Article One of the United States Constitution

4137:, 273 U.S. 135, 174–75 (1927) ("he power of inquiry-with process to enforce it-is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function. It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified.... A legislative body cannot legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information-which not infrequently is true-recourse must be had to others who do possess it. Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing, and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed. All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted. In that period the power of inquiry, with enforcing process, was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate-indeed, was treated as inhering in it. Thus there is ample warrant for thinking... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised."). 5630:, 522 U.S. 67, 69, 71 n.2 (1997) ("The Clause is a default provision; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections, but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices. Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress 'the power to override state regulations' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections, binding on the States. 'he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature; and if they conflict therewith, the latter, so far as the conflict extends, ceases to be operative.' The Clause gives Congress 'comprehensive' authority to regulate the details of elections, including the power to impose 'the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved.' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections, but also to any 'primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress.') (citations omitted); 5028:

support our reading of the constitutional language.... he Judiciary, and the Supreme Court in particular, were not chosen to have any role in impeachments.... udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances.... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings, even if only for purposes of judicial review, is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the 'important constitutional check' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers. place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate.... In addition to the textual commitment argument,... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability.... pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would 'expose the political life of the country to months, or perhaps years, of chaos.'" (citations omitted)).

4561:, 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 539, 619 (1842) (dictum) (" has, on various occasions, exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given, and duties expressly enjoined thereby. The end being required, it has been deemed a just and necessary implication, that the means to accomplish it are given also; or, in other words, that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end. Thus, for example, although the constitution has declared, that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers; and for this purpose, it has expressly authorized congress, by law, to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years; yet the power to apportion representatives, after this enumeration is made, is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress, but it has always been acted upon, as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution."). 1544:, which provided for the popular election of senators, instead of their appointment by the state legislature. In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate, the amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the governor call a special election to fill the vacancy, but (unlike in the House) it vests in the state legislature the authority to allow the governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held. Note, however, that under the original Constitution, the governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments. The current system, under the Seventeenth Amendment, allows governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the governor to do so; otherwise, the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat, as in the case of a vacancy in the House. 3147: 3230:. Congress may establish and support the armed forces, but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years. This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army, beyond civilian control, during peacetime. Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias, but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel. Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces. Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever-increasing measure of involvement in this process, the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress's exclusive hold on this power (e.g. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137 (1953)). Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes: the 2531:

shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

1536:. It was also decided that each state's senators would be assigned to two different classes. Those senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years; those senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years, instead of six. After this, all senators from those states have been elected to six-year terms, and as new states have joined the Union, their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes, maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible. In this way, election is staggered; approximately one-third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years, but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year (as contrasted with the House, where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years). 1821:

brought by the House of Representatives, composed of members directly elected by the public. By contrast, Hamilton doubted that impeachment trials conducted by the Supreme Court, composed of unelected lifetime appointees, would have the requisite legitimacy to adjudicate the indefinite and inexhaustible range of impeachable charges brought by the House of Representatives. Instead, Hamilton argued that because a court of impeachment renders verdicts on charges " can never be tied down by… strict rules... in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutors" and that are leveled against the "most distinguished characters of the community", the inherently political nature of impeachment trials necessitated a numerous court and " the commitment of the trust to a small number of persons."

4405:, 376 U.S. 1, 7–9, 14 (1964) ("onstrued in its historical context, the command... that Representatives be chosen 'by the People of the several States' means that as nearly as is practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's.... The history of the Constitution... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives.... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise-equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people-for us to hold that, within the States, legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others."); e.g., 680:), although not often litigated. As a practical matter, the limitation of Congress's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ("in aid of" its legislative powers) functions as a limit on Congress's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government, without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress, must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers. The courts are highly deferential to Congress's exercise of its investigation powers, however. Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate, and the courts have interpreted Congress's regulatory powers broadly since the 667:. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have the latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an "intelligible principle" which governs the agency's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority. That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch, and may be expressed only by that branch, is central to the theory. The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly, in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have, unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to "test the waters" of what the courts would allow it to do. 1105:, a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census, and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process. With one exception, the apportionment of 1842, the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty-five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913. The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population, so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country's total population nor the size of any state's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state's population. With the size of the House still fixed at 435, the current ratio, as of the 2547:, although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One. The bill does not then become law unless both Houses, by two-thirds votes, override the veto. In overriding a veto, the votes of both houses must be done by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill must be recorded. If the president neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten-day limit, the bill becomes law, unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime, thereby preventing the president from returning the bill to the House in which it originated. In the latter case, the president, by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session, exercises a " 4090:, 485 U.S. 568, 575 (1988) ("here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems, the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such construction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress.... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted, but also recognizes that Congress, like this Court, is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution. The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it." (citing 2633: 4413:, 394 U.S. 526, 530–31 (1969) ("he State make a good-faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality. Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort, the State must justify each variance, no matter how small.... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis.... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives. Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes."); see also 3884: (1893), the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress. One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself, for which it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport. According to the Court, the Compact Clause requires Congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States". 2012:, and subsequent laws, false registration, bribery, voting without legal right, making false returns of votes cast, interference in any manner with officers of election, and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses. Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully, to witness the counting of votes, and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets. 44: 1970:

conform to certain practices when drawing districts. States are currently required to use a single-member district scheme, whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body (that is to say, Representatives cannot be elected at-large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House, nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative). The Supreme Court has interpreted "by the Legislature thereof" to include the state governor's veto, and the

4198:, 273 U.S. at 170 ("either house of Congress possesses a 'general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen';... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house 'has jurisdiction' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action; if the inquiry relates to 'a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding' it is not within the range of this power, but must be left to the courts, conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers...." (quoting 1813:—prosecuting such charges would typically divide the public into factions in defense of or in opposition to the accused, that such factions would often overlap with and reinforce existing partisan factions, and that this risked the decisions in impeachment trials not being based upon actual demonstrations of innocence or guilt but instead by the comparative strength of the factions. Thus, Hamilton concluded that "A well-established court for the trial of impeachments is an object not more to be desired than difficult to be obtained in a government wholly elective." 1469:

Senate." Thus, no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent. That is to say, an amendment that directly changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one senator (or three senators, or any other number) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three-fourths of the states; however, one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality (for example, population, wealth, or land area), would require the unanimous consent of all the states.

1838:

regarded to be quite important in the eighteenth century – political parties had not yet formed when the Constitution was adopted, and with the original method of electing the president and vice president it was presumed that the two people elected to those offices would frequently be political rivals. The specification that a two-thirds super-majority vote of those senators present in order to convict was also thought necessary to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions.

2975: 2700: 607: 3712:

contracts granted by corrupt legislators. The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court. In writing for a unanimous court, Chief Justice John Marshall asked, "What is a contract?" His answer was: "a compact between two or more parties". Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature, though fraught with corruption, was a valid "contract". He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land since doing so would impair the obligations of the contract.

1409: 2938:(1936), the Court for the first time construed the clause. The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury, but were rather specially earmarked for farmers. The Court struck down the tax, ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to "matters of national, as distinguished from local, welfare". Congress continues to make expansive use of the 2560:(1929), the Supreme Court held that "the determinative question in reference to an 'adjournment' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment, such as an adjournment of the first session, but whether it is one that 'prevents' the president from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed." Since neither House of Congress was in session, the president could not return the bill to one of them, thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto. In 4155:, 354 U.S. 178, 187 (1957) ("The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process. That power is broad. It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes. It includes surveys of defects in our social, economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them. It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption, inefficiency or waste."); 3460: 409: 3686:, Madison explains that "it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin, prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin. Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin, there might be as many different currencies as States; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded". Moreover, the states may not pass bills of attainder, enact 528:

the House of Representatives, including a provision stating that individuals qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of their state's legislature have the right to vote in elections for the House of Representatives. Section 3 addresses the Senate, establishing that the Senate consists of two senators from each state, with each senator serving a six-year term. Section 3 originally required that the state legislatures elect the members of the Senate, but the

2590:, the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause. First, the procedure delegated legislative powers to the president, thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine. Second, the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven, which state, "if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it." Thus, the president may sign the bill, veto it, or do nothing, but he may not amend the bill and then sign it. 4505:, 514 U.S. at 783 (invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State's congressional delegation) ("Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service would be inconsistent with the Framers' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States. If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed, that text must be amended."); see also 421: 2162:, requested by a member, proves otherwise. Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum; more often, they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic. This clause also states that each House is the judge of the elections, returns and the qualifications of its own members. This power was used during the Reconstruction Era when the Republican Party's members refused to seat the Southern states Democratic Party's members in each Houses. 433: 915:

Representatives is fixed at 435, several states had less than 1/435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2020. However, the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected "by the People" to mean that, in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives, each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations.

540:

houses of Congress and grants the House of Representatives and the Senate the power to judge their own elections, determine the qualifications of their own members, and punish or expel their own members. Section 6 establishes the compensation, privileges, and restrictions of those holding congressional office. Section 7 lays out the procedures for passing a bill, requiring both houses of Congress to pass a bill for it to become law, subject to the

1000:, most state constitutions today effectively ban state and local office holders from also holding federal office at the same time by prohibiting federal office holders from also holding state and local office. Unlike other state-mandated restrictions, these sorts of prohibitions are constitutional as long they are enforced purely at the state level (i.e. against active federal office holders seeking to obtain or hold a state or local office). 815:, finding that, "construed in its historical context, the command of Art. I, § 2, that Representatives be chosen 'by the People of the several States' means that as nearly as is practicable one man's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another's." Court involvement in this issue developed slowly from an initial practice of electing representatives at-large, until in the late 1940s and the early 1950s the Court used the " 1829:, arguing "Would it be proper that the persons who had disposed fame… in one trial, should, in another trial, for the same offense, be also the disposers of life and … fortune? Would there not be the greatest reason to apprehend, that error, in the first sentence, would be the parent of error in the second sentence? … making the same persons judges in both cases, would… be deprived of the double security intended them by a double trial." 1722: 3999:, 276 U.S. 394, 406 (1928) ("Our Federal Constitution... divide the governmental power into three branches. The first is the legislative, the second is the executive, and the third is judicial, and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress... should exercise the legislative power, the President... the executive power, and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power....") 2892: 4477:, 446 P.2d 445, 448 (N.M. 1968) (" by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office, adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office.... e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications."); 1124:. This resulted in the representation within the House to remain frozen for twenty years. Reapportionment of the House required Congress to pass a bill and the president to sign into law an act to reapportion the House from since the ratification of the constitution up until 1941, which is when a self-executing statute was enacted, thus making reapportionment an automatic process. 4118:, 360 U.S. 109, 111 (1959) ("The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history, over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse, or whether to appropriate."); e.g., 3 3107:(1995) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause. The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause, the power was limited, and did not extend so far from "commerce" as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of 848:

such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State." The

2539:. Before a bill becomes law, it must be presented to the president, who has ten days (excluding Sundays) to act upon it. If the president signs the bill, it becomes law. However, to propose a constitutional amendment, two-thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification, without any consideration by the president, as prescribed in 5023:, 506 U.S. at 230–31, 233–36 (holding that the Senate's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial) ("We think that the word 'sole' is of considerable significance. Indeed, the word 'sole' appears only one other time in the Constitution-with respect to the House of Representatives' " 1520:

and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

3744:. The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811. Later in that year, the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law, under which the debt was later discharged. The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt, and therefore violated the Constitution. In 1769:. On June 7, the Convention passed a resolution moving that senators would be chosen by their respective state legislatures rather than by popular vote. On September 4, a Committee of Eleven formed on August 31 submitted a resolution to the Convention that proposed that the Senate should have the power to try all impeachments. 5802:, 509 U.S. 630, 642 (1993) ("egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting, without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification," is subject to strict scrutiny.). 2864:(not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of 4574:, 415 F. Supp. 251, 256 (E.D.N.Y. 1976) ("The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions... Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants."). 2584:, which permitted the president, at the time of the signing of the bill, to rescind certain expenditures. The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds. The president could veto the disapproval, but the Congress, by a two-thirds vote in each House, could override the veto. In the case 1140:

population paid 10% of those income taxes collected, because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population. To permit the levying of such an income tax, Congress proposed and the states ratified the

1962:

Court has interpreted this to mean "matters like notices, registration, supervision of voting, protection of voters, prevention of fraud and corrupt practices, counting of votes, duties of inspectors and canvassers, and making and publication of election returns." The Supreme Court has held that States may

2117:, which states (in Section 2) that, "The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day". This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress. 5578:

36 (Comm. Print 2019) ("the fundamental character of impeachment. In Justice Story's words, ...is ""a proceeding purely of a political nature. It is not so much designed to punish an offender, as to secure the state against gross official misdemeanors. It touches neither his person, nor his

3601:

that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains. Furthermore, no tax may be imposed on exports from any state. Congress may not, by revenue or commerce legislation, give preference to ports of one state over those of another; neither

3098:

were constitutionally applied to agricultural production (in this instance, home-grown wheat for private consumption) that was consumed purely intrastate, because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause. This decision marked the

3025:

rejected this notion. Marshall suggested that "commerce" included navigation of goods, and that it "must have been contemplated" by the Framers. Marshall added that Congress's power over commerce "is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than

2145:

Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under

2036:

In addition to statutory constraints, Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution (first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment). The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of senators; establishing that they are to be

2003:

In 1865, Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of senators were creating vacancies in the office. The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until

1669:

Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary, the Senate's current practice is to elect a full-time president pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress, as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the vice president's absence. Historically, a member of the

1539:

As originally established, senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate. If a senator died, resigned, or was expelled, the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator's term. If the state legislature was not in

3734:

passed a law increasing the board's membership to twenty-one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College. The Court, including Marshall, ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter, which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred "vested rights" on the trustees.

3530:

is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention. The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable. The

3402:

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

3385:

of Congress's powers "would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind". Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the "minor ingredients" of the powers of Congress, Marshall "deduced" that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the

3045:, which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation's economy. The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods, even if they were later shipped to other states. Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote, "commerce succeeds to manufacture, and is not a part of it." 2899:

Many powers of Congress have been granted under a broad interpretation of Article 1, section 8. Most notably, Clauses 1 (the General Welfare or Taxing and Spending clause), 3 (the Commerce clause), and 18 (The Necessary and Proper clause) have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress. These

2408:

Furthermore, senators and representatives cannot resign to take newly created or higher-paying political positions; rather, they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected. If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer, it may later reduce that salary to permit

2090:

does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses (or either of them) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people. Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary, for

1969:

One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the "manner" of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts. Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State, it has not exercised this level of oversight. Congress has, however, required the States to

1887:

in the future. This is purely a political remedy which "touches neither his person, nor his property; but simply divests him of his political capacity," however the convicted person remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges. The President cannot reinstate an

1820:

and that the British model had been adopted by multiple state constitutions, Hamilton argued that the Senate, composed of members chosen by state legislatures rather than popularly elected by the public, was sufficiently independent to serve as an impartial trial jury of impeachments for accusations

1708:

Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials. The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial.

1519:

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year,

527:

among the three branches of the federal government. Section 2 of Article One addresses the House of Representatives, establishing that members of the House are elected every two years, with congressional seats apportioned to the states on the basis of population. Section 2 includes various rules for

3672:(such as currency). Furthermore, no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, which expressly forbids any state government (but not the federal government) from "making a tender" (i.e., authorizing something that may be offered in payment) of any type or form of 3272:

The "Offenses Clause" was developed to address the national government's inability to conduct foreign affairs effectively under the Articles of Confederation, which left it up to states to "provide expeditious, exemplary and adequate punishment...for the infractions of the immunities of ambassadors

3258:

of District of Columbia. Nevertheless, Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible, to overturn any legislation by the city government, and technically to revoke the city government at any time. Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction

2613:

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved

2482:

that involve taxation. Accordingly, any bill may originate in either House of Congress, except for a revenue bill, which may originate only in the House of Representatives. In practice, the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by

2312:

The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of

1824:

Additionally, Hamilton argued that because conviction in an impeachment trial did not preclude further criminal prosecution—since impeachment would not require the accused to have committed an indictable offense and its punishment would be limited to removal and disqualification from holding public

1703:

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members

1493:

full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood. Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states.

1382:

The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated. Until the early 20th century, a House member could rise and propose an impeachment, which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation upon a formal resolution vote of the judicial committee. Presently, it

1167:

Generally states and territories fill vacancies within the House of Representatives according to their own laws, however when vacancies within the House exceed 100 members, the Speaker of the House will announce "extraordinary circumstances" have occurred, which obligates the executive authority of

1035:

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding

847:

provides that "when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and vice president of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of

670:

Although not mentioned in the Constitution, Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation. The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress's power to legislate. Since the power to investigate is an aspect

5027:

Power of Impeachment." The commonsense meaning of the word 'sole' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted. The dictionary definition bears this out.... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions

3711:

legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices. The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature. Following elections, the legislature passed a law that rescinded the

2852:

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline

2530:

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who

2421:

with some time left in his Senate term. Just prior to the appointment, Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy. It was therefore suggested by some that the office's emolument had been increased during Black's senatorial term, and that therefore Black

2266:

Each House must keep and publish a Journal, though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret. The proceedings of the House are recorded in the Journal; if one-fifth of those present (assuming a quorum is present) request it, the votes of the members on a particular question must also be

2099:

argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature, and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date. A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings. Finally, Gorham concluded that

1996:, but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other "traditional" districting criteria of compactness and contiguity. The single member district requirement was reinforced in the 1468:

three Article I clauses from being amended. The clause guaranteeing equal representation is among them. (The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9, which were amendable after 1808.) Article Five provides that "no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the

1056:

be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count. As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census, the Constitution also

1040:

shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least

838:

At the time of its creation, the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote. However, by stipulating that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state's legislature could vote in Congressional (House of Representatives) elections the Framers

675:

to inquiries that are "in aid of the legislative function"; Congress may not "expose for the sake of exposure". It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress's investigation power is the operations of the federal government, but Congress's ability to compel the submission of documents or

1961:

Presently, as there are no on-point federal regulations, the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held (registration, primary elections, etc.) and where elections will be held. As for regulating the "manner" of elections, the Supreme

1953:

The purpose of this clause is twofold. First, it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal senators and representatives. That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress. Second, the clause lodges the power to

1558:

A senator must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected, and must reside in the State they will represent at the time of the election. The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of

1139:

to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states; that is to say, there was no guarantee that a State with 10% of the country's

1127:

Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states, the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats. Even so, the constraint placed upon Congress's taxation

539:

Section 4 of Article One grants the states the power to regulate the congressional election process but establishes that Congress can alter those regulations or make its own regulations. Section 4 also requires Congress to assemble at least once per year. Section 5 lays out various rules for both

2502:

between small and large states; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate, and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate, and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to senators from small states.

2387:

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the

4612:

only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members. After each decennial census, the president must submit to Congress a statement "showing the whole number of Persons in each State" and, based on this population figure, the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd

1837:

is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion, and aims to avoid the conflict of interest of a vice president's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between them and the presidency. The latter consideration was

579:

to serve as the national capital and gives Congress the exclusive power to administer that district. In addition to various enumerated powers, Section 8 grants Congress the power to make laws necessary and proper to carry out its enumerated powers and other powers vested in it. Section 9 places

6002:

Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill, it qualified as a tax bill, which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating. To get around the Constitution, the leaders turned to the time-honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill — Kennedy's

1494:

Those in favor of the amendment have argued that the States are merely entitled to equal suffrage amongst one another, and that granting the federal district Senate representation does not violate that right. Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to

1090:), a "matter of compromise and concession, confessedly unequal in its operation, but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation, which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests, and physical condition, and political institutions". Section 2 of the 2961:

the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts. Whenever Congress borrows money, it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement. However, such agreements are only "binding on the conscience of the

2261:

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the

3805:

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of

1713:

was impeached twice) by the House of Representatives, four resigned (so that proceedings were dismissed), eight were acquitted (Trump was acquitted twice), and eight (all judges) were convicted by the Senate. On another occasion, the Senate declined to proceed with the impeachment of Senator

1991:

passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts. In subsequent years, Congress expanded on the requirements, successively adding contiguity, compactness, and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements. These standards were all later deleted in the

914:

provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state-by-state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative, exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and, in fact, is currently impossible, because while the size of the House of

1097:

Following the completion of each census, Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states (according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole, and, based on its

3810:

Under the Compact Clause, states may not, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or armies during times of peace, or enter into agreements with other states or with foreign governments. Furthermore, states may not engage in war unless invaded. States may, however, organize and arm a

3789:

Still more powers are prohibited of the states. States may not, without the consent of Congress, tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws (which may be revised by Congress). The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state, but to the federal Treasury.

571:, the power to raise and support an army and a navy, the power to call forth the militia "to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions" and to provide for the militia's "organizing, arming, disciplining...and governing" and granting Congress the power to 3380:

countered that Congress's powers "can all be carried into execution without a national bank. A bank therefore is not necessary, and consequently not authorized by this phrase". Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation. Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing

3318:

Finally, Congress has the power to do whatever is "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers and, crucially, all others vested in it. This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce in

1670:

majority party has filled this position. The Constitution does not require that the president pro tempore be a senator, but by convention, a senator is always chosen. The same goes for the speaker of the House, who is not required to be a U.S. representative, but always has been.

1305:

choose its Speaker and its other officers. Though the Constitution does not mandate it, every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives. The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions, choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task.

3191:(2003) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright; this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for. Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress. 2108:

held its initial meeting on March 4, that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years. Therefore, every other year, although a new Congress was elected in November, it did not come into office until the following March, with a

4419:, 462 U.S. 725 (1983) (invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census's margin of error, when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences); 3842:

The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies. Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to

522:

grants all federal legislative power to Congress and establishes that Congress consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. In combination with the vesting clauses of Article Two and Article Three, the Vesting Clause of Article One establishes the

2033:(1976), which, in the face of a First Amendment challenge, set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation, generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates, but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations. 3376:, in advocating the creation of the bank, argued that there was "a more or less direct" relationship between the bank and "the powers of collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating trade between the states, and raising and maintaining fleets and navies". 3313:

The Congress shall have Power To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer

7653: 3855:

allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or "any cause whatever". The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for "any treaty or alliance" in which a state was one of the parties.

2900:

three clauses have been interpreted so broadly that the federal government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated to it by the states under the Constitution. Some point to the various social programs of the American

4761:, 506 U.S. 224 (1993) (construing the Senate's "sole power" to "try all impeachments" to mean that the Senate's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress's impeachment powers are outside judicial review). 1047:] three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4014:, 514 U.S. 549, 592 (1995) (" comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well-known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution.... Even before the passage of the 2566:(1938), however, the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto. In such cases, the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill. 13663: 1942:

The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of

802:

The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State

3059:(1935) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry, declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry, which had "come to a permanent rest within the State." As Chief Justice 3779:] inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul [ 8815: 1610:

over the Senate. In modern times, the vice president usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated. As of August 7, 2022, there have been 294 tie-breaking votes cast by vice presidents.

1144:, which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income "from whatever source derived" without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State's share of the national population. 12195: 1602:. Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for president, this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the vice president by the Constitution. When serving in this capacity, the vice president may cast 1051:

After much debate, the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states. To facilitate this, the Constitution mandates that a

12205: 1832:

There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials. The provision that senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion. The stipulation that the

4460:, 395 U.S. 486, 550 (1969) (invalidating House's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds) ("n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution."). 2173:, was elected to the Senate; he agreed to wait six months, until his thirtieth birthday, to take the oath. The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath, not the date of election. 4044:, 276 U.S. at 409 ("If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power."). 5634:, 215 F. Supp. 272, 284 (W.D. La. 1963) ("'he manner of holding elections'... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process, from the first step of registering to the last step, the State's promulgation of honest returns."). 4633:

currently does not expressly use the number "435", but instead ties the current size of the House to the "then existing number of Representatives" in the 83rd Congress, which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the

2344:. One may not sue a senator or representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate, nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution. The latter was affirmed when 944:

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be

5574:, 84 Ct. Cl. 293, 300 (1936) ("While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment, it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare."); 5687:, 541 U.S. 267, 275 (2004) (plurality opinion) ("Article I, § 4, while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections, permitted Congress to 'make or alter' those districts if it wished."). 992:

requirements, such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be.

2573:, for instance, vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes. Meanwhile, seven presidents have never used the veto power. There have been 2,560 vetoes, including 12190: 4300:. Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives.") (emphasis added). 1553:

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be

658:

The separation of powers principle is particularly significant for Congress. The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers "herein granted" within Article I (as later limited by the

14724: 3436:

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

3298:(1820). However, determining the grounds on which Congress can define offenses against the law of nations has been more difficult, due largely to uncertainty about the meaning of the term "law of nations" and its scope. 875:

places very tight limitations (albeit with uncertain limits) on the states' ability to define voter qualifications; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship, residency, and age are usually questionable.

844: 12597: 3507:

into the United States, which went into effect January 1, 1808, the first day of the prohibition permitted by the Constitution. This clause did see brief life outside of the slavery context in the late 1790s when the

3185:, is the only instance of the word "right" used in the original constitution (though the word does appear in several Amendments). Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited, the Supreme Court has ruled in 3440:

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

3138:. The court held that, as with the agricultural production in the earlier case, home-grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce. 2551:", which Congress may not override. In the former case, where the president allows a bill to become law unsigned, there is no common name for the practice, but recent scholarship has termed it a "default enactment." 2392:

Senators and representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch. This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using

7250: 4599:, 503 U.S. 442, 449–50 (Congress's response to Washington's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population, which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states). 3198:, only Congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the president the authority to engage in military conflicts. Five wars have been declared in United States' history: the 2422:

could not take office as a justice. The response, however, was that Black was fifty-one years old, and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later, long after his Senate term had expired.

2287:

every three days; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement, and not to conduct business. Furthermore, neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses

10221: 5650:(2006) (prescribing "Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November" as the date for electing Representatives); id. § 1 (elections for senators to be held on same date as elections for representatives); see also 3063:

put it, "so far as the poultry here in question is concerned, the flow of interstate commerce has ceased." Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s.

879:

In the 1960s, the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving

2321:, any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election. Paying senators and representatives out of the federal treasury was a departure from the practice under the 953:

for the previous seven years. There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents; although this is usually the case, there have been occasional exceptions.

9512: 8775: 3602:

may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another. All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law. Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of

3715:

The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem. In 1819, the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract. The case of

3277:, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, cited this arrangement as one of the major "defects" of the Articles, since it left no consistent or uniform recourse for foreign dignitaries and merchants. 3238:

which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases, known collectively as the

2618:

Every order, resolution, or vote that must be passed by both Houses, except on a question of adjournment, must also be presented to the president before taking effect, just as with bills that become law.

4122:

490–94 (1792) (House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to "call for such persons, papers, and records, as may be necessary to assist their inquiries.").

3085:. In sustaining this act, the Court signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall, that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce. 3951:"The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013" 3390:) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution. However, the Congress cannot enact laws solely on the implied powers, any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers. 2103:

Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December, the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4, 1789. As the

2087: 13668: 7330: 7298: 949:

The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives: A Representative must be at least 25 years old, must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected, and must have been a

3628:. In addition, it specifies that no civil officer may accept, without the consent of Congress, any gift, payment, office or title from a foreign ruler or state. Emoluments were a profound concern of 13766: 13250: 8751: 4473:, 279 F. Supp. 609, 613 (D. Neb. 1968) ("There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself, a state cannot require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated."); 1324:, has been used only rarely. The House has begun impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789, and twenty-one federal officials have been formally impeached as a result, including: three presidents ( 12803: 12798: 12793: 10213: 6760: 5728: 2908:, who wrote much of the Constitution, asserted that Congress could not exercise powers unless they were expressly granted in the Constitution. While he was president of the United States, Madison 11294: 3668:

States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government: they may not enter into treaties, alliances or confederations, grant letters of marque or reprisal, coin money or issue

3664:; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 3169:. It may also coin money, regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters. Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures. Furthermore, Congress may establish 2928:. It states that Congress may lay and collect taxes for the "common defense" or "general welfare" of the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined "general welfare," leaving the 2276:

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

12775: 12185: 8948: 4425:, 195 F. Supp. 2d 672 (M.D. Pa. 2002) (total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district (646,380 to 646,361) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available); 2224: 2498:

is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills. The clause was part of the

14796: 13400: 12592: 10984: 4511:, 531 U.S. 510 (2001) (invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits). 1584: 395: 319: 4442:

870–902, 904–20, 927–47, 949–50, 1059–61, 1231–33, 1234–38 (1807) (House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district).

1387:

that initiates the process and then, after investigating the allegations, prepares recommendations for the whole House's consideration. If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution, "

807:

Election districts in each state have recently been required to be structured so that each elected representative represents substantially equal populations, based on court interpretations of

10205: 3444:

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present,

655:. This separation of powers, by which each branch may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others, is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people. 262: 4031:, 500 U.S. 160, 165 (1991) ("From the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine: that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government."). 14818: 12808: 12163: 12064: 10802: 1857: 108: 12180: 11309: 10739: 9352: 3754:

apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law. State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive

11259: 4409:, 412 U.S. 783 (1973) (striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13% of the population of an "ideal" district); see 3545:

in a time of war was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating.

14075: 12614: 12069: 3069: 4074:, 488 U.S. 361, 373 n.7 (1989) (nondelegation doctrine takes the form of "giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional"). 3021:, had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York. Ogden contended that "commerce" included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation. Chief Justice 1780:" instead of only treason and bribery. After the approval of the resolution, James Madison spoke in opposition to having the Senate serve as the impeachment trial jury rather than the 1060:

Originally, the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons, three-fifths the number of all other Persons (i.e.

14823: 14351: 12815: 12785: 10840: 9304: 8054: 6298:

stating that executive branch officials are limited by "section 9 of article I of the Constitution, related to acceptance of emoluments, offices, or titles from a foreign government".

1861: 11107: 1098:

calculations, to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population.

907:(1970), the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state-imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections. 12079: 3676:

to meet any financial obligation, unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver (or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins, as noted in

2887:

for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

14784: 14482: 13287: 12780: 11209: 10189: 9520: 7725: 7274: 4206:, 279 U.S. 263, 295 (1929) ("Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits...."), overruled on other grounds by 1853: 1273: 563:, the power to coin and regulate money, the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States, the power to establish post offices and post roads, the power to establish 12689: 3977:, 556 F.2d 1028, 1062 (Ct. Cl. 1977) ("The purpose of the is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress, rather than the Executive or the Judiciary."), 14259: 13823: 12825: 12477: 10979: 8685: 3362:

The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly, thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation. The first landmark case involving the clause was

1654:] their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States. 5932: 843:, several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states' broad powers to set voter qualification standards. Though never enforced, clause 2 of the 14054: 13808: 13003: 12132: 11926: 555:(provided duties, imposts, and excises are uniform throughout the United States), "to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States", the power to 3386:"great outlines" of the general welfare, commerce and other clauses. Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause, Congress has sweepingly broad powers (known as 11941: 10197: 9664: 9632: 9312: 5892: 2238:. Section 5, Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules, leaving details to the respective chambers. 2086:

Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet. By doing so, the Constitution empowers Congress to meet, whether or not the president called it into session.

1199: 11279: 3773:

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's [

1430:

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

14883: 13818: 12609: 12484: 10812: 10696: 10496: 10428: 1360: 1195: 1080: 11264: 2770:

promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries

14719: 12405: 12200: 10682: 2318: 2194: 1697: 388: 254: 5989: 4159:, 360 U.S. at 111 ("The scope of the power of inquiry... is as penetrating and far-reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution."). 1792: 1457:

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

14512: 13322: 11460: 10667: 10657: 10229: 7469: 4817:

Phillips, Stephen C.; Smith, Alex P.; Licari, Peter R. (2022). "Philadelphia reconsidered: participant curation, the Gerry Committee, and US constitutional design".

2082:

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

2046: 1277: 857: 784: 239: 227: 11299: 4646:(1926) ("fter the third day of March, nineteen hundred and thirteen, the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty-five members.") with 2313:

their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

1693: 898:(an 1875 case which allowed states to deny women the right to vote) in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed. 532:, ratified in 1913, provides for the direct election of senators. Section 3 lays out various other rules for the Senate, including a provision that establishes the 13813: 13776: 13395: 13087: 10677: 10672: 10662: 10652: 9820: 9320: 8916: 7023: 5605: 2190: 2054: 865: 792: 463: 249: 244: 234: 222: 1489:), destroy the grounding of the Union. This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the 663:). It also, by implied extension, prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government, a rule known as the 13791: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12168: 10632: 7749: 7031: 1936: 1541: 1513: 1446: 1424: 529: 200: 2452: 14873: 14438: 14344: 14135: 13761: 12723: 12643: 12580: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12074: 10642: 10637: 10606: 10601: 10157: 9741: 9688: 9392: 9073: 8783: 7984: 7098: 6265: 2057:

prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old.

2038: 1928: 1888:

impeached officer with his Article II appointment power if such officers have been disqualified to hold any future federal office as part of their conviction.

1091: 1025: 934: 853: 812: 776: 732: 212: 207: 185: 180: 6115: 5959: 3911:

In the hand-written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives, the British spelling "defence" is used in Article One, Section 8 (

1132:

that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state's share of the national population.

13390: 13117: 12472: 10647: 10627: 10611: 9036: 8876: 7202: 4717: 4378: 4353: 3874: 3588: 2114: 2076: 2005: 1191: 1141: 1087: 1029: 849: 744: 217: 195: 190: 5743: 3067:

In 1937, the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez-faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause, when it ruled in

2614:

by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

2543:. If he disapproves of the bill, he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections. This procedure has become known as the 13977: 13444: 13332: 13317: 13060: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12631: 11204: 10578: 9616: 9202: 8743: 8038: 7952: 7677: 7573: 7362: 2230:

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.

1540:

session, its governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement. This was superseded by the

1281: 1261: 170: 4104:, 404 U.S. 336, 349 (1971) ("nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly, it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal-state balance."). 3516:

was unconstitutional, the federal act being used by the Adams administration to deport French immigrants the Commonwealth had itself saw proper to admit.

2366:, 408 U.S. 606 (1972) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress, so long as their activities relate to legislative matters. 14878: 13771: 12728: 12679: 12147: 12122: 11455: 10583: 10547: 10149: 9528: 9239: 7637: 2220: 2158:

the House or compel the attendance of absent members. In practice, the quorum requirement is not followed, as a quorum is assumed to be present unless a

175: 148: 6285:, 301 U.S. 308 (1937), stating that the Appropriations Clause "was intended as a restriction upon the disbursing authority of the Executive department." 4228: 511:" to carry out those powers. Article One also establishes the procedures for passing a bill and places various limits on the powers of Congress and the 13796: 13363: 12659: 12175: 11859: 10552: 10532: 10522: 9248: 9098: 7258: 1313:. Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision, the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the " 619:

All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

153: 133: 123: 12444: 4969: 4429:, 777 F. Supp. 634 (N.D. Ill. 1991) (court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531). 2474:

All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

14337: 13417: 12940: 12400: 10994: 10562: 10557: 10542: 10537: 10527: 10517: 10237: 9908: 9552: 9488: 8791: 4086:, 938 F.2d 1310, 1317 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ("In effect require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters."); cf. 4015: 1954:

regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government. As authorized by this clause, Congress has set a

1772:

On September 8, the Convention approved the Senate impeachment trial jury resolution, and also approved a resolution introduced by Virginia Delegate

1659: 1624: 660: 163: 158: 143: 138: 128: 118: 3268:

The Congress shall have Power ... To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations....

2169:, a twenty-eight-year-old, in 1818 (the admission was inadvertent, as Eaton's birth date was unclear at the time). In 1934, a twenty-nine-year-old, 14096: 13292: 12454: 12432: 11974: 9924: 9766: 9720: 9288: 8799: 7346: 6906: 6147: 3173:(the roads, however, need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail). Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting 2456: 1265: 5520: 12575: 12570: 11385: 10486: 10466: 10421: 9464: 9020: 8714: 8429: 8344: 7493: 6467:"Circumventing the Electoral College: Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause" 2444: 2440: 1718:

in 1797, asserting that the House had no jurisdiction over members of the Senate; in any case, Blount had already been expelled from the Senate.

1163:

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

969:

authority to prescribe the "times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives." The Supreme Court, as well as other

640: 374: 365: 98: 78: 5968:

The Senate's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House

14423: 14373: 13683: 13412: 12902: 12449: 12084: 11870: 10476: 10471: 9696: 9400: 9186: 9106: 8631: 8490: 8352: 3584: 3500: 2741: 2540: 1679: 1461: 1441:(now by the people of each state), serve for staggered six-year terms, and have one vote each. Through these provisions, adopted following the 1392: 1219: 740: 88: 83: 5429: 14448: 14418: 13210: 12519: 11239: 10481: 10461: 10181: 9592: 9114: 8956: 8623: 7621: 3995: 1620: 1607: 632: 93: 73: 7889: 6053: 2234:

Each House can determine its own Rules (assuming a quorum is present), and may punish any of its members. A two-thirds vote is necessary to

13745: 12998: 12820: 12393: 11677: 10729: 9750: 4912: 4623:(2006). Each state then receives as many representatives in the House as the president's report provides, until the next decennial census. 2912:

the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817, calling it unconstitutional, since in his view the federal government did not have the authority to

2460: 2020: 1883:

is convicted on impeachment, that person is immediately removed from office and may be barred from holding any appointed federal executive

456: 299: 548:. Under Section 7, the president can veto a bill, but Congress can override the president's veto with a two-thirds vote of both chambers. 14124: 13740: 13456: 13337: 13055: 13008: 12602: 12004: 11390: 11189: 9218: 9028: 8900: 8868: 8559: 7934: 7541: 2448: 1257: 6218:(1996). The fire of invention, the fuel of interest: On intellectual property. Washington D.C.: The American Enterprise Institute Press. 2721:"There is written in the Constitution of the United States that Congress has the right to coin, issue, and regulate the value of money." 13906: 13604: 13245: 12684: 10925: 10451: 10414: 9536: 8940: 8663: 7485: 7338: 7306: 6975: 4709: 3680:). Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress. In 3597: 2198: 2004:

a senator was selected. The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the

60: 25: 14735: 13045: 12971: 12524: 12412: 12137: 11164: 11134: 10920: 10885: 10865: 9296: 9194: 8437: 8421: 8413: 4521: 4254:, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 178 (1875) ("he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one...."). 3718: 3288:

that was well-defined by the law of nations, and Congress soon addressed it through a federal statute in 1790. Felonies committed in

2524: 2235: 2206: 1738: 1628: 1372: 1011: 541: 331: 326: 309: 3077:

of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional. The legislation under scrutiny prevented employers from engaging in "

3029:

The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when a

1805:

on March 7, 1788 that because of the inherently political nature of impeachment—as the process relates primarily to injuries to the

51: 14810: 14507: 14369: 14360: 14310: 14254: 13594: 13560: 13342: 12897: 12892: 12707: 12142: 11169: 9608: 9328: 9082: 8474: 8320: 8312: 7234: 3888: 3606:

authorizing the expenditure of public money. The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published.

3583:

must be apportioned by state populations. This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by

3146: 3054: 2993:

The Congress shall have Power To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

2182: 1871:: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. 1310: 1269: 1223: 780: 6497: 6477:(1). Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law: 40ff 6415: 1867:

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any

14497: 14443: 13451: 13327: 13220: 13097: 12887: 11380: 9624: 9004: 8615: 8240: 7525: 7370: 7290: 6983: 2806: 2464: 1642: 1590:

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

831:

that there was no "constitutional directive" nor any "legal standards to guide" the Court in claims of unconstitutional partisan

652: 572: 484: 449: 5900: 4269:, 377 U.S. 533, 561–62 (1964) ("Undoubtedly, the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society."); 3697:

was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century. It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810, when

3503:, where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808. On March 2, 1807, Congress approved legislation 1662:, who is elected to the post by the Senate, to preside over the body when the vice president is either absent or exercising the 1076:

purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states. It was, according to

985:

report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated.

584:

and other practices. Section 10 places limits on the states, prohibiting them from entering into alliances with foreign powers,

14045: 13949: 13852: 13255: 13180: 12554: 12100: 11994: 11470: 11139: 11017: 9576: 9226: 8655: 7533: 7114: 4947:

Mader, George (2016). "Binding Authority: Unamendability in the United States Constitution—A Textual and Historical Analysis".

3555:

is a legislative bill or act that legally declares a person guilty of a crime, regardless of whether a trial has been held. An

2776: 2418: 2186: 1285: 1072:, was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for 698: 564: 496: 11154: 6089: 14487: 14460: 13725: 13710: 13637: 13378: 13270: 13240: 13030: 12117: 12105: 11692: 10782: 10777: 10704: 10381: 10141: 9712: 9680: 9480: 9472: 9264: 9044: 9012: 8892: 8847: 8767: 8360: 7557: 7453: 7082: 3629: 3504: 3037: 1966:

exercise their power to determine the "manner" of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation.

1663: 1599: 1215: 1065: 1041:

one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse [

270: 3430:, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 14284: 14026: 13715: 11967: 11425: 11219: 9146: 9060: 8759: 8693: 8482: 8336: 8328: 7701: 7413: 7242: 7194: 6588: 5981: 5878: 1975: 6466: 3561:

law is a law which applies retroactively, punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done. The

1168:

all states with vacancies to hold a special election within 49 days of the announcement. This election is initiated via a

14433: 14289: 13916: 13720: 13632: 13584: 13407: 13302: 12978: 12388: 11801: 11420: 11012: 10357: 9758: 9704: 8980: 8807: 8514: 8457: 7218: 5007: 4055: 3816: 3660:

No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit

3603: 3255: 3095: 2825: 2486:

This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their

1880: 1595: 1576: 752: 533: 5597: 3335:, maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate, and that the only penal powers were for 2100:

the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department.

14835: 14766: 14524: 14502: 13673: 12919: 11057: 9568: 9052: 8932: 8823: 7661: 7645: 7210: 7162: 6752: 6691: 6638: 6597: 5305: 5168: 5101: 4677: 4483: 3860: 3832: 3820: 2780: 1997: 1834: 1781: 1687: 1477: 1357: 1120:

until after the 1932 elections, which was the date determined by Congress after it passed and the president signed the

1077: 718: 568: 343: 5658:(2006) (prescribing "Tuesday next after the first Monday in November" as the date for electing presidential electors). 3099:

beginning of the Court's total deference to Congress's claims of Commerce Clause powers, which lasted into the 1990s.

1753:) that included a proposal to have a national judiciary conduct impeachments of national officials and to replace the 592:

above the minimum level necessary for inspection, keeping armies, or engaging in war without the consent of Congress.

14746: 14729: 14671: 14492: 14470: 14068: 13922: 13678: 13165: 12674: 12624: 12127: 11400: 10762: 10437: 9544: 9416: 9256: 8607: 8591: 8445: 7597: 7549: 7437: 7314: 6449: 6025: 5696: 5651: 5643: 5500: 5469: 5412: 5374: 5343: 4854: 4647: 4639: 4615: 3130:

it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home-grown

3111:, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale. In a later case, 2491: 1817: 1529: 1507: 1437: 1333: 1174: 702: 504: 33: 12427: 5863: 5549: 4018:, it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers 'herein granted' by the rest of the Constitution."). 3117:(2000), the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect. 14222: 14197: 13936: 13735: 13555: 13368: 12112: 11905: 11900: 11244: 10389: 9584: 9496: 9272: 9122: 7186: 7170: 7146: 6122: 5963: 4908: 4797: 3727: 3482: 3369: 3231: 2839: 2072: 924: 5598:"Hinds' Precedents, Volume 3 - Chapter 63 - Nature of Impeachment: Accused may be tried after resignation, § 2007" 4273:, 118 U.S. 356, 370 (1886) (" is regarded as a fundamental political right, because preservative of all rights."). 756: 14756: 14751: 14741: 14217: 13954: 13943: 13896: 13609: 12489: 12024: 11960: 11249: 11234: 10002: 9130: 8988: 8722: 7976: 7138: 7106: 6813: 5768: 4693: 4288:, 395 U.S. 621, 626–27 (1969) ("No less rigid an examination is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to 4284: 3755: 2704: 2692: 2516: 1884: 1868: 788: 381: 338: 6328: 2280:

Neither House may adjourn, without the consent of the other, for more than three days. Often, a House will hold

2049:

prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a

1567:

authority to prescribe the "Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives,..."

1445:, the Framers sought to protect the sovereignty and interests of states. This clause has been superseded by the 14789: 14711: 14405: 14181: 14162: 14145: 13859: 13847: 13730: 13658: 11656: 8179: 7757: 7589: 7122: 6991: 2857: 1902: 1876: 1683: 982: 545: 6561: 2483:

the House with a substitute text. Either House may amend any bill, including revenue and appropriation bills.

14428: 14227: 14082: 14011: 13525: 13225: 12983: 12909: 12664: 12619: 11430: 11370: 10959: 10117: 8705: 8498: 8404: 7877: 7354: 6866: 4220: 3151: 2688: 2024: 1754: 1325: 1317:" power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense. 928: 868:

prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age.

560: 2895:

Congress's "power of the purse" authorizes taxing citizens, spending money, issuing notes and minting coins.

14761: 14652: 14264: 14249: 14207: 14202: 14089: 14032: 13781: 13642: 13572: 13193: 12993: 12988: 12439: 12018: 12014: 12010: 11920: 11718: 11149: 11022: 10827: 10709: 10509: 10291: 8964: 7968: 7605: 7154: 5896: 4775: 3074: 2758: 2251: 2202: 1955: 1906: 1847: 1777: 1636: 970: 950: 760: 611: 350: 277: 12422: 3916: 3887:

The Congressional consent issue is at the center of the debate over the constitutionality of the proposed

3535:

may not be suspended "unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it". In

2165:

Sometimes, unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress. For instance, the Senate once admitted

1434:

The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two senators, who would be

14537: 14465: 14167: 13992: 13876: 13589: 12914: 12636: 12499: 11934: 11838: 11796: 11791: 11194: 10880: 10845: 9791: 9560: 8884: 8368: 7509: 7282: 6914: 4926:

Bowman, Scott (2004). "Wild Political Dreaming: Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate".

4114: 3307: 3174: 3010: 2884: 2586: 2255: 1993: 1988: 1726: 1368: 1329: 1207: 1121: 1102: 1021: 852:

prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The

551:

Section 8 lays out the powers of Congress. It includes several enumerated powers, including the power to

508: 6154: 3412:

shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

2670:

of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

671:

of Congress's power to legislate, it is as broad as Congress's powers to legislate. However, it is also

14212: 13997: 12924: 12585: 11888: 11335: 11304: 11027: 10792: 10787: 9844: 9336: 7178: 7090: 6935: 6075: 5485:

Hamilton, Alexander (2003) . "No. 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued". In Rossiter, Clinton (ed.).

5454:

Hamilton, Alexander (2003) . "No. 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued". In Rossiter, Clinton (ed.).

5359:

Hamilton, Alexander (2003) . "No. 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued". In Rossiter, Clinton (ed.).

4070: 3848: 2939: 2925: 2667: 2665:

lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence

2664: 2581: 2105: 1974:, in those states whose constitutions provide it. This conclusion has been challenged, however, by the 1563:

authority to "Judge... the... Qualifications of its own Members," or by a state in its exercise of its

1525: 1472:

Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their

981:, or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent. A 2002 601: 552: 519: 4890: 3950: 3730:. The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College. In 1815, however, 3246:

Congress has the exclusive right to legislate "in all cases whatsoever" for the nation's capital, the

3218:. Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against 14274: 13987: 13891: 11636: 11516: 11315: 11047: 10870: 10747: 10593: 10333: 10325: 9836: 9178: 8583: 8530: 7733: 7685: 7581: 7517: 6967: 3920: 3852: 3632:. However, a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service. 3509: 3251: 3113: 2674: 2554:

What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear. In the

2322: 1788:

argued against having the Court conduct impeachments because the Court would be too small in number.

1384: 1117: 1113: 1106: 772: 676:

testimony from the president or his subordinates is often-discussed and sometimes controversial (see

355: 6396: 6179: 5576:

Staff of H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 116th Cong., Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment

4587:

539 (1792) (President Washington's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a

2332:. Members attending, going to or returning from either house are privileged from arrest, except for 2113:" session convening in the interim. This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the 1784:

and introduced a failed resolution to remove the power from the Senate, while Pennsylvania Delegate

965:

authority to "judge...the...qualifications of its own members" or by a state in its exercise of its

14130: 13567: 12417: 11605: 11475: 11339: 11199: 11118: 10964: 10954: 10822: 10125: 10018: 9970: 9728: 9360: 9154: 8924: 8506: 8466: 8384: 6858: 6581: 6281: 6204: 4538: 4151: 3740: 3621: 3615: 3496: 3294: 3207: 3203: 3178: 2799: 2050: 1632: 1465: 1415:

monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate (left) by corrupting state legislatures (right).

1153: 861: 6416:"THE MODERN TREATY-EXECUTING POWER: CONSTITUTIONAL COMPLEXITIES IN CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE" 5585:

Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives, H.R. Doc. No.

2954:

Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States. In 1871, when deciding

14117: 14061: 13871: 13481: 13312: 13170: 13160: 12950: 12877: 12494: 11395: 11343: 11269: 11097: 10974: 10969: 10905: 10875: 10817: 9432: 9210: 9138: 8551: 8522: 7065: 6999: 6951: 6821: 6793: 6789: 6050:"U.S. Senate: Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush" 6049: 4894: 4726: 3812: 3513: 3235: 2934: 2726: 2562: 2362: 2329: 2306: 2212: 2166: 2009: 1932: 1910: 1203: 1128:

power remained, as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4. The amount of

1069: 889: 872: 808: 748: 736: 6536: 3481:

The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the

2682:

regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes

2569:

Some presidents have made very extensive use of the veto, while others have not used it at all.

2295: 1825:

office—having the Supreme Court conduct impeachment trials could subject impeached officials to

14682: 14556: 14103: 14021: 13864: 11983: 11558: 11077: 11002: 10949: 10900: 10724: 10365: 9648: 9448: 9368: 8647: 8567: 8392: 8232: 8014: 7717: 7693: 5264: 5229: 5194: 5127: 5060: 4757: 4010: 3398:

The ninth section of Article One places limits on federal powers, including those of Congress:

3240: 3103: 2607: 2499: 2360:, which might have otherwise been a criminal offense. This clause has also been interpreted in 1442: 1094:(1868) later superseded Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise. 664: 636: 488: 294: 3120:

In contrast to these rulings, the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by

3009:, decided by a unanimous Court in 1824. The case involved conflicting federal and state laws: 1464:

specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended. It ends by

14568: 13969: 13185: 13112: 13025: 13020: 12529: 11765: 11144: 11112: 10943: 10772: 10719: 10341: 9804: 8859: 8599: 8542: 8248: 8199: 8074: 7914: 7906: 7852: 7814: 7629: 7461: 7226: 7130: 5486: 5455: 5398: 5360: 5329: 4557: 4382: 4357: 4100: 3878: 3869: 3682: 3364: 3285: 3078: 3042: 3003:

for widely varying purposes. The first important decision related to the commerce clause was

2913: 2654:

Congress's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight. Its 18 clauses are, in order:

2289: 2216: 1337: 827: 287: 6550: 6255:

1 Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 19, 25, and 614–615 (Max Farrand ed., 1911).

3408: 2401:

political system in the British Parliament as well as those of some other nations using the

1532:

as nearly equal in size as possible, as required by this section. This was done in May 1789

825:

to decline to adjudicate districting and apportionment suits. The Supreme Court has held in

43: 14329: 14173: 13929: 13786: 13577: 13487: 13424: 13358: 13307: 12882: 12546: 11999: 11910: 11465: 11179: 11174: 11129: 11102: 11052: 10797: 10373: 10270: 9812: 9672: 9408: 9384: 9344: 8304: 8171: 8022: 7015: 6805: 5492: 5461: 5404: 5366: 5335: 5297: 5254: 5219: 5184: 5160: 5117: 5093: 5050: 4949: 4360: 4169: 4133: 3767: 3708: 3328: 3289: 3060: 2901: 2869: 2795: 2402: 2375: 2356: 2247: 2110: 1730: 1349: 1211: 1053: 1015: 648: 589: 524: 500: 413: 6366: 5579:

property; but simply divests him of his political capacity.""" (citing 2 Story,

4627:§ 2a(b). The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435. Thus, the 4522:"Congressional Candidacy, Incarceration, and the Constitution's Inhabitancy Qualification" 3292:

had to be specifically defined by Congress pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in

8: 14279: 13886: 13837: 13599: 13550: 13235: 13102: 11893: 11682: 11410: 11274: 11062: 11007: 10910: 10767: 10090: 10034: 10010: 9280: 8288: 8272: 8256: 8107: 8006: 7613: 7477: 6683: 6574: 5925: 5525: 4487:, 514 U.S. 779 (1995) (state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation). 4456: 4401: 4250: 3828: 3445: 2341: 2066: 2016: 961:

list of qualifications that cannot be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its

894: 839:

expressed a rather explicit intent that the House was to be directly elected. Since the

764: 677: 6566: 3052:

programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause. In

14667: 14661: 14613: 14587: 14269: 13959: 13297: 13215: 13155: 13035: 12039: 11595: 11579: 11440: 11254: 11229: 11214: 11124: 11092: 11082: 11042: 11032: 10080: 9994: 9986: 9916: 9504: 8972: 8575: 8376: 8280: 8264: 8147: 8139: 8046: 8030: 7796: 7565: 7007: 6887: 6842: 6522: 6267:

The Law of Nations and the Offenses Clause of the Constitution: A Defense of Federalism

5683: 5390: 5321: 4928: 4871: 4834: 4629: 4421: 4415: 4385: 4373: 4330: 3881: 3864: 3799: 3704: 3373: 3187: 3090: 2963: 2929: 2832: 2821: 2737: 2536: 2512: 2495: 2468: 2436: 2398: 1922: 1841: 1796: 1345: 1341: 938: 903: 840: 816: 768: 581: 480: 4744:

Asher C. Hinds, Hinds' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States

2699: 1987:

Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nationwide in 1842, when the

1116:, Congress failed to apportion the House, with the House using the allocations of the 14606: 14600: 14594: 14039: 14003: 13982: 13439: 13175: 13122: 13082: 13067: 12754: 11915: 11661: 11646: 11626: 11500: 11375: 11354: 11326: 10930: 10757: 10283: 10133: 9892: 9828: 9376: 9170: 9090: 8839: 8208: 8187: 8083: 7960: 7861: 7741: 7501: 7322: 7074: 6646: 6445: 6021: 5496: 5465: 5408: 5370: 5339: 5301: 5164: 5097: 4875: 4838: 4673: 4310: 3746: 3723: 3552: 3537: 3420: 3416: 3195: 3126: 2974: 2966:

prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges on its commitment.

2649: 2603: 2027:. It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court's seminal decision, 1801: 1785: 1495: 1420: 1297:] their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 10406: 9944: 3234:

to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice, and the

2632: 871:

Moreover, since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right, the

13801: 13200: 13050: 12869: 11537: 11284: 11159: 11087: 11072: 10807: 10752: 10714: 10109: 9978: 9884: 9600: 9456: 9424: 8908: 8216: 8099: 7922: 7839: 7445: 7405: 7389: 6959: 6899: 6736: 6093: 5837: 5394: 5325: 4863: 4826: 4654:(1934) (section omitted). It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the 4348: 4322: 4265: 3892: 3699: 3650: 3465: 3377: 3324: 3259:

over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings.

3247: 3223: 3182: 3135: 3005: 2861: 2846: 2810: 2769: 2707: 2599: 2570: 2556: 2281: 2170: 2092: 2091:

there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually.

2029: 1971: 1918: 1490: 1169: 1157: 722: 681: 576: 282: 5744:"What the Supreme Court's rejection of a controversial theory means for elections" 4983: 4672:(Kindle ed.). New York, London, Toronto: Simon & Schuster. p. 4542. 3448:, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. 2388:

United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

1037: 606: 14641: 14575: 14016: 12966: 12874: 11822: 11770: 11651: 11610: 11521: 11445: 11349: 11331: 11067: 11037: 10895: 10349: 10063: 9640: 9440: 8996: 8224: 8155: 8131: 8091: 7944: 7669: 7421: 7397: 7266: 7052: 6768: 6699: 6352: 6295: 6016: 5668: 5268: 5233: 5198: 5131: 5064: 4619: 4507: 3836: 3824: 3694: 3669: 3661: 3646: 3548:

For these stipulations, clauses 2 and 3 are also known as the Suspension Clause.

3274: 3131: 2999: 2987: 2943: 2681: 2637: 2479: 2350: 1980: 1826: 1742: 1559:

qualifications that cannot be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its

1480: 1408: 1241: 1237: 1233: 978: 881: 728: 585: 556: 437: 4852:

Robertson, David Brian (2005). "Madison's Opponents and Constitutional Design".

1178: 14690: 14634: 14620: 14581: 14413: 14110: 13282: 13205: 13132: 11760: 11739: 11723: 11687: 11631: 11600: 11415: 10245: 10173: 10026: 9962: 9656: 8639: 8123: 8115: 8062: 7869: 7709: 6744: 6517: 6437: 6324: 6307: 5713: 5700: 5259: 5224: 5189: 5122: 5055: 4830: 4088:

Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla. Gulf Coast Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council

3654: 3492: 3459: 3387: 3356: 3340: 3301: 3162: 2748: 2641: 2008:

guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights. Under the

1715: 1485: 1388: 1353: 1253: 973:, have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions, such as imposing 832: 624: 6544:

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation.

6397:"Article 1, Section 10, Clause 1: James Madison, Federalist, no. 44, 299--302" 5672:, 531 U.S. 510, 523–24 (2001) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 5655: 5647: 5037: 4867: 4651: 4643: 4591:

average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants, but did exceed that ratio for some

3181:

of limited duration. Section eight, clause eight of Article One, known as the

1309:

Finally, Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of

14867: 14562: 13434: 13260: 13040: 12847: 11865: 11786: 11744: 11713: 11641: 11563: 11435: 11405: 11321: 11224: 10935: 10890: 10165: 9900: 9513:

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank

9162: 8776:

College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board

8675: 8296: 8163: 7996: 7898: 6630: 6215: 5289: 5152: 5085: 4970:"Essays on Article V: Prohibition on Amendment: Equal Suffrage in the Senate" 3980: 3731: 3557: 3526: 3332: 3170: 3031: 3022: 2979: 2905: 2891: 2755: 2487: 2296:

Section 6: Compensation, privileges, and restrictions on holding civil office

2096: 1750: 1746: 1473: 1376: 989: 821: 706: 4539:"Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution 2:§§ 630–35, 641–47, 673–80" 14627: 14532: 14477: 14455: 14305: 13529: 13429: 13077: 13072: 10042: 8831: 8752:

San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee

7299:

Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon

6320: 5798: 4697: 3592: 3580: 3219: 3215: 3194:

Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces. Under the

3014: 2715: 2409:

an individual to resign from Congress and take that position (known as the

1958:

for federal elections: the Tuesday following the first Monday in November.

1914: 1810: 1806: 1773: 1758: 1710: 1694:

Article Two of the United States Constitution § Section 4: Impeachment

1603: 1580: 1364: 1245: 1229: 1129: 1083: 997: 710: 5812: 4713:, 157 U.S. 429, modified on rehearing, 158 U.S. 601 (1895), superseded by 4537: 13278: 13230: 13137: 13092: 11952: 11817: 11697: 7806: 6761:

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

6614: 6541: 5729:

Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

5516: 4746:§ 187, at 113 (1907) ("The Speaker is always a Member of the House...."). 3956:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. pp. 127–128 3576: 3211: 3199: 3082: 3018: 2956: 2847:

execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions

2814: 2711: 2574: 2548: 2520: 2345: 2159: 2155: 2139: 2135: 1896: 1766: 1762: 1249: 1073: 714: 628: 7331:

United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority

6231: 3863:

cases have concerned what constitutes valid Congressional consent to an

3262: 2225:

List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded

1320:

This power, which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a

432: 11542: 8734: 7429: 5929: 4334: 3690:

laws, impair the obligation of contracts, or grant titles of nobility.

3487: 3485:

into the United States prior to 1808. Congress could, however, levy a

3166: 2762: 2414: 1816:

Noting that the model approved by the Convention was modeled after the

1585:

List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States

1412: 1321: 1136: 1005: 974: 796: 512: 425: 14382: 6036:

See Ross Wilson, A Third Way: The Presidential Non-Signing Statement,

5772: 5521:"Hamilton pushed for impeachment powers. Trump is what he had in mind" 2904:

as a prime example, and not all agree with this broad interpretation.

977:

on members of Congress, allowing members of Congress to be subject to

860:

prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a

14830: 13501: 13107: 11450: 9353:

Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.

8949:

Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.

6017:

The Taxing Power: a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution

5973: 5430:"Fractured Into Factions? What The Founders Feared About Impeachment" 3844: 3352: 2453:

United States House of Representatives Calendar § Union Calendar

2410: 2394: 2381: 1858:

List of impeachment investigations of United States federal officials

1614: 1533: 1391:" are appointed by the House to serve as the prosecution team in the 647:

power solely to the federal judiciary. These three articles create a

492: 7654:

Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.

6555: 6498:"Abolishing the Electoral College Might Not Be As Hard As You Think" 6090:"James Madison - Veto of federal public works bill of March 3, 1817" 5294:

The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates

5157:

The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates

5090:

The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates

4326: 3250:. Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected 3070:

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company

2405:, where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament. 1978:, which was rejected by the Supreme Court in their 2023 decision in 1842:

Clause 7: Judgment in cases of impeachment; Punishment on conviction

1721: 1185: 420: 14076:

First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln

13494: 12945: 9305:

Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.

8055:

Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.

6037: 4802: 3726:, which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King 3625: 3495:

for each slave imported into the country. This clause was further

3427: 3227: 3049: 2877: 2317:

Senators and representatives set their own compensation. Under the

2042: 1809:

caused by the misconduct of public officials in violation of their

998:

state or local office-holders simultaneously holding federal office

644: 6562:

National Cable Satellite Corporation. (2003). "Capitol Questions."

4798:"House votes to impeach DHS Secretary Mayorkas over border crisis" 3433:

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

2413:). The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937, when Senator 1891: 1862:

List of impeachment investigations of United States federal judges

1570: 1501: 996:

Finally, although the U.S. Constitution places no restrictions on

957:

The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an

595: 13015: 11485: 10915: 9945: 9865: 9864: 6720: 6666: 3336: 3150:

Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the

3108: 2873: 2333: 1564: 1403: 1036:

Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual

966: 885: 3531:

Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of

2325:, where they were paid by the state in which they were elected. 2150:

Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a

988:

However, the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain

692: 13881: 13476: 9790: 9521:

J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.

3519: 3474: 3348: 3344: 3281: 2924:

This clause is also referred to as the Spending Clause and the

2828:

of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

2791: 2787: 2740:, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the 2337: 2330:

based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament

2151: 2131: 1854:

List of efforts to impeach vice presidents of the United States

1301:

Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives

1274:

Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)

8816:

Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.

8686:

Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.

6934: 3819:, whose members are also members of the militia as defined by 3750:(1827), however, the court decided that state bankruptcy laws 2300: 2023:. The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 1745:

introduced fifteen resolutions to the Convention (following a

14055:

Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

9313:

Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.

3673: 3570: 1606:. Early in the nation's history, vice presidents frequently 1061: 856:

prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. The

14359: 9665:

Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.

9633:

Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.

3302:

Clause 18: Implied Powers of Congress (Necessary and Proper)

2946:

program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause.

2640:

received his certificate of American citizenship from Judge

2397:

to buy votes in Congress. It is a major difference from the

2369: 1200:

Party caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress

631:

power exclusively to Congress. Similar clauses are found in

575:. Section 8 also provides Congress the power to establish a 13127: 5951: 3088:

This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942. In

2909: 2865: 2544: 2019:, Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on 1765:

directly elected by the public would select members of the

1196:

Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives

7470:

Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States

6116:"Excerpt from James Madison's Veto Message: March 3, 1817" 5393:(2003) . "No. 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued". In 5324:(2003) . "No. 65: The Powers of the Senate Continued". In 3222:

constitute a sixth declaration of war. Congress may grant

2982:

established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause.

2195:

United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration

1698:

List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States

16:

Portion of the US Constitution regarding Congress as right

12848:

Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media

6788: 6671: 6596: 5433: 3781: 3775: 1945: 1650: 1293: 1278:

List of United States House of Representatives committees

1043: 785:

Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

9321:

Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.

8917:

Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.

6667: 6618: 4909:"The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11–27" 3891:(NPVIC). As of May 2024, seventeen states plus the 3815:

according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. The

2191:

Procedures of the United States House of Representatives

2125: 1869:

Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States

793:

Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

614:

in the House of Representatives chamber, January 5, 2011

10358:

Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors

9872: 7750:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

7099:

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois

7032:

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius

6724: 4724:, 240 U.S. 1 (1916), and overruled on other grounds by 3541:(1866), the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of 2997:

The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the

2919: 1937:

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1547: 1514:

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1425:

Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

911: 835:, and such claims today are considered nonjusticiable. 8784:

Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.

7985:

General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.

4545:. The University of Chicago Press. 2000. p. §677. 1929:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1897:

Clause 1: Time, place, and manner of holding elections

1776:

to expand the scope of impeachments to include "other

1026:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

935:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

918: 777:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

733:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

687: 10436: 10269: 10067: 9037:

Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com

8877:

Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.

7953:

Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.

7203:

Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission

6886: 6841: 6313: 3393: 3263:

Clause 10: Offenses Against the Law of Nations Clause

2751:

the Securities and current coin of the United States;

2077:

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1524:

After the first group of senators was elected to the

1192:

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

1030:

Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

745:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

553:

lay and collect "taxes, duties, imposts, and excises"

13978:

List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex

9617:

Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.

9203:

Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.

8744:

Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.

8039:

City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.

7838: 7678:

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

7363:

Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas

6613: 3827:, fulfill this function, as do persons serving in a 3678:

Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank

3041:(1895), the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted 1709:

Of the twenty federal officials formally impeached (

1282:

List of United States congressional joint committees

1262:

Select or special committee (United States Congress)

1006:

Clause 3: Apportionment of Representatives and taxes

477:

Article One of the Constitution of the United States

14388: 9529:

Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.

9393:

Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.

7051: 6537:

Davis, Z. (2001). "Presidential Vetoes, 1989–2000."

5893:"March 4: A forgotten huge day in American history" 4816: 3635: 3094:, the Court ruled that production quotas under the 3013:had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the 2221:

List of United States senators expelled or censured

14884:Legislative branch of the United States government 14856:, impeachments or attempts leading to resignation. 13524: 11860:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 9249:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co. 9099:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser 7781: 7259:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke 6939: 6719: 5879:"Essays on Article I: Meetings of Congress Clause" 4527:. Congressional Research Service. August 12, 2002. 4309: 2241: 1615:Clause 5: President pro tempore and other officers 1291:The House of Representatives shall chuse [ 1109:, is around 1 Representative per 760,000 Persons. 14797:Unsuccessful efforts to impeach federal officials 9909:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr 9553:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc. 9489:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co. 9289:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp. 8792:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc. 7794: 7574:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n 4976: 4056:"Essays on Article I: Legislative Vesting Clause" 3761: 3738:The Marshall Court determined another dispute in 2060: 2041:prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the 1673: 1625:President pro tempore of the United States Senate 1186:Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment 1057:provides for a temporary apportionment of seats. 580:various limits on the power of Congress, banning 14865: 14097:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door 13664:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations 10062: 9925:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam 9767:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V. 9721:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC 8800:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp. 8345:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co. 7347:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne 7251:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers 6907:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha 6367:Definition of tender as noun, in Merriam-Webster 6226: 6224: 3161:Congress may establish uniform laws relating to 2622: 2494:. This practice was intended to ensure that the 2457:United States Senate Committee on Appropriations 2328:Members of both houses have certain privileges, 1266:United States congressional conference committee 10311: 10222:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. 9689:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc. 9465:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. 9021:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc. 7494:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 6319: 3609: 2675:borrow Money on the credit of the United States 2445:United States House Committee on Appropriations 2441:United States House Committee on Ways and Means 2037:elected by the people of the states. Also, the 1892:Section 4: Congressional elections and sessions 1571:Clause 4: Vice president as president of Senate 1502:Clause 2: Classification of senators; Vacancies 596:Section 1: Legislative power vested in Congress 14374:Federal impeachment trial in the United States 11871:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 10238:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis 9697:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc. 9401:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. 9187:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc. 9107:International News Service v. Associated Press 8632:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc. 8624:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons 8491:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 8353:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. 6020:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 170 (2005).. 6003:mental-health parity bill — to use as a shell. 4597:U.S. Dep't of Commerce v. Montana (Montana II) 4221:"Organization of the House of Representatives" 4145: 4143: 4084:UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. 3996:J. W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. v. United States 3595:from this clause. This overcame the ruling in 3368:(1819), which involved the establishment of a 1680:Federal impeachment trial in the United States 1404:Clause 1: Composition and election of senators 1220:United States House Committee on the Judiciary 741:Felony disenfranchisement in the United States 557:regulate interstate and international commerce 14874:Article One of the United States Constitution 14345: 11968: 10422: 10312: 9751:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co. 9593:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc. 9115:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co. 8957:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. 7622:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States 6582: 6542:Kilman, J. & Costello, G. (Eds). (2000). 6221: 5933:"Common Interpretation: Article I, Section 6" 5040:. Infoplease.com. Retrieved on July 12, 2013. 4670:Last Call; The Rise & fall of Prohibition 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3921:the Archives' image of the engrossed document 2858:exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever 2506: 2430: 1621:Presiding Officer of the United States Senate 1449:, ratified in 1913, which, in part, provides 693:Clause 1: Composition and election of Members 457: 8715:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC 8560:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co. 8430:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC 6556:"Resources Regarding the Origination Clause" 6444:. West Publishing Company. pp. 649–51. 5920: 5918: 4913:National Archives and Records Administration 4450: 4448: 3640: 3520:Clauses 2 and 3: Civil and legal protections 2969: 2949: 2845:To provide for calling forth the Militia to 2461:United States Senate Committee on the Budget 1528:(1789–1791), the senators were divided into 1135:Due to this restriction, application of the 14378:Article I of the United States Constitution 14125:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way 10182:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell 9219:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting 9029:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. 8901:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid 8869:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. 8664:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States 7542:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. 7307:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown 5924: 5864:"Essays on Article I: Election Regulations" 4497: 4495: 4493: 4481:, 141 A.2d 908, 912 (Md. 1958) (same); cf. 4396: 4394: 4225:Library of Congress: Constitution Annotated 4140: 3793: 3575:Section Nine reiterates the provision from 3141: 2815:Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water 2449:United States House Committee on the Budget 2301:Clause 1: Compensation and legal protection 2292:), without the consent of the other House. 1258:Standing committee (United States Congress) 14879:Articles of the United States Constitution 14352: 14338: 11982: 11975: 11961: 10429: 10415: 9537:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd. 7486:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen 7339:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis 6589: 6575: 4769: 4767: 4738: 4736: 3936: 3571:Clauses 4–7: Apportionment of direct taxes 2199:Standing Rules of the United States Senate 1498:remains an unanswered political question. 757:Native American civil rights § Voting 464: 450: 14852:, impeachments leading to conviction. In 9297:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. 9195:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover 8475:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. 8438:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. 8422:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States 8414:Straus v. American Publishers Association 8321:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co. 6413: 5915: 4851: 4445: 4303: 4094:, 440 U.S. 490, 499–501, 504 (1979), and 3923:. Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009.) 3719:Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward 2525:List of United States presidential vetoes 2370:Clause 2: Independence from the executive 2207:Expulsion from the United States Congress 2146:such Penalties as each House may provide. 1629:Party leaders of the United States Senate 1560: 1068:. This Constitutional rule, known as the 1012:United States congressional apportionment 962: 14370:Federal impeachment in the United States 14361:Federal impeachment in the United States 14311:United States Capitol cornerstone laying 11927:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 9609:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. 9329:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. 9083:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister 9005:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 8313:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. 7526:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 7235:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. 6976:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 6232:"The Heritage Guide to the Constitution" 5979: 5541: 5484: 5453: 5389: 5358: 5320: 4710:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 4490: 4391: 3889:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 3598:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. 3565:clause does not apply to civil matters. 3458: 3454: 3145: 3055:Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 2973: 2890: 2698: 2631: 2593: 2270: 2183:Procedures of the United States Congress 1793:six states had ratified the Constitution 1720: 1407: 1270:United States congressional subcommittee 1224:Federal impeachment in the United States 605: 13078:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) 12038: 10214:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus 9625:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership 8941:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc. 8656:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co. 8616:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. 8241:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony 7371:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross 7291:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt 7115:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy 6984:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co. 6523:A People's History of the Supreme Court 6495: 6148:"Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988, p. 34" 5957: 5855: 5515: 5288: 5151: 5084: 4764: 4733: 4313:(2002). "The Contested Right to Vote". 3048:The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled 2840:Regulation of the land and naval Forces 2478:This establishes the method for making 2465:Reconciliation (United States Congress) 2120: 1749:formulated by fellow Virginia Delegate 1643:List of United States Senate committees 1375:compelled the resignation of President 14866: 12555:Caucuses of the United States Congress 9577:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc. 9473:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc. 9227:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken 8893:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises 7782: 7534:United States v. Carolene Products Co. 6236:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 5982:"Kennedy's unintended role in history" 5958:Rushing, J. Taylor (October 1, 2008). 5590: 5427: 4925: 4667: 4285:Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15 3134:even where states approve its use for 2419:associate justice of the Supreme Court 2187:United States House Committee on Rules 1727:impeachment trial of President Clinton 1286:Caucuses of the United States Congress 1147: 699:United States House of Representatives 503:. Article One grants Congress various 14333: 13523: 12846: 12037: 11956: 10410: 10382:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez 10310: 10268: 10142:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge 10061: 9943: 9863: 9789: 9713:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. 9681:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International 9481:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc. 9265:United States v. General Electric Co. 9045:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc. 9013:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. 8848:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc. 8768:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co. 7837: 7780: 7558:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co. 7454:Southern Railway Co. v. United States 7083:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co. 7050: 6933: 6885: 6846: 6840: 6787: 6718: 6668:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II 6665: 6612: 6570: 6551:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 1 6464: 6436: 6270:Yale Law Journal, Vol. 112:109 (2002) 5980:Mulligan, John E. (October 2, 2008). 5428:Taylor, Jessica (November 18, 2019). 4946: 4658:, through the present edition (2012). 4549: 4096:Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden 3624:prohibits Congress from granting any 3505:prohibiting the importation of slaves 3081:" such as firing workers for joining 3038:United States v. E. C. Knight Company 3026:are prescribed in the Constitution". 2838:To make Rules for the Government and 2691:, and uniform Laws on the subject of 2154:to do business; a smaller number may 2126:Clause 1: Electoral judgement; Quorum 1216:United States congressional committee 888:state legislature, Associate Justice 781:Women's suffrage in the United States 10206:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey 9147:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co. 9061:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc. 8760:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc. 8694:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co. 8483:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister 8337:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co. 8329:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister 7702:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida 7414:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson 7243:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas 7195:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady 6465:Brody, Michael (February 17, 2013). 6382:43 U.S. (2 How.) 29, 38 (1844); and 6282:Cincinnati Soap Co. v. United States 6056:from the original on August 30, 2008 5992:from the original on October 3, 2008 5741: 5547: 4053: 2920:Clause 1: the General Welfare Clause 2627: 1976:independent state legislature theory 1818:impeachment process in Great Britain 1548:Clause 3: Qualifications of senators 1398: 639:power upon the president alone, and 12186:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded 11894:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 11421:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 9759:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co. 9705:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC 8981:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. 8808:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc. 8515:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co. 8458:International Copyright Act of 1891 7219:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland 6378:262 U.S. 649, 659 (1923). See also 5861: 5608:from the original on March 12, 2021 5587:94‒661 ch. 14, app. at 2269 (1977). 4984:"Votes to Break Ties in the Senate" 4773: 4231:from the original on August 5, 2020 3703:was decided. The case involved the 3096:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 2425: 1660:president pro tempore of the Senate 1577:Vice President of the United States 919:Clause 2: Qualifications of Members 753:Black suffrage in the United States 688:Section 2: House of Representatives 534:vice president of the United States 491:. Under Article One, Congress is a 13: 14444:impeachment managers investigation 10985:Drafting and ratification timeline 10730:District of Columbia Voting Rights 9569:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc. 8933:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. 8824:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co. 7662:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana 7646:National League of Cities v. Usery 7211:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 7163:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc. 6753:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 6692:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 6639:Department of Commerce v. New York 6511: 6420:Northwestern University Law Review 6014:Jensen, Erik and Monaghan, Henry. 4967: 4888: 4484:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton 3394:Section 9: Limits on Federal power 2880:, and other needful Buildings;—And 2348:published over 4,000 pages of the 2176: 1998:Uniform Congressional District Act 1688:Chief Justice of the United States 1664:powers and duties of the president 1476:in the Senate would, according to 719:Voting rights in the United States 320:Drafting and ratification timeline 14: 14895: 14069:Progress of Civilization Pediment 13923:Congressional Pictorial Directory 12776:By length of service historically 10438:Constitution of the United States 9585:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp. 9545:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C. 9417:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd. 9257:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde 8608:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson 8592:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co. 8446:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc. 7550:United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 7438:United States v. E. C. Knight Co. 7315:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy 6530: 5876: 4855:American Political Science Review 4427:Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections 3035:attitude dominated the Court. In 2747:To provide for the Punishment of 1761:legislature where members of the 1648:The Senate shall chuse [ 1508:Classes of United States senators 1395:(see Section 3, Clause 6 below). 703:State legislature (United States) 13937:Official Congressional Directory 13556:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO) 10841:Convention to propose amendments 10390:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado 9497:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc. 9273:United States v. Univis Lens Co. 9123:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc. 7187:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp. 7171:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois 7147:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison 7107:Swift & Co. v. United States 6489: 6458: 6430: 6407: 6389: 6372: 6360: 6346: 6329:"What Are Impeachable Offenses?" 6301: 6288: 6273: 6258: 6249: 6180:"The Taxing and Spending Clause" 6038:http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 5742:Wang, Hansi Lo (June 28, 2023). 3636:Section 10: Limits on the States 3280:At the time clause was drafted, 3232:Uniform Code of Military Justice 2883:To make all Laws which shall be 2742:Standard of Weights and Measures 2073:List of United States Congresses 2021:elections and campaign financing 1594:Section Three provides that the 925:Citizenship of the United States 651:among the three branches of the 536:as the president of the Senate. 431: 419: 407: 42: 13746:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper 12593:Arab and Middle Eastern members 12490:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group 12025:Lists of United States Congress 10003:Garner v. Board of Public Works 9131:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward 8989:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick 8361:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n 7590:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond 7139:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona 6209: 6193: 6172: 6140: 6108: 6082: 6068: 6042: 6030: 6008: 5899:. March 4, 2013. Archived from 5885: 5870: 5830: 5805: 5790: 5777: 5761: 5735: 5720: 5706: 5690: 5675: 5661: 5637: 5620: 5564: 5550:"Essay on Trial of Impeachment" 5509: 5478: 5447: 5421: 5383: 5352: 5314: 5282: 5255:"Madison Debates – September 8" 5247: 5220:"Madison Debates – September 4" 5212: 5177: 5145: 5110: 5078: 5043: 5031: 5013: 5001: 4961: 4940: 4919: 4901: 4882: 4845: 4810: 4790: 4749: 4702: 4686: 4668:Okrent, Daniel (May 31, 2011). 4661: 4602: 4577: 4564: 4531: 4514: 4463: 4432: 4366: 4341: 4292:who are otherwise qualified by 4276: 4257: 4243: 4213: 4188: 4176: 4162: 4125: 4107: 3917:National Archives transcription 3905: 3273:and other public ministers..." 2962:sovereign", as the doctrine of 2517:Veto power in the United States 2242:Clause 3: Record of proceedings 2053:or other types of tax; and the 1731:Chief Justice William Rehnquist 1393:impeachment trial in the Senate 789:Poll taxes in the United States 13848:Congressional Research Service 13595:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR) 12598:Asian Pacific American members 11456:Separation of church and state 11289: 11184: 8180:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company 7123:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc. 6992:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 5960:"Senate easily passes bailout" 5939:. National Constitution Center 4692:Act of Nov. 15, 1941, 55 4202:, 103 U.S. at 193)); see also 4077: 4062: 4047: 4034: 4021: 4002: 3987: 3979:abrogated on other grounds by 3968: 3762:Clause 2: Import-Export Clause 2811:Letters of Marque and Reprisal 2689:uniform Rule of Naturalization 2061:Clause 2: Sessions of Congress 1903:Elections in the United States 1684:President of the United States 1674:Clause 6: Trial of impeachment 983:Congressional Research Service 546:president of the United States 507:and the ability to pass laws " 495:legislature consisting of the 109:Amendments to the Constitution 1: 14083:Surrender of General Burgoyne 13440:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) 12603:Asian Pacific American Caucus 12196:Lost re-election in a primary 10960:Virginia Ratifying Convention 10190:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh 10118:Dartmouth College v. Woodward 8706:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 8499:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker 8405:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 7977:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell 7878:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker 7355:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. 7275:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. 6867:United States v. Munoz-Flores 6496:Agarwal, Avi (May 10, 2024). 6369:. Retrieved January 23, 2011. 6310:, 3 U.S. 386, 399–400 (1798). 5185:"Madison Debates – August 31" 4891:"Essays on Article I: Senate" 4475:State ex rel. Chavez v. Evans 3930: 3831:with federal oversight under 3406:The Privilege of the Writ of 2695:throughout the United States; 2658:The Congress shall have power 2623:Section 8: Powers of Congress 2580:In 1996, Congress passed the 2025:Federal Election Campaign Act 1755:Congress of the Confederation 929:United States nationality law 14090:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis 14033:The Apotheosis of Washington 13767:Chief Administrative Officer 13605:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO) 11921:National Constitution Center 11719:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 11018:Assemble and Petition Clause 10292:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan 8965:New York Times Co. v. Tasini 7969:Schillinger v. United States 7606:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan 7155:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland 6471:Legislation and Policy Brief 6386:43 U.S. (2 How.) 244 (1844). 6333:The New York Review of Books 5897:National Constitution Center 4722:Brushaber v. Union Pac. R.R. 4042:J.W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. 3610:Clause 8: Titles of nobility 3075:National Labor Relations Act 2714:to take back control of the 2535:This clause is known as the 2252:United States Senate Journal 2203:Censure in the United States 2000:passed by Congress in 1967. 1907:Election Day (United States) 1848:Officer of the United States 1778:high crimes and misdemeanors 1637:Senate Republican Conference 951:citizen of the United States 761:Slavery in the United States 7: 14389:Trial of Impeachment Clause 14255:Health and Fitness Facility 14047:Declaration of Independence 12816:Killed or wounded in office 12637:Congressional Jewish Caucus 12610:Hispanic and Latino members 11792:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 10846:State ratifying conventions 10783:Equal Opportunity to Govern 10778:Electoral College abolition 10705:Congressional Apportionment 9792:Necessary and Proper Clause 9561:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc. 8885:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder 8369:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus 7510:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan 7283:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota 6915:Clinton v. City of New York 6442:American Constitutional Law 6357:, 110 U.S. 421, 446 (1884). 5010:, Senate Historical Office. 4173:, 103 U.S. 168, 189 (1881). 4115:Barenblatt v. United States 3975:See Atkins v. United States 3469:confronting the slave ship 3355:, and offenses against the 3308:Necessary and Proper Clause 3171:post offices and post roads 2798:, and Offences against the 2587:Clinton v. City of New York 2256:United States House Journal 1994:Reapportionment Act of 1929 1658:Clause five provides for a 1208:House Republican Conference 1122:Reapportionment Act of 1929 1103:Reapportionment Act of 1929 1064:), but excluding non-taxed 1022:United States Census Bureau 809:the Equal Protection Clause 515:from abusing their powers. 375:Preamble and Articles I–VII 271:Congressional Apportionment 10: 14900: 13669:Interparliamentary Affairs 13590:Congr. Budget Office (CBO) 13226:Riddick's Senate Procedure 12653:Gender and sexual identity 10198:City of El Paso v. Simmons 9845:United States v. Kebodeaux 9337:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther 7598:Henderson v. United States 7179:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc. 7091:Cooley v. Board of Wardens 6936:Taxing and Spending Clause 5881:. The Heritage Foundation. 5866:. The Heritage Foundation. 5300:. pp. xxxvi–xxxviii. 5118:"Madison Debates – June 7" 5051:"Madison Debates – May 29" 4972:. The Heritage Foundation. 4831:10.1007/s11127-021-00943-5 4543:The Founder's Constitution 4071:Mistretta v. United States 4058:. The Heritage Foundation. 4029:Touby v. the United States 3849:American Revolutionary War 3797: 3765: 3644: 3613: 3305: 2985: 2940:Taxing and Spending Clause 2926:Taxing and Spending Clause 2831:To provide and maintain a 2647: 2636:Newly naturalized citizen 2597: 2510: 2507:Clause 2: From bill to law 2434: 2431:Clause 1: Bills of revenue 2379: 2373: 2304: 2245: 2210: 2180: 2129: 2070: 2064: 1926: 1900: 1851: 1845: 1737:On May 29, 1787, Virginia 1691: 1677: 1640: 1618: 1574: 1511: 1505: 1418: 1227: 1189: 1151: 1019: 1009: 932: 922: 726: 696: 602:Legislative Vesting Clause 599: 14846: 14809: 14777: 14710: 14703: 14681: 14651: 14548: 14523: 14404: 14397: 14367: 14298: 14275:Old Supreme Court Chamber 14240: 14190: 14155: 14144: 13988:Congressional Prayer Room 13968: 13905: 13836: 13754: 13703: 13696: 13651: 13625: 13618: 13541: 13537: 13519: 13469: 13435:Congress Hall (1790–1800) 13386: 13377: 13351: 13269: 13148: 12959: 12933: 12857: 12853: 12842: 12781:Current members by wealth 12768: 12716: 12700: 12652: 12563: 12545: 12538: 12512: 12465: 12381: 12374: 12214: 12206:Elected but did not serve 12156: 12093: 12057: 12050: 12046: 12033: 11990: 11879: 11851: 11831: 11810: 11779: 11753: 11732: 11706: 11670: 11619: 11588: 11572: 11551: 11530: 11509: 11493: 11484: 11363: 11245:Privileges and Immunities 11058:Congressional enforcement 10993: 10980:Rhode Island ratification 10871:Articles of Confederation 10858: 10836: 10813:Parental Rights amendment 10738: 10695: 10620: 10592: 10571: 10508: 10504: 10495: 10444: 10334:Virginia v. West Virginia 10320: 10306: 10278: 10264: 10101: 10078: 10074: 10057: 9957: 9946:No Bills of Attainder or 9939: 9879: 9859: 9837:United States v. Comstock 9799: 9785: 9739: 9237: 9179:Commissioner v. Wodehouse 9071: 8858: 8733: 8704: 8674: 8584:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles 8541: 8531:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros. 8456: 8403: 8198: 8073: 7995: 7933: 7888: 7851: 7847: 7833: 7790: 7776: 7734:United States v. Morrison 7686:New York v. United States 7582:North American Co. v. SEC 7518:Carter v. Carter Coal Co. 7381: 7064: 7060: 7046: 6968:Springer v. United States 6946: 6929: 6895: 6881: 6853: 6836: 6800: 6783: 6731: 6714: 6678: 6661: 6625: 6608: 6414:Felizardo, Carlo (2016). 5552:. The Heritage Foundation 4868:10.1017/S0003055405051622 4778:. The Heritage Foundation 4204:Sinclair v. United States 4098:, 112 U.S. 261 (1884))); 3853:Articles of Confederation 3641:Clause 1: Contract Clause 3510:Virginia General Assembly 3499:into the Constitution by 3114:United States v. Morrison 2970:Clause 3: Commerce Clause 2950:Clause 2: Borrowing Power 2323:Articles of Confederation 2045:on the basis of sex; the 1739:Constitutional Convention 1385:House Judiciary Committee 1118:Apportionment Act of 1911 773:Voting Rights Act of 1965 590:taxing imports or exports 356:Reconstruction Amendments 13568:Architect of the Capitol 13430:Federal Hall (1789–1790) 12571:African-American members 11995:House of Representatives 11476:Unitary executive theory 11250:Privileges or Immunities 10965:New York Circular Letter 10955:Massachusetts Compromise 10126:Sturges v. Crowninshield 10019:Barr v. City of Columbia 9971:Sturges v. Crowninshield 9729:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc. 9361:Graham v. John Deere Co. 9155:KVOS v. Associated Press 8925:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc. 8723:Dowling v. United States 8507:Bong v. Campbell Art Co. 8467:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe 8385:Bong v. Campbell Art Co. 6859:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. 6814:United States v. Johnson 6502:Harvard Political Review 6203:Perry v. United States, 5937:Interactive Constitution 5632:United States v. Manning 5583:@ 272)), reprinted in 3 4152:Watkins v. United States 3898: 3847:for approval. After the 3794:Clause 3: Compact Clause 3741:Sturges v. Crowninshield 3622:Title of Nobility Clause 3616:Title of Nobility Clause 3512:cited it in arguing the 3295:United States v. Furlong 3142:Other powers of Congress 2319:Twenty-seventh Amendment 1633:Senate Democratic Caucus 1154:Governor (United States) 497:House of Representatives 414:United States portal 24:This article is part of 14439:articles of impeachment 14118:Washington at Princeton 14062:Apotheosis of Democracy 13482:Congressional Quarterly 13171:Executive communication 13161:Blue slip (U.S. Senate) 13118:Suspension of the rules 12644:Native American members 12070:By shortness of service 11396:Dormant Commerce Clause 11240:Presidential succession 10975:Fayetteville Convention 10970:Hillsborough Convention 10906:Three-fifths Compromise 10886:Philadelphia Convention 10876:Mount Vernon Conference 10763:Campaign finance reform 10230:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton 9433:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc. 9211:Goldstein v. California 9139:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal 8552:Hills and Co. v. Hoover 8523:Hills and Co. v. Hoover 7758:Taylor v. United States 7066:Dormant Commerce Clause 7000:United States v. Butler 6952:Hylton v. United States 6822:Gravel v. United States 6790:Speech or Debate Clause 6401:press-pubs.uchicago.edu 5572:Ritter v. United States 4895:The Heritage Foundation 4727:South Carolina v. Baker 4411:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler 4208:United States v. Gaudin 4092:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop 3895:have joined the NPVIC. 3236:Federal Tort Claims Act 2935:United States v. Butler 2853:prescribed by Congress; 2727:Father Charles Coughlin 2563:Wright v. United States 2363:Gravel v. United States 2307:Speech or Debate Clause 2213:Parliamentary procedure 2047:Twenty-fourth Amendment 2010:Enforcement Act of 1870 1933:Equal Protection Clause 1911:Election administration 1600:president of the Senate 1373:impeachment proceedings 1204:House Democratic Caucus 1101:Since enactment of the 1070:three-fifths compromise 890:John Marshall Harlan II 873:Equal Protection Clause 858:Twenty-fourth Amendment 749:Asian American movement 737:Equal Protection Clause 14285:Webster Page Residence 14260:House Recording Studio 14104:Revolutionary War Door 13865:Register of Copyrights 13446:Biographical Directory 12915:"Necessary and Proper" 12455:Policy Committee Chair 12433:Policy Committee Chair 11984:United States Congress 11559:William Samuel Johnson 11431:Nondelegation doctrine 11003:Admission to the Union 10950:Anti-Federalist Papers 10901:Connecticut Compromise 10366:New Jersey v. New York 9821:Sabri v. United States 9649:Bowman v. Monsanto Co. 9449:Diamond v. Chakrabarty 9369:United States v. Adams 8648:De Sylva v. Ballentine 8568:Herbert v. Shanley Co. 8393:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co. 8233:Schreiber v. Sharpless 8015:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood 7726:Jones v. United States 7718:United States v. Locke 7694:United States v. Lopez 7024:Sabri v. United States 6327:(September 28, 2017). 5986:The Providence Journal 4968:Rossum, Ralph Rossum. 4776:"Essay on Impeachment" 4758:Nixon v. United States 4730:, 485 U.S. 505 (1988). 4503:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. 4210:, 515 U.S. 506 (1995). 4011:United States v. Lopez 3984:, 462 U.S. 919 (1983). 3808: 3787: 3785:] of the Congress. 3756:federal bankruptcy law 3666: 3493:Spanish milled dollars 3478: 3450: 3316: 3270: 3158: 3104:United States v. Lopez 3079:unfair labor practices 2995: 2983: 2896: 2732: 2731: 2660: 2645: 2616: 2608:Non-binding resolution 2533: 2476: 2390: 2315: 2278: 2264: 2232: 2148: 2084: 2055:Twenty-sixth Amendment 1951: 1875:If any officer or the 1873: 1734: 1706: 1656: 1592: 1556: 1522: 1459: 1443:Connecticut Compromise 1432: 1416: 1299: 1165: 1049: 947: 866:Twenty-sixth Amendment 805: 665:nondelegation doctrine 621: 615: 489:United States Congress 14811:Impeachment inquiries 14672:impeachment and trial 14569:West Hughes Humphreys 14538:impeachment and trial 14525:Supreme Court Justice 14513:proposed expungements 13610:Technology Assessment 13031:Dear Colleague letter 13026:Continuing resolution 13021:Concurrent resolution 12500:Republican Conference 12440:Republican Conference 12401:President pro tempore 12133:Born outside the U.S. 11766:Richard Dobbs Spaight 11235:Presidential Electors 11210:Original Jurisdiction 11150:Full Faith and Credit 11023:Assistance of Counsel 10944:The Federalist Papers 10773:Crittenden Compromise 10342:Virginia v. Tennessee 9805:McCulloch v. Maryland 8860:Copyright Act of 1976 8600:Douglas v. Cunningham 8543:Copyright Act of 1909 8249:Thornton v. Schreiber 8200:Copyright Act of 1870 8075:Copyright Act of 1831 7853:Copyright Act of 1790 7815:Juilliard v. Greenman 7630:Katzenbach v. McClung 7462:Hoke v. United States 7227:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake 7131:Edwards v. California 6354:Juilliard v. Greenman 6076:"Charles E. Coughlin" 5732:, 576 U.S. 787 (2015) 5717:, 285 U. S. 355, 369. 5548:Gerhardt, Michael J. 5488:The Federalist Papers 5457:The Federalist Papers 5400:The Federalist Papers 5362:The Federalist Papers 5331:The Federalist Papers 5008:President Pro Tempore 4558:Prigg v. Pennsylvania 4422:Vieth v. Pennsylvania 4101:United States v. Bass 4054:Ginsburg, Douglas H. 3870:Virginia v. Tennessee 3803: 3771: 3658: 3577:Section Two, Clause 3 3483:importation of slaves 3462: 3455:Clause 1: Slave trade 3400: 3365:McCulloch v. Maryland 3311: 3266: 3149: 3043:Sherman Antitrust Act 2991: 2977: 2894: 2820:To raise and support 2786:To define and punish 2719: 2702: 2656: 2635: 2611: 2594:Clause 3: Resolutions 2528: 2472: 2385: 2310: 2274: 2271:Clause 4: Adjournment 2259: 2228: 2143: 2088:Article II, Section 3 2080: 2006:Fifteenth Amendment's 1940: 1865: 1724: 1701: 1646: 1588: 1551: 1542:Seventeenth Amendment 1517: 1455: 1447:Seventeenth Amendment 1428: 1411: 1289: 1161: 1033: 942: 828:Rucho v. Common Cause 800: 627:that bestows federal 617: 609: 530:Seventeenth Amendment 396:Unratified Amendments 263:Unratified Amendments 52:Preamble and Articles 14174:Mountains and Clouds 13930:Congressional Record 13787:Floor Services Chief 13674:Law Revision Counsel 13425:Continental Congress 12920:Power of enforcement 12883:Contempt of Congress 12786:From multiple states 12739:Mormon (LDS) members 12547:Congressional caucus 12191:Served a single term 12123:Expelled or censured 12065:By length of service 11935:A More Perfect Union 11911:Constitution Gardens 11832:Convention Secretary 11494:Convention President 11466:Symmetric federalism 11461:Separation of powers 11195:Necessary and Proper 11190:Natural-born citizen 11135:Freedom of the Press 11073:Copyright and Patent 11063:Contingent Elections 10881:Annapolis Convention 10374:Virginia v. Maryland 10271:Import-Export Clause 10158:Stone v. Mississippi 9813:Lambert v. Yellowley 9673:FTC v. Actavis, Inc. 9409:Gottschalk v. Benson 9385:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins 9345:Brulotte v. Thys Co. 8305:Bolles v. Outing Co. 8172:Bolles v. Outing Co. 7016:South Dakota v. Dole 6806:Kilbourn v. Thompson 6526:. New York: Penguin. 6384:Griffin v. Thompson, 6205:294 U.S. 330 (1935). 5966:on October 2, 2008. 5926:Calabresi, Steven G. 5787:, 287 U.S. 1 (1932). 5519:(October 18, 2019). 5407:. pp. 395–396. 5338:. pp. 394–395. 4950:Marquette Law Review 4806:. February 13, 2024. 4774:Presser, Stephen B. 4613:Congress (1951–53). 4170:Kilbourn v. Thompson 4134:McGrain v. Daugherty 3893:District of Columbia 3768:Import-Export Clause 3604:appropriations bills 3329:Kentucky Resolutions 3290:international waters 3248:District of Columbia 3208:Spanish–American War 3204:Mexican–American War 3061:Charles Evans Hughes 2942:; for instance, the 2914:build infrastructure 2885:necessary and proper 2403:parliamentary system 2376:Ineligibility Clause 2357:Congressional Record 2248:Congressional Record 2121:Section 5: Procedure 2039:Nineteenth Amendment 1795:, New York Delegate 1491:District of Columbia 1212:Congressional caucus 1092:Fourteenth Amendment 1016:United States census 854:Nineteenth Amendment 845:Fourteenth Amendment 813:Fourteenth Amendment 649:separation of powers 525:separation of powers 509:necessary and proper 36:of the United States 14398:Formal impeachments 14198:Building Commission 13679:Legislative Counsel 13600:Library of Congress 13561:Comptroller General 13551:Congressional staff 13236:Senatorial courtesy 12625:Hispanic Conference 12040:Members and leaders 11942:Worldwide influence 11683:Gunning Bedford Jr. 11411:Executive privilege 11391:Criminal sentencing 11314:Title of Nobility ( 11305:Taxing and Spending 11205:Oath or Affirmation 11165:House Apportionment 11028:Case or Controversy 10911:Committee of Detail 10803:"Liberty" amendment 10768:Christian amendment 10091:Hepburn v. Griswold 10035:Kansas v. Hendricks 10011:De Veau v. Braisted 9281:Altvater v. Freeman 8289:Belford v. Scribner 8273:Thompson v. Hubbard 8257:Banks v. Manchester 8108:Stevens v. Gladding 8007:Pennock v. Dialogue 7935:Patent infringement 7614:Boynton v. Virginia 7478:Hammer v. Dagenhart 6684:Powell v. McCormack 5903:on January 20, 2017 5526:The Washington Post 5391:Hamilton, Alexander 5322:Hamilton, Alexander 5038:Impeachment History 4915:. October 30, 2015. 4720:, as recognized in 4457:Powell v. McCormack 4402:Wesberry v. Sanders 4315:Michigan Law Review 4251:Minor v. Happersett 3829:state defense force 3017:, while the other, 2668:and general Welfare 2342:breach of the peace 2115:Twentieth Amendment 2067:Legislative session 2017:Tillman Act of 1907 2015:Beginning with the 1172:from the Governor ( 1148:Clause 4: Vacancies 1142:Sixteenth Amendment 1112:However, after the 895:Minor v. Happersett 850:Fifteenth Amendment 765:Minor v. Happersett 678:executive privilege 586:impairing contracts 561:naturalization laws 559:, the power to set 438:Politics portal 389:Amendments XI–XXVII 14704:Efforts to impeach 14668:Alejandro Mayorkas 14662:William W. Belknap 14653:Members of Cabinet 14614:Harry E. Claiborne 14588:Robert W. Archbald 14503:second impeachment 14383:Impeachment Clause 14270:Old Senate Chamber 14136:VP Bust Collection 13960:United States Code 13892:Jefferson Building 13585:Cap. Guide Service 13452:Divided government 13369:Seal of the Senate 13333:Select and special 13298:Discharge petition 13251:Tie-breaking votes 13216:Recess appointment 13156:Advice and consent 13036:Discharge petition 12979:Appropriation bill 12888:Declaration of war 12080:Non-voting members 11596:William Livingston 11580:Alexander Hamilton 11386:Criminal procedure 11381:Constitutional law 11316:Foreign Emoluments 11280:State of the Union 11265:Self-Incrimination 11255:Recess appointment 11048:Compulsory Process 10710:Titles of Nobility 10326:Florida v. Georgia 10081:Legal Tender Cases 9995:Samuels v. McCurdy 9987:Hawker v. New York 9917:Boumediene v. Bush 9505:Dickinson v. Zurko 8973:Eldred v. Ashcroft 8576:Manners v. Morosco 8377:Scribner v. Straus 8281:Higgins v. Keuffel 8265:Callaghan v. Myers 8148:Higgins v. Keuffel 8140:Callaghan v. Myers 8047:Egbert v. Lippmann 8031:Cochrane v. Deener 7890:Patent Act of 1793 7797:Legal Tender Cases 7566:Wickard v. Filburn 7008:Helvering v. Davis 6888:Presentment Clause 6843:Origination Clause 6615:Enumeration Clause 6598:U.S. Supreme Court 6380:Gwin v. Breedlove, 6264:Michael T. Morley 6096:on January 5, 2018 5862:Peacock, Anthony. 5684:Vieth v. Jubelirer 5163:. pp. 29–34. 4929:Fordham Law Review 4656:United States Code 4636:United States Code 4630:United States Code 4610:United States Code 4479:Hellman v. Collier 4416:Karcher v. Daggett 4374:Oregon v. Mitchell 4311:Briffault, Richard 4271:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 4185:, 354 U.S. at 200. 4120:Annals of Congress 3865:interstate compact 3800:Interstate compact 3705:Yazoo land scandal 3514:Alien Enemies Acts 3491:duty of up to ten 3479: 3374:Alexander Hamilton 3321:Wickard v. Filburn 3188:Eldred v. Ashcroft 3159: 3136:medicinal purposes 3122:Wickard v. Filburn 3091:Wickard v. Filburn 2984: 2964:sovereign immunity 2930:political question 2897: 2777:Tribunals inferior 2733: 2646: 2644:on October 1, 1940 2582:Line Item Veto Act 2537:Presentment Clause 2513:Presentment Clause 2496:power of the purse 2469:Power of the purse 2437:Origination Clause 2217:Jefferson's Manual 1972:initiative process 1923:Federal preemption 1797:Alexander Hamilton 1735: 1604:tie-breaking votes 1417: 1346:Alejandro Mayorkas 1342:William W. Belknap 939:Citizenship Clause 904:Oregon v. Mitchell 817:political question 769:Ex parte Yarbrough 653:federal government 616: 582:bills of attainder 485:federal government 481:legislative branch 300:D.C. Voting Rights 278:Titles of Nobility 14861: 14860: 14819:Federal officials 14805: 14804: 14699: 14698: 14607:Halsted L. Ritter 14601:Harold Louderback 14595:George W. English 14493:first impeachment 14327: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14236: 14235: 14040:Statue of Freedom 14004:Statue of Freedom 13983:Brumidi Corridors 13955:Statutes at Large 13909:Publishing Office 13832: 13831: 13692: 13691: 13515: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13465: 13464: 13413:election disputes 13401:speaker elections 13364:Mace of the House 13211:Presiding Officer 13176:Executive session 13123:Unanimous consent 13083:Multiple referral 13068:Lame-duck session 12838: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12764: 12763: 12564:Ethnic and racial 12508: 12507: 12495:Democratic Caucus 12418:Democratic Caucus 12370: 12369: 11950: 11949: 11916:Constitution Week 11901:Independence Mall 11889:National Archives 11847: 11846: 11662:Gouverneur Morris 11647:Thomas Fitzsimons 11627:Benjamin Franklin 11501:George Washington 11401:Enumerated powers 11376:Concurrent powers 11371:Balance of powers 11200:No Religious Test 11140:Freedom of Speech 10931:Independence Hall 10854: 10853: 10758:Bricker amendment 10691: 10690: 10404: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10302: 10301: 10284:Brown v. Maryland 10260: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10150:Bronson v. Kinzie 10134:Ogden v. Saunders 10053: 10052: 9935: 9934: 9893:Ex parte Merryman 9869:Suspension Clause 9855: 9854: 9829:Gonzales v. Raich 9781: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9377:Brenner v. Manson 9171:Buck v. Gallagher 9091:Ferris v. Frohman 8840:Iancu v. Brunetti 8209:Perris v. Hexamer 8188:Mifflin v. Dutton 8084:Wheaton v. Peters 8023:O'Reilly v. Morse 7961:Rowell v. Lindsay 7862:Wheaton v. Peters 7829: 7828: 7825: 7824: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7742:Gonzales v. Raich 7638:Maryland v. Wirtz 7502:Gold Clause Cases 7323:Granholm v. Heald 7075:Brown v. Maryland 7042: 7041: 6925: 6924: 6877: 6876: 6832: 6831: 6779: 6778: 6710: 6709: 6657: 6656: 6647:Trump v. New York 6128:on April 30, 2017 5395:Rossiter, Clinton 5326:Rossiter, Clinton 5096:. pp. 7–12. 3747:Ogden v. Saunders 3724:Dartmouth College 3683:Federalist no. 44 3626:title of nobility 3553:bill of attainder 3538:Ex parte Milligan 3423:shall be passed. 3421:Ex post facto law 3417:Bill of attainder 3224:letters of marque 3196:War Powers Clause 3154:Bon Homme Richard 3127:Gonzales v. Raich 2794:committed on the 2650:Enumerated powers 2628:Enumerated powers 2604:Simple resolution 2417:was appointed an 1943:chusing [ 1802:Federalist No. 65 1786:Gouverneur Morris 1438:state legislature 1421:Indirect election 1399:Section 3: Senate 1371:. Also, notably, 1361:associate justice 505:enumerated powers 474: 473: 14891: 14708: 14707: 14402: 14401: 14354: 14347: 14340: 14331: 14330: 14153: 14152: 13970:Capitol Building 13944:U.S. Gov. Manual 13897:Madison Building 13860:Copyright Office 13824:Sergeant at Arms 13782:Floor Operations 13701: 13700: 13623: 13622: 13539: 13538: 13521: 13520: 13384: 13383: 13201:Morning business 13088:House procedures 13051:Joint resolution 12855: 12854: 12844: 12843: 12724:Buddhist members 12543: 12542: 12379: 12378: 12201:Switched parties 12148:Switched parties 12085:Unseated members 12075:Youngest members 12055: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12035: 12034: 11977: 11970: 11963: 11954: 11953: 11906:Constitution Day 11797:Charles Pinckney 11606:William Paterson 11538:Nathaniel Gorham 11491: 11490: 11270:Speech or Debate 11098:Equal Protection 10808:Ludlow amendment 10793:Flag Desecration 10788:Federal Marriage 10753:Blaine amendment 10715:Corwin Amendment 10506: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10431: 10424: 10417: 10408: 10407: 10308: 10307: 10266: 10265: 10110:Fletcher v. Peck 10076: 10075: 10059: 10058: 9979:Ex parte Garland 9941: 9940: 9885:Ex parte Bollman 9861: 9860: 9787: 9786: 9601:Bilski v. Kappos 9457:Diamond v. Diehr 9425:Dann v. Johnston 8909:Stewart v. Abend 8217:Trade-Mark Cases 8100:Stephens v. Cady 7923:Evans v. Hettich 7849: 7848: 7840:Copyright Clause 7835: 7834: 7792: 7791: 7778: 7777: 7446:Champion v. Ames 7406:Paul v. Virginia 7390:Gibbons v. Ogden 7062: 7061: 7048: 7047: 6960:Collector v. Day 6931: 6930: 6900:Pocket Veto Case 6883: 6882: 6838: 6837: 6785: 6784: 6737:Ex parte Siebold 6721:Elections Clause 6716: 6715: 6663: 6662: 6610: 6609: 6591: 6584: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6506: 6505: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6277: 6271: 6262: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6207: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6160:on April 5, 2020 6159: 6153:. Archived from 6152: 6144: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6127: 6121:. Archived from 6120: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6092:. Archived from 6086: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5962:. Archived from 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5895:. Philadelphia: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5877:Forte, David F. 5874: 5868: 5867: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5809: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5781: 5775: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5710: 5704: 5694: 5688: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5641: 5635: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4740: 4731: 4716: 4706: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4665: 4659: 4622: 4606: 4600: 4586: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4518: 4512: 4499: 4488: 4467: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4398: 4389: 4370: 4364: 4349:Reynolds v. Sims 4345: 4339: 4338: 4321:(6): 1521–1522. 4307: 4301: 4280: 4274: 4266:Reynolds v. Sims 4261: 4255: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4217: 4211: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4166: 4160: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4111: 4105: 4081: 4075: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4038: 4032: 4025: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3991: 3985: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3947: 3924: 3909: 3700:Fletcher v. Peck 3651:Letter of marque 3587:. In 1913, the 3378:Thomas Jefferson 3325:Thomas Jefferson 3183:Copyright Clause 3006:Gibbons v. Ogden 2932:to Congress. In 2729: 2708:Charles Coughlin 2705:American fascist 2600:Joint resolution 2571:Grover Cleveland 2557:Pocket Veto Case 2500:Great Compromise 2492:House of Commons 2480:Acts of Congress 2426:Section 7: Bills 2167:John Henry Eaton 2093:Nathaniel Gorham 2030:Buckley v. Valeo 1919:Electoral system 1496:become operative 1367:), and fourteen 1181: 1170:writ of election 1158:Writ of election 1066:Native Americans 979:recall elections 723:Disfranchisement 682:Great Depression 635:, which confers 577:federal district 567:inferior to the 479:establishes the 466: 459: 452: 436: 435: 424: 423: 412: 411: 410: 46: 21: 20: 14899: 14898: 14894: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14864: 14863: 14862: 14857: 14842: 14801: 14785:Vice presidents 14773: 14720:List of efforts 14695: 14677: 14647: 14642:Thomas Porteous 14576:Mark W. Delahay 14544: 14519: 14393: 14376: 14363: 14358: 14328: 14315: 14294: 14242: 14232: 14186: 14147: 14140: 14017:Hall of Columns 13964: 13908: 13901: 13839: 13828: 13809:Parliamentarian 13750: 13741:Parliamentarian 13688: 13647: 13614: 13543: 13533: 13526:Capitol Complex 13507: 13461: 13457:Party divisions 13373: 13347: 13265: 13149:Senate-specific 13144: 12999:Closed sessions 12967:Act of Congress 12955: 12929: 12925:Taxing/spending 12849: 12830: 12821:Party switchers 12790:Died in office 12760: 12712: 12696: 12665:Equality Caucus 12648: 12620:Hispanic Caucus 12559: 12534: 12504: 12461: 12366: 12210: 12152: 12089: 12042: 12029: 11986: 11981: 11951: 11946: 11881: 11875: 11843: 11839:William Jackson 11827: 11823:Abraham Baldwin 11806: 11775: 11771:Hugh Williamson 11749: 11728: 11702: 11693:Richard Bassett 11666: 11652:Jared Ingersoll 11615: 11611:Jonathan Dayton 11584: 11568: 11547: 11526: 11522:Nicholas Gilman 11505: 11480: 11446:Reserved powers 11426:Judicial review 11359: 11155:General Welfare 11078:Double Jeopardy 10989: 10916:List of Framers 10896:New Jersey Plan 10850: 10832: 10828:Victims' Rights 10748:Balanced budget 10734: 10687: 10616: 10588: 10567: 10491: 10440: 10435: 10405: 10396: 10350:Wharton v. Wise 10316: 10298: 10274: 10252: 10097: 10070: 10064:Contract Clause 10049: 9953: 9931: 9875: 9851: 9795: 9794:of Section VIII 9773: 9742:trademark cases 9735: 9641:Kappos v. Hyatt 9441:Parker v. Flook 9233: 9074:copyright cases 9067: 9053:Allen v. Cooper 8997:Golan v. Holder 8854: 8729: 8700: 8670: 8537: 8452: 8399: 8225:Merrell v. Tice 8194: 8156:Holmes v. Hurst 8132:Baker v. Selden 8092:Backus v. Gould 8069: 7991: 7945:Evans v. Jordan 7929: 7884: 7843: 7842:of Section VIII 7821: 7786: 7785:of Section VIII 7764: 7670:EEOC v. Wyoming 7422:Kidd v. Pearson 7398:Passenger Cases 7377: 7267:Maine v. Taylor 7056: 7055:of Section VIII 7053:Commerce Clause 7038: 6942: 6921: 6891: 6873: 6849: 6828: 6796: 6775: 6769:Moore v. Harper 6727: 6706: 6700:Cook v. Gralike 6674: 6653: 6621: 6604: 6595: 6533: 6518:Irons, Peter H. 6514: 6512:Further reading 6509: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6438:Tribe, Laurence 6435: 6431: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6377: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6325:Weisberg, Jacob 6318: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6296:37 U.S.C. § 908 6293: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6229: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6198: 6194: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6099: 6097: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6013: 6009: 5995: 5993: 5978: 5974: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5923: 5916: 5906: 5904: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5875: 5871: 5860: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5795: 5791: 5782: 5778: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5740: 5736: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5707: 5695: 5691: 5680: 5676: 5669:Cook v. Gralike 5666: 5662: 5642: 5638: 5625: 5621: 5611: 5609: 5602:www.govinfo.gov 5596: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5575: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5530: 5529:. Nash Holdings 5514: 5510: 5503: 5495:. p. 397. 5493:Signet Classics 5483: 5479: 5472: 5464:. p. 396. 5462:Signet Classics 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5405:Signet Classics 5388: 5384: 5377: 5369:. p. 394. 5367:Signet Classics 5357: 5353: 5346: 5336:Signet Classics 5319: 5315: 5308: 5298:Signet Classics 5287: 5283: 5273: 5271: 5269:Yale Law School 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5234:Yale Law School 5218: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5199:Yale Law School 5183: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5161:Signet Classics 5150: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5132:Yale Law School 5116: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5094:Signet Classics 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5065:Yale Law School 5049: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4966: 4962: 4945: 4941: 4936:(4): 1017–1051. 4924: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4889:Rossum, Ralph. 4887: 4883: 4850: 4846: 4815: 4811: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4741: 4734: 4714: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4666: 4662: 4614: 4607: 4603: 4585:Annals of Cong. 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572:Whelan v. Cuomo 4569: 4565: 4554: 4550: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4508:Cook v. Gralike 4500: 4491: 4471:Exon v. Tiemann 4468: 4464: 4453: 4446: 4440:Annals of Cong. 4439: 4437: 4433: 4407:White v. Weiser 4399: 4392: 4371: 4367: 4346: 4342: 4327:10.2307/1290453 4308: 4304: 4281: 4277: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4163: 4148: 4141: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4082: 4078: 4067: 4063: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4022: 4016:Tenth Amendment 4007: 4003: 3992: 3988: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3802: 3796: 3770: 3764: 3707:, in which the 3695:Contract Clause 3670:bills of credit 3662:Bills of Credit 3657: 3647:Contract Clause 3645:Main articles: 3643: 3638: 3618: 3612: 3573: 3522: 3477:on June 6, 1850 3457: 3396: 3331:, supported by 3310: 3304: 3286:universal crime 3275:Edmund Randolph 3265: 3144: 3000:commerce clause 2990: 2988:Commerce Clause 2972: 2952: 2944:social security 2922: 2730: 2725: 2687:To establish a 2652: 2638:Albert Einstein 2630: 2625: 2610: 2598:Main articles: 2596: 2527: 2511:Main articles: 2509: 2471: 2435:Main articles: 2433: 2428: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2351:Pentagon Papers 2309: 2303: 2298: 2273: 2258: 2246:Main articles: 2244: 2227: 2209: 2181:Main articles: 2179: 2177:Clause 2: Rules 2142: 2130:Main articles: 2128: 2123: 2079: 2069: 2063: 1981:Moore v. Harper 1949:] Senators. 1939: 1925: 1901:Main articles: 1899: 1894: 1864: 1850: 1844: 1827:double jeopardy 1743:Edmund Randolph 1700: 1690: 1678:Main articles: 1676: 1645: 1639: 1619:Main articles: 1617: 1587: 1575:Main articles: 1573: 1550: 1530:three "classes" 1516: 1510: 1504: 1481:Salmon P. Chase 1436:elected by its 1427: 1406: 1401: 1288: 1242:Minority leader 1238:Majority leader 1234:Whip (politics) 1226: 1190:Main articles: 1188: 1173: 1160: 1152:Main articles: 1150: 1032: 1018: 1010:Main articles: 1008: 941: 931: 923:Main articles: 921: 882:reapportionment 799: 729:Multicameralism 725: 697:Main articles: 695: 690: 661:Tenth Amendment 643:, which grants 623:Section 1 is a 610:Opening of the 604: 598: 470: 430: 418: 408: 406: 360: 304: 260: 259: 103: 35: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14897: 14887: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14859: 14858: 14847: 14844: 14843: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14828: 14827: 14826: 14815: 14813: 14807: 14806: 14803: 14802: 14800: 14799: 14794: 14793: 14792: 14781: 14779: 14775: 14774: 14772: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14716: 14714: 14705: 14701: 14700: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14691:William Blount 14687: 14685: 14683:Congressperson 14679: 14678: 14676: 14675: 14665: 14657: 14655: 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14638: 14635:Samuel B. Kent 14631: 14624: 14621:Alcee Hastings 14617: 14610: 14603: 14598: 14591: 14584: 14582:Charles Swayne 14579: 14572: 14565: 14560: 14557:John Pickering 14552: 14550: 14546: 14545: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14540: 14529: 14527: 14521: 14520: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14453: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14424:second inquiry 14421: 14414:Andrew Johnson 14410: 14408: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14357: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14334: 14325: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14313: 14308: 14302: 14300: 14296: 14295: 14293: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14265:Senate chamber 14262: 14257: 14252: 14250:Botanic Garden 14246: 14244: 14238: 14237: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14203:office lottery 14200: 14194: 14192: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14184: 14179: 14178: 14177: 14165: 14159: 14157: 14150: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14121: 14114: 14111:Columbus Doors 14107: 14100: 14093: 14086: 14079: 14072: 14065: 14058: 14051: 14043: 14036: 14029: 14027:Visitor Center 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14008: 14007: 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13966: 13965: 13963: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13940: 13933: 13926: 13919: 13917:Public Printer 13913: 13911: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13887:Adams Building 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13868: 13867: 13857: 13856: 13855: 13844: 13842: 13834: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13827: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13805: 13804: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13758: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13707: 13705: 13698: 13694: 13693: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13655: 13653: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13629: 13627: 13620: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13581: 13580: 13570: 13565: 13564: 13563: 13553: 13547: 13545: 13535: 13534: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13479: 13473: 13471: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13462: 13460: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13415: 13408:Senate history 13405: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13283:ranking member 13275: 13273: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13246:Standing Rules 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13221:Reconciliation 13218: 13213: 13208: 13206:Nuclear option 13203: 13198: 13195:Senate Journal 13191: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13152: 13150: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13133:Line-item veto 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13098:Reconciliation 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13064: 13063: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13006: 12996: 12991: 12989:Budget process 12986: 12981: 12976: 12975: 12974: 12963: 12961: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12937: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12910:Naturalization 12907: 12906: 12905: 12900: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12859: 12851: 12850: 12840: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12751: 12749:Quaker members 12746: 12744:Muslim members 12741: 12736: 12734:Jewish members 12731: 12726: 12720: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12640: 12639: 12632:Jewish members 12629: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12595: 12590: 12589: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12551: 12549: 12540: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12530:Gerrymandering 12527: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12469: 12467: 12463: 12462: 12460: 12459: 12458: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12415: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12398: 12397: 12396: 12385: 12383: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12209: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12160: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12151: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12061: 12059: 12052: 12044: 12043: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11965: 11957: 11948: 11947: 11945: 11944: 11939: 11931: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11897: 11896: 11885: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11855: 11853: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11814: 11812: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11783: 11781: 11780:South Carolina 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11761:William Blount 11757: 11755: 11754:North Carolina 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11724:Daniel Carroll 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11688:John Dickinson 11685: 11680: 11674: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11632:Thomas Mifflin 11629: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11601:David Brearley 11598: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11576: 11574: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11513: 11511: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11497: 11495: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11471:Taxation power 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11416:Implied powers 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11365: 11364:Interpretation 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11260:Recommendation 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11145:Fugitive Slave 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11115: 11113:Excessive Bail 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11013:Appropriations 11010: 11005: 10999: 10997: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10823:Single subject 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10624: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10598: 10596: 10594:Reconstruction 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10575: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10514: 10512: 10510:Bill of Rights 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10441: 10434: 10433: 10426: 10419: 10411: 10402: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10386: 10378: 10370: 10362: 10354: 10346: 10338: 10330: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10313:Compact Clause 10304: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10288: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10250: 10246:Sveen v. Melin 10242: 10234: 10226: 10218: 10210: 10202: 10194: 10186: 10178: 10174:Block v. Hirsh 10170: 10162: 10154: 10146: 10138: 10130: 10122: 10114: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10095: 10086: 10084: 10072: 10071: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10039: 10031: 10027:Teague v. Lane 10023: 10015: 10007: 9999: 9991: 9983: 9975: 9967: 9963:Calder v. Bull 9958: 9955: 9954: 9937: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9921: 9913: 9905: 9897: 9889: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9849: 9841: 9833: 9825: 9817: 9809: 9800: 9797: 9796: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9763: 9755: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9725: 9717: 9709: 9701: 9693: 9685: 9677: 9669: 9661: 9657:Gunn v. Minton 9653: 9645: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9605: 9597: 9589: 9581: 9573: 9565: 9557: 9549: 9541: 9533: 9525: 9517: 9509: 9501: 9493: 9485: 9477: 9469: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9437: 9429: 9421: 9413: 9405: 9397: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9365: 9357: 9349: 9341: 9333: 9325: 9317: 9309: 9301: 9293: 9285: 9277: 9269: 9261: 9253: 9244: 9242: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9223: 9215: 9207: 9199: 9191: 9183: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9151: 9143: 9135: 9127: 9119: 9111: 9103: 9095: 9087: 9078: 9076: 9069: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9057: 9049: 9041: 9033: 9025: 9017: 9009: 9001: 8993: 8985: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8953: 8945: 8937: 8929: 8921: 8913: 8905: 8897: 8889: 8881: 8873: 8864: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8852: 8844: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8812: 8804: 8796: 8788: 8780: 8772: 8764: 8756: 8748: 8739: 8737: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8727: 8719: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8690: 8681: 8679: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8640:Mazer v. Stein 8636: 8628: 8620: 8612: 8604: 8596: 8588: 8580: 8572: 8564: 8556: 8547: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8527: 8519: 8511: 8503: 8495: 8487: 8479: 8471: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8442: 8434: 8426: 8418: 8409: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8389: 8381: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8325: 8317: 8309: 8301: 8293: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8253: 8245: 8237: 8229: 8221: 8213: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8168: 8160: 8152: 8144: 8136: 8128: 8124:Paige v. Banks 8120: 8116:Little v. Hall 8112: 8104: 8096: 8088: 8079: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8067: 8063:Voss v. Fisher 8059: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8019: 8011: 8002: 8000: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7973: 7965: 7957: 7949: 7940: 7938: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7919: 7915:Evans v. Eaton 7911: 7907:Evans v. Eaton 7903: 7894: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7882: 7874: 7870:Paige v. Banks 7866: 7857: 7855: 7845: 7844: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7811: 7802: 7800: 7788: 7787: 7783:Coinage Clause 7774: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7730: 7722: 7714: 7710:Reno v. Condon 7706: 7698: 7690: 7682: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7642: 7634: 7626: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7450: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7402: 7394: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7375: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7343: 7335: 7327: 7319: 7311: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7263: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7070: 7068: 7058: 7057: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7020: 7012: 7004: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6972: 6964: 6956: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6911: 6903: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890:of Section VII 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6863: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6818: 6810: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6745:Smiley v. Holm 6741: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6688: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6635: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6606: 6605: 6594: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6548: 6539: 6532: 6531:External links 6529: 6528: 6527: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6507: 6488: 6457: 6450: 6429: 6406: 6388: 6371: 6359: 6345: 6312: 6308:Calder v. Bull 6300: 6287: 6272: 6257: 6248: 6220: 6216:Novak, Michael 6208: 6192: 6171: 6139: 6107: 6081: 6067: 6052:. Senate.gov. 6041: 6029: 6007: 5972: 5950: 5930:Wexler, Jay D. 5914: 5884: 5869: 5854: 5829: 5804: 5789: 5776: 5760: 5734: 5719: 5714:Smiley v. Holm 5705: 5689: 5674: 5660: 5636: 5628:Foster v. Love 5619: 5589: 5563: 5540: 5508: 5501: 5477: 5470: 5446: 5420: 5413: 5382: 5375: 5351: 5344: 5313: 5307:978-0451528841 5306: 5292:, ed. (2003). 5290:Ketcham, Ralph 5281: 5260:Avalon Project 5246: 5225:Avalon Project 5211: 5190:Avalon Project 5176: 5170:978-0451528841 5169: 5155:, ed. (2003). 5153:Ketcham, Ralph 5144: 5123:Avalon Project 5109: 5103:978-0451528841 5102: 5088:, ed. (2003). 5086:Ketcham, Ralph 5077: 5056:Avalon Project 5042: 5030: 5012: 5000: 4975: 4960: 4939: 4918: 4900: 4881: 4862:(2): 225–243. 4844: 4825:(3): 407–426. 4809: 4789: 4763: 4748: 4732: 4701: 4685: 4679:978-0743277044 4678: 4660: 4601: 4576: 4563: 4548: 4530: 4513: 4489: 4462: 4444: 4431: 4390: 4365: 4340: 4302: 4275: 4256: 4242: 4212: 4187: 4175: 4161: 4139: 4124: 4106: 4076: 4061: 4046: 4033: 4020: 4001: 3986: 3967: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3833:32 U.S.C. 3821:10 U.S.C. 3817:National Guard 3798:Main article: 3795: 3792: 3766:Main article: 3763: 3760: 3655:Bill of credit 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3614:Main article: 3611: 3608: 3589:16th Amendment 3572: 3569: 3521: 3518: 3456: 3453: 3395: 3392: 3388:implied powers 3357:law of nations 3341:counterfeiting 3306:Main article: 3303: 3300: 3264: 3261: 3241:Feres Doctrine 3163:naturalization 3143: 3140: 3011:Thomas Gibbons 2986:Main article: 2978:Chief Justice 2971: 2968: 2951: 2948: 2921: 2918: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2818: 2803: 2800:Law of Nations 2784: 2775:To constitute 2773: 2766: 2752: 2749:counterfeiting 2745: 2723: 2703:In the 1930s, 2697: 2696: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2648:Main article: 2642:Phillip Forman 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2595: 2592: 2508: 2505: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2374:Main article: 2371: 2368: 2305:Main article: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2272: 2269: 2243: 2240: 2236:expel a member 2178: 2175: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1881:Vice President 1846:Main article: 1843: 1840: 1729:in 1999, with 1716:William Blount 1675: 1672: 1616: 1613: 1596:vice president 1572: 1569: 1549: 1546: 1526:First Congress 1506:Main article: 1503: 1500: 1486:Texas v. White 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1369:federal judges 1354:William Blount 1336:, twice), two 1326:Andrew Johnson 1254:Ranking member 1187: 1184: 1149: 1146: 1007: 1004: 971:federal courts 920: 917: 833:gerrymandering 819:" doctrine in 694: 691: 689: 686: 625:vesting clause 612:112th Congress 600:Main article: 597: 594: 565:federal courts 520:Vesting Clause 518:Article One's 472: 471: 469: 468: 461: 454: 446: 443: 442: 441: 440: 428: 426:Law portal 416: 401: 400: 399: 398: 392: 391: 385: 384: 382:Amendments I–X 378: 377: 369: 368: 362: 361: 359: 358: 353: 351:Bill of Rights 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 323: 322: 316: 313: 312: 306: 305: 303: 302: 297: 291: 290: 285: 280: 274: 273: 267: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 231: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 115: 112: 111: 105: 104: 102: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 65: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 39: 38: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14896: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14855: 14851: 14845: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14812: 14808: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14776: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14737: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14692: 14689: 14688: 14686: 14684: 14680: 14673: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14639: 14637: 14636: 14632: 14630: 14629: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14618: 14616: 14615: 14611: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14596: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14577: 14573: 14571: 14570: 14566: 14564: 14563:James H. Peck 14561: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14553: 14551: 14547: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14531: 14530: 14528: 14526: 14522: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14419:first inquiry 14417: 14416: 14415: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14366: 14362: 14355: 14350: 14348: 14343: 14341: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14247: 14245: 14239: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14189: 14183: 14180: 14176: 14175: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14143: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14126: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14115: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14101: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14092: 14091: 14087: 14085: 14084: 14080: 14078: 14077: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14059: 14057: 14056: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14037: 14035: 14034: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14022:Statuary Hall 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14006: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13941: 13939: 13938: 13934: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13925: 13924: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13910: 13904: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13877:Poet Laureate 13875: 13873: 13870: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13835: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13819:Reading Clerk 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13803: 13800: 13799: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13706: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13659:Congr. Ethics 13657: 13656: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13624: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13540: 13536: 13531: 13527: 13522: 13518: 13504: 13503: 13499: 13497: 13496: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13409: 13406: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13391:House history 13389: 13388: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13376: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13350: 13344: 13343:Subcommittees 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13328:List (Senate) 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13261:Treaty Clause 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13147: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13057: 13056:Joint session 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13041:Enrolled bill 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12856: 12852: 12845: 12841: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12757: 12756: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12729:Hindu members 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12699: 12691: 12690:current House 12688: 12686: 12685:Issues Caucus 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12642: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12630: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525:Apportionment 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12511: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12464: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12402: 12399: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12155: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12023: 12020: 12017: → 12016: 12013: ← 12012: 12008: 12006: 12005:Joint session 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11973: 11971: 11966: 11964: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11943: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11886: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11866:Jacob Shallus 11864: 11862: 11861: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11850: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11815: 11813: 11809: 11803: 11802:Pierce Butler 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11787:John Rutledge 11785: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11745:James Madison 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11714:James McHenry 11712: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11669: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11642:George Clymer 11640: 11638: 11637:Robert Morris 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11564:Roger Sherman 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11531:Massachusetts 11529: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11510:New Hampshire 11508: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11436:Plenary power 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11406:Equal footing 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11327:Trial by Jury 11325: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11180:Ineligibility 11178: 11176: 11175:Import-Export 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11130:Free Exercise 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11119:Ex Post Facto 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11103:Establishment 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:Confrontation 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10936:Syng inkstand 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10891:Virginia Plan 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10818:School Prayer 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10574: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10432: 10427: 10425: 10420: 10418: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10392: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10305: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10166:Smyth v. Ames 10163: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10093: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10056: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9952:of Section IX 9951: 9949: 9948:Ex post facto 9942: 9938: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901:Ex parte Endo 9898: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9868: 9867:Habeas corpus 9862: 9858: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9784: 9769: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9738: 9731: 9730: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9659: 9658: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9236: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9164: 9163:Gibbs v. Buck 9160: 9157: 9156: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9070: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8732: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8676:Patent misuse 8673: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297:Brady v. Daly 8294: 8291: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8262: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8230: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8164:Brady v. Daly 8161: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8004: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7997:Patentability 7994: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7899:Tyler v. Tuel 7896: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7599: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7372: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7045: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631:Utah v. Evans 6628: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6481:September 11, 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6451:1-56662-714-1 6447: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6355: 6349: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6321:Feldman, Noah 6316: 6309: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6252: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6055: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6026:0-313-31229-X 6023: 6019: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5919: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5858: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5800: 5793: 5786: 5785:Wood v. Broom 5780: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5715: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5697:2 U.S.C. 5693: 5686: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5652:3 U.S.C. 5649: 5645: 5644:2 U.S.C. 5640: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5582: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5544: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5504: 5502:9780451528810 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5473: 5471:9780451528810 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5450: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5414:9780451528810 5410: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5376:9780451528810 5372: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5345:9780451528810 5341: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5270: 5266: 5265:New Haven, CT 5262: 5261: 5256: 5250: 5235: 5231: 5230:New Haven, CT 5227: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5200: 5196: 5195:New Haven, CT 5192: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5133: 5129: 5128:New Haven, CT 5125: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5066: 5062: 5061:New Haven, CT 5058: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5009: 5004: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4971: 4964: 4957:(4): 841–891. 4956: 4952: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Public Choice 4813: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4648:2 U.S.C. 4645: 4641: 4640:2 U.S.C. 4637: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4523: 4517: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4459: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4435: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4037: 4030: 4024: 4017: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3981:INS v. Chadha 3976: 3971: 3952: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3861:Supreme Court 3857: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3732:New Hampshire 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3688:ex post facto 3685: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3591:exempted all 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3563:ex post facto 3560: 3559: 3558:ex post facto 3554: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543:habeas corpus 3540: 3539: 3534: 3533:habeas corpus 3529: 3528: 3527:habeas corpus 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3409:Habeas Corpus 3404: 3399: 3391: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:national bank 3367: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333:James Madison 3330: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3299: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3284:was the only 3283: 3278: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3032:laissez-faire 3027: 3024: 3023:John Marshall 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2981: 2980:John Marshall 2976: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906:James Madison 2903: 2902:welfare state 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2826:Appropriation 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781:Supreme Court 2778: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2591: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575:pocket vetoes 2572: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488:first reading 2484: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2277: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2097:Massachusetts 2094: 2089: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2068: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043:right to vote 2040: 2034: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1989:27th Congress 1985: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1965: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1835:Chief Justice 1830: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782:Supreme Court 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:James Madison 1748: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1479: 1478:Chief Justice 1475: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1378: 1377:Richard Nixon 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358:Supreme Court 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340:secretaries ( 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078:Supreme Court 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1003: 1001: 999: 994: 991: 990:ballot access 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 952: 946: 940: 936: 930: 926: 916: 913: 908: 906: 905: 899: 897: 896: 891: 887: 883: 877: 874: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 842: 836: 834: 830: 829: 824: 823: 822:Baker v. Carr 818: 814: 810: 804: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:Unicameralism 704: 700: 685: 683: 679: 674: 668: 666: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 620: 613: 608: 603: 593: 591: 587: 583: 578: 574: 570: 569:Supreme Court 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 547: 543: 537: 535: 531: 526: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 467: 462: 460: 455: 453: 448: 447: 445: 444: 439: 434: 429: 427: 422: 417: 415: 405: 404: 403: 402: 397: 394: 393: 390: 387: 386: 383: 380: 379: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 367: 364: 363: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344:Republicanism 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 330: 328: 325: 324: 321: 318: 317: 315: 314: 311: 308: 307: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 66: 62: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 14853: 14849: 14734: 14660: 14640: 14633: 14628:Walter Nixon 14626: 14619: 14612: 14605: 14593: 14586: 14574: 14567: 14555: 14549:Other judges 14533:Samuel Chase 14508:second trial 14478:Donald Trump 14456:Bill Clinton 14387: 14381: 14377: 14306:Capitol Hill 14172: 14123: 14116: 14109: 14102: 14095: 14088: 14081: 14074: 14067: 14060: 14053: 14046: 14038: 14031: 14002: 13942: 13935: 13928: 13921: 13530:Capitol Hill 13500: 13493: 13486: 13445: 13323:List (House) 13318:List (Joint) 13288:Of the Whole 13194: 13187: 13186:Jefferson's 13073:Magic minute 12864: 12826:Slave owners 12809:2000–present 12755:Sikh members 12753: 12660:LGBT members 12586:Black Caucus 12362:118th (2023) 12357:117th (2021) 12352:116th (2019) 12347:115th (2017) 12342:114th (2015) 12337:113th (2013) 12332:112th (2011) 12327:111th (2009) 12322:110th (2007) 12317:109th (2005) 12312:108th (2003) 12307:107th (2001) 12302:106th (1999) 12297:105th (1997) 12292:104th (1995) 12287:103rd (1993) 12282:102nd (1991) 12277:101st (1989) 12272:100th (1987) 11933: 11925: 11858: 11657:James Wilson 11620:Pennsylvania 11517:John Langdon 11275:Speedy Trial 11117: 11008:Appointments 10942: 10725:Equal Rights 10621:20th century 10456: 10388: 10380: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10348: 10340: 10332: 10324: 10315:of Section X 10290: 10282: 10273:of Section X 10244: 10236: 10228: 10220: 10212: 10204: 10196: 10188: 10180: 10172: 10164: 10156: 10148: 10140: 10132: 10124: 10116: 10108: 10089: 10079: 10043:Smith v. Doe 10041: 10033: 10025: 10017: 10009: 10001: 9993: 9985: 9977: 9969: 9961: 9947: 9923: 9915: 9907: 9899: 9891: 9883: 9866: 9843: 9835: 9827: 9819: 9811: 9803: 9765: 9757: 9749: 9727: 9719: 9711: 9703: 9695: 9687: 9679: 9671: 9663: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9631: 9623: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9591: 9583: 9575: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9511: 9503: 9495: 9487: 9479: 9471: 9463: 9455: 9447: 9439: 9431: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9375: 9367: 9359: 9351: 9343: 9335: 9327: 9319: 9311: 9303: 9295: 9287: 9279: 9271: 9263: 9255: 9247: 9240:patent cases 9225: 9217: 9209: 9201: 9193: 9185: 9177: 9169: 9161: 9153: 9145: 9137: 9129: 9121: 9113: 9105: 9097: 9089: 9081: 9059: 9051: 9043: 9035: 9027: 9019: 9011: 9003: 8995: 8987: 8979: 8971: 8963: 8955: 8947: 8939: 8931: 8923: 8915: 8907: 8899: 8891: 8883: 8875: 8867: 8846: 8838: 8832:Matal v. Tam 8830: 8822: 8814: 8806: 8798: 8790: 8782: 8774: 8766: 8758: 8750: 8742: 8721: 8713: 8692: 8684: 8662: 8654: 8646: 8638: 8630: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8590: 8582: 8574: 8566: 8558: 8550: 8529: 8521: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8489: 8481: 8473: 8465: 8444: 8436: 8428: 8420: 8412: 8391: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8186: 8178: 8170: 8162: 8154: 8146: 8138: 8130: 8122: 8114: 8106: 8098: 8090: 8082: 8061: 8053: 8045: 8037: 8029: 8021: 8013: 8005: 7983: 7975: 7967: 7959: 7951: 7943: 7921: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7876: 7868: 7860: 7813: 7805: 7795: 7756: 7748: 7740: 7732: 7724: 7716: 7708: 7700: 7692: 7684: 7676: 7668: 7660: 7652: 7644: 7636: 7628: 7620: 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7492: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7388: 7369: 7361: 7353: 7345: 7337: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7305: 7297: 7289: 7281: 7273: 7265: 7257: 7249: 7241: 7233: 7225: 7217: 7209: 7201: 7193: 7185: 7177: 7169: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7137: 7129: 7121: 7113: 7105: 7097: 7089: 7081: 7073: 7030: 7022: 7014: 7006: 6998: 6990: 6982: 6974: 6966: 6958: 6950: 6940:Section VIII 6913: 6905: 6865: 6857: 6820: 6812: 6804: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6743: 6735: 6698: 6690: 6682: 6645: 6637: 6629: 6600: 6558:(from TIFIS) 6543: 6521: 6501: 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6474: 6470: 6460: 6441: 6432: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6400: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6362: 6353: 6348: 6336:. Retrieved 6332: 6315: 6303: 6290: 6280: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6235: 6211: 6200: 6195: 6183:. Retrieved 6174: 6162:. Retrieved 6155:the original 6142: 6130:. Retrieved 6123:the original 6110: 6100:November 26, 6098:. Retrieved 6094:the original 6084: 6070: 6060:September 6, 6058:. Retrieved 6044: 6032: 6015: 6010: 6001: 5994:. Retrieved 5985: 5975: 5967: 5964:the original 5953: 5941:. Retrieved 5936: 5907:December 31, 5905:. Retrieved 5901:the original 5887: 5872: 5857: 5845:. Retrieved 5841: 5838:"uslaw.link" 5832: 5820:. Retrieved 5816: 5813:"uslaw.link" 5807: 5799:Shaw v. Reno 5797: 5792: 5784: 5779: 5763: 5753:November 21, 5751:. Retrieved 5747: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5708: 5692: 5682: 5677: 5667: 5663: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5610:. Retrieved 5601: 5592: 5581:Commentaries 5580: 5571: 5566: 5554:. Retrieved 5543: 5531:. Retrieved 5524: 5517:Chernow, Ron 5511: 5487: 5480: 5456: 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5423: 5399: 5385: 5361: 5354: 5330: 5316: 5293: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5258: 5249: 5237:. Retrieved 5223: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5188: 5179: 5156: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5121: 5112: 5089: 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5054: 5045: 5033: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5003: 4991:. Retrieved 4987: 4978: 4963: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4903: 4884: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4801: 4792: 4780:. Retrieved 4756: 4751: 4725: 4721: 4708: 4704: 4688: 4669: 4663: 4655: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4620:§ 2a(a) 4609: 4604: 4596: 4595:); see also 4592: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4516: 4506: 4502: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4455: 4434: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4388: (1970). 4372: 4368: 4363: (1964). 4347: 4343: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4259: 4249: 4245: 4233:. 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Lee 2813:, and make 2807:declare War 2549:pocket veto 2521:Pocket veto 2399:Westminster 2346:Mike Gravel 2290:the Capitol 2160:quorum call 2140:Adjournment 2136:Quorum call 1767:upper house 1763:lower house 1311:impeachment 1250:Chairperson 1179:§ 8(b) 1114:1920 census 1107:2020 Census 1074:enumeration 1038:Enumeration 975:term limits 715:Lower house 641:Article III 629:legislative 573:declare war 288:Child Labor 14868:Categories 14747:G. W. Bush 14730:A. Johnson 14712:Presidents 14406:Presidents 14243:facilities 13950:Serial Set 13838:Library of 13814:Postmaster 13777:Doorkeeper 13638:Historical 13293:Conference 13271:Committees 13256:Traditions 13181:Filibuster 12934:Privileges 12708:Physicians 12701:Occupation 12450:Vice-Chair 12051:Membership 11930:(painting) 11882:and legacy 11740:John Blair 11589:New Jersey 11543:Rufus King 11441:Preemption 11355:War Powers 11290:Suspension 11108:Exceptions 10798:Human Life 10697:Unratified 10497:Amendments 9873:Section IX 8735:Lanham Act 7430:In re Debs 6794:Section VI 6725:Section IV 6619:Section II 5996:October 2, 5842:uslaw.link 5817:uslaw.link 4988:senate.gov 4718:amend. XVI 4638:. Compare 4157:Barenblatt 3931:References 3837:§ 109 3825:§ 246 3728:George III 3524:A writ of 3497:entrenched 3488:per capita 3463:U.S. brig 3428:Capitation 3175:copyrights 3167:bankruptcy 2878:dock-Yards 2763:post Roads 2738:coin Money 2415:Hugo Black 2380:See also: 2211:See also: 2071:See also: 1927:See also: 1852:See also: 1799:argued in 1692:See also: 1641:See also: 1512:See also: 1451:as amended 1419:See also: 1413:Gilded Age 1322:grand jury 1228:See also: 1137:income tax 1020:See also: 933:See also: 797:Voting age 727:See also: 633:Article II 542:veto power 339:Federalism 327:Convention 14831:Joe Biden 14218:Longworth 14148:buildings 14131:VP's Room 13792:Historian 13731:Librarian 13726:Historian 13711:Secretary 13697:Employees 13502:Roll Call 13313:Oversight 13241:Seniority 13108:Saxbe fix 13046:Expulsion 12960:Procedure 12898:Inquiries 12878:(Dormant) 12870:Copyright 12865:Article I 12804:1950–1999 12799:1900–1949 12794:1790–1899 12513:Districts 12428:Secretary 12389:President 12169:seniority 12143:Appointed 12106:seniority 11451:Saxbe fix 11340:Executive 11295:Take Care 11285:Supremacy 11160:Guarantee 11088:Elections 10859:Formation 10572:1795–1804 10068:Section X 6601:Article I 6241:April 27, 6185:March 30, 6164:March 13, 6132:March 13, 5701:§ 2c 4876:145374045 4839:244431495 4438:E.g., 17 4294:residence 4200:Kilbourne 3960:April 13, 3845:the Crown 3758:in 1898. 3722:involved 3585:Article V 3501:Article V 3446:Emolument 3353:high seas 3327:, in the 2870:Magazines 2824:, but no 2796:high Seas 2756:establish 2541:Article V 2411:Saxbe fix 2395:patronage 2382:Saxbe fix 2283:pro forma 2267:entered. 2171:Rush Holt 2111:lame duck 1877:President 1759:bicameral 1741:Delegate 1733:presiding 1565:Section 4 1561:Section 5 1466:shielding 967:Section 4 963:Section 5 959:exclusive 892:included 841:Civil War 637:executive 493:bicameral 366:Full text 14725:Buchanan 14449:timeline 14049:painting 13840:Congress 13762:Chaplain 13716:Chaplain 13495:Politico 13488:The Hill 13338:Standing 13303:Hearings 13279:Chairman 12951:Immunity 12946:Franking 12941:Salaries 12875:Commerce 12717:Religion 12138:Resigned 11733:Virginia 11707:Maryland 11671:Delaware 11573:New York 11350:Vicinage 11344:Judicial 11068:Contract 11038:Commerce 10926:Printing 10740:Proposed 10452:Preamble 10445:Articles 8678:case law 7999:case law 7937:case law 6603:case law 6520:(1999). 6440:(2000). 6054:Archived 5990:Archived 5656:§ 1 5648:§ 7 5612:March 3, 5606:Archived 5533:June 16, 5439:June 14, 4803:Fox News 4652:§ 2 4644:§ 2 4616:2 U.S.C. 4589:national 4361:533, 612 4290:citizens 4235:March 8, 4229:Archived 3314:thereof. 3228:reprisal 3132:cannabis 3109:handguns 3050:New Deal 2874:Arsenals 2862:District 2809:, grant 2792:Felonies 2788:Piracies 2724:— 2712:Congress 2285:sessions 2262:Journal. 2051:poll tax 1704:present. 1608:presided 1474:equality 1389:managers 1175:2 U.S.C. 912:clause 3 862:poll tax 645:judicial 499:and the 61:Preamble 26:a series 14854:italics 14836:inquiry 14767:inquiry 14742:Clinton 14488:inquiry 14461:inquiry 14299:Related 14228:Rayburn 14223:O'Neill 14182:Russell 14163:Dirksen 14012:Rotunda 13853:reports 13721:Curator 13684:Library 13643:Library 13633:Curator 13619:Offices 13544:offices 13418:memoirs 13396:memoirs 13379:History 13166:Classes 13016:Cloture 12994:Censure 12769:Related 12485:Leaders 12473:Speaker 12413:Leaders 12375:Leaders 12164:Members 12128:Classes 12101:Members 12058:Members 11880:Display 11852:Related 11811:Georgia 11332:Vesting 11300:Takings 11185:Militia 11043:Compact 10995:Clauses 10921:Signing 10866:History 6426:(5): 7. 5943:May 31, 5767:5 5703:(2006). 5397:(ed.). 5328:(ed.). 5274:July 5, 5239:July 5, 5204:July 5, 5137:July 5, 5070:July 5, 4698:761-762 4335:1290453 4196:McGrain 4183:Watkins 3813:militia 3709:Georgia 3351:on the 3337:treason 3256:council 3179:patents 2779:to the 2490:in the 2354:in the 2334:treason 2156:adjourn 1879:or the 1757:with a 1598:is the 1554:chosen. 1453:, that 1383:is the 1356:), one 1350:senator 1348:), one 1338:Cabinet 1081:Justice 945:chosen. 886:Alabama 884:in the 864:. The 811:of the 673:limited 544:of the 483:of the 332:Signing 310:History 14824:judges 14790:Cheney 14290:Subway 14208:Cannon 14156:Senate 14146:Office 13882:THOMAS 13704:Senate 13626:Senate 13477:C-SPAN 13359:Gavels 13308:Markup 13188:Manual 13009:Senate 12858:Powers 12675:Senate 12671:Women 12576:Senate 12539:Groups 12382:Senate 12181:Former 12118:Former 12094:Senate 12000:Senate 11938:(film) 11322:Treaty 11225:Postal 11220:Pardon 10393:(2018) 10385:(2009) 10377:(2003) 10369:(1998) 10361:(1985) 10353:(1894) 10345:(1893) 10337:(1871) 10329:(1855) 10295:(1951) 10287:(1827) 10249:(2018) 10241:(1987) 10233:(1983) 10225:(1983) 10217:(1978) 10209:(1977) 10201:(1965) 10193:(1935) 10185:(1934) 10177:(1921) 10169:(1898) 10161:(1880) 10153:(1843) 10145:(1837) 10137:(1827) 10129:(1819) 10121:(1819) 10113:(1810) 10102:Others 10094:(1870) 10046:(2003) 10038:(1997) 10030:(1989) 10022:(1964) 10014:(1960) 10006:(1951) 9998:(1925) 9990:(1898) 9982:(1866) 9974:(1819) 9966:(1798) 9928:(2020) 9920:(2008) 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Article One of the United States Constitution

Index