900:
Congress' power and that
Congress could fix the time either in advance or at some later point, based upon its evaluation of the social and other bases of the necessities of the amendment, Congress did not violate the Constitution when, once having fixed the time, it subsequently extended the time. Proponents recognized that if the time limit was fixed in the text of the amendment Congress could not alter it because the time limit as well as the substantive provisions of the proposal had been subject to ratification by a number of States, making it unalterable by Congress except through the amending process again. Opponents argued that Congress, having by a two-thirds vote sent the amendment and its authorizing resolution to the states, had put the matter beyond changing by passage of a simple resolution, that states had either acted upon the entire package or at least that they had or could have acted affirmatively upon the promise of Congress that if the amendment had not been ratified within the prescribed period it would expire and their assent would not be compelled for longer than they had intended.
998:
defends it against modern critiques that
Article V is either too difficult, too undemocratic, or too formal. Instead he argues that Article V provides a clear and stable way of amending the document that is explicit, authentic, and the exclusive means of amendment; it promotes wisdom and justice through enhancing deliberation and prudence; and its process complements federalism and separation of powers that are key features of the Constitution. He argues that Article V remains the most clear and powerful way to register the sovereign desires of the American public with regard to alterations of their fundamental law. In the end, Article V is an essential bulwark to maintaining a written Constitution that secures the rights of the people against both elites and themselves.
42:
565:
Intents and
Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
744:
872:(1921), the Supreme Court upheld Congress's power to prescribe time limitations for state ratifications and intimated that clearly out of date proposals were no longer open for ratification. Granting that it found nothing express in Article V relating to time constraints, the Court yet allowed that it found intimated in the amending process a "strongly suggest" argument that proposed amendments are not open to ratification for all time or by States acting at widely separate times. The court subsequently, in
407:
532:, regardless of a state's population or length of time in the Union. Article Five is silent regarding deadlines for the ratification of proposed amendments, but most amendments proposed since 1917 have included a deadline for ratification. Legal scholars generally agree that the amending process of Article Five can itself be amended by the procedures laid out in Article Five, but there is some disagreement over whether Article Five is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution.
641:
878:(1939), modified its opinion considerably. In that case, related to the proposed Child Labor Amendment, it held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one, leaving the issue to Congress's discretion. It would appear that the length of time elapsing between proposal and ratification is irrelevant to the validity of the amendment. Based upon this precedent, the Archivist of the United States, on May 7, 1992, proclaimed the
419:
431:
590:. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states and are not part of the Constitution. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it. All totaled, more than 10,000 measures to amend the Constitution have been proposed in Congress.
907:, however, found that Congress did not have the authority to extend the deadline, even when only contained within the proposing joint resolution's resolving clause. The Supreme Court had decided to take up the case, bypassing the Court of Appeals, but before they could hear the case, the extended period granted by Congress had been exhausted without the necessary number of states, thus rendering the case
822:, that an amendment has been proposed. Each Governor then formally submits the amendment to their state's legislature (or ratifying convention). When a state ratifies a proposed amendment, it sends the Archivist an original or certified copy of the state's action. Upon receiving the necessary number of state ratifications, it is the duty of the Archivist to issue a certificate
575:
973:, which contains a self-entrenching, unamendable provision. Law professor Richard Albert also holds that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a "double amendment" process, contrasting the U.S. Constitution with other constitutions in which the provision that protects certain provisions from ever being amended also protects itself. Another legal scholar,
863:, have included a deadline, either in the body of the proposed amendment, or in the joint resolution transmitting it to the states. The ratification deadline "clock" begins running on the day final action is completed in Congress. An amendment may be ratified at any time after final congressional action, even if the states have not yet been officially notified.
989:, there is debate among commentators about whether Article V is the exclusive means of amending the Constitution, or whether there are routes to amendment, including some routes in which the Constitution could be unconsciously or unwittingly amended in a period of sustained political activity on the part of a mobilized national constituency. For example,
1002:
constitutional language by departing from original intentions, expectations, or meaning". He also points out how constitutional institutions have, independent of both judicial activity and alterations effected though the
Article V process, evolved "to take forms inconsistent with what the Founders imagined or the language they wrote suggested".
969:
preventing its own amendment. Thus, under Mader's argument, a two-step amendment process could repeal the provision that prevents the equal suffrage provision from being amended, and then repeal the equal suffrage provision itself. Mader contrasts the provision preventing the modification of the equal suffrage clause with the unratified
1017:
If in the opinion of the People the distribution or modification of the
Constitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument
993:
rejects the notion that
Article V excludes other modes of constitutional change, arguing instead that the procedure provided for in Article V is simply the exclusive method the government may use to amend the Constitution. He asserts that Article V nowhere prevents the People themselves, acting apart
623:
It guards equally against that extreme facility which would render the
Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty which might perpetuate its discovered faults. It moreover equally enables the General and the State Governments to originate the amendment of errors, as they may be pointed out
610:
between two groups, one maintaining that the national legislature should have no role in the constitutional amendment process, and another contending that proposals to amend the constitution should originate in the national legislature and their ratification should be decided by state legislatures or
1022:
This statement by
Washington has become controversial, and scholars disagree about whether it still describes the proper constitutional order in the United States. Scholars who dismiss Washington's position often argue that the Constitution itself was adopted without following the procedures in the
846:
The
Constitution is silent on the issue of whether or not Congress may limit the length of time that the states have to ratify constitutional amendments sent for their consideration. It is also silent on the issue of whether or not Congress, once it has sent an amendment that includes a ratification
899:
The amendment's proponents argued that the fixing of a time limit and the extending of it were powers committed exclusively to
Congress under the political question doctrine and that in any event Congress had power to extend. It was argued that inasmuch as the fixing of a reasonable time was within
711:
Three times in the 20th century, concerted efforts were undertaken by proponents of particular amendments to secure the number of applications necessary to summon an Article V Convention. These included conventions to consider amendments to (1) provide for the popular election of U.S. Senators; (2)
585:
to the United States Constitution have been approved by the Congress and sent to the states for ratification. Twenty-seven of these amendments have been ratified and are now part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the
891:
Whether once it has prescribed a ratification period Congress may extend the period without necessitating action by already-ratified States embroiled Congress, the states, and the courts in argument with respect to the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (Sent to the states on March 22, 1972, with a
997:
Other scholars disagree. Some argue that the Constitution itself provides no mechanism for the American people to adopt constitutional amendments independently of Article V. Darren Patrick Guerra has argued that Article V is a vital part of the American constitutional tradition and he
799:
An amendment becomes an operative part of the Constitution when it is ratified by the necessary number of states, rather than on the later date when its ratification is certified. No further action by Congress or anyone is required. On three occasions, Congress has, after being informed that an
564:
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all
968:
The guarantee of equal suffrage in the Senate is arguably subject to being amended through the procedures outlined within the Article. Law professor George Mader holds that the shielding provision can be amended because it is not "self-entrenched", meaning that it does not contain a provision
758:
After being officially proposed, either by Congress or a national convention of the states, a constitutional amendment must then be ratified by three-fourths (38 out of 50) of the states. Congress is authorized to choose whether a proposed amendment is sent to the state legislatures or to
882:
as having been ratified when it surpassed the "three fourths of the several states" plateau for becoming a part of the Constitution. It had been submitted to the states for ratification—without a ratification deadline—on September 25, 1789, an unprecedented time period of 202 years,
1001:
The view that the Article V amendment process is the only legitimate vehicle for bringing about constitutional change is, as pointed out by constitutional law scholar Joel K. Goldstein, "challenged by numerous widely-accepted judicial decisions that have introduced new meaning into
555:, expiring in 1808; the third was without an expiration date but less absolute: "no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate." Scholars disagree as to whether this shielding clause can itself be amended by the procedures laid out in Article Five.
628:
Each time the Article V process has been initiated since 1789, the first method for crafting and proposing amendments has been used. All 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification originated in Congress. The second method, the convention option, a political tool which
1050:. According to law professor George Mader, there have been numerous proposals to amend the Constitution's amending procedures, and "it is generally accepted that constitutional amending provisions can be used to amend themselves." Even so, Article V has never been amended.
763:
for ratification. Amendments ratified by the states under either procedure are indistinguishable and have equal validity as part of the Constitution. Of the 33 amendments submitted to the states for ratification, the state convention method has been used for only one, the
602:
of both houses shall deem it necessary", to propose constitutional amendments. The second method requires Congress, "on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states" (34 as of 1959), to "call a convention for proposing amendments".
2424:
720:
requiring the U.S. budget to be balanced under most circumstances. The campaign for a popularly elected Senate is frequently credited with "prodding" the Senate to join the House of Representatives in proposing what became the
1750:
800:
amendment has reached the ratification threshold, adopted a resolution declaring the process successfully completed. Such actions, while perhaps important for political reasons, are, constitutionally speaking, unnecessary.
659:, it was suggested that the two houses first adopt a resolution indicating that they deemed amendments necessary. This procedure was not used. Instead, both the House and the Senate proceeded directly to consideration of a
1018:
of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield.
667:, the amendments were designed to be interwoven into the relevant sections of the original document. Instead, they were approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification as supplemental additions (
1604:"The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation, Centennial Edition, Interim Edition: Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26, 2013"
1547:
1283:
amendments into the joint resolutions transmitting them to the state legislatures in order to avoid including extraneous language in the Constitution. This practice was also followed for the failed
3353:
946:
3043:
393:
317:
260:
2861:
2417:
106:
3368:
2798:
3318:
1351:
958:
698:, Article V provides no such requirement for constitutional amendments approved by Congress, or by a federal convention. Thus the president has no official function in the process. In
2899:
1722:
774:(1931), the Supreme Court affirmed the authority of Congress to decide which mode of ratification will be used for each individual constitutional amendment. The Court had earlier, in
729:
509:
3166:
961:, without that state's consent. Designed to seal two compromises reached between delegates to the Constitutional Convention after contentious debates, these are the only explicitly
1132:
took the unprecedented step of signing it. Submitted to the state legislatures for ratification without a time limit for ratification attached, the proposal, commonly known as the
3268:
1570:
925:
Article V also contains two statements that shield the subject matter of certain constitutional clauses from being amended. The first of the two is obsolete due to an attached
3038:
2371:
1226:
along with Julianne Jones, Joseph W. Loyd Jr., and Paul Larimer of the "Young Americans in Concert" signed as witnesses. On May 18, 1992, the Archivist of the United States,
3985:
1069:
4000:
1099:
938:
3338:
1980:
2871:
2755:
2555:
2487:
3323:
2741:
1231:
1187:
879:
386:
252:
3519:
2726:
2716:
2138:
1272:
1260:
1203:
237:
225:
3358:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2711:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1256:
1219:
1207:
1079:
765:
525:
461:
247:
242:
232:
220:
4021:
2691:
722:
198:
2183:
2701:
2696:
2665:
2660:
1248:
1179:
1150:
1074:
904:
856:
785:
751:
645:
210:
205:
183:
178:
796:
reserving to the state's voters the right to challenge and overturn its legislature's ratification of federal constitutional amendments was unconstitutional.
2706:
2686:
2670:
1936:
1252:
1183:
733:
215:
193:
188:
2269:
949:. The second prohibition was not given an expiration date and remains in effect. It expressly provides that no amendment shall deprive a state of its equal
3263:
2637:
2244:
1403:
1064:
582:
168:
4026:
3514:
2642:
2606:
1128:) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress. The following day, on his last full day in office, President
930:
173:
146:
2351:
3918:
3348:
3243:
2611:
2591:
2581:
516:. To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must then be ratified by either—as determined by Congress—the legislatures of three-quarters of the
151:
131:
121:
1497:
3053:
2621:
2616:
2601:
2596:
2586:
2576:
161:
156:
141:
136:
126:
116:
2395:
2092:
1111:
exists at the time that the vote is cast—and not a vote of two-thirds of the entire membership, present and absent, of the two houses of Congress.
3444:
2545:
2525:
2480:
372:
363:
96:
76:
1610:
725:
to the states in 1912, while the latter two campaigns came very close to meeting the two-thirds threshold in the 1960s and 1980s, respectively.
3929:
2530:
1343:
1107:
ruled that the requisite two-thirds vote in each house for proposing amendments is a vote of two-thirds of the members present—assuming that a
826:
a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution. The amendment and its certificate of ratification are then published in the
81:
1198:
In recent history, the signing of the certificate of ratification has become a ceremonial function attended by various dignitaries. President
3298:
2540:
2520:
2515:
540:
91:
71:
66:
3736:
2788:
1316:
1264:
454:
297:
481:
describes the procedure for altering the Constitution. Under Article Five, the process to alter the Constitution consists of proposing an
3449:
3248:
637:) argued would enable state legislatures to "erect barriers against the encroachments of the national authority", has yet to be invoked.
1776:
2984:
2510:
2473:
524:
conducted in three-quarters of the states, a process utilized only once thus far in American history with the 1933 ratification of the
58:
23:
1578:
1432:
977:, argues that the equal suffrage provision could be amended through a two-step process, but describes that process as a "sly scheme".
3223:
3193:
2979:
2944:
2924:
607:
329:
324:
307:
1320:
49:
4031:
3228:
2368:
1806:
788:—which Congress had sent to the state legislatures for ratification—after Ohio voters successfully vetoed that approval through a
3439:
2326:
1124:
gave final approval to proposed constitutional amendment designed to shield "domestic institutions" (which at the time included
1006:
447:
2043:
1866:
3529:
3198:
3076:
1972:
1874:
501:
3213:
838:. This serves as official notice to Congress and to the nation that the ratification process has been successfully completed.
598:
Article V provides two methods for amending the nation's frame of government. The first method authorizes Congress, "whenever
3751:
2841:
2836:
2763:
268:
994:
from ordinary Government, from exercising their legal right to alter or abolish Government via the proper legal procedures.
896:
vote in both houses, extended the original deadline by 3 years, 3 months and 8 days (through June 30, 1982).
3484:
3278:
1047:
2126:
3860:
3479:
3071:
1121:
3116:
1263:
amendments into the body of the amendment, so these amendments' deadlines are now part of the Constitution. The failed
705:
341:
3459:
2821:
2496:
2297:
2161:
1835:
1692:
1647:
1211:
1038:, and the amendment in adoption process was legal, having received the unanimous assent of the States' legislatures.
808:
513:
31:
1471:
1169:, and signed. On February 7, Congress passed a resolution affirming that the presidential signature was unnecessary.
3964:
3959:
3303:
1158:
3308:
3293:
2266:
834:
379:
336:
2232:
1395:
708:
affirmed that it is not necessary to place constitutional amendments before the president for approval or veto.
3715:
2215:
1946:
1879:
1467:
1235:
855:
The practice of limiting the time available to the states to ratify proposed amendments began in 1917 with the
804:
679:
2348:
859:. All amendments proposed since then, with the exception of the Nineteenth Amendment and the (still pending)
543:
from ordinary amendment by attaching stipulations. Regarding two of the clauses—one concerning importation of
3489:
3429:
3018:
1798:
1543:
3979:
3777:
3208:
3081:
2886:
2768:
2568:
1512:
1125:
934:
656:
587:
348:
275:
1046:
Article V lays out the procedures for amending the Constitution, but it does not explicitly state whether
3993:
3897:
3855:
3850:
3253:
2939:
2904:
1146:
1104:
760:
521:
2392:
2080:
2025:
Judgments of the District Court of Idaho vacated; cases remanded with instructions to dismiss as moot.
1913:
663:, thereby implying that both bodies deemed amendments to be necessary. Also, when initially proposed by
3947:
3394:
3363:
3086:
2851:
2846:
2127:"Binding Authority: Unamendability in the United States Constitution—A Textual and Historical Analysis"
652:
478:
2452:
1603:
678:
Once approved by Congress, the joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment does not require
3695:
3575:
3374:
3106:
2929:
2806:
2652:
1024:
717:
700:
548:
353:
1498:"The Other Way to Amend the Constitution: The Article V Constitutional Convention Amendment Process"
712:
permit the states to include factors other than equality of population in drawing state legislative
3664:
3534:
3398:
3258:
3177:
3023:
3013:
2881:
1684:
Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment: The Irony of Constitutional Democracy
1682:
1267:
also contained a ratification deadline clause. Congress inserted the ratification deadline for the
819:
770:
482:
807:
is charged with responsibility for administering the ratification process under the provisions of
3454:
3402:
3328:
3156:
3033:
3028:
2964:
2934:
2876:
1718:
1461:"The Article V Convention to Propose Constitutional Amendments: Contemporary Issues for Congress"
1031:
3617:
3136:
3061:
3008:
2959:
2783:
1284:
942:
493:
292:
1938:
Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789–2002
1059:
3824:
3203:
3171:
3002:
2831:
2778:
2205:
1772:
1663:
1154:
860:
781:
285:
2460:
611:
state conventions. Regarding the consensus amendment process crafted during the convention,
41:
3969:
3524:
3238:
3233:
3188:
3161:
3111:
2856:
1914:"Remarks at a Ceremony Marking the Certification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution"
1424:
1373:
954:
793:
505:
411:
1312:
8:
3952:
3741:
3469:
3333:
3121:
3066:
2969:
2826:
1883:
599:
574:
1802:
535:
In addition to defining the procedures for altering the Constitution, Article Five also
3654:
3638:
3499:
3313:
3288:
3273:
3183:
3151:
3141:
3101:
3091:
1742:
1667:
1166:
933:, which prevented Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of
789:
713:
683:
630:
544:
3974:
3720:
3705:
3685:
3559:
3434:
3413:
3385:
2989:
2816:
2314:
2293:
2211:
1942:
1887:
1688:
1643:
1010:
986:
962:
920:
874:
634:
616:
536:
2465:
743:
3596:
3343:
3218:
3146:
3131:
2866:
2811:
2773:
2173:
1734:
1635:
1133:
970:
926:
828:
754:. With this ratification, the amendment became valid as a part of the Constitution.
660:
552:
528:. The vote of each state (to either ratify or reject a proposed amendment) carries
280:
3881:
3829:
3710:
3669:
3580:
3504:
3408:
3390:
3126:
3096:
2954:
2399:
2375:
2355:
2287:
2273:
2233:"Wild Political Dreaming: Constitutional Reformation of the United States Senate"
1775:. Columbus Ohio: Ohio History Connection (formerly the Ohio Historical Society).
1162:
1028:
868:
815:
811:
687:
435:
3819:
3798:
3782:
3746:
3690:
3659:
3474:
1916:. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project
1199:
1129:
1035:
776:
4015:
3924:
3845:
3803:
3772:
3700:
3622:
3494:
3464:
3380:
3283:
2994:
2949:
2455:
The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
1227:
1223:
1215:
664:
612:
529:
497:
1609:. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2013. pp. 987–1001.
1723:"The Legitimacy of Constitutional Change: Rethinking the Amendment Process"
823:
640:
486:
2178:
1941:(Second ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 373.
1828:
1577:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. Archived from
1460:
892:
seven-year ratification time limit attached). In 1978 Congress, by simple
847:
deadline to the states for their consideration, can extend that deadline.
668:
3876:
3756:
2289:
Perfecting the Constitution: The Case for the Article V Amendment Process
2418:"Can we Trust the Constitution? Answering the "Runaway Convention" Myth"
690:
must, before becoming Law, be presented to the president for his or her
430:
3601:
1973:"Authentication and Proclamation: Proposing a Constitutional Amendment"
1829:"The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues"
1746:
990:
974:
606:
This duality in Article V is the result of compromises made during the
517:
423:
3509:
2207:
Justice in Plainclothes: A Theory of American Constitutional Practice
747:
691:
672:
1738:
1668:"The Constitutional History of the United States, vol. 3: 1861–1895"
945:
must be apportioned according to state populations, as described in
418:
1344:"Inside the Conservative Push for States to Amend the Constitution"
950:
908:
893:
730:
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
3544:
2974:
914:
1571:"Fulfilling the promise of Article V with an Interstate Compact"
980:
1108:
1640:
The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom: A Legal History
1161:. The following day, the amendment was presented to President
1034:
disagrees, saying the convention was a product of the States'
2315:"Constitutional Change, Originalism, and The Vice Presidency"
1070:
List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
695:
682:
approval before it goes out to the states. While Article I
569:
2267:
A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California
1797:
2319:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
2065:– via University of Texas at Austin School of Law.
1247:
Congress incorporated the ratification deadline for the
1080:
List of rescissions of Article V Convention applications
1238:, Martha Girard, signed the certification as a witness.
512:
called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the
1075:
List of state applications for an Article V Convention
905:
United States District Court for the District of Idaho
841:
2495:
1867:"Ratification of Amendments to the U.S. Constitution"
814:. The Archivist officially notifies the states, by a
734:
Second Constitutional Convention of the United States
1834:. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service.
1065:
List of amendments to the United States Constitution
1713:
1711:
3919:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
2037:
2035:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1687:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 207.
1642:. New York: New York University Press. p. 2.
551:—the prohibition on amendment was absolute but of
2044:"The Senate: An Institution Whose Time Has Gone?"
1425:"National Prohibition Cases, 253 U.S. 350 (1920)"
985:According to constitutional theorist and scholar
4013:
2276:, Loyola Los Angeles Law Review, p. 1167 (1998).
2107:, University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School.
1967:
1965:
1708:
1670:. Chicago: Callaghan & Company. p. 154.
2032:
1853:
624:by the experience on one side, or on the other.
4022:Article Five of the United States Constitution
3930:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
2369:"The Irrelevance of Constitutional Amendments"
915:Constitutional clauses shielded from amendment
2481:
2081:"What In The Constitution Cannot Be Amended?"
1962:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1396:"Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution"
1149:gave final approval to what would become the
981:Exclusive means for amending the Constitution
738:
455:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2074:
2072:
1317:National Archives and Records Administration
1265:District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment
2166:International Journal of Constitutional Law
2041:
1541:
1234:had been ratified, and the Director of the
929:. Absolutely not amendable until 1808 were
4027:Articles of the United States Constitution
2488:
2474:
2042:Baker, Lynn A.; Dinkin, Samuel H. (1997).
1537:
1535:
1533:
1505:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy
1447:
1048:those procedures apply to Article V itself
462:
448:
2393:"Fallacies of American Constitutionalism"
2312:
2177:
2162:"Amending Constitutional Amendment Rules"
2111:
2069:
1865:Huckabee, David C. (September 30, 1997).
1717:
1598:
1596:
578:The U.S. constitutional amendment process
492:Amendments may be proposed either by the
3986:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1864:
742:
639:
573:
570:Procedures for amending the Constitution
2453:U.S. Government Printing Office (2013)
2430:from the original on September 28, 2016
1568:
1530:
593:
4014:
2285:
2247:from the original on December 24, 2016
2230:
2159:
2078:
1875:Congressional Research Service reports
1779:from the original on December 22, 2017
1753:from the original on December 21, 2019
1680:
1662:
1634:
1616:from the original on February 25, 2014
1593:
1495:
1323:from the original on November 21, 2015
1313:"The Constitutional Amendment Process"
2469:
2461:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 5
2292:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
2210:. Yale University Press. p. 82.
2203:
2124:
1911:
1826:
1496:Rogers, James Kenneth (Summer 2007).
1477:from the original on October 10, 2015
1458:
1431:. Mountain View, California: Justia.
1388:
1341:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1136:, is still pending before the states.
1041:
657:a series of constitutional amendments
2329:from the original on October 7, 2019
2012:Certiorari before judgment granted,
2003:, 529 F. Supp. 1107 (D. Idaho 1981).
1934:
1550:from the original on August 22, 2020
3953:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3480:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2141:from the original on April 23, 2019
1542:England, Trent; Spalding, Matthew.
1459:Neale, Thomas H. (April 11, 2014).
842:Ratification deadline and extension
750:certificate of ratification of the
13:
3044:Drafting and ratification timeline
2789:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2415:
2265:Manheim, Karl and Howard, Edward.
2095:from the original on June 23, 2019
1841:from the original on July 25, 2018
1569:Dranias, Nick (December 6, 2013).
1435:from the original on March 4, 2020
1342:Wines, Michael (August 22, 2016).
1300:
1202:signed the certifications for the
716:boundaries; and (3) to propose an
318:Drafting and ratification timeline
16:Description of amendment procedure
14:
4043:
2497:Constitution of the United States
2446:
1544:"Essays on Article V: Amendments"
1354:from the original on July 2, 2021
1212:Administrator of General Services
792:, ruling that a provision in the
2900:Convention to propose amendments
2423:. Convention of States Project.
1827:Neale, Thomas H. (May 9, 2013).
1218:, certified the adoption of the
883:7 months and 12 days.
510:convention to propose amendments
429:
417:
405:
40:
4032:Federalism in the United States
2409:
2385:
2361:
2341:
2306:
2286:Guerra, Darren Patrick (2013).
2279:
2259:
2224:
2197:
2186:from the original on 2020-08-10
2153:
2019:
2006:
1994:
1983:from the original on 2016-01-02
1928:
1912:Nixon, Richard (July 5, 1971).
1905:
1820:
1809:from the original on 2015-11-19
1791:
1765:
1674:
1656:
1628:
1562:
1406:from the original on 2020-10-26
1241:
1192:
1172:
1165:pursuant to the constitution’s
1139:
1114:
835:United States Statutes at Large
675:have been followed ever since.
547:and the other apportionment of
3515:Separation of church and state
1880:Congressional Research Service
1511:(3): 1005–1022. Archived from
1489:
1468:Congressional Research Service
1417:
1366:
1335:
1153:, which abolished slavery and
1091:
959:Article I, Section 3, Clause 1
947:Article I, Section 2, Clause 3
939:Article I, Section 9, Clause 4
931:Article I, Section 9, Clause 1
805:Archivist of the United States
608:1787 Constitutional Convention
485:or amendments, and subsequent
107:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
3019:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2125:Mader, George (Summer 2016).
2051:Journal of Law & Politics
1799:Cornell University Law School
1293:
886:
671:) appended to it. Both these
3980:National Constitution Center
3778:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
3077:Assemble and Petition Clause
2105:Exploring Constitutional Law
850:
7:
3851:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2905:State ratifying conventions
2842:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2837:Electoral College abolition
2764:Congressional Apportionment
2313:Goldstein, Joel K. (2013).
1546:. The Heritage Foundation.
1222:on July 5, 1971, President
1105:United States Supreme Court
1053:
761:state ratifying conventions
373:Preamble and Articles I–VII
269:Congressional Apportionment
10:
4048:
1100:National Prohibition Cases
918:
739:Ratification of amendments
727:
479:United States Constitution
3938:
3910:
3890:
3869:
3838:
3812:
3791:
3765:
3729:
3678:
3647:
3631:
3610:
3589:
3568:
3552:
3543:
3422:
3304:Privileges and Immunities
3117:Congressional enforcement
3052:
3039:Rhode Island ratification
2930:Articles of Confederation
2917:
2895:
2872:Parental Rights amendment
2797:
2754:
2679:
2651:
2630:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2503:
2302:– via Google Books.
2231:Bowman, Scott J. (2004).
1681:Rossum, Ralph A. (2001).
1400:Legislation & Records
1186:, and 1992 regarding the
1159:as punishment for a crime
1145:On January 31, 1865, the
1025:Articles of Confederation
701:Hollingsworth v. Virginia
644:Resolution proposing the
354:Reconstruction Amendments
3535:Unitary executive theory
3309:Privileges or Immunities
3024:New York Circular Letter
3014:Massachusetts Compromise
2204:Sager, Lawrence (2006).
2160:Albert, Richard (2015).
2079:Linder, Douglas (1981).
1402:. United States Senate.
1374:"Constitution Annotated"
1232:Twenty-seventh Amendment
1188:Twenty-seventh Amendment
1085:
953:(representation) in the
880:Twenty-seventh Amendment
771:United States v. Sprague
502:House of Representatives
412:United States portal
22:This article is part of
3455:Dormant Commerce Clause
3299:Presidential succession
3034:Fayetteville Convention
3029:Hillsborough Convention
2965:Three-fifths Compromise
2945:Philadelphia Convention
2935:Mount Vernon Conference
2822:Campaign finance reform
1376:. Librarian of Congress
1210:as a witness. When the
1204:Twenty-fourth Amendment
1027:, while Constitutional
818:letter to each state's
784:'s ratification of the
583:Thirty-three amendments
558:
3618:William Samuel Johnson
3490:Nondelegation doctrine
3062:Admission to the Union
3009:Anti-Federalist Papers
2960:Connecticut Compromise
2029:, 459 U.S. 809 (1982).
2016:, 455 U.S. 918 (1982).
1935:Vile, John R. (2003).
1664:Thorpe, Francis Newton
1285:Equal Rights Amendment
1220:Twenty-sixth Amendment
1208:Twenty-fifth Amendment
1120:On March 2, 1861, the
1020:
766:Twenty-first Amendment
755:
648:
626:
579:
567:
526:Twenty-First Amendment
3825:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3294:Presidential Electors
3269:Original Jurisdiction
3209:Full Faith and Credit
3082:Assistance of Counsel
3003:The Federalist Papers
2832:Crittenden Compromise
1230:, certified that the
1182:, 1870 regarding the
1155:involuntary servitude
1015:
965:of the Constitution.
963:entrenched provisions
941:, a declaration that
861:Child Labor Amendment
782:Ohio General Assembly
746:
728:Further information:
723:Seventeenth Amendment
643:
621:
577:
562:
522:ratifying conventions
394:Unratified Amendments
261:Unratified Amendments
50:Preamble and Articles
3994:A More Perfect Union
3970:Constitution Gardens
3891:Convention Secretary
3553:Convention President
3525:Symmetric federalism
3520:Separation of powers
3254:Necessary and Proper
3249:Natural-born citizen
3194:Freedom of the Press
3132:Copyright and Patent
3122:Contingent Elections
2940:Annapolis Convention
2347:Washington, George.
2131:Marquette Law Review
1893:on November 13, 2018
1581:on December 24, 2019
1180:Fourteenth Amendment
1151:Thirteenth Amendment
1007:his farewell address
857:Eighteenth Amendment
786:Eighteenth Amendment
752:Nineteenth Amendment
646:Nineteenth Amendment
594:Proposing amendments
34:of the United States
4001:Worldwide influence
3742:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3470:Executive privilege
3450:Criminal sentencing
3373:Title of Nobility (
3364:Taxing and Spending
3264:Oath or Affirmation
3224:House Apportionment
3087:Case or Controversy
2970:Committee of Detail
2862:"Liberty" amendment
2827:Christian amendment
2404:Rutgers Law Journal
2391:Fritz, Christian.
2179:10.1093/icon/mov040
1884:Library of Congress
1878:. Washington D.C.:
1805:. law.Cornell.edu.
1184:Fifteenth Amendment
1178:1868 regarding the
937:prior to 1808, and
780:(1920), upheld the
688:federal legislation
436:Politics portal
387:Amendments XI–XXVII
3655:William Livingston
3639:Alexander Hamilton
3445:Criminal procedure
3440:Constitutional law
3375:Foreign Emoluments
3339:State of the Union
3324:Self-Incrimination
3314:Recess appointment
3107:Compulsory Process
2769:Titles of Nobility
2398:2013-11-01 at the
2380:Harvard Law Review
2374:2013-11-01 at the
2354:2015-02-06 at the
2349:"Farewell Address"
2272:2013-11-01 at the
2237:Fordham Law Review
2085:Arizona Law Review
1727:Harvard Law Review
1575:Constitution Daily
1518:on 13 January 2018
1167:Presentment Clause
1042:Amending Article V
957:, as described in
790:popular referendum
756:
686:provides that all
649:
631:Alexander Hamilton
580:
514:state legislatures
496:with a two-thirds
298:D.C. Voting Rights
276:Titles of Nobility
4009:
4008:
3975:Constitution Week
3960:Independence Mall
3948:National Archives
3906:
3905:
3721:Gouverneur Morris
3706:Thomas Fitzsimons
3686:Benjamin Franklin
3560:George Washington
3460:Enumerated powers
3435:Concurrent powers
3430:Balance of powers
3259:No Religious Test
3199:Freedom of Speech
2990:Independence Hall
2913:
2912:
2817:Bricker amendment
2750:
2749:
2416:Farris, Michael.
2406:, p. 1343 (2004).
1803:"Dillon v. Gloss"
1721:(December 1983).
1719:Dellinger, Walter
1636:Tsesis, Alexander
1011:George Washington
987:Lawrence G. Sager
921:Entrenched clause
875:Coleman v. Miller
794:Ohio Constitution
635:Federalist No. 85
617:Federalist No. 43
539:three clauses in
472:
471:
4039:
3965:Constitution Day
3856:Charles Pinckney
3665:William Paterson
3597:Nathaniel Gorham
3550:
3549:
3329:Speech or Debate
3157:Equal Protection
2867:Ludlow amendment
2852:Flag Desecration
2847:Federal Marriage
2812:Blaine amendment
2774:Corwin Amendment
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2389:
2383:
2367:Strauss, David.
2365:
2359:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2122:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2001:Idaho v. Freeman
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1886:. Archived from
1871:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1773:"Hawke v. Smith"
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1470:. pp. 1–2.
1465:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1309:
1288:
1245:
1239:
1236:Federal Register
1196:
1190:
1176:
1170:
1143:
1137:
1134:Corwin Amendment
1118:
1112:
1095:
1060:Gödel's Loophole
971:Corwin Amendment
927:sunset provision
829:Federal Register
661:joint resolution
633:(writing in The
615:(writing in The
553:limited duration
464:
457:
450:
434:
433:
422:
421:
410:
409:
408:
44:
19:
18:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3940:
3934:
3902:
3898:William Jackson
3886:
3882:Abraham Baldwin
3865:
3834:
3830:Hugh Williamson
3808:
3787:
3761:
3752:Richard Bassett
3725:
3711:Jared Ingersoll
3674:
3670:Jonathan Dayton
3643:
3627:
3606:
3585:
3581:Nicholas Gilman
3564:
3539:
3505:Reserved powers
3485:Judicial review
3418:
3214:General Welfare
3137:Double Jeopardy
3048:
2975:List of Framers
2955:New Jersey Plan
2909:
2891:
2887:Victims' Rights
2807:Balanced budget
2793:
2746:
2675:
2647:
2626:
2550:
2499:
2494:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2400:Wayback Machine
2390:
2386:
2376:Wayback Machine
2366:
2362:
2356:Wayback Machine
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2274:Wayback Machine
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2187:
2172:(3): 655–685 .
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2123:
2112:
2098:
2096:
2077:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1739:10.2307/1340852
1716:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1246:
1242:
1197:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1163:Abraham Lincoln
1144:
1140:
1119:
1115:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1056:
1044:
983:
923:
917:
889:
869:Dillon v. Gloss
853:
844:
803:Presently, the
741:
736:
596:
572:
561:
468:
428:
416:
406:
404:
358:
302:
258:
257:
101:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4045:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3839:South Carolina
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:William Blount
3816:
3814:
3813:North Carolina
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3783:Daniel Carroll
3780:
3775:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:John Dickinson
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3691:Thomas Mifflin
3688:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:David Brearley
3657:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3530:Taxation power
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Implied powers
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3423:Interpretation
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3319:Recommendation
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Fugitive Slave
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3172:Excessive Bail
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:Appropriations
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2882:Single subject
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2653:Reconstruction
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2569:Bill of Rights
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2448:
2447:External links
2445:
2442:
2441:
2408:
2384:
2360:
2340:
2325:(2): 369–417.
2305:
2298:
2278:
2258:
2243:(4): 1026–27.
2223:
2216:
2196:
2152:
2137:(4): 841–891.
2110:
2068:
2031:
2018:
2005:
1993:
1961:
1947:
1927:
1904:
1852:
1819:
1790:
1764:
1733:(2): 386–432.
1707:
1693:
1673:
1655:
1648:
1627:
1592:
1561:
1529:
1488:
1446:
1416:
1387:
1365:
1334:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1240:
1200:Lyndon Johnson
1191:
1171:
1138:
1113:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1036:residual power
1032:Michael Farris
982:
979:
916:
913:
888:
885:
852:
849:
843:
840:
777:Hawke v. Smith
740:
737:
595:
592:
588:Bill of Rights
571:
568:
560:
557:
470:
469:
467:
466:
459:
452:
444:
441:
440:
439:
438:
426:
424:Law portal
414:
399:
398:
397:
396:
390:
389:
383:
382:
380:Amendments I–X
376:
375:
367:
366:
360:
359:
357:
356:
351:
349:Bill of Rights
345:
344:
339:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
314:
311:
310:
304:
303:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
283:
278:
272:
271:
265:
256:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4044:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Jacob Shallus
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3861:Pierce Butler
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:John Rutledge
3844:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3804:James Madison
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:James McHenry
3771:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:George Clymer
3699:
3697:
3696:Robert Morris
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3623:Roger Sherman
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:Massachusetts
3588:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:New Hampshire
3567:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Plenary power
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Equal footing
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Trial by Jury
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Ineligibility
3237:
3235:
3234:Import-Export
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Free Exercise
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:Ex Post Facto
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3162:Establishment
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Confrontation
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2995:Syng inkstand
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Virginia Plan
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:School Prayer
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2333:September 30,
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2299:9780739183861
2295:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1950:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1915:
1908:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1696:
1694:0-7391-0285-0
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1649:0-8147-8276-0
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1375:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Twenty-fourth
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Twenty-second
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:Don W. Wilson
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Robert Kunzig
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:38th Congress
1142:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:36th Congress
1117:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
988:
978:
976:
972:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
922:
912:
910:
906:
903:In 1981, the
901:
897:
895:
884:
881:
877:
876:
871:
870:
864:
862:
858:
848:
839:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
762:
753:
749:
745:
735:
731:
726:
724:
719:
715:
709:
707:
706:Supreme Court
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
665:James Madison
662:
658:
654:
647:
642:
638:
636:
632:
625:
620:
618:
614:
613:James Madison
609:
604:
601:
591:
589:
584:
576:
566:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
465:
460:
458:
453:
451:
446:
445:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
425:
420:
415:
413:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:Republicanism
340:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
315:
313:
312:
309:
306:
305:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
108:
105:
104:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3992:
3984:
3917:
3716:James Wilson
3679:Pennsylvania
3576:John Langdon
3334:Speedy Trial
3176:
3067:Appointments
3001:
2784:Equal Rights
2680:20th century
2535:
2454:
2432:. Retrieved
2411:
2403:
2387:
2382:1457 (2001).
2379:
2363:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2322:
2318:
2308:
2288:
2281:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2240:
2236:
2226:
2206:
2199:
2188:. Retrieved
2169:
2165:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2134:
2130:
2104:
2103:– via
2097:. Retrieved
2088:
2084:
2059:. Retrieved
2054:
2050:
2027:NOW v. Idaho
2026:
2021:
2014:NOW v. Idaho
2013:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1976:
1954:November 22,
1952:. Retrieved
1937:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1873:
1843:. Retrieved
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1767:
1755:. Retrieved
1730:
1726:
1698:. Retrieved
1683:
1676:
1658:
1639:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1574:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1520:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1508:
1504:
1491:
1481:November 17,
1479:. Retrieved
1437:. Retrieved
1428:
1419:
1408:. Retrieved
1399:
1390:
1378:. Retrieved
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1327:November 17,
1325:. Retrieved
1281:Twenty-sixth
1277:Twenty-fifth
1269:Twenty-third
1257:Twenty-first
1243:
1194:
1174:
1141:
1116:
1103:(1920), the
1098:
1093:
1045:
1021:
1016:
1009:, President
1004:
1000:
996:
984:
967:
943:direct taxes
924:
902:
898:
890:
873:
867:
865:
854:
845:
833:
827:
802:
798:
775:
769:
757:
710:
704:(1798), the
699:
680:presidential
677:
653:1st Congress
650:
627:
622:
619:) declared:
605:
597:
581:
563:
549:direct taxes
534:
530:equal weight
500:in both the
491:
487:ratification
475:Article Five
474:
473:
293:Equal Rights
259:
86:
32:Constitution
3877:William Few
3757:Jacob Broom
3737:George Read
3611:Connecticut
3545:Signatories
3395:Legislative
3369:Territorial
3289:Presentment
3274:Origination
3229:Impeachment
3184:Extradition
3152:Engagements
3142:Due Process
3092:Citizenship
2779:Child Labor
2145:December 5,
1897:January 20,
1700:October 23,
1554:December 5,
1380:October 14,
1315:. The U.S.
824:proclaiming
812:§ 106b
809:1 U.S. Code
655:considered
541:Article One
286:Child Labor
4016:Categories
3989:(painting)
3941:and legacy
3799:John Blair
3648:New Jersey
3602:Rufus King
3500:Preemption
3414:War Powers
3349:Suspension
3167:Exceptions
2857:Human Life
2756:Unratified
2556:Amendments
2251:August 28,
2217:0300116756
2190:2018-12-05
2061:August 25,
1987:2016-01-20
1977:Justia.com
1948:1851094334
1813:2015-11-18
1429:justia.com
1410:2020-11-20
1358:August 24,
1294:References
1249:Eighteenth
991:Akhil Amar
975:Akhil Amar
919:See also:
887:Extensions
816:registered
673:precedents
600:two-thirds
508:; or by a
337:Federalism
325:Convention
3510:Saxbe fix
3399:Executive
3354:Take Care
3344:Supremacy
3219:Guarantee
3147:Elections
2918:Formation
2631:1795–1804
1620:April 13,
1439:April 16,
1253:Twentieth
1157:, except
851:Deadlines
748:Tennessee
718:amendment
692:signature
684:Section 7
651:When the
483:amendment
364:Full text
3792:Virginia
3766:Maryland
3730:Delaware
3632:New York
3409:Vicinage
3403:Judicial
3127:Contract
3097:Commerce
2985:Printing
2799:Proposed
2511:Preamble
2504:Articles
2425:Archived
2396:Archived
2372:Archived
2352:Archived
2327:Archived
2270:Archived
2245:Archived
2184:Archived
2139:Archived
2093:Archived
1981:Archived
1836:Archived
1807:Archived
1777:Archived
1751:Archived
1666:(1901).
1638:(2004).
1611:Archived
1548:Archived
1472:Archived
1433:Archived
1404:Archived
1352:Archived
1321:Archived
1130:Buchanan
1054:See also
1029:attorney
951:suffrage
894:majority
820:Governor
714:district
669:codicils
504:and the
494:Congress
59:Preamble
24:a series
3939:Display
3911:Related
3870:Georgia
3391:Vesting
3359:Takings
3244:Militia
3102:Compact
3054:Clauses
2980:Signing
2925:History
2434:June 3,
2358:(1796).
2099:July 5,
2091:(717).
1920:May 30,
1845:May 30,
1783:May 30,
1757:May 30,
1747:1340852
1585:May 30,
1522:May 30,
1126:slavery
1097:In the
537:shields
477:of the
330:Signing
308:History
3997:(film)
3381:Treaty
3284:Postal
3279:Pardon
2378:, 114
2296:
2214:
1945:
1882:, The
1745:
1691:
1646:
1259:, and
1109:quorum
1013:said:
955:Senate
935:slaves
545:slaves
520:or by
518:states
506:Senate
281:Corwin
26:on the
2428:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2047:(PDF)
1891:(PDF)
1870:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1832:(PDF)
1743:JSTOR
1614:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1516:(PDF)
1501:(PDF)
1475:(PDF)
1464:(PDF)
1224:Nixon
1086:Notes
768:. In
253:XXVII
233:XXIII
206:XVIII
2436:2016
2335:2019
2294:ISBN
2253:2016
2212:ISBN
2147:2018
2101:2019
2063:2019
2057:: 21
1956:2015
1943:ISBN
1922:2018
1899:2016
1847:2018
1785:2018
1759:2018
1702:2015
1689:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1622:2014
1587:2018
1556:2018
1524:2018
1483:2015
1441:2020
1382:2023
1360:2016
1329:2015
1279:and
1206:and
909:moot
832:and
732:and
696:veto
559:Text
498:vote
248:XXVI
238:XXIV
226:XXII
199:XVII
179:XIII
152:VIII
2546:VII
2526:III
2174:doi
1735:doi
1348:NYT
1005:In
866:In
694:or
243:XXV
221:XXI
211:XIX
194:XVI
184:XIV
174:XII
147:VII
127:III
97:VII
77:III
4018::
3401:/
3397:/
2742:27
2737:26
2732:25
2727:24
2722:23
2717:22
2712:21
2707:20
2702:19
2697:18
2692:17
2687:16
2671:15
2666:14
2661:13
2643:12
2638:11
2622:10
2541:VI
2531:IV
2521:II
2402:,
2323:16
2321:.
2317:.
2241:72
2239:.
2235:.
2182:.
2170:13
2168:.
2164:.
2135:99
2133:.
2129:.
2113:^
2089:23
2087:.
2083:.
2071:^
2055:13
2053:.
2049:.
2034:^
1979:.
1975:.
1964:^
1872:.
1855:^
1801:.
1749:.
1741:.
1731:97
1729:.
1725:.
1710:^
1595:^
1573:.
1532:^
1509:30
1507:.
1503:.
1466:.
1449:^
1427:.
1398:.
1350:.
1346:.
1319:.
1302:^
1275:,
1271:,
1255:,
1251:,
1214:,
911:.
489:.
216:XX
189:XV
169:XI
157:IX
142:VI
132:IV
122:II
92:VI
82:IV
72:II
3405:)
3393:(
3377:)
2617:9
2612:8
2607:7
2602:6
2597:5
2592:4
2587:3
2582:2
2577:1
2536:V
2516:I
2489:e
2482:t
2475:v
2438:.
2337:.
2255:.
2220:.
2193:.
2176::
2149:.
1990:.
1958:.
1924:.
1901:.
1849:.
1816:.
1787:.
1761:.
1737::
1704:.
1652:.
1624:.
1589:.
1558:.
1526:.
1485:.
1443:.
1413:.
1384:.
1362:.
1331:.
1287:.
463:e
456:t
449:v
264::
162:X
137:V
117:I
87:V
67:I
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
