Constitution of the United States

6148: 5689:) by the federal or state governments on account of sex. A seven-year ratification time limit was initially placed on the amendment, but as the deadline approached, Congress granted a three-year extension. Thirty-five states ratified the proposed amendment prior to the original deadline, three short of the number required for it to be implemented (five of them later voted to rescind their ratification). No further states ratified the amendment within the extended deadline. In 2017, Nevada became the first state to ratify the ERA after the expiration of both deadlines, followed by Illinois in 2018, and Virginia in 2020, purportedly bringing the number of ratifications to 38. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of these ratifications, due to the expired deadlines and the five states' purported revocations. 5222:(1791) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states. The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution. These powers include the power to declare war, to collect taxes, to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments. Any power not listed is, says the Tenth Amendment, left to the states or the people. While there is no specific list of what these "reserved powers" may be, the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations, commerce within a state's own borders, abortion, and local law enforcement activities, are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people. 3239:

slavery was slowly being abolished, against Southern states, whose agricultural economies depended on slave labor. The issue of proportional representation was of similar concern to less populous states, which under the Articles had the same power as larger states. To satisfy interests in the South, particularly in Georgia and South Carolina, the delegates agreed to protect the slave trade, that is, the importation of slaves, for 20 years. Slavery was protected further by allowing states to count three-fifths of their slaves as part of their populations, for the purpose of representation in the federal government, and by requiring the return of escaped slaves to their owners, even if captured in states where slavery had been abolished. Finally, the delegates adopted the

2478: 3496: 5785: 6656: 5805: 5215:, thus enlarging the power of the federal government by implication. The Anti-Federalists persisted, and several state ratification conventions refused to ratify the Constitution without a more specific list of protections, so the First Congress added what became the Ninth Amendment as a compromise. Because the rights protected by the Ninth Amendment are not specified, they are referred to as "unenumerated". The Supreme Court has found that unenumerated rights include such important rights as the right to travel, the right to vote, the right to privacy, and the right to make important decisions about one's health care or body. 3713: 6646: 31: 6633: 2027: 412: 479: 19271: 6166: 5696:(proposed 1978) would have granted the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress as if it were a state, repealed the Twenty-third Amendment, granted the District unconditional Electoral College voting rights, and allowed its participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. A seven-year ratification time limit was placed on the amendment. Sixteen states ratified the amendment (twenty-two short of the number required for it to be implemented) prior to the deadline, thus it failed to be adopted. 4820:, was made intentionally ambiguous in hopes of winning over the votes of dissenting delegates. Advocates for the new frame of government, realizing the impending difficulty of obtaining the consent of the states needed to make it operational, were anxious to obtain the unanimous support of the delegations from each state. It was feared that many of the delegates would refuse to give their individual assent to the Constitution. Therefore, in order that the action of the convention would appear to be unanimous, the formula, 5180:. Although the Seventh Amendment itself says that it is limited to "suits at common law", meaning cases that triggered the right to a jury under English law, the amendment has been found to apply in lawsuits that are similar to the old common law cases. For example, the right to a jury trial applies to cases brought under federal statutes that prohibit race or gender discrimination in housing or employment. Importantly, this amendment guarantees the right to a jury trial only in federal court, not in state court. 5500:(1951) limits an elected president to two terms in office, a total of eight years. However, under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years. Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve, the nation's first president, George Washington, declined to run for a third term, suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president. This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by 3262:, offer specific protections of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government within the U.S. states. The majority of the 17 later amendments expand individual civil rights protections. Others address issues related to federal authority or modify government processes and procedures. Amendments to the United States Constitution, unlike ones made to many constitutions worldwide, are appended to the document. The original U.S. Constitution was handwritten on five pages of 3803: 484: 4533:, but the Framers did contemplate the idea, and precedent has since established that the courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch. Two conflicting federal laws are under "pendent" jurisdiction if one presents a strict constitutional issue. Federal court jurisdiction is rare when a state legislature enacts something as under federal jurisdiction. To establish a federal system of national law, considerable effort goes into developing a spirit of 18951: 4178: 6718: 3046: 2392: 1628: 4874: 6205: 3359:, "no money." The Confederated Congress could print money, but it was worthless, and while the Congress could borrow money, it could not pay it back. No state paid its share of taxes to support the government, and some paid nothing. A few states did meet the interest payments toward the national debt owed by their citizens, but nothing greater, and no interest was paid on debts owed foreign governments. By 1786, the United States was facing default on its outstanding debts. 4790: 6676: 2404: 6690: 2416: 1640: 18828: 1698: 5199:. Although this phrase originally was intended to outlaw certain gruesome methods of punishment, it has been broadened over the years to protect against punishments that are grossly disproportionate to or too harsh for the particular crime. This provision has also been used to challenge prison conditions such as extremely unsanitary cells, overcrowding, insufficient medical care and deliberate failure by officials to protect inmates from one another. 5657:(1922) that found federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 unconstitutional. When submitted to the states, ratification by 36 states was required for it to become part of the Constitution, as there were forty-eight states. Twenty-eight had ratified the amendment by early 1937, but none have done so since. To become part of the Constitution today, ratification by an additional ten would be required. A 6187: 6427: 374: 5296:(1933) repealed the Eighteenth Amendment and returned the regulation of alcohol to the states. Each state sets its own rules for the sale and importation of alcohol, including the drinking age. Because a federal law provides federal funds to states that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors under the age of twenty-one, all fifty states have set their drinking age there. Rules about how alcohol is sold vary greatly from state to state. 6443: 5720: 13727: 3634:(Pennsylvania), was elected to draft a detailed constitution reflective of the resolutions passed by the convention up to that point. The Convention recessed from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of this "Committee of Detail". Overall, the report of the committee conformed to the resolutions adopted by the convention, adding some elements. A twenty-three article (plus preamble) constitution was presented. 5838:" by the governor and justices of the state supreme court. The council would review and veto any passed legislation; violating the spirit of the Constitution before it went into effect. The nationalist's proposal in convention was defeated three times and replaced by a presidential veto with congressional over-ride. Judicial review relies on the jurisdictional authority in Article III, and the Supremacy Clause. 4282:, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. It is to provide for naturalization, standards of weights and measures, post offices and roads, and patents; to directly govern the federal district and cessions of land by the states for forts and arsenals. Internationally, Congress has the power to define and punish piracies and offenses against the Law of Nations, to declare war and make rules of war. The final 3773:

unanimous votes, but the outcome became less certain as leaders in key states such as Virginia, New York, and Massachusetts expressed concerns over the lack of protections for people's rights. Fearing the prospect of defeat, the Federalists relented, promising that if the Constitution was adopted, amendments would be added to secure individual liberties. With that, the anti-Federalists' position collapsed.

5054:. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the widespread efforts of the British to confiscate the colonists' firearms at the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. Patrick Henry had rhetorically asked, shall we be stronger, "when we are totally disarmed, and when a British Guard shall be stationed in every house?" 3777:

January (January 7, 1789); electing the first president, the first Wednesday of February (February 4); and officially starting the new government, the first Wednesday of March (March 4), when the first Congress would convene in New York City. As its final act, the Congress of Confederation agreed to purchase 10 square miles from Maryland and Virginia for establishing a permanent capital.

6704: 3243:, which proposed a Congress with proportional representation in the lower house and equal representation in the upper house (the Senate) giving each state two senators. While these compromises held the Union together and aided the Constitution's ratification, slavery continued for six more decades and the less populous states continue to have disproportional representation in the 3596:(or "Great Compromise"), the committee proposed proportional representation for seats in the House of Representatives based on population (with the people voting for representatives), and equal representation for each State in the Senate (with each state's legislators generally choosing their respective senators), and that all money bills would originate in the House. 4526:

jurisdiction of federal courts. Cases under international maritime law and conflicting land grants of different states come under federal courts. Cases between U.S. citizens in different states, and cases between U.S. citizens and foreign states and their citizens, come under federal jurisdiction. The trials will be in the state where the crime was committed.

5857:, Alexander Hamilton advocated the doctrine of a written document held as a superior enactment of the people. "A limited constitution can be preserved in practice no other way" than through courts which can declare void any legislation contrary to the Constitution. The preservation of the people's authority over legislatures rests "particularly with judges." 4805:, included a brief declaration that the delegates' work has been successfully completed and that those whose signatures appear on it subscribe to the final document. Included are a statement pronouncing the document's adoption by the states present, a formulaic dating of its adoption, and the delegates' signatures. Additionally, the convention's secretary, 5526:(1992) prevents members of Congress from granting themselves pay raises during the current session. Rather, any raises that are adopted must take effect during the next session of Congress. Its proponents believed that Federal legislators would be more likely to be cautious about increasing congressional pay if they have no personal stake in the vote. 4630:

Confederation provided that amendments were to be proposed by Congress and ratified by the unanimous vote of all 13 state legislatures. This proved to be a major flaw in the Articles, as it created an insurmountable obstacle to constitutional reform. The amendment process crafted during the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention was, according to The

3724:, then sitting in New York City, the nation's temporary capital. The document, originally intended as a revision of the Articles of Confederation, instead introduced a completely new form of government. While members of Congress had the power to reject it, they voted unanimously on September 28 to forward the proposal to the thirteen states for their 5830:. It can change only by extraordinary legislative process of national proposal, then state ratification. The powers of all departments are limited to enumerated grants found in the Constitution. Courts are expected (a) to enforce provisions of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land, and (b) to refuse to enforce anything in conflict with it. 7128:, finding Georgia could not impose its laws in Cherokee Territory. Jackson replied, "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!", and the Trail of Tears proceeded. Jackson would not politically interpose the U.S. Army between Georgia and the Cherokee people as Eisenhower would do between Arkansas and the integrating students. 5880:(Virginia), the fourth chief justice, had served in the Virginia Ratification Convention in 1788. His 34 years of service on the Court would see some of the most important rulings to help establish the nation the Constitution had begun. Other early members of the Supreme Court who had been delegates to the Constitutional Convention included 4730:. The third textually entrenched provision is Article One, Section 3, Clauses 1, which provides for equal representation of the states in the Senate. The shield protecting this clause from the amendment process ("no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate") is less absolute but it is permanent. 5211:(1791) declares that individuals have other fundamental rights, in addition to those stated in the Constitution. During the Constitutional ratification debates, Anti-Federalists argued that a Bill of Rights should be added. The Federalists opposed it on grounds that a list would necessarily be incomplete but would be taken as 5605:(proposed 1810) would, if ratified, strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country. When submitted to the states, ratification by thirteen states was required for it to become part of the Constitution; eleven had done so by early 1812. However, with the addition of 4113:, and are considered to be the most outspoken supporters of the Iroquois thesis. The idea as to the extent of that influence on the founding, however, varies among historians and has been questioned or criticized by various historians, including Samuel Payne, William Starna, George Hamell, and historian and archaeologist 4924:

Thus, when the Office of the Federal Register verifies that it has received the required number of authenticated ratification documents, it drafts a formal proclamation for the Archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and has become part of the nation's frame of government. This certification is published in the

6003:

must be held accountable. The Supreme Court assumes power to declare acts of Congress as unconstitutional but it self-limits its passing on constitutional questions. But the Court's guidance on basic problems of life and governance in a democracy is most effective when American political life reinforces its rulings.

7141:". (a) These address rights and legal relationships in cases of "actual controversy", and (b) the holding has the force and effect of a final judgment. (c) There is no coercive order, as the parties are assumed to follow the judgment, but a "declaratory judgment" is the basis of any subsequent ruling in case law. 5442:(1804) modifies the way the Electoral College chooses the president and vice president. It stipulates that each elector must cast a distinct vote for president and vice president, instead of two votes for president. It also suggests that the president and vice president should not be from the same state. 4094:, Jefferson asserted that "The only condition on earth to be compared with ... is that of the Indians, where they still have less law than we." In that same letter, Jefferson maintained that American government, with its Native American features, marked a great improvement over the European models. 6010:

only as the precise facts in the case require. The Court will choose statutes or general law for the basis of its decision if it can without constitutional grounds. If it does, the Court will choose a constitutional construction of an act of Congress, even if its constitutionality is seriously in doubt.

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The Supreme Court balances several pressures to maintain its roles in national government. It seeks to be a co-equal branch of government, but its decrees must be enforceable. The Court seeks to minimize situations where it asserts itself superior to either president or Congress, but federal officers

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These three procedural ways of dismissing cases have led critics to charge that the Supreme Court delays decisions by unduly insisting on technicalities in their "standards of litigability". They say cases are left unconsidered which are in the public interest, with genuine controversy, and resulting

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Legislation passed to implement the Constitution, or to adapt those implementations to changing conditions, broadens and, in subtle ways, changes the meanings given to the words of the Constitution. Up to a point, the rules and regulations of the many federal executive agencies have a similar effect.

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A proposed amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution as soon as it is ratified by three-fourths of the States (currently 38 of the 50 states). There is no further step. The text requires no additional action by Congress or anyone else after ratification by the required number of states.

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It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults. It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors, as they may be pointed out

4445:

Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts and, with it, the authority to interpret and apply the law to a particular case. Also included is the power to punish, sentence, and direct future action to resolve conflicts. The Constitution outlines the U.S. judicial system.

4210:

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the

3772:

Before year's end, three state legislatures voted in favor of ratification. Delaware was first, voting unanimously 30–0; Pennsylvania second, approving the measure 46–23; and New Jersey third, also recording a unanimous vote. As 1788 began, Connecticut and Georgia followed Delaware's lead with almost

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was a Lincoln appointee, serving as chief justice from 1864 to 1873. His career encompassed service as a U.S. senator and Governor of Ohio. He coined the slogan, "Free soil, free Labor, free men." One of Lincoln's "team of rivals", he was appointed Secretary of Treasury during the Civil War, issuing

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for voting. Although passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments helped remove many of the discriminatory laws left over from slavery, they did not eliminate all forms of discrimination. Along with literacy tests and durational residency requirements, poll taxes were used to keep

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to former slaves and to all persons "subject to U.S. jurisdiction." It also contained three new limits on state power: a state shall not violate a citizen's privileges or immunities; shall not deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; and must guarantee all persons

5034:

prevents the federal government from creating an official national church or favoring one set of religious beliefs over another. The amendment guarantees an individual's right to express and to be exposed to a wide range of opinions and views. It was intended to ensure a free exchange of ideas, even

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in cases involving ambassadors, ministers, and consuls, for all cases respecting foreign nation-states, and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party. Cases arising under the laws of the United States and its treaties come under the

3512:

On the appointed day, May 14, 1787, only the Virginia and Pennsylvania delegations were present, and the convention's opening meeting was postponed for lack of a quorum. A quorum of seven states met on May 25, and deliberations began. Eventually 12 states were represented, with Rhode Island refusing

6591:

Many have criticized the opening statement "We the People," questioning who they intended by "we" and "the People" when they excluded so many groups of people, such as Native Americans and African slaves, and women could not vote. The apparent intended meaning is that "the People" are only European

5924:

and Article III. In this case, both the Constitution and the statutory law applied to the particulars at the same time. "The very essence of judicial duty" according to Marshall was to determine which of the two conflicting rules should govern. The Constitution enumerates powers of the judiciary to

5493:" Congress convening in the interim. By moving the beginning of the president's new term from March 4 to January 20 (and in the case of Congress, to January 3), proponents hoped to put an end to lame duck sessions, while allowing for a speedier transition for the new administration and legislators. 4915:

that had been requested by two-thirds of the state legislatures. Once the proposal has passed by either method, Congress must decide whether the proposed amendment is to be ratified by state legislatures or by state ratifying conventions. The proposed amendment along with the method of ratification

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in each state. The convention method also made it possible that judges, ministers and others ineligible to serve in state legislatures, could be elected to a convention. Suspecting that Rhode Island, at least, might not ratify, delegates decided that the Constitution would go into effect as soon as

6578:

Sanford Levinson wrote in 2006 that it has been the most difficult constitution in the world to amend since the fall of Yugoslavia. Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the US Constitution is the most difficult in the world to amend, and that this helps explain why the US still has so many undemocratic

6009:

summarized four general guidelines that the Supreme Court uses to avoid constitutional decisions relating to Congress: The Court will not anticipate a question of constitutional law nor decide open questions unless a case decision requires it. If it does, a rule of constitutional law is formulated

5822:

Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. First, they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law. Second, federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to

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and the beginning of Presidential, Vice Presidential and Congressional terms. Originally, the Constitution provided that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December unless otherwise provided by law. This meant that, when a new Congress was elected in November, it did not come into

5089:

by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the government takes control of an individual or something in the possession of the individual. Items that are

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created under the Articles of Confederation and requires that all federal and state legislators, officers, and judges take oaths or affirmations to support the Constitution. This means that the states' constitutions and laws should not conflict with the laws of the federal constitution and that in

4629:

Article V outlines the process for amending the Constitution. Eight state constitutions in effect in 1787 included an amendment mechanism. Amendment-making power rested with the legislature in three of the states, and in the other five it was given to specially elected conventions. The Articles of

3697:

The advocates of the Constitution were anxious to obtain unanimous support of all twelve states represented in the convention. Their accepted formula for the closing endorsement was "Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present." At the end of the convention, the proposal was

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A Committee of Eleven, including one delegate from each state represented, met from July 2 to 16 to work out a compromise on the issue of representation in the federal legislature. All agreed to a republican form of government grounded in representing the people in the states. For the legislature,

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The Constitution's references to 'the United States,' the argument continued, were meant in that narrow sense, to refer to the states alone. Territories thus had no right to constitutional protections, for the simple reason that the Constitution didn't apply to them. As one justice summarized the

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Likewise with the executive department, Edwin Corwin observed that the Court does sometimes rebuff presidential pretensions, but it more often tries to rationalize them. Against Congress, an act is merely "disallowed". In the executive case, exercising judicial review produces "some change in the

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status was unclear, as was the status of other millions. Congress intended the Thirteenth Amendment to be a proclamation of freedom for all slaves throughout the nation and to take the question of emancipation away from politics. This amendment rendered inoperative or moot several of the original

3238:

On June 19, 1787, delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan with three states voting in favor, seven against, and one divided. The plan's defeat led to a series of compromises centering primarily on two issues: slavery and proportional representation. The first of these pitted Northern states, where

3222:

refused to send delegates. The convention's initial mandate was limited to amending the Articles of Confederation, which had proven highly ineffective in meeting the young nation's needs. Almost immediately, however, delegates began considering measures to replace the Articles. The first proposal

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case, the Supreme Court asserted its authority of judicial review over Acts of Congress. Its findings were that Marbury and the others had a right to their commissions as judges in the District of Columbia. Marshall, writing the opinion for the majority, announced his discovered conflict between

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joined the Union, the number climbed to twelve. Thus, the amendment remained one state shy of the number needed for it to become part of the Constitution. No additional states have ratified this amendment since. To become part of the Constitution today, ratification by an additional twenty-seven

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of making war or materially helping those at war with the United States. Accusations must be corroborated by at least two witnesses. Congress is a political body, and political disagreements routinely encountered should never be considered as treason. This allows for nonviolent resistance to the

4235:

The Constitution's main provisions include seven articles that define the basic framework of the federal government. Articles that have been amended still include the original text, although provisions repealed by amendments under Article V are usually bracketed or italicized to indicate they no

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Pamphlets written between 1787 and 1788 by Elbridge Gerry, Noah Webster, John Jay, Melancthon Smith, Pelatiah Webster, Tench Coxe, James Wilson, John Dickinson, Alexander Contee Hanson, Edmund Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and David Ramsay. The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact

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by granting the District electors in the Electoral College, as if it were a state. When first established as the nation's capital in 1800, the District of Columbia's five thousand residents had neither a local government, nor the right to vote in federal elections. By 1960 the population of the

4027:, Montesquieu maintained that the separation of state powers should be by its service to the people's liberty: legislative, executive and judicial, while also emphasizing that the idea of separation had for its purpose the even distribution of authority among the several branches of government. 3897:, an eighteenth-century Scottish philosopher, and had studied many of his works while at Edinburgh in 1760. Both embraced the idea that high-ranking public officials should receive no salary and that the lower class was a better judge of character when it came to choosing their representatives. 3464:

to propose revisions to the Articles. Unlike earlier attempts, the convention was not meant for new laws or piecemeal alterations, but for the "sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." The convention was not limited to commerce; rather, it was intended to "render the

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enumerates the powers delegated to the legislature. Financially, Congress has the power to tax, borrow, pay debt and provide for the common defense and the general welfare; to regulate commerce, bankruptcies, and coin money. To regulate internal affairs, it has the power to regulate and govern

3776:

On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify. Three months later, on September 17, the Congress of the Confederation certified the ratification of eleven states, and passed resolutions setting dates for choosing the first senators and representatives, the first Wednesday of

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was an Eisenhower nominee, chief justice from 1953 to 1969. Warren's Republican career in the law reached from county prosecutor, California state attorney general, and three consecutive terms as governor. His programs stressed progressive efficiency, expanding state education, re-integrating

5280:

would reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, decrease the need for welfare and prisons, and improve the health of all Americans. During prohibition, it is estimated that alcohol consumption and alcohol related deaths declined dramatically. But prohibition had other, more negative

4541:', federal courts give "full faith and credit" to State Courts. The Supreme Court will decide Constitutional issues of state law only on a case-by-case basis, and only by strict Constitutional necessity, independent of state legislators' motives, their policy outcomes or its national wisdom. 3637:

From August 6 to September 10, the report of the committee of detail was discussed, section by section and clause by clause. Details were attended to, and further compromises were effected. Toward the close of these discussions, on September 8, a Committee of Style and Arrangement, including

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to stay. Five states ratified the amendment in the early 1860s, but none have since. To become part of the Constitution today, ratification by an additional 33 states would be required. The subject of this proposal was subsequently addressed by the 1865 Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished

3350:

in mid-June 1777 and was adopted by the full Congress in mid-November of that year. Ratification by the 13 colonies took more than three years and was completed March 1, 1781. The Articles gave little power to the central government. While the Confederation Congress had some decision-making

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and the qualifications of members of each body. Representatives must be at least 25 years old, be a citizen of the United States for seven years, and live in the state they represent. Senators must be at least 30 years old, be a citizen for nine years, and live in the state they represent.

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Congress was paralyzed. It could do nothing significant without nine states, and some legislation required all 13. When a state produced only one member in attendance, its vote was not counted. If a state's delegation was evenly divided, its vote could not be counted towards the nine-count

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at the 1787 Convention. The following year another commemorative stamp was issued celebrating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution. In 1987 the U.S. Government minted a 1987 silver dollar in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution.

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and others, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson still had reservations about the existing forms of government in Europe. In a speech at the Constitutional Convention Franklin stated, "We have gone back to ancient history for models of Government, and examined different forms of those

5061:(1791) prohibits the federal government from forcing individuals to provide lodging to soldiers in their homes during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the 4311:(1819), the Supreme Court read the Necessary and Proper Clause to permit the federal government to take action that would "enable to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people," even if that action is not itself within the enumerated powers. 3689:, was taken up on Monday, September 17, at the convention's final session. Several of the delegates were disappointed in the result, a makeshift series of unfortunate compromises. Some delegates left before the ceremony and three others refused to sign. Of the thirty-nine signers, 5900:, but there were few cases, and less prestige. "The fate of judicial review was in the hands of the Supreme Court itself." Review of state legislation and appeals from state supreme courts was understood. But the Court's life, jurisdiction over state legislation was limited. The 3693:

summed up, addressing the convention: "There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them." He would accept the Constitution, "because I expect no better and because I am not sure that it is not the best."

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The institutions of the two countries which have most influenced constitutional development are Spain and the United States". One of the reforms, "sine quibus non", to use the words of Rizal and Mabini, always insisted upon by the Filipinos, was Philippine representation in the

4164:

The Constitution includes four sections: an introductory paragraph titled Preamble, a list of seven Articles that define the government's framework, an untitled closing endorsement with the signatures of 39 framers, and 27 amendments that have been adopted under Article V (see

5265:, that declared an unapportioned federal income tax on rents, dividends, and interest unconstitutional. This amendment has become the basis for all subsequent federal income tax legislation and has greatly expanded the scope of federal taxing and spending in the years since. 7301:

16 Am. Jur. 2d Constitutional Law § 10; "The Constitution went into effect in March of 1789." Referring to Owings v. Speed, 18 U.S. 420, 5 L. Ed. 124 (1820), "The present Constitution of the United States did not commence its operation until the first Wednesday in March,

6558:, the U.S. Constitution guarantees relatively few rights compared to the constitutions of other countries and contains fewer than half (26 of 60) of the provisions listed in the average bill of rights. It is also one of the few in the world today that still features the 4315:

clarified: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are Constitutional."

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were incorporated into the Bill of Rights. Upon the arrival of the American Revolution, many of the rights guaranteed by the Federal Bill of Rights were recognized as being inspired by English law. A substantial body of thought had been developed from the literature of

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unpopular ones. It also guarantees an individual's right to physically gather or associate with others in groups for economic, political or religious purposes. Additionally, it guarantees an individual's right to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

5986:" between those of the same legal interest are not considered. Third, the Court requires a "personal interest", not one generally held, and a legally protected right must be immediately threatened by government action. Cases are not taken up if the litigant has no 5557:

Six amendments approved by Congress and proposed to the states for consideration have not been ratified by the required number of states to become part of the Constitution. Four of these are technically still pending, as Congress did not set a time limit (see also

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The document is dated: "the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord" 1787, and "of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth." This two-fold epoch dating serves to place the Constitution in the context of the religious traditions of

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the Constitution. Until the twentieth century, the Supreme Court of the United States may have been the only high tribunal in the world to use a court for constitutional interpretation of fundamental law, others generally depending on their national legislature.

4656:(which shall take place whenever two-thirds of the state legislatures collectively call for one). Second, there are two procedures for ratifying the proposed amendment, which requires three-fourths of the states' (presently 38 of 50) approval: (a) consent of the 5633:) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress. This proposal was one of several measures considered by Congress in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to entice 6457:

The United States Constitution has been a notable model for governance worldwide, especially through the 1970s. Its international influence is found in similarities in phrasing and borrowed passages in other constitutions, as well as in the principles of the

5955:". Other proposals have suggested a Court super-majority to overturn Congressional legislation, or a constitutional amendment to require that the justices retire at a specified age by law. To date, the Supreme Court's power of judicial review has persisted. 5511:(1967) clarifies what happens upon the death, removal, or resignation of the President or Vice President and how the Presidency is temporarily filled if the President becomes disabled and cannot fulfill the responsibilities of the office. It supersedes the 5370:, or previous condition of servitude in determining which citizens may vote. The last of three post Civil War Reconstruction Amendments, it sought to abolish one of the key vestiges of slavery and to advance the civil rights and liberties of former slaves. 5833:

As to judicial review and the Congress, the first proposals by Madison (Virginia) and Wilson (Pennsylvania) called for a supreme court veto over national legislation. In this it resembled the system in New York, where the Constitution of 1777 called for a

5349:, makes most provisions of the Bill of Rights applicable to state and local governments as well. It superseded the mode of apportionment of representatives delineated in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3, and also overturned the Supreme Court's decision in 4643:

There are two steps in the amendment process. Proposals to amend the Constitution must be properly adopted and ratified before they change the Constitution. First, there are two procedures for adopting the language of a proposed amendment, either by (a)

7167:, 1864–1873, in 1865 were Salmon P. Chase (chief Justice); Hon. Nathan Clifford, Maine; Stephen J. Field, Justice Supreme Court, U.S.; Hon. Samuel F. Miller, U.S. Supreme Court; Hon. Noah H. Swayne, Justice Supreme Court, U.S.; Judge Morrison R. Waite 5153:

to attend the trial and testify in the presence of the accused, and guarantees the accused a right to know the charges against them. In 1966, the Supreme Court ruled that, with the Fifth Amendment, this amendment requires what has become known as the

6235:

that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non-states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Alaska and Hawaii.

4690:. Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state's legislature. When a state ratifies a proposed amendment, it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state's action. Ratification documents are examined by the 3397:

for wartime activity and redistributed their lands. Individual state legislatures independently laid embargoes, negotiated directly with foreign authorities, raised armies, and made war, all violating the letter and the spirit of the Articles.

5613:

ratified it in December 1812, the amendment again came within two states of being ratified. No additional states have ratified this amendment since. To become part of the Constitution today, ratification by an additional twenty-six would be

5145:. Likewise, a person has the right to a public trial. This right protects defendants from secret proceedings that might encourage abuse of the justice system, and serves to keep the public informed. This amendment also guarantees a right to 6960:

established six Supreme Court justices. The number was periodically increased, reaching ten in 1863, allowing Lincoln additional appointments. After the Civil War, vacancies reduced the number to seven. Congress finally fixed the number at

19392: 6147: 6545:, the Constitution did not abolish slavery, nor give citizenship and voting rights to former slaves. These amendments did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination in voting on the basis of sex; it took another amendment—the 3916:

are considered the most influential books on law in the new republic. Madison made frequent reference to Blackstone, Locke, and Montesquieu, all of whom were among the most prominent political theorists of the late eighteenth century.

4610:

gives Congress the power to make rules for disposing of federal property and governing non-state territories of the United States. Finally, the fourth section of Article Four requires the United States to guarantee to each state a

6970:

The four concepts which determine "justiciability", the formula for a federal court taking and deciding a case, are the doctrines of (a) standing, (b) real and substantial interests, (c) adversity, and (d) avoidance of political

4380:

of a two-thirds quorum of the Senate. To administer the federal government, the president commissions all the offices of the federal government as Congress directs; and may require the opinions of its principal officers and make

6350:, he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment. In the hands of the Supreme Court, the Constitution and its amendments were to restrain Congress, as in 5929:." Therefore, since the United States government as created by the Constitution is a limited government, the federal courts were required to choose the Constitution over congressional law if there were deemed to be a conflict. 4709:

must be apportioned according to state populations. These clauses were explicitly shielded from Constitutional amendment prior to 1808. On January 1, 1808, the first day it was permitted to do so, Congress approved legislation

4771:

Article VII describes the process for establishing the proposed new frame of government. Anticipating that the influence of many state politicians would be Antifederalist, delegates to the Philadelphia Convention provided for

3354:

Despite these limitations, based on the Congressional authority granted in Article 9, the league of states was considered as strong as any similar republican confederation ever formed. The chief problem was, in the words of

4492:. Judicial power includes that granted by Acts of Congress for rules of law and punishment. Judicial power also extends to areas not covered by statute. Generally, federal courts cannot interrupt state court proceedings. 7180:, 1921–1930, in 1925 were James Clark McReynolds, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., William Howard Taft (chief justice), Willis Van Devanter, Louis Brandeis. Edward Sanford, George Sutherland, Pierce Butler, Harlan Fiske Stone 5121:

of law, thus protecting individuals from being imprisoned without fair procedures; and provides that an accused person may not be compelled to reveal to the police, prosecutor, judge, or jury any information that might

5046:. The Supreme Court has ruled that this right applies to individuals, not merely to collective militias. It has also held that the government may regulate or place some limits on the manufacture, ownership and sale of 5645:(proposed 1924) would, if ratified, specifically authorize Congress to limit, regulate and prohibit labor of persons less than eighteen years of age. The amendment was proposed in response to Supreme Court rulings in 19372: 19235: 7058:, they are asking the court to force the archivist of the United States to "carry out his statutory duty of recognizing the complete and final adoption" of the ERA as the Twenty-eighth Amendment to the Constitution. 6018:

addressed the Court's limitation when political process allowed future policy change, but a judicial ruling would "attribute finality". Political questions lack "satisfactory criteria for a judicial determination."

5978:. In this way, it can avoid opinions on embarrassing or difficult cases. The Supreme Court limits itself by defining what is a "justiciable question". First, the Court is fairly consistent in refusing to make any " 4190: 3513:

to participate. Of the 74 delegates appointed by the states, 55 attended. The delegates were generally convinced that an effective central government with a wide range of enforceable powers must replace the weaker

3089: 6069:

Supreme Courts under the leadership of subsequent chief justices have also used judicial review to interpret the Constitution among individuals, states and federal branches. Notable contributions were made by the

13057: 9283:, with links to United States Government Printing office official Web site, Cornell Law School, Emory Law School, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions since 1893, (1998, 2000 Supplement). Viewed November 28, 2011. 5090:

seized often are used as evidence when the individual is charged with a crime. It also imposes certain limitations on police investigating a crime and prevents the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial.

5757:

Judicial review includes the power of the Court to explain the meaning of the Constitution as it applies to particular cases. Over the years, Court decisions on issues ranging from governmental regulation of

3830:(1215), which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler. The idea of Separation of Powers inherent in the Constitution was largely inspired by eighteenth-century 3579:

to emphasize sovereignty of the legislature. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, remained

7563: 6760: 5272:(1919) prohibited the making, transporting, and selling of alcoholic beverages nationwide. It also authorized Congress to enact legislation enforcing this prohibition. Adopted at the urging of a national 3227:, called for a bicameral (two-house) Congress that was to be elected on a proportional basis based on state population, an elected chief executive, and an appointed judicial branch. An alternative to the 7113:

The entire quote reads, "This argument has been ratified by time and by practice, and there is little point in quibbling with it. Of course, the president also takes an oath to support the Constitution."

19377: 7098:

Although it may be that the true meaning of the Constitution to the people of the United States in 1788 can only be divined by a study of the state ratification conventions, the Supreme Court has used

4400:

Section 4 provides for the removal of the president and other federal officers. The president is removed on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

3588:, charged with considering the Virginia Plan. On June 13, the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee. The New Jersey Plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan. 4920:

format and submits it to the states. To date, the convention method of proposal has never been tried and the convention method of ratification has only been used once, for the Twenty-first Amendment.

7025:

Contrary to this source when viewed, the Constitution provides that punishments, including forfeiture of income and property, must apply to the person convicted. "No attainder of treason shall work

5519:. A concrete plan of succession has been needed on multiple occasions since 1789. However, for nearly 20% of U.S. history, there has been no vice president in office who can assume the presidency. 3599:

The Great Compromise ended the stalemate between patriots and nationalists, leading to numerous other compromises in a spirit of accommodation. There were sectional interests to be balanced by the

14640: 9918: 5872:(South Carolina), was appointed by Washington in 1795 as a recess appointment, but was not confirmed by the Senate. Resigning later that year, he was succeeded in 1796 by the third chief justice, 5554:

in which they are proposed, and only a fraction of those approved in committee receive sufficient support to win Congressional approval and actually enter the constitutional ratification process.

4079:

Republics ... And we have viewed modern States all round Europe but find none of their Constitutions suitable to our circumstances." Jefferson maintained, that most European governments were

3441:

requirement. The Congress of the Confederation had "virtually ceased trying to govern." The vision of a respectable nation among nations seemed to be fading in the eyes of revolutionaries such as

4227:

with a list of the 13 states. In place of the names of the states Morris substituted "of the United States" and then listed the Constitution's six goals, none of which were mentioned originally.

6038:

explained, foreign affairs are inherently political, "wholly confided by our Constitution to the political departments of the government ... not subject to judicial intrusion or inquiry."

3378:

began seizing American ships of commerce, the Treasury had no funds to pay toward ransom. If a military crisis required action, the Congress had no credit or taxing power to finance a response.

18183: 15525: 14330: 9887: 6822: 4192: 3474: 3199: 3091: 2976: 2378: 2302: 4385:" for vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate. The president ensures the laws are faithfully executed and may grant reprieves and pardons with the exception of Congressional 4365:

relating to office succession. The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government. The inaugural oath is specified to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution.

3670:

from Pennsylvania, was appointed to distill a final draft constitution from the 23 approved articles. The final draft, presented to the convention on September 12, contained seven articles, a

10379: 2245: 19245: 16245: 14148: 6612:, an avid stamp collector himself, released a commemorative postage stamp celebrating the 150th anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution. The engraving on this issue is after an 2091: 19367: 14655: 14085: 10590: 4607: 14605: 10460: 16737: 10617: 7051: 5527: 3351:

abilities, it lacked enforcement powers. The implementation of most decisions, including amendments to the Articles, required legislative approval by all 13 of the newly formed states.

9587: 14186: 4912: 4653: 19420: 14453: 10536: 10491: 10042: 8521:"Resolution of the Congress, of September 13, 1788, Fixing Date for Election of a President, and the Organization of the Government Under the Constitution, in the City of New York" 5255:(1913) removed existing Constitutional constraints that limited the power of Congress to lay and collect taxes on income. Specifically, the apportionment constraints delineated in 19382: 10157: 7193:, 1953–1969, in 1963 were Felix Frankfurter; Hugo Black; Earl Warren (chief justice); Stanley Reed; William O. Douglas. Tom Clark; Robert H. Jackson; Harold Burton; Sherman Minton 6508:

Since the 1980s, the influence of the United States Constitution has been waning as other countries have created new constitutions or updated older constitutions, a process which

6338: 6041:

Critics of the Court object in two principal ways to self-restraint in judicial review, deferring as it does as a matter of doctrine to acts of Congress and presidential actions.

5944:

statute had already been repealed. In the eighty years following the Civil War to World War II, the Court voided congressional statutes in 77 cases, on average almost one a year.

5239: 4801:

occurred on September 17, 1787, when 39 delegates endorsed the constitution created during the convention. In addition to signatures, this closing endorsement, the Constitution's

3732:

of the proposed Constitution, the state legislatures were tasked with organizing "Federal Conventions" to ratify the document. This process ignored the amendment provision of the

3592:

two issues were to be decided: how the votes were to be allocated among the states in the Congress, and how the representatives should be elected. In its report, now known as the

545: 6014:

external world" beyond the ordinary judicial sphere. The "political question" doctrine especially applies to questions which present a difficult enforcement issue. Chief Justice

5804: 19425: 19415: 19362: 19332: 14555: 5447: 4377: 808: 11265: 10011: 9980: 9949: 18480: 18475: 18470: 16610: 14325: 10433: 4506:

authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only. Their judicial power does not extend to cases that are hypothetical, or which are proscribed due to

3785: 7016:

reforms have tried to preserve a working "relationship of comity" and simultaneously streamline the process for state and lower courts to apply Supreme Court interpretations.

5826:

The basic theory of American judicial review is summarized by constitutional legal scholars and historians as follows: the written Constitution is fundamental law within the

5516: 5234:(1795) specifically prohibits federal courts from hearing cases in which a state is sued by an individual from another state or another country, thus extending to the states 4009:, 136 U.S. 1310, 1330 (2016).) Montesquieu emphasized the need for balanced forces pushing against each other to prevent tyranny (reflecting the influence of 19230: 19100: 18584: 15272: 10563: 6802: 6271: 3500: 19352: 19347: 19342: 15287: 10211: 6418: 6090: 5766:

to the rights of the accused in criminal cases have changed the way many constitutional clauses are interpreted, without amendment to the actual text of the Constitution.

5256: 4287: 4274: 4070:

While the ideas of unalienable rights, the separation of powers and the structure of the Constitution were largely influenced by the European Enlightenment thinkers, like

3465:

federal constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." The proposal might take effect when approved by Congress and the states.

14625: 10744: 9825: 5860:

The Supreme Court was initially made up of jurists who had been intimately connected with the framing of the Constitution and the establishment of its government as law.

16327: 14158: 14042: 13842: 13774: 6136: 4286:, also known as the Elastic Clause, expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress without the Articles' requirement for express delegation for each and every power. 3362:

Under the Articles, the United States had little ability to defend its sovereignty. Most of the troops in the nation's 625-man army were deployed facing non-threatening

1717: 522: 511: 14610: 10321: 5345:

equal protection of the laws. These limitations dramatically expanded the protections of the Constitution. This amendment, according to the Supreme Court's Doctrine of

3873:

held that the Scottish Enlightenment was "probably the most potent single tradition in the American Enlightenment" and the advancement of personal liberties. Historian

19292: 18176: 16332: 14028: 10290: 7042:

Three states have ratified the ERA in recent years (Virginia, Illinois and Nevada), purportedly bringing the number of ratifications to 38. In January 2020, after the

5564:) for their ratification. The other two are no longer pending, as both had a time limit attached and in both cases the time period set for their ratification expired. 5523: 4956: 3962: 2514: 2371: 2237: 1991: 9856: 9755: 4855:

function only. It neither assigns powers to the federal government nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. It does, however, provide essential

3707: 19307: 19302: 19170: 16427: 15767: 15637: 14806: 14013: 14003: 10184: 6053: 5497: 5397: 4960: 2222: 2210: 1745: 147: 14645: 10406: 10352: 5598:

apportioned the House of Representatives at 33,000 persons per representative in consequence of the 1790 census. Reapportionment has since been effected by statute.

5412:(1971) prohibits the government from denying the right of United States citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age. The drive to lower the 18118: 14023: 14018: 14008: 13998: 6521: 5770:

If an action of Congress or the agencies is challenged, however, the court system ultimately decides whether these actions are permissible under the Constitution.

5508: 5409: 5385: 5293: 4964: 4665: 4362: 4223:

of Pennsylvania, who chaired the convention's Committee of Style, the phrase is considered an improvement on the section's original draft which followed the words

4191: 3090: 2852: 2446: 2232: 2227: 2217: 2205: 1543: 793: 7029:

or forfeiture" on the convicted traitor's children or heirs. This avoids the perpetuation of civil war into the generations by Parliamentary majorities as in the

6359:

Nevertheless, the Rehnquist Court was noted in the contemporary "culture wars" for overturning state laws relating to privacy, prohibiting late-term abortions in

5784: 5141:(1791) provides several protections and rights to an individual accused of a crime. The accused has the right to a fair and speedy trial by a local and impartial 17017: 15897: 13978: 11312: 11227: 5454: 4530: 2183: 1671: 11445: 5443: 4748:

over state laws, and that "the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the laws or constitutions of any state notwithstanding." It validates

4258:

of the federal government. Section 1 reads, "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a

3943: 3910:, he enabled the King in Parliament to give those to be born in the colonies all rights and liberties as though they were born in England. William Blackstone's 3540:

Congress, with both chambers elected with apportionment according to population. Generally favoring the most highly populated states, it used the philosophy of

18465: 17776: 16504: 16272: 16106: 15762: 13988: 13983: 13952: 13947: 7076:

The Supreme Court found 658 cases of invalid state statutes from 1790 to 1941 before the advent of civil rights cases in the last half of the twentieth century

6546: 5585:. At the time it was sent to the states for ratification, an affirmative vote by ten states would have made this amendment operational. In 1791 and 1792, when 5462: 5374: 5337: 5305: 5269: 4939:

The Constitution has twenty-seven amendments. Structurally, the Constitution's original text and all prior amendments remain untouched. The precedent for this

2195: 2190: 2168: 2163: 1879: 680: 7323: 16793: 16360: 16250: 13993: 13973: 13957: 12858: 12842: 12070: 7589: 6817: 6733: 5481: 5359: 5252: 4715: 3075: 2200: 2178: 2173: 803: 782: 500: 7242:, the promulgation in the Islands of the Spanish Constitution, and the complete assimilation equal to that of any in the Spanish provinces on the continent. 3235:, also called for an elected executive but retained the legislative structure created by the Articles, a unicameral Congress where all states had one vote. 17849: 16128: 14550: 13924: 5231: 4868: 4128:

like James Monroe, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, and is said to have influenced their thinking during the founding era to one degree or another.

3255: 2153: 266: 377: 17937: 17771: 16165: 14801: 13929: 13893: 10805: 9926: 7251:

In the modern history of China, there were many revolutionaries who tried to seek the truth from the West in order to overthrow the feudal system of the

7003:

For instance, 'collateral estoppel' directs that when a litigant wins in a state court, they cannot sue in federal court to get a more favorable outcome.

5439: 5405:

low-income (primarily African American) citizens from participating in elections. The Supreme Court has since struck down these discriminatory measures.

5165: 4358: 2158: 2131: 7938:

An Oration, Delivered July 4, 1787, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, in Celebration of the Anniversary of American Independence,

6984:. It also has roots in Natural Law expressions in the Declaration of Independence. The Supreme Court first ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional in 5971:

said, to the election returns." Indeed, the Supreme Court has developed a system of doctrine and practice that self-limit its power of judicial review.

19499: 18893: 18134: 16705: 16563: 15205: 14635: 14530: 13898: 13878: 13868: 9323: 6613: 5184: 5078: 5039: 3736:

which required unanimous approval of all the states. Instead, Article VII called for ratification by just nine of the 13 states—a two-thirds majority.

2737: 2136: 2116: 2106: 9895: 6045:

Its inaction is said to allow "a flood of legislative appropriations" which permanently create an imbalance between the states and federal government.

5661:

approved June 25, 1938, regulated the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age in interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, by unanimous vote in

19489: 19469: 18315: 18051: 16267: 16054: 14340: 13908: 13903: 13888: 13883: 13873: 13863: 13610:

Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention Assembled at Philadelphia, in the Year 1787: For the Purpose of Forming the United States of America

6064: 5750:. Judicial review is the power of the Court to examine federal legislation, federal executive, and all state branches of government, to decide their 5219: 5208: 5138: 5094: 5058: 5003: 2777: 2146: 2141: 2126: 2121: 2111: 2101: 573: 10383: 19402: 16759: 16732: 16049: 12413: 11365: 10785:"BREAKING: The House of Delegates just passed HJ1, my resolution to have Virginia be the 38th and final state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment" 5947:

A crisis arose when, in 1935 and 1936, the Supreme Court handed down twelve decisions voiding acts of Congress relating to the New Deal. President

5746:

The way the Constitution is understood is influenced by court decisions, especially those of the Supreme Court. These decisions are referred to as

5043: 4571:

Article IV outlines the relations among the states and between each state and the federal government. In addition, it provides for such matters as

4430:. Congress can create lower courts and an appeals process and enacts law defining crimes and punishments. Article Three also protects the right to 3818:

The U.S. Constitution was a federal one and was greatly influenced by the study of Magna Carta and other federations, both ancient and extant. The

3678:, of which Morris was the primary author. The committee also presented a proposed letter to accompany the constitution when delivered to Congress. 3381:

Domestically, the Articles of Confederation was failing to bring unity to the diverse sentiments and interests of the various states. Although the

1859: 1502: 1498: 1279: 3140: 17107: 17067: 15403: 14731: 13832: 13812: 13767: 6346:

was a Reagan-appointed chief justice, serving from 1986 to 2005. While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court's decision, as in

5577:(proposed 1789) would, if ratified, establish a formula for determining the appropriate size of the House of Representatives and the appropriate 5195:

set at an amount so high that it would be impossible for all but the richest defendants to pay, and also protects people from being subjected to

4766: 4409: 3729: 3188: 3160: 2357: 2348: 2081: 2061: 1869: 765: 10594: 6397:

There is a viewpoint that some Americans have come to see the documents of the Constitution, along with the Declaration of Independence and the

6261:

allowed exclusion of evidence obtained without a warrant based on application of the 14th Amendment proscription against unreasonable searches.

4753:

case of a conflict, state judges are legally bound to honor the federal laws and constitution over those of any state. Article Six also states "

16915: 15833: 15320: 15216: 13822: 13817: 11642: 11301: 10468: 5841:

The justification for judicial review is to be explicitly found in the open ratifications held in the states and reported in their newspapers.

5126:

him or her in a court of law. Additionally, the Fifth Amendment also prohibits government from taking private property for public use without "

4624: 4566: 3433:(August 1786 – June 1787) in Massachusetts, Congress could provide no money to support an endangered constituent state. General 3195:

it. The Constitution of the United States is the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world.

3168: 3164: 2767: 2071: 2066: 1984: 1229: 10621: 7215:"Secession was indeed unconstitutional ... military resistance to secession was not only constitutional but also morally justified. "the 6915:

Historically, the first written constitution of an independent polity which was adopted by representatives elected by the people was the 1755

5896:

When John Marshall followed Oliver Ellsworth as chief justice of the Supreme Court in 1801, the federal judiciary had been established by the

4959:, which was pending before the states for 202 years, 225 days, the longest pending amendment that was successfully ratified was the 17724: 17129: 16365: 15572: 14585: 13827: 13807: 13802: 9595: 4777: 4739: 4553:

government because opposition is not a life or death proposition. However, Congress does provide for other lesser subversive crimes, such as

4325: 4245: 3172: 3148: 3136: 2076: 2056: 2051: 1154: 675: 537: 11854: 10073:"Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization | Definition, Abortion, Background, Arguments, Roe v. Wade, & Planned Parenthood v. Casey" 6537:

male adult property owners to vote; the notable exception was New Jersey, where women were able to vote on the same basis as men. Until the

6048:

Supreme Court deference to Congress and the executive compromises American protection of civil rights, political minority groups and aliens.

19397: 18589: 16747: 16344: 16160: 16101: 15684: 15642: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15023: 14075: 13688: 13654: 9561: 8588: 5693: 4882: 4148:

is often cited by historians of Iroquois history. Hewitt, however, rejected the idea that the Iroquois League had a major influence on the

3325: 2439: 2282: 1520: 1361: 1254: 12620:

Starna, William A.; Hamell, George R. (1996). "History and the Burden of Proof: The Case of Iroquois Influence on the U.S. Constitution".

10540: 10495: 7780:

noting that "Madison, along with other Americans clearly understood" the Articles of Confederation "to be the first federal Constitution".

6267:

ruled the equitable power of the United States can impose positive action on a state to prevent its inaction from damaging another state.

18865: 18149: 18098: 17871: 17714: 17609: 17354: 17092: 16212: 16123: 15865: 15850: 15732: 14736: 14535: 13551:

justices. Having documented the... difficulty of enacting constitutional change under the U.S. amendment process (the reform of which is

10050: 8580: 6807: 6580: 6291:" services. Warren built a coalition of justices after 1962 that developed the idea of natural rights as guaranteed in the Constitution. 4859:

of the Constitution's validity, a statement of "This is what was agreed to." It records who signed the Constitution, and when and where.

4518:

issues. Generally, a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have some interest genuinely at stake in the case.

3490: 2762: 1664: 1376: 798: 10161: 5963:

The power of judicial review could not have been preserved long in a democracy unless it had been "wielded with a reasonable measure of

19459: 19312: 18932: 18594: 17697: 17212: 17207: 17197: 16570: 16299: 15547: 14271: 13797: 13760: 9529: 7219:

purpose of the Constitution was ... to create 'a more perfect union' ... the Constitution was an exercise in nation building.

7067:

In this context, colonial territories held by the U.S. are not considered part of the land, so the constitution does not apply to them.

6549:, ratified in 1920—for the Constitution to prohibit any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. 6405:. Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian United States as held together by political orthodoxy, in contrast with a 6309:

established Court ordered "one-man-one-vote". Bill of Rights Amendments were incorporated into the states. Due process was expanded in

6251: 5261: 4204: 3996: 3671: 2812: 2757: 2519: 2043: 2008: 1601: 1596: 1459: 788: 11816:

Callanan, Keegan (September 2014). "Liberal Constitutionalism and Political Particularism in Montesquieu's "The Spirit of the Laws"".

6165: 4397:, recommends "necessary and expedient" national measures. The president may convene and adjourn Congress under special circumstances. 4121:, claimed the Iroquois influence thesis is largely the product of "white interpretations of Indians" and "scholarly misapprehension". 18937: 18128: 17866: 17809: 17702: 17531: 16973: 15476: 14510: 14480: 14266: 14231: 14211: 11275: 10822: 10019: 9988: 9957: 6637: 6621: 5739: 5578: 4841: 4798: 4781:

nine states (two-thirds rounded up) ratified. Each of the remaining four states could then join the newly formed union by ratifying.

3797: 3486: 3283: 3203: 3068: 2959: 2837: 2490: 2314: 2309: 2292: 1977: 1839: 1724: 1606: 1242: 1144: 595: 584: 334: 48: 12826: 10437: 4219:", represented a new thought: the idea that the people and not the states were the source of the government's legitimacy. Coined by 3924:

of 1688, British political philosopher John Locke was a major influence, expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by

19080: 19065: 18490: 18485: 17913: 17709: 17202: 16690: 16630: 16190: 15845: 15737: 15587: 14515: 10766: 5530:

has been affected by this amendment, which remained pending for over two centuries as it contained no time limit for ratification.

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into the United States prior to 1808, plus the fourth clause from that same section, which reiterates the Constitutional rule that

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The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification

12889:

The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification

10567: 9708: 8174: 4987: 3751:, at the time a hotbed of anti-Federalism, three delegates from the Philadelphia Convention who were also members of the Congress— 18338: 18040: 18019: 17819: 17792: 17751: 17746: 17719: 17649: 17536: 17332: 17139: 16727: 16551: 16449: 16081: 14726: 5952: 5235: 4686:. The Archivist submits the proposed amendment to the states for their consideration by sending a letter of notification to each 4587:

prohibits state governments from discriminating against citizens of other states in favor of resident citizens. For instance, in

4343: 3271: 3120: 2432: 1687: 1410: 423: 11491: 10467:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 10328:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 10297:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 10049:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 10018:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9987:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9956:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9925:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9894:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9863:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9832:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9762:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 9594:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 4947:

considered and proposed the first several Constitutional amendments. Among these, Amendments 1–10 are collectively known as the

4697:

Article Five ends by shielding certain clauses in the new frame of government from being amended. Article One, Section 9, Clause

3385:

in 1783 was signed between Britain and the U.S., and named each of the American states, various states proceeded to violate it.

19155: 18557: 18062: 17920: 17629: 17312: 17217: 17047: 16995: 16956: 16523: 16518: 16372: 16309: 16262: 16240: 16205: 15860: 15716: 14816: 14485: 14363: 10215: 9833: 6865: 6771: 5539: 4940: 4809:, added a note to verify four amendments made by hand to the final document, and signed the note to authenticate its validity. 4415: 4263: 3906:, Coke interpreted Magna Carta protections and rights to apply not just to nobles, but to all British subjects. In writing the 3180: 3152: 2742: 2477: 1849: 1834: 1808: 1657: 1472: 1441: 1397: 1371: 1311: 1291: 1189: 1174: 817: 693: 492: 14500: 6935:. Earlier written constitutions of independent states exist but were not adopted by bodies elected by the people, such as the 3346:

and Perpetual Union was the first constitution of the United States. The document was drafted by a committee appointed by the

19225: 18994: 18911: 18193: 17736: 17624: 17494: 17398: 17307: 17231: 16776: 16742: 15757: 15747: 15742: 15600: 15595: 15459: 15424: 15038: 14128: 14123: 14050: 13484: 13463: 13399: 13318: 13248: 13173: 12974: 12953: 12932: 12758: 12610: 12567: 12522: 12443: 12432: 12276: 12252: 12103: 11912: 11888: 11864: 11806: 11782: 11736: 11688: 11525: 11237: 10860: 10728: 10329: 9796: 9691: 9664: 8822: 7769: 7573: 6781: 5574: 5551: 4711: 4664:. The ratification method is chosen by Congress for each amendment. State ratifying conventions were used only once, for the 4125: 2253: 1813: 1432: 1316: 1163: 612: 10298: 5484:(1933) changes the date on which a new president, Vice President and Congress take office, thus shortening the time between 19327: 18333: 18216: 17932: 17829: 17766: 17756: 17639: 17430: 17393: 17322: 17154: 17119: 16670: 16400: 16133: 15904: 15855: 15828: 15752: 15711: 14771: 14565: 13573: 13047: 11309: 9864: 9763: 9276: 5706: 5381:

on the same terms as men. Prior to the amendment's adoption, only a few states permitted women to vote and to hold office.

4936:

and serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed.

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Kaminski, John P.; Saladino, Gaspare J.; Leffler, Richard; Schoenleber, Charles H. & Hogan, Margaret A., eds. (1976).

10955: 10643: 10188: 1854: 19090: 18444: 18211: 17888: 17876: 17814: 17571: 17062: 16961: 16558: 16217: 16113: 15997: 15147: 14766: 14358: 10410: 10356: 7043: 6246: 6178: 5346: 5117:, being tried and put in danger of being punished more than once for the same criminal act; prohibits punishment without 4335: 3912: 2509: 1449: 1326: 846: 637: 562: 7046:

issued an opinion that the deadline for passage of the amendment expired at the time of the original 1979 deadline, the

6287:

ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment interpreting racial segregation as permissible in government and commerce providing "

4911:

Under Article Five, a proposal for an amendment must be adopted either by two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by a

4450:, Congress began to fill in details. Currently, Title 28 of the U.S. Code describes judicial powers and administration. 19479: 19464: 19317: 18513: 18375: 17861: 17802: 17687: 17682: 17619: 17381: 17342: 17302: 17149: 17102: 17082: 16695: 16322: 16317: 16222: 16170: 15699: 15454: 15313: 14403: 13123: 12344:

Miller, Robert J. (March 2015). "American Indian Constitutions and Their Influence on the United States Constitution".

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guarantees a person's right to hold whatever religious beliefs they want, and to freely exercise that belief, and its

3747:. Over the ensuing months, the proposal was debated, criticized, and expounded upon clause by clause. In the state of 3214:

between May 25 and September 17, 1787. Delegates to the convention were chosen by the state legislatures of 12 of the

19494: 18550: 18387: 17903: 17883: 17834: 17824: 17692: 17614: 17591: 17551: 17415: 17405: 17282: 17257: 17164: 17144: 16622: 16138: 14746: 14108: 13423: 13363: 13340: 13311:

The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Vol. 23, Ratification by the States: New York, No. 5

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Levy, Philip A. (1996). "Exemplars of Taking Liberties: The Iroquois Influence Thesis and the Problem of Evidence".

18285: 18054: 17908: 17854: 17839: 17741: 17576: 17052: 17005: 17000: 16902: 16829: 16529: 16294: 15823: 15251: 15246: 14590: 13715: 12151: 9506: 6928: 6749: 6132:

found parts of the Legal Tender Acts unconstitutional, though it was reversed under a late Supreme Court majority.

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consequences. The amendment drove the lucrative alcohol business underground, giving rise to a large and pervasive

5277: 4905: 4584: 2807: 1525: 1510: 1486: 1401: 1219: 1201: 1196: 12924:

The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and A Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government

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to discuss and develop a consensus about reversing the protectionist trade barriers that each state had erected,

3248: 2591: 2364: 2321: 1760: 1538: 1389: 1331: 1286: 1114: 773: 213: 187: 7627:. Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania 7228:

Juarez regarded the United States as a model of republican democracy and consistently supported Abraham Lincoln.

6533:, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only 4117:, who claims the evidence is largely coincidental and circumstantial. The most outspoken critic, anthropologist 3853:

were evident at the Constitutional Convention. Prior to and during the framing and signing of the Constitution,

3495: 18970: 18743: 18738: 18043: 17925: 17599: 17546: 17462: 17452: 17420: 17349: 17337: 17292: 17179: 17077: 16939: 16859: 16849: 16635: 16492: 16195: 16153: 16096: 15870: 15781: 15002: 11338: 6906:, among other statutes, that are older than the United States Constitution that are still in force to this day. 6796: 6554: 5925:

extend to cases arising "under the Constitution". Further, justices take a Constitutional oath to uphold it as

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during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use.

4897: 4744:

Article VI establishes that the Constitution and all federal laws and treaties made in accordance with it have

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forts on American soil. Soldiers were not being paid, some were deserting, and others were threatening mutiny.

3144: 2797: 1940: 1796: 1356: 1351: 851: 831: 654: 620: 171: 11796: 10072: 3965:, the ultimate interpreters of the constitution, have cited Montesquieu throughout the Court's history. (See, 3457:, a nation without hereditary rulers, with power derived from the people in frequent elections, was in doubt. 19474: 19437: 18508: 18449: 18166: 18070: 17677: 17541: 17457: 17388: 17359: 17297: 17187: 17159: 16803: 16175: 16068: 15306: 14776: 14716: 14305: 13438: 13163: 13112: 12334: 10876:

logic, the Constitution was 'the supreme law of the land,' but the territories were 'not part of the "land."'

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body with one vote per state. Generally favoring the less-populous states, it used the philosophy of English

3514: 2896: 2802: 1965: 1894: 1336: 1321: 1039: 444: 399: 319: 13670: 13555:

on their prescriptive wish list), acknowledge the steep odds that such an undertaking faces." (p. 54.)

13189:

Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, Published During its Discussion by the People, 1787–1788

9331: 6655: 6186: 4453:

As of the First Congress, the Supreme Court justices rode circuit to sit as panels to hear appeals from the

3413:

paid nothing and "positively refused" to pay U.S. assessments for two years. A rumor at the time was that a

285: 19387: 19058: 19043: 18630: 18171: 17972: 17965: 17898: 17761: 17644: 17566: 17556: 17410: 17371: 17327: 17287: 17244: 17192: 17124: 17097: 17057: 17035: 16844: 16658: 16605: 16538: 16395: 16351: 16279: 16200: 16118: 15929: 15793: 15622: 15530: 15338: 15266: 15064: 14495: 14368: 14173: 14055: 13855: 12702: 9294: 8002: 6936: 6398: 5735: 5630: 5602: 5309: 5196: 4983: 4948: 4878: 4576: 4454: 4133: 4129: 4047: 3781: 3321: 3259: 2981: 2686: 2333: 2260: 778: 670: 191: 13657:: Original text and online resources on Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, and Bill of Rights 13608: 12789:

Zink, James R. (2009). "The Language of Liberty and Law: James Wilson on America's Written Constitution".

8546: 7720: 4602:

and travel among the states. Today, this provision is sometimes taken for granted, but in the days of the

19509: 19357: 19165: 19029: 18900: 18646: 18413: 18408: 18365: 18203: 18113: 18078: 18012: 17893: 17844: 17659: 17561: 17484: 17366: 17262: 17087: 17072: 17010: 16645: 16600: 16407: 16289: 16143: 15280: 15184: 15142: 15137: 14540: 14226: 14191: 13078: 11373: 8120:

The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M)

7104:

as a supplemental guide to the Constitution since their co-author, John Jay, was the first Chief Justice.

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longer apply. Despite these changes, the focus of each Article remains the same as when adopted in 1787.

4039: 3934: 3811: 3698:

agreed to by eleven state delegations and the lone remaining delegate from New York, Alexander Hamilton.

3402: 3347: 3314: 3294: 2954: 2924: 2817: 2494: 1864: 1750: 1611: 1425: 1209: 1134: 1079: 1044: 18310: 13474: 13283: 13262: 13037: 12922: 12706: 12536: 12266: 12082: 11654: 11566: 9197: 7556: 5936:..." The Supreme Court did not declare another act of Congress unconstitutional until the controversial 3270:. The first permanent constitution, it is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of 19140: 18851: 18268: 18238: 17797: 17667: 17499: 17479: 17467: 17277: 17267: 16949: 16854: 16467: 16457: 15984: 15979: 15969: 15964: 15486: 15234: 14681: 14650: 14373: 14138: 14133: 7761: 6940: 6766: 4944: 4495: 4466: 4373: 3942:

among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights. These basic rights were

3418: 3310: 3025: 2714: 2691: 1119: 1024: 304: 19322: 13563: 13389: 12887: 11994:(July 1989). "Why the Scottish Enlightenment Was Useful to the Framers of the American Constitution". 7959:

The Congress of the Confederation thus echoed a previous resolution of a conference at Annapolis; see

6239:

In 1925, the Taft Court issued a ruling overturning a Marshall Court ruling on the Bill of Rights. In

4200:

The Preamble, the Constitution's introductory paragraph, lays out the purposes of the new government:

3119:, on March 4, 1789. Originally including seven articles, the Constitution delineates the frame of the 19337: 19260: 19205: 19175: 19095: 18921: 18614: 18439: 18348: 18086: 17376: 16682: 16487: 16482: 16044: 15498: 14982: 14862: 14661: 14393: 14216: 14093: 13939: 13604: 12898: 12747: 12463:

Payne, Samuel B. (1996). "The Iroquois League, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution".

12093: 11678: 11468: 10852: 9486: 6609: 6538: 6257: 5814: 5595: 5473:. It also allows state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a 5325: 4952: 4603: 3733: 3343: 3337: 3112: 3030: 2884: 2338: 1084: 1074: 1069: 1049: 360: 12397: 3409:

questioned whether the Articles of Confederation was a binding compact or even a viable government.

19240: 19215: 19190: 19150: 19135: 19105: 18926: 18530: 18434: 17489: 16869: 16839: 16834: 16824: 16590: 16546: 16387: 16148: 15934: 15798: 15612: 15552: 14951: 14821: 14685: 14545: 14464: 14310: 14300: 14168: 13705: 13660: 13540: 13087:

Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Journal of Federal Convention

11417: 11336:

Law, David S.; Versteeg, Mila (2012). "The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution".

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into the Union that year (April 30, 1812), the ratification threshold rose to fourteen. Thus, when

4754: 4687: 4579:" to the public acts, records, and court proceedings of the other states. Congress is permitted to 4004: 3363: 1149: 999: 914: 439: 261: 18108: 12117: 7755: 7687: 4757:

shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."

4675:

is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of

3712: 19484: 19255: 19195: 19160: 19115: 19051: 19024: 18731: 18678: 18604: 18523: 18382: 16983: 16719: 16477: 15444: 14741: 14689: 14615: 14443: 14320: 14315: 14251: 14221: 14163: 13309:. Vol. Published volumes 1–10, 13–23, forthcoming volumes 11–12, 24–29. Most recent volume: 11792: 11229:

The constitution of a federal commonwealth: the making and meaning of the Australian constitution

8426: 8321:"Resolution of Congress of September 28, 1787, Submitting the constitution to the Several States" 6649:

Postage Issue of 1938 commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Constitution

6502: 6392: 6324: 6114:, the first African American to practice before the Supreme Court. The Chase Court is famous for 4591:, a state may not increase a penalty on the grounds that the convicted person is a non-resident. 4279: 4141: 4114: 3929: 3600: 3505: 3020: 2696: 2531: 1935: 1889: 1034: 1029: 904: 13212: 12943: 12513:

Qing Yu, Li (1988). "Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution". In Starr, Joseph Barton (ed.).

9536: 19504: 19210: 19200: 19180: 19125: 19120: 19110: 19004: 18831: 18702: 18005: 17981: 17435: 16785: 16595: 16575: 16377: 16232: 16027: 15974: 15959: 15803: 15491: 14904: 14423: 14348: 14295: 14246: 14070: 12424:

Shapers of the Great Debate at the Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Biographical Dictionary

12137: 10720: 7047: 6899: 6225: 5994:

from good faith action. "The Supreme Court is not only a court of law but a court of justice."

5937: 5682: 5547: 5457:(1913) modifies the way senators are elected. It stipulates that senators are to be elected by 5351: 5212: 5173: 4645: 4572: 4462: 4339: 4301:

in Article One to allow Congress to enact legislation that is neither expressly allowed by the

4251: 3988: 3647: 3593: 3382: 3318: 3306: 3240: 3187:

in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment.

3128: 2971: 2822: 2772: 2676: 2581: 2277: 1960: 1791: 1515: 1124: 1089: 994: 969: 470: 462: 159: 13152: 12290: 11702: 11351: 10517: 9786: 9681: 9654: 9453: 7950: 6776: 6632: 5433: 5259:

have been removed by this amendment, which also overturned an 1895 Supreme Court decision, in

3720:

Within three days of its signing on September 17, 1787, the Constitution was submitted to the

19297: 19185: 19130: 18999: 18886: 18721: 18562: 18535: 18248: 18143: 17634: 17317: 16432: 15989: 15954: 15949: 15892: 15875: 15605: 15111: 14490: 14458: 14289: 14118: 14065: 13701: 13091:

State Conventions Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland

13033: 12649:

Stubben, Jerry D. (September 2003). "The Indigenous Influence Theory of American Democracy".

12064: 10823:"Three Democratic attorneys general sue to have Equal Rights Amendment added to Constitution" 10682: 9439: 7100: 6957: 6916: 6827: 6617: 6579:

institutions that most or all other democracies have reformed, directly allowing significant

6481:

at times when they were considering the possibilities for their nation's future. It informed

6263: 6232: 5948: 5921: 5897: 5853:

of Connecticut all argued for Supreme Court judicial review of acts of state legislature. In

5795: 5642: 5501: 5313: 4522: 4458: 4447: 4427: 4394: 4307: 3980: 3765: 3367: 2965: 2827: 2558: 2270: 1109: 1059: 1014: 1004: 989: 979: 964: 944: 919: 909: 899: 756: 13519:

vestiges, advocate such modest reforms as the end of equal representation of states in the

13111: 12502: 11878: 7431: 7403:"Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan, Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention" 6645: 5876:(Connecticut). Both Rutledge and Ellsworth were delegates to the Constitutional Convention. 2026: 411: 30: 19220: 19145: 18975: 18965: 18697: 18672: 18609: 18280: 18226: 17986: 17114: 16988: 16879: 16257: 15689: 15669: 15617: 15567: 15508: 15439: 15256: 14811: 14525: 14520: 14475: 14448: 14398: 14143: 13650: 13516: 13204:

American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War

12330: 11967: 11770: 11722: 10788: 9565: 9427: 7757:

American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War

7552: 7259:, for example, was much influenced by American democracy, especially the U.S. Constitution. 7138: 7124: 6791: 6723: 6463: 6379: 6311: 6122: 6015: 5974:

The Court controls almost all of its business by choosing what cases to consider, writs of

5582: 5543: 5490: 5242:

has been affected by this amendment, which also overturned the Supreme Court's decision in

5031: 5027: 5015: 4727: 4259: 4149: 4098: 4014: 3831: 3460:

On February 21, 1787, the Confederation Congress called a convention of state delegates in

3244: 3124: 3050: 3015: 3010: 2874: 2656: 2396: 1632: 1129: 1104: 1009: 949: 924: 894: 884: 554: 166: 12399:

The Spirit of Laws: On the Origin of inequality; On Political Economy: The Social Contract

11798:

Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September 1787

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The presidential reference is to Andrew Jackson's disagreement with Marshall's Court over

4465:

heard regional appeals before consideration by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court holds

8: 19279: 18599: 17526: 17442: 17252: 16968: 16653: 16284: 15481: 15239: 15028: 14756: 14620: 14408: 14353: 14256: 14113: 13644: 13413: 13183: 12918: 12242: 7026: 6903: 6812: 6526:

The United States Constitution has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1787.

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held that the Bill of Rights restricted only the federal government, and not the states.

5906: 5835: 5727: 5647: 5378: 5299: 5244: 5019: 4845: 4599: 4145: 4031: 3921: 3682: 3611: 3430: 2929: 2919: 2901: 2467: 1925: 1844: 1064: 1019: 959: 934: 889: 154: 127: 13083:

The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution

13000:

Casey, Gregory (Spring 1974). "The Supreme Court and Myth: An Empirical Investigation".

12366: 12048: 11750: 8520: 7620: 6022:

John Marshall recognized that the president holds "important political powers" which as

5990:. Simply having the money to sue and being injured by government action are not enough. 5006:(1791) prohibits Congress from obstructing the exercise of certain individual freedoms: 19014: 18708: 18668: 18663: 18622: 18545: 18540: 18370: 18358: 18343: 18275: 16766: 16754: 16472: 16462: 16439: 16422: 15818: 15562: 15557: 15429: 14941: 14925: 14786: 14600: 14575: 14560: 14470: 14438: 14428: 14388: 14378: 13584: 13453: 13352: 13199: 13017: 12964: 12814: 12806: 12777: 12733: 12690: 12658: 12637: 12589: 12557: 12488: 12422: 12407: 12353: 12318: 12221: 12208: 12200: 12019: 12011: 11991: 11979: 11955: 11934: 11841: 11833: 11270: 10713: 9378: 9370: 8803: 8795: 8320: 8190: 7961: 6986: 6542: 6486: 6317: 6288: 6241: 6031: 5968: 5964: 5915: 5581:

of representatives among the states following each constitutionally mandated decennial

5426: 5388:(1961) extends the right to vote in presidential elections to citizens residing in the 5329: 5123: 5082: 4702: 4390: 4382: 4369: 4351: 4063:, who often quoted Blackstone and Montesquieu verbatim, and applied to the creation of 3886: 3854: 3850: 3819: 3752: 3639: 3576: 3536:, proposed that the legislative department of the national government be composed of a 2641: 1950: 1945: 1909: 1884: 1775: 1755: 1259: 1094: 974: 939: 13493:

Rosenfeld, Sam, "The Cracked Foundation: Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt explained

12991:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. pp. –397, –645, 669–682, 11946:

Greene, Francis R. (Winter 1994). "Madison's View of Federalism in "The Federalist"".

10784: 9622: 8770:

Carpenter, William Seal (1928). "The Separation of Powers in the Eighteenth Century".

7701: 7402: 478: 18874: 18779: 18654: 18253: 18221: 18159: 18154: 17509: 16665: 16017: 15515: 15434: 15419: 15261: 15007: 14992: 14972: 14846: 14721: 14700: 14672: 14276: 14103: 13569: 13532: 13480: 13459: 13419: 13395: 13359: 13336: 13314: 13289: 13268: 13244: 13237: 13218: 13169: 13129: 13119: 13043: 12970: 12949: 12928: 12904: 12818: 12754: 12629: 12606: 12563: 12542: 12518: 12480: 12428: 12367:"Who is the Militia: The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms" 12286: 12272: 12248: 12227: 12212: 12192: 12099: 12052: 12023: 11922: 11908: 11902: 11884: 11860: 11845: 11802: 11778: 11756: 11732: 11726: 11708: 11684: 11660: 11521: 11347: 11243: 11233: 10866: 10856: 10724: 10260: 9792: 9687: 9660: 9382: 8807: 8787: 8182: 8124: 7765: 7569: 7432:"The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison: on June 15" 7086: 7030: 6981: 6859: 6754: 6709: 6478: 6426: 6367: 6343: 6211: 6035: 5854: 5751: 5622: 5560: 5413: 5127: 5023: 5011: 4817: 4813: 4631: 4477: 4473: 4376:, as well as of state militias when they are mobilized. The president makes treaties 4220: 4153: 4102: 4023: 3957: 3951: 3890: 3870: 3740: 3690: 3667: 3446: 3442: 3356: 3302: 3215: 3207: 2847: 2548: 2486: 1269: 1139: 1099: 1054: 954: 856: 751: 220: 208: 142: 13752: 12033:"Reaching the Grassroots: The Worldwide Diffusion of Iroquois Democratic Traditions" 10675: 10098: 9432: 7647: 6442: 5671:. As a result of this development, the movement pushing for the amendment concluded. 5276:, proponents believed that the use of alcohol was reckless and destructive and that 3882: 18812: 18751: 18726: 18715: 18639: 17425: 17272: 16978: 16798: 15808: 15649: 15632: 15627: 15466: 14883: 14630: 14505: 14433: 14418: 14153: 14098: 14060: 13548: 13511: 13433: 13409: 13009: 12798: 12725: 12682: 12670: 12472: 12184: 12147: 12113: 12044: 12003: 11898: 11825: 11746: 10806:

Virginia becomes 38th state to ratify Equal Rights Amendment—but it may be too late

9362: 8779: 7239: 6509: 6373: 6305: 6027: 5979: 5926: 5873: 5850: 5618: 5417: 5389: 4926: 4886: 4793:

The signatures in the closing endorsement section of the United States Constitution

4745: 4118: 3748: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3520:

Two plans for structuring the federal government arose at the convention's outset:

3501:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States on September 17, 1787

3434: 3386: 3104: 2934: 2727: 2722: 2681: 2671: 2553: 2265: 861: 308: 13630: 12966:

Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution

12447: 12084:

The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789

11541: 11395: 9454:"The Six Stages of Ratification of the Constitution: Stage I—Now For the Bad News" 6493:

of Mexico, and the second generation of 19th-century constitutional nationalists,

6490: 3607:

term, powers, and method of selection; and jurisdiction of the federal judiciary.

18797: 18791: 18785: 18773: 18418: 18263: 18258: 17134: 16910: 16808: 16580: 15880: 15813: 15582: 15503: 15449: 15168: 15116: 14997: 14956: 14867: 14791: 14695: 14677: 14413: 14383: 14241: 13684: 13498: 13328: 12768:

Zeydel, Walter H. (October 1966). "Sir William Blackstone and His Commentaries".

12306: 11874: 11775:

American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective

11650: 9280: 7203: 6932: 6786: 6695: 6534: 6482: 6474: 6467: 6330: 6154: 6095: 6083: 6026:

allows great discretion. This doctrine was applied in Court rulings on President

5710: 5458: 5286: 5177: 5155: 5114: 5062: 4991: 4968: 4844:. This dual reference can also be found in the Articles of Confederation and the 4833: 4749: 4683: 4575:

and border changes between the states. For instance, it requires states to give "

4294: 4106: 3972: 3939: 3744: 3708:

History of the United States Constitution § Ratification of the Constitution

3619: 3560: 3375: 3232: 2889: 2666: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2420: 1644: 1264: 746: 729: 719: 662: 598: 525: 9273: 7962:"Proceedings of Commissioners to Remedy Defects of the Federal Government: 1786" 6249:", which applied the Bill of Rights to the states. Important cases included the 5714: 5202: 4986:

which consists of 10 amendments that were added to the Constitution in 1791, as

18767: 18392: 18188: 17604: 17504: 16887: 16022: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15674: 15537: 15471: 15106: 15085: 15069: 15033: 14977: 14946: 14761: 13559: 13502: 13449: 13304: 13258: 13232: 13187: 12883: 12577: 12532: 12078: 11674: 10651: 9554: 8181:. Washington D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. p. 264. 8051: 7406: 6920: 6887: 6402: 6116: 6104: 6006: 5987: 5901: 5885: 5731: 5686: 5192: 5131: 4856: 4852: 4507: 4087: 4018: 3907: 3874: 3802: 3390: 2832: 2651: 2631: 1563: 1490: 98: 12945:

Founding Fathers: Brief Lives of the Framers of the United States Constitution

12892:. Vol. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788. The Library of America. 12802: 12007: 10870: 9204:. Constitution Annotated: Analysis and Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution 6522:

History of the United States Constitution § Criticism of the Constitution

6512:

believes to be more difficult in the United States than in any other country.

5285:. In addition, prohibition encouraged disrespect for the law and strengthened 3437:

was obliged to raise funds from Boston merchants to pay for a volunteer army.

19453: 18950: 18574: 18569: 18353: 18243: 18123: 18028: 16585: 15885: 15694: 15329: 15211: 15132: 15090: 15059: 14987: 14909: 14781: 14751: 14667: 14570: 14281: 14236: 13637:: Legal analysis and interpretation based primarily on Supreme Court case law 13634: 13536: 13476:

The Original Compromise: What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking

13385: 13285:

Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787

13133: 13059:

British and American Constitutional and Democratic Models (18th–20th Century)

12633: 12484: 12262: 12196: 12133: 12056: 11829: 11247: 9481: 8791: 7565:

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

7013: 6761:

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation

6593: 6541:

were adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the

6299: 5983: 5877: 5869: 5868:, served as chief justice for the first six years. The second chief justice, 5842: 5810: 5610: 5504:, who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth. 4649: 4481: 4347: 4312: 4216: 4182: 4177: 4091: 3925: 3869:

were among the political philosophers most frequently referred to. Historian

3756: 3686: 3663: 3659: 3615: 3564: 3525: 3406: 3267: 3228: 3108: 3005: 1904: 1770: 645: 587: 565: 514: 483: 65: 40: 36: 19073: 13067: 12152:"Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion; Or, Would You Sign the Constitution?" 12032: 10745:"Nevada Ratifies The Equal Rights Amendment ... 35 Years After The Deadline" 6494: 6433: 19009: 18819: 16892: 16864: 15919: 13373: 11698: 7933: 7775: 7252: 7190: 6738: 6406: 6284: 6079: 5434:

Government processes and procedures (Amendments 12, 17, 20, 22, 25, and 27)

4873: 4773: 4538: 4472:

To enforce judicial decisions, the Constitution grants federal courts both

4435: 3725: 3572: 3537: 3461: 3298: 3219: 3211: 3192: 3132: 3116: 2621: 2498: 741: 724: 712: 576: 503: 323: 88: 44: 13515:, December 2023, pp. 48–54. "In the name of jettisoning the system's 13507:

Tyranny of the Minority: Why American Democracy Reached the Breaking Point

11970:(Spring 1995). "The Iroquois and the Development of American Government". 11518:

Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point

6552:

According to a 2012 study by David Law and Mila Versteeg published in the

5469:

1 and 2, under which the two senators from each state were elected by the

4892:

The procedure for amending the Constitution is outlined in Article V (see

4789: 4469:, meaning that it does not have to hear every case that is brought to it. 18233: 17169: 16700: 16037: 15939: 15679: 15542: 15298: 15163: 15043: 13664: 13544: 13148: 12673:(August 1988). "The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League". 12393: 11266:"'We the People' Loses Appeal With People Around the World - NYTimes.com" 7673: 7356:. The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. October 30, 2015 7281: 7256: 7164: 6895: 6498: 6459: 6449: 6276: 6193: 6071: 5685:(proposed 1972) would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights ( 5626: 5474: 5421: 5282: 5225: 5118: 4595: 4255: 4137: 4071: 3878: 3866: 3846: 3835: 3827: 3651: 3549: 3545: 3426: 3410: 3371: 1930: 734: 235: 12810: 12781: 12662: 12641: 12593: 12515:

The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia

12357: 12322: 11983: 11938: 11837: 9788:

Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights, Liberties and Justice

9560: 6943:

of 1600 which is the oldest surviving constitution in the world, or the

6689: 5289:. Prohibition came to an end in 1933, when this amendment was repealed. 2415: 1639: 16032: 15838: 15664: 15659: 15577: 14888: 13021: 12737: 12580:(June 1991). "The Enlightenment in American Law II: The Constitution". 12538:

Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution

12492: 12204: 11959: 9530:"The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues" 9374: 8799: 7354:"America's Founding Fathers-Delegates to the Constitutional Convention" 7177: 6991: 6823:

Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

6681: 6075: 5975: 5827: 5763: 5169: 5110: 5106: 5072: 4802: 4723: 4719: 4706: 4580: 4431: 4075: 4060: 4035: 3894: 3862: 3858: 3839: 3823: 3806: 3675: 3655: 3541: 3475:

Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

3450: 3184: 3176: 2563: 2408: 1955: 381: 198: 124: 119: 13747: 13640: 12903:. Vol. Part Two: January to August 1788. The Library of America. 12694: 12015: 5300:

Safeguards of civil rights (Amendments 13, 14, 15, 19, 23, 24, and 26)

3127:, in which the federal government is divided into three branches: the 19284: 17521: 17514: 14796: 13667:: Original text with explanations of each section's meaning over time 13520: 12827:"Magna Carta: Muse and Mentor; Magna Carta and the U.S. Constitution" 11446:"The Reconstruction Amendments: Official Documents as Social History" 6563: 5747: 5606: 5512: 4549: 4485: 4457:. In 1891, Congress enacted a new system. District courts would have 4419: 4080: 3263: 3123:. The Constitution's first three articles embody the doctrine of the 2732: 2616: 1697: 628: 178: 18843: 13585:"The Avalon Project: Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention" 13114:

The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783–1789

13013: 12729: 12476: 12188: 9366: 9353:

Lutz, Donald (1994). "Toward a Theory of Constitutional Amendment".

9117: 8783: 6675: 4548:

by simple majority statute. This section also defines treason as an

2403: 19270: 15704: 15654: 13736: 13677:(govinfo.gov): PDF document of full text with explanatory footnotes 12686: 12095:

American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change

10700:. Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government. pp. 68–69. 9683:

American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change

8556:. The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution. 5861: 5790: 5590: 5086: 4917: 4612: 4515: 4511: 4489: 4330:

Article II describes the office, qualifications, and duties of the

4083: 4010: 3760: 3454: 3422: 3414: 3374:

to American commerce, despite the protests of U.S. officials. When

3224: 130: 13306:

Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 1976-

13302: 13071: 5719: 4916:

is sent to the Office of the Federal Register, which copies it in

4152:, Benjamin Franklin's plan to create a unified government for the 3881:

and the later writings of "Enlightenment rationalism" and English

14831: 14261: 13680: 13674: 13528: 12716:

Werner, John M. (July–September 1972). "David Hume and America".

10809: 10792: 10268: 10160:. Philadelphia, Pa.: National Constitution Center. Archived from 10136: 10106: 6636:

Postage Issue of 1937 commemorating the 150th anniversary of the

5586: 5367: 5150: 5047: 4997: 4822:

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present

4701:

1 prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the

4439: 4034:

was an inspiration for the American Bill of Rights. Both require

3780:

North Carolina waited to ratify the Constitution until after the

3417:

party of New York legislators had opened a conversation with the

2661: 17997: 12309:(June 2011). "Separation of Powers as Ordinary Interpretation". 9636: 8186: 7735: 7557:"Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America" 7473: 7324:

Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution

6505:

integrated federal ideas from the U.S. and other constitutions.

6339:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court

6224:

was a Harding appointment to chief justice from 1921 to 1930. A

4714:

into the country. On February 3, 1913, with ratification of the

4634:, designed to establish a balance between pliancy and rigidity: 3739:

Two factions soon emerged, one supporting the Constitution, the

3191:

establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 states to

13039:

Decision in Philadelphia: The Constitutional Convention of 1787

12394:

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de

11492:"Biden's new Supreme Court reform proposals are mostly useless" 10647: 10636: 6891: 6567: 6473:

The American experience of fundamental law with amendments and

5742:, and other American founding documents are publicly exhibited. 5667:(1941), found this law constitutional, effectively overturning 5424:. It gained strength following the Supreme Court's decision in 5324:. Though millions of slaves had been declared free by the 1863 5149:

if accused of a crime, guarantees that the accused may require

5146: 5051: 4837: 4534: 4480:

powers. Other implied powers include injunctive relief and the

3949:

Montesquieu's influence on the framers is evident in Madison's

3254:

Since the Constitution became operational in 1789, it has been

13239:

The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States

12031:

Johansen, Bruce E.; Grinde, Jr., Donald A. (January 1, 2003).

11617:

Smithsonian National Postal Museum, bulletin, Sesquicentennial

11567:"Slavery, the Constitution, and a Lasting Legacy – Montpelier" 6280:

returning veterans, infrastructure, and highway construction.

4694:

for facial legal sufficiency and an authenticating signature.

4426:. The article describes the kinds of cases the court takes as 3961:. Jefferson, Adams, and Mason were known to read Montesquieu. 3258:

27 times. The first ten amendments, known collectively as the

13497:. But the problems went deeper than they thought" (review of 11099: 11036: 11009: 10985: 10905: 10849:

How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States

8253: 7509: 7085:

In this, John Marshall leaned on the argument of Hamilton in

6803:

List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

6608:

In 1937, the U.S. Post Office, at the prompting of President

6597: 6272:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court

6120:, which asserted a permanent Union of indestructible states. 5759: 5203:

Unenumerated rights and reserved powers (Amendments 9 and 10)

5102: 5098: 4598:

between the states, as well as laying down a legal basis for

11053: 11051: 11026: 11024: 10937: 10935: 10922: 10920: 10698:

The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto

9637:"Permanent Resident Aliens Have Second Amendment Rights Too" 9257: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9095: 9093: 8441: 8335: 8277: 7903: 6419:

Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States

6091:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court

4982:

The first ten Amendments introduced were referred to as the

4652:

in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, or (b)

4583:

the manner in which proof of such acts may be admitted. The

288:

The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended

13691:: Searchable database of letters and papers of key founders 13099:

North and South Carolina, Resolutions, Tariffs, Banks, Debt

12268:

Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788

11302:"The Declining Influence of the United States Constitution" 9489:

1787: The Journal of the Constitutional Convention, Part II

8581:""Rogue Island": The last state to ratify the Constitution" 7915: 7788: 7786: 6137:

List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court

5546:

propose around 150 amendments during each two-year term of

5188: 5142: 4971:

ratification time for the first twenty-six amendments was 1

4544:

Section 3 bars Congress from changing or modifying Federal

4537:

between federal government and states. By the doctrine of '

4050:". Many liberties protected by state constitutions and the 4043: 3716:

Dates the 13 original U.S. states ratified the Constitution

3421:. To the south, the British were said to be openly funding 1553: 13415:

Constitutional Law: Introductory Essays and Selected Cases

11680:

Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution

11628:

Smithsonian National Postal Museum, bulletin, Ratification

9195: 8395: 8217: 7843: 7533: 4521:

Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has

13719: 13063: 11704:

A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution

11366:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties—The Right of Suffrage" 11147: 11111: 11087: 11075: 11063: 11048: 11021: 10997: 10973: 10932: 10917: 10893: 10881: 10826: 9240: 9090: 8501: 8465: 8301: 8289: 8265: 7521: 7446: 7055: 6054:

Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

4812:

The language of the concluding endorsement, conceived by

4606:, crossing state lines was often arduous and costly. The 3508:

depicting the signing of the Constitution in Philadelphia

3202:, often referred to as its framing, was completed at the 1558: 19074:

Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas

13647:: Web guide with related primary documents and resources 13211:

Garvey, John H.; Aleinikoff, T. Alexander, eds. (1989).

11135: 11123: 10620:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10593:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10566:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10539:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10494:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10436:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10409:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10382:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10355:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10214:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 10187:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Annenberg Classroom. Archived from 9141: 9105: 8407: 8371: 8347: 7855: 7783: 7380: 6103:, Lincoln appointed him chief justice upon the death of 5932:"This argument has been ratified by time and by practice 5446:

is superseded by this amendment, which also extends the

4361:, which tacitly acknowledges political parties, and the 4305:

nor expressly denied in the limitations on Congress. In

4293:

The Supreme Court has sometimes broadly interpreted the

13440:

We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution

13418:(Fifth ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 11516:

Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). "Chapter 7".

11313:

Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy

11207: 11195: 8477: 7463: 7461: 6034:. It extends to the sphere of foreign affairs. Justice 5377:(1920) prohibits the government from denying women the 3274:

and has influenced the constitutions of other nations.

13376:; Karst, Kenneth L. & West, John G., eds. (1992). 13313:. Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 12402:. Vol. XXXVIII. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica. 11171: 9216: 9153: 8870: 8868: 7879: 5226:

Governmental authority (Amendments 11, 16, 18, and 21)

4488:, bad-faith litigation, and failure to obey a writ of 4461:. Intermediate appellate courts (circuit courts) with 4124:

The laws of the Iroquois Confederacy were familiar to

4090:

character of the American people. In a 1787 letter to

3877:

maintains that by 1776 the founders drew heavily upon

13782: 13722:

recordings of entire document and individual sections

13350:

Kurland, Philip B. & Lerner, Ralph, eds. (1987).

11728:

Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution

11183: 9177: 9129: 8489: 8453: 8359: 8241: 7368: 7329: 6818:

Second Constitutional Convention of the United States

6734:

Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States

6255:, which upheld Congressional regulation of commerce. 5754:, and to strike them down if found unconstitutional. 5176:

cases, and inhibits courts from overturning a jury's

13358:. University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund. 13165:

The Framing of the Constitution of the United States

12317:(8). The Harvard Law Review Association: 1939–2040. 11159: 9805: 9165: 8383: 8229: 8205: 7798: 7551: 7497: 7485: 7458: 6671: 5073:

Safeguards of justice (Amendments 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8)

4869:

List of amendments to the United States Constitution

4290:

lists eight specific limits on congressional power.

3928:, his contemporary. Locke advanced the principle of 18466:

1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election

13712:

The Constitution of the United States Audio reading

13103:

Debates in Congress, Madison's Notes, Misc. Letters

12753:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 11925:(Spring 2010). "Constitutional Convention Speech". 10715:

American Constitutionalism: From Theory to Politics

8865: 8172: 7891: 7867: 7810: 7568:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 25 n.2. 6529:The Constitution did not originally define who was 18135:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 15206:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 13437: 13391:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 13351: 13236: 12746: 12501: 11449:. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History 11444: 10712: 10674: 9431: 7426: 7424: 7326:, Politifact Virginia website, September 22, 2014. 7305: 6110:In one of his first official acts, Chase admitted 5238:protection from certain types of legal liability. 3788:would only come after a threatened trade embargo. 3763:—published a series of commentaries, now known as 18933:Wrote, Preamble to the United States Constitution 12588:(4). Philosophy Education Society Inc.: 729–754. 12346:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 12226:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 12069:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 11593:"Constitution's biggest flaw? Protecting slavery" 9709:"After Heller: What Now for the Second Amendment" 9566:"National Archives Article on the Bill of Rights" 9032: 9030: 7688:"Differences between Parchment, Vellum and Paper" 7397: 7395: 6065:History of the Supreme Court of the United States 4967:was ratified in the shortest time, 100 days. The 4529:No part of the Constitution expressly authorizes 3425:Indian raids on Georgia, and the state was under 3095:Reading of the United States Constitution of 1787 809:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review 19451: 16733:Native American recognition in the United States 13742:The Constitution of the United States of America 13741: 13671:The Constitution of the United States as Amended 12770:The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress 12749:The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787 12724:(3). University of Pennsylvania Press: 439–456. 10953: 10518:"Amendment XX. Presidential Term and Succession" 9535:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from 8173:Wright Jr., Robert K.; MacGregor Jr., Morris J. 6283:In 1954, the Warren Court overturned a landmark 4900:. Between 1949 and 1985, it was overseen by the 4618: 4615:and to protect them from invasion and violence. 3179:, describing the rights and responsibilities of 18339:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address 18184:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline 13708:, PDF document of full text without explication 13631:The Constitution of the United States Explained 11880:Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation 11515: 10737: 9196:Congressional Research Service, U.S. Congress. 7940:pp.15–19, printed by Samuel Hall, Boston, 1787. 7421: 4767:Article Seven of the United States Constitution 4639:by the experience on one side, or on the other. 4410:Article Three of the United States Constitution 3317:from 1775 to 1781 were chosen largely from the 18894:Minister to the Court of Versailles, 1792–1794 15217:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 13028: 11643:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 11471:. National Archives and Records Administration 10240:. National Archives and Records Administration 9408:. National Archives and Records Administration 9027: 8928: 8823:"D.C. Circuit Reviewed: The Baron Montesquieu" 8578: 7997: 7995: 7392: 6947:, the first establishing separation of powers. 4998:Safeguards of liberty (Amendments 1, 2, and 3) 4963:, which took 3 years, 343 days. The 4733: 4625:Article Five of the United States Constitution 4567:Article Four of the United States Constitution 4403: 4239: 4196:Reading of the 1787 United States Constitution 3563:proposed that the legislative department be a 3517:established by the Articles of Confederation. 3293:From September 5, 1774, to March 1, 1781, the 19059: 18859: 18013: 17130:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 15314: 13768: 13455:Revolutionaries: Inventing an American Nation 13372: 13349: 12336:A Constitutional History of the United States 11232:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10820: 10261:"Thirteenth Amendment – Abolition of Slavery" 10258: 10126: 10099:"Eleventh Amendment: Lawsuits Against States" 10096: 8052:"Committees at the Constitutional Convention" 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 6902:, have constitutional provisions such as the 6659:1987 Constitution Commemorative Silver Dollar 6126:upheld the Civil War tax on state banknotes. 4760: 4740:Article Six of the United States Constitution 4326:Article Two of the United States Constitution 4319: 4246:Article One of the United States Constitution 3701: 3326:colonial governments of the Thirteen Colonies 3069: 2440: 1985: 1665: 19393:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 18590:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 12441: 12412:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12142:. Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press. 12120:. Letter to John Rutledge. National Archives 12037:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 11295: 11293: 10821:Stracqualursi, Veronica (January 30, 2020). 9791:(8th ed.). CQ Press. pp. 395–396. 9562:National Archives and Records Administration 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9261: 8589:National Archives and Records Administration 8525:Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library 8005:. Ashland, Ohio: TeachingAmericanHistory.org 8003:"Committee Assignments Chart and Commentary" 7279: 6931:, originally named "The Corsicans", and the 6371:, or ruling so as to protect free speech in 5694:District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment 5081:(1791) protects people against unreasonable 5042:(1791) protects the right of individuals to 4159: 4105:claim there is "overwhelming evidence" that 3584:On May 31, the Convention devolved into the 3331: 3324:in various colonies rather than through the 378:Constitution of the United States of America 13695: 13582: 13408: 12605:. Vol. 2. London: Marshall Cavendish. 12291:"Constitutional History of the Philippines" 11731:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 11335: 10681:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 9785:Epstein, Lee & Walk, Thomas G. (2012). 9784: 9460:. The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University 9438:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 9318: 9316: 9292: 9233: 9231: 7992: 7654:. The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University 6980:Judicial Review is explained in Hamilton's 6808:List of sources of law in the United States 6581:democratic backsliding in the United States 6562:; the other two being the constitutions of 5450:to become president to the vice president. 4718:, Congress gained the authority to levy an 4389:. The president reports to Congress on the 4001:, 433 U.S. 425, 442 (1977). 3743:, and the other opposing it, the so-called 3491:James Madison as Father of the Constitution 19066: 19052: 18887:United States Senator, New York, 1800–1803 18866: 18852: 18595:James Madison Freedom of Information Award 18020: 18006: 15328: 15321: 15307: 13775: 13761: 13624: 13547:and regularized appointment schedules for 12329: 12002:(3). Cambridge University Press: 572–587. 11996:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10782: 10695: 9500: 9498: 9330:. Clayton State University. Archived from 8645: 8643: 8641: 7822: 7741: 7702:"Pasquale Paoli | Corsican statesman" 6252:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 5817:delegate, Virginia Ratification Convention 5730:in Washington, D.C. where, in-between two 5489:office until the following March, with a " 5097:(1791) establishes the requirement that a 4560: 4205:Preamble to the United States Constitution 3997:Nixon v. Administrator of General Services 3993:, 272 U.S. 52, 116 (1926). 3985:, 39 U.S. 430, 438 (1840). 3977:, 21 U.S. 1, 1, 36 (1823). 3076: 3062: 2447: 2433: 1992: 1978: 1672: 1658: 29: 19500:Government documents of the United States 16743:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 13472: 13378:Encyclopedia of the American Constitution 12917: 12657:(3). University of Texas Press: 716–731. 12517:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 12499: 12223:The origins of American constitutionalism 11721: 11489: 11331: 11329: 11290: 11117: 11105: 11093: 11081: 11069: 11057: 11042: 11030: 11015: 11003: 10991: 10979: 10941: 10926: 10911: 10899: 10887: 10846: 10767:"Congressional Record—September 12, 2018" 10677:The Oxford History of the American People 9434:The Oxford History of the American People 9389: 9099: 8769: 8447: 8341: 8283: 8259: 7792: 7582: 7515: 7137:"Advisory opinions" are not the same as " 7054:challenging that opinion. As reported by 6923:, whose work was an inspiration for many 6322:First Amendment rights were addressed in 6245:, the Court established the doctrine of " 4799:signing of the United States Constitution 4776:of the Constitution by popularly elected 4266:." The article establishes the manner of 4059:, typically demonstrated by the works of 3798:History of the United States Constitution 3487:Constitutional Convention (United States) 3284:History of the United States Constitution 19490:American political philosophy literature 19470:1789 establishments in the United States 15273:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 13543:affirming a positive right to vote; and 13432: 13168:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 12948:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 12146: 11907:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11852: 11755:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 11534: 11141: 11129: 9313: 9293:England, Trent & Spalding, Matthew. 9228: 8483: 6919:, despite being short-lived, drafted by 6654: 6644: 6631: 6228:from Ohio, he was a one-term President. 5940:decision in 1857, held after the voided 5718: 5629:" of the states (which in 1861 included 5533: 5416:was driven in large part by the broader 5262:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 4951:, and Amendments 13–15 are known as the 4872: 4788: 4188: 4176: 3822:of the Constitution was partly based on 3801: 3711: 3494: 3223:discussed, introduced by delegates from 3087: 16794:List of counties and county equivalents 13444:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 13384: 13335:. Pittsburgh, PA: Evisum. p. 261. 13281: 13264:The Making of the American Constitution 13161: 13157:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 13147: 12829:. Library of Congress. November 6, 2014 12825: 12512: 12364: 12285: 12091: 11824:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 589–602. 11777:. New York: New York University Press. 11769: 11559: 11370:Online Exhibit: The Charters of Freedom 11213: 11201: 11153: 10710: 10672: 9811: 9495: 9426: 9198:"Historical Background on the Preamble" 8820: 8638: 8620: 8459: 8323:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 8154:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 8098:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 8076:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 8046: 8044: 8042: 8027:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 7718: 7434:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School 7152:Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority 7052:U.S. District Court in Washington, D.C. 5997: 5982:" in advance of actual cases. Second, " 4975:year, 252 days; for all twenty-seven, 9 4836:and, at the same time, links it to the 3309:of the United States. Delegates to the 804:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court 794:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel 393:This article is part of a series on the 19452: 18901:Second Continental Congress, 1778–1779 18063:United States House of Representatives 13448: 13214:Modern Constitutional Theory: A Reader 12896: 12882: 12701: 12531: 12420: 12396:(1955) . Jean Jacques Rousseau (ed.). 12077: 11897: 11745: 11697: 11673: 11584: 11469:"The Constitution: The 19th Amendment" 11326: 11299: 11263: 11259: 11257: 11225: 11177: 11165: 10719:. Princeton University Press. p. 9679: 9634: 9406:"The Constitutional Amendment Process" 9299:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 9222: 9159: 9147: 9135: 9123: 8507: 8495: 8471: 8401: 8365: 8307: 8295: 8271: 8247: 8223: 8175:"Appendix A: The Annapolis Convention" 7951:"Resolution of Congress, 21 Feb. 1787" 7804: 7596:. United States Senate. Archived from 7527: 7491: 7479: 7467: 7452: 7386: 6866:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom 6772:Constitutionalism in the United States 6412: 6409:of people having more "natural" ties. 6401:, as being a cornerstone of a type of 6297:banned segregation in public schools. 4784: 2481:Declaration of Independence (painting) 19047: 18873: 18847: 18001: 15302: 13756: 13603: 13558: 13539:legislation under the aegis of a new 13479:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13243:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13198: 13109: 12999: 12983: 12962: 12843:"Constitution Sesquicentennial Issue" 12841: 12791:The American Political Science Review 12711:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 12681:(4). Duke University Press: 305–336. 12600: 12261: 12139:Jon Locke Two Treatises of Government 12098:(8th ed.). New York: Routledge. 11954:(1). Oxford University Press: 47–61. 11873: 11791: 11616: 11590: 11189: 9504: 9355:The American Political Science Review 9183: 8963:Jefferson to Rutledge, August 6, 1787 8413: 8389: 8377: 8353: 8235: 8211: 8179:Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution 7986: 7974: 7921: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7753: 7503: 7374: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7311: 6782:Founding Fathers of the United States 6573: 5575:Congressional Apportionment Amendment 5550:. Most however, never get out of the 5320:, and authorized Congress to enforce 4712:prohibiting the importation of slaves 3845:The influence of Montesquieu, Locke, 1164:Elections in the District of Columbia 18109:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution 13744:, mobile-friendly plain text version 13327: 13231: 13217:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. 13182: 12861:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum 12845:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum 12788: 12744: 12392: 12339:. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. 11856:Patrick Henry: Patriot and Statesman 11649: 11591:Cohen, Andrew (September 17, 2019). 11310:Harvard Kennedy School of Government 10129:"Do States Have Sovereign Immunity?" 9352: 9171: 9111: 8859: 8847: 8527:. Avalon Project. September 13, 1788 8116: 8039: 7909: 7816: 7723:. Journal of the American Revolution 7721:"Paoli: Hero of the Sons of Liberty" 7648:"Introduction to the Bill of Rights" 7539: 7050:of those three states filed suit in 6834: 6099:"greenbacks". Partly to appease the 6058: 5707:Judicial review in the United States 5621:(proposed 1861) would, if ratified, 5393:District had grown to over 760,000. 3784:was passed by the new Congress, and 3544:to rely on consent of the governed, 1534:United States and the United Nations 766:Inferior Courts of the United States 18087:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 15240:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 14767:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 12776:(4). Library of Congress: 302–312. 12559:American constitutional development 12049:10.17953/aicr.27.2.e162876764654688 11933:(3). American Bar Association: 64. 11656:America's Constitution: A Biography 11372:. National Archives. Archived from 11254: 10956:"Chief Justice Nomination Rejected" 9625: (D. Mass. March 30, 2012). 8860:Montesquieu, Rousseau (ed.),1955, 8848:Montesquieu, Rousseau (ed.),1955, 7618: 7150:Louis Brandeis concurring opinion, 6231:As chief justice, he advocated the 5773: 5734:murals, the original Constitution, 5728:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 5187:(1791) protects people from having 4816:and presented to the convention by 4484:remedy. The Court may imprison for 3913:Commentaries on the Laws of England 3288: 2034: 638:Vice President of the United States 43:copy of the Constitution signed in 13: 18551:James Madison Memorial High School 18445:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace 14331:Drafting and ratification timeline 14076:District of Columbia Voting Rights 13077: 13070:, 2018, retrieved: March 8, 2021 ( 12969:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 12927:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 12875: 12271:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 11300:Weigel, Margaret (April 9, 2013). 11264:Liptak, Adam (February 15, 2012). 10696:Kilpatrick, James J., ed. (1961). 9734:"US Senate Annotated Constitution" 9706: 9328:Constitution Day Observance Events 8558:Wisconsin Historical Society Press 7341: 6745:Congressional power of enforcement 6622:delegates signing the Constitution 6030:'s duty to enforce the law during 5951:then responded with his abortive " 5884:(Pennsylvania) for ten years, and 5700: 5240:Article Three, Section 2, Clause 1 4896:). The process is overseen by the 4851:The closing endorsement serves an 4585:"privileges and immunities" clause 4057:republicanism in the United States 4013:'s 2nd century BC treatise on the 3903:Institutes of the Lawes of England 3575:to rely on received procedure and 2598:No taxation without representation 2476: 2303:Drafting and ratification timeline 702:Supreme Court of the United States 410: 14: 19521: 19460:Constitution of the United States 18922:Signed, Articles of Confederation 18388:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 18344:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase 18334:Co-founder, American Whig Society 18129:Constitution of the United States 18027: 16139:Director of National Intelligence 13784:Constitution of the United States 13732:Constitution of the United States 13702:Constitution of the United States 13661:Constitution of the United States 13619: 13568:. Mineola, NY: Foundation Press. 13394:. Athens: Ohio University Press. 13333:President Who? Forgotten Founders 12942:Bradford, Melvin Eustace (1994). 12941: 12859:"Constitution Ratification Issue" 12857: 12427:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 12087:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 11921: 11853:Campbell, Norine Dickson (1969). 11815: 11627: 11442: 10522:LII / Legal Information Institute 9527: 9295:"Essays on Article V: Amendments" 8946: 8886: 8874: 8835: 8821:Nielson, Aaron (April 10, 2016). 8772:American Political Science Review 7645: 6848:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 6603: 6386: 6142:Scope of judicial review expanded 5958: 5779:Early Court roots in the founding 5664:United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 4902:administrator of General Services 4097:American Indian history scholars 3101:Constitution of the United States 432:Constitution of the United States 24:Constitution of the United States 19269: 19236:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 18949: 18827: 18826: 18486:U.S. presidential election, 1808 18291:State of the Union Address (1810 18286:Second Bank of the United States 16295:Government Accountability Office 14187:Convention to propose amendments 13725: 13716:University of Chicago Law School 13613:. Albany: Websters and Skinners. 12648: 12555: 12305: 12295:American Bar Association Journal 12132: 11621: 11610: 11509: 11490:Millhiser, Ian (July 29, 2024). 11483: 11461: 11436: 11410: 11388: 11358: 11219: 10947: 10840: 10814: 10799: 10783:@JCarollFoy (January 15, 2020). 10776: 10759: 10704: 10689: 10666: 10615: 10609: 10588: 10582: 10561: 10555: 10534: 10528: 10510: 10489: 10483: 10458: 10452: 10431: 10425: 10404: 10398: 10377: 10371: 10350: 10344: 10319: 10313: 10288: 10282: 10252: 10230: 10209: 10203: 10182: 10176: 10150: 10120: 10090: 10065: 10040: 10034: 10009: 10003: 9978: 9972: 9947: 9941: 9916: 9910: 9885: 9879: 9854: 9848: 9823: 9817: 9778: 9753: 9747: 9726: 9700: 9673: 9647: 9628: 9610: 9585: 9579: 9521: 9492:(edited by G. Hunt), pp. 501–502 9472: 9446: 9420: 9346: 9286: 9267: 9189: 9078: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9042: 9015: 9003: 8991: 8979: 8967: 8956: 8940: 8916: 8904: 8892: 8880: 8757: 8745: 8721: 8709: 8632: 8608: 7245: 7231: 7222: 7209: 7196: 7183: 7170: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7116: 7107: 7092: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7036: 7019: 7006: 6997: 6974: 6964: 6950: 6750:Constitution Day (United States) 6716: 6702: 6688: 6674: 6441: 6425: 6203: 6185: 6164: 6146: 5891: 5803: 5793:, 1789–1795, New York co-author 5783: 5528:Article One, section 6, Clause 1 4111:influenced the U.S. Constitution 3728:. Under the process outlined in 3480: 3044: 2414: 2402: 2390: 2025: 1696: 1638: 1626: 877:Elections by State and Territory 482: 477: 372: 16:Supreme law of the US since 1789 18971:Village of Gouverneur, New York 18519:James Madison Memorial Building 13473:Robertson, David Brian (2013). 13267:. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. 13257: 13210: 13154:The Fathers of the Constitution 12767: 12718:Journal of the History of Ideas 12715: 12669: 12619: 12365:Moncure, Thomas M. Jr. (1990). 12343: 12030: 11966: 11945: 11636: 10259:FindLaw Staff (July 27, 2022). 10238:"The Emancipation Proclamation" 10127:FindLaw Staff (July 27, 2022). 10097:FindLaw Staff (July 27, 2022). 9680:Jilson, Cal (January 4, 2013). 9659:. Casenotes. December 6, 2009. 9274:FindLaw for legal professionals 9084: 9072: 9036: 9009: 8973: 8934: 8922: 8853: 8841: 8829: 8814: 8763: 8760:, pp. 20–21, 34, 47, 67–69, 305 8751: 8739: 8727: 8715: 8703: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8655: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8579:Samantha Payne (May 18, 2015). 8572: 8539: 8513: 8419: 8313: 8189:. CMH Pub 71-25. Archived from 8166: 8144: 8110: 8088: 8066: 8017: 7980: 7968: 7943: 7927: 7747: 7712: 7694: 7680: 7666: 7639: 7612: 7545: 7282:"Engrossed in the Constitution" 6909: 6854:Massachusetts Body of Liberties 5517:Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 5515:succession rule established in 5444:Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 4933:United States Statutes at Large 4357:Article two is modified by the 4338:. The President is head of the 3473:For a chronological guide, see 1539:United Nations Security Council 1442:District of Columbia Government 240:March 4, 1789 (11 of 13 states) 18739:American Philosophical Society 18316:Federal judiciary appointments 18119:1787 Constitutional Convention 18044:President of the United States 17938:Separation of church and state 16154:National Reconnaissance Office 16097:President of the United States 14802:Separation of church and state 13192:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn, N.Y; 12708:The Making of the Constitution 12465:The William and Mary Quarterly 12462: 12177:The William and Mary Quarterly 12112: 12051:(inactive September 5, 2024). 11978:(2). Berghahn Books: 301–318. 11339:New York University Law Review 10673:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). 9635:Pierce, John (April 2, 2012). 8997: 8962: 8898: 8435:New Jersey Department of State 8152:"Madison Debates September 15" 8096:"Madison Debates September 12" 7957:. University of Chicago Press; 7674:"America's Founding Documents" 7317: 7295: 7273: 6880: 6797:List of national constitutions 6555:New York University Law Review 5967:, and with some attention, as 5715:Appeal § Appellate review 5654:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 5257:Article 1, Section 9, Clause 4 5168:(1791) extends the right to a 5124:incriminate or be used against 4988:supporters of the Constitution 4898:archivist of the United States 4893: 4722:without apportioning it among 4692:Office of the Federal Register 4673:Archivist of the United States 4332:President of the United States 4166: 4052:Virginia Declaration of Rights 3769:, in support of ratification. 2092:Amendments to the Constitution 655:United States Attorney General 621:President of the United States 93:June 21, 1788 (9 of 13 states) 1: 18167:Virginia Ratifying Convention 18071:Congress of the Confederation 14306:Virginia Ratifying Convention 13458:. London: William Heinemann. 13412:; Beaney, William M. (1972). 13206:. Cambridge University Press. 13195:written by Mercy Otis Warren. 13118:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13068:Institute of European History 13064:EGO – European History Online 12576: 12541:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 12500:Pritchett, C. Herman (1959). 12240: 12219: 12174: 12156:William & Mary Law Review 11990: 11883:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 9126:, pp. 332, 347–348, 404. 9048: 9021: 8985: 8910: 8733: 8661: 8649: 7719:Ruppert, Bob (May 11, 2016). 6886:Other countries, such as the 6842:Constitution of Massachusetts 6586: 6515: 6501:of China. The framers of the 5538:Collectively, members of the 4862: 4840:principles proclaimed in the 4619:Article V – Amendment Process 4613:republican form of government 4109:political concepts and ideas 4048:cruel and unusual punishments 3791: 3722:Congress of the Confederation 3401:In September 1786, during an 3277: 2897:Congress of the Confederation 1966:Common good constitutionalism 799:Alien Terrorist Removal Court 320:Congress of the Confederation 19015:Staats Long Morris (brother) 19000:Gouverneur Morris, Jr. (son) 18966:Town of Gouverneur, New York 18172:United States Bill of Rights 16300:Government Publishing Office 15768:Technological and industrial 15267:National Constitution Center 15065:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 14364:Assemble and Petition Clause 13748:National Constitution Center 13681:America's Founding Documents 13651:America's Founding Documents 12897:——, ed. (1993). 12603:Mexico and the United States 12556:Randall, Richard S. (2003). 12092:Jillson, Calvin C. (2016) . 11859:. New York: Devin-Adair Co. 11818:Political Research Quarterly 10711:Griffin, Stephen M. (1998). 7754:Fritz, Christian G. (2008). 7625:Annenberg Classroom—Glossary 7266: 6937:Swedish Constitution of 1772 6489:, his contemporary and ally 5603:Titles of Nobility Amendment 5362:(1870) prohibits the use of 5197:cruel and unusual punishment 5113:; protects individuals from 4994:during the debates of 1788. 4879:United States Bill of Rights 4134:Tuscarora Indian Reservation 4130:John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt 4086:and not compatible with the 3938:. Government's duty under a 3548:for divided government, and 3322:committees of correspondence 3200:drafting of the Constitution 2687:Committees of Correspondence 2489:presents their draft of the 789:Court of International Trade 7: 18414:The Papers of James Madison 18409:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates 18366:Democratic-Republican Party 18079:Virginia House of Delegates 17772:Women's reproductive health 16738:Federally recognized tribes 16601:Public utilities commission 16505:Public Health Service Corps 16408:Code of Federal Regulations 16290:Congressional Budget Office 16144:Central Intelligence Agency 16050:Water supply and sanitation 15477:Declaration of Independence 15138:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 14192:State ratifying conventions 14129:Equal Opportunity to Govern 14124:Electoral College abolition 14051:Congressional Apportionment 13735:public domain audiobook at 13565:American Constitutional Law 13288:. New York: Agathon Press. 13282:Jillson, Calvin C. (1988). 12118:"References to Indian laws" 11801:. New York: Little, Brown. 9458:TeachingAmericanHistory.org 8974:Grinde & Johansen, 2003 8697: 8635:, pp. 1963, 1994–1995, 2004 7652:TeachingAmericanHistory.org 6945:Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk 6939:, adopted by the king, the 6667: 6638:signing of the Constitution 6560:right to keep and bear arms 6294:Brown v. Board of Education 5888:(Virginia) for five years. 5864:(New York), a co-author of 5740:Declaration of Independence 5461:. The amendment supersedes 5333:parts of the constitution. 5105:may commence only after an 4842:Declaration of Independence 4734:Article VI – Federal Powers 4662:state ratifying conventions 4438:, and defines the crime of 4404:Article III – The Judiciary 4378:with the advice and consent 4299:Necessary and Proper Clause 4284:Necessary and Proper Clause 4240:Article I – The Legislature 4230: 4172: 4040:right to keep and bear arms 3944:life, liberty, and property 3935:Two Treatises of Government 3812:Two Treatises of Government 3786:Rhode Island's ratification 3348:Second Continental Congress 3315:Second Continental Congress 3295:Second Continental Congress 2925:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 2838:Declaration of Independence 2818:Second Continental Congress 2495:Second Continental Congress 2491:Declaration of Independence 2358:Preamble and Articles I–VII 2254:Congressional Apportionment 1860:Right to keep and bear arms 10: 19526: 19025:Lewis Morris (grandfather) 18941:United States Constitution 16950:Red states and blue states 16855:City commission government 16850:Council–manager government 13641:United States Constitution 13354:The Founders' Constitution 13042:. New York: Random House. 12444:"Constitutional Structure" 11683:. New York: Random House. 11659:. New York: Random House. 11640: 10847:Immerwahr, Daniel (2019). 8074:"Madison Debates August 6" 8054:. U.S. Constitution Online 7955:The Founders' Constitution 7762:Cambridge University Press 7482:, pp. 67–68, 310–311. 6941:Constitution of San Marino 6767:Constitution of 3 May 1791 6519: 6416: 6390: 6336: 6269: 6134: 6088: 6062: 6051: 5704: 5675: 5567: 5109:has been handed down by a 4881:, currently housed in the 4866: 4764: 4761:Article VII – Ratification 4737: 4622: 4564: 4467:discretionary jurisdiction 4414:Article III describes the 4407: 4374:United States Armed Forces 4346:, as well as the nation's 4323: 4320:Article II – The Executive 4243: 4202: 3795: 3705: 3702:Ratification by the states 3484: 3472: 3468: 3335: 3311:First Continental Congress 3281: 3272:federal constitutional law 3159:and other federal courts ( 3147:and subordinate officers ( 2692:First Continental Congress 1870:Criminal procedural rights 305:National Archives Building 19480:1789 in American politics 19465:1787 in the United States 19411: 19378:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 19278: 19267: 19079: 18987: 18958: 18947: 18910: 18881: 18807: 18760: 18690: 18499: 18458: 18440:James Madison and slavery 18427: 18401: 18349:Anti-Administration party 18324: 18264:Seven Buildings residence 18202: 18114:1786 Annapolis Convention 18097: 18035: 17959: 17785: 17658: 17590: 17243: 17239: 17230: 17178: 17043: 17034: 16930: 16901: 16878: 16817: 16784: 16775: 16718: 16706:Comparison of governments 16681: 16644: 16621: 16537: 16517: 16448: 16386: 16308: 16231: 16089: 16080: 16076: 16067: 15789: 15780: 15725: 15685:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 15526:drafting and ratification 15499:Articles of Confederation 15412: 15346: 15337: 15225: 15197: 15177: 15156: 15125: 15099: 15078: 15052: 15016: 14965: 14934: 14918: 14897: 14876: 14855: 14839: 14830: 14709: 14591:Privileges and Immunities 14404:Congressional enforcement 14339: 14326:Rhode Island ratification 14217:Articles of Confederation 14204: 14182: 14159:Parental Rights amendment 14084: 14041: 13966: 13938: 13917: 13854: 13850: 13841: 13790: 13509:, Crown, 2023, 384 pp.), 13110:Ellis, Joseph J. (2015). 12989:The American Commonwealth 12803:10.1017/S0003055409990086 12582:The Review of Metaphysics 12504:The American Constitution 12008:10.1017/S0010417500016042 11707:. Orlando, FL: Harcourt. 11418:"Voting in Early America" 11226:Aroney, Nicholas (2009). 10853:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 9509:. The Heritage Foundation 9301:. The Heritage Foundation 9279:January 16, 2013, at the 9202:constitution.congress.gov 9010:Starna & Hamell, 1996 8427:"1787 Convention Minutes" 8123:. ABC-CLIO. p. 705. 8025:"Madison Debates July 16" 6610:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 6539:Reconstruction Amendments 6377:or affirmative action in 6334:relative to free speech. 6258:Olmstead v. United States 6198:due process, civil rights 5596:Apportionment Act of 1792 5342:United States citizenship 5326:Emancipation Proclamation 5318:as punishment for a crime 4953:Reconstruction Amendments 4904:, and before that by the 4604:Articles of Confederation 4211:United States of America. 4185:" in its original edition 4160:Constitution's provisions 3734:Articles of Confederation 3344:Articles of Confederation 3338:Articles of Confederation 3332:Articles of Confederation 3204:Constitutional Convention 3113:Articles of Confederation 3031:Prospect Hill Flag Debate 2885:Articles of Confederation 2813:Role of African Americans 2339:Reconstruction Amendments 1230:List of political parties 371: 366: 361:Articles of Confederation 356: 348: 340: 330: 315: 300: 280: 272: 260: 252: 244: 234: 229: 219: 207: 197: 177: 165: 153: 141: 136: 118: 97: 87: 79: 71: 61: 56: 49:Constitutional Convention 28: 23: 19495:Constitutions by country 19398:Turks and Caicos Islands 19020:Richard Morris (brother) 18531:James Madison University 17725:Prescription drug prices 16845:Mayor–council government 16835:Coterminous municipality 16825:Consolidated city-county 16591:Agriculture commissioner 16241:House of Representatives 16149:National Security Agency 15799:Contiguous United States 14822:Unitary executive theory 14596:Privileges or Immunities 14311:New York Circular Letter 14301:Massachusetts Compromise 13706:Bill of Rights Institute 13696:Non-governmental sources 13541:constitutional amendment 13531:reform to eliminate the 13002:Law & Society Review 12963:Brown, Roger H. (1993). 12745:Wood, Gordon S. (1969). 12651:Social Science Quarterly 12601:Stacy, Lee, ed. (2003). 12508:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 12220:Lutz, Donald S. (1988). 11830:10.1177/1065912914525862 11793:Bowen, Catherine Drinker 10265:constitution.findlaw.com 10133:constitution.findlaw.com 10103:constitution.findlaw.com 8547:"North Carolina, Vol. 2" 7912:, pp. 356–367, 359. 6873: 6620:of Washington and shows 6365:, prohibiting sodomy in 6353:City of Boerne v. Flores 6328:concerning privacy, and 5927:"Supreme law of the land 5552:Congressional committees 5524:Twenty-seventh Amendment 5448:eligibility requirements 5420:movement protesting the 4957:Twenty-seventh Amendment 4264:House of Representatives 4250:Article I describes the 4005:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 3908:Virginia Charter of 1606 3301:in what today is called 3051:United States portal 2397:United States portal 2007:This article is part of 1941:Political process theory 1633:United States portal 1145:Northern Mariana Islands 493:House of Representatives 18732:Cognitive Madisonianism 18605:James Madison Institute 18055:U.S. Secretary of State 17810:Criticism of government 17155:Social welfare programs 16748:State-recognized tribes 15733:Outline of U.S. history 15445:Continental Association 14742:Dormant Commerce Clause 14586:Presidential succession 14321:Fayetteville Convention 14316:Hillsborough Convention 14252:Three-fifths Compromise 14232:Philadelphia Convention 14222:Mount Vernon Conference 14109:Campaign finance reform 13625:U.S. government sources 13162:—— (1913). 12421:Morton, Joseph (2006). 12247:. New York: Continuum. 11752:The Morality of Consent 10077:Encyclopædia Britannica 7706:Encyclopædia Britannica 6503:Australian constitution 6497:of the Philippines and 6393:American civil religion 6325:Griswold v. Connecticut 5594:would be required. The 5498:Twenty-second Amendment 5398:Twenty-fourth Amendment 5213:explicit and exhaustive 4961:Twenty-second Amendment 4561:Article IV – The States 4142:Smithsonian Institution 3930:consent of the governed 3601:Three-Fifths Compromise 3506:Howard Chandler Christy 3429:. Additionally, during 3021:American civil religion 2960:Philadelphia Convention 2697:Continental Association 2462:Part of a series on the 1936:Substantive due process 1362:Individualist anarchism 534:Congressional districts 335:Philadelphia Convention 19313:British Virgin Islands 19010:Lewis Morris (brother) 18832:Category:James Madison 18703:American Enlightenment 18081:(1776–1779, 1784–1786) 17872:Environmental movement 17715:Health insurance costs 17610:Educational attainment 17135:Federal Reserve System 17093:Science and technology 16596:Insurance commissioner 16134:Intelligence Community 15829:minor outlying islands 15592:Civil rights movement 14905:William Samuel Johnson 14777:Nondelegation doctrine 14349:Admission to the Union 14296:Anti-Federalist Papers 14247:Connecticut Compromise 13380:. New York: Macmillan. 13034:Collier, James Lincoln 12442:O'Connor, Tom (2010). 11972:Historical Reflections 11904:Lincoln's Constitution 10954:United States Senate. 9713:Santa Clara Law Review 9478:Madison, James (1902) 8117:Vile, John R. (2005). 7924:, pp. 14, 30, 66. 7744:, pp. 83–90, 124. 7542:, pp. 20–21, 310. 6900:Commonwealth countries 6660: 6650: 6640: 6226:Progressive Republican 5743: 5683:Equal Rights Amendment 5509:Twenty-fifth Amendment 5410:Twenty-sixth Amendment 5386:Twenty-third Amendment 5352:Dred Scott v. Sandford 5294:Twenty-first Amendment 5134:in the United States. 4965:Twenty-sixth Amendment 4943:was set in 1789, when 4889: 4794: 4666:Twenty-first Amendment 4641: 4463:exclusive jurisdiction 4313:Chief Justice Marshall 4213: 4197: 4186: 4156:, which was rejected. 4132:, who was born on the 3989:Myers v. United States 3963:Supreme Court Justices 3834:philosophers, such as 3815: 3717: 3648:William Samuel Johnson 3594:Connecticut Compromise 3586:Committee of the Whole 3509: 3403:inter–state convention 3393:repeatedly prosecuted 3307:provisional government 3241:Connecticut Compromise 3096: 2972:Anti-Federalist Papers 2911:Dissent and rebellions 2823:27 colonial grievances 2791:Political developments 2677:Philadelphia Tea Party 2608:Conflict over taxation 2582:American Enlightenment 2482: 1961:Strict constructionism 1865:Right to trial by jury 1855:Freedom of association 1499:Diplomatic missions of 1377:Political polarization 847:Presidential elections 471:United States Congress 415: 344:39 of the 55 delegates 19226:Saint Kitts and Nevis 19005:Lewis Morris (father) 18927:New York Constitution 18563:Madison Square Garden 18536:James Madison College 18435:Early life and career 18249:Burning of Washington 18144:The Federalist Papers 17698:Immigrant health care 17213:Transportation safety 17208:Transportation policy 17198:Public transportation 16268:President pro tempore 16124:Executive departments 15893:National Park Service 15548:Territorial evolution 15112:Richard Dobbs Spaight 14581:Presidential Electors 14556:Original Jurisdiction 14496:Full Faith and Credit 14369:Assistance of Counsel 14290:The Federalist Papers 14119:Crittenden Compromise 13410:Mason, Alpheus Thomas 12562:. New York: Longman. 12331:McLaughlin, Andrew C. 11968:Grinde, Donald A. Jr. 11723:Bernstein, Richard B. 11641:Further information: 11542:"We the Slave Owners" 11422:Colonial Williamsburg 11306:Journalist's Resource 9929:on September 12, 2015 9428:Morison, Samuel Eliot 9334:on September 23, 2015 9324:"Proposed Amendments" 7852:, pp. 12–13, 19. 7139:declaratory judgments 7101:The Federalist Papers 6958:Judiciary Act of 1789 6917:Corsican Constitution 6828:UK constitutional law 6741:(1833, three volumes) 6658: 6648: 6635: 6618:Junius Brutus Stearns 6520:Further information: 6466:, and recognition of 6337:Further information: 6270:Further information: 6264:Wisconsin v. Illinois 6233:Judiciary Act of 1925 6159:Union, Reconstruction 6135:Further information: 6089:Further information: 6052:Further information: 5949:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5922:Judiciary Act of 1789 5866:The Federalist Papers 5796:The Federalist Papers 5722: 5643:Child Labor Amendment 5627:domestic institutions 5534:Unratified amendments 5502:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5455:Seventeenth Amendment 5314:involuntary servitude 5083:searches and seizures 4876: 4792: 4778:ratifying conventions 4703:importation of slaves 4636: 4577:full faith and credit 4523:original jurisdiction 4459:original jurisdiction 4448:Judiciary Act of 1789 4428:original jurisdiction 4395:Recommendation Clause 4368:The president is the 4308:McCulloch v. Maryland 4208: 4195: 4180: 4042:, prohibit excessive 4032:Bill of Rights (1689) 3981:United States v. Wood 3805: 3796:Further information: 3766:The Federalist Papers 3715: 3706:Further information: 3504:, a 1940 portrait by 3498: 3313:in 1774 and then the 3206:, which assembled at 3115:, the nation's first 3094: 2966:The Federalist Papers 2828:Olive Branch Petition 2559:French and Indian War 2480: 2379:Unratified Amendments 2246:Unratified Amendments 2035:Preamble and Articles 574:President Pro Tempore 414: 19475:1789 in American law 19031:A More Perfect Union 18698:Age of Enlightenment 18648:A More Perfect Union 18610:James Madison Museum 18281:Era of Good Feelings 18227:Battle of Tippecanoe 17867:Environmental issues 17532:Political ideologies 17431:Indigenous languages 16631:List of legislatures 16428:separation of powers 16129:Independent agencies 16055:World Heritage Sites 15690:September 11 attacks 15613:Spanish–American War 15553:Mexican–American War 15509:Confederation period 15440:Continental Congress 15281:A More Perfect Union 15257:Constitution Gardens 15178:Convention Secretary 14840:Convention President 14812:Symmetric federalism 14807:Separation of powers 14541:Necessary and Proper 14536:Natural-born citizen 14481:Freedom of the Press 14419:Copyright and Patent 14409:Contingent Elections 14227:Annapolis Convention 13517:counter-majoritarian 13184:Ford, Paul Leicester 13030:Collier, Christopher 12919:Bordewich, Fergus M. 12450:on February 24, 2021 11747:Bickel, Alexander M. 11396:"U.S. Voting Rights" 11278:on February 15, 2012 9991:on September 7, 2014 9507:"Attestation Clause" 9505:Spaulding, Matthew. 8404:, pp. 768, 819. 8262:, pp. 106, 160. 8226:, pp. 215, 285. 7553:United States Senate 7518:, pp. 167, 177. 7125:Worcester v. Georgia 6792:History of democracy 6724:United States portal 6464:separation of powers 6380:Grutter v. Bollinger 6312:Gideon v. Wainwright 6123:Veazie Bank v. Fenno 6016:Charles Evans Hughes 5998:Separation of powers 5849:in Pennsylvania and 5463:Article 1, Section 3 5390:District of Columbia 5375:Nineteenth Amendment 5338:Fourteenth Amendment 5306:Thirteenth Amendment 5270:Eighteenth Amendment 5032:Establishment Clause 5028:Free Exercise Clause 5016:freedom of the press 4834:Western civilization 4728:United States Census 4726:or basing it on the 4660:, or (b) consent of 4594:It also establishes 4573:admitting new states 4288:Article I, Section 9 4278:military forces and 4275:Article I, Section 8 4215:The opening words, " 4150:Albany Plan of Union 4107:Iroquois Confederacy 3871:Herbert W. Schneider 3681:The final document, 3603:; reconciliation on 3528:, also known as the 3305:, functioned as the 3155:, consisting of the 3143:, consisting of the 3131:, consisting of the 3125:separation of powers 3111:. It superseded the 3016:American nationalism 3011:Atlantic Revolutions 2955:Annapolis Convention 2875:Confederation period 2657:Virginia Association 2019:of the United States 1910:Comprehensible rules 1880:Freedom from slavery 1840:Freedom of the press 1784:Government structure 1746:Separation of powers 1690:of the United States 1503:in the United States 1243:Political ideologies 867:Presidential primary 316:Commissioned by 137:Government structure 47:by delegates of the 19403:U.S. Virgin Islands 19246:Trinidad and Tobago 19091:Antigua and Barbuda 18745:The American Museum 18600:James Madison Award 18585:U.S. postage stamps 18383:Library of Congress 18217:Second inauguration 17710:Health care finance 17203:Rail transportation 16969:Imperial presidency 16691:State constitutions 16636:List of legislators 16586:Auditor/Comptroller 16559:Lieutenant governor 16285:Library of Congress 16176:Diplomatic Security 15819:Indian reservations 15482:American Revolution 15288:Worldwide influence 15029:Gunning Bedford Jr. 14757:Executive privilege 14737:Criminal sentencing 14660:Title of Nobility ( 14651:Taxing and Spending 14551:Oath or Affirmation 14511:House Apportionment 14374:Case or Controversy 14257:Committee of Detail 14149:"Liberty" amendment 14114:Christian amendment 13645:Library of Congress 13523:; abolition of the 13495:How Democracies Die 13200:Fritz, Christian G. 12241:Mack, Eric (2009). 11992:Howe, Daniel Walker 11520:. New York: Crown. 11108:, pp. 150–151. 11045:, pp. 148–149. 11018:, pp. 141–142. 10994:, pp. 140–141. 10914:, pp. 137–138. 10644:"Capitol Questions" 10498:on February 9, 2014 10471:on February 9, 2014 10465:Annenberg Classroom 10326:Annenberg Classroom 10295:Annenberg Classroom 10053:on February 9, 2014 10047:Annenberg Classroom 10016:Annenberg Classroom 9985:Annenberg Classroom 9954:Annenberg Classroom 9923:Annenberg Classroom 9892:Annenberg Classroom 9861:Annenberg Classroom 9830:Annenberg Classroom 9760:Annenberg Classroom 9592:Annenberg Classroom 9114:, pp. 5–7, 29. 9087:, pp. 301, 306, 312 8838:, pp. 589, 592, 599 8688:, pp. 182, 187, 272 8621:Library of Congress 8510:, pp. 124–127. 8474:, pp. 185–186. 8450:, pp. 178–181. 8416:, pp. 276–277. 8380:, pp. 268–272. 8356:, pp. 268–269. 8344:, pp. 201–202. 8310:, pp. 106–108. 8298:, pp. 108–110. 8286:, pp. 201–203. 8274:, pp. 281–282. 7864:, pp. 129–130. 7676:. October 30, 2015. 7530:, pp. 200–204. 7455:, pp. 231–232. 7389:, pp. 102–104. 7027:corruption of blood 6904:Bill of Rights 1689 6813:Pocket Constitution 6413:Worldwide influence 6362:Stenberg v. Carhart 6222:William Howard Taft 6216:federalism, privacy 6173:William Howard Taft 6129:Hepburn v. Griswold 6101:Radical Republicans 6024:executive privilege 5942:Missouri Compromise 5907:Barron v. Baltimore 5836:Council of Revision 5669:Hammer v. Dagenhart 5648:Hammer v. Dagenhart 5635:border slave states 5482:Twentieth Amendment 5459:direct popular vote 5400:(1964) prohibits a 5360:Fifteenth Amendment 5274:temperance movement 5253:Sixteenth Amendment 5245:Chisholm v. Georgia 5020:freedom of assembly 5008:freedom of religion 4913:national convention 4846:Northwest Ordinance 4785:Closing endorsement 4716:Sixteenth Amendment 4654:national convention 4650:two-thirds majority 4600:freedom of movement 4589:criminal sentencing 4383:recess appointments 4146:Bureau of Ethnology 4065:state constitutions 4015:checks and balances 3922:Glorious Revolution 3676:closing endorsement 3666:from Virginia, and 3630:(Connecticut), and 3612:Committee of Detail 3453:. Their dream of a 3175:embody concepts of 2920:Newburgh Conspiracy 2902:Northwest Ordinance 2469:American Revolution 2421:Politics portal 2372:Amendments XI–XXVII 1926:Living Constitution 1845:Freedom of assembly 1830:Freedom of religion 1645:Politics portal 1480:Department of State 1155:U.S. Virgin Islands 99:Date effective 19510:Political charters 19156:Dominican Republic 18813:← Thomas Jefferson 18709:Marbury v. Madison 18546:James Madison Park 18541:Madison, Wisconsin 18371:First Party System 18359:Compromise of 1790 18276:Second Barbary War 18212:First inauguration 18150:written by Madison 17820:affirmative action 17793:Capital punishment 17752:Poverty and health 17747:Physician shortage 17720:Health care prices 17650:Standard of living 17333:standard of living 17140:Financial position 16767:Hawaiian home land 16755:Indian reservation 16728:Tribal sovereignty 16571:Secretary of state 16440:United States Code 16356:Territorial courts 16328:Associate Justices 16213:Inspector generals 15700:War in Afghanistan 15563:Reconstruction era 15430:Stamp Act Congress 14942:William Livingston 14926:Alexander Hamilton 14732:Criminal procedure 14727:Constitutional law 14662:Foreign Emoluments 14626:State of the Union 14611:Self-Incrimination 14601:Recess appointment 14394:Compulsory Process 14056:Titles of Nobility 13589:The Avalon Project 13560:Tribe, Laurence H. 12374:Lincoln Law Review 12311:Harvard Law Review 12287:Malcolm, George A. 12116:(August 6, 1787). 11923:Franklin, Benjamin 11675:Beeman, Richard R. 11571:www.montpelier.org 11546:Hoover Institution 11271:The New York Times 9656:Constitutional Law 9542:on August 31, 2014 8925:, pp. 303–304, 317 7690:. August 15, 2016. 7600:on August 12, 2016 7590:"Constitution Day" 7409:at Yale Law School 7280:John H. Lienhard. 7044:Justice Department 7012:Recently numerous 6987:Marbury v. Madison 6661: 6651: 6641: 6574:Difficult to amend 6543:American Civil War 6487:American Civil War 6479:constitutionalists 6318:Miranda v. Arizona 6289:separate but equal 6242:Gitlow v. New York 5965:judicial restraint 5953:court packing plan 5920:Section 13 of the 5916:Marbury v. Madison 5744: 5725:National Archives' 5427:Oregon v. Mitchell 5236:sovereign immunity 5232:Eleventh Amendment 5085:of either self or 5067:British Parliament 5044:keep and bear arms 4906:secretary of state 4890: 4795: 4658:state legislatures 4608:Territorial Clause 4391:State of the Union 4370:Commander in Chief 4352:head of government 4344:federal government 4256:legislative branch 4198: 4187: 3887:Daniel Walker Howe 3851:William Blackstone 3820:Due Process Clause 3816: 3718: 3640:Alexander Hamilton 3618:(South Carolina), 3577:William Blackstone 3510: 3216:13 original states 3121:federal government 3097: 2867:Forming a republic 2743:British Royal Navy 2642:Stamp Act Congress 2483: 2283:D.C. Voting Rights 2261:Titles of Nobility 1946:Judicial restraint 1905:Right to candidacy 1792:Legislative branch 1688:Constitutional law 1487:Secretary of State 857:Off-year elections 839:National Elections 546:Non-voting members 424:Federal government 416: 103:March 4, 1789 83:September 28, 1787 75:September 17, 1787 19447: 19446: 19041: 19040: 18978:Gouverneur Morris 18938:Co-wrote, signed, 18875:Gouverneur Morris 18841: 18840: 18780:James Madison Sr. 18682:(2020 miniseries) 18254:The Octagon House 17995: 17994: 17955: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17921:National security 17630:Income inequality 17510:Statue of Liberty 17313:income inequality 17226: 17225: 17218:Trucking industry 17030: 17029: 17026: 17025: 16957:Foreign relations 16945:Electoral College 16926: 16925: 16714: 16713: 16666:District attorney 16513: 16512: 16340:Courts of appeals 16063: 16062: 15776: 15775: 15717:COVID-19 pandemic 15670:Feminist Movement 15516:American frontier 15435:Thirteen Colonies 15296: 15295: 15262:Constitution Week 15247:Independence Mall 15235:National Archives 15193: 15192: 15008:Gouverneur Morris 14993:Thomas Fitzsimons 14973:Benjamin Franklin 14847:George Washington 14747:Enumerated powers 14722:Concurrent powers 14717:Balance of powers 14546:No Religious Test 14486:Freedom of Speech 14277:Independence Hall 14200: 14199: 14104:Bricker amendment 14037: 14036: 13689:National Archives 13655:National Archives 13591:. Yale Law School 13583:Yale Law School. 13533:Senate filibuster 13525:Electoral College 13486:978-0-19-979629-8 13465:978-0-434-01057-8 13434:McDonald, Forrest 13401:978-0-8214-0011-1 13320:978-0-87020-439-5 13250:978-0-19-505835-2 13175:978-0-300-00445-8 12976:978-0-8018-6355-4 12955:978-0-7006-0656-6 12934:978-1-4516-9193-1 12760:978-0-807-84723-7 12671:Tooker, Elisabeth 12612:978-0-7614-7402-9 12569:978-0-8013-2019-4 12524:978-962-209-201-3 12434:978-0-313-33021-6 12278:978-0-684-86854-7 12254:978-1-6235-6851-1 12148:Levinson, Sanford 12114:Jefferson, Thomas 12105:978-1-317-66679-0 11914:978-0-226-23793-0 11890:978-0-375-40544-0 11866:978-0-8159-6501-5 11808:978-0-316-10261-2 11784:978-0-8147-9107-3 11738:978-0-674-04475-3 11690:978-1-4000-6570-7 11527:978-0-593-44307-1 11239:978-1-139-12968-8 10862:978-0-374-71512-0 10730:978-0-691-00240-8 10618:"Amendment XXVII" 10380:"Amendment XXIII" 10218:on August 5, 2014 10185:"Amendment XVIII" 9798:978-1-4522-2674-3 9707:Shaman, Jeffrey. 9693:978-1-136-26969-1 9666:978-0-7355-8945-2 9623: 11-10644-DPW 9528:Neale, Thomas H. 9150:, pp. 16–18. 8193:on April 21, 2016 7888:, pp. 15–16. 7771:978-0-521-88188-3 7708:. April 22, 2023. 7619:Ritchie, Donald. 7575:978-0-16-063268-6 7377:, pp. 11–13. 7338:, pp. 27–28. 7087:Federalist No. 78 7048:attorneys general 7031:Wars of the Roses 6990:, the second was 6982:Federalist No. 78 6925:American patriots 6860:Mayflower Compact 6835:Related documents 6799:(world countries) 6755:Constitution Week 6710:Philosophy portal 6665: 6664: 6468:individual rights 6368:Lawrence v. Texas 6344:William Rehnquist 6212:William Rehnquist 6059:Subsequent Courts 5980:advisory opinions 5855:Federalist No. 78 5752:constitutionality 5561:Coleman v. Miller 5471:state legislature 5440:Twelfth Amendment 5308:(1865) abolished 5166:Seventh Amendment 5128:just compensation 5024:right to petition 5012:freedom of speech 4883:National Archives 4818:Benjamin Franklin 4814:Gouverneur Morris 4755:no religious Test 4632:Federalist No. 43 4474:criminal contempt 4422:), including the 4303:enumerated powers 4221:Gouverneur Morris 4193: 4154:Thirteen Colonies 4024:The Spirit of Law 3958:Federalist No. 78 3952:Federalist No. 47 3891:Benjamin Franklin 3691:Benjamin Franklin 3668:Gouverneur Morris 3626:(Massachusetts), 3447:Benjamin Franklin 3443:George Washington 3419:Viceroy of Canada 3357:George Washington 3303:Independence Hall 3249:Electoral College 3208:Independence Hall 3181:state governments 3092: 3086: 3085: 2990: 2989: 2715:Revolutionary War 2705: 2704: 2549:Thirteen Colonies 2487:Committee of Five 2457: 2456: 2002: 2001: 1850:Right to petition 1835:Freedom of speech 1822:Individual rights 1776:Tiers of scrutiny 1751:Individual rights 1682: 1681: 1521:Visa requirements 1473:Foreign relations 1372:Political culture 1312:Constitutionalism 1190:Political parties 1175:List of Elections 862:Primary elections 852:Midterm elections 774:Courts of appeals 402: 387: 386: 236:First legislature 225:2, 1 still active 209:Electoral college 19517: 19368:Saint Barthélemy 19328:Falkland Islands 19273: 19068: 19061: 19054: 19045: 19044: 18995:Founding Fathers 18953: 18903: 18896: 18889: 18868: 18861: 18854: 18845: 18844: 18830: 18829: 18752:Virginia dynasty 18727:Madisonian model 18716:National Gazette 18640:Magnificent Doll 18194:Founding Fathers 18090: 18082: 18074: 18066: 18058: 18047: 18022: 18015: 18008: 17999: 17998: 17975: 17968: 17855:African American 17737:Health insurance 17625:Household income 17495:National symbols 17426:American English 17399:Federal holidays 17308:household income 17241: 17240: 17237: 17236: 17041: 17040: 16979:Anti-Americanism 16903:Special district 16830:Independent city 16799:County executive 16782: 16781: 16576:Attorney general 16535: 16534: 16524:Federal District 16107:Executive Office 16087: 16086: 16078: 16077: 16074: 16073: 15834:populated places 15814:federal enclaves 15809:federal district 15787: 15786: 15650:American Century 15633:Great Depression 15628:Roaring Twenties 15588:Women's suffrage 15467:Halifax Resolves 15460:Founding Fathers 15455:military history 15420:Pre-colonial era 15344: 15343: 15323: 15316: 15309: 15300: 15299: 15252:Constitution Day 15143:Charles Pinckney 14952:William Paterson 14884:Nathaniel Gorham 14837: 14836: 14616:Speech or Debate 14444:Equal Protection 14154:Ludlow amendment 14139:Flag Desecration 14134:Federal Marriage 14099:Blaine amendment 14061:Corwin Amendment 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13777: 13770: 13763: 13754: 13753: 13729: 13728: 13614: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13579: 13575:978-0882-77601-9 13512:The New Republic 13490: 13469: 13445: 13443: 13429: 13405: 13381: 13374:Levy, Leonard W. 13369: 13357: 13346: 13329:Klos, Stanley L. 13324: 13299: 13278: 13254: 13242: 13228: 13207: 13193: 13179: 13158: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13117: 13106: 13079:Elliot, Jonathan 13053: 13049:978-0394-52346-0 13025: 12996: 12980: 12959: 12938: 12914: 12893: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12854: 12852: 12850: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12822: 12785: 12764: 12752: 12741: 12712: 12698: 12666: 12645: 12622:New York History 12616: 12597: 12573: 12552: 12528: 12509: 12507: 12496: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12446:. Archived from 12438: 12417: 12411: 12403: 12389: 12387: 12385: 12371: 12361: 12340: 12326: 12307:Manning, John F. 12302: 12282: 12258: 12237: 12216: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12143: 12129: 12127: 12125: 12109: 12088: 12074: 12068: 12060: 12027: 11987: 11963: 11942: 11918: 11894: 11875:Ellis, Joseph J. 11870: 11849: 11812: 11788: 11766: 11742: 11718: 11694: 11670: 11651:Amar, Akhil Reed 11630: 11625: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11588: 11582: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11563: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11513: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11502: 11487: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11448: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11414: 11408: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11362: 11356: 11355: 11333: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11297: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11274:. Archived from 11261: 11252: 11251: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11121: 11115: 11109: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11055: 11046: 11040: 11034: 11028: 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10983: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10930: 10924: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10878: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10818: 10812: 10803: 10797: 10796: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10718: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10693: 10687: 10686: 10680: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10650:. Archived from 10640: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10624:on July 25, 2013 10613: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10597:on July 19, 2013 10586: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10564:"Amendment XXII" 10559: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10543:on July 19, 2013 10532: 10526: 10525: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10505: 10503: 10492:"Amendment XVII" 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10440:on July 19, 2013 10434:"Amendment XXVI" 10429: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10407:"Amendment XXIV" 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10386:on July 19, 2013 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10332:on July 18, 2014 10317: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10301:on July 19, 2013 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10256: 10250: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10164:on July 19, 2013 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10007: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9981:"Amendment VIII" 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9898:on July 19, 2013 9883: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9836:on July 19, 2013 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9782: 9776: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9766:on July 25, 2013 9751: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9618:Fletcher v. Haas 9614: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9598:on July 19, 2013 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9547: 9541: 9534: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9502: 9493: 9480:The Writings of 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9450: 9444: 9443: 9437: 9424: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9402: 9387: 9386: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9320: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9306: 9290: 9284: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9238: 9235: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9040: 9034: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8971: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8901:, pp. 13, 16, 24 8899:W. P. Adams, 980 8896: 8890: 8884: 8878: 8872: 8863: 8857: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8647: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8554:library.wisc.edu 8551: 8543: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8532: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8423: 8417: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8393: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8317: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8081: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8059: 8048: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8010: 7999: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7947: 7941: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7840:, pp. 11–13 7835: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7781: 7779: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7621:"Bill of Rights" 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7561: 7549: 7543: 7537: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7428: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7350: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7277: 7260: 7249: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7207: 7200: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7059: 7040: 7034: 7023: 7017: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6995: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6954: 6948: 6927:, including the 6913: 6907: 6884: 6777:Gödel's Loophole 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6693: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6628: 6627: 6531:eligible to vote 6510:Sanford Levinson 6445: 6429: 6374:Texas v. Johnson 6306:Reynolds v. Sims 6207: 6189: 6168: 6150: 6007:Justice Brandeis 5935: 5913:In the landmark 5874:Oliver Ellsworth 5851:Oliver Ellsworth 5807: 5787: 5774:Scope and theory 5619:Corwin Amendment 5475:special election 5468: 5418:student activism 5185:Eighth Amendment 5178:findings of fact 5130:", the basis of 5079:Fourth Amendment 5040:Second Amendment 4979:years, 48 days. 4978: 4974: 4955:. Excluding the 4927:Federal Register 4887:Washington, D.C. 4825: 4700: 4680: 4503: 4499: 4340:executive branch 4194: 4119:Elisabeth Tooker 4008: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3976: 3893:greatly admired 3745:Anti-Federalists 3628:Oliver Ellsworth 3624:Nathaniel Gorham 3530:Large State Plan 3435:Benjamin Lincoln 3431:Shays' Rebellion 3289:First government 3093: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3047: 2935:Paper Money Riot 2930:Shays' Rebellion 2871: 2870: 2728:Continental Navy 2723:Continental Army 2682:Intolerable Acts 2672:Boston Tea Party 2554:Salutary neglect 2537: 2536: 2515:Military leaders 2470: 2459: 2458: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2419: 2418: 2407: 2406: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2029: 2004: 2003: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1890:Equal protection 1875:Right to privacy 1814:Local government 1809:State government 1797:Executive branch 1700: 1684: 1683: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1643: 1642: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1450:District Council 1433:Local government 1317:Environmentalism 681:Executive Office 676:Federal agencies 486: 481: 401:Politics of the 400: 389: 388: 376: 375: 309:Washington, D.C. 296: 294: 289: 256:February 2, 1790 114: 112: 107: 33: 21: 20: 19525: 19524: 19520: 19519: 19518: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19450: 19449: 19448: 19443: 19421:Central America 19407: 19282: 19274: 19265: 19082: 19075: 19072: 19042: 19037: 18983: 18954: 18945: 18914:Founding events 18913: 18906: 18899: 18892: 18885: 18877: 18872: 18842: 18837: 18803: 18798:Ambrose Madison 18792:William Madison 18786:Eleanor Madison 18774:John Payne Todd 18756: 18686: 18502:popular culture 18501: 18495: 18454: 18423: 18419:Founders Online 18397: 18326: 18320: 18259:Treaty of Ghent 18198: 18100: 18099:"Father of the 18093: 18085: 18077: 18069: 18061: 18050: 18039: 18031: 18026: 17996: 17991: 17978: 17971: 17964: 17947: 17933:Opioid epidemic 17850:Native American 17830:intersex rights 17781: 17777:Life expectancy 17767:Medical deserts 17757:Race and health 17654: 17640:Personal income 17586: 17490:National anthem 17323:personal income 17288:Economic issues 17222: 17174: 17022: 16922: 16911:School district 16897: 16880:Minor divisions 16874: 16813: 16771: 16710: 16696:Statutory codes 16677: 16640: 16617: 16527: 16522: 16509: 16444: 16401:civil liberties 16382: 16373:Other tribunals 16352:District courts 16304: 16263:current members 16246:current members 16227: 16161:Law enforcement 16059: 15772: 15721: 15712:Great Recession 15583:Progressive Era 15573:Native genocide 15504:Perpetual Union 15492:Treaty of Paris 15450:United Colonies 15408: 15333: 15327: 15297: 15292: 15227: 15221: 15189: 15185:William Jackson 15173: 15169:Abraham Baldwin 15152: 15121: 15117:Hugh Williamson 15095: 15074: 15048: 15039:Richard Bassett 15012: 14998:Jared Ingersoll 14961: 14957:Jonathan Dayton 14930: 14914: 14893: 14872: 14868:Nicholas Gilman 14851: 14826: 14792:Reserved powers 14772:Judicial review 14705: 14501:General Welfare 14424:Double Jeopardy 14335: 14262:List of Framers 14242:New Jersey Plan 14196: 14178: 14174:Victims' Rights 14094:Balanced budget 14080: 14033: 13962: 13934: 13913: 13837: 13786: 13781: 13726: 13698: 13685:Founders Online 13627: 13622: 13617: 13594: 13592: 13576: 13535:; sweeping new 13499:Steven Levitsky 13487: 13466: 13450:Rakove, Jack N. 13426: 13402: 13366: 13343: 13321: 13296: 13275: 13259:Jensen, Merrill 13251: 13225: 13176: 13138: 13136: 13126: 13085:. Vol. 1: 13056:Dippel, Horst, 13050: 13014:10.2307/3053081 12977: 12956: 12935: 12911: 12884:Bailyn, Bernard 12878: 12876:Further reading 12873: 12864: 12862: 12848: 12846: 12832: 12830: 12761: 12730:10.2307/2709045 12703:Warren, Charles 12613: 12578:Reck, Andrew J. 12570: 12549: 12533:Rakove, Jack N. 12525: 12477:10.2307/2947207 12453: 12451: 12435: 12405: 12404: 12383: 12381: 12369: 12279: 12255: 12234: 12189:10.2307/2947206 12165: 12163: 12123: 12121: 12106: 12079:Jensen, Merrill 12062: 12061: 11915: 11891: 11867: 11809: 11785: 11771:Billias, George 11763: 11739: 11715: 11691: 11667: 11645: 11639: 11634: 11633: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11611: 11601: 11599: 11589: 11585: 11575: 11573: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11550: 11548: 11540: 11539: 11535: 11528: 11514: 11510: 11500: 11498: 11488: 11484: 11474: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11452: 11450: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11416: 11415: 11411: 11401: 11399: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11376:on July 6, 2016 11364: 11363: 11359: 11334: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11298: 11291: 11281: 11279: 11262: 11255: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11208: 11200: 11196: 11188: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11164: 11160: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11136: 11128: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11104: 11100: 11092: 11088: 11080: 11076: 11068: 11064: 11056: 11049: 11041: 11037: 11029: 11022: 11014: 11010: 11002: 10998: 10990: 10986: 10978: 10974: 10964: 10962: 10952: 10948: 10940: 10933: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10863: 10845: 10841: 10831: 10829: 10819: 10815: 10804: 10800: 10781: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10738: 10731: 10709: 10705: 10694: 10690: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10655: 10642: 10641: 10637: 10627: 10625: 10614: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10591:"Amendment XXV" 10587: 10583: 10573: 10571: 10570:on July 3, 2014 10560: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10533: 10529: 10516: 10515: 10511: 10501: 10499: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10461:"Amendment XII" 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10430: 10426: 10416: 10414: 10413:on July 3, 2014 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10359:on July 3, 2014 10353:"Amendment XIX" 10349: 10345: 10335: 10333: 10318: 10314: 10304: 10302: 10291:"Amendment XIV" 10287: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10257: 10253: 10243: 10241: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10212:"Amendment XXI" 10208: 10204: 10194: 10192: 10191:on July 3, 2014 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10158:"Amendment XVI" 10156: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10071: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10023: 10022:on July 3, 2014 10008: 10004: 9994: 9992: 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9960:on July 3, 2014 9950:"Amendment VII" 9946: 9942: 9932: 9930: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9884: 9880: 9870: 9868: 9867:on May 31, 2013 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9826:"Amendment III" 9822: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9799: 9783: 9779: 9769: 9767: 9752: 9748: 9738: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9717: 9715: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9633: 9629: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9601: 9599: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9568: 9559: 9555: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9477: 9473: 9463: 9461: 9452: 9451: 9447: 9425: 9421: 9411: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9390: 9367:10.2307/2944709 9351: 9347: 9337: 9335: 9322: 9321: 9314: 9304: 9302: 9291: 9287: 9281:Wayback Machine 9272: 9268: 9260: 9241: 9237:17. U.S. at 421 9236: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9194: 9190: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9134: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9110: 9106: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8961: 8957: 8945: 8941: 8933: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8909: 8905: 8897: 8893: 8885: 8881: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8819: 8815: 8784:10.2307/1945058 8768: 8764: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8724:, pp. 1939–2039 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8619: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8577: 8573: 8563: 8561: 8549: 8545: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8519: 8518: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8470: 8466: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8396: 8388: 8384: 8376: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8115: 8111: 8101: 8099: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8079: 8077: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8057: 8055: 8050: 8049: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8008: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7960: 7949: 7948: 7944: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7836: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7803: 7799: 7791: 7784: 7772: 7764:. p. 131. 7752: 7748: 7742:McLaughlin 1935 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7717: 7713: 7700: 7699: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7646:Lloyd, Gordon. 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7559: 7550: 7546: 7538: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7466: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7430: 7429: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7401: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7351: 7342: 7334: 7330: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7250: 7246: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7204:Rehnquist Court 7201: 7197: 7188: 7184: 7175: 7171: 7162: 7158: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7132: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7041: 7037: 7024: 7020: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6955: 6951: 6933:Sons of Liberty 6914: 6910: 6885: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6837: 6832: 6787:Founders Online 6722: 6717: 6715: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6696:Politics portal 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6670: 6606: 6589: 6576: 6524: 6518: 6483:Abraham Lincoln 6475:judicial review 6453: 6446: 6437: 6430: 6421: 6415: 6395: 6389: 6341: 6331:Engel v. Vitale 6274: 6217: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6160: 6158: 6155:Salmon P. Chase 6151: 6139: 6096:Salmon P. Chase 6093: 6084:Rehnquist Court 6067: 6061: 6056: 6000: 5988:standing to sue 5961: 5933: 5894: 5818: 5815:Fauquier County 5808: 5799: 5788: 5776: 5717: 5711:Judicial review 5703: 5701:Judicial review 5678: 5659:federal statute 5570: 5536: 5466: 5436: 5340:(1868) granted 5302: 5287:organized crime 5228: 5220:Tenth Amendment 5209:Ninth Amendment 5205: 5139:Sixth Amendment 5115:double jeopardy 5095:Fifth Amendment 5075: 5063:Quartering Acts 5059:Third Amendment 5004:First Amendment 5000: 4976: 4972: 4871: 4865: 4823: 4807:William Jackson 4787: 4769: 4763: 4742: 4736: 4698: 4678: 4671:Presently, the 4627: 4621: 4569: 4563: 4531:judicial review 4501: 4497: 4455:district courts 4420:judicial branch 4412: 4406: 4328: 4322: 4295:Commerce Clause 4248: 4242: 4233: 4207: 4189: 4175: 4162: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3973:Green v. Biddle 3970: 3955:and Hamilton's 3940:social contract 3800: 3794: 3710: 3704: 3620:Edmund Randolph 3561:New Jersey Plan 3554:civil liberties 3493: 3485:Main articles: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3383:Treaty of Paris 3376:Barbary pirates 3340: 3334: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3233:New Jersey Plan 3231:, known as the 3088: 3082: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3000: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2939: 2906: 2890:Perpetual Union 2868: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2842: 2792: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2778:Financial costs 2773:Treaty of Paris 2717: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2667:Boston Massacre 2647:Declaratory Act 2637:Sons of Liberty 2627:Quartering Acts 2603: 2568: 2534: 2524: 2501: 2468: 2453: 2413: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2343: 2287: 2243: 2242: 2086: 2018: 1998: 1804:Judicial branch 1730:Judicial review 1689: 1678: 1649: 1637: 1627: 1625: 1617: 1616: 1568: 1550: 1530: 1511:Nationality law 1507: 1495: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1437: 1392: 1382: 1381: 1368: 1303: 1245: 1235: 1234: 1226: 1206: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1169: 1159: 881: 873: 843: 834: 824: 823: 818:Other tribunals 813: 779:District courts 761: 696: 686: 685: 667: 663:Merrick Garland 615: 605: 604: 599:Mitch McConnell 596:Minority Leader 585:Majority Leader 550: 526:Hakeem Jeffries 523:Minority Leader 512:Majority Leader 488: 465: 455: 454: 426: 403: 373: 295:, July 25, 2007 292: 287: 284: 245:First executive 110: 108: 106:(235 years ago) 105: 104: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19523: 19513: 19512: 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19485:1789 documents 19482: 19477: 19472: 19467: 19462: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19441: 19434: 19432: 19430: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19383:Sint Eustatius 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19318:Cayman Islands 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19289: 19287: 19276: 19275: 19268: 19266: 19264: 19263: 19258: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19193: 19188: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19087: 19085: 19077: 19076: 19071: 19070: 19063: 19056: 19048: 19039: 19038: 19036: 19035: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18991: 18989: 18985: 18984: 18982: 18981: 18973: 18968: 18962: 18960: 18956: 18955: 18948: 18946: 18944: 18943: 18935: 18930: 18924: 18918: 18916: 18908: 18907: 18905: 18904: 18897: 18890: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18871: 18870: 18863: 18856: 18848: 18839: 18838: 18836: 18835: 18823: 18820:James Monroe → 18816: 18808: 18805: 18804: 18802: 18801: 18795: 18789: 18783: 18777: 18771: 18768:Dolley Madison 18764: 18762: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18754: 18749: 18741: 18736: 18735: 18734: 18724: 18719: 18712: 18705: 18700: 18694: 18692: 18688: 18687: 18685: 18684: 18676: 18660: 18656:Liberty's Kids 18652: 18644: 18636: 18628: 18620: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18580:Madison Street 18577: 18572: 18567: 18566: 18565: 18558:Madison Square 18555: 18554: 18553: 18548: 18538: 18533: 18528: 18527: 18526: 18516: 18511: 18505: 18503: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18462: 18460: 18456: 18455: 18453: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18431: 18429: 18425: 18424: 18422: 18421: 18416: 18411: 18405: 18403: 18402:Other writings 18399: 18398: 18396: 18395: 18393:Report of 1800 18390: 18385: 18380: 18379: 18378: 18373: 18363: 18362: 18361: 18351: 18346: 18341: 18336: 18330: 18328: 18327:accomplisments 18322: 18321: 18319: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18231: 18230: 18229: 18222:Tecumseh's War 18219: 18214: 18208: 18206: 18200: 18199: 18197: 18196: 18191: 18189:Tariff of 1789 18186: 18181: 18180: 18179: 18177:27th amendment 18169: 18164: 18163: 18162: 18157: 18152: 18140: 18139: 18138: 18131: 18126: 18116: 18111: 18105: 18103: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18091: 18083: 18075: 18067: 18059: 18048: 18036: 18033: 18032: 18025: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18002: 17993: 17992: 17990: 17989: 17984: 17977: 17976: 17969: 17961: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17929: 17928: 17918: 17917: 17916: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17889:Mass shootings 17886: 17881: 17880: 17879: 17877:Climate change 17874: 17864: 17859: 17858: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17815:Discrimination 17812: 17807: 17806: 17805: 17795: 17789: 17787: 17783: 17782: 17780: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17728: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17707: 17706: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17670: 17664: 17662: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17605:American Dream 17602: 17596: 17594: 17588: 17587: 17585: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17572:Transportation 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17518: 17517: 17512: 17507: 17505:Mount Rushmore 17502: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17460: 17455: 17445: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17391: 17386: 17385: 17384: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17363: 17362: 17357: 17347: 17346: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17249: 17247: 17234: 17228: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17184: 17182: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17125:Federal budget 17122: 17117: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17063:Communications 17060: 17055: 17044: 17038: 17032: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17014: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16986: 16984:exceptionalism 16981: 16971: 16966: 16965: 16964: 16962:foreign policy 16954: 16953: 16952: 16947: 16937: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16919: 16918: 16907: 16905: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16895: 16890: 16884: 16882: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16821: 16819: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16790: 16788: 16779: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16752: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16730: 16724: 16722: 16716: 16715: 16712: 16711: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16687: 16685: 16679: 16678: 16676: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16659:Chief justices 16654:Supreme courts 16650: 16648: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16627: 16625: 16619: 16618: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16567: 16566: 16556: 16555: 16554: 16543: 16541: 16532: 16515: 16514: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16507: 16502: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16493:National Guard 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16454: 16452: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16410: 16405: 16404: 16403: 16396:Bill of Rights 16392: 16390: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16369: 16368: 16366:list of judges 16363: 16361:list of courts 16349: 16348: 16347: 16345:list of judges 16337: 16336: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16314: 16312: 16306: 16305: 16303: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16280:Capitol Police 16277: 16276: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16255: 16254: 16253: 16248: 16237: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16226: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16209: 16208: 16203: 16201:Secret Service 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16158: 16157: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16114:Vice President 16111: 16110: 16109: 16104: 16093: 16091: 16084: 16071: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16060: 16058: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15898:National Parks 15890: 15889: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15858: 15853: 15851:Extreme points 15848: 15843: 15842: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15790: 15784: 15778: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15729: 15727: 15723: 15722: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15708: 15707: 15702: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15646: 15645: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15538:Federalist Era 15535: 15534: 15533: 15531:Bill of Rights 15528: 15518: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15506: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15489: 15479: 15474: 15472:Lee Resolution 15469: 15464: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15422: 15416: 15414: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15350: 15348: 15341: 15335: 15334: 15332: articles 15326: 15325: 15318: 15311: 15303: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15277: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15243: 15242: 15231: 15229: 15223: 15222: 15220: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15201: 15199: 15195: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15187: 15181: 15179: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15166: 15160: 15158: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15150: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15129: 15127: 15126:South Carolina 15123: 15122: 15120: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15107:William Blount 15103: 15101: 15100:North Carolina 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15082: 15080: 15076: 15075: 15073: 15072: 15070:Daniel Carroll 15067: 15062: 15056: 15054: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15034:John Dickinson 15031: 15026: 15020: 15018: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14978:Thomas Mifflin 14975: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14947:David Brearley 14944: 14938: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14929: 14928: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14915: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14901: 14899: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14886: 14880: 14878: 14874: 14873: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14859: 14857: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14849: 14843: 14841: 14834: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14824: 14819: 14817:Taxation power 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14762:Implied powers 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14713: 14711: 14710:Interpretation 14707: 14706: 14704: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14606:Recommendation 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14491:Fugitive Slave 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14461: 14459:Excessive Bail 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14359:Appropriations 14356: 14351: 14345: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14208: 14206: 14202: 14201: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14171: 14169:Single subject 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14090: 14088: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14047: 14045: 14039: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13944: 13942: 13940:Reconstruction 13936: 13935: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13860: 13858: 13856:Bill of Rights 13845: 13839: 13838: 13836: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13805: 13800: 13794: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13780: 13779: 13772: 13765: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13745: 13739: 13723: 13709: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13678: 13668: 13658: 13648: 13638: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13620:External links 13618: 13616: 13615: 13601: 13580: 13574: 13556: 13503:Daniel Ziblatt 13491: 13485: 13470: 13464: 13446: 13430: 13424: 13406: 13400: 13386:Madison, James 13382: 13370: 13364: 13347: 13341: 13325: 13319: 13300: 13294: 13279: 13273: 13255: 13249: 13229: 13223: 13208: 13196: 13186:, ed. (1888). 13180: 13174: 13159: 13145: 13125:978-0385353403 13124: 13107: 13075: 13054: 13048: 13026: 13008:(3): 385–420. 12997: 12981: 12975: 12960: 12954: 12939: 12933: 12915: 12909: 12894: 12886:, ed. (1993). 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12855: 12839: 12823: 12797:(3): 442–445. 12786: 12765: 12759: 12742: 12713: 12699: 12687:10.2307/482139 12667: 12646: 12628:(4): 427–452. 12617: 12611: 12598: 12574: 12568: 12553: 12547: 12529: 12523: 12510: 12497: 12471:(3): 605–620. 12460: 12439: 12433: 12418: 12390: 12362: 12341: 12327: 12303: 12283: 12277: 12263:Maier, Pauline 12259: 12253: 12238: 12232: 12217: 12183:(3): 588–604. 12172: 12144: 12134:Laslett, Peter 12130: 12110: 12104: 12089: 12075: 12028: 11988: 11964: 11943: 11919: 11913: 11899:Farber, Daniel 11895: 11889: 11871: 11865: 11850: 11813: 11807: 11789: 11783: 11767: 11761: 11743: 11737: 11719: 11713: 11695: 11689: 11671: 11665: 11646: 11638: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11620: 11609: 11583: 11558: 11533: 11526: 11508: 11482: 11460: 11435: 11409: 11387: 11357: 11346:(3): 762–858. 11325: 11289: 11253: 11238: 11218: 11216:, p. 193. 11206: 11204:, p. 109. 11194: 11192:, p. 436. 11182: 11180:, p. 198. 11170: 11158: 11146: 11144:, p. 119. 11134: 11132:, p. 118. 11122: 11120:, p. 153. 11118:Pritchett 1959 11110: 11106:Pritchett 1959 11098: 11096:, p. 151. 11094:Pritchett 1959 11086: 11084:, p. 150. 11082:Pritchett 1959 11074: 11072:, p. 154. 11070:Pritchett 1959 11062: 11060:, p. 149. 11058:Pritchett 1959 11047: 11043:Pritchett 1959 11035: 11033:, p. 145. 11031:Pritchett 1959 11020: 11016:Pritchett 1959 11008: 11006:, p. 141. 11004:Pritchett 1959 10996: 10992:Pritchett 1959 10984: 10982:, p. 140. 10980:Pritchett 1959 10972: 10946: 10944:, p. 142. 10942:Pritchett 1959 10931: 10929:, p. 138. 10927:Pritchett 1959 10916: 10912:Pritchett 1959 10904: 10902:, p. 136. 10900:Pritchett 1959 10892: 10890:, p. 134. 10888:Pritchett 1959 10880: 10861: 10839: 10813: 10798: 10791:) – via 10775: 10758: 10736: 10729: 10703: 10688: 10665: 10654:on May 9, 2008 10635: 10608: 10581: 10554: 10537:"Amendment XX" 10527: 10509: 10482: 10451: 10424: 10397: 10370: 10343: 10322:"Amendment XV" 10312: 10281: 10251: 10229: 10202: 10175: 10149: 10119: 10089: 10064: 10033: 10012:"Amendment IX" 10002: 9971: 9940: 9919:"Amendment VI" 9909: 9878: 9857:"Amendment IV" 9847: 9816: 9804: 9797: 9777: 9756:"Amendment II" 9746: 9725: 9699: 9692: 9672: 9665: 9646: 9627: 9609: 9578: 9553: 9520: 9494: 9471: 9445: 9419: 9388: 9361:(2): 355–370. 9345: 9312: 9285: 9266: 9239: 9227: 9225:, p. 393. 9215: 9188: 9186:, p. 240. 9176: 9174:, p. 444. 9164: 9162:, p. 225. 9152: 9140: 9128: 9116: 9104: 9102:, p. 183. 9100:Bernstein 1987 9089: 9077: 9065: 9053: 9041: 9026: 9014: 9002: 8990: 8978: 8966: 8955: 8951:, Spring, 2010 8939: 8927: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8887:Schwartz, 1992 8879: 8875:Schwartz, 1992 8864: 8852: 8840: 8836:Callahan, 2014 8828: 8813: 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8637: 8625: 8613: 8601: 8571: 8538: 8512: 8500: 8498:, p. 409. 8488: 8486:, p. 317. 8476: 8464: 8452: 8448:Bernstein 1987 8440: 8418: 8406: 8394: 8392:, p. 122. 8382: 8370: 8368:, p. 406. 8358: 8346: 8342:Bernstein 1987 8334: 8312: 8300: 8288: 8284:Bernstein 1987 8276: 8264: 8260:Bernstein 1987 8252: 8250:, p. 102. 8240: 8238:, p. 209. 8228: 8216: 8214:, p. 160. 8204: 8165: 8143: 8129: 8109: 8087: 8065: 8038: 8016: 7991: 7979: 7967: 7942: 7926: 7914: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7854: 7842: 7821: 7819:, p. 359. 7809: 7797: 7795:, p. 199. 7793:Bernstein 1987 7782: 7770: 7746: 7734: 7711: 7693: 7679: 7665: 7638: 7611: 7581: 7574: 7544: 7532: 7520: 7516:Bernstein 1987 7508: 7506:, p. 123. 7496: 7484: 7472: 7457: 7445: 7420: 7407:Avalon Project 7391: 7379: 7367: 7340: 7328: 7316: 7304: 7294: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7244: 7240:Spanish Cortes 7230: 7221: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7115: 7106: 7091: 7078: 7069: 7060: 7035: 7018: 7005: 6996: 6973: 6963: 6949: 6921:Pasquale Paoli 6908: 6888:United Kingdom 6878: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6851: 6845: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6713: 6699: 6685: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6642: 6605: 6604:Commemorations 6602: 6588: 6585: 6575: 6572: 6517: 6514: 6477:has motivated 6455: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417:Main article: 6414: 6411: 6403:civil religion 6399:Bill of Rights 6391:Main article: 6388: 6387:Civic religion 6385: 6219: 6218: 6209: 6202: 6200: 6191: 6184: 6182: 6170: 6163: 6161: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6117:Texas v. White 6105:Roger B. Taney 6063:Main article: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6036:Robert Jackson 6032:Reconstruction 5999: 5996: 5984:friendly suits 5960: 5959:Self-restraint 5957: 5902:Marshall Court 5893: 5890: 5886:John Blair Jr. 5820: 5819: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5772: 5736:Bill of Rights 5732:Barry Faulkner 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5687:discrimination 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5639: 5615: 5599: 5569: 5566: 5535: 5532: 5435: 5432: 5301: 5298: 5227: 5224: 5204: 5201: 5132:eminent domain 5074: 5071: 5065:passed by the 4999: 4996: 4984:Bill of Rights 4949:Bill of Rights 4864: 4861: 4853:authentication 4786: 4783: 4765:Main article: 4762: 4759: 4738:Main article: 4735: 4732: 4623:Main article: 4620: 4617: 4565:Main article: 4562: 4559: 4546:law on treason 4478:civil contempt 4436:criminal cases 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4363:25th Amendment 4359:12th Amendment 4336:Vice President 4324:Main article: 4321: 4318: 4244:Main article: 4241: 4238: 4232: 4229: 4203:Main article: 4174: 4171: 4161: 4158: 4103:Bruce Johansen 4019:Roman Republic 3920:Following the 3875:Jack P. Greene 3793: 3790: 3782:Bill of Rights 3703: 3700: 3610:On July 24, a 3582: 3581: 3557: 3482: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3391:South Carolina 3336:Main article: 3333: 3330: 3297:, convened in 3290: 3287: 3279: 3276: 3260:Bill of Rights 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2982:Bill of Rights 2979: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2833:Lee Resolution 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2652:Townshend Acts 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2632:Stamp Act 1765 2629: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2409:Law portal 2399: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365:Amendments I–X 2361: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2334:Bill of Rights 2330: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2022: 2021: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1693: 1692: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1647: 1635: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1602:European Union 1599: 1597:United Kingdom 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1505: 1494: 1493: 1491:Antony Blinken 1483: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1460:Superior Court 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1436: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327:Libertarianism 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1280:Traditionalist 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1168: 1167: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1135:American Samoa 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080:South Carolina 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1045:North Carolina 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 880: 879: 872: 871: 870: 869: 859: 854: 849: 842: 841: 835: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 776: 770: 769: 760: 759: 754: 749: 744: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 716: 715: 706: 705: 697: 692: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 666: 665: 659: 658: 650: 649: 642: 641: 633: 632: 625: 624: 616: 611: 610: 607: 606: 603: 602: 592: 591: 581: 580: 570: 569: 559: 558: 549: 548: 542: 541: 530: 529: 519: 518: 508: 507: 497: 496: 475: 474: 466: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 447: 442: 436: 435: 427: 422: 421: 418: 417: 407: 406: 396: 395: 385: 384: 369: 368: 364: 363: 358: 354: 353: 350: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 332: 328: 327: 317: 313: 312: 302: 298: 297: 282: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 264: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 248:April 30, 1789 246: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 217: 216: 211: 205: 204: 201: 195: 194: 181: 175: 174: 169: 163: 162: 157: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 134: 133: 122: 116: 115: 101: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19522: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19505:James Madison 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19457: 19455: 19440: 19439: 19438:South America 19435: 19433: 19431: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19416:North America 19414: 19413: 19410: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19333:French Guiana 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19291: 19290: 19288: 19286: 19281: 19277: 19272: 19262: 19259: 19257: 19254: 19252: 19251:United States 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19084: 19078: 19069: 19064: 19062: 19057: 19055: 19050: 19049: 19046: 19034: 19032: 19028: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18992: 18990: 18986: 18980: 18979: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18963: 18961: 18957: 18952: 18942: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18917: 18915: 18912:United States 18909: 18902: 18898: 18895: 18891: 18888: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18876: 18869: 18864: 18862: 18857: 18855: 18850: 18849: 18846: 18834: 18833: 18824: 18822: 18821: 18817: 18815: 18814: 18810: 18809: 18806: 18800:(grandfather) 18799: 18796: 18793: 18790: 18787: 18784: 18781: 18778: 18775: 18772: 18769: 18766: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18746: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18733: 18730: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18722:Paul Jennings 18720: 18718: 18717: 18713: 18711: 18710: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18695: 18693: 18689: 18683: 18681: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18666: 18665: 18661: 18659: 18658:(2002 series) 18657: 18653: 18651: 18649: 18645: 18642: 18641: 18637: 18635: 18634: 18633:James Madison 18629: 18627: 18626: 18621: 18619: 18618: 18617:James Madison 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18575:Mount Madison 18573: 18571: 18570:Madison River 18568: 18564: 18561: 18560: 18559: 18556: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18525: 18522: 18521: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18512: 18510: 18507: 18506: 18504: 18498: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18461: 18457: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18430: 18426: 18420: 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18406: 18404: 18400: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18377: 18376:republicanism 18374: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18364: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18355: 18354:Residence Act 18352: 18350: 18347: 18345: 18342: 18340: 18337: 18335: 18332: 18331: 18329: 18323: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18244:Henry letters 18242: 18240: 18237: 18236: 18235: 18232: 18228: 18225: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18209: 18207: 18205: 18201: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18178: 18175: 18174: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18161: 18158: 18156: 18153: 18151: 18148: 18147: 18146: 18145: 18141: 18137: 18136: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18124:Virginia Plan 18122: 18121: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18106: 18104: 18102: 18101:Constitution" 18096: 18088: 18084: 18080: 18076: 18072: 18068: 18064: 18060: 18056: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18038: 18037: 18034: 18030: 18029:James Madison 18023: 18018: 18016: 18011: 18009: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17979: 17974: 17970: 17967: 17963: 17962: 17958: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17927: 17924: 17923: 17922: 17919: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17869: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17862:Energy policy 17860: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17817: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17804: 17803:incarceration 17801: 17800: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17790: 17788: 17784: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17712: 17711: 17708: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17688:Prenatal care 17686: 17684: 17683:Birth control 17681: 17679: 17676: 17675: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17665: 17663: 17661: 17657: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17620:Homeownership 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17597: 17595: 17593: 17589: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17450: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17423: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17400: 17397: 17396: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17380: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17351: 17348: 17344: 17343:working class 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17303:homeownership 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17290: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17250: 17248: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17229: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17109: 17106: 17104: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17083:Manufacturing 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17033: 17019: 17016: 17012: 17011:Third parties 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16998: 16997: 16994: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16976: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16932: 16929: 16917: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16885: 16883: 16881: 16877: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16768: 16765: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16717: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16688: 16686: 16684: 16680: 16672: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16643: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16624: 16620: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16561: 16560: 16557: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16540: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16525: 16520: 16516: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16451: 16447: 16441: 16438: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16379: 16378:U.S. attorney 16376: 16374: 16371: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16353: 16350: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16323:Chief Justice 16321: 16320: 16319: 16318:Supreme Court 16316: 16315: 16313: 16311: 16307: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16256: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16243: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16224: 16223:Public policy 16221: 16219: 16218:Civil service 16216: 16214: 16211: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16136: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16099: 16098: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16066: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15907: 15906: 15903: 15899: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15891: 15887: 15886:Sierra Nevada 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15824:insular zones 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15779: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15730: 15728: 15724: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15695:War on Terror 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15675:LGBT Movement 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15336: 15331: 15330:United States 15324: 15319: 15317: 15312: 15310: 15305: 15304: 15301: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15282: 15278: 15275: 15274: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15236: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15224: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15212:Jacob Shallus 15210: 15208: 15207: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15196: 15186: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15149: 15148:Pierce Butler 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15133:John Rutledge 15131: 15130: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15091:James Madison 15089: 15087: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15077: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15060:James McHenry 15058: 15057: 15055: 15051: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15019: 15015: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14988:George Clymer 14986: 14984: 14983:Robert Morris 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14933: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14910:Roger Sherman 14908: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14877:Massachusetts 14875: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14856:New Hampshire 14854: 14848: 14845: 14844: 14842: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14782:Plenary power 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14752:Equal footing 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14673:Trial by Jury 14671: 14669: 14666: 14663: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14526:Ineligibility 14524: 14522: 14521:Import-Export 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14476:Free Exercise 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14466: 14465:Ex Post Facto 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14449:Establishment 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14399:Confrontation 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14282:Syng inkstand 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237:Virginia Plan 14235: 14234: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14203: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14181: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14164:School Prayer 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14083: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14040: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13965: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13945: 13943: 13941: 13937: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13840: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13809: 13806: 13804: 13801: 13799: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13778: 13773: 13771: 13766: 13764: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13749: 13746: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13734: 13733: 13724: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13710: 13707: 13703: 13700: 13699: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13635:U.S. Congress 13632: 13629: 13628: 13612: 13611: 13606: 13605:Yates, Robert 13602: 13590: 13586: 13581: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13557: 13554: 13550: 13549:Supreme Court 13546: 13542: 13538: 13537:voting rights 13534: 13530: 13526: 13522: 13518: 13514: 13513: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13456: 13451: 13447: 13442: 13441: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13425:0-13-024752-9 13421: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13397: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13365:0-86597-279-6 13361: 13356: 13355: 13348: 13344: 13342:0-9752627-5-0 13338: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13307: 13301: 13297: 13295:0-87586-081-8 13291: 13287: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13274:0-442-00075-8 13270: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13246: 13241: 13240: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13224:0-314-51813-4 13220: 13216: 13215: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13167: 13166: 13160: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13146: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13051: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12961: 12957: 12951: 12947: 12946: 12940: 12936: 12930: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12916: 12912: 12910:0-940450-64-X 12906: 12902: 12901: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12881: 12880: 12860: 12856: 12844: 12840: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12714: 12710: 12709: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12623: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12604: 12599: 12595: 12591: 12587: 12583: 12579: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12554: 12550: 12548:0-394-57858-9 12544: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12505: 12498: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12466: 12461: 12449: 12445: 12440: 12436: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12391: 12379: 12375: 12368: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12342: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12274: 12270: 12269: 12264: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12246: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12225: 12224: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12186: 12182: 12178: 12173: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12135: 12131: 12119: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12097: 12096: 12090: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11944: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11886: 11882: 11881: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11762:0-300-01911-4 11758: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11714:0-15-100948-1 11710: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11699:Berkin, Carol 11696: 11692: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11666:1-4000-6262-4 11662: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11644: 11629: 11624: 11618: 11613: 11598: 11597:Berkeley News 11594: 11587: 11572: 11568: 11562: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11529: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11497: 11493: 11486: 11470: 11464: 11447: 11443:Foner, Eric. 11439: 11424:. Spring 2007 11423: 11419: 11413: 11397: 11391: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11353: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11330: 11314: 11311: 11307: 11303: 11296: 11294: 11277: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11260: 11258: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11222: 11215: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11191: 11186: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11162: 11155: 11150: 11143: 11142:Levinson 1987 11138: 11131: 11130:Levinson 1987 11126: 11119: 11114: 11107: 11102: 11095: 11090: 11083: 11078: 11071: 11066: 11059: 11054: 11052: 11044: 11039: 11032: 11027: 11025: 11017: 11012: 11005: 11000: 10993: 10988: 10981: 10976: 10961: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10938: 10936: 10928: 10923: 10921: 10913: 10908: 10901: 10896: 10889: 10884: 10877: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10843: 10828: 10824: 10817: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10779: 10768: 10762: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10717: 10716: 10707: 10699: 10692: 10684: 10679: 10678: 10669: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10623: 10619: 10616:Monk, Linda. 10612: 10596: 10592: 10589:Monk, Linda. 10585: 10569: 10565: 10562:Monk, Linda. 10558: 10542: 10538: 10535:Monk, Linda. 10531: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10497: 10493: 10490:Monk, Linda. 10486: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10459:Monk, Linda. 10455: 10439: 10435: 10432:Monk, Linda. 10428: 10412: 10408: 10405:Monk, Linda. 10401: 10385: 10381: 10378:Monk, Linda. 10374: 10358: 10354: 10351:Monk, Linda. 10347: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10320:Monk, Linda. 10316: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10289:Monk, Linda. 10285: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10255: 10239: 10233: 10217: 10213: 10210:Monk, Linda. 10206: 10190: 10186: 10183:Monk, Linda. 10179: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10078: 10074: 10068: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10043:"Amendment X" 10041:Monk, Linda. 10037: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10010:Monk, Linda. 10006: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9979:Monk, Linda. 9975: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9948:Monk, Linda. 9944: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9917:Monk, Linda. 9913: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9888:"Amendment V" 9886:Monk, Linda. 9882: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9855:Monk, Linda. 9851: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9824:Monk, Linda. 9820: 9813: 9808: 9800: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9781: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9754:Monk, Linda. 9750: 9735: 9729: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9695: 9689: 9686:. Routledge. 9685: 9684: 9676: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9588:"Amendment I" 9586:Monk, Linda. 9582: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9508: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9482:James Madison 9475: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9441: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9300: 9296: 9289: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9270: 9263: 9262:O'Connor 2010 9258: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9234: 9232: 9224: 9219: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9156: 9149: 9144: 9138:, p. 90. 9137: 9132: 9125: 9120: 9113: 9108: 9101: 9096: 9094: 9086: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9063:. pp. 721–724 9062: 9061:Stubben, 2003 9057: 9050: 9045: 9038: 9033: 9031: 9024:,.pp. 588–604 9023: 9018: 9012:, pp. 427–452 9011: 9006: 9000:, pp. 605–620 8999: 8994: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8964: 8959: 8952: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8931: 8924: 8919: 8913:, pp. 743–744 8912: 8907: 8900: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8861: 8856: 8849: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8759: 8758:Laslett, 1960 8754: 8747: 8746:Pollock, 1908 8742: 8735: 8730: 8723: 8722:Manning, 2011 8718: 8711: 8710:Sheldon, 2001 8706: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8634: 8633:Manning, 2011 8629: 8622: 8617: 8610: 8609:Randall, 2003 8605: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8542: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8485: 8484:Campbell 1969 8480: 8473: 8468: 8462:, p. 50. 8461: 8456: 8449: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8398: 8391: 8386: 8379: 8374: 8367: 8362: 8355: 8350: 8343: 8338: 8322: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8225: 8220: 8213: 8208: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8153: 8147: 8132: 8130:1-85109-669-8 8126: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8097: 8091: 8075: 8069: 8053: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8026: 8020: 8004: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7963: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7935: 7934:Dawes, Thomas 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7900:, p. 13. 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7876:, p. 31. 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7851: 7846: 7839: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7818: 7813: 7807:, p. 59. 7806: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7722: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7697: 7689: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7658:September 21, 7653: 7649: 7642: 7631:September 21, 7626: 7622: 7615: 7604:September 10, 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7541: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7494:, p. 54. 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7470:, p. 58. 7469: 7464: 7462: 7454: 7449: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7388: 7383: 7376: 7371: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7332: 7325: 7320: 7314:, p. 35. 7313: 7308: 7298: 7283: 7276: 7272: 7258: 7254: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7218: 7212: 7205: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7179: 7173: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7110: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7014:habeas corpus 7009: 7000: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6967: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6929:Hearts of Oak 6926: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6714: 6711: 6700: 6697: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6677: 6672: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6614:1856 painting 6611: 6601: 6600:backgrounds. 6599: 6595: 6584: 6582: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6513: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6491:Benito Juárez 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6300:Baker v. Carr 6296: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6247:incorporation 6244: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6180: 6179:incorporation 6175: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6055: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5898:Judiciary Act 5892:Establishment 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5878:John Marshall 5875: 5871: 5870:John Rutledge 5867: 5863: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5845:in Virginia, 5844: 5843:John Marshall 5839: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5824: 5816: 5813:, 1801–1835, 5812: 5811:John Marshall 5806: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5611:New Hampshire 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5579:apportionment 5576: 5572: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477:can be held. 5476: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5379:right to vote 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5347:Incorporation 5343: 5339: 5334: 5331: 5328:, their post 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5147:legal counsel 5144: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4990:had promised 4989: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4857:documentation 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4829: 4828:was devised. 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4751: 4750:national debt 4747: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482:habeas corpus 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432:trial by jury 4429: 4425: 4424:Supreme Court 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393:, and by the 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4348:head of state 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4225:We the People 4222: 4218: 4217:We the People 4212: 4206: 4201: 4184: 4183:We the People 4179: 4170: 4168: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:, and was an 4135: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4099:Donald Grinde 4095: 4093: 4092:John Rutledge 4089: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4006: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3926:Thomas Hobbes 3923: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832:Enlightenment 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3709: 3699: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3687:Jacob Shallus 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664:James Madison 3661: 3660:Massachusetts 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3616:John Rutledge 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3587: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3555: 3552:to emphasize 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534:Randolph Plan 3531: 3527: 3526:Virginia Plan 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3481:1787 drafting 3476: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407:James Madison 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3319:revolutionary 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268:Jacob Shallus 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3229:Virginia Plan 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157:Supreme Court 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109:United States 3106: 3102: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:United States 3004: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2977:Raftification 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2883: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808:Role of women 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2787: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2587:Republicanism 2585: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2398: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327:Republicanism 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1900:Voting rights 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Equal footing 1769: 1767: 1766:Republicanism 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Latin America 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347:Republicanism 1345: 1343: 1342:Protectionism 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1297:Progressivism 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1210:Third parties 1208: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1151: 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Plains 15638:World War II 15521:Constitution 15520: 15425:Colonial era 15404:2008–present 15279: 15271: 15204: 15003:James Wilson 14966:Pennsylvania 14863:John Langdon 14621:Speedy Trial 14463: 14354:Appointments 14288: 14071:Equal Rights 13967:20th century 13783: 13731: 13609: 13593:. 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Retrieved 9201: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9085:Grinde, 1995 9080: 9073:Miller, 2015 9068: 9056: 9044: 9037:Tooker, 1988 9017: 9005: 8993: 8981: 8969: 8958: 8948: 8942: 8937:, p. 301-303 8935:Grinde, 1995 8930: 8923:Grinde, 1995 8918: 8906: 8894: 8882: 8877:, pp. 23, 24 8855: 8850:, pp. 29, 34 8843: 8831: 8816: 8778:(1): 32–44. 8775: 8771: 8765: 8753: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8705: 8698:Zeydel, 1966 8693: 8686:Greene, 1994 8681: 8674:Werner, 1972 8669: 8657: 8628: 8616: 8604: 8592:. Retrieved 8585:archives.gov 8584: 8574: 8562:. Retrieved 8553: 8541: 8529:. Retrieved 8524: 8515: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8460:Jillson 2016 8455: 8443: 8430: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8373: 8361: 8349: 8337: 8325:. Retrieved 8315: 8303: 8291: 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195:. Retrieved 8191:the original 8178: 8168: 8156:. Retrieved 8146: 8134:. Retrieved 8119: 8112: 8100:. Retrieved 8090: 8078:. Retrieved 8068: 8056:. Retrieved 8029:. Retrieved 8019: 8007:. Retrieved 7989:, p. 27 7982: 7977:, p. 21 7970: 7954: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7845: 7812: 7800: 7776:Google Books 7774:– via 7760:. New York: 7756: 7749: 7737: 7725:. Retrieved 7714: 7705: 7696: 7682: 7668: 7656:. Retrieved 7651: 7641: 7629:. Retrieved 7624: 7614: 7602:. Retrieved 7598:the original 7593: 7584: 7564: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7448: 7436:. Retrieved 7411:. Retrieved 7382: 7370: 7360:February 22, 7358:. Retrieved 7331: 7319: 7307: 7297: 7285:. Retrieved 7275: 7253:Qing dynasty 7247: 7233: 7224: 7216: 7211: 7206:, 1986–2005. 7198: 7191:Warren Court 7185: 7172: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7133: 7123: 7118: 7109: 7099: 7094: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7038: 7021: 7008: 6999: 6985: 6976: 6966: 6952: 6911: 6898:, and other 6882: 6759: 6739:Joseph Story 6732: 6607: 6590: 6577: 6553: 6551: 6528: 6525: 6507: 6472: 6456: 6448: 6432: 6407:nation-state 6396: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6358: 6351: 6348:Bush v. Gore 6347: 6342: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6285:Fuller Court 6282: 6275: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6220: 6210: 6192: 6171: 6153: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6094: 6080:Warren Court 6068: 6040: 6021: 6012: 6005: 6001: 5992: 5973: 5962: 5946: 5931: 5914: 5912: 5905: 5904:'s landmark 5895: 5882:James Wilson 5865: 5859: 5847:James Wilson 5840: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5794: 5768: 5756: 5745: 5668: 5662: 5652: 5646: 5559: 5556: 5537: 5521: 5506: 5495: 5486:Election Day 5479: 5452: 5437: 5425: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5372: 5357: 5350: 5335: 5303: 5291: 5283:black market 5267: 5260: 5250: 5243: 5229: 5217: 5206: 5182: 5163: 5156: 5136: 5101:for a major 5092: 5076: 5056: 5037: 5001: 4981: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4922: 4910: 4891: 4850: 4830: 4821: 4811: 4796: 4774:ratification 4770: 4743: 4707:direct taxes 4696: 4670: 4642: 4637: 4628: 4593: 4570: 4543: 4539:Res judicata 4528: 4520: 4500:1 of Section 4494: 4471: 4452: 4444: 4416:court system 4413: 4399: 4367: 4356: 4329: 4306: 4292: 4273: 4249: 4234: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4199: 4163: 4123: 4096: 4069: 4046:and forbid " 4038:, contain a 4030:The English 4029: 4022: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3971: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3919: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3885:. Historian 3844: 3817: 3810: 3809:, author of 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3738: 3726:ratification 3719: 3696: 3680: 3636: 3632:James Wilson 3622:(Virginia), 3614:, including 3609: 3605:Presidential 3598: 3590: 3583: 3573:Edmund Burke 3533: 3529: 3519: 3511: 3499: 3462:Philadelphia 3459: 3439: 3400: 3380: 3361: 3353: 3341: 3299:Philadelphia 3292: 3253: 3237: 3220:Rhode Island 3212:Philadelphia 3197: 3117:constitution 3100: 3098: 3026:Bicentennial 2964: 2945:Constitution 2944: 2768:Intelligence 2738:British Army 2622:Currency Act 2499:Philadelphia 2278:Equal Rights 2244: 2017:Constitution 2016: 1712: 1440: 1416:Legislatures 1396: 1307:Abolitionism 1250:Conservatism 1172: 1162: 1085:South Dakota 1075:Rhode Island 1070:Pennsylvania 1050:North Dakota 876: 838: 816: 764: 713:John Roberts 700: 653: 636: 619: 577:Patty Murray 553: 504:Mike Johnson 491: 476: 469: 431: 430: 392: 324:Philadelphia 286: 273:Last amended 128:presidential 62:Jurisdiction 45:Philadelphia 35:Page one of 18: 19358:Puerto Rico 19285:territories 19231:Saint Lucia 19166:El Salvador 19033:(1989 film) 18650:(1989 film) 18643:(1946 film) 18325:Other noted 18234:War of 1812 18073:(1781–1783) 18065:(1789–1797) 18057:(1801–1809) 18046:(1809–1817) 17909:Immigration 17840:LGBT rights 17742:Food safety 17577:Video games 17170:Wall Street 17150:Public debt 17053:Agriculture 16989:nationalism 16701:Uniform act 16623:Legislative 16530:Territorial 16488:Coast Guard 16483:Space Force 16233:Legislative 16028:Red (South) 16018:Mississippi 15940:New England 15876:Appalachian 15846:Earthquakes 15743:Discoveries 15738:Demographic 15680:Vietnam War 15623:World War I 15618:Imperialism 15568:Indian Wars 15543:War of 1812 15164:William Few 15044:Jacob Broom 15024:George Read 14898:Connecticut 14832:Signatories 14682:Legislative 14656:Territorial 14576:Presentment 14561:Origination 14516:Impeachment 14471:Extradition 14439:Engagements 14429:Due Process 14379:Citizenship 14066:Child Labor 13665:U.S. Senate 13545:term limits 12233:0-807114790 11475:December 5, 11453:December 5, 11178:Farber 2003 11166:Farber 2003 10965:January 11, 10832:January 31, 9739:January 30, 9718:January 30, 9464:December 1, 9223:Warren 1928 9208:January 16, 9160:Morton 2006 9148:Bickel 1975 9136:Berkin 2002 9124:Beeman 2009 9075:, pp. 32–33 8998:Payne, 1996 8976:, pp. 77–91 8531:January 20, 8508:Rakove 1996 8496:Beeman 2009 8472:Morton 2006 8402:Warren 1928 8366:Beeman 2009 8308:Rakove 1996 8296:Rakove 1996 8272:Warren 1928 8248:Rakove 1996 8224:Beeman 2009 8136:October 21, 7805:Jensen 1950 7528:Beeman 2009 7492:Rakove 1996 7480:Beeman 2009 7468:Rakove 1996 7453:Warren 1928 7387:Rakove 1996 7257:Sun Yat-sen 7165:Chase Court 6896:New Zealand 6499:Sun Yat-sen 6485:during the 6460:rule of law 6450:Sun Yat-sen 6277:Earl Warren 6194:Earl Warren 6072:Chase Court 5651:(1918) and 5422:Vietnam War 5278:prohibition 5172:to federal 5119:due process 4684:§ 106b 4596:extradition 4387:impeachment 4138:ethnologist 4115:Philip Levy 4088:egalitarian 4072:Montesquieu 4036:jury trials 3889:notes that 3879:Magna Carta 3867:Montesquieu 3847:Edward Coke 3836:Montesquieu 3828:Magna Carta 3741:Federalists 3730:Article VII 3652:Connecticut 3550:Edward Coke 3546:Montesquieu 3427:martial law 3411:Connecticut 3372:New Orleans 3245:U.S. Senate 3189:Article VII 3161:Article III 3151:); and the 3129:legislative 3105:supreme law 2271:Child Labor 1951:Purposivism 1931:Originalism 1895:Citizenship 1885:Due process 1756:Rule of law 1612:Arab League 1526:Visa policy 1402:Territorial 1215:Libertarian 1150:Puerto Rico 1000:Mississippi 915:Connecticut 463:Legislature 341:Signatories 276:May 5, 1992 253:First court 19454:Categories 19353:Montserrat 19348:Martinique 19343:Guadeloupe 19141:Costa Rica 18680:Washington 18500:Legacy and 18450:Montpelier 18204:Presidency 17943:Xenophobia 17732:Disability 17673:Healthcare 17582:Visual art 17527:Philosophy 17473:television 17463:newspapers 17453:journalism 17443:Literature 17355:attainment 17006:Republican 17001:Democratic 16974:Ideologies 16935:Corruption 16500:NOAA Corps 16423:preemption 16418:federalism 16033:Rio Grande 15935:Midwestern 15915:West Coast 15910:East Coast 15753:Inventions 15665:Space Race 15660:Korean War 15643:home front 15578:Gilded Age 15276:(painting) 15228:and legacy 15086:John Blair 14935:New Jersey 14889:Rufus King 14787:Preemption 14701:War Powers 14636:Suspension 14454:Exceptions 14144:Human Life 14043:Unratified 13843:Amendments 13101:, Vol. 5: 13097:, Vol. 4: 13093:, Vol. 3: 13089:, Vol. 2: 12244:John Locke 11927:Litigation 11190:Stacy 2003 10960:senate.gov 10871:1086608761 9184:Bowen 1966 9049:Levy, 1996 9022:Levy, 1996 8986:Levy, 1996 8949:Litigation 8911:Reck, 1991 8734:Mack, 2009 8662:Howe, 1989 8650:Lutz, 1988 8594:August 26, 8564:August 26, 8414:Bowen 1966 8390:Maier 2010 8378:Bowen 1966 8354:Bowen 1966 8327:August 31, 8236:Bowen 1966 8212:Ellis 2000 7987:Maier 2010 7975:Maier 2010 7922:Maier 2010 7898:Maier 2010 7886:Maier 2010 7874:Bowen 1966 7862:Bowen 1966 7850:Maier 2010 7838:Maier 2010 7594:Senate.gov 7504:Maier 2010 7375:Maier 2010 7336:Maier 2010 7312:Maier 2010 7178:Taft Court 6992:Dred Scott 6971:questions. 6682:Law portal 6594:Protestant 6547:Nineteenth 6516:Criticisms 6495:José Rizal 6434:José Rizal 6177:commerce, 6082:, and the 6076:Taft Court 5976:certiorari 5969:Mr. Dooley 5938:Dred Scott 5764:television 5748:precedents 5705:See also: 5414:voting age 5170:jury trial 5111:grand jury 5107:indictment 4867:See also: 4863:Amendments 4803:eschatocol 4724:the states 4720:income tax 4555:conspiracy 4084:monarchies 4081:autocratic 4076:John Locke 4061:John Adams 4021:). In his 3895:David Hume 3883:common law 3855:Blackstone 3840:John Locke 3824:common law 3807:John Locke 3792:Influences 3656:Rufus King 3565:unicameral 3542:John Locke 3451:Rufus King 3282:See also: 3278:Background 3177:federalism 3173:Article VI 3165:Article IV 3149:Article II 3135:Congress ( 2592:Liberalism 2564:George III 2322:Federalism 2310:Convention 1956:Textualism 1761:Federalism 1738:Principles 1718:Amendments 1404:government 1390:Federalism 1332:Monarchism 1287:Liberalism 1202:Republican 1197:Democratic 1115:Washington 1035:New Mexico 1030:New Jersey 905:California 382:Wikisource 357:Supersedes 349:Media type 262:Amendments 199:Federalism 111:1789-03-04 19426:Caribbean 19338:Greenland 19261:Venezuela 19206:Nicaragua 19176:Guatemala 19096:Argentina 19081:Sovereign 18959:Namesakes 18794:(brother) 18776:(stepson) 18514:Memorials 18459:Elections 17926:Terrorism 17703:Rationing 17600:Affluence 17547:Sexuality 17515:Uncle Sam 17421:Languages 17350:Education 17293:affluence 17253:Americana 17180:Transport 17078:Insurance 17068:Companies 17048:By sector 16940:Elections 16581:Treasurer 16539:Executive 16478:Air Force 16450:Uniformed 16273:President 16090:Executive 15861:Mountains 15794:Territory 15782:Geography 15606:1954–1968 15601:1896–1954 15596:1865–1896 15558:Civil War 15399:1991–2008 15394:1980–1991 15389:1964–1980 15384:1945–1964 15379:1917–1945 15374:1865–1917 15369:1849–1865 15364:1815–1849 15359:1789–1815 15354:1776–1789 15347:By period 14797:Saxbe fix 14686:Executive 14641:Take Care 14631:Supremacy 14506:Guarantee 14434:Elections 14205:Formation 13918:1795–1804 13562:(1988) . 13388:(1966) . 13134:929123909 13066:, Mainz: 12993:et passim 12819:145568103 12634:0146-437X 12485:0043-5597 12408:cite book 12213:146842153 12197:0043-5597 12057:0161-6463 12024:143686208 11846:144988453 11428:April 21, 11402:April 21, 11380:April 21, 11318:April 23, 11248:774393122 10628:August 6, 10601:August 6, 10574:August 6, 10547:August 6, 10502:August 6, 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