1775:
1475:, any eligible person can be nominated. Although elections were used in ancient Athens, in Rome, and in the selection of popes and Holy Roman emperors, the origins of elections in the contemporary world lie in the gradual emergence of representative government in Europe and North America beginning in the 17th century. In some systems no nominations take place at all, with voters free to choose any person at the time of voting—with some possible exceptions such as through a minimum age requirement—in the jurisdiction. In such cases, it is not required (or even possible) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels (i.e., among the elected delegates).
2372:. Those in favor of this view argue that the modern system of elections was never meant to give ordinary citizens the chance to exercise power - merely privileging their right to consent to those who rule. Therefore, the representatives that modern electoral systems select for are too disconnected, unresponsive, and elite-serving. To deal with this issue, various scholars have proposed alternative models of democracy, many of which include a return to sortition-based selection mechanisms. The extent to which sortition should be the dominant mode of selecting rulers or instead be hybridised with electoral representation remains a topic of debate.
1969:
1159:
74:
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evaluation of candidates based on voters' partial standards of quality and social saliency (for example, skin colour and good looks). This leads to self-selection biases in candidate pools due to unobjective standards of treatment by voters and the costs (barriers to entry) associated with raising one's political profile. Ultimately, the result is the election of candidates who are superior (whether in actuality or as perceived within a cultural context) and objectively unlike the voters they are supposed to represent.
989:
385:
2063:
1274:
2052:
40:
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1266:), all Athenian citizens were eligible to vote in the popular assemblies, on matters of law and policy, and as jurors, but only the three highest classes of citizens could vote in elections. Nor were the lowest of the four classes of Athenian citizens (as defined by the extent of their wealth and property, rather than by birth) eligible to hold public office, through the reforms of
1724:) only set maximum time in office, and the executive decides exactly when within that limit it will actually go to the polls. In practice, this means the government remains in power for close to its full term, and chooses an election date it calculates to be in its best interests (unless something special happens, such as a
1824:
may use the powers of the executive (police, martial law, censorship, physical implementation of the election mechanism, etc.) to remain in power despite popular opinion in favour of removal. Members of a particular faction in a legislature may use the power of the majority or supermajority (passing
1692:
to continue in office. For that reason, most democratic constitutions provide that elections are held at fixed regular intervals. In the United States, elections for public offices are typically held between every two and six years in most states and at the federal level, with exceptions for elected
2340:
Bernard Manin, the inegalitarian nature of elections stems from four factors: the unequal treatment of candidates by voters, the distinction of candidates required by choice, the cognitive advantage conferred by salience, and the costs of disseminating information. These four factors result in the
1828:
Non-governmental entities can also interfere with elections, through physical force, verbal intimidation, or fraud, which can result in improper casting or counting of votes. Monitoring for and minimizing electoral fraud is also an ongoing task in countries with strong traditions of free and fair
1399:
In some countries, voting is required by law. Eligible voters may be subject to punitive measures such as a fine for not casting a vote. In
Western Australia, the penalty for a first time offender failing to vote is a $ 20.00 fine, which increases to $ 50.00 if the offender refused to vote prior.
1960:, voter registration fraud, failure to validate voter residency, fraudulent tabulation of results, and use of physical force or verbal intimation at polling places. Other examples include persuading candidates not to run, such as through blackmailing, bribery, intimidation or physical violence.
1765:
In rolling elections, voters have information about previous voters' choices. While in the first elections, there may be plenty of hopeful candidates, in the last rounds consensus on one winner is generally achieved. In today's context of rapid communication, candidates can put disproportionate
1148:
1224:), palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members. The leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the committee members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the
1660:
When elections are called, politicians and their supporters attempt to influence policy by competing directly for the votes of constituents in what are called campaigns. Supporters for a campaign can be either formally organized or loosely affiliated, and frequently utilize
2365:. From this point onward, sortition fell out of favor as a mechanism for selecting rulers. On the other hand, elections began to be seen as a way for the masses to express popular consent repeatedly, resulting in the triumph of the electoral process until the present day.
1336:
Elections are held in a variety of political, organizational, and corporate settings. Many countries hold elections to select people to serve in their governments, but other types of organizations hold elections as well. For example, many corporations hold elections among
1370:
The question of who may vote is a central issue in elections. The electorate does not generally include the entire population; for example, many countries prohibit those who are under the age of majority from voting. All jurisdictions require a minimum age for voting.
2019:
Sometimes, only one government-approved candidate is allowed to run in sham elections with no opposition candidates allowed, or opposition candidates are arrested on false charges (or even without any charges) before the election to prevent them from running.
3425:
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as a means to select rulers, a method which allowed regular citizens to exercise power, in keeping with understandings of democracy at the time. The idea of what constituted a legitimate government shifted in the 18th century to include
2276:
single-party system without serious opposition, and they won all of the presidential elections in that period with more than 70% of the vote. The first seriously competitive presidential election in modern
Mexican history was that of
2027:
people who pick "no", thus encouraging them to pick the "yes" option. In other cases, those who vote receive stamps in their passport for doing so, while those who did not vote (and thus do not receive stamps) are persecuted as
2035:
Sham elections can sometimes backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion, fraud or suppressing the opposition. The most famous example of this was the
1781:
1892: "The rival voters were kept back by an armed force of police out of sight to others. Only batches of two or three were allowed to enter the polling office at a time. Armed sentries guarded the gates and the doors."
1423:
citizen rights outside of cities, expanding the term citizen, the electorates grew to numbers beyond the thousands. Elections with an electorate in the hundred thousands appeared in the final decades of the
3185:
1825:
criminal laws, and defining the electoral mechanisms including eligibility and district boundaries) to prevent the balance of power in the body from shifting to a rival faction due to an election.
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1886:
Those in power may arrest or assassinate candidates, suppress or even criminalize campaigning, close campaign headquarters, harass or beat campaign workers, or intimidate voters with violence.
2328:
masks the fact that they are actually aristocratic selection mechanisms that deny each citizen an equal chance of holding public office. Such views were expressed as early as the time of
3286:
3300:
2281:, in which for the first time the PRI candidate faced two strong opposition candidates, though it is believed that the government rigged the result. The first fair election was held in
1864:
rules, and manipulating thresholds for electoral success are some of the ways the structure of an election can be changed to favour a specific faction or candidate. Scheduling
1384:
In the
European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen; the nationality of the country of residence is not required.
1231:
The first recorded popular elections of officials to public office, by majority vote, where all citizens were eligible both to vote and to hold public office, date back to the
3968:
1720:(parliamentary system) more problematic if the date should happen to fall at a time when dissolution is inconvenient (e.g. when war breaks out). Other states (e.g., the
1378:) and in 2010 the federal government removed the rights of prisoners serving for three years or more to vote (a large proportion of which were Aboriginal Australians).
1300:, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections. Males, the dominant cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the
1642:
are usually considered cornerstones of a democratic system, the act of casting a vote and the content of a voter's ballot are usually an important exception. The
2182:
1750:(where, due to differing election laws in each member state, elections are held on different days of the same week) and, due to logistics, general elections in
3134:
1635:; these methods are also gaining popularity for lesser elections in some countries where more important elections still use more traditional counting methods.
1320:
males. By 1920 all
Western European and North American democracies had universal adult male suffrage (except Switzerland) and many countries began to consider
1084:
The global use of elections as a tool for selecting representatives in modern representative democracies is in contrast with the practice in the democratic
1688:
The nature of democracy is that elected officials are accountable to the people, and they must return to the voters at prescribed intervals to seek their
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is a relatively modern development, but it is now considered crucial in most free and fair elections, as it limits the effectiveness of intimidation.
2067:
2056:
3101:
1820:, the most common reason why elections do not meet international standards of being "free and fair" is interference from the incumbent government.
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1324:. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for adult males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections (see
3275:
1993:, is an election that is held purely for show; that is, without any significant political choice or real impact on the results of the election.
2868:
Glazer, Amihai; Glazer, Debra G.; Grofman, Bernard (1984). "Cumulative Voting in
Corporate Elections: Introducing Strategy into the Equation".
2016:
in power. Dictatorial regimes can also organize sham elections with results simulating those that might be achieved in democratic countries.
1357:. Elections within corporations and other organizations often use procedures and rules that are similar to those of governmental elections.
2304:, reporting several votes received greater than the number of voters, outright lying, or some combination of these. In an extreme example,
1759:
1716:
Predetermined or fixed election dates have the advantage of fairness and predictability. They tend to greatly lengthen campaigns, and make
306:
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Ferejohn, John; Rosenbluth, Frances (2010). "10". In
Shapiro, Ian; Stokes, Susan C.; Wood, Elisabeth Jean; Kirshner, Alexander S. (eds.).
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This conceptual misunderstanding of elections as open and egalitarian when they are not innately so may thus be a root cause of the
1561:
Electoral systems are the detailed constitutional arrangements and voting systems that convert the vote into a political decision.
1408:
Historically the size of eligible voters, the electorate, was small having the size of groups or communities of privileged men like
1738:
in a body are elected, but these elections are spread over a period of time rather than all at once. Examples are the presidential
1673:
1609:
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may be used. and the voting system then determines the result on the basis of the tally. Most systems can be categorized as either
1538:
1529:
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democratic elections, where all citizens could hold public office, were not introduced for another 247 years, until the reforms of
3399:
3373:
1118:
relating to elections (especially with a view to predicting future results). Election is the fact of electing, or being elected.
3353:
3802:
Owen, Bernard, 2002. "Le système électoral et son effet sur la représentation parlementaire des partis: le cas européen", LGDJ;
1860:, exclusion of opposition candidates from eligibility for office, needlessly high restrictions on who may be a candidate, like
1589:
3965:
3186:"N.C. board declares a new election in contested House race after the GOP candidate admitted he was mistaken in his testimony"
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was elected by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In the
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1728:). This calculation depends on a number of variables, such as its performance in opinion polls and the size of its majority.
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combine elements of both proportional and majoritarian methods, with some typically producing results closer to the former (
1747:
1429:
1270:. The Spartan election of the Ephors, therefore, also predates the reforms of Solon in Athens by approximately 180 years.
1841:, lack of objectivity in the press due to state or corporate control, and/or lack of access to news and political media.
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requires a procedure to govern nomination for political office. In many cases, nomination for office is mediated through
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judicial positions that may have longer terms of office. There is a variety of schedules, for example, presidents: the
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and high support (typically at least 80%, and close to 100% in many cases) for the prescribed candidate(s) or for the
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resources into competing strongly in the first few stages, because those stages affect the reaction of latter stages.
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2922:"Exhibitions > Citizenship > The struggle for democracy > Getting the vote > Voting rights before 1832"
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Ballots may contain only one "yes" option, or in the case of a simple "yes or no" question, security forces often
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Evidence suggests that the concept of electing representatives was originally conceived to be different from
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1977:
1349:. In many places, an election to the government is usually a competition among people who have already won a
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322:
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Liberalism
Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice
93:
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3035:"When the Great Power Gets a Vote: The Effects of Great Power Electoral Interventions on Election Results"
3936:— electoral encyclopedia and related resources from a consortium of electoral agencies and organizations.
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Benoit, Jean-Pierre and Lewis A. Kornhauser. 1994. "Social Choice in a
Representative Democracy".
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3276:"Egyptian opposition calls for boycott of elections after challengers are arrested and attacked"
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Reuven Hazan, 'Candidate
Selection', in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard Niemi and Pippa Norris (eds),
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Non-partisan systems tend to be different from partisan systems as concerns nominations. In a
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Suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed.
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can also occur, with the United States interfering between 1946 and 2000 in 81 elections and
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where they are not in place, or improving the fairness or effectiveness of existing systems.
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PARLINE database on national parliaments. Results for all parliamentary elections since 1966
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elections. Problems that prevent an election from being "free and fair" take various forms.
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3301:"Alexei Navalny latest: Russian opposition leader arrested ahead of presidential election"
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1568:, which may be simple single-choice ballots, but other types, such as multiple choice or
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A British election campaign leaflet with an illustration of an example ballot paper, 1880
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Many countries have growing electoral reform movements, which advocate systems such as
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means "to select or make a decision", and so sometimes other forms of ballot such as
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in 36. In 2018 the most intense interventions, utilizing false information, were by
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and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in countries such as the
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In
Australia, Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962 (see
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The electorate may be poorly informed about issues or candidates due to lack of
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30:"Free election" redirects here. For the "free elections" of Polish kings, see
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2005:
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Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the
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US Elections and War On Terrorism – Interview With Professor Massimo Teodori
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A predetermined conclusion is permanently established by the regime through
1956:, tampering with voting machines, destruction of legitimately cast ballots,
1665:. It is common for political scientists to attempt to predict elections via
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1997:
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The most expensive election campaign included US$ 7 billion spent on the
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parties-and-elections.de: Database for all European elections since 1945
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European Conferences of Electoral Management Bodies (Council of Europe)
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Examples of sham elections include: the presidential and parliamentary
2009:
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had in 1780 about 214,000 eligible voters, 3% of the whole population.
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has operated since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the
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Legislature by Lot: Transformative Designs for Deliberative Governance
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Democracy Facing Global Challenges, V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2019
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Cai, J.; Garner, J. L.; Walkling, R. A. (2009). "Electing Directors".
2051:
1100:, also known as allotment, by which officeholders were chosen by lot.
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Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
3651:
Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
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Open Democracy: Reinventing Popular Rule for the Twenty-First Century
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Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
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may be curtailed by the state, favouring certain viewpoints or state
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1600:) and different methods of majority voting (such as the widely used
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Process by which a population chooses the holder of a public office
3912:
ElectionGuide.org — Worldwide Coverage of National-level Elections
3354:"Yes, There Are Elections in North Korea and Here's How They Work"
1428:, by extending voting rights to citizens outside of Rome with the
1174:, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the
3099:
2945:"Immigrants Are Becoming U.S. Citizens at Fastest Clips in Years"
2324:
Some scholars argue that the predominance of elections in modern
2309:
2186:
2126:
2078:. The "no" box was made significantly smaller than the "yes" box.
1948:
This can include falsifying voter instructions, violation of the
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875:
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OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)
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may also be used. Then the votes are tallied, for which various
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20:
3945:
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
3907:"Psephos", archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries
3374:"Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied"
2983:"India's spend on elections could challenge US record: report"
1914:; the next highest levels were in Bahrain, Qatar and Hungary.
1436:
of maximum 10% in 70 BC, only again comparable in size to the
3817:
Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the U.S.
2695:. Tamil Nadu State Election Commission, India. Archived from
1899:
1588:. Among the proportional systems, the most commonly used are
1392:
1267:
3933:
2905:
2888:"Failure to Vote | Western Australian Electoral Commission"
1895:
1504:) house of national legislatures, as of January 2022:
1183:
2795:"Solon | Biography, Reforms, Importance, & Facts"
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institution and most political offices were filled using
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3074:(Report). V-Dem. 14 May 2019. p. 36. Archived from
2843:
Sandri, Giulia; Seddone, Antonella (11 September 2015).
1049:
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern
3944:
3400:"Why Does The Islamic Republic Of Iran Hold Elections?"
3235:"Kim Jong-un wins 100% of the vote in his constituency"
1833:
Lack of open political debate or an informed electorate
3890:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 169–172.
3256:"Yemen holds presidential election with one candidate"
1069:. This process is also used in many other private and
1042:
chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold
2272:(PRI) and its predecessors governed the country in a
2000:
that feel the need to feign the appearance of public
2867:
3966:List of Local Elected Offices in the United States
3495:
3274:
3100:San Mateo County Civil Grand Jury (24 July 2019).
2608:
2119:1940 elections of Stalinist "People's Parliaments"
1676:and is followed by the US$ 5 billion spent on the
1432:, reaching an electorate of 910,000 and estimated
2807:
2312:was reported to have won by 234,000 votes in the
3984:
3528:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–149.
1129:are referred to as elections, especially in the
3273:Sanchez, Raf; Samaan, Magdy (29 January 2018).
2637:
2348:. Prior to the 18th century, some societies in
3940:International Foundation for Electoral Systems
3603:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–93.
3107:. Superior Court of California. Archived from
2044:suffered a landslide defeat by the opposition
1875:
3438:
3272:
2842:
2671:(26th ed.). Allied. pp. B-62–B-65.
2048:and consequently, the results were annulled.
2004:. Published results usually show nearly 100%
1419:With the growth of the number of people with
1011:
407:
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3653:. Princeton University Press. pp. xiv.
3026:
2664:
2561:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–7.
2268:are considered to be sham elections, as the
1917:
1760:Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic
19:"Elect" redirects here. For other uses, see
3922:Angus Reid Global Monitor: Election Tracker
3601:The Principles of Representative Government
3576:The Principles of Representative Government
3551:The Principles of Representative Government
3526:The Principles of Representative Government
2559:The Principles of Representative Government
1166:Elections were used as early in history as
3960:European Election Law Association (Eurela)
3628:. Princeton University Press. p. 33.
3578:. Cambridge University Press. p. 42.
2845:Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective
2285:, though the opposition did not win until
1592:(list PR) systems, among majoritarian are
1464:processes in organized political parties.
1281:resigned as president of Finland, and the
1106:describes the process of introducing fair
1018:
1004:
414:
400:
3927:
3704:Against Elections: The Case for Democracy
3701:
3676:
3648:
3623:
3553:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
3466:"Liberia past and present 1927 elections"
3432:
3052:
2602:
2260:, all of the presidential elections from
2084:elections of the Islamic Republic of Iran
1564:The first step is for voters to cast the
1448:can reshape the electorate of a country.
1345:, and these elections may be mandated by
1092:, where the elections were considered an
3727:Gastil, John; Wright, Erik Olin (2019).
3213:"Sham Election Law and Legal Definition"
2764:"Birth of Democracy: Solon the Lawgiver"
2061:
2050:
1967:
1773:
1674:2012 United States presidential election
1539:Mixed-member proportional representation
1530:Mixed-member majoritarian representation
1491:
1386:
1272:
1157:
1146:
38:
3812:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
3788:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3253:
3183:
2658:
2617:. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49.
3985:
3978:Caltech/ MIT Voting Technology Project
3649:Landemore, Hélène (2020). "Prologue".
3519:
3517:
3254:Jamjoom, Mohammed (21 February 2012).
3132:
2942:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
1590:party-list proportional representation
3672:
3670:
3598:
3573:
3548:
3523:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3289:from the original on 11 January 2022.
3032:
2776:
2731:
2693:"Pre-Independence Method of Election"
2609:Nitish K. Sengupta (1 January 2011).
2556:
2195:2024 Venezuelan presidential election
1996:Sham elections are a common event in
3441:"Inside North Korea's sham election"
3102:"Security of Election Announcements"
2936:
2641:European Trade and Colonial Conquest
2552:
2550:
2040:, in which the government-sponsored
1748:Elections to the European Parliament
1438:first elections of the United States
1403:
3761:Social Choice and Individual Values
3514:
2575:
2370:problems in contemporary governance
1816:In many of the countries with weak
1208: – 770s CE) in early medieval
13:
3895:
3667:
3642:
3567:
3484:
2638:Biplab Dasgupta (1 January 2005).
2361:, especially with the rise of the
2235:2019 Kazakh presidential elections
1697:is elected every seven years, the
1391:Campaigners working on posters in
1114:is the study of results and other
14:
4014:
3846:
3772:American Political Science Review
3184:Gardner, Amy (21 February 2019).
3135:"The Crisis of Election Security"
3133:Zetter, Kim (26 September 2018).
2972:, Sage Publications, London, 2002
2943:Jordan, Miriam (12 August 2024).
2719:"Ephor | Spartan magistrate"
2547:
2270:Institutional Revolutionary Party
2070:asking voters to approve the new
1556: No election (e.g. Monarchy)
886:Biology and political orientation
3853:
2822:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2009.01504.x
2484:Pluralism (political philosophy)
1928:Certification of voting machines
1596:electoral system (single winner
1548:Semi-proportional representation
987:
383:
72:
3934:ACE Electoral Knowledge Network
3835:Citizens, Parties and the State
3749:
3720:
3695:
3617:
3592:
3542:
3458:
3439:Emily Rauhala (10 March 2014).
3418:
3392:
3366:
3319:"Russia: Justice in The Baltic"
3311:
3266:
3247:
3227:
3205:
3177:
3126:
3093:
3061:
3040:International Studies Quarterly
3000:
2975:
2962:
2914:
2880:
2861:
2836:
2801:
2787:
2770:
2756:
2644:. Anthem Press. pp. 341–.
2395:— "democracy without elections"
2319:
2179:2014 Donbass status referendums
1852:
1769:
1292:to succeed him, with 159 votes.
3681:. Princeton University Press.
3500:. Cambridge University Press.
2742:
2725:
2711:
2685:
2631:
2593:"Election (political science)"
2175:2014 Crimean status referendum
2068:1938 elections in Nazi Germany
2057:1936 elections in Nazi Germany
1888:Foreign electoral intervention
1882:Foreign electoral intervention
1812:Foreign electoral intervention
1762:are also a classical example.
1758:. The voting procedure in the
1711:President of the United States
881:Theories of political behavior
507:Political history of the world
1:
3777:Corrado Maria, Daclon. 2004.
3702:Reybrouck, David Van (2016).
2540:
2247:2002 presidential referendums
2046:National League for Democracy
2038:1990 Myanmar general election
1451:
1360:
1260:
1202:
1073:organisations, from clubs to
1067:regional and local government
896:Critique of political economy
1678:2014 Indian general election
1649:
477:Outline of political science
7:
3821:University of Chicago Press
3140:The New York Times Magazine
3033:Levin, Dov H. (June 2016).
2504:Proportional representation
2375:
1974:Economist Intelligence Unit
1876:Interference with campaigns
1734:are elections in which all
1521:Proportional representation
1511:Majoritarian representation
1365:
1331:
246:Right to stand for election
10:
4019:
3839:Princeton University Press
3815:Thompson, Dennis F. 2004.
3784:Farquharson, Robin. 1969.
3677:Landemore, Hélène (2020).
3624:Landemore, Hélène (2020).
2780:The Constitution of Athens
2665:VK Agnihotri, ed. (2010).
2599:. Retrieved 18 August 2009
2183:2022 annexation referendum
1921:
1879:
1805:
1795:
1718:dissolving the legislature
1653:
1485:
1481:
1140:
1136:
482:Index of politics articles
29:
18:
3791:Mueller, Dennis C. 1996.
3763:. 2nd ed. New Haven, CT:
3008:"Free and Fair Elections"
2870:South Carolina Law Review
2750:"Ancient Greek Democracy"
1918:Tampering with mechanisms
1683:
1610:mixed-member proportional
32:Royal elections in Poland
25:Election (disambiguation)
3793:Constitutional Democracy
3498:Political Representation
2847:. Routledge. p. 1.
2012:choice that favours the
1963:
1625:single transferable vote
1458:representative democracy
1442:Kingdom of Great Britain
1051:representative democracy
3887:Encyclopædia Britannica
3797:Oxford University Press
3599:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3574:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3549:Manin, Bernard (1997).
3524:Manin, Bernard (1997).
2970:Comparing Democracies 2
2924:. The National Archives
2892:www.elections.wa.gov.au
2597:Encyclopædia Britannica
2557:Manin, Bernard (1997).
1726:motion of no-confidence
1440:. At the same time the
1288:elected prime minister
891:Political organisations
654:International relations
492:Politics by subdivision
3928:Election organizations
2489:Political polarization
2336:. According to French
2221:in Portugal, those in
2079:
2059:
1982:
1793:
1558:
1473:non-partisan democracy
1396:
1293:
1163:
1155:
1075:voluntary associations
312:Next general elections
51:
3781:Analisi Difesa, n. 50
3765:Yale University Press
3012:Public Sphere Project
2388:Concession (politics)
2314:1927 general election
2251:Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2103:1942 general election
2065:
2054:
2030:enemies of the people
1971:
1777:
1705:every six years, the
1667:political forecasting
1629:instant runoff voting
1612:) or the other (e.g.
1574:vote counting systems
1495:
1390:
1376:1967 referendum entry
1326:civil rights movement
1283:parliament of Finland
1276:
1257:Solonian Constitution
1239:in 754 BC, under the
1161:
1150:
1036:group decision-making
971:Political campaigning
711:Public administration
544:Collective leadership
196:Boundary delimitation
42:
3993:Comparative politics
3971:2 April 2016 at the
2911:Vishnia 2012, p. 125
2783:. Project Gutenberg.
2738:. Project Gutenberg.
2611:"The Imperial Palas"
2424:Elections by country
2185:in Russian-occupied
2155:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
2042:National Unity Party
1839:freedom of the press
1703:President of Finland
1695:President of Ireland
1663:campaign advertising
1255:. Under the earlier
1245:Spartan Constitution
1216:, around 920 CE, in
1143:History of democracy
821:Separation of powers
692:Political psychology
667:Comparative politics
645:political scientists
632:Academic disciplines
512:Political philosophy
297:Elections by country
3706:. Random House UK.
3472:on 20 November 2017
3307:. 22 February 2018.
3191:The Washington Post
2404:Electoral integrity
2338:political scientist
2326:liberal democracies
2296:of the opposition,
1998:dictatorial regimes
1936:Voter impersonation
1808:Electoral integrity
1707:President of France
1699:President of Russia
1638:While openness and
1594:first-past-the-post
1412:and men of a city (
1057:, sometimes in the
1038:process by which a
994:Politics portal
843:Election commission
814:Government branches
697:Political sociology
549:Confessional system
487:Politics by country
390:Politics portal
3863:has a profile for
3833:Ware, Alan. 1987.
3786:A Theory of Voting
3406:. 20 February 2020
3378:Human Rights Watch
3327:. 19 August 1940.
3054:10.1093/isq/sqv016
2949:The New York Times
2810:Journal of Finance
2797:. 9 November 2023.
2699:on 29 October 2011
2519:Stunning elections
2469:Multi-party system
2459:Landslide election
2399:Electoral calendar
2306:Charles D. B. King
2143:Gamal Abdel Nasser
2121:to legitimise the
2080:
2066:A ballot from the
2060:
2055:A ballot from the
1983:
1866:frequent elections
1794:
1713:every four years.
1709:every five years,
1656:Political campaign
1559:
1430:Lex Julia of 90 BC
1397:
1343:board of directors
1312:were dominated by
1294:
1176:Holy Roman Emperor
1164:
1156:
1154:depicting election
677:Political analysis
609:Semi-parliamentary
52:
3869:
3757:Arrow, Kenneth J.
3426:"Google Podcasts"
3165:on 1 January 2022
3114:on 20 August 2019
2678:978-81-8424-568-4
2651:978-1-84331-029-7
2624:978-0-14-341678-4
2494:Political science
2429:Electronic voting
2177:, as well as the
2123:Soviet occupation
1958:voter suppression
1944:Voter suppression
1868:can also lead to
1843:Freedom of speech
1732:Rolling elections
1513:(winner-take-all)
1404:Voting population
1310:the United States
1180:imperial election
1108:electoral systems
1028:
1027:
976:Political parties
916:Electoral systems
640:Political science
614:Semi-presidential
526:Political systems
502:Political history
497:Political economy
424:
423:
342:Election security
325:elections in 2024
279:Electoral systems
206:Electoral college
176:Anonymous elector
4010:
3962:, closed in 2008
3891:
3883:
3881:"Election"
3867:
3866:public election
3857:
3856:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3674:
3665:
3664:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3493:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3468:. Archived from
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3278:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3243:. 10 March 2014.
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3159:. Archived from
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2816:(5): 2387–2419.
2805:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2524:Two-party system
2474:Nomination rules
2444:Garrat Elections
2409:Electoral system
1633:Condorcet method
1602:two-round system
1598:plurality voting
1555:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1508:
1488:Electoral system
1469:direct democracy
1351:primary election
1322:women's suffrage
1265:
1262:
1241:mixed government
1220:(in present-day
1207:
1204:
1104:Electoral reform
1020:
1013:
1006:
992:
991:
782:
727:
682:Political theory
672:Election science
662:
648:
426:
425:
416:
409:
402:
388:
387:
367:Election science
362:Electoral reform
216:Election silence
201:Crossover voting
158:Two-round system
76:
54:
53:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3983:
3982:
3973:Wayback Machine
3930:
3898:
3896:Election counts
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3739:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3494:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3362:. 6 March 2014.
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3305:The Independent
3299:
3298:
3294:
3271:
3267:
3252:
3248:
3240:The Independent
3233:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2841:
2837:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2576:
2569:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2499:Polling station
2434:Fenno's paradox
2419:Election litter
2378:
2322:
2173:(including the
2014:political party
1978:Democracy Index
1966:
1954:ballot stuffing
1946:
1920:
1884:
1878:
1855:
1835:
1814:
1804:
1802:Unfair election
1798:Electoral fraud
1796:Main articles:
1784:Godefroy Durand
1772:
1736:representatives
1686:
1658:
1652:
1621:approval voting
1614:parallel voting
1557:
1553:
1551:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1454:
1406:
1368:
1363:
1355:political party
1334:
1263:
1205:
1145:
1139:
1024:
986:
981:
980:
911:
910:
901:
900:
858:
857:
848:
847:
816:
815:
806:
805:
801:Public interest
786:Domestic policy
776:
769:
768:
757:
756:
721:
714:
713:
702:
701:
663:
656:
649:
642:
634:
633:
624:
623:
529:
528:
517:
516:
472:
471:
462:
431:Politics series
420:
382:
377:
376:
372:Paper candidate
347:Electoral fraud
337:
329:
328:
302:Close elections
292:
284:
283:
269:Political party
259:
251:
250:
171:
163:
162:
84:
59:Politics series
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4016:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3859:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:External links
3845:
3843:
3842:
3831:
3829:978-0226797649
3813:
3806:Riker, William
3803:
3800:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3774:88.1: 185–192.
3768:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3719:
3713:978-1847924223
3712:
3694:
3688:978-0691181998
3687:
3666:
3660:978-0691181998
3659:
3641:
3635:978-0691181998
3634:
3616:
3609:
3591:
3584:
3566:
3559:
3541:
3534:
3513:
3506:
3483:
3457:
3431:
3417:
3391:
3365:
3345:
3310:
3292:
3265:
3246:
3226:
3215:. USLegal, Inc
3204:
3176:
3125:
3092:
3081:on 5 June 2019
3060:
3047:(2): 189–202.
3025:
2999:
2974:
2961:
2935:
2913:
2904:
2879:
2860:
2853:
2835:
2800:
2786:
2769:
2755:
2752:. 5 June 2023.
2741:
2724:
2710:
2684:
2677:
2668:Indian History
2657:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2601:
2574:
2567:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2350:Western Europe
2330:Ancient Greece
2321:
2318:
2219:1958 elections
2171:Vladimir Putin
2107:Imperial Japan
1965:
1962:
1924:Election audit
1919:
1916:
1877:
1874:
1858:Gerrymandering
1854:
1851:
1834:
1831:
1792:, 21 May 1892.
1771:
1768:
1722:United Kingdom
1685:
1682:
1654:Main article:
1651:
1648:
1640:accountability
1570:ranked ballots
1552:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1486:Main article:
1483:
1480:
1471:, one type of
1453:
1450:
1446:Naturalization
1426:Roman Republic
1405:
1402:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1333:
1330:
1306:United Kingdom
1188:papal election
1168:ancient Greece
1138:
1135:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
997:
996:
983:
982:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
957:
956:
940:
935:
930:
929:
928:
918:
912:
908:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
893:
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856:Related topics
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470:Primary topics
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264:Administration
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15:
9:
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3:
2:
4015:
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3837:. Princeton:
3836:
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3740:
3738:9781788736084
3734:
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3705:
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3684:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3656:
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3645:
3637:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3610:9780511659935
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3585:9780511659935
3581:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3560:9780511659935
3556:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3535:9780511659935
3531:
3527:
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3507:9780511813146
3503:
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3471:
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3427:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3380:. 26 May 2010
3379:
3375:
3369:
3361:
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3355:
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3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3282:The Telegraph
3277:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3214:
3208:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
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3036:
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3013:
3009:
3003:
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2971:
2965:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2908:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2876:(2): 295–311.
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2854:9781472450388
2850:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2735:The Histories
2728:
2720:
2714:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2669:
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2653:
2647:
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2581:
2579:
2570:
2568:9780511659935
2564:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2535:
2534:Voting system
2532:
2530:
2529:Voter turnout
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
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2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Ballot access
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2363:enlightenment
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
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2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
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2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:Sheikh Hasina
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:Hosni Mubarak
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:Fascist Italy
2096:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:voter turnout
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1991:show election
1988:
1987:sham election
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:secret ballot
1945:
1941:
1940:Voter ID laws
1937:
1933:
1932:Secret ballot
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1870:voter fatigue
1867:
1863:
1862:ballot access
1859:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
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1826:
1823:
1819:
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1749:
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1744:United States
1741:
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1700:
1696:
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1664:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:secret ballot
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:Mixed systems
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1549:
1540:
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1499:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:voter turnout
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1395:, Italy, 2004
1394:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:corporate law
1344:
1340:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:Questions of
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1264: 574 BC
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1131:United States
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1044:public office
1041:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
995:
990:
985:
984:
977:
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946:
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927:
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923:
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914:
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905:
904:
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879:
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869:
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861:
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844:
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839:
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834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
822:
819:
818:
810:
809:
802:
799:
797:
796:Civil society
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
780:
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774:Public policy
772:
771:
767:
761:
760:
750:
746:
742:
741:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
725:
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712:
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698:
695:
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680:
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660:
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641:
637:
636:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:Parliamentary
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:Hybrid regime
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
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531:
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466:
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459:
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451:
449:
446:
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443:
442:
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428:
427:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
395:
394:
391:
386:
381:
380:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
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340:
339:
333:
332:
324:
320:
317:
316:
313:
310:
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305:
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298:
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288:
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280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
236:Secret ballot
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Apportionment
179:
177:
174:
173:
167:
166:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
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109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
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80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
3885:
3865:
3834:
3816:
3809:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3760:
3750:Bibliography
3728:
3722:
3703:
3697:
3678:
3650:
3644:
3625:
3619:
3600:
3594:
3575:
3569:
3550:
3544:
3525:
3497:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:the original
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3444:
3434:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3403:
3394:
3382:. Retrieved
3377:
3368:
3359:The Atlantic
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3280:
3268:
3249:
3238:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3189:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3162:the original
3138:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3076:the original
3063:
3044:
3038:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3011:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2986:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2789:
2779:
2772:
2758:
2744:
2734:
2727:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:the original
2687:
2667:
2660:
2640:
2633:
2614:
2604:
2596:
2558:
2479:Party system
2454:Issue voting
2449:Gerontocracy
2414:Election law
2367:
2343:
2323:
2320:Aristocratic
2302:vote rigging
2291:
2273:
2255:
2229:regime, the
2115:East Germany
2111:Nazi Germany
2081:
2034:
2022:
2018:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1947:
1885:
1856:
1853:Unfair rules
1836:
1827:
1815:
1787:
1779:Buenos Aires
1770:Undemocratic
1764:
1731:
1730:
1715:
1687:
1671:
1659:
1637:
1618:
1582:majoritarian
1578:proportional
1563:
1560:
1477:
1466:
1462:preselection
1455:
1418:
1407:
1398:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1341:to select a
1339:shareholders
1335:
1318:ruling class
1295:
1230:
1225:
1214:Chola Empire
1192:
1172:ancient Rome
1165:
1122:
1120:
1102:
1083:
1079:corporations
1048:
1034:is a formal
1031:
1029:
920:
724:street-level
599:Presidential
559:Dictatorship
429:Part of the
211:Election law
138:Proportional
65:
57:Part of the
36:
3404:Radio Farda
2992:25 February
2897:26 November
2777:Aristotle.
2732:Herodotus.
2509:Re-election
2464:Meritocracy
2300:of voters,
2294:suppression
2239:North Korea
2237:, those in
2165:, those in
2157:, those in
2147:Anwar Sadat
2137:, those in
2109:, those in
1818:rule of law
1789:The Graphic
1550:(non-mixed)
1410:aristocrats
1253:Cleisthenes
1218:Uthiramerur
1206: 750s
1127:referendums
1055:legislature
863:Sovereignty
828:Legislature
731:Technocracy
719:Bureaucracy
584:Meritocracy
564:Directorial
307:Most recent
191:Competition
170:Terminology
89:By-election
83:Basic types
3987:Categories
3795:. Oxford:
3157:2112081778
3018:8 November
2703:3 November
2541:References
2439:Full slate
2159:Bangladesh
2010:referendum
2002:legitimacy
1922:See also:
1880:See also:
1847:propaganda
1806:See also:
1502:unicameral
1452:Candidates
1361:Electorate
1302:electorate
1279:Mannerheim
1222:Tamil Nadu
1182:) and the
1152:Roman coin
1141:See also:
1116:statistics
1112:Psephology
1094:oligarchic
1088:, ancient
1065:, and for
1040:population
953:Governance
943:Government
938:Federalism
539:City-state
356:by country
352:Referendum
231:Psephology
226:Initiative
108:Fixed-term
45:ballot box
3998:Elections
3819:Chicago:
3731:. Verso.
3333:0040-781X
3197:20 August
3169:20 August
3149:0362-4331
3118:20 August
3085:1 January
2954:13 August
2354:sortition
2346:democracy
2334:Aristotle
2227:New Order
2223:Indonesia
2135:Lithuania
2095:elections
2076:Anschluss
2072:Reichstag
2025:persecute
1972:The 2023
1822:Dictators
1740:primaries
1669:methods.
1650:Campaigns
1500:or sole (
1421:bourgeois
1353:within a
1290:Paasikivi
1226:Kudavolai
1098:sortition
1086:archetype
1063:judiciary
1059:executive
933:Unitarism
921:Elections
909:Subseries
838:Judiciary
833:Executive
736:Adhocracy
619:Theocracy
574:Feudalism
554:Democracy
258:Subseries
153:Sortition
128:Plurality
94:Corporate
66:Elections
4003:Politics
3969:Archived
3868:(Q40231)
3808:. 1980.
3410:31 March
3287:Archived
3153:ProQuest
2987:NDTV.com
2393:Demarchy
2376:See also
2298:coercion
2274:de facto
2181:and the
2074:and the
1701:and the
1414:citizens
1366:Suffrage
1332:Contexts
1298:suffrage
1277:In 1946
1249:Athenian
1228:system.
1071:business
1032:election
961:Ideology
779:doctrine
740:Service
604:Republic
589:Monarchy
569:Federacy
458:Category
438:Politics
319:National
241:Suffrage
123:Mid-term
103:Indirect
47:used in
3861:Scholia
3476:14 July
3384:14 July
3338:14 July
3219:14 July
2928:11 June
2830:6133226
2359:consent
2310:Liberia
2225:during
2189:), the
2187:Ukraine
2127:Estonia
1906:and by
1752:Lebanon
1742:in the
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113:General
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3759:1963.
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2241:, the
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2169:under
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2161:under
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2117:, the
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1942:, and
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1908:Russia
1904:Taiwan
1892:Russia
1684:Timing
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1314:landed
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1233:Ephors
1210:Bengal
1199:Gopala
1090:Athens
926:voting
868:Polity
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745:Public
659:theory
274:Voting
186:Audits
143:Recall
99:Direct
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21:-elect
3112:(PDF)
3105:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
3072:(PDF)
2826:S2CID
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3655:ISBN
3630:ISBN
3605:ISBN
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3199:2019
3171:2019
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2994:2016
2956:2024
2930:2020
2899:2018
2849:ISBN
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2673:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2619:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2287:2000
2283:1994
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2266:1982
2262:1929
2245:and
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2233:and
2231:1991
2217:and
2215:1951
2211:1949
2207:1942
2203:1935
2199:1928
2193:and
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2133:and
2092:1934
2090:and
2088:1929
1896:USSR
1810:and
1800:and
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