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146:, the decision was made to name the City of Richmond, Virginia as the new Capital of the Confederacy. The Confederate capital was moved to Richmond in recognition of Virginia's strategic importance. Virginia was the South's industrial center, with an industrial output nearly equal to that of all other Confederate states combined. The Confederacy also hoped the move would consolidate its hold on the state since it had difficulty securing other states bordering the Union.
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was also located. The explosion killed several of the paupers who were being housed in a temporary Alms-house, and a sleeping person on 2nd St. The concussion shattered windows all over the city. The fire in the largely abandoned city spread out of control, and large parts of
Richmond were destroyed,
218:
in the same period. Tredegar is also credited with the production of approximately 10,000 artillery pieces during the war which was about half of the South's total domestic production of artillery between the war years of 1861–1865. The foundry made the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the
142:, additional states seceded. Virginia voted to secede from the Union on April 17, 1861, ratified its secession by popular vote on May 23, and existed briefly thereafter as a republic before joining the Confederacy on June 19, 1861. However, on May 8, 1861, in the Confederate Capital City of
865:", which features the lyric, "...by May the 10th (1865) Richmond had fell, it was a time I remember oh so well". On May 10, 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis, fleeing Richmond and having dissolved the Confederate government, was captured by Union forces in Irwinville, Georgia.
84:. By April 1865, the Confederate government realized the siege was almost over and abandoned the city lest they be captured. The retreating Confederates chose to burn military supplies rather than let them fall into Union hands; the resulting fire destroyed much of central Richmond.
249:
Numerous smaller factories in
Richmond produced tents, uniforms, harnesses and leather goods, swords and bayonets, and other war materials. As the war progressed, the city's warehouses became the supply and logistical center for much of the Confederate forces within the
457:, took place in February 1864 when more than 100 Federal captives escaped and fled into the night. Fewer than half were recaptured, with the majority reaching Union lines and safety. The city was shaken shortly thereafter by the March 2, 1864
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in July 1863. Subsequent campaigning in the balance of the year failed to bring about a decisive battle, and
Richmond residents settled down to the winter of 1863–64 mostly still optimistic about the Confederacy's fortunes.
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reaching to the very edge of
Capitol Square mostly unchecked. The conflagration was not completely extinguished until the mayor and other civilians went to the Union lines east of Richmond on New Market Road (now
827:(part of the private, non-profit Museum of the Confederacy) has been fully restored to its wartime appearance and is open for daily tours. Immediately next door to the White House, the internationally renowned
1060:
Mouer, L. Daniel; McQueen, Lenora; Smith, Ryan K.; Thompson, Steve; Virginia
Department of Historic Resources, PRELIMINARY INFORMATION FORM (PIF) for HISTORIC DISTRICTS, "Shockoe Hill Burying Ground" (127-7231)
111:, Richmond was the 25th largest urban area in the United States, with a population of 37,910. The city had been the capital of Virginia since 1780, and became the third largest city in the Confederacy.
544:
The retreating soldiers were under orders to set fire to bridges, and supply warehouses as they left. This included exploding the Powder
Magazine in the early morning of April 3, at the
49:. Besides its political status, it was a vital source of weapons and supplies for the war effort, as well as the terminus of five railroads, and as such would have been defended by the
819:, maintains several battlefields from the Peninsula Campaign and subsequent actions. A driving tour through Civil War sites in Richmond and its surrounding counties is maintained by
365:
Even as other portions of the South were already falling, the failure of the
Peninsula Campaign to take Richmond led to almost three more years of warfare between the states.
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From
Civility to Survival: Richmond Ladies During the Civil War: The Ladies reveal their wartime private thoughts and struggles in compelling diaries and emotional memories
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and the
Atlantic Ocean. At the fall of Richmond in April 1865, all but the Richmond and Danville Railroad and the canal had effectively been cut off by Union forces.
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246:, the Confederate States Laboratory was established to consolidate explosives production to an isolated setting in the eventuality of an accidental explosion.
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305:, was assigned the task of seizing and occupying Richmond. His military maneuvers and the resulting battles and engagements became collectively known as the
100:
1202:
Stout, Harry S., and
Christopher Grasso. "Civil War, Religion, and Communications: The Case of Richmond." in by Randall M. Miller and Harry S. Stout, eds.,
1119:
Berler, Anne Karen. "Unconquerable Defiance": Richmond Newspapers and Confederate Defeat, 1864–1865. (MA Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007).
1458:
851:
song, "Trudy", compares the taking of Richmond by Grant with the narrator saying that he was "raking in chips like Grant took Richmond" in a poker game.
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Richmond remained the capital of the Confederacy until April 2, 1865, at which point the government evacuated and was re-established, albeit briefly, in
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was laid out in 1887, with a series of monuments at various intersections honoring the city's Confederate heroes. Included (east to west) were
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754:. A large, stone pyramid dominates the Confederate Soldiers' section, where over 18,000 (many of whom are unknown) Confederates are buried.
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895:"POPULATION OF THE 100 LARGEST CITIES AND OTHER URBAN PLACES IN THE UNITED STATES: 1790 TO 1990 (Population Division Working Paper No. 27)"
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at the eastern tip of the Peninsula. Efforts to take Richmond by the James River were successfully blocked by Confederate defenses at the
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Over a period of seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, Richmond's defensive line of batteries and fortifications set up under General
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and its high level of defense, the city processed many casualties of both sides: as home to numerous hospitals (the largest such being
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houses the largest comprehensive collection of artifacts and personal effects relating to the Confederacy. Other museums include the
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The city used to have a number of markers and monuments commemorating the Civil War and the city's role in the Confederacy.
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on May 15, about eight miles downstream from Richmond. The Union Army advance was halted shortly outside of the city at the
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557:) and surrendered the city the next day. Union troops put out the raging fires in the city. The event became known as the
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On March 13, 1863, the Confederate Laboratory on Brown's Island was rocked by an explosion that killed dozens of workers.
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Zombek, Angela M. "Paternalism and Imprisonment at Castle Thunder: Reinforcing Gender Norms in the Confederate Capital."
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National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Shockoe Hill Burying Ground Historic District DHR #127-7231
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features an image of the famous Currier and Ives print of the city burning as the cover art for their album
529:, Grant captured Petersburg and Richmond in early April 1865. As the fall of Petersburg became imminent, on
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103:, used by the Confederate Department of the Treasury and the offices of the President and Vice President.
1223:
Titus, Katherine R. "The Richmond Bread Riot of 1863: Class, Race, and Gender in the Urban Confederacy"
839:, commemorating his visit to the former Confederate capitol, was unveiled in 2003, causing controversy.
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362:" combined to unnerve the ever-cautious McClellan, and he initiated a Union retreat before Richmond.
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211:, supplied high-quality munitions to the Confederacy during the war. The company also manufactured
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outside of the city. Over 600 Union Prisoners of War had been originally interred in the
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Richmond was also a transportation hub. It was the terminus of five railroads: the
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Chesson, Michael B. "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot."
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Michael B. Chesson, "Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot."
897:. Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C. p. Table 9
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is the final burial place of many Civil War notables, including Jefferson Davis,
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By comparison, the population of Washington, D.C. was 61,122 in the 1860 census
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Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond Virginia, 1782–1865
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and the mother of a soldier. The militia was called out to end the riot.
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was formed in early 1861 from the first states to secede from the Union.
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View of Richmond above the Canal Basin, after the Evacuation Fire of 1865
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Map of Richmond during the war; areas burnt during the evacuation in red
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Harwell, Richard Barksdale. "Civil War Theater: The Richmond Stage."
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In the late spring of 1862, a large Federal army under Major General
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A Long Shadow: Jefferson Davis and the Final Days of the Confederacy
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Mouer, L. Daniel; McQueen, Lenora; Smith, Ryan K.; Thompson, Steve;
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Richmond skyline after the Evacuation Fire, viewed from across the
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Lithograph depicting the Evacuation Fire (Currier & Ives, 1865)
1072:"Conflicts Arise over Lincoln Statue in Richmond, Va., Cemetery"
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warships in March 1862. The Tredegar works were adjacent to the
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734:, Tredegar Iron Works owner and Confederate Brigadier General
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1218:
The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital
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The Confederate State of Richmond: A Biography of the Capital
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Civil War Petersburg: Confederate City in the Crucible of War
576:, who had been visiting General Grant and staying nearby at
68:, almost to the suburbs of the city, but was beaten back by
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1190:
Richmond Burning: The Last Days of the Confederate Capital
1007:"Bread or Blood: The Richmond Bread Riot - Hungry History"
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Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital
328:
on May 31 and June 1, 1862 (near the site of what is now
242:, which was recommissioned in the lead-up to the war. On
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As a result of its proximity to the battlefields of the
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The Union made many attempts to invade Richmond. In the
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from May 8, 1861, before that date the capital had been
99:, used as the Confederate Capitol. To the left is the
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927:"What were the largest cities in the South in 1860?"
722:, former U.S. president and Confederate Congressman
595:. Within the same week, on the evening of April 14,
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The Gettysburg College Journal of the Civil War Era
1152:
Confederate Citadel: Richmond and Its People at War
196:, the city had ready access to an ample supply of
153:, adopted April 30, 1863, features a depiction of
1092:, pp. 97-116, University of Georgia Press, 1997,
587:About one week after the evacuation of Richmond,
426:and broke into stores. The riot was organized by
1521:
1076:Southern Poverty Law Center: Intelligence Report
475:'s Confederate army retiring to the vicinity of
418:On April 2, 1863, the city was beset by a large
422:as housewives could no longer afford very high
765:, and the Confederate Soldiers section of the
726:, Virginia Governors and Confederate Generals
259:Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad
161:adjacent to the Confederate Capitol building.
1320:
1265:(Yale University Press, 1981), Pulitzer Prize
316:McClellan's starting base was the Union-held
114:
1530:Richmond, Virginia in the American Civil War
1294:The Story of Virginia: Becoming Confederates
513:Evacuation, burning, and capture of Richmond
1235:City Under Siege: Richmond in the Civil War
127:, was selected as the Confederate capital.
1327:
1313:
1142:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
1031:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
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354:, and an unexpected appearance of General
1128:The Beleaguered City: Richmond, 1861–1865
561:. The occupation was overseen by General
1292:Virginia Historical Society exhibition,
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483:, where they checked Grant's progress.
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874:A New Reason for the Same Old Mistakes
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1213:(University of Virginia Press, 2000).
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925:Hound, Civil War Book (2006-12-12).
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130:After the Confederate Army fired on
1204:Religion and the American Civil War
863:The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down
775:Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground
461:, a failed Union raid on the city.
449:One of the Civil War's most daring
138:, on April 12, 1861, beginning the
88:Strategic and symbolic significance
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813:Richmond National Battlefield Park
597:President Lincoln was assassinated
281:ran through it with access to the
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706:, located at the intersection of
589:General Robert E. Lee surrendered
1237:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1995)
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673:Ruins in the commercial district
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629:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad
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380:in 1865, viewed from Dock Street
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271:Richmond and Petersburg Railroad
267:Richmond and York River Railroad
1300:CivilWarTraveler.com – Richmond
1166:Ashes of glory: Richmond at war
1082:
1063:
931:Your daily Civil War newspaper
627:Remains of a locomotive of the
612:Damage from the Evacuation Fire
603:by the Confederate sympathizer
593:Battle of Appomattox Courthouse
591:to Grant on April 9 ending the
37:, served as the capital of the
1123:, bibliography on pages 81–87.
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893:Gibson, Campbell (June 1998).
825:White House of the Confederacy
330:Richmond International Airport
275:Richmond and Danville Railroad
151:Seal of the Confederate States
1:
1281:Richmond During the Civil War
868:The Richmond-based punk band
777:, and removed in 1867 to the
757:War dead were also buried at
279:James River and Kanawha Canal
121:Confederate States of America
39:Confederate States of America
1175:(U of Virginia Press, 2006).
1135:Richmond's Wartime Hospitals
710:and Davis Avenue in Richmond
200:to run mills and factories.
7:
1227:2#6 (2011) pp. 86–146
1137:(Pelican Publishing, 2005).
959:Virginia Historical Society
833:Virginia Historical Society
732:William "Extra Billy" Smith
546:Shockoe Hill Burying Ground
404:), and various cemeteries.
10:
1546:
1133:Calcutt, Rebecca Barbour.
1070:Moser, Bob (Summer 2003).
779:Richmond National Cemetery
339:
230:), which fought the first
136:Charleston, South Carolina
115:Capital of the Confederacy
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1391:
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1276:Richmond in the Civil War
829:Museum of the Confederacy
821:Virginia Civil War Trails
693:
685:Exchange Bank in Richmond
263:Virginia Central Railroad
109:1860 United States Census
1263:Mary Chesnut's Civil War
1182:(1955) 1#3 pp: 295–304.
1154:(UP of Kentucky, 2020).
982:The Civil War: A History
879:
704:Jefferson Davis Memorial
642:Damage near the Armory.
437:The Confederacy hit its
322:Battle of Drewry's Bluff
78:General Ulysses S. Grant
1335:U.S. Cities during the
1261:Woodward, C. Vann, ed.
414:Bread riots in Richmond
51:Confederate States Army
1144:92#2 (1984): 131–175.
1033:92#2 (1984): 131-175.
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207:, sprawling along the
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97:Virginia State Capitol
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1416:Romney, West Virginia
1286:Encyclopedia Virginia
1244:63.3 (2017): 221–252.
1164:Furgurson, Ernest B.
1088:Ballard, Michael B.,
817:National Park Service
763:Shockoe Hill Cemetery
738:, and Major Generals
701:
539:Richmond and Danville
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507:is in the foreground.
413:
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326:Battle of Seven Pines
309:, culminating in the
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80:laid siege to nearby
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21:
1254:Wixson, Neal E. ed.
849:Charlie Daniels Band
736:Joseph Reid Anderson
443:Battle of Gettysburg
392:), prisons (notably
1171:Greene, A. Wilson.
1150:DeCredico, Mary A.
1126:Bill, Alfred Hoyt.
955:virginiahistory.org
771:national cemeteries
455:Libby Prison escape
390:Chimborazo Hospital
295:George B. McClellan
277:. In addition, the
205:Tredegar Iron Works
182:Tredegar Iron Works
159:Washington Monument
144:Montgomery, Alabama
125:Montgomery, Alabama
47:Montgomery, Alabama
1337:American Civil War
1258:(iUniverse, 2012).
1220:(LSU Press, 1998).
1206:(1998) pp: 313–59.
1199:(LSU Press, 1998).
1188:Lankford, Nelson.
1116:(UNC Press, 2019).
843:In popular culture
716:Hollywood Cemetery
712:
565:and later General
523:
416:
382:
342:Seven Days Battles
336:Seven Days Battles
311:Seven Days Battles
307:Peninsula Campaign
299:Virginia Peninsula
289:Peninsula Campaign
188:Positioned on the
186:
166:Danville, Virginia
105:
74:Seven Days Battles
58:Peninsula Campaign
43:American Civil War
35:Richmond, Virginia
32:
24:
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1242:Civil War History
1216:Thomas, Emory M.
1195:Thomas, Emory M.
1180:Civil War History
837:statue of Lincoln
802:Stonewall Jackson
605:John Wilkes Booth
531:Evacuation Sunday
469:Overland Campaign
356:Stonewall Jackson
216:steam locomotives
172:Industrial center
155:George Washington
60:of 1862, General
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1426:Washington, D.C.
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1209:Takagi, Midori.
1112:Ash, Stephen V.
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759:Oakwood Cemetery
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503:. The burnt-out
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465:Ulysses S. Grant
303:western Virginia
240:Richmond Arsenal
62:George McClellan
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