52:
363:
552:
general elections used a two-round direct election by popular vote system which was established by the outgoing military junta, which decreed in 1972 an illegal 'temporary constitutional reform' which was supposed to be later ratified by an elected constitutional convetion which never happened and
464:
More resolutions have been submitted to amend the U.S. Electoral
College mechanism than any other part of the constitution. Since 1800, over 700 proposals to reform or eliminate the system have been introduced in Congress. Proponents of these proposals argued that the electoral college system does
561:
used again the electoral college. The constitution was then amended by a wide consensus for the last time in 1994 and the electoral college was finally replaced with a modified two-round direct elections by popular vote system in use since
465:
not provide for direct democratic election, affords less-populous states an advantage, and allows a candidate to win the presidency without winning the most votes. None of these proposals have received the approval of two-thirds of
473:
required to amend the
Constitution. Ziblatt and Levitsky argue that America has by far the most difficult constitution to amend, which is why reform efforts have only stalled in America.
581:
chose its president by an electoral college starting in 1964 comprising senators, deputies, state deputies, and lawmakers in the cities. The electoral college was replaced with a
482:
The following examples are of electoral colleges used by democracies or dictatorships that were replaced by other mechanisms of election like direct elections during periods of
897:
would designate 50, 25, and 13 of their members to the electoral college respectively. The electoral college would disappear along with the apartheid government, with the
617:, which was used to elect its president. The constitution was replaced in 1940 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1943.
505:
had the longest lasting electoral college in south america, used to elect its president and vicepresident, and national senators starting with the
424:
weighted in a particular way. The United States has been the only democracy in the 21st century that still uses an electoral college to select its
510:
739:
was elected by an electoral college comprising the
Parliament members and an equal number of democratically elected members ("compromisarios").
789:
458:
848:
were nominally elected by the same electoral college which elected the president, though in practice they were appointed by the president.
793:
679:
284:
678:
was the only presidential election where the winner was determined via an electoral college. The electoral college was replaced after the
776:
resulted in direct elections. The
National Assembly had the similar function of electoral college except it had the power to amend the
549:
428:. The other democracies that used an electoral college for these elections switched to direct elections in the 19th or 20th century.
537:
the 1957 constitutional convention repealed the 1949 constitutional amendment and the electoral college was reestablished from the
890:
841:
829:
825:
1100:
1070:
935:
777:
757:
545:
769:
589:
1138:
959:
902:
558:
391:
882:
765:
753:
719:
707:
703:
699:
640:
632:
628:
24:
1012:
995:
894:
874:
683:
667:
886:
714:) and 1973 (extended term by exception law). The electoral college was replaced by direct elections (consisting of
296:
870:
845:
578:
563:
554:
538:
530:
526:
437:
20:
1184:"Collaborative Governance in South Korea: Citizen Participation in Policy Making and Welfare Service Provision"
1040:
518:
289:
279:
797:
300:
494:
Before 1840, all presidents in Latin
America were indirectly elected by legislatures or electoral colleges.
71:
636:
624:
420:, with each organization, political party or entity represented by a particular number of electors or with
1257:
115:
906:
898:
506:
534:
833:
614:
158:
1034:
The
National Popular Vote (NPV) Initiative: Direct Election of the President by Interstate Compact
732:
384:
241:
878:
817:
593:
466:
333:
985:
1231:
1214:
821:
711:
671:
173:
168:
19:
This article is about electoral colleges in general. For the
American electoral college, see
517:, in which non-lasting reforms removed or suspended the electoral college. For example, the
695:
514:
416:
to particular offices. Often these represent different organizations, political parties or
274:
8:
441:
425:
85:
1262:
736:
377:
203:
1195:
1115:
1096:
1066:
991:
931:
675:
445:
319:
153:
80:
36:
1163:
Isotalus, Pekka (2001). "Presidential
Campaigning in Finland and Americanization".
1017:
715:
639:
and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since
582:
344:
339:
256:
223:
193:
178:
135:
110:
105:
100:
90:
955:
837:
773:
585:
483:
367:
349:
324:
246:
120:
76:
51:
951:
785:
654:, from 1814-1905, used regional electoral colleges to elect legislators to the
198:
163:
95:
1251:
1199:
213:
125:
522:
16:
Set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office
987:
An
Introduction to World Politics: Conflict and Consensus on a Small Planet
866:
813:
417:
188:
1093:
Tyranny of the
Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
1063:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
1033:
928:
Tyranny of the Minority: why American democracy reached the breaking point
809:
66:
1183:
844:. Additionally, during the Fourth Republic, one-third of members of the
682:, with direct elections by popular vote, using a two-round system since
592:, after the end of the military dictatorship and the establishment of a
362:
470:
329:
208:
862:
502:
413:
130:
666:
had its president elected by the legislature from 1875 to 1954. The
525:
which replaced it with direct elections by popular vote used in the
655:
218:
43:
1004:
690:
440:
is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an
761:
662:
574:
459:
United States Electoral College § Efforts to abolish or reform
409:
251:
627:, which was used to elect its president in the elections from
781:
727:
1116:
The Constitution of Argentina of 1853, 32nd to 63rd Articles
984:
Collin, Richard Oliver; Martin, Pamela L. (1 January 2012).
909:
in 1994, which is still the method of election to this day.
421:
803:
607:
used an electoral college which was eliminated in 1910.
1061:
Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023). "Chapter 7".
1137:
Ziblatt, Daniel; Levitsky, Steven (5 September 2023).
856:
613:
had an electoral college that was established by the
1032:Neale, Thomas H.; Nolan, Andrew (28 October 2019).
800:every five years similar to the National Assembly.
596:in 1988 leading to the restoration of democracy.
451:
1249:
747:
1233:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983
1216:Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961
1136:
1090:
1060:
950:
925:
1013:"Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?"
385:
983:
623:had an electoral college established by the
1139:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
1010:
960:"How American Democracy Fell So Far Behind"
694:had an electoral college for the country's
1091:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023).
1031:
926:Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel (2023).
836:was elected by an electoral college until
392:
378:
1230:Africa, enacted the Parliament of South.
1213:Africa, enacted the Parliament of South.
990:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 244.
840:resulted in direct elections starting in
1162:
873:was appointed by all the members of the
658:, before switching to direct elections.
553:therefore expired.The elections between
515:political instability in the XX century
1250:
1011:Bolotnikova, Marina N. (6 July 2020).
804:South Korean dictatorships (1972-1981)
513:. There were a few exceptions, due to
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1086:
1084:
1082:
477:
1181:
1095:(First ed.). New York: Crown.
1065:(First ed.). New York: Crown.
930:(First ed.). New York: Crown.
13:
1229:
1212:
1121:
919:
857:Apartheid South Africa (1961-1983)
754:President of the Republic of China
25:Electoral college (disambiguation)
14:
1274:
1079:
875:House of Assembly of South Africa
457:This section is an excerpt from
361:
50:
1223:
1206:
1175:
1156:
871:state president of South Africa
706:, except 1944 (exception law),
438:United States Electoral College
21:United States Electoral College
1109:
1054:
1041:Congressional Research Service
1025:
977:
944:
599:
452:President of the United States
1:
912:
748:Republic of China (1947–1996)
511:1994 constitutional amendment
509:and lasting mostly until the
1039:(Report). Washington, D.C.:
881:. After the adoption of the
497:
412:who are selected to elect a
7:
1118:– Retrieved 16 January 2015
668:first presidential election
489:
431:
224:Right to stand for election
10:
1279:
798:National People's Congress
782:People's Republic of China
735:period (1931–1936–39) the
456:
18:
899:president of South Africa
851:
646:
569:
469:and three-fourths of the
907:South African Parliament
891:House of Representatives
869:from 1961 to 1983, the
742:
635:. The constitution was
519:1949 peronist amendment
879:Senate of South Africa
788:today elects both the
535:Revolución Libertadora
521:promoted by President
290:Next general elections
23:. For other uses, see
1182:Kim, Sunhyuk (2010).
579:military dictatorship
533:elections. After the
174:Boundary delimitation
958:(5 September 2023).
275:Elections by country
1165:World Communication
756:was elected by the
541:general election.
442:executive president
426:executive president
368:Politics portal
1258:Electoral colleges
895:House of Delegates
446:indirectly elected
1188:Asian Perspective
1102:978-0-593-44307-1
1072:978-0-593-44307-1
937:978-0-593-44307-1
887:House of Assembly
883:1983 Constitution
846:National Assembly
762:Republic of China
758:National Assembly
676:Charles de Gaulle
625:1828 Constitution
615:1870 Constitution
507:1853 Constitution
478:Historic examples
406:electoral college
402:
401:
320:Election security
303:elections in 2024
257:Electoral systems
184:Electoral college
154:Anonymous elector
1270:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1018:Harvard Magazine
1008:
1002:
1001:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
956:Levitsky, Steven
948:
942:
941:
923:
716:two-round voting
594:new constitution
583:two-round system
394:
387:
380:
366:
365:
345:Election science
340:Electoral reform
194:Election silence
179:Crossover voting
136:Two-round system
54:
32:
31:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1180:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1005:
998:
982:
978:
968:
966:
952:Ziblatt, Daniel
949:
945:
938:
924:
920:
915:
859:
854:
838:democratization
822:Fifth Republics
806:
774:democratization
750:
745:
733:Second Republic
680:1962 referendum
649:
637:amended in 1925
602:
586:direct election
572:
500:
492:
484:democratisation
480:
475:
474:
462:
454:
434:
398:
360:
355:
354:
350:Paper candidate
325:Electoral fraud
315:
307:
306:
280:Close elections
270:
262:
261:
247:Political party
237:
229:
228:
149:
141:
140:
62:
37:Politics series
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1222:
1205:
1174:
1155:
1120:
1108:
1101:
1078:
1071:
1053:
1024:
1003:
996:
976:
943:
936:
917:
916:
914:
911:
858:
855:
853:
850:
805:
802:
749:
746:
744:
741:
674:which elected
672:Fifth Republic
648:
645:
601:
598:
571:
568:
550:September 1973
499:
496:
491:
488:
479:
476:
463:
455:
453:
450:
433:
430:
400:
399:
397:
396:
389:
382:
374:
371:
370:
357:
356:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
327:
322:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:Administration
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:Gerrymandering
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1007:
999:
997:9781442218031
993:
989:
988:
980:
965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
939:
933:
929:
922:
918:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:dictatorships
811:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
740:
738:
734:
731:, during the
730:
729:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
657:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
612:
608:
606:
597:
595:
591:
587:
584:
580:
576:
567:
565:
560:
556:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
495:
487:
485:
472:
468:
460:
449:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
375:
373:
372:
369:
364:
359:
358:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
335:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
302:
298:
295:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Secret ballot
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Apportionment
157:
155:
152:
151:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
22:
1232:
1225:
1215:
1208:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1148:20 September
1146:. Retrieved
1143:The Atlantic
1142:
1111:
1092:
1062:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1027:
1016:
1006:
986:
979:
969:20 September
967:. Retrieved
964:The Atlantic
963:
946:
927:
921:
867:South Africa
860:
807:
778:Constitution
751:
726:
724:
689:
688:
661:
660:
651:
650:
620:
619:
610:
609:
604:
603:
573:
543:
501:
493:
481:
435:
408:is a set of
405:
403:
189:Election law
183:
116:Proportional
35:Part of the
29:
810:South Korea
600:Other cases
285:Most recent
169:Competition
148:Terminology
67:By-election
61:Basic types
1252:Categories
1194:(3): 166.
1046:8 November
913:References
885:, the new
712:parliament
546:March 1973
523:Juan Perón
334:by country
330:Referendum
209:Psephology
204:Initiative
86:Fixed-term
1263:Elections
1200:0258-9184
863:apartheid
834:president
790:President
737:president
696:president
503:Argentina
498:Argentina
414:candidate
236:Subseries
131:Sortition
106:Plurality
72:Corporate
44:Elections
1171:(2): 13.
877:and the
792:and the
786:mainland
718:) since
656:Storting
611:Paraguay
605:Colombia
490:Americas
467:Congress
432:Examples
418:entities
410:electors
297:National
219:Suffrage
101:Mid-term
81:Indirect
905:by the
903:elected
816:of the
808:During
796:by the
794:Premier
784:in the
760:of the
691:Finland
670:of the
314:Related
111:Primary
91:General
1198:
1099:
1069:
994:
934:
901:being
893:, and
852:Africa
832:, the
828:until
818:Fourth
780:. The
768:until
663:France
652:Norway
647:Europe
575:Brazil
570:Brazil
471:states
252:Voting
164:Audits
121:Recall
77:Direct
1037:(PDF)
865:-era
824:from
772:when
764:from
728:Spain
698:from
621:Chile
422:votes
301:local
269:Lists
96:Local
1196:ISSN
1150:2023
1097:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1048:2020
992:ISBN
971:2023
932:ISBN
842:1987
830:1981
826:1972
820:and
770:1996
766:1948
752:The
743:Asia
720:1994
708:1946
704:1988
700:1925
684:1965
641:1925
633:1920
629:1829
590:1989
564:1995
559:1993
557:and
555:1983
548:and
544:The
539:1958
531:1954
529:and
527:1951
436:The
299:and
126:Snap
861:In
812:'s
725:In
702:to
631:to
588:in
577:'s
444:is
404:An
1254::
1192:34
1190:.
1186:.
1169:30
1167:.
1141:.
1123:^
1081:^
1015:.
962:.
954:;
889:,
722:.
686:.
643:.
566:.
486:.
448:.
79:/
1236:.
1219:.
1202:.
1152:.
1105:.
1075:.
1050:.
1021:.
1000:.
973:.
940:.
710:(
461:.
393:e
386:t
379:v
336:)
332:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)