusively vested in Congress. The Constellation denotes a new State taking its place and rank among other sovereign powers. The Escutcheon is born on the breast of an American Eagle without any other supporters to denote that the United States of America ought to rely on their own Virtue.

233: 837: 1527: 217: 2025: 4791: 47: 38: 1298: 1423: 1414: 703: 2214: 203: 2071: 1107:(the area at the top of the shield), as is sometimes seen, as there are none specified in the blazon and thus including them would violate the rules of heraldry. Some had suggested allowing the rays of the sun to extend through the clouds, as appears to be specified in the original law and sometimes seen in other versions, but Whitehouse rejected that idea and kept with the traditional die representation. He also considered adding flowers to the olive branch, but decided against it, as "the unspecified number of flowers would be assumed to mean something when it would not". 1516: 1044: 1777: 1786: 1126: 421: 1897: 189: 1708: 1699: 772: 2034: 1856: 1717: 1538: 831: 1838: 1847: 1969: 1960: 1013: 977: 760: 784: 406: 1623: 2283: 1119: 1037: 2232:(adopted in 1911 and 1921, respectively). Combined with the heraldic tradition of artistic freedom so long as the particulars of the blazon are followed, a wide variety of official and unofficial emblazonments appeared, especially in the first hundred years. This is evident even in the different versions of the seal die. The quality of the 1885 design, coupled with a spirit of bureaucratic standardization that characterized that era, has driven most of these out of official use. 901: 691: 2269: 824: 970: 748: 920:, the United States began to use pendant seals on treaties, where the seal is impressed onto a separate wax disc and attached to the document with cords. Although the reverse side of the seal was designed for this purpose, a die was still not made but rather the obverse was impressed on one side only using the regular die. However, this did not conform to the European tradition of using much larger seals for treaties. To address this, 908: 398: 721:

1904. From 1945 to 1955, the Great Seal changed quarters almost once a year. In 1955, the seal was put on public display for the first time in a central location in the department's main building. In 1961 the Seal became the focus of the new Department Exhibit Hall, where it resides today in a glass enclosure. The enclosure remains locked at all times, even during the sealing of a document.

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clutches the olive branch and arrows from behind. The 13 arrows were restored, in accordance with the original law, and the olive branch was depicted with 13 leaves and 13 olives. The clouds surrounding the constellation were made a complete circle for the first time. The resulting die was made of steel, was 3 inches (76 mm) wide, and weighed one pound six ounces.

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between them. Holding the document with one hand, the weighted arm of the press is pulled with the other, driving the die down onto the wafer, impressing the seal in relief. When envelopes containing letters need to be sealed, the wafer is imprinted first and then glued to the sealed envelope. It is used approximately 2,000 to 3,000 times a year.

2016:, the only country in Europe with a representative government at the time, which depicted a lion holding seven arrows representing their seven provinces. State currency may have provided further inspiration; a 1775 South Carolina bill showed a bundle of 13 arrows and a 1775 Maryland note depicted a hand with an olive branch of 13 leaves. 986:

stars, though kept the six-pointed star arrangement, a change which has continued in all subsequent dies. Other changes include a more vigorous and uncrested eagle, the removal of the acanthus leaves, a general crowding of the design upward, a different shape to the shield, and fruit on the olive branch (four olives).

1808:

Warriour holding a Sword; sinister, a Figure representing Peace bearing an Olive Branch. The Crest; a radiant Constellation of 13 Stars. The motto, Bella vel Paci." Once again, Congress did not find the result acceptable. They referred the matter back to the committee, which did no further work on the matter.

1650:, a monthly magazine published in London which had used it from its first edition in 1731, and was well known in the colonies. The motto alluded to the magazine being a collection of articles obtained from other newspapers, and was used in most of its editions until 1833. The motto was taken in turn from 1811:

As with the first design, several elements were eventually used in the final seal; the thirteen stripes on the shield with their colors, the constellation of stars surrounded by clouds, the olive branch, and the arrows (from Hopkinson's first proposal). Hopkinson had previously used the constellation

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While the Eye of Providence is today a common Masonic motif, this was not the case during the 1770s and 1780s, when the Great Seal was designed and approved. According to David Barrett, a Masonic researcher, the Eye seems to have been used only sporadically by the Masons in those decades, and was not

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After only 17 years, the seal was no longer making a good impression (probably due to a worn counter die). On July 1, 1902, Congress passed an act to appropriate $ 1250 to have the seal recut. There was some discussion among State Department officials about whether to redo the design again, but given

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The press in use today was made in 1903 by R. Hoe & Co's chief cabinetmaker Frederick S. Betchley in conjunction with the 1904 die, with the cabinet being made of mahogany. It is marked with the contracted completion date of June 15, 1903, but delays and reworking pushed final delivery into early

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The die was engraved by Max Zeitler of the Philadelphia firm of Baily Banks & Biddle in 1903 (and is thus sometimes called the 1903 die), but final delivery was delayed until January 1904 due to issues with the press. There were slight differences; the impressions were sharper, the feathers more

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Over time, the original seal became worn and needed to be replaced. John Peter Van Ness Throop of Washington D.C. engraved a new die in 1841, which is also sometimes known as the "illegal seal" because only six arrows are shown rather than the required thirteen. Throop also chose to use five-pointed

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of Washington D.C., was asked to design a larger seal specifically for treaties. Masi produced a quite different design, showing a much more realistic (and uncrested) eagle, turned somewhat to the side. He also added fruits to the olive branch, changed the shape of the shield, and depicted the crest

859: inches (5.2 cm) in diameter while being one half inch (13 mm) thick. It was cut sometime between June and September 1782 (i.e. between the design being accepted and its first use), although the exact date is not known. The identity of the engraver is also not known; it may have been 724:

The seal can only be affixed by an officer of the Department of State, under the authority of the secretary of state. To seal a document, first a blank paper wafer is glued onto its front in a space provided for it. The document is then placed between the die and counterdie, with the wafer lined up

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In the Department of State, the term "Great Seal" refers to a physical mechanism which is used by the department to affix the seal to official government documents. This mechanism includes not only the die (metal engraved with a raised inverse image of the seal), but also the counterdie (also known

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that he had designed. Hopkinson also designed a seal for the Admiralty (Navy), which incorporated a chevron consisting of seven red stripes and six white ones. The seven red stripes in his Admiralty seal reflected the number of red stripes in his Naval flag. When Hopkinson designed these flags, he

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The Masi treaty die was used until 1871, almost exclusively for treaties, at which point the U.S. government discontinued the use of pendant seals. The die is also currently on display at the National Archives. Masi's company made most of the skippets for almost twenty years, after which the State

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The Escutcheon is composed of the chief & pale, the two most honorable ordinaries. The Pieces, paly, represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union. The pales in the arms

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was formed in 1789. On July 24, 1789, President Washington asked Thomson to deliver the seal to the Department of Foreign Affairs in the person of Roger Alden, who kept it until the Department of State was created. All subsequent secretaries of state have been responsible for applying the seal to

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Hopkinson's first design had a shield with thirteen diagonal red and white stripes, supported on one side by a figure bearing an olive branch and representing peace, and on the other an Indian warrior holding a bow and arrow, and holding a quiver. The crest was a radiant constellation of thirteen

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The pyramid signifies Strength and Duration: The Eye over it & the Motto allude to the many signal interpositions of providence in favour of the American cause. The date underneath is that of the Declaration of Independence and the words under it signify the beginning of the new American Æra,

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Tiffany also submitted a design for the reverse of the seal, but even though Congress had ordered one a die was not created. The members of the consulting group were somewhat disparaging of the design of even the obverse, but especially critical of the reverse, and suggested not making it at all.

1002: inches (5.4 cm) in diameter. In 1866, the first counter die was made, which is the same design in opposite relief. The paper was placed between the die and counter die, resulting in a sharper impression in the paper than from one die alone. The use of counterdies continues to this day. 884:

There was no die made of the reverse side of the seal (and in fact, one has never been made). The intended use was for pendant seals, which are discs of wax attached to the document by a cord or ribbon, and thus have two sides. However, the United States did not use pendant seals at the time, and

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is typical in heraldry, but is at odds with the official blazon of the seal which specifies a bald eagle (which have no crests). The blazon does not specify the arrangement of the stars (which were randomly placed in Thomson's sketch) nor the number of points; the engraver chose six-pointed stars

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The new die was engraved by Herman Baumgarten of Washington, D.C. His version followed the 1841 die very closely, including the errors, and was the same size. The most notable differences were slightly larger stars and lettering. The workmanship on the die was relatively poor, with no impression

1943:. Barton had at first specified "on the Summit of it a Palm Tree, proper", with the explanation that "The Palm Tree, when burnt down to the very Root, naturally rises fairer than ever," but later crossed it out and replaced it with the Eye of Providence, taken from the first committee's design. 1807:

The committee chose the second version, and reported back to Congress on May 10, 1780, six weeks after being formed. Their final blazon, printed in Congress journals on May 17, was: "The Shield charged on the Field Azure with 13 diagonal stripes alternate rouge and argent. Supporters; dexter, a

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On December 13, 1884, following much research and discussion among the group, Whitehouse submitted his designs. The result was a much more formal and heraldic look, completely different from previous dies, and has remained essentially unchanged since. The eagle is a great deal more robust and

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These seals were transported in metallic boxes called skippets, which protected the actual wax seal from damage. The skippets themselves also were engraved with the seal design. Several skippets were made at a time, which the State Department used as needed. Usually skippets were made out of

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named the first committee to design a Great Seal, or national emblem, for the country. Similar to other nations, the United States needed an official symbol of sovereignty to formalize and seal (or sign) international treaties and transactions. It took six years, three committees, and the

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from 1856 Bernard Lossing alluded to a version half the size for the purpose of impressing wax and paper. More recent research has not been able to verify this claim, with no record of this seal being found (although the second seal committee of 1780 had recommended a half-size seal).

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holding a sword and a balance. Surrounding the main elements was the inscription "Seal of the United States of America MDCCLXXVI". For the reverse, Franklin's design of Moses parting the Red Sea was used. Congress was however not impressed, and on the same day ordered that the report

1990:, and provided all material submitted by the first three committees. Thomson was 53 years old, and had been a Latin master at a Philadelphia academy. Thomson took elements from all three previous committees, coming up with a new design which provided the basis for the final seal. 1135:

the thought that had gone into the 1885 version, it was decided to recreate that design. Congress renewed the law on March 3, 1903, since no action had yet been taken, and this time specified that it be recut from the existing model, which ended any further discussion.

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In a letter accompanying their designs, Tiffany gave their reasonings behind various elements. The eagle was made as realistic as the rules of heraldry would permit, and the scroll style was chosen to least interfere with the eagle. There were no stars in the

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Documents which require the seal include treaty ratifications, international agreements, appointments of ambassadors and civil officers, and communications from the President to heads of foreign governments. The seal was once required on presidential

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For three and a half years no further action was taken, during which time the Continental Congress was forced out of Philadelphia before returning in 1778. On March 25, 1780, a second committee to design a great seal was formed, which consisted of

2504:. Department and Foreign Service series; 161 Department of State publication; 8900. Washington : Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, Dept. of State : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 80–81. 1056:

asking for funds to create a new design and dies of both the obverse and reverse on January 11, 1884, after getting estimates of the cost. Congress eventually appropriated $ 1,000 for those purposes on July 7, 1884. The design contract went to

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Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, designed the American flag, and also helped design state and other government seals. He made two similar proposals, each having an obverse and reverse side, with themes of war and peace.

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Theodore F. Dwight, Chief of the Bureau of Rolls and Library of the Department of State, supervised the process. He brought in several consultants to consider design from historical, heraldic, and artistic points of view. These included

1256:

had lent him. That book said that argent (white) "signifies Purity, Innocence, Beauty, and Genteelness", gules (red) "denotes martial Prowess, Boldness, and Hardiness", and azure (blue) "signifies Justice, Perseverance, and Vigilance".

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In August 1776, du Simitière showed his design, which was more along conventional heraldic lines. The shield had six sections, each representing "the Countries from which these States have been peopled" (using the symbols for

680:), the press, and cabinet in which it is housed. There have been several presses used since the seal was introduced, but none of the mechanisms used from 1782 through 1904 have survived. The seal and its press were saved when 2066:

The design was submitted to Congress on June 20, 1782, and was accepted the same day. Thomson included a page of explanatory notes, but no drawing was submitted. This remains the official definition of the Great Seal today.

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adopted as a common Masonic symbol until 1797, several years after the Great Seal of the United States had already been designed. The Eye of Providence was, on the other hand, a fairly common Christian motif throughout the

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in 1876 had renewed interest in national symbols, and articles appeared noting the irregularities in the 1841 seal. However, when it came time to replace the worn 1841 die, the Department of State kept the same design.

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The first brass die was cut sometime between June and September, and placed in the State House in Philadelphia. It was first used by Thomson on September 16, 1782, to verify signatures on a document which authorized

1289:", information on the illegal seal, iterations and changes that have been made to the seal, and it also includes detailed descriptions of the symbology of the great seal (such as that provided by Charles Thomson). 649:", information on the illegal seal, iterations and changes that have been made to the seal, and it also includes detailed descriptions of the symbology of the great seal (such as that provided by Charles Thomson). 798:

the design onto documents. These dies eventually wear down, requiring replacements to be made. The current die is the seventh engraving of the seal, and the actual design on the dies has evolved over time.

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The vector version of the obverse at the top of this article was taken from U.S. government publications, while the vector reverse was made by a Knowledge contributor and patterned after this official one.

1911:

of the American Confederated Republic" represented by a maiden, and on the other side an American warrior. At the top is an eagle and on the pillar in the shield is a "Phoenix in Flames". The mottos were

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Hunt's account greatly details how the seal was chosen, containing sketches of other suggestions for a great seal which were made, such as Franklin's suggested motto "Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to

644:

1640:

motto was chosen for the final seal, and the reverse used the Roman numeral for 1776 and the Eye of Providence. Jefferson also liked Franklin's motto so much, he ended up using it on his personal seal.

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On August 20, 1776, the committee presented their report to Congress. The committee members chose du Simitière's design, though it was changed to remove the anchor of hope and replace the soldier with

1465:, an artist living in Philadelphia who would later also design the state seals of Delaware and New Jersey and start a museum of the Revolutionary War. Each of these men proposed a design for the seal. 1819:

The shield of the Great Seal has seven white stripes and six red ones—essentially, a white background with six red stripes. Hopkinson incorporated this stripe arrangement into the Great Seal from the

1907:

Barton then came up with another design, which the committee submitted back to Congress on May 9, 1782, just five days after being formed. This time, the figures on each side of the shield were the "

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surrounded by thirteen rings, each with the name of a colony. This design is echoed in the seal submitted by the first committee, and the motto was quite possibly a Latin version of this concept.

3012:

See footnote 29. "No evidence has been found to substantiate this statement either, although the report of the second seal committee in 1780 (which was not adopted) recommended a half-size seal."

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was a Mason, he was the only member of any of the various Great Seal committees definitively known to be so, and his ideas were not adopted. Of the four men whose ideas were adopted, neither

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Dwight eventually agreed and did not order the die, though he said it was "not improper" that one eventually be made. To this day, there has never been an official die made of the reverse.

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As the designers recognized, this is a technically incorrect blazon under traditional English heraldic rules, since in English practice a vertically striped shield would be described as "

1939:(Everlasting). The pyramid had come from another Continental currency note designed in 1778 by Hopkinson, this time the $ 50 note, which had a nearly identical pyramid and the motto 1138:

pointed, and the talons have shorter joints. Also, two small heraldic errors which had persisted on all previous seal dies were fixed: the rays of the glory were drawn with dots to

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Congress then ordered a seal half the size of the great one, to impress wax and paper, as you now see it upon this commission signed by my old and trusty friend, Charles Thomson.

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The Great Seal symbol (or a close variant) has been used by former presidents after leaving office. In February 2021, the Seal continued to feature in the logo of the Office of

874:(typical of English heraldry), and arranged them in a larger six-pointed star. No drawing made by the engraver has ever been found, and it is not known if Thomson provided any. 3249:

A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrews' Edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary: Revised, Enlarged, and in Great Part Rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, PhD and Charles Short, LL.D

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in its right talon. Although not specified by law, the olive branch is usually depicted with 13 leaves and 13 olives. In its beak, the eagle clutches a scroll with the motto

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replaced Rutledge, although he was not officially appointed. As with the previous two committees, most of the work was delegated to a heraldic expert, this time 28-year-old

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pattern, and the eagle's claws held an olive branch and a bundle of thirteen arrows. For the crest, he used Hopkinson's constellation of thirteen stars. The motto was

401:

A different version of the greater coat of arms found on the seal of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and the flag of the Secretary of State.

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Webpage for the United States Department of State Traveling Exhibit on the Great Seal of the United States (available on Internet Archive as found on August 16, 2017)

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The first die depicts a relatively crude crested eagle, thin-legged and somewhat awkward. There is no fruit on the olive branch, and the engraver added a border of

4419: 4029: 2012:, which included an eagle with olive branch and arrows near its talons, which may have been a source for Thomson. The arrows also mirror those in the arms of the 1328:(found, in the Seal, above the pyramid) is a common Masonic emblem, and that the Great Seal was created by Freemasons. These claims, however, misstate the facts. 1282:

Our Inheritance in the Great Seal of Manasseh, the United States of America: Its History and Heraldry; and Its Signification unto the 'Great People' thus Sealed.

642:

Our Inheritance in the Great Seal of Manasseh, the United States of America: Its History and Heraldry; and Its Signification unto the 'Great People' thus Sealed.

954:'s mission a golden box was used (the ratification of that treaty, made later in 1854, had an even more elaborate and expensive seal and heavy gold skippet). 2063:" (vertical), and the eagle's wing position was changed to "displayed" (wingtips up) instead of "rising". Barton also wrote a more properly heraldic blazon. 1260:

A brief and official explanation of the symbolism was prepared in the form of a historical sketch (or pamphlet) of the seal of the United States, entitled,

620:

A brief and official explanation of the symbolism was prepared in the form of a historical sketch, or pamphlet, of the seal of the United States, entitled,

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ordered "that the seal heretofore used by the United States in Congress assembled, shall be, and hereby is declared to be, the seal of the United States."

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By early 1881 the State Department started responding to criticism of the seal, resulting first in an 1882 centennial commemorative medal, and then with

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must choose to travel either on the flowery path of self-indulgence or the rugged, more difficult, uphill path of duty to others and honor to himself.

4916: 3964: 3352: 3348: 962:. At least one 1871 treaty seal was actually made using a Lewis skippet mold instead of the Masi die, meaning it too is technically an official die. 17: 4667: 4637: 4542: 1232:, is Latin for "a new order of the ages." The reverse has never been cut (as a seal) but appears, for example, on the back of the one-dollar bill. 3998: 1145:

The die was first used on January 26, 1904, and was used for 26 years. All dies made since have followed exactly the same design, and in 1986 the

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Barton drew a design very quickly, using a rooster on the crest, but it was much too complex. No drawing of this design seems to have survived.

4936: 3668: 1760:, meaning "prepared in war or in peace". The reverse, in Hopkinson's words, was "Liberty is seated in a chair holding an olive branch and her 4011: 3610: 1272:. When the copyright on the pamphlet expired, Hunt expounded upon the information in more detail. This was published in 1909 in a book titled 632:. When the copyright on the pamphlet expired, Hunt expounded upon the information in more detail. This was published in 1909 in a book titled 3550: 2051:

For the reverse, Thomson essentially kept Barton's design, but re-added the triangle around the Eye of Providence and changed the mottos to

4662: 4412: 878: 2946: 2758: 2059:. Thomson sent his designs back to Barton, who made some final alterations. The stripes on the shield were changed again, this time to " 1344:

as well as America throughout the 18th century. It is still found in Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches, and it symbolizes the

4890: 4592: 3837: 3297: 2316: 1654:, a similar magazine which ran briefly from 1692 to 1694. While variants turn up in other places (for example a poem often ascribed to 151: 3517: 3467: 3321: 3147: 3133: 3066: 3052: 3035: 3021: 3006: 2825: 2811: 2499: 1484:

in the Clouds reaching to Moses, to express that he acts by Command of the Deity." Motto, "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God."

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being very clear, and it is considered the poorest of all Great Seal die. It was the one in use during the seal's centennial in 1882.

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to help with the olive branch. Tiffany's chief designer, James Horton Whitehouse, was the artist responsible for the actual design.

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An eagle holding symbols of war and peace has a long history, and also echoed the second committee's themes. Franklin owned a 1702

836: 2844: 2331: 4405: 3771: 3187: 2091: 131: 3810: 3411: 4482: 2889: 2870: 2790: 3902: 3385: 4717: 4532: 4266: 4052: 3277: 4946: 4737: 3887: 3364: 759: 3583: 771: 4547: 4442: 3332: 2432: 2256: 4632: 485:(six red stripes on a white field), but the phrase used was chosen to preserve the reference to the 13 original states. 4597: 1359:

Furthermore, contrary to the claims of these conspiracy theories, the Great Seal was not created by Freemasons. While

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In his second proposal, the Indian warrior was replaced by a soldier holding a sword, and the motto was shortened to

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are largely unchanged from the 1885 designs. The current rendering of the reverse was made by Teagle & Little of

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together symbolize that the United States has "a strong desire for peace, but will always be ready for war." (see

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note he designed in 1778. The same note also used an Eye of Providence, taken from the first committee's design.

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made a master die from which all future dies will be made. The current die is the seventh and was made in 1986.

4652: 4238: 3483: 3328: 2311: 1503:, for the reverse side of the seal. Adams chose a painting known as the "Judgment of Hercules" where the young 154:

is directly based on the Great Seal, and its elements are used in numerous government agency and state seals.

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in 1856. The obverse drawing is slightly incorrect; the linked state initials should be on the shield itself.

1397: 690: 442: 174: 135: 1125: 165:, in 1972. It is nearly identical to previous versions, which in turn were based on Lossing's 1856 version. 4657: 3942: 2645: 2628: 2326: 1768:. The motto 'Virtute perennis' means 'Everlasting because of virtue.' The date in Roman numerals is 1776." 1598: 1185: 830: 433: 3946: 4747: 4627: 4537: 4487: 4447: 4350: 4343: 4287: 1646: 1392: 1317: 232: 4921: 4742: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4467: 4364: 4086: 3356: 3340: 2576: 2555: 2534: 1887: 1481: 1462: 1372: 1253: 613: 558: 425: 280: 147: 127: 4602: 4008: 1526: 1491:

in the wilderness, led by a cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night for the front of the seal; and

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finally accepted a design (which included elements proposed by each of the three committees) in 1782.

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has its head turned towards the olive branch, on its right side, to symbolize a preference for peace.

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did come to mean "age, world" in late, Christian, Latin, and "secular" is derived from it, through

2024: 1388: 1022: 663:) of the coat of arms are either reproduced directly, or represented monochromatically by means of 532: 336: 3833: 3649: 3614: 3238:. However, the adjective "secularis," meaning "worldly," is not equivalent to the genitive plural 2976: 1476:

standing on the Shore, and extending his Hand over the Sea, thereby causing the same to overwhelm

1379:

has been alleged to have had Masonic connections, there is no firm evidence to support the claim.

4931: 4880: 4587: 4582: 4512: 4492: 3928: 3554: 1733: 1628: 1562: 1297: 477:", not "paleways", and it would not have had an odd number of stripes. A more technically proper 216: 1870:

After two more years, Congress formed a third committee on May 4, 1782, this time consisting of

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who is sitting in an open Chariot, a Crown on his Head and a Sword in his Hand. Rays from a

202: 46: 37: 4732: 4472: 4329: 4106: 4096: 3806: 3513: 2981: 2288: 2225: 2213: 1813: 1068: 130:, and first used in 1782, the seal is used to authenticate certain documents issued by the 123: 3263: 1515: 1118: 1036: 8: 4777: 4192: 3924: 3643: 2972: 2306: 2224:

The Great Seal very quickly became a popular symbol of the country. It inspired both the

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gold, and the background of the stars was drawn with horizontal lines to indicate azure.

1088: 677: 664: 659: 340: 238: 222: 111: 78: 4021: 3722: 2924: 1785: 1776: 3443: 3205: 2840: 2087: 1998: 1908: 1072: 738: 712: 143: 3760: 3184: 2462: 1997:—as the sole supporter on the shield. The shield had thirteen stripes, this time in a 747: 420: 4273: 4252: 4161: 4137: 3956: 3407: 3104: 2885: 2866: 2786: 2622: 2614: 2513: 2505: 2118: 2080: 1900: 1896: 1745: 1678: 1594: 1492: 1442: 1376: 1360: 1325: 1309: 1213: 1197: 1181: 823: 795: 574: 305: 295: 287: 162: 86: 2481: 1666:), this is the oldest known use of the exact phrase. Another source was some of the 1546:

du Simitiere's initial sketch, and Franklin's earlier design on a 1776 currency note

188: 4805: 4301: 3579: 3344: 2986: 1875: 1737: 1590: 1446: 1104: 1058: 951: 870: 866: 516: 501: 466: 462: 347:, in its sinister talon thirteen arrows, and in its beak a scroll bearing the motto 318: 291: 274: 4770: 4199: 3694: 3377: 3274: 2173: 1707: 1698: 1558: 1218: 1200:. The adopting resolution provides that it is inscribed on its base with the date 105: 4727: 4709: 4336: 4185: 4179: 4015: 3920: 3909: 3639: 3281: 3270: 3244: 3191: 2920: 2302: 2274: 2112: 2060: 2042: 1987: 1977: 1603: 1364: 1305: 1277: 1269: 1236: 1235:

The primary official explanation of the symbolism of the great seal was given by

1139: 943: 917: 637: 629: 596: 595:

The primary official explanation of the symbolism of the great seal was given by

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of the United States while the reverse features a truncated pyramid topped by an

3163: 2005:, taken from the first committee, and was on a scroll held in the eagle's beak. 4854: 4837: 4294: 4259: 4151: 4121: 4101: 3432:

Hodapp, Christopher; Freemasons for Dummies, Wiley Publishing, 2005, pp 155–156

2244: 2240: 2033: 2013: 1879: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1716: 1670:

issued earlier in 1776; these were designed by Franklin and featured the motto

1537: 1469: 1209: 1012: 976: 378: 134:. Since 1935, both sides of the Great Seal have appeared on the reverse of the 94: 4009:"Dr. Bob visits the Keeper of the Great Seal of the U.S.A. in Washington D.C." 3444:"Is the Pyramid & Eye a Masonic Symbol on the Great Seal and Dollar Bill?" 3370: 1968: 1959: 1589:, and on the other side an American soldier holding a rifle and tomahawk. The 504:

contains no stars (although certain derivative arms do, e.g. the chief of the

405: 4910: 4895: 4357: 4156: 3094: 2251:

placed the Seal (modified with three stars at the bottom) on a letter to the

1871: 1622: 1500: 1265: 1064: 921: 625: 283: 259: 70: 66: 4397: 3960: 3481: 1079:, John Denison Chaplin, Jr., an expert on engraving and associate editor of 4224: 4146: 4091: 3336: 3108: 2517: 2248: 2236: 1928: 1765: 1761: 1611: 1586: 1566: 1345: 1324:

in the founding of the United States. Such theories usually claim that the

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The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States

4862: 2009: 1682: 1496: 1349: 1337: 1333: 1321: 860: 3487: 900: 794:

The metallic die of the obverse side of the Great Seal is what actually

4076: 3098: 2296: 2140:

War and peace theme, including olive branch and (on first draft) arrows

1994: 1681:

had been a well-known classical symbol of the deity since at least the

1578: 1554: 1488: 1450: 528: 332: 3749:"He created the American flag that Congress adopted on June 14, 1777." 4081: 3913: 2252: 1239:

upon presenting the final design for adoption by Congress. He wrote:

969: 734: 599:

upon presenting the final design for adoption by Congress. He wrote:

524: 326: 1980:'s report to Congress, which was accepted and is still the law today 1276:

This work was largely based on a two-volume work written in 1897 by

636:

This work was largely based on a two-volume work written in 1897 by

3223: 1931:, with the radiant Eye of Providence overhead, and used the mottos 1504: 1458: 1353: 1092: 536: 97:

at the base of the pyramid. The seal contains three Latin phrases:

4678: 3408:"Associated Press story, Tuesday, February 12, 2008 as hosted by" 1924: 1477: 1177: 907: 877:

This first die was used until 1841, and is now on display in the

254: 2575:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2554:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2533:

Pyron du Martre, Antoine (Pen name: Mark Anthony Porny) (1771).

2509: 1824:

was running the Navy as chairman of the Continental Navy Board.

1222:

signifies that Providence has "approved of (our) undertakings."

397: 2433:"Members' Roll of Arms: Buchanan-Boardman, Charles Edward Sean" 1655: 1601:

extends over the Shield and beyond the Figures", and the motto

1495:, the two brothers who were the legendary leaders of the first 1431:

Interpretation of the first committee's seal proposal, made by

1341: 1262:

The Seal of the United States: How it was Developed and Adopted

1229: 1173: 863:

but Thomson may also have found a private engraver on his own.

622:

The Seal of the United States: How it was Developed and Adopted

478: 454: 446: 298: 539:

terms). From the eagle's perspective, it holds a bundle of 13

3834:"Heraldic Description of Third Committee's Great Seal Design" 2617:. Washington, D.C.: Department of State, 1909 1st Ed. Page 5. 1473: 589: 540: 512: 458: 366: 352: 314: 2086:

Charles Thomson, as the secretary of Congress, remained the

1725:

Second committee's seal proposal, drawn by Francis Hopkinson

1644:

The motto was almost certainly taken from the title page of

4111: 4003: 1453:. While they were three of the five primary authors of the 1192:." The pyramid is conventionally shown as consisting of 13 544: 381:, letterheads, license plates, embassies, agency seals and 138:. The coat of arms is used on official documents—including 2529: 2527: 1577:), surrounded by the initials of all thirteen states. The 4116: 4051: 3230:, meaning (in this context) generation, century, or age. 3222:

does not mean "secular", as one might assume, but is the

2354:"The Arms of the United States: Criticisms and Rebuttals" 2209:

Notable depictions of the Great Seal of the United States

2137:

Constellation of 13 stars, surrounded by clouds and glory

1286: 1163:

Notable depictions of the Great Seal of the United States

958:

Department switched to nearly identical versions made by

646: 77:, and more generally for the impression it produces. The 2640: 2638: 2498:

Patterson, Richard Sharpe; Dougall, Richardson (1978) .

1993:

Thomson used the eagle—this time specifying an American

1320:

state that the Great Seal shows a sinister influence by

667:. The latter applies when the seal is affixed to paper. 3103:. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. 2550: 2548: 2524: 2134:

Thirteen red and white stripes and blue chief on shield

1986:

On June 13, 1782, the Congress turned to its Secretary

1946:

Congress again took no action on the submitted design.

1636:

While the designs in their entirety were not used, the

1268:

in 1892 under the direction of then Secretary of State

628:

in 1892 under the direction of then Secretary of State

3164:"Official Dies of the Great Seal of the United States" 1352:(the eye) surrounded by rays of glory, denoting God's 2929:. New Haven, Connecticut: The Our Race Publishing Co. 2646:"Uncle Sam Has Seal Maker in the Library of Congress" 2635: 1387:

On July 4, 1776, the same day that independence from

711:, who led the effort to put the seal on display, and 684:

in 1814, though no one knows who rescued the pieces.

3989:

PDF booklet from U.S. State Department, 2003 version

2745: 2545: 2264: 557:("Out of Many, One"). Over its head there appears a 390:

The obverse (or front) of the seal depicts the full

3866:"The Final Design of the Great Seal: June 20, 1782" 3361:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3048: 3046: 1864:

Third committee's proposal, drawn by William Barton

3482:Design by King & Associates (www.edking.com). 3382:Angels & Demons from the Book to the Movie FAQ 55:Obverse (with eagle) and reverse of the Great Seal 3317: 3315: 2666:Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers 2332:Seal of the president of the Continental Congress 4908: 3551:"The Arms of the USA: Development of the Design" 3043: 2781: 2779: 2497: 3243: 2474: 2472: 2407:"The Great Seal of the United States | GovInfo" 1248:Thomson took the symbolism for the colors from 608:Thomson took the symbolism for the colors from 3514:"First Great Seal Committee: July–August 1776" 3339:in Vilnius, built between 1503 and 1522 (seen 3329:Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc, Czech Republic 3312: 2615:"The History of the Seal of the United States" 1607:(Out of Many, One) in a scroll at the bottom. 1212:. Where the top of the pyramid should be, the 845:The first die was made of brass, and measured 4760:Dunlap broadside, Declaration of Independence 4694: 4427: 4413: 4037: 2985:. Vol. 13, no. 74. pp. 184–5. 2776: 2571: 2569: 2493: 2491: 1585:holding an anchor of hope and a spear with a 1274:The History of the Seal of the United States. 733:, and on some now-obsolete documents such as 634:The History of the Seal of the United States. 3656: 3574: 3572: 3100:The History of the Seal of the United States 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2469: 885:there was no need for a die of the reverse. 765:The wafer is positioned over the counterdie. 3943:"Elements of Design in the Senate's Carpet" 3825: 3634: 3632: 3611:"The Arms of the USA: Blazon and Symbolism" 3605: 3603: 3601: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 2947:"The Arms of the USA: Artistic Expressions" 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2482:"Explanation of the Great Seal's Symbolism" 1391:was declared by the thirteen colonies, the 715:imprint a document during the 1955 ceremony 445:adopting the arms, still in force, legally 357: 4891:Seal of the president of the United States 4733:Secretary, Continental Congress, 1774-1789 4701: 4687: 4420: 4406: 4044: 4030: 3995: – Bureau of Public Affairs 3859: 3857: 3855: 3695:"Symbols of Unity on Continental Currency" 3688: 3686: 3507: 3505: 2566: 2488: 2348: 2346: 2317:Seal of the president of the United States 1075:professor, William H. Whitmore, author of 1054:Secretary of State Frederick Frelinghuysen 294:field bearing a constellation of thirteen 152:seal of the president of the United States 3761:"Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags?" 3723:"Second Great Seal Committee: March 1780" 3665:"Continental Currency: February 17, 1776" 3569: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 1468:Franklin chose an allegorical scene from 1396:contributions of fourteen men before the 1206:United States Declaration of Independence 939: inches (11.9 cm) in diameter. 109:("He has favored our undertakings"), and 4917:1782 establishments in the United States 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3758: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3629: 3598: 3580:"Official Heraldry of the United States" 3532: 3074: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2672: 2247:. On February 4, 2021, former president 2212: 2069: 1895: 1685:, which du Simitiere was familiar with. 1621: 1296: 585:). E Pluribus Unum contains 13 letters. 419: 404: 396: 3892:(Spring 2024) Volume 4, No. 1, p. 13ff. 3852: 3683: 3502: 3384:. Center for Studies on New Religions. 2971: 2343: 2255:actors union canceling his membership. 2083:to negotiate an exchange of prisoners. 1487:Jefferson suggested a depiction of the 670: 132:federal government of the United States 14: 4942:Ordinances of the Continental Congress 4909: 3934: 3807:"Third Great Seal Committee: May 1782" 3759:Williams, Earl P. Jr. (October 2012). 3671:from the original on December 25, 2008 3638: 3300:from the original on December 19, 2013 3155: 2949:. americanheraldry.org. Archived from 2919: 2904: 2886:"Using the Seal as the Nation Expands" 2873:from the original on February 19, 2012 2656:from the original on November 15, 2013 1292: 1172:The 1782 resolution adopting the seal 916:Starting with the ratification of the 777:The seal is pressed down on the wafer. 573:The recurring number 13 refers to the 4937:National symbols of the United States 4682: 4401: 4053:National symbols of the United States 4025: 3967:from the original on January 15, 2009 3863: 3840:from the original on January 24, 2013 3831: 3813:from the original on January 25, 2013 3804: 3789: 3720: 3709: 3692: 3586:from the original on February 6, 2009 3511: 3441: 3388:from the original on January 28, 2022 3226:(possessive) plural form of the word 3203: 3161: 2933: 2892:from the original on February 4, 2009 2847:from the original on January 21, 2017 2793:from the original on February 4, 2009 2748:"The Great Seal of the United States" 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2479: 2217:The Great Seal on the reverse of the 2202: 2045:drawing, the basis for the final seal 1619:", ending the work of the committee. 515:, not red, to avoid violation of the 496:, with two exceptions in particular: 4738:Journals of the Continental Congress 3940: 3520:from the original on October 2, 2023 3185:Journals of the Continental Congress 3093: 2944: 2612: 2443:from the original on August 17, 2021 2364:from the original on August 16, 2017 1252:, by Antoine Pyron du Martré, which 1216:watches over it. Two mottos appear: 612:, by Antoine Pyron du Martre, which 4708: 4018:with photos of the actual die press 3414:from the original on April 27, 2013 3115:from the original on April 26, 2011 2413:from the original on March 13, 2024 1688: 1340:, and was commonly used as such in 696:The press and cabinet, made in 1903 568: 157:Today's official versions from the 24: 4267:America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee) 3777:from the original on March 6, 2016 3662: 3410:. Foxnews.com. February 12, 2008. 2764:from the original on July 30, 2021 2587: 1827: 1804:, meaning "For war or for peace". 1581:were a female figure representing 1403: 869:leaves. Depicting an eagle with a 492:(shield) bears resemblance to the 69:. The phrase is used both for the 27:National seal of the United States 25: 4958: 4806:Secretary, Treaty of Easton, 1758 3982: 3484:"the Masonic Service Association" 3378:"Do the Illuminati Really Exist?" 3251:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. s. vv. 2977:"Great Seal of the United States" 1441:The first committee consisted of 531:with its wings outstretched (or " 182:Coat of arms of the United States 18:Coat of arms of the United States 4789: 4543:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2787:"Keeping the Seal in Good Hands" 2581:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2560:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2539:. T. Carnan and F. Newbery, Jr. 2322:Seal of the United States Senate 2281: 2267: 2243:, and the logo of the Office of 2032: 2023: 1967: 1958: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1784: 1775: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1536: 1525: 1514: 1457:, they had little experience in 1421: 1412: 1147:Bureau of Engraving and Printing 1124: 1117: 1042: 1035: 1011: 975: 968: 906: 899: 835: 829: 822: 782: 770: 758: 746: 701: 689: 506:arms of the United States Senate 231: 215: 201: 187: 91:U.S. Declaration of Independence 75:United States secretary of state 45: 36: 4765:Great Seal of the United States 4372:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 3896: 3880: 3752: 3737: 3475: 3461: 3435: 3426: 3400: 3351:, inscription dated 1766), the 3286: 3256: 3212: 3206:"Source of NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM" 3197: 3178: 3141: 3127: 3060: 3029: 3015: 3000: 2965: 2859: 2833: 2819: 2805: 2465:. snopes.com. November 5, 2001. 2150:Eagle (though not a bald eagle) 1949: 1923:For the reverse, Barton used a 1244:which commences from that date. 1176:the image on the reverse as "A 4728:Sons of Liberty (Philadelphia) 4239:Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean 4140:Liberty Enlightening the World 3296:. Freemasons-freemasonry.com. 2455: 2425: 2399: 2390: 2376: 2312:Seal of the Confederate States 394:of the national coat of arms. 81:of the Great Seal depicts the 13: 1: 4246:The Stars and Stripes Forever 2982:Harper's New Monthly Magazine 2358:The American Heraldry Society 2337: 2230:that of the US Virgin Islands 2219:United States one-dollar bill 2166:Overall design of the obverse 2156:Overall design of the reverse 1472:, described in his notes as " 1180:unfinished. In the zenith an 652: 483:argent, six pallets gules ... 175:Armorial of the United States 115:("A new order of the ages"). 73:itself, which is kept by the 4668:United States Virgin Islands 3667:. University of Notre Dame. 3327:. Some examples include the 2652:. March 2, 1913. p. 3. 2327:Great Seal bug ("The Thing") 1916:(In Defense of Liberty) and 1748:, who did most of the work. 1597:in a radiant Triangle whose 7: 4947:National emblems with birds 4822:Thomson's Bible translation 4748:Second Continental Congress 4351:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4288:The Army Goes Rolling Along 3931:. Retrieved March 24, 2012. 3886:Gardiner, Richard. (2024). 3645:The Seal of History, Vol II 3486:. Msana.com. Archived from 3331:built from 1716–1754 (seen 2867:"Redefining the Seal's Use" 2260: 2098:On September 15, 1789, the 1920:(Only virtue unconquered). 1455:Declaration of Independence 682:Washington, D.C. was burned 286:, breaking through a cloud 10: 4963: 4743:First Continental Congress 4014:November 19, 2010, at the 3908:September 4, 2015, at the 3357:Giovanni Battista Morgagni 3242:, meaning "of the ages." ( 2746:Bureau of Public Affairs. 2206: 2193:Vertical stripes on shield 1935:("With God favoring") and 1794:Hopkinson's first proposal 1463:Pierre Eugene du Simitiere 1167: 1160: 946:, though for the Japanese 511:The outermost stripes are 172: 168: 4886:Articles of Confederation 4873: 4846: 4830: 4814: 4798: 4787: 4716: 4643:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4561: 4435: 4429:Armorial of North America 4344:The Washington Post March 4281:Lift Every Voice and Sing 4209: 4172: 4130: 4059: 4004:Website on the Great Seal 2888:. U.S. Diplomacy Center. 2789:. U.S. Diplomacy Center. 2196:Position of eagle's wings 1821:Flag of the United States 1742:William Churchill Houston 1382: 1348:(the triangle) and God's 1087:, the Unitarian minister 888:In an essay published in 565:(stars) on a blue field. 415: 373: 351: 325: 313:of 13 pieces, argent and 304: 273: 265: 253: 249: 230: 214: 200: 195: 186: 181: 4663:Turks and Caicos Islands 4218:The Star-Spangled Banner 3948:The Most Splendid Carpet 3745:The Eagle and the Shield 3469:The Eagle and the Shield 3323:The Eagle and the Shield 3149:The Eagle and the Shield 3135:The Eagle and the Shield 3068:The Eagle and the Shield 3054:The Eagle and the Shield 3037:The Eagle and the Shield 3023:The Eagle and the Shield 3008:The Eagle and the Shield 2827:The Eagle and the Shield 2813:The Eagle and the Shield 2755:U.S. Department of State 2627:: CS1 maint: location ( 2578:The Elements of Heraldry 2557:The Elements of Heraldry 2536:The Elements of Heraldry 2384:The Eagle and the Shield 1198:thirteen original states 1156: 1091:, and even the botanist 1067:, a historical scholar, 1023:United States Centennial 435:Apotheosis of Washington 428:in the war scene of the 260:United States of America 67:United States of America 4881:Continental Association 4365:You're a Grand Old Flag 3929:Law Library of Congress 2841:"Great Seal Fact Sheet" 2613:Hunt, Gaillard (1909). 1914:In Vindiciam Libertatis 1461:and sought the help of 1375:was a Mason and, while 1308:painting, contains the 1204:(1776, the year of the 803:Successive die designs 739:Mediterranean passports 519:, as the chief is blue. 453:Paleways of 13 pieces, 441:The 1782 resolution of 369:for 'Out of many, one') 140:United States passports 4753:Confederation Congress 4593:British Virgin Islands 4379:This Land Is Your Land 3919:April 6, 2012, at the 3280:June 20, 2006, at the 3269:June 15, 2010, at the 2668:, Library of Congress. 2541:Glossary entry: Argent 2437:theheraldrysociety.com 2221: 2124:1776 in Roman numerals 2100:United States Congress 2095:diplomatic documents. 2075: 1904: 1758:Bello vel pace paratus 1633: 1313: 1246: 1085:Augustus Saint-Gaudens 606: 471: 438: 412: 410:United States passport 402: 358: 241:) reproduction of the 146:placards, and various 103:("Out of many, one"), 4533:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4386:Battle Cry of Freedom 4337:National Emblem March 4232:America the Beautiful 3953:National Park Service 3903:Chap. XIV. 1 Stat. 68 3359:, or the 1789 French 3264:conspiracyarchive.com 3190:May 27, 2016, at the 2650:The Washington Herald 2583:Glossary entry: Azure 2562:Glossary entry: Gules 2303:National Emblem March 2216: 2074:First sealed document 2073: 1899: 1812:and clouds on a $ 40 1756:stars. The motto was 1625: 1300: 1241: 1140:indicate the tincture 709:Clydia Mae Richardson 601: 583:Olive Branch Petition 451: 430:United States Capitol 423: 408: 400: 83:national coat of arms 4107:Pledge of Allegiance 4097:General Grant (tree) 3490:on November 15, 2013 3353:cover of a 1762 book 2463:"A Turn of the Head" 2289:United States portal 2226:flag of North Dakota 1814:Continental currency 1668:Continental currency 1662:contains the phrase 1647:Gentleman's Magazine 1629:Gentleman's Magazine 1393:Continental Congress 1278:Charles A. L. Totten 1264:. It was written by 1250:Elements of Heraldry 1228:, freely taken from 1077:Elements of Heraldry 1069:Charles Eliot Norton 925:differently. It was 881:in Washington, D.C. 671:Official die designs 638:Charles A. L. Totten 624:. It was written by 610:Elements of Heraldry 424:The arms as held by 142:—military insignia, 124:Continental Congress 118:Largely designed by 93:, 1776, is noted in 4778:Novus ordo seclorum 4548:Trinidad and Tobago 4443:Antigua and Barbuda 4193:Novus ordo seclorum 4138:Statue of Liberty ( 3941:Anderson, Susan H. 3925:Library of Congress 3864:MacArthur, John D. 3832:MacArthur, John D. 3805:MacArthur, John D. 3721:MacArthur, John D. 3693:MacArthur, John D. 3617:on October 17, 2007 3512:MacArthur, John D. 3442:MacArthur, John D. 3204:MacArthur, John D. 3162:MacArthur, John D. 2991:2027/uc1.c065162776 2926:The Seal of History 2480:MacArthur, John D. 2181:Novus Ordo Seclorum 2057:Novus Ordo Seclorum 1918:Virtus sola invicta 1652:Gentleman's Journal 1369:Pierre du Simitière 1318:conspiracy theories 1293:Conspiracy theories 1225:Novus ordo seclorum 1089:Edward Everett Hale 1081:American Cyclopædia 804: 527:of the shield is a 159:Department of State 122:, secretary of the 112:Novus ordo seclorum 65:is the seal of the 4483:Dominican Republic 4316:The Air Force Song 3888:"Annuit Coeptis," 2973:Lossing, Benson J. 2945:McMillan, Joseph. 2222: 2203:Notable depictions 2153:Unfinished pyramid 2092:federal government 2088:keeper of the seal 2076: 1905: 1634: 1489:Children of Israel 1314: 1184:, surrounded by a 802: 789:The imprinted seal 713:John Foster Dulles 575:13 original states 494:United States flag 439: 413: 403: 89:. The year of the 4922:American heraldry 4904: 4903: 4676: 4675: 4565:other territories 4395: 4394: 4274:God Bless America 4253:Hail to the Chief 4162:West Potomac Park 3836:. greatseal.com. 3809:. greatseal.com. 3516:. greatseal.com. 3294:"Masonic Dollar?" 3275:www.masoncode.com 2439:. April 3, 2018. 2119:Eye of Providence 2081:George Washington 1903:pyramid from 1778 1746:Francis Hopkinson 1679:Eye of Providence 1595:Eye of Providence 1493:Hengest and Horsa 1443:Benjamin Franklin 1377:Francis Hopkinson 1361:Benjamin Franklin 1326:Eye of Providence 1310:Eye of Providence 1214:Eye of Providence 1203: 1182:eye in a triangle 1154: 1153: 1059:Tiffany & Co. 879:National Archives 665:heraldic hatching 577:. The arrows and 388: 387: 339:, bearing in its 290:, surrounding an 163:Norfolk, Virginia 87:Eye of Providence 71:impression device 16:(Redirected from 4954: 4793: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4633:Saint Barthélemy 4563:Dependencies and 4436:Sovereign states 4422: 4415: 4408: 4399: 4398: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4023: 4022: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3938: 3932: 3900: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3861: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3802: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3718: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3613:. Archived from 3607: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3557:on June 24, 2009 3553:. Archived from 3547: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3374: 3368: 3345:Aachen Cathedral 3319: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3208:. greatseal.com. 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3091: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2953:on June 24, 2009 2942: 2931: 2930: 2917: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2752: 2743: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2585: 2573: 2564: 2552: 2543: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2484:. greatseal.com. 2476: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2350: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2130:Second committee 2036: 2027: 1971: 1962: 1876:Arthur Middleton 1858: 1849: 1840: 1788: 1779: 1738:John Morin Scott 1719: 1710: 1701: 1689:Second committee 1617:lie on the table 1540: 1529: 1518: 1447:Thomas Jefferson 1425: 1416: 1302:Supper at Emmaus 1201: 1196:to refer to the 1128: 1121: 1046: 1039: 1015: 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 979: 972: 938: 937: 933: 930: 910: 903: 858: 857: 853: 850: 839: 833: 826: 805: 801: 786: 774: 762: 750: 705: 693: 569:Stated symbolism 517:rule of tincture 481:would have been 363: 235: 219: 205: 191: 179: 178: 49: 40: 21: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4869: 4842: 4826: 4810: 4794: 4785: 4719: 4718:Founding of the 4712: 4710:Charles Thomson 4707: 4677: 4672: 4566: 4564: 4557: 4431: 4426: 4396: 4391: 4205: 4186:E pluribus unum 4180:In God We Trust 4168: 4126: 4055: 4050: 4016:Wayback Machine 3985: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3939: 3935: 3921:Wayback Machine 3910:Wayback Machine 3901: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3868:. greatseal.com 3862: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3803: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3725:. greatseal.com 3719: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3697:. greatseal.com 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3663:Jordan, Louis. 3661: 3657: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3320: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3282:Wayback Machine 3271:Wayback Machine 3261: 3257: 3245:Lewis and Short 3217: 3213: 3202: 3198: 3192:Wayback Machine 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3166:. greatseal.com 3160: 3156: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3092: 3075: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3044: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3016: 3005: 3001: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2943: 2934: 2918: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2673: 2659: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2636: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2588: 2574: 2567: 2553: 2546: 2532: 2525: 2496: 2489: 2477: 2470: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2416: 2414: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2340: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275:Heraldry portal 2273: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2211: 2205: 2162:Charles Thomson 2146:Third committee 2113:E Pluribus Unum 2107:First committee 2049: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2003:E Pluribus Unum 1988:Charles Thomson 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1978:Charles Thomson 1974: 1973: 1972: 1964: 1963: 1952: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1830: 1828:Third committee 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1780: 1764:is topped by a 1729: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1691: 1664:E Pluribus Unus 1638:E Pluribus Unum 1604:E Pluribus Unum 1550: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1404:First committee 1385: 1365:Charles Thomson 1306:Jacopo Pontormo 1295: 1270:James G. Blaine 1237:Charles Thomson 1170: 1165: 1159: 1083:, the sculptor 998: 994: 991: 989: 952:Commodore Perry 944:sterling silver 935: 931: 928: 926: 918:Treaty of Ghent 855: 851: 848: 846: 834: 790: 787: 778: 775: 766: 763: 754: 751: 716: 706: 697: 694: 673: 655: 630:James G. Blaine 597:Charles Thomson 571: 554:E pluribus unum 449:the shield as: 418: 364: 360:E pluribus unum 245: 226: 210: 177: 171: 136:one-dollar bill 120:Charles Thomson 100:E Pluribus Unum 59: 58: 57: 56: 52: 51: 50: 42: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4960: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932:National seals 4929: 4924: 4919: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4858:(1969 musical) 4850: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4838:Harriton House 4834: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4653:Sint Eustatius 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4598:Cayman Islands 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4323:Semper Paratus 4319: 4312: 4309:Semper Fidelis 4305: 4298: 4295:Anchors Aweigh 4291: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4263: 4260:Hail, Columbia 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4152:Mount Rushmore 4149: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4102:American Creed 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4049: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3984: 3983:External links 3981: 3979: 3978: 3933: 3895: 3879: 3851: 3824: 3788: 3751: 3736: 3708: 3682: 3655: 3640:Totten, C.A.L. 3628: 3597: 3568: 3531: 3501: 3474: 3460: 3434: 3425: 3399: 3369: 3311: 3285: 3255: 3211: 3196: 3177: 3154: 3140: 3126: 3095:Hunt, Gaillard 3073: 3059: 3042: 3028: 3014: 2999: 2964: 2932: 2921:Totten, C.A.L. 2903: 2858: 2832: 2818: 2804: 2775: 2671: 2634: 2586: 2565: 2544: 2523: 2487: 2468: 2454: 2424: 2398: 2389: 2375: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2278: 2262: 2259: 2245:George W. Bush 2241:Michelle Obama 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2189:William Barton 2186: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2041: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2014:Dutch Republic 1976: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1888:William Barton 1880:Elias Boudinot 1863: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1802:Bello vel paci 1793: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1545: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1482:Pillar of Fire 1433:Benson Lossing 1430: 1429: 1420: 1419: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1384: 1381: 1373:William Barton 1312:in a triangle. 1294: 1291: 1254:William Barton 1210:Roman numerals 1169: 1166: 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1132: 1129: 1122: 1114: 1113: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1005: 1004: 983: 980: 973: 965: 964: 914: 911: 904: 896: 895: 843: 840: 827: 819: 818: 815: 812: 809: 792: 791: 788: 781: 779: 776: 769: 767: 764: 757: 755: 752: 745: 718: 717: 707: 700: 698: 695: 688: 672: 669: 654: 651: 614:William Barton 570: 567: 521: 520: 509: 417: 414: 386: 385: 375: 371: 370: 355: 349: 348: 329: 323: 322: 308: 302: 301: 277: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 257: 251: 250: 247: 246: 236: 228: 227: 225:) reproduction 220: 212: 211: 206: 198: 197: 193: 192: 184: 183: 170: 167: 128:William Barton 95:Roman numerals 54: 53: 44: 43: 35: 34: 33: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4959: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4927:Eagles in art 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4897: 4896:Syng inkstand 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4771:Annuit cœptis 4768: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4720:United States 4715: 4711: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553:United States 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358:Yankee Doodle 4355: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302:Marines' Hymn 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4200:Annuit cœptis 4197: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4157:National Mall 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3746: 3740: 3724: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3506: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3449: 3448:greatseal.com 3445: 3438: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262:for example: 3259: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3207: 3200: 3194:, June 201782 3193: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3165: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3137:, pp. 236–268 3136: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3071: 3070:, pp. 246–247 3069: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3039:, pp. 217–218 3038: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3003: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2975:(July 1856). 2974: 2968: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2891: 2887: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2815:, pp. 164–165 2814: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2528: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2478:As quoted by 2475: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2385: 2379: 2368:September 30, 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2279: 2276: 2265: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2174:Annuit Cœptis 2171: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2121:in a triangle 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Annuit Cœptis 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:John Rutledge 1857: 1848: 1839: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1539: 1528: 1517: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1434: 1424: 1415: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1389:Great Britain 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266:Gaillard Hunt 1263: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1219:Annuit cœptis 1215: 1211: 1207: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1164: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1065:Justin Winsor 1060: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 988:The seal was 984: 981: 978: 974: 971: 967: 966: 963: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 923: 922:Seraphim Masi 919: 915: 912: 909: 905: 902: 898: 897: 894: 891: 886: 882: 880: 875: 872: 868: 862: 844: 841: 838: 832: 828: 825: 821: 820: 816: 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4799:Other events 4776: 4769: 4764: 4658:Sint Maarten 4638:Saint Martin 4330:Semper Supra 4198: 4191: 4184: 4147:Liberty Bell 4139: 4092:Phrygian cap 4071: 3993:1996 version 3969:. 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