22:
34:
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from August 3, 1818 notes she was "one of those patriotic Ladies of
Philadelphia who first associated together and supplied the suffering soldiers with shirts, stockings, &c. in that eventful period of the revolution, which tried and apalled even men's souls."
137:
Shallus' name appears nowhere on the document itself, but an investigation into the identity of the Penman in 1937 for the 150th anniversary of the
Constitution revealed the identity of the transcriber. Shallus was paid $ 30 (equivalent to
150:
made from treated animal skin (either calf, goat, or sheep; in 1987 the supervising conservator at the
National Archives said, "We don't know which") and measuring 28 3/4 inches by 23 5/8 inches, probably with a
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134:, today known as Independence Hall. The convention's desire for speedy drafting and Shallus' convenience to the convention's meeting may have influenced his choice as engrosser.
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320:(September 17, 1987), p. 15, quoting Norvell Jones, supervising conservator at the National Archives, and Kenneth E. Harris, a director of preservation at the National Archives.
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immigrants, Valentine
Schallus and Frederica Catherina. His brother Thomas Shallus was a mapmaker. He was born a year after his father Valentine immigrated to
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that was black when applied but that has now turned brownish. Shallus engrossed the entire document except for the list of
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Shallus married
Elizabeth Melchor, sister to Col. Isaac Melcher, Barrack-Master-General of the
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Irvin
Molotsky, "The Constitution: It's 200 Years Old, and It Certainly Has Been Around",
8:
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The
Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding
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The Man Behind the Quill: Jacob
Shallus, Calligrapher of the United States Constitution
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726 in 2023) for his engrossing work, a sum recorded as for "clerks employed to
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146:& engross." The effort consisted of copying the Constitution on four sheets of
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Shallus is also credited as
Assistant Secretary in the 1790 re-authoring of the
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of
Pennsylvania's 1st Battalion. Shallus also assisted in the outfitting of a
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Winter 2002, Vol. 34, No. 4, Travels of the Charters of Freedom
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25:
In 1787, Shallus handwrote the original presentation of the
425:
63:
document that Shallus engrossed is on display in the
1849:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1987:People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
239:The Lives of Eminent Philadelphians, Now Deceased
1943:
1860:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
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345:National Archives and Records Administration
126:, Shallus served as Assistant Clerk to the
1972:Drafting of the United States Constitution
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404:
217:United States Declaration of Independence
208:History of the United States Constitution
166:at the end of the document, which are in
1916:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
94:. During the Revolutionary War, Shallus
37:Shallus's engrossed presentation of the
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253:Constitution 225: To errata is human
160:ink made of iron filings in oak gall
1883:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1410:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
13:
974:Drafting and ratification timeline
719:District of Columbia Voting Rights
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236:Simpson, Henry (January 1, 1859).
175:State Constitution of Pennsylvania
65:Rotunda of the Charters of Freedom
14:
1998:
1982:People from colonial Pennsylvania
1967:American people of German descent
427:Constitution of the United States
370:
290:Vile, John R. (January 1, 2005).
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16:American calligrapher (1750–1796)
830:Convention to propose amendments
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1445:Separation of church and state
387:National Park Service Document
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51:(1750–April 18, 1796) was the
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949:Virginia Ratifying Convention
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128:Pennsylvania General Assembly
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1910:National Constitution Center
1708:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1007:Assemble and Petition Clause
55:of the original copy of the
7:
1781:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
835:State ratifying conventions
772:Equal Opportunity to Govern
767:Electoral College abolition
694:Congressional Apportionment
257:Prologue: Pieces of History
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90:and was a volunteer in the
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802:Parental Rights amendment
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255:, The National Archives,
120:Constitutional Convention
113:
1977:People from Philadelphia
1465:Unitary executive theory
1239:Privileges or Immunities
954:New York Circular Letter
944:Massachusetts Compromise
215:, engrosser of the 1776
189:. Her obituary from the
132:Pennsylvania State House
1385:Dormant Commerce Clause
1229:Presidential succession
964:Fayetteville Convention
959:Hillsborough Convention
895:Three-fifths Compromise
875:Philadelphia Convention
865:Mount Vernon Conference
752:Campaign finance reform
82:Shallus was the son of
39:constitution's preamble
1962:American calligraphers
1548:William Samuel Johnson
1420:Nondelegation doctrine
992:Admission to the Union
939:Anti-Federalist Papers
890:Connecticut Compromise
41:
30:
1755:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1224:Presidential Electors
1199:Original Jurisdiction
1139:Full Faith and Credit
1012:Assistance of Counsel
933:The Federalist Papers
762:Crittenden Compromise
391:History of Penmanship
385:Historical Background
36:
24:
1924:A More Perfect Union
1900:Constitution Gardens
1821:Convention Secretary
1483:Convention President
1455:Symmetric federalism
1450:Separation of powers
1184:Necessary and Proper
1179:Natural-born citizen
1124:Freedom of the Press
1062:Copyright and Patent
1052:Contingent Elections
870:Annapolis Convention
168:Alexander Hamilton's
1931:Worldwide influence
1672:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1400:Executive privilege
1380:Criminal sentencing
1303:Title of Nobility (
1294:Taxing and Spending
1194:Oath or Affirmation
1154:House Apportionment
1017:Case or Controversy
900:Committee of Detail
792:"Liberty" amendment
757:Christian amendment
130:, which met at the
118:At the time of the
53:engrosser or penman
1585:William Livingston
1569:Alexander Hamilton
1375:Criminal procedure
1370:Constitutional law
1305:Foreign Emoluments
1269:State of the Union
1254:Self-Incrimination
1244:Recess appointment
1037:Compulsory Process
699:Titles of Nobility
42:
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1939:
1938:
1905:Constitution Week
1890:Independence Mall
1878:National Archives
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1835:
1651:Gouverneur Morris
1636:Thomas Fitzsimons
1616:Benjamin Franklin
1490:George Washington
1390:Enumerated powers
1365:Concurrent powers
1360:Balance of powers
1189:No Religious Test
1129:Freedom of Speech
920:Independence Hall
843:
842:
747:Bricker amendment
680:
679:
259:, Sept. 14, 2012.
242:. W. Brotherhead.
92:Revolutionary War
1994:
1895:Constitution Day
1786:Charles Pinckney
1595:William Paterson
1527:Nathaniel Gorham
1480:
1479:
1259:Speech or Debate
1087:Equal Protection
797:Ludlow amendment
782:Flag Desecration
777:Federal Marriage
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704:Corwin Amendment
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187:Continental Army
96:fought in Canada
73:Washington, D.C.
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1435:Reserved powers
1415:Judicial review
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905:List of Framers
885:New Jersey Plan
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817:Victims' Rights
737:Balanced budget
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272:. Ancestry.com.
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1316:Trial by Jury
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45:Jacob Shallus
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1609:Pennsylvania
1506:John Langdon
1264:Speedy Trial
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997:Appointments
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714:Equal Rights
610:20th century
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296:. ABC-CLIO.
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104:privateering
88:Pennsylvania
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1957:1796 deaths
1952:1750 births
1807:William Few
1687:Jacob Broom
1667:George Read
1541:Connecticut
1475:Signatories
1325:Legislative
1299:Territorial
1219:Presentment
1204:Origination
1159:Impeachment
1114:Extradition
1082:Engagements
1072:Due Process
1022:Citizenship
709:Child Labor
61:handwritten
1946:Categories
1919:(painting)
1871:and legacy
1729:John Blair
1578:New Jersey
1532:Rufus King
1430:Preemption
1344:War Powers
1279:Suspension
1097:Exceptions
787:Human Life
686:Unratified
486:Amendments
223:References
144:transcribe
78:Early life
1440:Saxbe fix
1329:Executive
1284:Take Care
1274:Supremacy
1149:Guarantee
1077:Elections
848:Formation
561:1795–1804
158:and with
148:parchment
1722:Virginia
1696:Maryland
1660:Delaware
1562:New York
1339:Vicinage
1333:Judicial
1057:Contract
1027:Commerce
915:Printing
729:Proposed
441:Preamble
434:Articles
378:Prologue
363:15018099
337:(1987).
202:See also
108:Retrieve
1869:Display
1841:Related
1800:Georgia
1321:Vesting
1289:Takings
1174:Militia
1032:Compact
984:Clauses
910:Signing
855:History
67:at the
1927:(film)
1311:Treaty
1214:Postal
1209:Pardon
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164:states
114:Career
84:German
59:. The
49:Shalus
156:quill
153:goose
359:OCLC
349:ISBN
298:ISBN
140:US$
476:VII
456:III
193:in
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47:or
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