Federalism in the United States

5960:(ARRA). This act placed a federal focus on providing stabilizing state and local budgets, financial bailouts, and ensuring jobs were secure. ARRA was seen as a significant exertion of federal power which many conservatives criticized—however, this was through a coalition that included state governments as very active participants who worked closely in drafting and implementation. According to a 2010 article by Thomas L. Gais of the Rockefeller Institute, the Obama administration had been engaged with states more heavily than any administration since the 1960s, was more reliant than ever on state action, and states had the highest proportion of government employees compared to the federal government in history up to that point. Gais labelled this "assertive federalism". The 5980:, the presidency delayed action and federal agencies faced interference from the presidency, despite the federal government traditionally dealing with matters of national importance, including natural disasters or virus outbreaks. This would suggest that Trump attempted to weaken the role of the federal government, although he also attempted to override state powers or exercise powers that the Constitution did not grant the presidency. Punitive federalism, or the punishment of states and local areas by the federal government, became an issue during the Trump administration. Goelzhauser and Konisky state that punitive federalism is exemplified most by the Trump administration's interference with California through the 5402:'s administration. Congress used its power over interstate commerce to regulate the rates of interstate (and eventually intrastate) railroads and even regulated their stock issues and labor relations, going so far as to enact a law regulating pay rates for railroad workers on the eve of World War I. During the 1920s, Congress enacted laws bestowing collective bargaining rights on employees of interstate railroads and some observers dared to predict it would eventually bestow collective bargaining rights on persons working in all industries. Congress also used the commerce power to enact morals legislation, such as the 267: 1044: 5836:(SAMTA) (1985). Garcia was a worker for SAMTA and appealed that because SAMTA received federal money, that they had to abide by federal labor regulations. SAMTA argued that they did not because the money received was to be used at their own discretion and did not need to abide by federal statutes because they are locally operated and make decisions about the transit system. This gave more autonomy and power to the states by allowing them to use more discretion, not having to abide by federal regulations. 5989:, despite several states opposing this measure and the action being condemned for possible unconstitutionality. According to Thompson, Wong, and Rabe, "Trump particularly aggressive in the use of executive power, or the 'administrative presidency', to pursue his goals, including executive orders and regulatory changes." However, "the forces of federalism, especially state attorneys general, governors, and legislatures, have often undercut Trump’s executive initiatives and reduced their impact". 4755: 632: 4741: 644: 656: 713: 5045:, which Federalists in the ratifying conventions promised to provide. Washington and Madison had personally pledged to consider amendments, realizing that they would be necessary to reduce pressure for a second constitutional convention that might drastically alter and weaken the new federal government. Madison proposed amendments that gave more rights to individuals than to states, which led to criticisms of diversion by Anti-Federalists. 5718: 5080: 66: 5846:(1992). In this case, New York sued the federal government, questioning the authority of Congress to regulate waste management. The courts ruled that it violated the 10th amendment because congress made the state of New York commandeer to federal regulations when states already take legal ownership and liability for waste treatment. Establishing this principle, giving states more autonomy on issues that fall under their discretion. 5855:(2018). New Jersey’s governor attacked the federal government's prohibition on sports gambling. The courts again used the anti-commandeering principle, allowing states to regulate sports gambling at their discretion. This is starting to become a trend because now states are passing laws on issues that are often federally prohibited or heavily regulated by Congress under the commerce clause, as in the areas of medical marijuana ( 168: 25: 5830:(1981–89) with his "devolution revolution" in the early 1980s and lasted until 2001. Previously, the federal government had granted money to the states categorically, limiting the states to use this funding for specific programs. Reagan's administration, however, introduced a practice of giving block grants, freeing state governments to spend the money at their own discretion. An example and the first case of this was 5206:'s supporters in Virginia were former Anti-Federalists who continued to fear centralized government, while only 29% had been proponents of the Constitution a few years before. However, James Madison, who was one of the strongest proponents of the Constitution and a member of the first federalist movement, became a Jeffersonian, while some who were Anti-Federalists prior to the ratification of the Constitution, such as 5927:, Sidney Milkis and Jesse Rhodes argue that "The Republican Party has traditionally stood for 'limited government', but Bush's principal legacy for federalism is centralization of power in the federal government and the executive branch." According to Thomas L. Gais on federalism in the Obama Administration, "effort to impose central control is nothing new: GWB Administration did much the same." 5383:(1911), where Oklahoma’s effort to relocate their capital to Oklahoma City was halted. The state agreed to keep the capital in Guthrie until at least 1913 as part of the terms of their Enabling Act of 1906, which outlined the conditions for Oklahoma’s acceptance into the Union as a state. These cases illustrate the Supreme Court’s consistent willingness to rule in favor of states’ rights until 5366:(1895), the Supreme Court continued along the path of promoting dual federalism in striking down a provision of the Sherman Antitrust Act. In an 8–1 decision, the Court ruled that Congress lacked the authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate monopolies by adopting a limited interpretation of interstate commerce, a win for states’ rights. In 1918, a 5–4 majority ruled similarly in 5432:(1913–21). By 1933, the precedents necessary for the federal government to exercise broad regulatory power over all economic activity and spend for any purpose it saw fit were almost all in place. Virtually all that remained was for the will to be mustered in Congress and for the Supreme Court to acquiesce. 5690:. The formerly distinct division of responsibilities between state and national government had been described as a "layer cake," but, with the lines of duty blurred, cooperative federalism was likened to a "marble cake" or a "picket fence." In cooperative federalism, federal funds are distributed through 5259:

The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining the power of the federal and state governments during the early 19th century. As the U.S. Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between the layers of government, the Supreme

5245:, ending the war with the British. Across the nation, Republicans used the great victory at New Orleans to ridicule the Federalists as cowards or defeatists. The Federalists were thereafter associated with the disloyalty and parochialism of the Hartford Convention and destroyed as a political force. 4992:

on his support for a federal government, "the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and

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Under New Federalism, the question that is asked is may the federal government constitutionally command the states to carry out federal policy? For this, the courts use the anti-commandeering principle. "The anti-commandeering doctrine says that the federal government cannot require states or state

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of the Constitution. On several occasions during the 1880s, one house of Congress or the other passed bills providing land sale revenues to the states for the purpose of aiding primary schools. During the first years of the twentieth century, the endeavors funded with federal grants multiplied, and

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of 1863 and 1864 saw Congress establish a network of national banks that had their reserve requirements set by officials in Washington. During World War I, a system of federal banks devoted to aiding farmers was established, and a network of federal banks designed to promote homeownership came into

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created by the new government would bankrupt the country, and that federal bondholders were paid through taxes collected from honest farmers and workingmen. These themes resonated with the Anti-Federalists, the opposition to the Federalist movement of the 1780s. As Norman Risjord has documented for

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During Herbert Hoover's administration, grants went to the states for the purpose of funding poor relief. The 1920s saw Washington expand its role in domestic law enforcement. Disaster relief for areas affected by floods or crop failures dated from 1874, and these appropriations began to multiply

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of the Constitution, and a mercantile (rather than agricultural) economy. As time progressed, the factions which adhered to these policies organized themselves into the nation's first political party, the Federalist Party, and the movement's focus and fortunes began to track those of the party it

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Anti-Federalists, who were opposed to the new Constitution, were generally local rather than cosmopolitan in perspective, oriented to plantations and farms rather than commerce or finance, and wanted strong state governments and a weak national government. According to political scientist James

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in 1868 marked a significant transfer of authority from state governments to the federal government, declaring United States citizenship paramount to state citizenship. Over time, the application of the Fourteenth Amendment and incorporation of the Bill of Rights to the states strengthened the

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in 2018, and the withholding of disaster relief from Puerto Rico. They further state that "the pandemic has brought on, in addition to immense human suffering, the federalism event of the century". Another issue was Trump's response to the Black Lives Matter protests, in which he took a more

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is a form of political organization that seeks to distinguish states and unites them, assigning different types of decision-making power at different levels to allow a degree of political independence in an overarching structure. Federalism was a political solution to the problems with the

5612:. More specifically, it supports the idea that the Tenth Amendment does not provide any additional powers to the states. It operates under the assumption that the federal and state governments are "partners," with the federal creating laws for the states to carry out. It relies on the 5038:

Wilson, the Anti-Federalists "were much more committed to strong states and a weak national government....A strong national government, they felt, would be distant from the people and would use its powers to annihilate or absorb the functions that properly belonged to the states."

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to be held the following May in Philadelphia. It hoped that more states would be represented and that their delegates or deputies would be authorized to examine areas broader than simply commercial trade. On May 15, 1787, fifty-five delegates met at what would be known as the

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lent his prestige to the Constitution and because of the ingenuity and organizational skills of its proponents, the Constitution was eventually ratified in all states. Once the convention concluded and released the Constitution for public consumption, the Federalist and

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discussed that "national developments entail some preemption and new state burdens. But each also has brought with it significant regulatory and financial opportunities for the states." Metzger points out that the states had increased regulatory responsibilities under

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As early as 1913, there was talk of regulating stock exchanges, and the Capital Issues Committee formed to control access to credit during World War I recommended federal regulation of all stock issues and exchanges shortly before it ceased operating in 1921. With the

5921:(2001-2009), Derthick stated "conventional federalism has survived the test of an aggressive presidency" in regards to military and emergency action, and further, the Bush administration was "in retrospect, more centralizing than militarizing." In a 2007 paper in 5184:

After the first federalist movement achieved its aims in promoting the Constitution, an official Federalist Party emerged with slightly different aims. This one was based on the policies of Alexander Hamilton and his allies for a stronger national government, a

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Despite the Supreme Court’s stubbornness on guarding states’ rights, much of the modern federal apparatus owes its origins to changes that occurred during the period between 1861 and 1933. While banks had long been incorporated and regulated by the states, the

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and that all others belonged to the states. Any powers that were not granted to the U. S. Government by the Constitution were handed over to the states through the Tenth Amendment. Dual federalism had a significant impact on social issues in the United States.

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ruling. Dual federalism had set up that the U.S. Government could not legislate on moral issues. It was an issue that had to be decided by the states, and thus "separate but equal" could exist. Lastly, near the end of dual federalism's lifespan, both the

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of 1907 barring the transfer of women across state lines for immoral purposes, even as the commerce power remained limited to interstate transportation—it did not extend to what were viewed as intrastate activities such as manufacturing and mining.

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to add more members. The expansion of the Court, which never materialized, along with a Democrat-controlled Congress would tilt Court rulings in favor of Roosevelt's policies. Lowi notes three Supreme Court cases that validated the shift in power:

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federal government’s power to protect against state intrusions upon individual rights. The 14th Amendment ensured the shielding of fundamental rights of the individual citizen against the threats presented by rights of the state by the

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The national government was forced to cooperate with all levels of government to implement the New Deal policies; local government earned an equal standing with the other layers, as the federal government relied on

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policies reached into the lives of U.S. citizens like no other federal measure had. As the Supreme Court had rejected nearly all of Roosevelt's economic proposals, the president proposed the

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Congress used land sale revenues to make grants to the states for colleges during the Civil War on the theory that land sale revenues could be devoted to subjects beyond those listed in

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was an example of how Taney's dual federalism helped stir up tensions eventually leading to the outbreak of the Civil War. Another example of dual federalism's social impact was in the

11905: 11870: 11346: 11250: 4138: 5302:(1835–1864), decided cases that favored equally strong national and state governments. The basic philosophy during this time was that the U.S. Government ought to be limited to its 2793: 5048:

The outgoing Congress of the Confederation scheduled elections for the new government, and set March 4, 1789 as the date that the new government would take power. In 1789, the new

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is an emerging discussion. One federalism topic includes the measures available to the federal government in combatting the COVID-19 pandemic, and the promotion of public health.

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states gathered to discuss several constitutional amendments necessary to protect New England's interests in regard to the blockade of their ports by the British during the

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This lack of change is nowhere more apparent than in Supreme Court rulings that addressed federalism against the backdrop of the laissez-faire, pro-business Gilded Age. In

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Franklin, Benjamin; Jefferson, Thomas; Jay, John; Adams, Abigail; Madison, James; Smith, John Rubens; Washington, George; Birch, William; Monroe, James (April 12, 2008).

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submitted twelve articles of amendment to the states. Ten of these articles, written by congressional committees, achieved passage on December 15, 1791 and became the

1006: 611: 477: 11875: 11880: 11795: 11770: 10961: 10389: 8586: 7926: 7796: 3244: 760: 462: 450: 5197:, the opposition to the Federalist Party, emphasized the fear that a strong national government was a threat to the liberties of the people. They stressed that the 4933:

had taken no action at all. The final report of the convention was adopted unanimously and sent to the Congress and to the states. It sought support for a broader

11845: 11780: 11750: 11725: 7436: 5278:, which broadly expanded the power of the national government. A notable instance in which the Marshall Court empowered the states under federalism was in that of 5193:

While the Federalist movement of the 1780s and the Federalist Party were distinct entities, they were related in more than just a common name. The Jeffersonian or

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also was proposed during these secret meetings. Three delegates were sent to Washington, DC to negotiate New England's terms only to discover the signing of the

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Virginia, of the supporters of the Constitution in 1788, 69% joined the Federalist party, while nearly all (94%) of the opponents joined the Republicans. 71% of

4862:. The rebellion was fueled by a poor economy that was created, in part, by the inability of the confederal government to deal effectively with the debt from the 423: 11800: 11790: 11730: 9935: 8663: 8431: 8265: 7921: 5986: 5822:

Another movement calling itself "New Federalism" appeared in the late 20th century and early 21st century. Many of the ideas of New Federalism originated with

5337: 894: 435: 430: 408: 403: 6474: 4866:. Moreover, the confederal government had proven incapable of raising an army to quell the rebellion, so that Massachusetts had been forced to raise its own. 11850: 11775: 11378: 10257: 8952: 8519: 8409: 6410: 5321: 4996:

The convention had begun altering its original plan but then decided to abandon continued efforts of emendation, and officially set about constructing a new

4526: 440: 418: 413: 11745: 10929: 10620: 10008: 8287: 5832: 5628: 5030:, examined the benefits of the new, proposed Constitution, and analyzed the political theory and function behind the various articles of the Constitution. 5018:, a compilation of 85 anonymous essays published in New York City to convince the people of the state to vote for ratification. These articles, written by 2763: 393: 11258: 10241: 10096: 9930: 8324: 398: 371: 8864: 8722: 5961: 5851: 2970: 376: 356: 346: 6688:

Epstein, L., & Walker, T. G. (2019). Constitutional law for a changing America. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press, an imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc.

10857: 10434: 8426: 8213: 6025: 5609: 5284:, a case which resulted in Marshall’s court unanimously concluding that the 5th amendment only applied to the federal government and not the states. 5057: 4642: 4490: 386: 381: 366: 361: 351: 341: 11370: 10873: 10426: 8918: 8891: 8208: 5739: 5101: 4652: 1294: 1128: 874: 83: 38: 7266: 10190: 9266: 9226: 7562: 2905: 884: 597: 588: 321: 301: 7075: 6447:

Stoltz, Joseph F. (2012). ""It Taught our Enemies a Lesson:" the Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party".

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the power to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army and all major decisions required a unanimous vote.

999: 311: 306: 5790: 5152: 130: 11694: 10969: 10777: 9883: 9288: 8524: 7731: 5981: 4934: 2910: 316: 296: 291: 5762: 5124: 102: 10977: 10604: 10249: 8906: 8503: 8319: 8260: 7843: 7801: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 6411:"1784 to 1807 | James Madison Timeline | Articles and Essays | James Madison Papers, 1723-1859 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" 4657: 2932: 679: 522: 10030: 9873: 9768: 9513: 9251: 8371: 8282: 8024: 8009: 7891: 7048: 5479: 3993: 10668: 10451: 9856: 9371: 9366: 9356: 8729: 8458: 7706: 5769: 5352:, the division of labor between federal, state, and local governments was relatively unchanged for over a century. Political scientist 5266:, in which the court unanimously found that the states could not tax a federal institution that was deemed legitimate and appropriate, 5131: 4516: 4089: 3388: 3060: 2946: 1372: 1023: 283: 248: 109: 2952: 10881: 10025: 9968: 9861: 9690: 9132: 7635: 4993:

interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens".

4939: 4786: 992: 854: 739: 554: 549: 532: 274: 11961: 11450: 11362: 10072: 9868: 9361: 8849: 8789: 8349: 8004: 7896: 7746: 5198: 4662: 4385: 4315: 2965: 2316: 1118: 844: 6242: 5225:, the Federalist Party began a long decline from which it never recovered. What finally finished off the Federalist party was the 10446: 9978: 9951: 9910: 9905: 9878: 9808: 9695: 9491: 9298: 8886: 8710: 8608: 8240: 5776: 5648: 5385: 5138: 4804: 4480: 4168: 3254: 2261: 702: 672: 116: 5373:

a challenge against the constitutionality of the Federal Child Labor Act of 1915. However, by 1941, this ruling was reversed in

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was an easing of federal enforcement, granting more rights to the states in determining the legality of marijuana.

5673: 5218: 4674: 4365: 4201: 4057: 3180: 3165: 3065: 3043: 2893: 2888: 2783: 2743: 10849: 5909:, she argues that "the normal tendency of federal-state relations in the United States is toward centralization." 10985: 10841: 10676: 10101: 9890: 9831: 9740: 9631: 9606: 9103: 9093: 8658: 8514: 8498: 8344: 8339: 8103: 8083: 8073: 8068: 5342: 4546: 4153: 3935: 3190: 604: 6524: 5826:. New Federalism, which is characterized by a gradual return of power to the states, was initiated by President 5328:

Amendment bolstered the power of the national government, and divided state and federal power (Fuad Nor, 1977).

4811:, power shifted away from the states and toward the national government. The progression of federalism includes 11966: 11322: 11274: 10612: 10524: 10084: 9758: 9705: 9621: 9611: 9579: 9508: 9496: 9451: 9338: 9236: 9098: 9018: 9008: 8794: 8651: 8354: 8312: 8255: 8029: 7940: 5743: 5238: 5105: 4958: 4669: 4602: 4390: 4148: 4084: 3623: 2982: 1327: 955: 811: 178: 87: 2683: 11354: 11083: 10708: 10692: 10381: 9836: 9700: 9616: 9547: 9518: 9456: 9346: 9318: 8962: 8334: 8227: 7465: 5783: 5145: 4844: 4779: 4580: 4278: 3185: 3150: 2865: 2519: 980: 909: 123: 11680: 11386: 11298: 10769: 10492: 10418: 10131: 10124: 10057: 9920: 9803: 9725: 9715: 9569: 9530: 9486: 9446: 9403: 9351: 9283: 9256: 9216: 9194: 9003: 8817: 8764: 8697: 8554: 8510: 8438: 8359: 8277: 8088: 7952: 7781: 7689: 7497: 5918: 5053: 4497: 4067: 3485: 1161: 573: 500: 11067: 10508: 10484: 10409: 10052: 10003: 9818: 9720: 9643: 9525: 9421: 9246: 9231: 9169: 8804: 8759: 8566: 8448: 8302: 5617: 5194: 4870: 4590: 4561: 4320: 4310: 4295: 4283: 4133: 4052: 3457: 2927: 879: 765: 185: 7373: 7353: 7297: 6751: 5639:

marked an abrupt end to Dual Federalism and a dramatic shift to a strong national government. President

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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 21–30, 186–93, 213–19, 291–93, 313–27, 363–64, 380–93, 416–19.

6020: 5948:, increased responsibilities in implementing and operating federal health care legislation under the 5879: 5842: 5298:

Despite Chief Justice Marshall's strong push for the federal government, the court of his successor,

4836: 4612: 4541: 4521: 4432: 3443: 3415: 3195: 3112: 2883: 2703: 2484: 1597: 1347: 1337: 578: 7332: 5956:, which called for him to take action to stabilize the economy. In 2009, he subsequently introduced 11655: 11426: 11075: 10865: 10833: 10540: 10320: 9648: 9028: 8998: 8993: 8983: 8749: 8705: 8546: 8307: 8093: 7957: 7771: 7711: 7392: 6820: 6599: 5728: 5090: 4772: 4556: 4233: 4178: 3998: 3975: 3947: 3724: 3643: 2915: 2803: 2673: 1890: 1252: 1242: 1113: 1078: 6060: 4917:

had appointed commissioners, who failed to arrive in Annapolis in time to attend the meeting, and

11639: 11631: 11568: 11210: 10660: 10357: 9142: 8878: 8636: 7603: 7425: 7162: 6650: 6175: 5998: 5732: 5412: 5094: 4711: 4647: 4345: 4305: 4163: 4035: 3499: 3384: 3210: 2713: 2033: 1362: 1166: 1146: 950: 904: 189: 76: 7105:"The State of American Federalism 2019–2020: Polarized and Punitive Intergovernmental Relations" 11402: 11120: 10817: 10556: 10500: 10476: 10233: 10140: 9594: 8944: 8754: 8734: 8536: 8391: 8186: 8133: 8118: 7962: 7650: 7327: 6846: 6636: 5939:(2009–2017), and to an extent, the powers of the state governments also grew. In 2011, scholar 5873: 5862: 5603: 5421: 5222: 5049: 4962: 4816: 4536: 4248: 4216: 3912: 3905: 3422: 3216: 3170: 3075: 2900: 2206: 2141: 2053: 1482: 1357: 1352: 1279: 1257: 1232: 975: 806: 517: 7188: 6922: 6360:"Demand for a Bill of Rights - Creating the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress" 5034:

remain one of the most important sets of documents in American history and political science.

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Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.

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The Malfunction of US Education Policy: Elite Misinformation, Disinformation, and Selfishness

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expanded the role of Cooperative Federalism by forcing states to enforce federal labor laws.

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movements soon began publicizing their disagreeing beliefs in local newspapers and segments.

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to take enlightened views on national affairs", a stronger central government was necessary.

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The balance between state and federal power has fluctuated in the 21st century. In a 2009

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Court settled the issue in New York. The question was answered particularly in the cases,

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State House. There, the delegates debated the structure, provisions, and limitations of

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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State

11194: 11095: 10913: 10753: 10652: 10348: 8925: 8913: 8631: 8621: 8598: 8581: 7977: 7721: 7716: 7588: 7241:"Federalism 2021: COVID-19 Mandates | The Rose Institute of State and Local Government" 7139: 7020: 6579: 6456: 6297: 6289: 6030: 5940: 5889: 5665: 5315: 5274: 5019: 4808: 4704: 4511: 4417: 4355: 4340: 4300: 4228: 4003: 3930: 3745: 3731: 3541: 3284: 3279: 3229: 3055: 2394: 2286: 1895: 1810: 1557: 1552: 1497: 1477: 1414: 1342: 1247: 1225: 1198: 965: 960: 924: 899: 790: 770: 6950:"The President and the States: Patterns of Contestation and Collaboration under Obama" 11647: 11515: 11493: 11477: 11442: 11418: 11173: 11009: 10905: 10809: 10460: 10328: 10265: 9668: 8824: 8176: 7674: 7593: 7578: 7442: 7418: 7406: 7379: 7359: 7303: 7144: 7126: 7024: 7012: 6971: 6799: 6656: 6628: 6567: 6557: 6335: 6301: 6281: 6181: 5923: 5857: 5695: 5683: 5394: 5303: 5001: 4989: 4375: 4335: 4273: 3593: 3569: 3534: 3095: 2940: 2594: 2509: 2439: 2166: 2083: 2063: 2048: 1988: 1845: 1840: 1815: 1750: 1735: 1702: 1672: 1657: 1602: 1582: 1567: 1382: 1284: 1213: 1098: 7427:

The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R.

6652:

The Rise of the Federal Colossus: The Growth of Federal Power from Lincoln to F.D.R.

2469: 11552: 11017: 10564: 10336: 9584: 9431: 9137: 8957: 7967: 7808: 7791: 7786: 7625: 7337: 7316:

Hafer, Catherine; Landa, Dimitri (August 2007). "Public goods in Federal systems".

7134: 7116: 7002: 6961: 6789: 6273: 6010: 5636: 5613: 5525: 5353: 5268: 5203: 5069: 4966: 4882: 4607: 4568: 4360: 4104: 3941: 3703: 3696: 3555: 3527: 3506: 3429: 3408: 3356: 3234: 3155: 3107: 3090: 3002: 2624: 2604: 2589: 2549: 2464: 2326: 2176: 2131: 2013: 1998: 1667: 1627: 1377: 1264: 1176: 505: 11599: 11560: 11306: 11266: 11218: 10785: 9293: 9069: 8967: 8739: 8039: 7972: 7741: 7662: 7608: 7402: 7396: 5906: 5349: 5293: 5242: 5006: 4812: 4799:

In the United States, federalism is the constitutional division of power between

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C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma

11330: 11234: 11166:

Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City

11157: 11038: 10365: 9763: 9663: 9046: 8181: 8171: 8166: 8161: 7833: 7696: 7630: 5707: 5540: 5515: 5429: 5399: 5379: 5299: 5042: 4926: 4914: 4820: 4407: 4325: 4238: 4188: 3808: 3710: 3668: 3299: 3102: 2644: 2614: 2544: 2534: 2499: 2479: 2251: 2241: 2201: 2156: 2151: 2073: 2018: 2008: 1965: 1960: 1945: 1935: 1830: 1755: 1707: 1592: 1562: 1537: 1517: 1442: 1156: 1103: 11672: 7121: 11955: 11141: 11104: 10581:

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board

8744: 8044: 7853: 7488: 7130: 7076:"Trump versus the states: What federalism means for the coronavirus response" 6975: 6966: 6803: 6794: 6571: 6285: 5827: 5823: 5691: 5555: 5520: 5501: 5389:(1937), which ushered in a new era of cooperative federalism for the courts. 5254: 5207: 5023: 4974: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4859: 4855: 4840: 4690: 3887: 3864: 3717: 3682: 3586: 3576: 3377: 3370: 3274: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2529: 2459: 2454: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2321: 2281: 2116: 2078: 1925: 1900: 1865: 1800: 1692: 1687: 1677: 1652: 1642: 1632: 1572: 1487: 1437: 1237: 1203: 1123: 919: 785: 10549:

Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma

7163:"Were Portland Protesters 'Kidnapped' by Federal Officers in Unmarked Vans?" 6990: 5952:, and received additional stimulus funding. Obama took office following the 5217:, an overtly Federalist President. However, with the defeat of Adams in the 11338: 9051: 9023: 8078: 7267:"Why President Biden can't make states vaccinate teachers — or anyone else" 7148: 7016: 5973: 5936: 5511: 5446: 4982: 4943: 4910: 4886: 4412: 4350: 4099: 3985: 3892: 3822: 3759: 3628: 3478: 3471: 3436: 3222: 2639: 2629: 2494: 2489: 2444: 2429: 2414: 2366: 2311: 2306: 2256: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2181: 2136: 2068: 2028: 2023: 1983: 1950: 1930: 1790: 1745: 1662: 1607: 1587: 1577: 1547: 6264:

Roche, John P. (1961). "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action".

5698:

which gave the federal government more control over the use of the money.

4807:. Since the founding of the country, and particularly with the end of the 9328: 8859: 8196: 8098: 7838: 7701: 7457: 7341: 7049:"Pandemic Lockdown Battles Offer Glimpses of Political Conflicts to Come" 6554:

Constitutional law for a changing America. Rights, liberties, and justice

5840:

officials to adopt or enforce federal law." This became the principle by

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National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation

5386:

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation

4850:

The movement for federalism was greatly strengthened by the reaction to

655: 16:

Division of powers between national, state, tribal and local governments

8191: 7997: 7823: 7818: 7736: 6318:: The New York Historical Society; Yale University Press; 1995. p. 194. 6293: 6015: 5505: 5490: 5214: 4978: 4947: 4878: 4831: 4800: 4094: 3638: 2995: 2569: 2504: 2276: 2246: 2186: 2121: 1885: 1780: 1770: 1730: 1387: 970: 648: 11002:

Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.

7007: 5420:

Congress began using general revenues to fund them—thus utilizing the

9680: 9673: 6067:(Summer 2018 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 5536: 5484: 5475: 5451: 5348:

Still, in the immediate aftermath of the Taney court and the rise of

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The federal government increased its powers under the presidency of

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Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

11251:

United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures

7398:

Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism

5469: 4981:

to the delegates that because "one could hardly expect the state

4503: 3918: 3836: 3752: 7214:

Thompson, Frank; Wong, Kenneth; Rabe, Barry (November 4, 2019).

5635:

Although Cooperative Federalism has roots in the civil war, the

10994:

JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.

6209:"1791: US Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments) - with commentary" 5608:

Cooperative Federalism involves a looser interpretation of the

5495: 5041:

The Anti-Federalist critique soon centered on the absence of a

4897:) gathered to discuss and develop a consensus on reversing the 4437: 10597:

Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community

5620:

as constitutional bases for its argument. Court cases such as

10282:

Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.

6551: 5377:. The Court delivered another victory for dual federalism in 4427: 10954:

Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.

10946:

Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle

6475:"Marshall's Interpretation of the National Supremacy Clause" 10573:

Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.

10274:

Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States

10186: 6948:

Bulman-Pozen, Jessica; Metzger, Gillian E. (July 1, 2016).

6923:"Sessions terminates US policy that let legal pot flourish" 6778:"George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism" 5331: 11486:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

10390:

Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.

6121: 5060:

set the guidelines for federalism in the United States.

7189:"Federal agents, local streets: A 'red flag' in Oregon" 6776:

Milkis, Sidney M.; Rhodes, Jesse H. (January 1, 2007).

5570:

Variances (adaptation of state law to local conditions)

7358:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 7216:"Trump, the Administrative Presidency, and Federalism" 6155:. Ashland, Ohio: Ashbrook Center at Ashland University 5976:(2017-2021) was more complicated. In 2020, during the 5849:

A modern-day application of this rule can be found in

5012:

The most forceful defense of the new Constitution was

4965:), balanced representation of small and large states ( 11379:

Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn

10258:

England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners

7103:

Goelzhauser, Greg; Konisky, David M. (July 1, 2020).

6547: 6545: 5356:

summarized the system in place during those years in

5213:

The movement reached its zenith with the election of

10930:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

10621:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

10242:

Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux

6525:"Barron v. Baltimore (1833) - Federalism in America" 5833:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

5629:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

11259:

Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War

6991:"Donald Trump: a political determinant of covid-19" 6947: 6552:Epstein, Lee; Walker, Thomas G. (October 2, 2015). 4954:. This was a clear development in federal thought. 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10858:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley 7102: 6542: 5962:cannabis policy of the Barack Obama administration 5852:Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association 10874:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co. 10435:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp. 7289: 6026:Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution 11953: 11371:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 10427:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman 8892:Native American recognition in the United States 7213: 4873:met in 1786 in which twelve delegates from five 11702: 5987:deploying federal troops and agents to protests 5912: 10637:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York 7355:The Ideological Origins of American Federalism 6308: 6043:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 11688: 10970:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor 10778:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton 10172: 9289:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 7473: 6869:"American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009" 6556:(Ninth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California. 5967: 5930: 5210:, became supportive of the Federalist Party. 4854:of 1786–1787, which was an armed uprising of 4839:which gave little practical authority to the 4780: 1000: 680: 10978:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson 10605:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe 10250:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co. 7441:, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 6821:"Federalism During the Obama Administration" 6775: 6752:"Bush, Federalism, and Emergency Management" 6327: 5564: 5440: 4901:trade barriers that each state had erected. 7299:American Federalism: A Concise Introduction 6201: 5746:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5248: 5108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3994:National Federation of Independent Business 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 11695: 11681: 10882:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co. 10669:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd. 10179: 10165: 7487: 7480: 7466: 7315: 6584:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5992: 5958:The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 4787: 4773: 4090:Federation for American Immigration Reform 1007: 993: 687: 673: 8902:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 7423: 7331: 7138: 7120: 7006: 6965: 6902:National Academy Of Public Administration 6793: 6648: 6058: 5810:Learn how and when to remove this message 5597: 5172:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 11451:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine 11363:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation 5332:Between dual federalism and the New Deal 4843:. For example, the Articles allowed the 4386:Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal 8953:List of counties and county equivalents 7351: 7295: 6844: 6724:"Nixon's New Federalism 45 Years Later" 6697: 6229: 6149:"Annapolis Convention Resolution, 1786" 6084: 6065:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5649:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 4805:federal government of the United States 11954: 7434: 7391: 7319:Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6446: 6173: 11676: 11587: 11538: 11036: 10731: 10629:Dolan v. United States Postal Service 10398:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States 10202: 10160: 7461: 7430:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO 7098: 7096: 7073: 7043: 7041: 6988: 6898:"Agile Federalism in Times of Crisis" 6892: 6890: 6815: 6813: 6746: 6744: 6354: 6352: 6266:The American Political Science Review 6263: 5546:Judiciary and criminal procedure laws 5375:United States v. Darby Lumber Company 4129:American Center for Law & Justice 11395:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA 10890:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States 7371: 6845:Metzger, Gillian (January 1, 2011). 6721: 6709: 6334:. Cengage Learning. pp. 21–22. 6243:"Full Text of The Federalist Papers" 6054: 6052: 5896: 5883:, which struck down portions of the 5744:adding citations to reliable sources 5711: 5435: 5106:adding citations to reliable sources 5073: 4207:Parents Television and Media Council 3270:Project for the New American Century 3034:Conservative Party of New York State 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 11608:Osborn v. Bank of the United States 11150:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner 10517:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino 10313:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 7326:(3). Now Publishing Inc.: 253–275. 6825:Rockefeller Institute of Government 6756:Rockefeller Institute of Government 6177:The forging of the Union, 1781–1789 5063: 4957:Preceding examples, such as in the 4826: 4026:National Association for Gun Rights 13: 11283:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India 11037: 10685:Jam v. International Finance Corp. 10226:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co. 7378:, Norman: University of Oklahoma, 7109:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 7093: 7074:Selin, Jennifer (April 17, 2020). 7038: 6954:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 6887: 6838: 6810: 6782:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 6741: 6600:"Privileges and Immunities Clause" 6349: 6331:American Government: Brief Edition 5985:confrontational stance, including 5924:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 5579:Licensing of public accommodations 5287: 4453:Society for American Civic Renewal 4443:Republican Main Street Partnership 4197:National Organization for Marriage 543:Drafting and ratification timeline 14: 11978: 10469:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon 8298:Director of National Intelligence 6604:LII / Legal Information Institute 6479:LII / Legal Information Institute 6390:LII / Legal Information Institute 6316:The Encyclopedia of New York City 6180:. Harper & Row. p. 254. 6078: 6049: 5759:"Federalism in the United States" 5701: 5623:United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 5121:"Federalism in the United States" 4998:Constitution of the United States 4952:Constitution of the United States 4212:Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America 4009:United States Chamber of Commerce 3240:Intercollegiate Studies Institute 3146:Alexis de Tocqueville Institution 99:"Federalism in the United States" 34:This article has multiple issues. 11816:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10732: 10645:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons 8454:Government Accountability Office 7302:, Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharp, 6174:Morris, Richard Brandon (1987). 5716: 5674:Steward Machine Company v. Davis 5364:United States v. E.C. Knight Co. 5078: 4753: 4739: 4366:National Association of Scholars 4202:National Right to Life Committee 4058:Council of Conservative Citizens 3181:Competitive Enterprise Institute 3166:Center for the National Interest 2784:The Closing of the American Mind 2744:The Conscience of a Conservative 1042: 711: 654: 642: 630: 265: 166: 64: 23: 11962:Federalism in the United States 10986:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. 10677:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs 7259: 7233: 7207: 7181: 7155: 7067: 6989:Yamey, Gavin (April 24, 2020). 6982: 6941: 6915: 6861: 6769: 6722:Katz, Bruce (August 11, 2014). 6715: 6703: 6691: 6682: 6669: 6642: 6617: 6592: 6517: 6492: 6467: 6440: 6428: 6403: 6378: 6321: 6257: 5343:Privileges or Immunities Clause 4698:Don't immanentize the eschaton! 4643:Bibliography of US conservatism 3191:Ethics and Public Policy Center 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 11323:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 11275:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois 10613:Republic of Austria v. Altmann 10525:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez 10203: 10097:Separation of church and state 8313:National Reconnaissance Office 8256:President of the United States 7290:References and further reading 6449:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 6235: 6223: 6167: 6141: 6115: 6090: 5466:laws of ownership and exchange 5398:existence in the last year of 4959:Virginia Declaration of Rights 4670:List of American conservatives 4391:Texas Public Policy Foundation 4149:Christian Coalition of America 4085:Center for Immigration Studies 2983:Intelligence and public policy 2901:"Disparate impact" controversy 332:Amendments to the Constitution 1: 11355:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno 11084:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer 10693:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison 10382:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins 7375:The End of the Republican Era 6677:The End of the Republican Era 6625:The End of the Republican Era 6063:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 5428:during the administration of 5358:The End of the Republican Era 5050:Congress of the United States 4845:Congress of the Confederation 3186:David Horowitz Freedom Center 3151:American Enterprise Institute 981:Common good constitutionalism 11941:United States Virgin Islands 11703:Federalism in North America 11299:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons 10493:Schillinger v. United States 10419:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co. 8459:Government Publishing Office 7927:Technological and industrial 5913:Presidency of George W. Bush 5054:United States Bill of Rights 4498:Classical education movement 3486:The Imaginative Conservative 7: 11539: 11068:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez 10509:United States v. Wunderlich 9931:Women's reproductive health 8897:Federally recognized tribes 8760:Public utilities commission 8664:Public Health Service Corps 8567:Code of Federal Regulations 8449:Congressional Budget Office 8303:Central Intelligence Agency 8209:Water supply and sanitation 7636:Declaration of Independence 7435:Phelps, Richard P. (2023), 7352:LaCroix, Alison L. (2010), 6529:encyclopedia.federalism.org 6211:. Online Library of Liberty 6153:TeachingAmericanHistory.org 6059:Follesdal, Andreas (2018), 6004: 5618:Necessary and Proper Clause 5195:Democratic-Republican Party 5026:, with some contributed by 4977:stated in a pre-convention 4321:Faith and Freedom Coalition 4311:Council for National Policy 4296:American Conservative Union 4284:Young Americans for Liberty 4134:American Family Association 4053:Concerned Women for America 3103:Rhode Island Suffrage Party 875:Right to keep and bear arms 598:Preamble and Articles I–VII 494:Congressional Apportionment 192:the claims made and adding 10: 11983: 11624:Mistretta v. United States 11588: 10850:Burton v. United States II 10826:City of St. Louis v. Myers 10701:Opati v. Republic of Sudan 10305:Murdock v. City of Memphis 9109:Red states and blue states 9014:City commission government 9009:Council–manager government 7296:Gerston, Larry N. (2007), 6040: 5968:Presidency of Donald Trump 5931:Presidency of Barack Obama 5885:Violence Against Women Act 5877:), federal police powers ( 5705: 5686:at a city level to bypass 5601: 5576:Contracts for public works 5291: 5252: 5067: 4864:American Revolutionary War 4658:History of US conservatism 4476:Asian and Pacific Islander 4381:Republican Study Committee 4279:Young America's Foundation 4269:National Journalism Center 4117:Alliance Defending Freedom 4031:National Rifle Association 3851:The Washington Free Beacon 3767:Independent Journal Review 3350:New Hampshire Union Leader 3265:Pacific Research Institute 3161:Center for Security Policy 3061:Constitutional Union Party 3029:American Independent Party 885:Criminal procedural rights 11916:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11834: 11708: 11594: 11583: 11547: 11534: 11469: 11435:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez 11184: 11131: 11094: 11049: 11045: 11032: 10842:Burton v. United States I 10794:United States v. Jackalow 10770:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee 10740: 10727: 10445: 10408: 10347: 10292: 10215: 10211: 10198: 10118: 9944: 9817: 9749: 9402: 9398: 9389: 9337: 9202: 9193: 9089: 9060: 9037: 8976: 8943: 8934: 8877: 8865:Comparison of governments 8840: 8803: 8780: 8696: 8676: 8607: 8545: 8467: 8390: 8248: 8239: 8235: 8226: 7948: 7939: 7884: 7844:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 7685:drafting and ratification 7658:Articles of Confederation 7571: 7505: 7496: 7424:Zavodnyik, Peter (2011), 6649:Zavodnyik, Peter (2011). 6021:Laboratories of democracy 5954:2007-2008 financial crash 5880:United States v. Morrison 5843:New York v. United States 5565:Local government policies 5441:State government policies 4940:Constitutional Convention 4935:constitutional convention 4837:Articles of Confederation 4433:Pacific Justice Institute 4068:Independent Women's Forum 3444:Claremont Review of Books 3416:The American Conservative 3196:Family Research Institute 3113:National Republican Party 2894:White demographic decline 2889:Sub-replacement fertility 2704:The Managerial Revolution 579:Reconstruction Amendments 11936:Turks and Caicos Islands 11656:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 11427:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski 11076:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski 10866:Muskrat v. United States 10834:Barrett v. United States 10541:United States v. Stanley 10321:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller 10296:independent state ground 9884:Prescription drug prices 9004:Mayor–council government 8994:Coterminous municipality 8984:Consolidated city-county 8750:Agriculture commissioner 8400:House of Representatives 8308:National Security Agency 7958:Contiguous United States 6847:"Federalism Under Obama" 6036: 5336:The ratification of the 5249:Under the Marshall Court 4760:United States portal 4557:Parental rights movement 4234:Franklin News Foundation 4179:Foundation for Moral Law 3999:National Taxpayers Union 3976:Americans for Tax Reform 3948:Sinclair Broadcast Group 3644:One America News Network 2916:Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 2804:The Revolt of the Elites 2674:Democracy and Leadership 1022:This article is part of 956:Political process theory 637:United States portal 247:This article is part of 11640:United States v. Hatter 11632:Peretz v. United States 11569:Cramer v. United States 11211:Massachusetts v. Mellon 10962:Thomas v. Union Carbide 10661:United States v. Bormes 10410:Rooker–Feldman doctrine 10358:United States v. Hudson 9969:Criticism of government 9314:Social welfare programs 8907:State-recognized tribes 7892:Outline of U.S. history 7604:Continental Association 7372:Lowi, Theodore (1995), 7122:10.1093/publius/pjaa021 6639:Press, 1995–2006. p. 6. 5993:Presidency of Joe Biden 5582:Assessable improvements 5552:laws, including parties 5413:Morrill Land-Grant Acts 5229:of 1814, in which five 4988:Madison later wrote in 4746:Conservatism portal 4648:Conservative talk radio 4537:Libertarian republicans 4346:John M. Olin Foundation 4306:The Conservative Caucus 4164:Family Research Council 4036:Second Amendment Caucus 3385:The Wall Street Journal 3211:The Heritage Foundation 2714:Ideas Have Consequences 1363:America First Committee 1147:American exceptionalism 951:Substantive due process 11866:British Virgin Islands 11403:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins 11121:Nixon v. United States 10818:United States v. Klein 10709:Trump v. United States 10557:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson 10501:Feres v. United States 10477:Mississippi v. Johnson 10234:Burford v. Sun Oil Co. 10031:Environmental movement 9874:Health insurance costs 9769:Educational attainment 9294:Federal Reserve System 9252:Science and technology 8755:Insurance commissioner 8293:Intelligence Community 7988:minor outlying islands 7751:Civil rights movement 6967:10.1093/publius/pjw008 6795:10.1093/publius/pjm012 6637:University of Oklahoma 5997:The federalism of the 5874:United States v. Lopez 5863:partial-birth abortion 5604:Cooperative federalism 5598:Cooperative federalism 5480:professional licensure 5422:general welfare clause 4963:United States Congress 4217:Thomas More Law Center 3913:The Political Cesspool 3906:Million Dollar Extreme 3423:The American Spectator 3217:Mandate for Leadership 3171:Charles Koch Institute 3081:Conservative Democrats 3070:historically, factions 1358:Conservative coalition 1353:Conservative Manifesto 1258:Peace through strength 1233:Judeo-Christian values 976:Strict constructionism 880:Right to trial by jury 870:Freedom of association 11967:Federalism by country 11806:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11561:United States v. Burr 11510:Rucho v. Common Cause 11411:Texas v. Pennsylvania 11387:Bond v. United States 11243:Sierra Club v. Morton 10938:Arizona v. New Mexico 10922:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok 10898:Wisconsin v. Illinois 10802:Ex parte Vallandigham 10762:United States v. More 10452:presidential immunity 9857:Immigrant health care 9372:Transportation safety 9367:Transportation policy 9357:Public transportation 8427:President pro tempore 8283:Executive departments 8052:National Park Service 7707:Territorial evolution 6851:Wm. & Mary L. Rev 6366:. Library of Congress 6328:James Wilson (2008). 6245:. Library of Congress 6041:Further information: 5903:Rockefeller Institute 5641:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5585:Basic public services 5310:Dred Scott v. Sanford 5263:McCulloch v. Maryland 5032:The Federalist Papers 5015:The Federalist Papers 4950:in what would be the 4841:confederal government 4684:Barstool conservatism 4244:Media Research Center 4073:Log Cabin Republicans 4063:Gays Against Groomers 4021:Gun Owners of America 3514:The National Interest 3364:The New York Observer 3305:Witherspoon Institute 3245:James Madison Program 3118:Native American Party 2923:Educational inflation 2844:Why Liberalism Failed 2814:The Death of the West 2774:A Conflict of Visions 2734:The Conservative Mind 2500:LaHaye (Beverly) 1410:Republican Revolution 1305:Supply-side economics 1162:Christian nationalism 619:Unratified Amendments 486:Unratified Amendments 275:Preamble and Articles 10485:United States v. Lee 10026:Environmental issues 9691:Political ideologies 9590:Indigenous languages 8790:List of legislatures 8587:separation of powers 8288:Independent agencies 8214:World Heritage Sites 7849:September 11 attacks 7772:Spanish–American War 7712:Mexican–American War 7668:Confederation period 7599:Continental Congress 7401:, Lanham, Maryland: 7342:10.1561/100.00006001 6314:Jackson, Kenneth T. 5999:Biden administration 5978:coronavirus pandemic 5740:improve this section 5417:Article I, Section 8 5338:Fourteenth Amendment 5102:improve this section 4871:Annapolis Convention 4803:governments and the 4591:Right-libertarianism 4586:Reactionary feminism 4371:Philadelphia Society 4263:Youth/student groups 4144:Chalcedon Foundation 3739:Front Porch Republic 3395:The Washington Times 3295:Sutherland Institute 3290:State Policy Network 3250:Leadership Institute 2928:Elite overproduction 2875:Demographic futures 2754:A Choice Not an Echo 2694:Our Enemy, the State 2664:Democracy in America 1172:Classical liberalism 1152:American nationalism 1035:in the United States 925:Comprehensible rules 895:Freedom from slavery 855:Freedom of the press 799:Government structure 761:Separation of powers 705:of the United States 259:of the United States 84:improve this article 11821:Trinidad and Tobago 11716:Antigua and Barbuda 11227:Altvater v. Freeman 11203:Fairchild v. Hughes 11113:Goldwater v. Carter 11060:DeFunis v. Odegaard 10746:Chisholm v. Georgia 10533:Nixon v. Fitzgerald 9869:Health care finance 9362:Rail transportation 9128:Imperial presidency 8850:State constitutions 8795:List of legislators 8745:Auditor/Comptroller 8718:Lieutenant governor 8444:Library of Congress 8335:Diplomatic Security 7978:Indian reservations 7641:American Revolution 7273:. February 23, 2021 7055:. December 11, 2020 6415:Library of Congress 5950:Affordable Care Act 5919:Bush administration 5887:), or agriculture ( 5871:), gun possession ( 5868:Gonzales v. Carhart 5369:Hammer v. Dagenhart 5281:Barron v. Baltimore 5227:Hartford Convention 4971:checks and balances 4596:Paleolibertarianism 4527:Hispanic and Latino 4403:America First Legal 4249:O'Keefe Media Group 4174:Focus on the Family 3965:Other organizations 3858:The Western Journal 3844:Washington Examiner 3690:Conservative Review 3608:The Weekly Standard 3601:Washington Examiner 3493:Jewish World Review 3336:Dallas Morning News 3255:Manhattan Institute 3206:Heartland Institute 3201:Gatestone Institute 3176:Claremont Institute 2966:Illegal immigration 2884:Population collapse 2834:The Benedict Option 2724:God and Man at Yale 1751:Bush (George H. W.) 1736:Adams (John Quincy) 1221:Gender essentialism 941:Living Constitution 860:Freedom of assembly 845:Freedom of religion 661:Politics portal 612:Amendments XI–XXVII 11756:Dominican Republic 11616:Forrester v. White 11502:Vieth v. Jubelirer 11459:Murthy v. Missouri 11315:Diamond v. Charles 11195:Bailiff v. Tipping 11096:Political question 10914:Colegrove v. Green 10754:Marbury v. Madison 10653:Samantar v. Yousuf 10447:Sovereign immunity 10349:Federal common law 10188:U.S. Supreme Court 9979:affirmative action 9952:Capital punishment 9911:Poverty and health 9906:Physician shortage 9879:Health care prices 9809:Standard of living 9492:standard of living 9299:Financial position 8926:Hawaiian home land 8914:Indian reservation 8887:Tribal sovereignty 8730:Secretary of state 8599:United States Code 8515:Territorial courts 8487:Associate Justices 8372:Inspector generals 7859:War in Afghanistan 7722:Reconstruction era 7589:Stamp Act Congress 6098:"Shays' Rebellion" 6031:Federalist Society 5890:Wickard v. Filburn 5696:categorical grants 5688:state legislatures 5684:political machines 5666:Helvering v. Davis 5395:National Bank Acts 5316:Plessy v. Ferguson 5275:Marbury v. Madison 5187:loose construction 5020:Alexander Hamilton 4809:American Civil War 4705:Republicans pounce 4512:Dark Enlightenment 4418:Federalist Society 4356:Liberty University 4341:John Birch Society 4301:Bradley Foundation 4229:Econ Journal Watch 4004:Tea Party Patriots 3931:Regnery Publishing 3732:FrontPage Magazine 3285:Rockford Institute 3280:R Street Institute 3230:Hoover Institution 3096:Southern Democrats 3056:Anti-Masonic Party 3039:Constitution Party 2684:I'll Take My Stand 2605:Schlafly (Phyllis) 1415:Tea Party movement 1373:Goldwater campaign 1343:Southern Agrarians 1295:Right to bear arms 1248:Limited government 1226:Complementarianism 961:Judicial restraint 920:Right to candidacy 807:Legislative branch 703:Constitutional law 523:D.C. Voting Rights 501:Titles of Nobility 177:possibly contains 11949: 11948: 11838:other territories 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11648:Stern v. Marshall 11579: 11578: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11516:Benisek v. Lamone 11494:Davis v. Bandemer 11443:Biden v. Nebraska 11419:Trump v. New York 11174:Trump v. New York 11028: 11027: 11010:Bowles v. Russell 10906:Crowell v. Benson 10810:Ex parte McCardle 10723: 10722: 10719: 10718: 10461:Little v. Barreme 10329:Harrison v. NAACP 10266:Younger v. Harris 10154: 10153: 10114: 10113: 10110: 10109: 10080:National security 9789:Income inequality 9669:Statue of Liberty 9472:income inequality 9385: 9384: 9377:Trucking industry 9189: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9116:Foreign relations 9104:Electoral College 9085: 9084: 8873: 8872: 8825:District attorney 8672: 8671: 8499:Courts of appeals 8222: 8221: 7935: 7934: 7876:COVID-19 pandemic 7829:Feminist Movement 7675:American frontier 7594:Thirteen Colonies 7448:978-1-4758-6994-1 7419:U.S. Constitution 7412:978-0-7391-8674-9 7365:978-0-674-04886-7 7309:978-0-7656-1671-5 7245:roseinstitute.org 7008:10.1136/bmj.m1643 6929:. January 4, 2018 6662:978-0-313-39293-1 6386:"Tenth Amendment" 5972:Federalism under 5897:Recent federalism 5858:Gonzales v. Raich 5820: 5819: 5812: 5794: 5594: 5593: 5304:enumerated powers 5223:death of Hamilton 5182: 5181: 5174: 5156: 5002:George Washington 4990:Federalist No. 10 4797: 4796: 4491:Reconstructionism 4376:Regent University 4336:Hillsdale College 4274:Turning Point USA 4042:Identity politics 3594:Southern Partisan 3570:The New Criterion 3389:(editorial board) 2941:Go woke, go broke 2933:Higher ed. bubble 2600:Schlafly (Andrew) 2535:Mercer (daughter) 2505:LaHaye (Tim) 1383:Southern strategy 1182:Constitutionalism 1017: 1016: 865:Right to petition 850:Freedom of speech 837:Individual rights 791:Tiers of scrutiny 766:Individual rights 697: 696: 240: 239: 232: 222: 221: 214: 179:original research 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 11974: 11906:Saint Barthélemy 11836:Dependencies and 11709:Sovereign states 11697: 11690: 11683: 11674: 11673: 11585: 11584: 11553:Ex parte Bollman 11536: 11535: 11047: 11046: 11034: 11033: 11018:Patchak v. Zinke 10729: 10728: 10565:Clinton v. Jones 10337:Michigan v. Long 10213: 10212: 10200: 10199: 10181: 10174: 10167: 10158: 10157: 10134: 10127: 10014:African American 9896:Health insurance 9784:Household income 9654:National symbols 9585:American English 9558:Federal holidays 9467:household income 9400: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9200: 9199: 9138:Anti-Americanism 9062:Special district 8989:Independent city 8958:County executive 8941: 8940: 8735:Attorney general 8694: 8693: 8683:Federal District 8266:Executive Office 8246: 8245: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 7993:populated places 7973:federal enclaves 7968:federal district 7946: 7945: 7809:American Century 7792:Great Depression 7787:Roaring Twenties 7747:Women's suffrage 7626:Halifax Resolves 7619:Founding Fathers 7614:military history 7579:Pre-colonial era 7503: 7502: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7459: 7458: 7451: 7431: 7415: 7388: 7368: 7345: 7335: 7312: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7263: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7247:. March 19, 2021 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7185: 7179: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7124: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7080:The Conversation 7071: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7045: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7010: 6986: 6980: 6979: 6969: 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6894: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6817: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6748: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6646: 6640: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6575: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6356: 6347: 6345: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6094: 6088: 6087:, pp. 24–25 6082: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6056: 6011:Anti-Federalists 5815: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5752: 5720: 5712: 5637:Great Depression 5614:Supremacy Clause 5541:mineral resource 5526:Corporations law 5514:laws, including 5436: 5354:Theodore J. Lowi 5269:Gibbons v. Ogden 5237:. The threat of 5219:election of 1800 5204:Thomas Jefferson 5177: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5114: 5082: 5074: 5070:Federalist Party 5064:Federalist Party 4967:Great Compromise 4852:Shays' Rebellion 4827:Early federalism 4789: 4782: 4775: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4608:Neo-Confederates 4569:Patriot movement 4542:Militia movement 4361:Moms for Liberty 4258: 4193: 4139:The American TFP 4105:Three Percenters 3990: 3942:The Rubin Report 3613: 3582: 3563:The New Atlantis 3556:The New American 3528:Public Discourse 3507:National Affairs 3430:American Thinker 3409:American Affairs 3357:The Jewish Voice 3235:Hudson Institute 3156:American Compass 3108:Federalist Party 3091:Reagan Democrats 3066:Democratic Party 3044:Republican Party 3003:Managerial state 2871:Multiculturalism 2849: 2839: 2829: 2819: 2809: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2749: 2739: 2729: 2719: 2709: 2699: 2689: 2679: 2669: 1756:Bush (George W.) 1598:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 1265:Moral absolutism 1177:Communitarianism 1046: 1036: 1019: 1018: 1009: 1002: 995: 905:Equal protection 890:Right to privacy 829:Local government 824:State government 812:Executive branch 715: 699: 698: 689: 682: 675: 659: 658: 647: 646: 635: 634: 633: 269: 244: 243: 235: 228: 217: 210: 206: 203: 197: 194:inline citations 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 11982: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11975: 11973: 11972: 11971: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11945: 11839: 11837: 11830: 11704: 11701: 11671: 11662: 11600:Stuart v. Laird 11590: 11575: 11543: 11522: 11465: 11307:Allen v. Wright 11267:Warth v. Seldin 11219:Ex parte Levitt 11180: 11127: 11090: 11041: 11024: 10786:Sheldon v. Sill 10736: 10715: 10450: 10441: 10404: 10343: 10295: 10288: 10207: 10194: 10185: 10155: 10150: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10106: 10092:Opioid epidemic 10009:Native American 9989:intersex rights 9940: 9936:Life expectancy 9926:Medical deserts 9916:Race and health 9813: 9799:Personal income 9745: 9649:National anthem 9482:personal income 9447:Economic issues 9381: 9333: 9181: 9081: 9070:School district 9056: 9039:Minor divisions 9033: 8972: 8930: 8869: 8855:Statutory codes 8836: 8799: 8776: 8686: 8681: 8668: 8603: 8560:civil liberties 8541: 8532:Other tribunals 8511:District courts 8463: 8422:current members 8405:current members 8386: 8320:Law enforcement 8218: 7931: 7880: 7871:Great Recession 7742:Progressive Era 7732:Native genocide 7663:Perpetual Union 7651:Treaty of Paris 7609:United Colonies 7567: 7492: 7486: 7455: 7449: 7413: 7403:Lexington Books 7386: 7366: 7333:10.1.1.485.7813 7310: 7292: 7287: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7265: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7196: 7195:. July 20, 2020 7187: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7169:. July 22, 2020 7161: 7160: 7156: 7101: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7072: 7068: 7058: 7056: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7029: 7027: 6987: 6983: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6878: 6876: 6875:. Congress. Gov 6867: 6866: 6862: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6819: 6818: 6811: 6774: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6750: 6749: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6720: 6716: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6647: 6643: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6577: 6576: 6564: 6550: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6500:"John Marshall" 6498: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6445: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6419: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6367: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6278:10.2307/1952528 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6212: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6068: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6007: 5995: 5970: 5941:Gillian Metzger 5933: 5915: 5907:Martha Derthick 5899: 5816: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5753: 5751: 5737: 5721: 5710: 5704: 5610:Tenth Amendment 5606: 5600: 5595: 5567: 5472:and credit laws 5443: 5350:Dual federalism 5334: 5296: 5294:Dual federalism 5290: 5288:Dual federalism 5257: 5251: 5243:Treaty of Ghent 5178: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5115: 5113: 5099: 5083: 5072: 5066: 5058:Tenth Amendment 5007:Anti-Federalist 4829: 4793: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4729: 4679:Colloquialisms 4663:Modern timeline 4633: 4625: 4624: 4562:Fathers' rights 4486:Christian right 4471: 4463: 4462: 4448:The Right Stuff 4256: 4254:Project Veritas 4223:Watchdog groups 4191: 4184:Liberty Counsel 4154:Christian Voice 4048:ACT for America 3988: 3981:Club for Growth 3966: 3958: 3957: 3883:Encounter Books 3611: 3580: 3542:Taki's Magazine 3521:National Review 3343:The Epoch Times 3329:Chicago Tribune 3318: 3310: 3309: 3260:Mises Institute 3141:Acton Institute 3136: 3128: 3127: 3016: 3008: 3007: 2987:Legal theories 2953:Woke capitalism 2911:DEI controversy 2906:CRT controversy 2861: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2837: 2827: 2824:Hillbilly Elegy 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2757: 2747: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2649: 2530:Mercer (father) 2390: 2382: 2381: 2112: 2104: 2103: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1393:Reagan Doctrine 1323: 1315: 1314: 1285:Property rights 1275:Ordered liberty 1187:Culture of life 1142: 1134: 1133: 1054: 1034: 1032: 1013: 819:Judicial branch 745:Judicial review 704: 693: 653: 641: 631: 629: 583: 527: 483: 482: 326: 258: 236: 225: 224: 223: 218: 207: 201: 198: 183: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11980: 11970: 11969: 11964: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11926:Sint Eustatius 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11871:Cayman Islands 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11842: 11840: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11712: 11710: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11699: 11692: 11685: 11677: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11565: 11557: 11548: 11545: 11544: 11532: 11531: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11506: 11498: 11490: 11482: 11478:Hayburn's Case 11473: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11463: 11455: 11447: 11439: 11431: 11423: 11415: 11407: 11399: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11367: 11359: 11351: 11343: 11335: 11331:Raines v. Byrd 11327: 11319: 11311: 11303: 11295: 11287: 11279: 11271: 11263: 11255: 11247: 11239: 11235:Flast v. Cohen 11231: 11223: 11215: 11207: 11199: 11190: 11188: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11170: 11162: 11158:Laird v. Tatum 11154: 11146: 11137: 11135: 11129: 11128: 11126: 11125: 11117: 11109: 11100: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11088: 11080: 11072: 11064: 11055: 11053: 11043: 11042: 11039:Justiciability 11030: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11014: 11006: 10998: 10990: 10982: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10950: 10942: 10934: 10926: 10918: 10910: 10902: 10894: 10886: 10878: 10870: 10862: 10854: 10846: 10838: 10830: 10822: 10814: 10806: 10798: 10790: 10782: 10774: 10766: 10758: 10750: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10705: 10697: 10689: 10681: 10673: 10665: 10657: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10593: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10561: 10553: 10545: 10537: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10473: 10465: 10456: 10454: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10439: 10431: 10423: 10414: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10394: 10386: 10378: 10370: 10366:Swift v. Tyson 10362: 10353: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10333: 10325: 10317: 10309: 10300: 10298: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10286: 10278: 10270: 10262: 10254: 10246: 10238: 10230: 10221: 10219: 10209: 10208: 10196: 10195: 10184: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10161: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10136: 10135: 10128: 10120: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10048:Mass shootings 10045: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10036:Climate change 10033: 10023: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9974:Discrimination 9971: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9954: 9948: 9946: 9942: 9941: 9939: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9887: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9829: 9823: 9821: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9764:American Dream 9761: 9755: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9731:Transportation 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9664:Mount Rushmore 9661: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9604: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9516: 9506: 9505: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9408: 9406: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9343: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:Federal budget 9281: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9222:Communications 9219: 9214: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9190: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9143:exceptionalism 9140: 9130: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9121:foreign policy 9113: 9112: 9111: 9106: 9096: 9090: 9087: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9066: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8929: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8889: 8883: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8822: 8821: 8820: 8818:Chief justices 8813:Supreme courts 8809: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8702: 8700: 8691: 8674: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8655: 8654: 8652:National Guard 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8569: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8555:Bill of Rights 8551: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8525:list of judges 8522: 8520:list of courts 8508: 8507: 8506: 8504:list of judges 8496: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8473: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8439:Capitol Police 8436: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8360:Secret Service 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8273:Vice President 8270: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8252: 8250: 8243: 8230: 8224: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8057:National Parks 8049: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8010:Extreme points 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7879: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7697:Federalist Era 7694: 7693: 7692: 7690:Bill of Rights 7687: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7638: 7633: 7631:Lee Resolution 7628: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7509: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: articles 7485: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7432: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7389: 7384: 7369: 7364: 7349: 7313: 7308: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7258: 7232: 7206: 7180: 7154: 7115:(3): 311–343. 7092: 7066: 7037: 6981: 6960:(3): 308–336. 6940: 6914: 6886: 6860: 6837: 6809: 6788:(3): 478–503. 6768: 6740: 6714: 6702: 6690: 6681: 6668: 6661: 6641: 6616: 6591: 6562: 6541: 6516: 6491: 6466: 6455:(2): 112–127. 6439: 6437:Sparknotes.com 6427: 6402: 6377: 6348: 6341:978-0547212760 6340: 6320: 6307: 6256: 6234: 6222: 6200: 6186: 6166: 6140: 6114: 6089: 6077: 6047: 6046: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6003: 5994: 5991: 5969: 5966: 5932: 5929: 5914: 5911: 5898: 5895: 5818: 5817: 5724: 5722: 5715: 5708:New Federalism 5706:Main article: 5703: 5702:New Federalism 5700: 5679: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5602:Main article: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5534: 5528: 5523: 5521:Building codes 5518: 5516:eminent domain 5509: 5499: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5430:Woodrow Wilson 5400:Herbert Hoover 5380:Coyle v. Smith 5333: 5330: 5300:Roger B. Taney 5292:Main article: 5289: 5286: 5250: 5247: 5180: 5179: 5162:September 2024 5086: 5084: 5077: 5068:Main article: 5065: 5062: 5043:bill of rights 4927:South Carolina 4915:North Carolina 4856:yeoman farmers 4828: 4825: 4821:New Federalism 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4749: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4715: 4708: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4408:ConservAmerica 4405: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4326:Freedom Caucus 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239:Judicial Watch 4236: 4231: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189:Moral Majority 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4169:The Fellowship 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3746:Gateway Pundit 3742: 3735: 3728: 3725:The Federalist 3721: 3714: 3707: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3669:Breitbart News 3665: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3615: 3614: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3545: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3300:Tax Foundation 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3063: 3058: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3024:American Party 3017: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2937: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2800: 2794:The Bell Curve 2790: 2780: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1941:Taft (William) 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 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1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1004: 997: 989: 986: 985: 984: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 935: 934: 930: 929: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 839: 838: 834: 833: 832: 831: 826: 821: 815: 814: 809: 801: 800: 796: 795: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 755: 754: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 736: 735: 730: 722: 721: 717: 716: 708: 707: 695: 694: 692: 691: 684: 677: 669: 666: 665: 664: 663: 651: 649:Law portal 639: 624: 623: 622: 621: 615: 614: 608: 607: 605:Amendments I–X 601: 600: 592: 591: 585: 584: 582: 581: 576: 574:Bill of Rights 570: 569: 564: 558: 557: 552: 546: 545: 539: 536: 535: 529: 528: 526: 525: 520: 514: 513: 508: 503: 497: 496: 490: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 390: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 338: 335: 334: 328: 327: 325: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 288: 287: 286: 278: 277: 271: 270: 262: 261: 253: 252: 238: 237: 220: 219: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11979: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11833: 11827: 11826:United States 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11698: 11693: 11691: 11686: 11684: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11658: 11657: 11653: 11650: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11586: 11582: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11546: 11542: 11537: 11533: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11468: 11461: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11341: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11192: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11155: 11152: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11142:Poe v. Ullman 11139: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11130: 11123: 11122: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11105:Baker v. Carr 11102: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11086: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10875: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10726: 10711: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10679: 10678: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10534: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10400: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10291: 10284: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10228: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10189: 10182: 10177: 10175: 10170: 10168: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10021:Energy policy 10019: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9962:incarceration 9960: 9959: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9847:Prenatal care 9845: 9843: 9842:Birth control 9840: 9838: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9779:Homeownership 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9502:working class 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9462:homeownership 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9242:Manufacturing 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9170:Third parties 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8537:U.S. attorney 8535: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482:Chief Justice 8480: 8479: 8478: 8477:Supreme Court 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8382:Public policy 8380: 8378: 8377:Civil service 8375: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8045:Sierra Nevada 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7983:insular zones 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7854:War on Terror 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7834:LGBT Movement 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7489:United States 7483: 7478: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385:0-8061-2887-9 7381: 7377: 7376: 7370: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7221: 7217: 7210: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7099: 7097: 7081: 7077: 7070: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7042: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6928: 6924: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6891: 6874: 6870: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6772: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6711: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633:0-8061-2887-9 6630: 6626: 6620: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6587: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6563:9781483384016 6559: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6416: 6412: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6210: 6204: 6189: 6187:9780060157333 6183: 6179: 6178: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5828:Ronald Reagan 5825: 5824:Richard Nixon 5814: 5811: 5803: 5800:November 2023 5792: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: – 5760: 5756: 5755:Find sources: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5725:This section 5723: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5692:grants in aid 5689: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5590: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5557: 5556:Civil service 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5502:Public health 5500: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5256: 5255:John Marshall 5246: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5208:Patrick Henry 5205: 5200: 5199:national debt 5196: 5191: 5188: 5176: 5173: 5165: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: – 5122: 5118: 5117:Find sources: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5087:This section 5085: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5024:James Madison 5021: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975:James Madison 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4907:Massachusetts 4904: 4903:New Hampshire 4900: 4899:protectionist 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4860:Massachusetts 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4776: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4761: 4750: 4747: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4691:Cuckservative 4688: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4581:Radical right 4579: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4290:Miscellaneous 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 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Akins 11337: 11329: 11321: 11313: 11305: 11297: 11289: 11281: 11273: 11265: 11257: 11249: 11241: 11233: 11225: 11217: 11209: 11201: 11193: 11172: 11164: 11156: 11148: 11140: 11119: 11111: 11103: 11082: 11074: 11066: 11058: 11016: 11008: 11000: 10992: 10984: 10976: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10944: 10936: 10928: 10920: 10912: 10904: 10896: 10888: 10880: 10872: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10840: 10832: 10824: 10816: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10776: 10768: 10760: 10752: 10744: 10734:Jurisdiction 10707: 10699: 10691: 10683: 10675: 10667: 10659: 10651: 10643: 10635: 10627: 10619: 10611: 10603: 10595: 10587: 10579: 10571: 10563: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10531: 10523: 10515: 10507: 10499: 10491: 10483: 10475: 10467: 10459: 10433: 10425: 10417: 10396: 10388: 10380: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10303: 10294:Adequate and 10280: 10272: 10264: 10256: 10248: 10240: 10232: 10224: 10204: 10063:Human rights 10043:Gun politics 9994:Islamophobia 9984:antisemitism 9852:Hospice care 9794:Middle class 9774:Homelessness 9751:Social class 9711:Social class 9575:Human rights 9565:Homelessness 9477:middle class 9442:Demographics 9417:Architecture 9324:Unemployment 9304:Labor unions 9052:Town meeting 9029:City council 9024:City manager 8765:State police 8627:Marine Corps 8617:Armed Forces 8592:civil rights 8576: 8572:Constitution 8144:Southwestern 8139:Southeastern 8129:Northwestern 8124:Northeastern 8089:Mid-Atlantic 8079:Great Plains 7797:World War II 7680:Constitution 7584:Colonial era 7563:2008–present 7454: 7437: 7426: 7397: 7393:Taylor, Jeff 7374: 7354: 7323: 7317: 7298: 7275:. 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Because 4979:memorandum 4948:Federalism 4879:New Jersey 4832:Federalism 4801:U.S. state 4722:Republican 4720:South Park 4547:Monarchism 4095:NumbersUSA 4015:Gun rights 3711:Daily Wire 3639:Newsmax TV 3500:Modern Age 3465:Chronicles 3451:Commentary 3322:Newspapers 3123:Whig Party 3086:Dixiecrats 2996:Textualism 2657:Literature 2635:Washington 2405:Andreessen 2287:Mac Donald 2172:Derbyshire 2084:Sutherland 1881:Paul (Ron) 1698:Washington 1388:Reagan era 1280:Patriotism 1253:Militarism 1209:Federalism 1141:Principles 1124:Straussian 971:Textualism 776:Federalism 753:Principles 733:Amendments 562:Federalism 550:Convention 186:improve it 110:newspapers 39:improve it 11881:Greenland 11796:Nicaragua 11771:Guatemala 10085:Terrorism 9862:Rationing 9759:Affluence 9706:Sexuality 9674:Uncle Sam 9580:Languages 9509:Education 9452:affluence 9412:Americana 9339:Transport 9237:Insurance 9227:Companies 9207:By sector 9099:Elections 8740:Treasurer 8698:Executive 8637:Air Force 8609:Uniformed 8432:President 8249:Executive 8020:Mountains 7953:Territory 7941:Geography 7765:1954–1968 7760:1896–1954 7755:1865–1896 7717:Civil War 7558:1991–2008 7553:1980–1991 7548:1964–1980 7543:1945–1964 7538:1917–1945 7533:1865–1917 7528:1849–1865 7523:1815–1849 7518:1789–1815 7513:1776–1789 7506:By period 7328:CiteSeerX 7220:Brookings 7131:0048-5950 7025:216129911 7001:: m1643. 6976:0048-5950 6804:0048-5950 6728:Brookings 6710:Lowi 1995 6675:Lowi, T. 6623:Lowi, T. 6580:cite book 6572:910310223 6302:145725823 6286:0003-0554 6249:March 25, 6215:March 25, 6193:March 29, 6159:March 30, 5727:does not 5550:Electoral 5485:Insurance 5476:Labor law 5452:Education 5322:Sixteenth 5239:secession 5190:spawned. 5089:does not 4574:Christian 4470:Movements 4257:(defunct) 4192:(defunct) 3989:(defunct) 3970:Economics 3925:Red Scare 3893:The First 3788:LifeZette 3612:(defunct) 3581:(defunct) 2971:and crime 2510:Lindbergh 2485:Krikorian 2389:Activists 2347:Robertson 2327:Podhoretz 2297:Nekrasova 2252:Khachiyan 2177:DiLorenzo 2132:Breitbart 2064:Rehnquist 2039:Kavanaugh 2034:Harlan II 2019:Goldsmith 1966:Wolfowitz 1896:Roosevelt 1861:McConnell 1806:Goldwater 1673:Schaeffer 1668:Santayana 1628:Mansfield 1613:Lovecraft 1538:Gottfried 1518:Eberstadt 1405:Redeemers 1378:New Right 1348:Old Right 1328:Loyalists 1310:Tradition 589:Full text 190:verifying 45:talk page 11846:Anguilla 11781:Honduras 11751:Dominica 11726:Barbados 11186:Standing 11133:Ripeness 11051:Mootness 10193:case law 10141:Category 9837:Abortion 9701:Religion 9659:Columbia 9617:internet 9553:Holidays 9548:Folklore 9519:literacy 9457:eviction 9347:Aviation 9319:Taxation 9274:Currency 9267:by state 9177:Scandals 9047:Township 8805:Judicial 8706:Governor 8469:Judicial 8355:Marshals 8228:Politics 8182:Missouri 8172:Columbia 8167:Colorado 8162:Arkansas 8155:Longest 8134:Southern 8119:Northern 7963:counties 7917:Military 7907:Economic 7885:By topic 7864:Iraq War 7814:Cold War 7572:By event 7395:(2013), 7271:NBC News 7149:34191881 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