20:
143:
111:
1984:
119:
402:), when the nobility voted for the candidate to the throne. It was open to all members of the nobility and so it often had many more attendees than a regular sejm. The exact numbers of attendees were never recorded and are estimated to vary from 10,000 to over 100,000; the usual numbers tended to be towards the lower end of the scale, around 10,000-15,000. Subsequently, the voting could last days (in 1573, it was recorded that it took four days). The entire sejm was to last six weeks. To handle the increased numbers, it would be held in
262:, but had no promise that his dynasty would continue on the throne. He would need to issue more privileges to the nobility to secure the guarantee that upon his death, one of his sons would inherit. The royal council chose the candidates, and the delegates of nobility and towns confirmed them during the sejm. The principle of election continued in effect throughout the nearly two centuries of the
91:
367:
from foreign nations, meaning the Polish election became a multi-national struggle. The elections also often saw the Polish nobility attempt to elect a weak and controllable monarch, and there were large amounts of corruption, particularly related to bribes. None of the projects at reforming the Polish election came into force, however. The
354:
nobleman could stand for election, but in practice, only rich and powerful members of foreign dynasties or
Commonwealth magnates had a serious chance for consideration. With the election of the first king of the "free election" period, the elections assumed their final form, which would remain stable
366:
Particularly in the late 17th and 18th centuries, the political instability from the elections led numerous political writers to suggest major changes to the system: most notably, to restrict the elections to Polish candidates only (that became known as the "election of a Piast"), as many kings were
327:, named after the hoods traditionally worn by their members) of nobility would assume power in each the country's regions. Most importantly, however, the Poles decided that they would choose the next king by election, and they finally established the terms of such election at a convocation sejm (
150:
The tradition of electing the country's ruler, which occurred either when there was no clear heir to the throne, or to confirm the heir's appointment, dates to the very beginning of Polish statehood. Legends survive of the 9th-century election of the legendary founder of the first Polish royal
477:
procedure, free elections, in practice, contributed to the inefficiency of the
Commonwealth's government. The elections, open to all nobility, meant that magnates, who could exert significant control on the masses of poorer nobility, could exert much influence over the elections.
220:) in 1291. Nonetheless, for most of the Piast dynasty, electors customarily endorsed rulers from that dynasty, in accordance with hereditary descent. The Piast dynasty came to an end with the death without an heir of the last of the Polish Piasts of the main line,
406:, then a village near Warsaw. Royal candidates themselves would be barred from attending the sejm but were allowed to send representatives. Attending nobles would have discussed their preferences before attending the election sejm, during local
239:). Louis had no sons, which created another dilemma for the succession of the Polish throne. In an attempt to secure the throne of Poland for his line, he gathered the nobles and sought their approval to have one of his daughters retained as the
425:, where the coronation ceremony was traditionally held by the Primate, who relinquished his powers to the chosen king. It was to last two weeks. The king-elect undertook various ceremonies and formalities, such as swearing an oath to uphold the
211:
The elections reinforced the empowerment of the electorate (the nobility), as the contender to the throne would increasingly consider issuing promises that he undertook to fulfil in the event of a successful election.
494:, with smaller scale conflicts in 1576 and 1697). By the last years of the Commonwealth, royal elections grew to be seen as a source of conflicts and instability; Lerski describes them as having "become a symbol of
481:
The elections also encouraged foreign dynasties' meddling in Polish internal politics. On several occasions, if the magnates could not come to an agreement, two candidates would proclaim themselves the king and
2102:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
171:). Still, sources for that time are very sparse, and it is hard to estimate whether those elections were more than a formality. The election privilege, exercised during the gatherings known as
1973:
391:), called upon a death or abdication of a king by the Primate of Poland. Deputies would focus on establishing the dates and any special rules for the election (in particular, preparation of
269:
One could describe the monarchy of Poland at that time as "the hereditary monarchy with a elective legislature." A major reason was the desire on the part of Polish nobility to retain the
687:
823:
2144:
1966:
2159:
601:
217:
1959:
2154:
2064:
302:, anxiety for the safety of the Commonwealth eventually led to agreements among the political classes that pending election of a new king, the
491:
510:, 10 elections (composed of the convocation, election and coronation sejmik) were held in Poland, resulting in the elevation of 11 kings.
2092:
19:
258:, as the first king of Poland's second dynasty. The electors chose Władysław II Jagiełło as king, and he married a daughter of Louis I,
731:
458:
The elections played a major role in curtailing the power of the monarch and so were a significant factor in preventing the rise of an
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1182:
1117:
1077:
1060:
1003:
947:
910:
847:
803:
771:
711:
620:
541:
828:
196:, elections became increasingly important. In the other provinces both elements mixed together. By the 12th or 13th century, the
281:
attempted to secure the hereditary throne for his 10-year-old son, there was a political crisis, and the Polish parliament, the
1141:
1050:
895:
1904:
1867:
1825:
1759:
1722:
1680:
1633:
1599:
1525:
1442:
1370:
1279:
1245:
285:, ruled that a new king could be chosen during the life of his predecessor (that became known in the Polish politics as the
1040:
692:
1027:
739:
462:, with a strong executive, in the Commonwealth. Most tellingly, one of the provisions of the pacta conventa included the
135:
1988:
507:
75:
1035:
1562:
749:
662:
652:
1105:
971:
880:
855:
178:
95:
277:. Nonetheless, the pretense of having a choice by elections remained important for the nobility, and when in 1530
986:
414:
notes that "in 1764, when only thirteen electors were killed, it was said that the
Election was unusually quiet."
251:
142:
1125:
875:
442:
410:
sessions, but often, matters came to a heated debate that would last days and could lead to fights and battles.
110:
1405:
930:
2118:
1983:
1151:
205:
1093:
1085:
1019:
754:
487:
438:
925:
1591:
Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth in the eighteenth century
976:
885:
791:
395:, bills of privileges to be sworn by the king) and on screening the candidates. It was to last two weeks.
270:
2164:
1951:
1146:
759:
657:
561:
368:
79:
2123:
1045:
66:. Based on traditions dating to the very beginning of the Polish statehood, strengthened during the
2149:
1187:
981:
274:
213:
1786:
606:
185:
294:
In 1572, Poland's
Jagiellon dynasty became extinct upon the death, without a successor, of King
1097:
779:
636:
332:
320:
1515:
1360:
1235:
266:, but just as in Piast times, it actually amounted to mere confirmation of the incoming heir.
1589:
935:
682:
581:
295:
232:
221:
152:
966:
870:
1156:
1055:
1011:
900:
835:
811:
699:
586:
244:
123:
591:
470:) for the nobility if it considered the king not to be adhering to the laws of the state.
181:) or officials, and was heavily influenced by local traditions and strength of the ruler.
118:
8:
1896:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1859:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1817:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1751:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1714:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1672:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1554:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1434:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1177:
920:
905:
727:
549:
463:
360:
278:
24:
1023:
744:
719:
677:
667:
576:
566:
430:
356:
228:
200:
institution limited participation to high-ranking nobles and officials. The nationwide
193:
628:
1900:
1863:
1821:
1790:
1755:
1718:
1676:
1639:
1629:
1595:
1558:
1521:
1438:
1401:
1366:
1275:
1241:
955:
672:
571:
459:
331:) in 1573. On the initiative of nobles from Southern Poland, supported by the future
311:
306:
263:
259:
236:
1065:
890:
644:
189:
1890:
1853:
1811:
1745:
1708:
1666:
1428:
1894:
1857:
1815:
1749:
1712:
1670:
1552:
1432:
1269:
434:
39:
991:
1172:
640:
392:
303:
250:
The next election of a Polish king had occurred in 1386, with the selection of
2138:
1643:
1393:
411:
240:
156:
63:
1623:
339:
287:
282:
204:
gatherings of officials in 1306 and 1310 can be seen as a precursor of the
556:
First king of the
Commonwealth. Abdicated to assume the throne of France.
380:
299:
146:
Election of Stanisław August
Poniatowski (Stanisław II Augustus) in 1764.
28:
1981:
227:
In a milestone for the process of the free elections, Casimir's nephew,
184:
Traditions diverged in different regions of Poland during the period of
1794:
915:
596:
355:
for the next two centuries. These elections would be solidified in the
78:
period between 1572 and 1791. The "free election" was abolished by the
163:(that would place a Polish ruler's vote a century before the earliest
483:
474:
379:
Three special sejms handled the process of the royal election in the
255:
71:
59:
1945:
422:
1398:
God's
Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795
351:
343:
160:
51:
1625:
Elective monarchy in
Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587
495:
371:
eliminated the practice of electing individuals to the monarchy.
168:
164:
445:(reigned as Stanisław II Augustus), both of which took place in
467:
446:
407:
347:
336:
131:
103:
1935:
273:, and the Jagiellon dynasty were the hereditary rulers of the
114:
Plan of the elective camp of Polish Kings in Wola near Warsaw.
316:
82:, which established a constitutional-parliamentary monarchy.
67:
1594:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 37–38.
1487:
Juliusz
Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
1334:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
1304:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
1220:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,
818:
Son of Sigismund III and brother of Władysław IV. Abdicated.
403:
350:) who assembled for the purpose would become electors. Any
173:
127:
99:
90:
55:
1517:
God's Playground, a History of Poland: The origins to 1795
1491:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.215-215
1338:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.102-103
1308:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.63-64
1224:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987), p.62-63
1703:
1701:
1699:
2145:
Royal elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1026:. Leszczyński's election was disputed and led to the
1848:
1846:
1844:
1806:
1804:
1802:
437:. The two exceptions were the Warsaw coronations of
1696:
1628:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
177:, was usually limited to the most powerful nobles (
1546:
1544:
1841:
1799:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1483:
1481:
192:, the hereditary principle dominated, but in the
2136:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1414:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
433:. The coronation itself would take place in the
74:dynasties, they reached their final form in the
1583:
1581:
1541:
1520:. Columbia University Press. pp. 331–335.
231:, became king after the agreement between him,
1883:
1738:
1650:
1587:
1967:
1889:
1852:
1810:
1744:
1707:
1665:
1550:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1458:
1427:
1358:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1267:
1237:Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present
1233:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1578:
1557:. University Press of America. p. 178.
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
309:would exercise supreme authority, acting as
2160:Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1974:
1960:
1494:
1295:
1201:
2155:Candidates for the Polish elective throne
1785:Polish Book Importing Company, New York,
1362:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
1341:
1261:
1227:
1136:Last king of the Commonwealth. Abdicated.
1061:Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria
972:Philip William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
911:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
881:Philip William, Count Palatine of Neuburg
492:War of the Polish Succession of 1587–1588
488:War of the Polish Succession of 1733–1738
216:made the first of such undertakings (the
1240:. Oxford University Press. p. 249.
141:
117:
109:
89:
18:
1100:(Saxon, 1733–1763), son of Augustus II.
16:Individual elections of kings in Poland
2137:
2119:Elections and referendums in Lithuania
1775:
1392:
1142:Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony
1051:Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
896:Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia
732:War of the Polish Succession (1587–88)
1955:
1781:Corwin, Edward Henry Lewinski (1917)
1386:
1183:1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election
1621:
1041:Charles Philip of Palatinate-Neuburg
501:
359:, passed by the first elected king,
23:The first Polish royal election, of
2124:Elections and referendums in Poland
740:Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria
473:While seemingly introducing a very
136:Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine
13:
1489:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
1336:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
1306:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
1222:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego
14:
2176:
1924:
1359:HALINA LERSKI (30 January 1996).
750:Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
663:Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria
653:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
159:, and similar voting of his son,
98:(Michael I) as King of Poland at
1982:
1936:Skąd się wzięła elekcja viritim?
1588:Jerzy Lukowski (3 August 2010).
1234:Norman Davies (23 August 2001).
730:. Election disputed, led to the
643:. Election disputed, led to the
1783:The political History of Poland
1717:. EJJ Books. pp. 125–132.
1615:
1551:Jacek Jędruch (November 1982).
1036:François Louis, Prince of Conti
1028:Civil war in Poland (1704–1706)
987:Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons
1989:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1365:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 129–130.
1106:Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém
1092:Election disputed, led to the
508:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
243:of Poland in exchange for the
76:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
1862:. EJJ Books. pp. 78–79.
1820:. EJJ Books. pp. 76–77.
1437:. EJJ Books. pp. 72–73.
1194:
1015:(Saxon, 1697–1706; 1709–1733)
1126:Stanisław August Poniatowski
1094:War of the Polish Succession
901:Feodor Alexeyevich of Russia
876:Henri Jules, Duke of Bourbon
755:Archduke Matthias of Austria
453:
443:Stanisław August Poniatowski
374:
85:
7:
1400:. Oxford University Press.
1166:
931:Aleksander Janusz Zasławski
856:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
792:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
486:erupted (most notably, the
96:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
10:
2181:
1147:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
760:Archduke Ernest of Austria
658:Archduke Ernest of Austria
562:Archduke Ernest of Austria
369:Constitution of 3 May 1791
80:Constitution of 3 May 1791
27:in 1573 (1889 Painting by
2111:
2063:
1995:
1899:. EJJ Books. p. 75.
1754:. EJJ Books. p. 71.
1675:. EJJ Books. p. 74.
1046:Leopold, Duke of Lorraine
926:Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki
254:(Jogaila), Grand Duke of
235:and the Polish nobility (
36:Royal elections in Poland
1188:Electio Viritim Monument
1152:Michał Kazimierz Ogiński
1018:Temporarily replaced by
982:Prince George of Denmark
275:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
214:Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
1086:Stanisław I Leszczyński
1022:(1704–1709) due to the
1020:Stanisław I Leszczyński
726:Born in Sweden. Son of
439:Stanisław I Leszczyński
321:"hooded" confederations
271:Polish–Lithuanian union
186:fragmentation of Poland
1933:Sebastian Adamkiewicz
1622:RoĹźu, Felicia (2017).
1514:Norman Davies (1982).
1274:. Iskry. p. 170.
1268:Janusz Roszko (1980).
1098:Augustus III of Poland
967:Louis, Prince of Condé
871:Louis, Prince of Condé
637:Prince of Transylvania
632:(Hungarian, 1576–1586)
333:Great Crown Chancellor
325:konfederacje kapturowe
147:
139:
115:
107:
32:
2065:Legislative elections
1130:Stanisław II Augustus
936:Aleksander Polanowski
786:Son of Sigismund III.
683:Alfonso II of Ferrara
582:Alfonso II of Ferrara
506:In the period of the
298:. During the ensuing
296:Sigismund II Augustus
252:Władysław II Jagiełło
233:Casimir III the Great
222:Casimir III the Great
208:(Polish parliament).
153:Piast the Wheelwright
145:
121:
113:
93:
22:
1157:Jan Klemens Branicki
1056:James Louis Sobieski
1012:August II the Strong
836:Karol Ferdynand Vasa
812:John II Casimir Vasa
700:William of Rosenberg
587:William of Rosenberg
527:(nationality, reign)
319:); and that special
245:Privilege of Koszyce
134:(1697). Painting by
124:August II the Strong
1178:Elections in Poland
977:Charles of Lorraine
921:James, Duke of York
906:Christina of Sweden
886:Charles of Lorraine
728:Catherine Jagiellon
553:(French, 1573–1574)
550:Henry III of France
464:right of revolution
279:Sigismund I the Old
25:Henry III of France
1024:Great Northern War
745:Feodor I of Russia
720:Sigismund III Vasa
668:John III of Sweden
602:Wawrzyniec SĹ‚upski
567:John III of Sweden
431:Henrician Articles
387:Convocation sejm (
357:Henrician Articles
229:Louis I of Hungary
218:Litomyšl Privilege
194:Seniorate Province
148:
140:
116:
108:
33:
2165:Elective monarchy
2132:
2131:
1987:Elections in the
1906:978-0-7818-0637-4
1869:978-0-7818-0637-4
1827:978-0-7818-0637-4
1761:978-0-7818-0637-4
1724:978-0-7818-0637-4
1682:978-0-7818-0637-4
1635:978-0-19-878937-6
1601:978-1-4411-4812-4
1527:978-0-231-05351-8
1444:978-0-7818-0637-4
1372:978-0-313-03456-5
1281:978-83-207-0090-9
1271:Kolebka Siemowita
1247:978-0-19-280126-5
1164:
1163:
956:John III Sobieski
780:Władysław IV Vasa
688:Andrzej Tęczyński
673:Ivan IV of Russia
592:Jerzy Jazłowiecki
572:Ivan IV of Russia
533:Other candidates
502:List of elections
460:absolute monarchy
417:Coronation sejm (
389:Sejm konwokacyjny
329:sejm konwokacyjny
307:Primate of Poland
264:Jagiellon Dynasty
260:Jadwiga of Poland
237:Privilege of Buda
2172:
1986:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1932:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1808:
1797:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1511:
1492:
1485:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1425:
1412:
1411:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1356:
1339:
1332:
1309:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1231:
1225:
1218:
1066:Livio Odescalchi
891:Alexis of Russia
832:
824:Zsigmond Rákóczi
696:
678:Feodor of Russia
645:Danzig rebellion
610:
577:Feodor of Russia
516:Convocation Sejm
513:
512:
419:Sejm koronacyjny
190:Duchy of Masovia
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2150:Polish monarchy
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2107:
2059:
1997:Royal elections
1991:
1980:
1941:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1851:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1809:
1800:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1664:
1651:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1512:
1495:
1486:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1426:
1415:
1408:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1342:
1333:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1197:
1169:
1131:
1128:
1088:
1014:
958:
862:
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48:free election
45:
44:wolna elekcja
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
1996:
1944:
1934:
1910:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1858:
1831:. Retrieved
1816:
1782:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1750:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1713:
1686:. Retrieved
1671:
1624:
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1605:. Retrieved
1590:
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1553:
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1516:
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1433:
1397:
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1376:. Retrieved
1361:
1335:
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1285:. Retrieved
1270:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1236:
1229:
1221:
1129:
1082:January 1734
992:Mihály Apafi
944:January 1674
859:
852:October 1669
808:January 1649
804:October 1648
538:January 1573
525:King elected
505:
480:
472:
457:
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418:
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388:
378:
365:
340:Jan Zamoyski
328:
324:
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288:vivente rege
286:
268:
249:
226:
210:
206:general sejm
201:
197:
183:
172:
167:ones by the
149:
122:Election of
94:Election of
47:
43:
35:
34:
1942:(in Polish)
1931:(in Polish)
1287:29 February
1253:29 February
1132:(1764–1795)
1118:August 1764
1089:(1733–1736)
1078:August 1733
1000:August 1696
959:(1674–1696)
863:(1669–1673)
827: [
815:(1648–1668)
783:(1632–1648)
723:(1587–1632)
691: [
617:August 1574
605: [
421:), held in
381:interregnum
342:, all male
300:interregnum
224:, in 1370.
50:) were the
29:Jan Matejko
2139:Categories
1570:August 13,
1407:0199253390
1195:References
1074:April 1733
948:April 1674
916:Adil Giray
625:March 1576
597:Jan Kostka
542:April 1573
490:, and the
484:civil wars
475:democratic
315:(from the
130:, outside
102:, outside
2115:See also:
1912:13 August
1875:13 August
1833:13 August
1767:13 August
1730:13 August
1688:13 August
1644:990854634
1450:13 August
1190:in Warsaw
1096:, won by
860:Michael I
800:July 1648
768:June 1632
712:June 1587
454:Influence
429:and the
375:Procedure
323:(Polish:
256:Lithuania
188:. In the
165:Icelandic
86:Evolution
72:Jagiellon
62:, to the
60:dynasties
52:elections
1893:(1998).
1856:(1998).
1814:(1998).
1787:page 193
1748:(1998).
1711:(1998).
1669:(1998).
1607:29 March
1533:29 March
1431:(1998).
1396:(2005).
1378:29 March
1167:See also
1114:May 1764
1004:May 1697
848:May 1669
383:period:
352:Catholic
344:szlachta
312:interrex
247:(1374).
179:magnates
161:Siemowit
151:family,
496:anarchy
408:sejmiks
169:Althing
155:of the
106:(1669).
46:, lit.
1903:
1866:
1824:
1795:626738
1793:
1758:
1721:
1679:
1642:
1632:
1598:
1561:
1524:
1441:
1404:
1369:
1278:
1244:
468:rokosz
447:Warsaw
423:KrakĂłw
348:nobles
337:hetman
132:Warsaw
104:Warsaw
40:Polish
831:]
695:]
635:Also
609:]
530:Notes
317:Latin
68:Piast
56:kings
2103:1793
2098:1790
2093:1788
2088:1786
2083:1784
2078:1782
2073:1780
2055:1764
2050:1733
2045:1704
2040:1697
2035:1674
2030:1669
2025:1648
2020:1632
2015:1587
2010:1576
2005:1573
1914:2011
1901:ISBN
1877:2011
1864:ISBN
1835:2011
1822:ISBN
1791:OCLC
1769:2011
1756:ISBN
1732:2011
1719:ISBN
1690:2011
1677:ISBN
1640:OCLC
1630:ISBN
1609:2012
1596:ISBN
1572:2011
1559:ISBN
1535:2012
1522:ISBN
1452:2011
1439:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1380:2012
1367:ISBN
1289:2012
1276:ISBN
1255:2012
1242:ISBN
441:and
404:Wola
335:and
283:sejm
202:wiec
198:wiec
174:wiec
128:Wola
100:Wola
70:and
498:".
291:).
126:at
2141::
1843:^
1801:^
1789:,
1698:^
1652:^
1638:.
1580:^
1543:^
1496:^
1460:^
1416:^
1343:^
1313:^
1297:^
1203:^
829:hu
693:pl
607:pl
363:.
42::
31:).
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1916:.
1879:.
1837:.
1771:.
1734:.
1692:.
1646:.
1611:.
1574:.
1537:.
1454:.
1410:.
1382:.
1291:.
1257:.
1030:.
734:.
647:.
466:(
449:.
346:(
138:.
38:(
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