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Constitution, the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former. They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws, rather than by those which are not fundamental. It can be of no weight to say that the courts, on the pretense of a repugnancy, may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional intentions of the legislature. This might as well happen in the case of two contradictory statutes; or it might as well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute. The courts must declare the sense of the law; and if they should be disposed to exercise will instead of judgement, the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body. The observation, if it prove any thing, would prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body.
1359:
765: (1929)), the Court declared that Article I courts "may be created as special tribunals to examine and determine various matters, arising between the government and others, which from their nature do not require judicial determination and yet are susceptible of it." Other cases, such as bankruptcy cases, have been held not to involve judicial determination, and may therefore go before Article I courts. Similarly, several courts in the District of Columbia, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, are Article I courts rather than Article III courts. This article was expressly extended to the
44:
953: (1911), the Supreme Court denied jurisdiction to cases brought under a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suit against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands. Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the federal Treasury. The Supreme Court held that, though the United States was a defendant, the case in question was not an actual controversy; rather, the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation. Thus the Court's ruling would be nothing more than an
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party, for power, and the privilege of their corps ... Their power the more dangerous as they are in office for life, and not responsible, as the other functionaries are, to the elective control. The
Constitution has erected no such single tribunal, knowing that to whatever hands confided, with the corruptions of time and party, its members would become despots. It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves.
901:
maritime
Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
709:, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. The Supreme Court has interpreted this provision as enabling Congress to create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The
1449:
they have adopted the very words of the
Statute of Treason of Edward the Third; and thus by implication, in order to cut off at once all chances of arbitrary constructions, they have recognized the well-settled interpretation of these phrases in the administration of criminal law, which has prevailed
843:
The
Constitution provides that judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour." The term "good behaviour" is interpreted to mean that judges may serve for the remainder of their lives, although they may resign or retire voluntarily. A judge may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by
1468:
As treason may be committed against the United States, the authority of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it. But as new-fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines by which violent factions, the natural offspring of free government, have usually wreaked their alternate
1300:
cases, must be tried before a jury, unless the defendant waives their right. Also, the trial must be held in the state where the crime was committed. If the crime was not committed in any particular state, then the trial is held in such a place as set forth by the
Congress. The United States Senate
1254:
posed a difficult problem for the court, which was then led by Chief
Justice John Marshall, the same person who had neglected to deliver the commissions when he was the Secretary of State. If Marshall's court commanded James Madison to deliver the commissions, Madison might ignore the order, thereby
1175:
The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts. A constitution, is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative
1425:
Under
English law effective during the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, there were several species of treason. Of these, the Constitution adopted only two: levying war and adhering to enemies. Omitted were species of treason involving encompassing (or imagining) the death of the king, certain
1387:
Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their
Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The Congress shall
1404:
The
Constitution defines treason as specific acts, namely "levying War against , or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort." A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law, whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or "violating" the Queen, were punishable as
1185:
Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the judicial to the legislative power. It only supposes that the power of the people is superior to both; and that where the will of the legislature, declared in its statutes, stands in opposition to that of the people, declared in the
584:
Section 3 of
Article Three defines treason and empowers Congress to punish treason. Section 3 requires that at least two witnesses testify to the treasonous act, or that the individual accused of treason confess in open court. It also limits the ways in which Congress can punish those convicted of
506:
Section 1 of Article Three vests the judicial power of the United States in "one supreme Court", as well as "inferior courts" established by Congress. Section 1 authorizes the creation of inferior courts, but does not require it; the first inferior federal courts were established shortly after the
1176:
body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the constitution ought to be preferred to the statute, the intention of the people to the intention of their agents.
1089:
in cases affecting ambassadors, ministers and consuls, and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party; the Court has held that the latter requirement is met if the United States has a controversy with a state. In other cases, the
900:
The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and
1278:
You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions; a very dangerous doctrine indeed, and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy. Our judges are as honest as other men, and not more so. They have, with others, the same passions for
904:
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such
631:
The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times,
1180:
Hamilton goes on to counterbalance the tone of "judicial supremacists," those demanding that both Congress and the Executive are compelled by the Constitution to enforce all court decisions, including those that, in their eyes, or those of the People, violate fundamental American principles:
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have, with great judgment, opposed a barrier to this peculiar danger, by inserting a constitutional definition of the crime, fixing the proof necessary for conviction of it, and restraining the Congress, even in punishing it, from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its
1124:
held that Congress can neither expand nor restrict the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. However, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different. The Court's appellate jurisdiction is given "with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make."
973:
in their respective states. They were free to diverge from English precedents and from each other on the vast majority of legal issues which had never been made part of federal law by the Constitution, and the U.S. Supreme Court could do nothing, as it would ultimately concede in
1918:, 19 U.S. 264 (1821): "he original jurisdiction of the Supreme court, in cases where a state is a party, refers to those cases in which, according to the grant of power made in the preceding clause, jurisdiction might be exercised, in consequence of the character of the party."
908:
Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have
1558: (1947), however, the Supreme Court found that two witnesses are not required to prove intent, nor are two witnesses required to prove that an overt act is treasonable. The two witnesses, according to the decision, are required to prove only that the overt act occurred (
1569:
Punishment for treason may not "work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person" so convicted. The descendants of someone convicted for treason could not, as they were under English law, be considered "tainted" by the treason of their ancestor.
554:
issues. Section 2 states that the federal judiciary's power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws, federal treaties, controversies involving multiple states or foreign powers, and other enumerated areas. Section 2 gives the Supreme Court
1255:
indicating the weakness of the court. Similarly, if the court denied William Marbury's request, the court would be seen as weak. Marshall held that appointee Marbury was indeed entitled to his commission. However, Justice Marshall contended that the
750: (1856)), the Court held that "there are legal matters, involving public rights, which may be presented in such form that the judicial power is capable of acting on them," and which are susceptible to review by an Article III court. Later, in
511:. Section 1 also establishes that federal judges do not face term limits, and that an individual judge's salary may not be decreased. Article Three does not set the size of the Supreme Court or establish specific positions on the court, but
1891:
was that there had been an "act of congress requiring the institution of this suit". With a few narrow exceptions, courts have held that Congress controls access to the courts by the United States and its agencies and officials. See, e.g.,
1162:
Though the Constitution does not expressly provide that the federal judiciary has the power of judicial review, many of the Constitution's Framers viewed such a power as an appropriate power for the federal judiciary to possess. In
1064:
on February 7, 1795. It prohibits the federal courts from hearing "any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State".
3951:
1353:
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doctrine. That is, their highest courts have always possessed plenary power to impose a uniform nationwide common law upon all lower courts and never adopted the strong American distinction between federal and state common law.
968:
and subsequent acts never granted the U.S. Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state supreme courts on pure issues of state law. It is this silence which tacitly made state supreme courts the final expositors of the
4868:
1128:
Often a court will assert a modest degree of power over a case for the threshold purpose of determining whether it has jurisdiction, and so the word "power" is not necessarily synonymous with the word "jurisdiction".
627:, which vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts, requires the supreme court, allows inferior courts, requires good behavior tenure for judges, and prohibits decreasing the salaries of judges.
4743:
4166:
1270:, expressed the view that the Courts hold only the power of words, and not the power of compulsion upon those other two branches of government, upon which the Supreme Court is itself dependent. Then in 1820,
644:"The Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such Inferior Courts as shall, when necessary, from time to time, be constituted by the Legislature of the United States".
1430:
wrote the original draft of this section, and he was involved as a defense attorney for some accused of treason against the Patriot cause. The two forms of treason adopted were both derived from the English
4158:
4126:
960:
A significant omission is that although Clause 1 provides that federal judicial power shall extend to "the laws of the United States," it does not also provide that it shall extend to the laws of the
924:
Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only. Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical, or which are proscribed due to
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2766:
1203:, the Federalists "retired into the judiciary as a stronghold". In the four months following the elections, the outgoing Congress created several new judgeships, which were filled by President
395:
319:
1502:. As James Madison noted, the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for 'adhering to enemies , giving them aid and comfort.'"
262:
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108:
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1159:, or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute, a treaty, or the Constitution itself, is an implied power derived in part from Clause 2 of Section 2.
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restricts the judiciary's power to actual cases and controversies, meaning that federal judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical, or which are proscribed due to
1541: (1945), the Supreme Court ruled that "very act, movement, deed, and word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of two witnesses." In
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involved a highly partisan set of circumstances. Though Congressional elections were held in November 1800, the newly elected officers did not take power until March. The
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1227:, which in English law had been used to force public officials to fulfill their ministerial duties. Here, Madison would be required to deliver the commissions.
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Epstein, Lee; Walker, Thomas G. (2007). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.
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types of counterfeiting, and finally fornication with women in the royal family of the sort which could call into question the parentage of royal successors.
499:. Article Three empowers the courts to handle cases or controversies arising under federal law, as well as other enumerated areas. Article Three also defines
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the legislative, executive and judicial powers. Article III separates and places the judicial power in the judiciary. This idea is most often attributed to
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took office. When Jefferson became president, the Congress abolished several of these courts and made no provision for the judges of those courts. The
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808:, its central and most controversial provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court for every
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1422: (1807), the Supreme Court ruled that "there must be an actual assembling of men, for the treasonable purpose, to constitute a levying of war."
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1263:. The ruling thereby established that the federal courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch.
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1896:, 514 U.S. 122 ("Agencies do not automatically have standing to sue for actions that frustrate the purposes of their statutes"). Also see
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issues. Generally, a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have a genuine interest at stake in the case. In
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Proposals have been made at various times for organizing the Supreme Court into separate panels; none garnered wide support, thus the
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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion
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was unconstitutional, since it purported to grant original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in cases not involving the States or
1094:, which may be regulated by the Congress. The Congress may not, however, amend the Court's original jurisdiction, as was found in
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1934:(U. Mich. 1995): "Every denial of jurisdiction on the part of a court is an assertion of the power to determine jurisdiction
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wrote, "the Constitution does not appear to authorize two or more Supreme Courts functioning in effect as separate courts."
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of the federal government. He also stated that by defining treason in the U.S. Constitution and placing it in Article III "
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1517:. The English law did not require both witnesses to have witnessed the same overt act; this requirement, supported by
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in all other areas to which the federal judiciary's jurisdiction extends. Section 2 also gives Congress the power to
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Article III authorizes one Supreme Court, but does not set the number of justices that must be appointed to it.
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took office as Secretary of State, several commissions remained undelivered. Bringing their claims under the
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was enacted, the number of justices has been fixed at nine: one chief justice, and eight associate justices.
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In certain types of cases, Article III courts may exercise appellate jurisdiction over Article I courts. In
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1716:"Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis, and Interpretation – Centennial Edition – Interim"
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The compensation of judges may not be decreased, but may be increased, during their continuance in office.
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702:
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receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
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when ambassadors, public officials, or the states are a party in the case, leaving the Supreme Court with
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the right to a jury in the Sixth Amendment to individuals facing trial in state courts through the
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1854:
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Engdahl, David E. (1991). "What's in a Name? The Constitutionality of Multiple "Supreme" Courts".
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courts, which are also known as "legislative courts", consist of regulatory agencies, such as the
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Section 2 delineates federal judicial power, and brings that power into execution by conferring
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796:, was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by President
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Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
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The Constitution is silent when it comes to judges of courts which have been abolished. The
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957:; therefore, the court dismissed the suit for failing to present a "case or controversy."
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of appellate jurisdiction, and establishes that all federal crimes must be tried before a
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Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
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and transferred the circuit courts authority and jurisdiction to the district courts.
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had neglected to deliver 17 of the commissions to their respective appointees. When
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courts, which are also known as "constitutional courts", were first created by the
605:. Although not the progenitor, Montesquieu's writing on the separation of power in
282:
1513:, to convict for treason. This rule was derived from another English statute, the
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C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
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Based on the above quotation, it was noted by the lawyer William J. Olson in an
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Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
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enumerates the rights of individuals when facing criminal prosecution and the
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College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
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Section 3 also requires the testimony of two different witnesses on the same
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Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
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were two Japanese Americans who were tried for treason after World War II.
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2150:
2082:"Case 1:12-cv-00331-KBF Document 29-2 Filed 04/16/12 AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF"
804:. Although the bill aimed generally to overhaul and modernize the entire
782:
602:
1949:
Undermining and Unintwining: The Right to a Jury Trial and Rule 12(b)(1)
1498:
intended the power to be checked by the judiciary, ruling out trials by
571:. Section 2 does not expressly grant the federal judiciary the power of
432:
3324:
1587:
1367:
1362:
1317:
1274:
expressed his deep reservations about the doctrine of judicial review:
1260:
1204:
1061:
970:
889:
820:
425:
4580:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
1057:
785:, created in 1900, to an Article III federal judicial district court.
3232:
1506:
1389:
981:
980:(1938). By way of contrast, other English-speaking federations like
809:
1581:
420:
4710:
4628:
1224:
933:
929:
905:
Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
551:
547:
4925:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
4829:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
1521:, was added to the draft Constitution by a vote of 8 states to 3.
1207:. In the last-minute rush, however, Federalist Secretary of State
1116: (1803) (the same decision which established the principle of
996:
864:, chose to resign rather than go through the impeachment process.
575:, but the courts have exercised this power since the 1803 case of
538:
Section 2 of Article Three delineates federal judicial power. The
3267:
2697:
1983:
1859:
1811:"Judges of the United States Courts – English, George Washington"
1559:
1380:
1152:
1028: (1793), the Supreme Court ruled that Article III, Section 2
1725:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 639
1068:
4572:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
1156:
1075:
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States
985:
705:
that is explicitly established by the Constitution. During the
4175:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
819:
increased the number of courts to permit Federalist President
773:
through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President
3860:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
4532:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
4524:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
888:
upon the Supreme Court. Additionally, this section requires
767:
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
686:
of such a division is unknown. In a 1937 letter (to Senator
16:
Portion of the US Constitution regarding the judicial branch
4151:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
3852:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
3764:
2121:
1787: The Journal of the Constitutional Convention, Part II
1296:
Clause 3 of Section 2 provides that Federal crimes, except
491:. Under Article Three, the judicial branch consists of the
5064:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3968:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
1638:. Blackman, Josh. New York: Aspen Publishing. p. 17.
1324:
cases. It also inhibits courts from overturning a jury's
1085:
Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has
876:
Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury
1962:, Volume 33, page 1247, text accompanying note 82 (2003).
2889:
1762:"Feb 05, 1937: Roosevelt announces "court-packing" plan"
1388:
have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no
649:
Clause 1: Vesting of judicial power and number of courts
1788:"Judges of the United States Courts – Delahay, Mark W."
1304:
Two of the Constitutional Amendments that comprise the
2101:
This rule was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1945.
1833:"Judges of the United States Courts – Kent, Samuel B."
4957:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
3836:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
2218:
1442:
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States
731:
Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co.
4508:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
4199:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3820:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
1855:"Annotation 1 – Eleventh Amendment – State Immunity"
1577:
1003:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
913:
812:
justice over the age of 70, up to a maximum of six.
611:
was immensely influential on the U.S. Constitution.
4837:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
4436:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
3642:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1223:, petitioned the Supreme Court for the issue of a
1199:had lost the elections. In the words of President
4452:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
4013:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
1147:The power of the federal judiciary to review the
531:, Article Three's Vesting Clause establishes the
5252:
4949:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
4005:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
2075:
2073:
2031:, Letter to William Jarvis (September 28, 1820).
823:to appoint a number of Federalist judges before
5261:Article Three of the United States Constitution
2089:Friedman, Harfenist, Kraut & Perlstein, PPC
1610:United States constitutional criminal procedure
1400:except during the Life of the Person attainted.
997:Eleventh Amendment and state sovereign immunity
717:, and are the only courts with judicial power.
4215:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
3653:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1334:Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
4548:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
4356:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
3750:
2204:
2070:
1336:, but has refused to do so with the Seventh.
1301:has the sole power to try impeachment cases.
1069:Clause 2: Original and appellate jurisdiction
457:
4556:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
4183:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
3828:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1894:Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co.
1659:Proof Copy of the Committee of Detail Report
1615:List of current United States circuit judges
1042:disputes between private citizens and States
614:
1693:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center
1283:
535:between the three branches of government.
5266:Articles of the United States Constitution
4460:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
4247:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
3757:
3743:
2211:
2197:
1691:"Landmark Legislation: Circuit Judgeships"
1636:Constitutional law : cases in context
507:ratification of the Constitution with the
464:
450:
1710:
1708:
1445:of the authors of the Constitution that:
777:in 1966. This transformed the article IV
5029:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
4941:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
3709:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1997:
1995:
1993:
1357:
1287:
1229:
2155:A People's History of the Supreme Court
1670:
1633:
1566:investigating the crime, for example).
1490:that the Treason Clause was one of the
1316:establishes an individual's right to a
1292:A nineteenth-century painting of a jury
1044:. This decision was overturned by the
1007:Sovereign immunity in the United States
790:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
5271:Federal judiciary of the United States
5253:
1972:"The Establishment of Judicial Review"
1802:
1780:
1705:
5165:
5116:
4614:
4309:
4207:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
3976:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
3780:
3738:
2192:
2183:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 3
2149:
2079:
2009:from the original on October 29, 2006
2003:"The Federalist Papers : No. 78"
1990:
1874:
1808:
1339:
867:
495:, as well as lower courts created by
4973:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
4468:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
2091:. lawandfreedom.com. pp. 15–16.
2080:Olson, William J. (April 16, 2012).
1825:
1464:wrote regarding the Treason Clause:
1143:Judicial review in the United States
1117:
964:or individual states. In turn, the
5186:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
4728:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
4095:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
3891:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3676:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3203:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
1737:
844:congressional vote (hence the term
838:
640:report reads slightly differently:
13:
4861:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
4615:
4263:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
3804:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
2767:Drafting and ratification timeline
2512:District of Columbia Voting Rights
1132:
493:Supreme Court of the United States
320:Drafting and ratification timeline
14:
5282:
4047:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
2220:Constitution of the United States
2176:
2040:U.S. Constitution, Art. I, sec. 3
1509:, or a confession by the accused
1348:Treason laws in the United States
1308:contain related provisions. The
914:Clause 1: Cases and controversies
800:shortly after his victory in the
4310:
4223:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
2623:Convention to propose amendments
2124:(edited by G. Hunt), pp. 249–250
2029:The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
1594:
1580:
1266:However, Alexander Hamilton, in
850:this has occurred fourteen times
661:Article One, Section 3, Clause 6
431:
419:
407:
42:
4564:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
4255:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
2143:
2127:
2104:
2095:
2055:
2043:
2034:
2021:
1965:
1941:
1932:Narrative, Violence and the Law
1921:
1907:
1847:
779:United States territorial court
692:Judicial Procedures Reform Bill
4901:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
4853:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
4191:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
4103:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
3781:
3238:Separation of church and state
1754:
1683:
1664:
1652:
1627:
892:in all criminal cases, except
701:The Supreme Court is the only
673:President of the United States
619:Section 1 is one of the three
109:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
4933:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
4662:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
4271:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
3960:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
2742:Virginia Ratifying Convention
1620:
977:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
588:
4877:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
4071:Schillinger v. United States
3997:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
3703:National Constitution Center
3501:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2800:Assemble and Petition Clause
1835:Federal Judicial Center. n.d
1790:Federal Judicial Center. n.d
1219:, the appointees, including
667:(who shall preside over the
515:establishes the position of
7:
5117:
4646:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
4087:United States v. Wunderlich
3574:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2628:State ratifying conventions
2565:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2560:Electoral College abolition
2487:Congressional Apportionment
1573:
1383:and limits its punishment.
1048:, which was passed by the
375:Preamble and Articles I–VII
271:Congressional Apportionment
10:
5287:
5202:Mistretta v. United States
5166:
4428:Burton v. United States II
4404:City of St. Louis v. Myers
4279:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
3883:Murdock v. City of Memphis
1634:Barnett, Randy E. (2021).
1351:
1345:
1136:
1078:
1072:
1000:
920:Case or Controversy Clause
917:
802:1936 presidential election
652:
625:United States Constitution
540:Case or Controversy Clause
481:United States Constitution
5172:
5161:
5125:
5112:
5047:
5013:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
4762:
4709:
4672:
4627:
4623:
4610:
4420:Burton v. United States I
4372:United States v. Jackalow
4348:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
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4305:
4023:
3986:
3925:
3870:
3793:
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3776:
3661:
3633:
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3027:Privileges and Immunities
2840:Congressional enforcement
2775:
2762:Rhode Island ratification
2653:Articles of Confederation
2640:
2618:
2595:Parental Rights amendment
2520:
2477:
2402:
2374:
2353:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2226:
1977:January 15, 2013, at the
1813:. Federal Judicial Center
1469:malignity on each other,
1328:. The Supreme Court has
1052:on March 4, 1794, 1
707:Constitutional Convention
615:Section 1: Federal courts
595:Articles of Confederation
356:Reconstruction Amendments
5234:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
5005:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4654:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
4444:Muskrat v. United States
4412:Barrett v. United States
4119:United States v. Stanley
3899:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
3874:independent state ground
3258:Unitary executive theory
3032:Privileges or Immunities
2747:New York Circular Letter
2737:Massachusetts Compromise
1898:United States v. Mattson
1284:Clause 3: Federal trials
939:Muskrat v. United States
792:, frequently called the
414:United States portal
24:This article is part of
5218:United States v. Hatter
5210:Peretz v. United States
5147:Cramer v. United States
4789:Massachusetts v. Mellon
4540:Thomas v. Union Carbide
4239:United States v. Bormes
3988:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
3936:United States v. Hudson
3178:Dormant Commerce Clause
3022:Presidential succession
2757:Fayetteville Convention
2752:Hillsborough Convention
2688:Three-fifths Compromise
2668:Philadelphia Convention
2658:Mount Vernon Conference
2545:Campaign finance reform
1527:Cramer v. United States
1090:Supreme Court has only
1040:federal courts to hear
752:Ex parte Bakelite Corp.
723:United States Tax Court
694:debate), Chief Justice
655:Judicial Vesting Clause
565:strip the Supreme Court
489:U.S. federal government
4981:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
4699:Nixon v. United States
4396:United States v. Klein
4287:Trump v. United States
4135:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
4079:Feres v. United States
4055:Mississippi v. Johnson
3812:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
3341:William Samuel Johnson
3213:Nondelegation doctrine
2785:Admission to the Union
2732:Anti-Federalist Papers
2683:Connecticut Compromise
2110:Madison, James (1902)
1947:Di Trolio, Stefania. "
1889:United States v. Texas
1881:United States v. Texas
1544:Haupt v. United States
1476:
1452:
1402:
1392:of Treason shall work
1376:
1293:
1281:
1248:
1188:
1178:
1092:appellate jurisdiction
1081:Jurisdiction stripping
911:
886:appellate jurisdiction
852:. Three other judges,
646:
634:
597:, the US Constitution
561:appellate jurisdiction
5139:United States v. Burr
5088:Rucho v. Common Cause
4989:Texas v. Pennsylvania
4965:Bond v. United States
4821:Sierra Club v. Morton
4516:Arizona v. New Mexico
4500:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
4476:Wisconsin v. Illinois
4380:Ex parte Vallandigham
4340:United States v. More
4030:presidential immunity
3548:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3017:Presidential Electors
2992:Original Jurisdiction
2932:Full Faith and Credit
2805:Assistance of Counsel
2726:The Federalist Papers
2555:Crittenden Compromise
1960:Seton Hall Law Review
1954:July 5, 2011, at the
1466:
1447:
1385:
1365:(pictured), known as
1361:
1291:
1276:
1257:Judiciary Act of 1789
1233:
1217:Judiciary Act of 1789
1183:
1173:
1087:original jurisdiction
966:Judiciary Act of 1789
898:
882:original jurisdiction
829:Judicial Code of 1911
817:Judiciary Act of 1801
798:Franklin D. Roosevelt
715:Judiciary Act of 1789
677:Judiciary Act of 1869
642:
629:
557:original jurisdiction
509:Judiciary Act of 1789
396:Unratified Amendments
263:Unratified Amendments
52:Preamble and Articles
4063:United States v. Lee
3717:A More Perfect Union
3693:Constitution Gardens
3614:Convention Secretary
3276:Convention President
3248:Symmetric federalism
3243:Separation of powers
2977:Necessary and Proper
2972:Natural-born citizen
2917:Freedom of the Press
2855:Copyright and Patent
2845:Contingent Elections
2663:Annapolis Convention
1887:(1892). A factor in
1602:United States portal
1500:military commissions
1060:and ratified by the
806:federal court system
696:Charles Evans Hughes
533:separation of powers
36:of the United States
4805:Altvater v. Freeman
4781:Fairchild v. Hughes
4691:Goldwater v. Carter
4638:DeFunis v. Odegaard
4324:Chisholm v. Georgia
4111:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
3724:Worldwide influence
3465:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3193:Executive privilege
3173:Criminal sentencing
3096:Title of Nobility (
3087:Taxing and Spending
2987:Oath or Affirmation
2947:House Apportionment
2810:Case or Controversy
2693:Committee of Detail
2585:"Liberty" amendment
2550:Christian amendment
2027:Jefferson, Thomas.
1766:This Day in History
1673:Indiana Law Journal
1394:Corruption of Blood
1234:Secretary of State
1014:Chisholm v. Georgia
638:Committee of Detail
438:Politics portal
389:Amendments XI–XXVII
5194:Forrester v. White
5080:Vieth v. Jubelirer
5037:Murthy v. Missouri
4893:Diamond v. Charles
4773:Bailiff v. Tipping
4674:Political question
4492:Colegrove v. Green
4332:Marbury v. Madison
4231:Samantar v. Yousuf
4025:Sovereign immunity
3927:Federal common law
3766:U.S. Supreme Court
3378:William Livingston
3362:Alexander Hamilton
3168:Criminal procedure
3163:Constitutional law
3098:Foreign Emoluments
3062:State of the Union
3047:Self-Incrimination
3037:Recess appointment
2830:Compulsory Process
2492:Titles of Nobility
1915:Cohens v. Virginia
1768:. A&E Networks
1379:Section 3 defines
1377:
1340:Section 3: Treason
1294:
1249:
1241:Marbury v. Madison
1192:Marbury v. Madison
1169:Alexander Hamilton
1097:Marbury v. Madison
1046:Eleventh Amendment
1034:sovereign immunity
988:never adopted the
868:Clause 3: Salaries
794:court-packing plan
608:The Spirit of Laws
578:Marbury v. Madison
300:D.C. Voting Rights
278:Titles of Nobility
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5247:
5244:
5243:
5226:Stern v. Marshall
5157:
5156:
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5107:
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5103:
5094:Benisek v. Lamone
5072:Davis v. Bandemer
5021:Biden v. Nebraska
4997:Trump v. New York
4752:Trump v. New York
4606:
4605:
4588:Bowles v. Russell
4484:Crowell v. Benson
4388:Ex parte McCardle
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4039:Little v. Barreme
3907:Harrison v. NAACP
3844:Younger v. Harris
3732:
3731:
3698:Constitution Week
3683:Independence Mall
3671:National Archives
3629:
3628:
3444:Gouverneur Morris
3429:Thomas Fitzsimons
3409:Benjamin Franklin
3283:George Washington
3183:Enumerated powers
3158:Concurrent powers
3153:Balance of powers
2982:No Religious Test
2922:Freedom of Speech
2713:Independence Hall
2636:
2635:
2540:Bricker amendment
2473:
2472:
2185:, law.cornell.edu
2168:978-0-14-303738-5
2062:Story, J. (1833)
1749:978-1-933116-81-5
1661:, August 4-5 1787
1519:Benjamin Franklin
1492:enumerated powers
1314:Seventh Amendment
1268:Federalist No. 78
1165:Federalist No. 78
1149:constitutionality
858:George W. English
775:Lyndon B. Johnson
684:constitutionality
669:impeachment trial
519:. Along with the
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5131:Ex parte Bollman
5114:
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4143:Clinton v. Jones
3915:Michigan v. Long
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3688:Constitution Day
3579:Charles Pinckney
3388:William Paterson
3320:Nathaniel Gorham
3273:
3272:
3052:Speech or Debate
2880:Equal Protection
2590:Ludlow amendment
2575:Flag Desecration
2570:Federal Marriage
2535:Blaine amendment
2497:Corwin Amendment
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2112:The Writings of
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1904:(9th Cir. 1979).
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1433:Treason Act 1351
1408:Ex Parte Bollman
1326:findings of fact
1272:Thomas Jefferson
1225:writ of mandamus
1201:Thomas Jefferson
1197:Federalist Party
955:advisory opinion
839:Clause 2: Tenure
825:Thomas Jefferson
483:establishes the
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3208:Judicial review
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2937:General Welfare
2860:Double Jeopardy
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2698:List of Framers
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2610:Victims' Rights
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1487:Hedges v. Obama
1373:Tomoya Kawakita
1356:
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1342:
1310:Sixth Amendment
1286:
1246:judicial review
1221:William Marbury
1145:
1139:Judicial review
1137:Main articles:
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1133:Judicial review
1118:judicial review
1083:
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1001:Main articles:
999:
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841:
665:"Chief Justice"
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621:vesting clauses
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521:Vesting Clauses
485:judicial branch
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3543:William Blount
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3424:George Clymer
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3346:Roger Sherman
3344:
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3313:Massachusetts
3311:
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3218:Plenary power
3216:
3214:
3211:
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3201:
3199:
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3188:Equal footing
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3138:
3135:
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3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:Trial by Jury
3107:
3105:
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2980:
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2975:
2973:
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2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Ineligibility
2960:
2958:
2957:Import-Export
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Free Exercise
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2901:Ex Post Facto
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Establishment
2883:
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2835:Confrontation
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2718:Syng inkstand
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2673:Virginia Plan
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2600:School Prayer
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2159:Penguin Books
2156:
2152:
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2147:
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2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2114:James Madison
2107:
2098:
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1928:Cover, Robert
1924:
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1723:S. Doc. 112-9
1717:
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1511:in open court
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1497:
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1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:amicus curiae
1475:
1472:
1465:
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1462:James Madison
1460:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1439:wrote in his
1438:
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1236:James Madison
1232:
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1213:James Madison
1210:
1209:John Marshall
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890:trial by jury
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771:U.S. Congress
768:
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749:
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741:
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732:
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720:
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703:federal court
699:
697:
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689:
685:
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675:). Since the
674:
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517:chief justice
514:
510:
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477:Article Three
467:
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455:
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344:Republicanism
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5003:
4995:
4987:
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4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4917:FEC v. Akins
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
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4835:
4827:
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4771:
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4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
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4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
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4322:
4312:Jurisdiction
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
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4165:
4157:
4149:
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3995:
3974:
3966:
3958:
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3942:
3934:
3913:
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3897:
3889:
3881:
3872:Adequate and
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3768:
3715:
3707:
3640:
3439:James Wilson
3402:Pennsylvania
3299:John Langdon
3057:Speedy Trial
2899:
2790:Appointments
2724:
2507:Equal Rights
2403:20th century
2248:
2157:. New York:
2154:
2151:Irons, Peter
2144:Bibliography
2133:
2129:
2120:
2111:
2106:
2097:
2088:
2064:Commentaries
2063:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1982:
1967:
1959:
1943:
1931:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:143 U.S. 621
1880:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:September 1,
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1739:
1729:September 1,
1727:. Retrieved
1722:
1697:September 1,
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1654:
1635:
1629:
1568:
1560:eyewitnesses
1542:
1525:
1523:
1504:
1496:the founders
1485:
1484:in the case
1479:
1477:
1467:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1440:
1437:Joseph Story
1428:James Wilson
1424:
1406:
1405:treason. In
1403:
1386:
1378:
1366:
1343:
1303:
1295:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1161:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1095:
1084:
1032:the States'
1012:
1010:
989:
975:
961:
959:
937:
923:
907:
903:
899:
879:
871:
845:
842:
814:
787:
751:
729:
727:
700:
681:
663:refers to a
658:
643:
635:
630:
618:
606:
592:
583:
576:
537:
505:
476:
475:
295:Equal Rights
261:
78:
34:Constitution
18:
3769:Article III
3600:William Few
3480:Jacob Broom
3460:George Read
3334:Connecticut
3268:Signatories
3118:Legislative
3092:Territorial
3012:Presentment
2997:Origination
2952:Impeachment
2907:Extradition
2875:Engagements
2865:Due Process
2815:Citizenship
2502:Child Labor
2013:October 28,
1320:in certain
1298:impeachment
1261:ambassadors
1244:, but lost
894:impeachment
848:behavior);
783:Puerto Rico
711:Article III
690:during the
603:Montesquieu
593:Unlike the
529:Article Two
525:Article One
513:Article One
288:Child Labor
5255:Categories
3795:Abstention
3783:Federalism
3712:(painting)
3664:and legacy
3522:John Blair
3371:New Jersey
3325:Rufus King
3223:Preemption
3137:War Powers
3072:Suspension
2890:Exceptions
2580:Human Life
2479:Unratified
2279:Amendments
1751:., at 451.
1621:References
1588:Law portal
1457:Federalist
1398:Forfeiture
1368:Tokyo Rose
1363:Iva Toguri
1352:See also:
1318:jury trial
1238:, who won
1205:John Adams
1079:See also:
1038:authorized
971:common law
831:abolished
821:John Adams
589:Background
339:Federalism
327:Convention
3233:Saxbe fix
3122:Executive
3077:Take Care
3067:Supremacy
2942:Guarantee
2870:Elections
2641:Formation
2354:1795–1804
2066:sec. 1793
1679:(2): 475.
1507:overt act
1450:for ages.
1390:Attainder
1030:abrogated
982:Australia
909:directed.
884:and also
810:incumbent
719:Article I
599:separated
585:treason.
366:Full text
4764:Standing
4711:Ripeness
4629:Mootness
3771:case law
3515:Virginia
3489:Maryland
3453:Delaware
3355:New York
3132:Vicinage
3126:Judicial
2850:Contract
2820:Commerce
2708:Printing
2522:Proposed
2234:Preamble
2227:Articles
2153:(1999).
2119:vol. 4,
2052:, at 126
2007:Archived
1975:Archived
1952:Archived
1574:See also
1330:extended
1050:Congress
934:ripeness
930:mootness
926:standing
552:ripeness
548:mootness
544:standing
497:Congress
61:Preamble
26:a series
5119:Treason
3662:Display
3634:Related
3593:Georgia
3114:Vesting
3082:Takings
2967:Militia
2825:Compact
2777:Clauses
2703:Signing
2648:History
2136:, at 34
2050:Bollman
1984:Findlaw
1860:FindLaw
1839:July 2,
1817:July 2,
1794:July 2,
1474:author.
1381:treason
1252:Marbury
1171:wrote,
1153:statute
1122:Marbury
962:several
896:cases.
769:by the
671:of the
623:of the
501:treason
487:of the
479:of the
332:Signing
310:History
5237:(2016)
5229:(2011)
5221:(2001)
5213:(1991)
5205:(1989)
5197:(1988)
5189:(1824)
5181:(1803)
5167:Others
5150:(1945)
5142:(1807)
5134:(1807)
5097:(2019)
5083:(2004)
5075:(1986)
5067:(1985)
5059:(1792)
5048:Others
5040:(2024)
5032:(2024)
5024:(2023)
5016:(2021)
5008:(2021)
5000:(2020)
4992:(2020)
4984:(2016)
4976:(2013)
4968:(2011)
4960:(2011)
4952:(2007)
4944:(2007)
4936:(2006)
4928:(2000)
4920:(1998)
4912:(1997)
4904:(1992)
4896:(1986)
4888:(1984)
4880:(1983)
4872:(1982)
4864:(1978)
4856:(1977)
4848:(1975)
4840:(1974)
4832:(1973)
4824:(1972)
4816:(1968)
4808:(1943)
4800:(1937)
4792:(1923)
4784:(1922)
4776:(1805)
4755:(2020)
4747:(1985)
4739:(1972)
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3720:(film)
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