1040:
2568:
3974:(1997), p. ix. "In both the Union and Confederate samples, foreign-born soldiers are substantially underrepresented. In the Union sample, only 9 percent of soldiers were born abroad in the Confederate Army, compared with 24 percent of all Union Army soldiers. Unskilled and even skilled laborers are underrepresented in both samples. Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did so ... Officers are overrepresented in both samples. While some 10 percent of Civil War soldiers served as officers for at least half of their time in the army, 47 percent of the Confederate sample and 35 percent of the Union sample did so. Both samples are also skewed toward those who volunteered in 1861–62 and therefore contain disproportionately few draftees
2580:
2555:
2824:
figures on the number of
Confederate soldiers. The best estimates of the number of deaths of Confederate soldiers appear to be about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. In contrast, about 25,000 Union soldiers died as a result of accidents, drowning, murder, killed after capture, suicide, execution for various crimes, execution by the Confederates (64), sunstroke, other and not stated. Confederate casualties for all these reasons are unavailable. Since some Confederate soldiers would have died for these reasons, more total deaths and total casualties for the Confederacy must have occurred. One estimate of the Confederate wounded, which is considered incomplete, is 194,026; another is 226,000. At the end of the war 174,223 men of the Confederate forces surrendered to the
1016:
2804:
1374:
31:
582:
Methodists, and
Lutherans. One result was wave after wave of religious revivals in the Army, religion playing a major part in the lives of Confederate soldiers. Some men with a weak religious affiliation became committed Christians, and saw their military service in terms of satisfying God's wishes. Religion strengthened the soldiers' loyalty to their comrades and the Confederacy. Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.
1202:
3955:
slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Slavery was less salient for most
Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries,
1259:
1278:
1381:
1164:
1388:
1367:
2192:
1183:
1240:
2164:, combined with the frequent unwillingness or inability of Southern state governments to provide adequate funding, were key factors in the Confederate army's demise. The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade. The road system was poor, and it relied more and more on a heavily overburdened railroad system. U.S. forces destroyed track, engines, cars, bridges and telegraph lines as often as possible, knowing that new equipment was unavailable to the Confederacy. Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. In 1864, the Confederates burned down
1221:
500:, which was established by the Confederate Provisional Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Confederate Congress gave control over military operations, and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the President of the Confederate States of America on February 28, 1861, and March 6, 1861. On March 8 the Confederate Congress passed a law that authorized Davis to issue proclamations to call up no more than 100,000 men. The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. Davis proposed an army of 100,000 soldiers in his message to Congress on April 29.
1419:
1426:
1124:
525:
1152:
1110:
1145:
728:") and quietly returned when their family problems had been resolved. By September 1864, however, President Davis publicly admitted that two-thirds of the soldiers were absent, "most of them without leave". The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. Soldiers who were fighting in defense of their homes realized that they had to desert to fulfill that duty. Historian Mark Weitz argues that the official count of 103,400 deserters is too low. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy.
1477:
2757:, profoundly angered the Confederacy, with the Confederates calling it uncivilized. As a response, in May 1863, the Confederacy passed a law demanding "full and ample retaliation" against the United States, stating that any black person captured in "arms against the Confederate States" or giving aid and comfort to their enemies would be turned over to state authorities, where they could be tried as slave insurrectionists; a capital offense punishable with a sentence of death. However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed.
110:
485:
2848:
1138:
1117:
1296:
1004:
1131:
1028:
394:
757:
635:
percent. Ironically, the proportion of Union soldiers who wrote about the slavery question was greater, as the next chapter will show. There is a ready explanation for this apparent paradox. Emancipation was a salient issue for Union soldiers because it was controversial. Slavery was less salient for most
Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it.
2188:
their shoulders to designate what part of the service the soldier was in. Confederate soldiers also frequently suffered from inadequate supplies of shoes, tents, and other gear, and would be forced to innovate and make do with whatever they could scrounge from the local countryside. While
Confederate officers were generally better-supplied and were normally able to wear a regulation officer's uniform, they often chose to share other hardships – such as the lack of adequate food – with their troops.
1319:), but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade. This was a decision made early in the conflict. The Confederate Congress initially made the rank of brigadier general the highest rank. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. He chose to wear the rank insignia of a colonel.) Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general; the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was
907:) and even President Jefferson Davis, were former U.S. Army and, in smaller numbers, U.S. Navy officers who had been opposed to, disapproved of, or were at least unenthusiastic about secession, but resigned their U.S. commissions upon hearing that their states had left the Union. They felt that they had no choice but to help defend their homes. President Abraham Lincoln was exasperated to hear of such men who professed to love their country but were willing to fight against it.
2482:
9794:
7138:
997:
would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Barring the same type of circumstances that might leave a lower grade officer in temporary command, divisions were commanded by major generals and corps were commanded by lieutenant generals. A few corps commanders were never confirmed as lieutenant generals and exercised corps command for varying periods as major generals. Armies of more than one corps were commanded by (full) generals.
202:
9804:
2492:, along with a few Cherokee, sided with the Confederate army, in which he was made colonel and commanded a battalion of Cherokee. Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States. The Cherokee were guaranteed protection, rations of food, livestock, tools, and other goods, as well as a delegate to the Confederate Congress at Richmond.
814:
2718:. According to John Parker, a slave who was forced by the Confederates to fight Union soldiers, "Our masters tried all they could to make us fight ... They promised to give us our freedom and money besides, but none of us believed them; we only fought because we had to." Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". According to abolitionist
445:, were enrolled in the ACSA to ensure that they outranked all militia officers. ACSA ultimately existed only on paper. The organization of the ACSA did not proceed beyond the appointment and confirmation of some officers. Three state regiments were later denominated "Confederate" regiments, but this appears to have had no practical effect on the organization of a regular Confederate Army and no real effect on the regiments themselves.
5651:
2592:
2523:
709:, research done using an 1862 Georgia lottery showed that rich white Southern men actually enlisted at a higher rate than poor men because they had more to lose. Slavery helped provide them with wealth and power, and they felt that the Civil War would destroy everything that they had if they lost because they saw slavery as the foundation of their wealth, which was under threat and caused them to fight hard.
508:
certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. The act was amended twice in 1862. On
September 27, the maximum age of conscription was extended to 45. On October 11, the Confederate Congress passed the so-called "
736:
noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. It is not in the nature of these men to remain quiet in the ranks under such circumstances."
1330:, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate.
1039:
426:) began organizing on April 27. Virtually all regular, volunteer, and conscripted men preferred to enter this organization since officers could achieve a higher rank in the Provisional Army than they could in the Regular Army. If the war had ended successfully for them, the Confederates intended that the PACS would be disbanded, leaving only the ACSA.
2733:, was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city. In response, some Confederate artillery crews started forcing slaves to load the cannons. "They forced their negroes to load their cannon," reported a U.S. officer. "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did."
310:
deaths in Union prison camps. One estimate of the total
Confederate wounded is 194,026. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed in battle, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,218 deaths in Confederate prison camps. The estimated figure for Union Army wounded is 275,174.
2706:
occasion some of those body servants were known to have picked up a rifle and fought. But there was no official recruitment of black soldiers in the
Confederate army until the very end of the war..." He continued, "But Appomattox came only a few weeks later, and none of these men were ever put in uniform to fight."
2138:
5307:
White
Southerners founded the Confederacy on the ideology of white supremacy. Confederate soldiers on their way to Antietam and Gettysburg, their two main forays into U.S. states, put this ideology into practice: they seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sold them south
2760:
James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications." African
American soldiers who
2669:
opposed arming slaves, saying that it was "suicidal" and would run contrary to the Confederacy's ideology. Opposing such a move, Cobb stated that African Americans were untrustworthy and innately lacked the qualities to make good soldiers, and that using them would cause many Confederates to quit the
926:
in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. Ten companies were organized into an infantry regiment, which theoretically had 1,000 men. In reality, as disease, desertions and casualties took their toll, and the common practice of sending replacements to form new regiments took hold, most regiments were
735:
Historians of the Civil War have emphasized how soldiers from poor families deserted because they were urgently needed at home. Local pressures mounted as Union forces occupied more and more Confederate territory, putting more and more families at risk of hardship. One Confederate officer at the time
697:
One Confederate soldier from Texas gave his reasons for fighting for the Confederacy, stating that "we are fighting for our property", contrasting this with the motivations of Union soldiers, who, he claimed, were fighting for the "flimsy and abstract idea that a negro is equal to an Anglo American".
609:
Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the
600:
contrasts the views of Confederate soldiers regarding slavery with those of the colonial American revolutionaries of the 18th century. He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on
2678:
said "In my opinion, the worst calamity that could befall us would be to gain our independence by the valor of our slaves... instead of our own... " and complained using black troops would be "a surrender of the entire slavery question." Maintaining the institution of slavery was the primary goal of
2264:
Score after score of the finest, swiftest British steamers and ships, loaded with British material of war of every description, cannon, rifles by the hundreds of thousand, powder by the thousand of tons, shot, shell, cartridges, swords, etc, with cargo after cargo of clothes, boots, shoes, blankets,
2171:
As a result of severe supply problems, as well as the lack of textile factories in the Confederacy and the successful U.S. naval blockade of Southern ports, the typical Confederate soldier was rarely able to wear the standard regulation uniform, particularly as the war progressed. While on the march
1961:
In addition to the Confederate field armies, the Confederate States itself was divided into several military territorial organizations, known as departments. These departments were mainly administrative in nature, organizing recruiting, supply distribution, and coordinating with the field armies in
1448:
were elected by the soldiers under their command. The Confederate Congress authorized the awarding of medals for courage and good conduct on October 13, 1862, but wartime difficulties prevented the procurement of the needed medals. To avoid postponing recognition for their valor, those nominated for
1440:
Branch colors were used for the color of chevrons—blue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. This could differ with some units, however, depending on available resources or the unit commander's desire. Cavalry regiments from Texas, for example, often used red insignia and at least
581:
The southern churches met the shortage of Army chaplains by sending missionaries. The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. Other missionaries were funded and supported by the Episcopalians,
544:
Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's
293:
who were pressed into performing various tasks for the army, such as the construction of fortifications and defenses or driving wagons. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given
2683:
or a great many of the most powerful southerners the idea of arming and freeing the slaves was repugnant because the protection of slavery had been and still remained the central core of Confederate purpose ... Slavery was the basis of the planter class's wealth, power, and position in society. The
2495:
In exchange, the Cherokee would furnish ten companies of mounted men, and allow the construction of military posts and roads within the Cherokee Nation. However, no Indian regiment was to be called on to fight outside Indian Territory. As a result of the Treaty, the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles, led
2456:
A Chance for Active Service. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. In addition to the Indians, I will receive all white male citizens, who are good marksmen. To each member, Fifty Dollars
2187:
Furthermore, each state often had its uniform regulations and insignia, which meant that the "standard" Confederate uniform often featured a variety of differences based on the state the soldier came from. For example, uniforms for North Carolina regiments often featured a colored strip of cloth on
634:
nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12
567:
Confederate and Union soldiers interpreted the heritage of 1776 in opposite ways. Confederates professed to fight for liberty and independence from a too radical government; Unionists said they fought to preserve the nation conceived in liberty from dismemberment and destruction ... The rhetoric of
2736:
In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern
2700:
On March 13, 1865, the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14 by a single vote in the Confederate senate, and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before
2642:
continued to maintain their position and oppose the idea of armed black men in the Confederate Army, even as late in the war as January 1865. They stated that it was incongruous with the Confederacy's goals and views regarding African Americans and slavery. The Georgian newspaper opined that using
2628:
says, "When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865, he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance." After acrimonious debate the Confederate Congress agreed in March 1865. The war was nearly over by then, and only about two hundred enslaved soldiers
705:, reflecting on his role in the war, stated in a letter to a friend that "I've always understood that we went to war on account of the thing we quarreled with the North about. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery." As stated by Andrew Hall, Connor Huff and Shiro Kuriwaki in the article
515:
The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. In December 1863, it abolished the practice of allowing a rich drafted man to hire a substitute to take his place in the ranks.
6331:
he Government owes to all men employed in its armies, without regard to distinction of color, the full protection of the laws of war—and that any violation of these laws, or of the usages of civilized nations in time of war, by the Rebels now in arms, should be made the subject of prompt and full
3954:
It would be wrong, however, to assume that Confederate soldiers were constantly preoccupied with this matter. Only 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from
2782:
The Confederate law declaring black U.S. soldiers to be insurrectionist slaves, combined with the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers, became a stumbling block for prisoner exchanges between the United States and the Confederacy, as the U.S. government in the
2623:
nor slaves. The idea of arming the Confederacy's slaves for use as soldiers was speculated on from the onset of the war, but such proposals were not seriously considered by Jefferson Davis or others in the Confederate administration until late in the war when severe manpower shortages were faced.
731:
Confederate policies regarding desertion generally were severe. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. Jackson's goal was to
379:
on April 12–13, 1861 and forced its capitulation on April 14. The United States, outraged by the Confederacy's attack, demanded war. It rallied behind Lincoln's call on April 15 for all the loyal states to send troops to recapture the forts from the secessionists, to put down the rebellion and to
309:
According to the National Park Service, "Soldier demographics for the Confederate Army are not available due to incomplete and destroyed enlistment records." Their estimates of Confederate military personnel deaths are about 94,000 killed in battle, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 25,976
3904:
Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. Indeed, white supremacy and the right of property in slaves were at the core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers
3012:
are more extensive and reliable, but are not entirely accurate. Estimates of the number of individual Union soldiers range between 1,550,000 and 2,400,000, with a number between 2,000,000 and 2,200,000 most likely. Union Army records show slightly more than 2,677,000 enlistments, but this number
2203:
Confederate soldiers were also faced with inadequate food rations, especially as the war progressed. There was plenty of meat in the Confederacy. The unsolvable problem was shipping it to the armies, especially when Lee's army in Virginia was at the end of a long, tenuous supply line. The United
996:
were commanded by captains and had two or more lieutenants. Regiments were commanded by colonels. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. At least one major was next in command. Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades
507:
law in either Confederate or Union history, the Conscription Act, which made all able bodied white men between the ages of 18 and 35 liable for a three-year term of service in the Provisional Army. It also extended the terms of enlistment for all one-year soldiers to three years. Men employed in
384:
then joined the Confederacy. Both the United States and the Confederate States began in earnest to raise large, mostly volunteer, armies, with the opposing objectives: putting down the rebellion and preserving the Union on the one hand, and establishing independence from the United States on the
2705:
and placed back under U.S. control. According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994, "no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army, unless they were passing as white. He noted that some Confederates brought along "their body servants, who in many cases had grown up with them" and that "on
2610:
noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support." African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses.
2183:
Individual states were expected to supply their soldiers, which led to a lack of uniformity. Some states (such as North Carolina) were able to better supply their soldiers, while other states (such as Texas) were unable for various reasons to adequately supply their troops as the war continued.
1968:
Unlike the Union, which had fairly stable military departments through most of the Civil War, Confederate departments were constantly being formed, reformed, and renamed as the war progressed. The original two departments, formed at the beginning of the Civil War, were "Department No 1" (later
765:
involved at any time during the war. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.
739:
Some soldiers also deserted from ideological motivations. A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the power wielded by the slave-holding class. Many of their soldiers deserted,
6271:
Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. In most cases, though, Confederate officers returned captured black soldiers to slavery or put them to hard labor on southern fortifications ... Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the
2823:
The exact number is unknown. Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served in each army at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the armies at any given date. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the
895:
was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia, Brown tried to stop Colonel
2545:
authorized the raising of regiments during the fall of 1860, Seminoles, Creeks, Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Cherokees responded with considerable enthusiasm. Their zeal for the Confederate cause, however, began to evaporate when they found that neither arms nor pay had been arranged for them. A
764:
Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Estimates range from 500,000 to 2,000,000 soldiers who were
2684:
South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves.
545:
home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.
747:
deserted the army long before he became a famous writer and lecturer, but he often commented upon the episode comically. Author Neil Schmitz has examined the deep unease Twain felt about losing his honor, his fear of facing death as a soldier, and his rejection of a Southern identity as a
288:
An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records; estimates of the number of Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. This does not include an unknown number of
2835:
and only nine percent were foreign-born white men, Irishmen being the largest group with others including Germans, French, Mexicans, and British. A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate Army against their will, when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas.
844:
was "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from March 13 to May 31, 1862. He was referred to as Davis' military adviser but exercised broad control over the strategic and logistical aspects of the Army, a role similar in nature to the current
629:
McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it:
967:" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. Throughout the war, the Confederacy raised the equivalent of 1,010 regiments in all branches, including militias, versus 2,050 regiments for the U.S. Army.
4353:"The South's Inner Civil War: The more fiercely the Confederacy fought for its independence, the more bitterly divided it became. To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession"
982:. Two to four corps usually formed an army. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. The largest Confederate field army was the
698:
One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. There is too many free niggers ... now to suit me, let alone having four millions." A North Carolinian soldier stated, " white man is better than a nigger."
2540:
battalions were formed in Indian Territory and later in Mississippi in support of the southern cause. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Webb Garrison, a Civil War historian, describes their response: when Confederate Brigadier General
516:
Substitution had also been practiced in the United States, leading to similar resentment from the lower classes. In February 1864, the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50. Challenges to the subsequent acts came before five state supreme courts; all five upheld them.
2637:
As early as November 1864, some Confederates knew that the chance of securing victory against the U.S. was slim. Despite lacking foreign assistance and recognition and facing slim chances of victory against superior U.S. assets, Confederate newspapers such as the Georgian
2381:. They fought knowing they might jeopardize their freedom, unique cultures, and ancestral lands if they ended up on the losing side of the Civil War. During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as
2647:
Such an act on our part would be a stigma on the imperishable pages of history, of which all future generations of Southrons would be ashamed. These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. Let us put the negro to work, but not to
2251:
The Confederate gtovernment had some success in importing weapons from Britain. When the War began, the Confederacy lacked the financial and manufacturing capacity to wage war against the industrialized North. In order to increase its arsenal, the Confederacy looked to
2159:
The supply situation for most Confederate armies was dismal, even when they were victorious on the battlefield. The central Confederate government was short of money so each state government had to supply its regiments. The lack of central authority and the ineffective
2287:
etween October 26, 1864 and January 1865, it was still possible for 8,632,000 lbs of meat, 1,507,000 lbs of lead, 1,933,000 lbs of saltpeter, 546,000 pairs of shoes, 316,000 blankets, half a million pounds of coffee, 69,000 rifles, and 43 cannon to run the blockade
1976:
In Virginia, where hostilities broke out almost immediately after the start of the war, the "Alexandria line" was established as the first Confederate administrative body in this area. This was later expanded to formal military departments in the following order:
723:
At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. At home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and the depredations of roving bands of marauders. Many soldiers went home temporarily
5379:'s troops seized scores of free black people in Maryland and Pennsylvania and sent them south into slavery. This was in keeping with Confederate national policy, which virtually re-enslaved free people of color into work gangs on earthworks throughout the south.
974:, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. Two to four brigades usually formed a
874:
The lack of centralized control was a strategic weakness for the Confederacy, and there are only a few examples of its armies acting in concert across multiple theaters to achieve a common objective. One instance occurred in late 1862 with Lee's invasion of
329:, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). Other Confederate forces surrendered between April 16, 1865, and June 28, 1865. By the end of the war, more than 100,000 Confederate soldiers had
2819:
Incomplete and destroyed records make an accurate count of the number of soldiers who served in the Confederate army impossible. Historians provide estimates of the actual number of individual Confederate soldiers between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops.
453:(the army, the navy, and the marine corps) are often referred to as "Confederates", and members of the Confederate army were referred to as "Confederate soldiers". Supplementing the Confederate army were the various state militias of the Confederacy:
675:
Nonslaveholding farmers are underrepresented in the Confederate sample. Indeed, while about one-third of all Confederate soldiers belonged to slaveholding families, slightly more than two-thirds of the sample whose slaveholding status is known did
5864:
t does not extend freedom to the slaves who serve, giving them little personal motivation to support the Southern cause. Ultimately, very few blacks serve in the Confederate armed forces, as compared to hundreds of thousands who serve for the
740:
returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. North Carolina lost nearly a quarter of its soldiers (24,122) to desertion. This was the highest rate of desertion of any Confederate state.
6938:
200 cartes-de-visite depicting officers in the Confederate army and navy, officials in the Confederate government, famous Confederate wives, and other notable figures of the Confederacy. Also included are 64 photographs attributed to Mathew
413:
passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.
3144:
2015:, directly subordinate to the Army of the Shenandoah. The Shenandoah Valley was without a department for most of the war, militarily controlled by Army of the Northwest and the Army of the Valley, before finally being declared the
4181:"How people convince themselves that the Confederate flag represents freedom, not slavery: Historian John M. Coski examines the fights over the symbol's meaning in 'The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem.'"
2605:
With so many white males conscripted into the army and roughly 40% of its population unfree, the work required to maintain a functioning society in the Confederacy ended up largely on the backs of slaves. Even Georgian governor
333:, and some estimates put the number as high as one-third of all Confederate soldiers. The Confederacy's government effectively dissolved when it fled Richmond on April 3, 1865, and exerted no control over the remaining armies.
6308:
58. The law of nations knows of no distinction of color, and if an enemy of the United States should enslave and sell any captured persons of their army, it would be a case for the severest retaliation, if not redressed upon
2558:
1862 illustration showing Confederates escorting kidnapped African American civilians south into slavery. A similar instance occurred in Pennsylvania when the Army of Northern Virginia invaded it in 1863 to fight the U.S. at
305:
as a means to supplement the volunteer soldiers. Although exact records are unavailable, estimates of the percentage of Confederate soldiers who were drafted are about double the 6 percent of Union soldiers who were drafted.
572:
Before and during the Civil War, the popular press of Richmond, including its five major newspapers, sought to inspire a sense of patriotism, Confederate identity, and the moral high ground in the southern population.
6063:
I have given the subject of arming the Negro my hearty support. This, with the emancipation of the Negro, is the heaviest blow yet given the Confederacy. The South rave a great deal about it and profess to be very
2765:
were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them. They were often the victims of battlefield massacres and atrocities at the hands of the Confederates, most notably at
2692:
urging the Confederacy to raise black soldiers by offering emancipation; Jefferson Davis refused to consider the proposal and issued instructions forbidding the matter from being discussed. It would not be until
2643:
black men as soldiers would be an embarrassment to Confederates and their children, saying that although African Americans should be used for slave labor, they should not be used as armed soldiers, opining that:
2673:
The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. Former Confederate secretary of state
1015:
2795:, "Expressing outrage at this treatment, in 1863 the Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. The Confederacy refused."
954:
Regiments, which were the basic units of army organization through which soldiers were supplied and deployed, were raised by individual states. They were generally referred by number and state, for example
5699:
arnest and vituperative opposition to the enlistment of slaves in Confederate service was widespread, even as the concussion of U.S. artillery rattled the panes in the windows of the capitol in Richmond.
465:. Some of these militia forces, in the early days of the Confederacy, had operated as stand alone military forces before being incorporated into the Confederate Army; one of the more well known was the
2172:
or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as
437:) was the regular army and was authorized to include 15,015 men, including 744 officers, but this level was never achieved. The men serving in the highest rank as Confederate States generals, such as
694:, some Confederate soldiers welcomed the move, as they believed it would strengthen pro-slavery sentiment in the Confederacy, and thus lead to greater enlistment of soldiers in the Confederate army.
6631:
Jones, Adam Matthew. "'The land of my birth and the home of my heart': Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County, Virginia, 1861–1862.'" (MA thesis Virginia Tech, 2014).
2500:. In the summer of 1862, U.S. troops captured Chief Ross, who was paroled and spent the remainder of the war in Washington and Philadelphia proclaiming Cherokee loyalty to the United States Army.
1962:
the event of Union invasions. The military departments were also the ultimate authority for all Confederate forts within their region, as well as commanding all garrison forces and units of the
2791:'s platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. soldiers. According to the authors of
6536:
1461:
The C.S. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the
927:
greatly reduced in strength. By the mid-war, most regiments averaged 300–400 men, with Confederate units slightly smaller on average than their U.S. counterparts. For example, at the pivotal
2546:
disgusted officer later acknowledged that "with the exception of a partial supply for the Choctaw regiment, no tents, clothing, or camp, and garrison equipage was furnished to any of them."
2457:
Bounty, clothes, arms, camp equipage &c: furnished. The weapons shall be Enfield Rifles. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces.
690:
In some cases, Confederate men were motivated to join the army in response to the United States' actions regarding its opposition to slavery. After U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the
2600:
9838:
2405:. Many Native American tribes, such as the Creek, the Cherokee, and the Choctaw, were slaveholders themselves, and thus, found a political and economic commonality with the Confederacy.
2081:
Battles in Tennessee, and shifting fronts in that region, also brought about the need for new departments in that region, most of which reported directly to the Army of Tennessee under
2496:
by Col. John Drew, was formed. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 7–8, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the
2359:
that became part of its 6th Regiment. Following the protests of many soldiers, who did not feel like Italian citizens since they fought against the unification of Italy, it was renamed
4180:
4033:
The Proclamation is worth three hundred thousand soldiers to our Government at least ... It shows exactly what this war was brought about for and the intention of its damnable authors.
2215:" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. Lee's campaign against
1465:. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the U.S. Army's custom of naming armies after rivers). Armies were usually commanded by
245:
established a provisional volunteer army and gave control over military operations and authority for mustering state forces and volunteers to the newly chosen Confederate president,
9833:
9452:
7023:
2292:
alone, while cotton sufficient to pay for these purchases was exportedt is evident that the blockade runners made an important contribution to the Confederate effort to carry on.
409:. It was to consist of a large provisional force to exist only in time of war and a small permanent regular army. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the
2688:
Though most Confederates were opposed to the idea of using black soldiers, a small number suggested the idea. An acrimonious and controversial debate was raised by a letter from
9771:
9598:
7313:
5194:
5145:
2567:
859:
was similarly "charged with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy" from February 24, 1864 (after he was relieved of field command following the
528:
An 1861 Confederate recruiting poster from Virginia, urging men to join the Confederate cause and fight off the Union Army, which it refers to as a "brutal and desperate foe"
9858:
5678:
4857:
Woods, M. (2019). "Tennessee In The War, 1861-1865: Lists Of Military Organizations And Officers From Tennessee In Both The Confederate And Union Armies", Wentworth Press.
2176:(a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. After a successful battle, it was not unusual for victorious Confederate troops to procure
6077:
2922:
9853:
7141:
795:
The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the
649:
Continuing, McPherson also stated that of the hundreds of Confederate soldiers' letters he had examined, none of them contained any anti-slavery sentiment whatsoever:
6148:
2877:
867:
191:
2722:
in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty".
2273:
It was estimated the Confederate Army received thousands of tons of gunpowder, half a million rifles, and several hundred cannons from British blockade runners.
9281:
5517:
Journal of the Senate at an Extra Session of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, Convened under the Proclamation of the Governor, March 25, 1863, p. 6.
1201:
620:
591:
8736:
8731:
8741:
6121:
6012:
David G. Smith, "Race and Retaliation: The Capture of African Americans During the Gettysburg Campaign." in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ed.,
2670:
army. Cobb said using blacks as soldiers would be the end of the revolution, because "if slaves make good soldiers, our whole theory of slavery is wrong."
9502:
9391:
9376:
7220:
7016:
2289:
9168:
9088:
7616:
6272:
Lincoln administration suspended the exchange of prisoners until the Confederacy agree to treat white and black prisoners alike. The Confederacy refused.
3761:
2571:
An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves at gunpoint to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers in battle. A similar instance occurred at the
4867:
2211:
often spent as much time and effort searching for food for their men, as they did in planning strategy and tactics. Individual commanders often had to "
285:
garrison. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army.
7350:
4352:
2996:
2902:
6046:
9196:
5843:
5712:
5404:
he Army of Northern Virginia was under orders to capture and send south supposed escaped slaves during that army's invasion of Pennsylvania in 1863.
1258:
7611:
2260:
which later carried war supplies bound for Southern ports. A British publication in 1862 summed up the country's involvement in blockade running:
503:
On August 8, 1861, the Confederacy called for 400,000 volunteers to serve for one or three years. In April 1862, the Confederacy passed the first
9386:
9361:
9163:
9071:
7621:
7355:
7009:
2897:
2161:
1277:
1071:
808:
3201:
American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [6 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
1003:
9848:
9213:
8856:
8245:
8124:
6906:
2927:
2092:
5655:
4409:
Dotson, Rand (2000). ""The Grave and Scandalous Evil Infected to Your People": The Erosion of Confederate Loyalty in Floyd County, Virginia".
2831:
Compared to the Union Army at the time, the Confederate Army was not very ethnically diverse. Ninety-one percent of Confederate soldiers were
9740:
9098:
8851:
8846:
8272:
2892:
2679:
the Confederacy's existence, and thus, using their slaves as soldiers was incongruous with that goal. According to historian Paul D. Escott:
2237:
the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians.
8104:
7174:
2579:
1056:
6831:
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed.,
5743:
3082:, Texas, on May 12, 1865. In areas more distant from the main theaters of operations, Confederate forces in Alabama and Mississippi under
9661:
9191:
8240:
7999:
6920:
3021:. These figures represent the total number of soldiers who served at any time during the war, not the size of the army at any given date.
2554:
479:
6993:
6973:
4932:
Steven G. Collins, "System in the South: John W. Mallet, Josiah Gorgas, and uniform production at the confederate ordnance department."
9755:
9618:
9603:
8034:
7650:
6954:
3101:
2872:
2372:
2246:
5203:
5154:
2803:
2180:
uniform parts from captured supplies and dead U.S. soldiers; this would occasionally cause confusion in later battles and skirmishes.
9608:
9371:
9341:
8979:
8908:
7606:
7601:
3045:
2253:
1239:
450:
226:
117:
2154:
9522:
9457:
8159:
8134:
7370:
7345:
7295:
7275:
6322:
5079:
1712:
1027:
919:, the Confederate Army's soldiers were organized by military specialty. The combat arms included infantry, cavalry, and artillery.
846:
785:
September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45, with implementation beginning on July 15, 1863
353:
forts, within their borders. Lincoln was determined to hold the forts remaining under U.S. control when he took office, especially
109:
6879:
5686:
2416:
conducted in July 1861. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty,
1220:
1182:
825:
The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. The Confederate President,
512:", which exempted anyone who owned 20 or more slaves, a move that caused deep resentment among conscripts who did not own slaves.
9725:
9700:
9416:
9113:
9009:
8861:
8194:
8074:
7285:
5461:
4594:
Lynda Lasswell Crist (May 25, 2017). Ted Ownby; Charles Reagan Wilson; Ann J. Abadie; Odie Lindsey; James G. Thomas, Jr. (eds.).
2412:
was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the
1876:
1702:
1692:
8084:
4374:
Doyle, Patrick J. (2013). "Understanding the Desertion of South Carolinian Soldiers during the Final Years of the Confederacy".
3463:
9666:
9411:
8154:
8149:
7824:
6085:
3850:
2907:
2882:
1697:
1687:
7994:
5913:
4839:
Fullerton, D. (2017). "Armies in Gray: The Organizational History of the Confederate States Army in the Civil War", LSU Press.
2420:
citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. The
2265:
medicines and supplies of every kind, all paid for by British money, at the sole risk of British adventurers, well insured by
837:
and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. The following men had varying degrees of control:
492:
man into the Confederate army. The Unionist man objects, with the Confederates threatening to lynch him if he does not comply.
9238:
8230:
8225:
8089:
7989:
7240:
6868:
6815:
6774:
6565:
6475:
5979:
5890:
5805:
5753:
5502:
5300:
5265:
5232:
4734:
4707:
4680:
4653:
4605:
3820:
3731:
3620:
3578:
3380:
3311:
3269:
3209:
3182:
2714:
In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint, such as at the
1453:, which would be read at the first dress parade after its receipt and be published in at least one newspaper in each state.
1373:
1163:
237:(1861–1865), fighting against the United States forces to win the independence of the Southern states and uphold and expand
9497:
9201:
9173:
8412:
8220:
8189:
8119:
7979:
7553:
5037:
5008:
3086:
1919:
1823:
1768:
1652:
3497:
1929:
Some other prominent Confederate generals who led significant units operating sometimes independently in the CSA included
671:
McPherson admits some flaws in his sampling of letters. Soldiers from slaveholding families were overrepresented by 100%:
9487:
9477:
9128:
8836:
8199:
8164:
8059:
7637:
2413:
8114:
6285:
5425:
3074:, also had already surrendered on April 14, 1865, and April 16, 1865, respectively. U.S. and Confederate units fought a
2019:. Elsewhere in the Confederacy, the following major departments were formed which operated throughout most of the war:
2011:
In the Shenandoah Valley, the first Confederate administrative command was set up at Harper's Ferry, later becoming the
9638:
9628:
9613:
9381:
9206:
8235:
8184:
8129:
8094:
8079:
8069:
8054:
8029:
7984:
7969:
7904:
7781:
7230:
7118:
7093:
6701:
6264:
6185:
6028:
Ted Alexander, "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign",
4122:
4068:
4011:
3940:
3889:
3684:
2812:
2476:
2302:
1906:
1786:
1485:
1081:
923:
540:
says that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:
30:
9843:
9750:
9633:
9623:
9351:
8947:
8841:
8718:
8215:
8179:
8099:
8039:
8019:
8014:
8009:
7964:
7395:
7387:
7265:
7209:
7088:
7078:
6520:
5950:
5602:
5572:
5362:
5332:
4258:
4156:
3507:
3338:
3242:
3129:
2394:
1725:
497:
113:
6365:
2085:. Hood would directly command the following three departments at the same time as his service as an Army commander:
9828:
8144:
8109:
8049:
8004:
7167:
6594:
Freemon, Frank R. (1987). "Administration of the Medical Department of the Confederate States Army, 1861 to 1865".
2917:
2788:
2507:
2269:
and under the protection of the British flag, have been sent across the ocean to the insurgents by British agency.
2063:, one of the largest departments of the war. At the same time, departments were being formed further west as the:
987:
568:
liberty that had permeated the letters of Confederate volunteers in 1861, grew even stronger as the war progressed.
410:
362:
301:
Although most of the soldiers who fought in the American Civil War were volunteers, both sides by 1862 resorted to
242:
6930:
5914:"Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order"
3108:
surrendered on May 4, 1865, May 12, 1865, May 26, 1865 (officially June 2, 1865), and June 28, 1865, respectively.
2111:
Department of South Carolina and Georgia (later expanded to the Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida
9710:
9695:
9577:
9537:
9436:
9421:
9406:
9401:
9233:
9138:
8169:
8064:
8024:
7745:
7581:
5066:
2912:
2887:
2730:
1833:
1773:
931:, the average U.S. Army infantry regiment's strength was 433 men, versus 409 for Confederate infantry regiments.
6658:
Logue, Larry M. (1993). "Who Joined the Confederate Army? Soldiers, Civilians, and Communities in Mississippi".
2787:
officially objected to the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of prisoners of war on basis of color. The
2168:, a Pennsylvania city they had raided twice in the years before, due to its failure to pay an extortion demand.
273:. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at
9735:
9054:
8818:
8174:
8139:
8044:
7750:
7280:
6158:
4803:
4761:
4479:
Giuffre, Katherine A. (1997). "First in Flight: Desertion as Politics in the North Carolina Confederate Army".
4313:
Bearman, Peter S. (1991). "Desertion as Localism: Army Unit Solidarity and Group Norms in the U.S. Civil War".
2583:
An 1864 cartoon lampooning the Confederacy's deliberating on the use of black soldiers, showing them defecting
2356:
1838:
1828:
830:
345:
took office as President of the United States on March 4, 1861, the seven seceding slave states had formed the
266:
250:
6482:
Crawford, Martin (1991). "Confederate Volunteering and Enlistment in Ashe County, North Carolina, 1861–1862".
2983:
slave states which had already declared their secession from the Union of the United States of America met at
9093:
9014:
8831:
8297:
7755:
7563:
7103:
6987:
6861:
How A One-Legged Rebel Lives: Reminiscences of the Civil War; The Story of the Campaigns of Stonewall Jackson
6797:
4871:
2537:
2530:
2441:
2417:
2280:
1854:
725:
346:
230:
4937:
4360:
2101:
In 1864, Robert E. Lee held the idea for "super theaters" encompassing vast areas of the south, as follows:
1380:
9366:
9108:
8898:
8873:
8585:
7660:
7365:
7305:
7053:
6730:
6050:
5588:
4462:
Scott King-Owen, "Conditional Confederates: Absenteeism among Western North Carolina Soldiers, 1861–1865."
3636:
2762:
2746:
2233:
reduced the ability of the South to produce food and ship it to the armies or its cities. Coupled with the
2060:
2029:
1536:
653:
Although only 20 percent of the soldiers avowed explicit proslavery purposes in their letters and diaries,
466:
290:
238:
6936:
collections/strong/Duke University Libraries Digital Collections – William Emerson Strong Photograph Album
6451:
5851:
5795:
5720:
4467:
3174:
The Most Fearful Ordeal: Original Coverage of the Civil War by Writers and Reporters of The New York Times
9797:
9545:
9296:
9133:
9123:
9118:
9076:
8500:
7799:
7250:
7160:
2256:. British merchants and bankers funded the purchase of arms and construction of ships being outfitted as
1514:
1091:
461:
were organized and commanded by the state governments, similar to those authorized by the United States'
4208:"Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War"
2444:
wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in
1387:
1366:
1299:
An 1895 illustration showing the uniforms of the Confederate Army contrasted with those of the U.S. Army
201:
9688:
9276:
9103:
8986:
8964:
8893:
8808:
7869:
7670:
7548:
7530:
6948:
4726:
The Slave-trader's Letter-book: Charles Lamar, the Wanderer, and Other Tales of the African Slave Trade
3652:"'Necessity Knows No Law': Vested Rights and Styles of Reasoning in the Confederate Conscription Cases"
3018:
2316:
2016:
1843:
1497:
1462:
928:
358:
274:
6706:
Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army."
6108:
History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880: Negros as Slaves, as Soldiers, and as Citizens
2191:
870:
by an act of Congress (January 23, 1865) and served in this capacity from January 31 to April 9, 1865.
707:
Wealth, Slaveownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War
9807:
9720:
9676:
9482:
9264:
9066:
9039:
9019:
8920:
8726:
8631:
7929:
7844:
7760:
7410:
7335:
7123:
7073:
6959:
6925:
3075:
2853:
2754:
2105:
Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia (expansion of the Department of Southern Virginia)
1915:
1670:
1648:
1466:
1450:
983:
860:
850:
691:
314:
36:
6468:
Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War
4436:
Otten, James T. (1974). "Disloyalty in the Upper Districts of South Carolina During the Civil War".
3809:""Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man": The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy"
2223:(a rich agricultural region) was driven in part by his desperate need of supplies, especially food.
9683:
9567:
9492:
9467:
9462:
9426:
9346:
9044:
9029:
8610:
7894:
7859:
7794:
7735:
7730:
7460:
7043:
6942:
6881:
The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
5592:
5395:
5119:
3146:
3083:
2726:
2715:
2572:
2312:
2226:
1991:
Virginia also maintained the following smaller departments which fluctuated as the war progressed:
1741:
1493:
1418:
1123:
254:
6967:
1151:
559:
Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs. Historian
9671:
9291:
9259:
9254:
8952:
8925:
8317:
7814:
7804:
7576:
7425:
7113:
6982:
6216:
5000:
3432:
3090:
3079:
2867:
2324:
2142:
1885:
1445:
1425:
1320:
1316:
1144:
1076:
993:
791:
March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented.
438:
295:
6935:
3651:
3536:
1476:
9656:
9356:
8930:
8520:
8357:
8332:
7864:
7765:
7680:
7420:
7329:
5628:
5053:
3303:
3234:
2503:
2355:. Most Confederate Italian Americans had settled in Louisiana. The militia of Louisiana had an
2146:
2042:
1963:
1847:
1678:
1566:
1501:
1348:
1109:
960:
900:
6254:
6175:
6017:
5940:
5562:
5352:
5290:
4994:
4724:
4697:
4670:
4643:
4595:
4114:
4060:
4003:
3932:
3881:
3808:
3674:
3610:
3568:
3409:
2953:
365:
had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS).
9572:
9472:
9286:
8935:
8888:
8798:
8766:
8473:
8463:
7909:
7899:
7884:
7834:
7789:
7445:
7430:
7323:
7083:
6439:
Bardolph, Richard. "Inconstant rebels: desertion of North Carolina troops in the Civil War."
5967:
5878:
5492:
4628:
4146:
3259:
3199:
3172:
3119:
2767:
2719:
2398:
1746:
1086:
398:
376:
258:
6836:
6652:
6236:
98, no. 2 (The Trumpet Unblown: The Old Dominion in the Civil War), (1990), pp. 242–43.
4248:
3372:
3328:
3013:
apparently includes many re-enlistments. These numbers do not include sailors who served in
1551:
896:
Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.
524:
9730:
9582:
9555:
9024:
8803:
8786:
8443:
7939:
7924:
7919:
7889:
7874:
7854:
7472:
7376:
7260:
6803:
3053:
2771:
2560:
2320:
2276:
2216:
1880:
1665:
1625:
888:
732:
maintain discipline in a volunteer army whose homes were under threat of enemy occupation.
152:
8:
9715:
9507:
9396:
9270:
8915:
8868:
8615:
8575:
8560:
8453:
8302:
7974:
7934:
7809:
7770:
7740:
7695:
7655:
7255:
7245:
7058:
7048:
7001:
6698:
Lee's Miserables: Life in the Army of Northern Virginia from the Wilderness to Appomattox
5029:
2984:
2662:
2402:
2382:
2196:
2072:
1969:
incorporated into the Department of Louisiana) and "Department No 2" (later becoming the
1803:
1777:
1706:
1562:
1556:
1519:
1444:
The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of
975:
484:
462:
373:
6326:
5995:
4848:
Vandiver, F. (1977) "Rebel Brass: The Confederate Command System", Greenwood Publishing.
2575:, where slaves were forced by the Confederates to load and fire a cannon at U.S. forces.
1137:
1116:
718:
9561:
9431:
8957:
8942:
8823:
8781:
8753:
8590:
8555:
8402:
8362:
7879:
7849:
7839:
7715:
7710:
7690:
7685:
7665:
7415:
7318:
7235:
7183:
7108:
7068:
6885:
6753:
6718:
6675:
6625:
Training, Tactics and Leadership in the Confederate Army of Tennessee: Seeds of Failure
6499:
6428:
6250:
5791:
5430:
4959:
4915:
4531:
4496:
4445:
4418:
4391:
4330:
4229:
4102:
4048:
3991:
3920:
3869:
3455:
3426:
3227:
3014:
3009:
2378:
2067:
1970:
1923:
1872:
1866:
1819:
1811:
1790:
1781:
1754:
1674:
1661:
1656:
1540:
1507:
1295:
956:
834:
615:
597:
560:
406:
326:
282:
234:
172:
160:
77:
8535:
5797:
The Negro's Civil War: How American Blacks Felt and Acted During the War for the Union
5469:
4250:
Rich Man's War: Class, Caste, and Confederate Defeat in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley
2697:
wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction.
2377:
Native Americans served in both the United States and Confederate military during the
1130:
401:, whose image became one of the most famous portraits of the young soldiers of the war
9803:
9059:
8661:
8595:
8530:
8433:
8352:
8312:
7914:
7720:
7675:
7290:
7098:
6900:
6864:
6811:
6770:
6736:
Watson, Samuel J (1994). "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies".
6611:
6607:
6575:
6561:
6516:
6503:
6471:
6348:
6260:
6181:
6174:
Murrin, John; McPherson, James M.; Johnson, Paul; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2009).
6154:
5975:
5946:
5886:
5801:
5749:
5598:
5568:
5558:
5498:
5391:
5358:
5328:
5296:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5228:
5033:
5004:
4809:
4799:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4730:
4703:
4676:
4649:
4622:
4601:
4535:
4395:
4254:
4152:
4118:
4107:
4074:
4064:
4053:
4017:
4007:
3996:
3936:
3925:
3895:
3885:
3874:
3816:
3727:
3680:
3616:
3584:
3574:
3503:
3471:
3376:
3365:
3334:
3307:
3296:
3265:
3238:
3205:
3178:
3125:
3071:
2932:
2832:
2526:
2511:
2497:
1930:
1862:
1858:
1807:
1795:
1737:
1729:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1470:
1353:
1308:
1101:
796:
489:
322:
6986:
6691:
6641:
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War
6452:"West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army"
5494:
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War
4830:
held "temporary full general" rank, which was withdrawn by the Confederate Congress.
4233:
3720:
Edward L. Ayers; Gary W. Gallagher; Andrew J. Torget (2006). Edward L. Ayers (ed.).
8671:
8540:
8510:
8505:
8438:
8377:
8372:
8327:
7829:
7819:
7725:
7705:
7700:
7450:
7440:
7400:
7063:
6745:
6686:
Marrs, Aaron W. "Desertion and loyalty in the South Carolina infantry, 1861-1865."
6667:
6603:
6491:
6420:
6042:
5917:
4907:
4523:
4488:
4383:
4322:
4219:
3746:
W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy."
3093:
2689:
2437:
2308:
1934:
1760:
1750:
1733:
1640:
1630:
1096:
1045:
Lt Col. E. V. Nash, 4th Georgia Infantry Doles-Cook Brigade, who was killed in 1864
904:
509:
156:
5171:
3763:
Soldiers of the Cross: Soldier-Christians and the Impact of the War on their Faith
2601:
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War § Confederacy
9745:
9034:
8883:
8776:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8636:
8605:
8515:
8458:
8448:
8407:
7435:
7405:
7225:
6553:
5348:
5286:
3721:
3564:
3067:
2750:
2607:
2445:
2386:
2257:
2173:
2012:
1938:
1897:
1405:
1312:
892:
826:
602:
596:, which examines the motivations of the American Civil War's soldiers, historian
369:
342:
270:
246:
181:
177:
6851:
Confederate States. War Dept. Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States
5308:
into slavery. Confederates maltreated black U.S. troops when they captured them.
3719:
2481:
2327:. In December 1860 and few months of 1861, these volunteers were transported to
1021:
Confederate mortar crew at Warrington, Florida in 1861, across from Fort Pickens
393:
8813:
8761:
8600:
8565:
8525:
8417:
8397:
8392:
8347:
7626:
7467:
7455:
6960:
Confederate Enlistment Oaths and Discharges of the Army of the State of Georgia
4827:
3097:
2625:
2433:
2234:
2204:
States victory at Vicksburg in 1863 shut off supplies from Texas and the west.
2082:
1950:
1901:
1893:
1815:
1634:
1410:
1358:
1343:
756:
537:
4387:
4224:
4207:
3835:
Samuel J. Watson, "Religion and combat motivation in the Confederate armies."
863:) to January 31, 1865. This role was a military advisory position under Davis.
853:, which was considered the most important of all the Confederate field armies.
601:
the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of
9822:
9081:
8681:
8676:
8666:
8641:
8550:
8545:
8387:
8382:
8367:
8337:
8307:
7645:
7270:
6849:
6532:
Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee: A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army
6368:. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. November 2008. Archived from
6295:
6119:
5376:
5320:
4990:
4978:
Soldiering in the Army of Tennessee: A Portrait of Life in a Confederate Army
4898:
Smith, Everard H. (1991). "Chambersburg: Anatomy of a Confederate Reprisal".
4886:
Victory rode the rails: the strategic place of the railroads in the Civil War
2988:
2694:
2675:
2510:, recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army, particularly for
2230:
2208:
2122:
Department of Alabama and West Florida (expansion of the District of Alabama)
1942:
1910:
1889:
1799:
1764:
1682:
1644:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1570:
1547:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1304:
884:
856:
841:
818:
702:
442:
405:
The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the
318:
196:
6286:"SECTION III.–Deserters—Prisoners of war–Hostages–Booty on the battle-field"
5292:
Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong
4950:
Vandiver, Frank E. (1944). "Texas and the Confederate Army's Meat Problem".
4771:
4078:
4021:
3899:
3588:
3570:
Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong
2315:
who had fought against Giuseppe Garibaldi in, and were captured during, the
899:
Many of the Confederacy's senior military leaders (including Robert E. Lee,
9550:
9527:
9517:
9512:
9049:
8991:
8903:
8878:
8791:
8771:
8570:
8468:
6926:
A Manual of Military Surgery (1863). The manual used by doctors in the CSA.
6671:
6291:
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD
5770:
After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Confederate Nationalism
5174:. Ethic Composition of Civil War Forces (C.S & U.S.A.). January 5, 2009
2862:
2807:
2595:"Marlboro", an African American body servant to a white Confederate soldier
2220:
2165:
779:
504:
302:
141:
6615:
6495:
6150:
The First Woman in the Republic: A Cultural Biography of Lydia Maria Child
4813:
4527:
2619:
The Confederacy did not allow African Americans to join the army, neither
2001:
Department of Richmond (operated in tandem with the Department of Henrico)
8322:
7360:
7340:
6966:
6369:
6352:
6290:
5647:
3105:
2784:
2666:
2542:
2514:. The Legion, raised in September 1862, fought until the end of the War.
2489:
2409:
2328:
2266:
1323:, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army.
990:
in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the U.S. Civil War.
381:
354:
278:
262:
6444:
5848:
Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865
5139:
5137:
4963:
4449:
4151:. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. p. 26.
922:
Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest
782:
Act: conscripted white men ages 18 to 35 for the duration of hostilities
361:. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the
9705:
8580:
8342:
7543:
7538:
6757:
6679:
6585:
6546:
6432:
5421:
4919:
4500:
4422:
4348:
4334:
3493:
3459:
2980:
2825:
2702:
2629:
ended up being enlisted before the Confederate armies all surrendered.
2620:
2141:
A group of Confederate soldiers-possibly an artillery unit captured at
2137:
1946:
1720:
1481:
916:
744:
496:
Control and operation of the Confederate army were administered by the
130:
6649:
Searching for Black Confederates: The civil War’s most persistent Myth
3811:. In Randall M. Miller; Harry S. Stout; Charles Reagan Wilson (eds.).
3643:
3521:
he Confederacy enacted the first conscription laws in American history
3078:, before the surrender on April 16, 1865, and a small final battle at
8969:
7152:
6580:
Christian Soldiers: The Meaning of Revivalism in the Confederate Army
6320:
5794:(1991). "Chapter 17: The Decision to Raise a Negro Army, 1864–1865".
5357:. New York City: Touchstone, Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 350.
5134:
2177:
964:
891:. All three initiatives were unsuccessful, however. Georgia Governor
488:
A cartoon from the war, showing the Confederates forcibly drafting a
350:
330:
6749:
6632:
6424:
5223:
Matte, Jacqueline (2002). "Refugees- Six Towns Choctaw, 1830–1890".
4911:
4492:
4326:
1615:(also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated III Corps,
813:
8974:
3723:
Crucible of the Civil War: Virginia from Secession to Commemoration
2429:
2421:
2390:
2212:
1400:
1395:
880:
876:
6470:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2015.
4794:
Boatner, Mark Mayo; Northrop, Allen C.; Miller, Lowell I. (1959).
4275:
A higher duty: desertion among Georgia troops during the Civil War
2440:
tribes were the only tribes to fight on the Confederate side. The
2992:
2591:
2529:, Lieutenant Colonel of the First Choctaw Battalion in Oklahoma,
2425:
971:
6715:
Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia
3852:
Why Confederates Fought: Family and Nation in Civil War Virginia
3326:
2522:
9772:
List of films and television shows about the American Civil War
6551:
6221:"The Boy Artillerist": Letters of Colonel William Pegram, C.S.A
5186:
2311:
soldiers of the Confederate States Army were veterans from the
1473:. Some of the more important armies and their commanders were:
6786:
More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army
5830:
The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation
5633:
The Gray and the Black: The Confederate Debate on Emancipation
3637:"War Conscription Laws": November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood.""
3229:
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865
6794:
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
6120:
Congress of the Confederate States of America (May 1, 1863).
5850:. Kansas City: The Kansas City Public Library. Archived from
3612:
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
2549:
2296:
2059:
The entire Mississippi region was eventually merged into the
979:
7494:
5054:"Wilmington to Canada: Blockade Runners & Secret Agents"
4148:
The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem
2777:
2366:
1543:(eventually commander of all forces West of the Mississippi)
1326:
Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and
788:
February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription Act: ages 17 to 50
9839:
1865 disestablishments in the Confederate States of America
6833:
The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers
5354:
Lies Across America: What American Historic Sites Get Wrong
5120:""We are all Americans", Native Americans in the Civil War"
4826:
Eicher, p. 807. There were seven full generals in the CSA;
4206:
Hall, Andrew; Huff, Connor; Kuriwaki, Shiro (August 2019).
3629:
3424:
2923:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States
2155:
Confederate States of America § Transportation systems
1581:, (also known as the Army of the Mississippi; redesignated
1480:
A painting of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fighting the
1332:
1327:
1060:
610:
core of the ideology for which Confederate soldiers fought.
7031:
6411:
Adams, George Worthington (1940). "Confederate Medicine".
6248:
6173:
6110:, vol. II, New York: G.P. Putnam Son's, 1883, pp. 351–352.
5877:
Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta; Weitz, Seth A. (2011).
5594:
Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America
4753:
Historical times illustrated encyclopedia of the Civil War
3502:. United States of America: Harper & Row. p. 15.
3499:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
3121:
Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
2323:. They were released after a treaty between Garibaldi and
1009:
Corporal of the Artillery division of the Confederate Army
6256:
Liberty, Equality, Power: Enhanced Concise Fourth Edition
6078:"Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation'"
5781:
Official Records, Series I, Vol. LII, Part 2, pp. 586–92.
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
2055:
Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and Eastern Louisiana
2045:
also brought about a succession of departments known as:
879:, coincident with two other actions: Bragg's invasion of
294:
date. These numbers do not include sailors who served in
9834:
1861 establishments in the Confederate States of America
6877:
6203:
The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865
5885:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 56.
5679:"Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates"
4699:
The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
3931:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. pp.
2878:
General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States
2115:
Lesser departments, without much combat activity, were:
868:
General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States
6244:
6242:
4113:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. p.
4109:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
4059:. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc. p.
4055:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3998:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3972:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3927:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3876:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3708:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
3649:
3407:
3008:
Records of the number of individuals who served in the
2108:
Department of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida
683:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
664:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
642:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
621:
For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War
6321:
Republican Party of the United States (June 7, 1864).
6259:. Belmont, California: Cengage Learning. p. 433.
5084:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 113–115
4868:"The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum"
4097:
4095:
4043:
4041:
3915:
3913:
3864:
3862:
3470:. National Cable Satellite Corporation. Archived from
3439:
2740:
2195:
Confederate troops marching south on N Market Street,
934:
Rough unit sizes for CSA combat units during the war:
6727:
Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders
5455:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5325:
American Heritage History of the Battle of Gettysburg
4793:
4750:
Faust, Patricia L.; Delaney, Norman C., eds. (1986).
4359:. Vol. 40, no. 2. p. 3. Archived from
3320:
3224:
349:. They seized federal property, including nearly all
233:(commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the
9859:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
6541:
Donald, David. "The Confederate as a Fighting Man."
6253:; Johnson, Paul; Fahs, Alice; Gerstle, Gary (2009).
6239:
5645:
Howell Cobb letter to James A. Seddon January 1865,
5196:
The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War
5147:
The Five Civilized Tribes and the American Civil War
5024:
Gallien, Max; Weigand, Florian (December 21, 2021).
4593:
3411:
Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
3046:"Facts - The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)"
2979:
On February 8, 1861, delegates from the first seven
2843:
2485:
A Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans, 1903
5959:
5745:
The War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864
4584:
Official Records, Series IV, Vol. III, pp. 1161–62.
4092:
4038:
3910:
3859:
6515:(2nd ed.). Gaithersburg: Olde Soldier Books.
5965:
5623:
5621:
5446:
5253:
4695:
4106:
4052:
4002:. New York City: Oxford University Press. p.
3995:
3986:
3984:
3924:
3873:
3713:
3676:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
3464:"James McPherson: What They Fought For, 1861–1865"
3364:
3362:
3295:
3226:
3170:
3147:"Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org"
2997:Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
2729:, The United States Army's elite sniper unit, the
2587:towards U.S. lines if such proposals were adopted.
2452:would advertise for a chance at military service.
701:In 1894, Virginian and former Confederate soldier
552:Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction
9854:Military units and formations established in 1861
7032:
6884:, U.S. Government Printing Office, archived from
5938:
5883:American Civil War: The Essential Reference Guide
5876:
5557:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5384:
4983:
3257:
3197:
253:, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the
9820:
9458:Confederate States presidential election of 1861
6997:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 899–901.
6977:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 818–828.
5537:Confederate Slave Impressment in the Upper South
4641:
4600:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 317.
4205:
3726:. University of Virginia Press. pp. 80–81.
3608:
1033:Confederate artillery at Charleston Harbor, 1863
775:January 23, 1862: 400,000 volunteers and militia
585:
6651:(UNC Press Books, 2019). Debunks a false myth.
6345:The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865
5618:
5462:"Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate"
5281:
5279:
5277:
5118:W. David Baird; et al. (January 5, 2009).
4996:Smuggler Nation: How Illicit Trade Made America
4668:
4620:
4587:
3981:
3806:
3800:
3552:Historical Times Encyclopedia of the Civil War:
2898:Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces
2737:Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863.
2709:
2632:
1619:in May 1864, but continued to use its old name)
1456:
809:General officers in the Confederate States Army
9282:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
6835:(University Press of Kentucky, 2007) pp 9–30.
6234:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
6126:Joint Resolution on the Subject of Retaliation
5635:. Louisiana State University. pp. 156–58.
5409:
5117:
5023:
4411:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4246:
2928:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
2093:Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia
1065:Officer rank structure of the Confederate Army
768:The following calls for soldiers were issued:
277:, where South Carolina state militia besieged
7168:
7017:
6931:U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments
6277:
5567:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 169.
5511:
5313:
5241:
4989:
4860:
4689:
4514:Schmitz, Neil (2007). "Mark Twain, Traitor".
3880:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
3815:. Oxford University Press. pp. 141–142.
3673:Perman, Michael; Taylor, Amy Murrell (2010).
3573:. New York: The New Press. pp. 224–226.
3544:
3486:
3454:
3394:
3392:
3367:Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register
3356:
3293:
3264:. Golden Springs Publishing. pp. 62–64.
3164:
2893:Military of the Confederate States of America
772:March 6, 1861: 100,000 volunteers and militia
6949:1st Confederate Battalion, Forney's Regiment
5942:The Confederate States of America, 1861–1865
5741:
5490:
5341:
5274:
4756:(1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
4749:
4729:. University of Georgia Press. p. 242.
3848:
3672:
3251:
3032:Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy
2506:, the adopted white son of the chief of the
2049:Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana
1057:Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States
6215:
6194:
5735:
5713:"The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later"
5484:
5327:. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 49–54.
5218:
5216:
4820:
4624:Life and Campaigns of General Robert E. Lee
4187:. Washington, D.C.: Graham Holdings Company
3327:Mark Grimsley; Steven E. Woodworth (2006).
3287:
3218:
1303:There were four grades of general officer (
605:negated any contradiction between the two:
473:
372:, C.S. troops under the command of General
7175:
7161:
7024:
7010:
6905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6708:Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
6205:. New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 173–180.
5972:Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches And Writings
5836:
5775:
4722:
4716:
4662:
4635:
4614:
4253:. University of Georgia Press. p. 4.
3530:
3389:
3191:
3117:
2873:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
2614:
2550:African Americans and the Confederate Army
2373:Native Americans in the American Civil War
2297:Italian Americans and the Confederate Army
2247:Blockade runners of the American Civil War
2052:Department of Alabama and East Mississippi
420:Provisional Army of the Confederate States
29:
6589:, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 63–90.
5790:
5597:. New York: The Free Press. p. 402.
4286:K. M. L. "Stonewall's Rush to Judgment",
4223:
4101:
4047:
3990:
3919:
3868:
3776:
3602:
3371:. University of Missouri Press. pp.
2778:Prisoner exchanges with the United States
2367:Native Americans and the Confederate Army
1869:(also known as the Army of the Southwest)
978:. Two to four divisions usually formed a
910:
829:, himself a former U.S. Army officer and
519:
451:military forces of the Confederate States
431:Army of the Confederate States of America
7371:Treatment of slaves in the United States
6964:
6808:General Officers of the Confederate Army
6622:
6481:
6394:Civil War: Strange and Fascinating Facts
6283:
5295:. New York: The New Press. p. 193.
5247:
5213:
4949:
4702:. Oxford University Press. p. 433.
4696:James M. McPherson (December 11, 2003).
4578:
4542:
3298:Encyclopedia of War and American Society
3198:Spencer C. Tucker (September 30, 2013).
2802:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2553:
2521:
2480:
2190:
2136:
2125:Department of Middle and Eastern Florida
1713:Cavalry Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1475:
1441:one Texas infantry regiment used black.
1294:
847:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
812:
755:
523:
483:
392:
368:Under orders from Confederate President
9114:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
7286:South Carolina Declaration of Secession
6764:
6593:
6200:
6146:
5970:. In Roy Basler; Carl Sandburg (eds.).
5564:Lee and His Army in Confederate History
5497:. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
5390:
5319:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4513:
4478:
4312:
3096:, in Louisiana and Texas under General
2132:
1956:
1877:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1703:Fourth Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1693:Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1469:(there were seven in the C.S. Army) or
1449:the awards had their names placed on a
849:. On June 1, he assumed command of the
821:, the Confederacy's most famous general
480:Confederate Conscription Acts 1862–1864
182:
16:Southern army in the American Civil War
9821:
9099:Modern display of the Confederate flag
7182:
7033:Field armies of the Confederate States
6981:
6858:
6802:
6735:
6638:
6529:
6147:Karcher, Carolyn L. (April 19, 1994).
5827:
5627:
5347:
5285:
5067:Italiani nella guerra civile americana
5046:
4408:
4178:
3791:
3759:
3563:
3425:John George Nicolay; John Hay (1890).
3258:T. Harry Williams (November 6, 2015).
3037:
2908:Bibliography of the American Civil War
2883:Confederate Government Civil War units
2798:
2207:By 1863, Confederate generals such as
2149:; photograph possibly by D. F. Brandon
1698:Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
1688:First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia
325:and various other units under General
281:in Charleston harbor, held by a small
9849:Military history of the United States
9317:
8706:
8270:
7493:
7296:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
7194:
7156:
7005:
6988:"Confederate States of America"
6783:
6574:
6510:
6391:
6358:
6041:
5966:James M. McPherson (August 4, 2008).
5710:
5587:
5420:
5222:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
4897:
4642:Samuel J. Martin (January 10, 2014).
4435:
4373:
4347:
4144:
3492:
3261:P. G. T. Beauregard: Napoleon In Gray
3233:. Indiana University Press. pp.
3043:
1050:
666:(1997), p. 110, emphasis in original.
6955:Black soldiers in the U.S. Civil War
6513:Units of the Confederate States Army
6347:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.
6075:
5906:
5676:
5646:
5459:
5077:
3807:Kurt O. Berends (November 5, 1998).
3609:Bell Irvin Wiley (January 1, 2008).
3333:. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 3–.
2903:Uniforms of the Confederate military
9453:Committee on the Conduct of the War
9129:United Daughters of the Confederacy
6323:"Republican Party Platform of 1864"
6082:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5711:Levin, Kevin M. (January 7, 2015).
5683:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5466:Dead Confederates: A Civil War Blog
5172:"Native Americans in the Civil War"
5026:The Routledge Handbook of Smuggling
3813:Religion and the American Civil War
3540:November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood.
2741:Treatment of black prisoners of war
2656:(January 20, 1865), Macon, Georgia.
2448:"at the foot of Stone Street". The
2414:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws
2240:
2097:Department of Tennessee and Georgia
2004:Department of Southwestern Virginia
719:Desertion § American Civil War
13:
9523:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
9318:
8862:impeachment managers investigation
7241:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
6965:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911).
6842:
6404:
5192:
5164:
5143:
5096:
4784:The Civil War Book of Lists, p. 56
4438:South Carolina Historical Magazine
3177:. St. Martin's Press. p. 55.
2813:Surrender of a Confederate Soldier
2477:Cherokee in the American Civil War
2303:Italian Americans in the Civil War
2077:Department of the Indian Territory
760:CSA M1857 Napoleon Artillery Piece
14:
9870:
8948:Reconstruction military districts
7396:Abolitionism in the United States
7351:Plantations in the American South
7266:Origins of the American Civil War
6943:Confederate and State Regulations
6914:
6878:U.S. War Department (1880–1901),
6825:
6284:Townsend, E.D. (April 24, 1863).
6180:. Cengage Learning. p. 433.
6177:Liberty, Liberty, Equality, Power
6049:. Cairo, Illinois. Archived from
5491:Bruce Levine (November 1, 2005).
5426:"Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run"
5056:. Cape Fear Historical Institute.
4980:(2003) ch 4 on inadequate rations
4952:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
4669:Emory M. Thomas (June 17, 1997).
4212:American Political Science Review
2254:Britain as a major source of arms
1600:(also known as Army of Vicksburg)
498:Confederate States War Department
313:The main Confederate armies, the
9802:
9793:
9792:
8931:Enforcement Act of February 1871
8904:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867
7137:
7136:
6854:. Richmond: J.W. Randolph. 1863.
6765:Weinert, Richard P. Jr. (1991).
6608:10.1097/00007611-198705000-00019
6449:
6441:North Carolina Historical Review
6410:
6385:
6376:
6337:
6314:
6227:
6209:
6167:
6140:
6113:
6100:
6069:
6035:
6022:
6006:
5988:
5932:
5870:
5821:
5784:
5762:
5704:
5670:
5639:
5581:
5551:
5542:
5529:
5520:
5460:Hall, Andy (February 20, 2015).
4179:Lozada, Carlos (June 19, 2015).
3650:Mississippi Law Journal (2000).
3408:United States. War Dept (1900).
3171:James M. McPherson (June 2004).
2918:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant
2846:
2508:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1510:(later renamed Army of Kentucky)
1424:
1417:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1219:
1200:
1181:
1162:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
970:Four regiments usually formed a
411:Provisional Confederate Congress
388:
363:Provisional Confederate Congress
243:Provisional Confederate Congress
200:
108:
9716:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
9578:When Johnny Comes Marching Home
9139:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
6657:
6587:The Journal of Southern History
6201:Cornish, Dudley Taylor (1965).
5539:(U. North Carolina Press, 2013)
5227:. New South Books. p. 65.
5071:
5060:
5017:
4970:
4943:
4926:
4891:
4878:
4851:
4842:
4833:
4787:
4778:
4743:
4507:
4472:
4456:
4429:
4402:
4367:
4341:
4306:
4293:
4280:
4267:
4240:
4199:
4172:
4138:
3964:
3842:
3829:
3792:Wilson, Charles Reagan (1980).
3785:
3770:
3753:
3740:
3700:
3666:
3557:
3418:
3401:
3347:
3278:
2913:Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln
2888:Confederate States Marine Corps
2731:1st United States Sharpshooters
2661:Prominent Confederates such as
2283:in 1961, remarked for example:
1987:Department of Northern Virginia
1834:Second Corps, Army of Tennessee
751:
534:Major Problems in the Civil War
8819:Southern Homestead Act of 1866
5974:. Hachette Books. p. 86.
5945:. LSU Press. pp. 267–68.
5800:. New York: Ballantine Books.
5677:Hall, Andy (January 8, 2015).
4900:The American Historical Review
4301:Desertion during the Civil War
3225:Russell Frank Weigley (2000).
3138:
3124:. Harper Collins. p. 15.
3111:
3060:
3024:
3002:
2973:
2964:
2946:
2450:Mobile Advertiser and Register
2361:6th Regiment, European Brigade
2128:Department of Western Kentucky
1839:Third Corps, Army of Tennessee
1829:First Corps, Army of Tennessee
249:. Davis was a graduate of the
1:
9234:Ladies' Memorial Associations
8936:Enforcement Act of April 1871
8832:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
8707:
6951:(Living History Organization)
6560:. Stanford University Press.
6511:Crute, Joseph H. Jr. (1987).
6076:Hall, Andy (April 15, 2014).
5968:"Slavery, the Union, and War"
5081:Foreigners in the Confederacy
4675:. W. W. Norton. p. 347.
4645:General Braxton Bragg, C.S.A.
3777:Woodworth, Steven E. (2001).
2939:
2701:the town was captured by the
2418:Confederate States of America
2408:At the beginning of the war,
2401:, and in Federal assaults on
2281:American Civil War Centennial
1931:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
1855:Army of the Trans-Mississippi
726:Absent Without Official Leave
586:Slavery and white supremacism
231:Confederate States of America
9367:Confederate revolving cannon
9109:Sons of Confederate Veterans
8980:South Carolina riots of 1876
8958:Indian Council at Fort Smith
8909:South Carolina riots of 1876
8874:Knights of the White Camelia
7366:Slavery in the United States
6767:The Confederate Regular Army
6366:"Fact Sheet: America's Wars"
6294:. Washington. Archived from
4597:The Mississippi Encyclopedia
4277:(U of Nebraska Press, 2005).
3849:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (2009).
3538:Civil War Conscription Laws:
3353:McPherson 1997, pp. 104–105.
2763:United States Colored Troops
2749:by the Union, combined with
2710:Treatment of black civilians
2654:Atlanta Southern Confederacy
2640:Atlanta Southern Confederacy
2633:Opposition from Confederates
2089:Department of East Tennessee
2061:Trans-Mississippi Department
2034:Department of South Carolina
2030:Department of North Carolina
1998:Department of Fredericksburg
1561:March 1862 – November 1862:
1457:Armies and prominent leaders
866:Lee was formally designated
712:
467:Provisional Army of Virginia
241:. On February 28, 1861, the
7:
9721:New York City riots of 1863
9546:Battle Hymn of the Republic
9297:United Confederate Veterans
9134:Children of the Confederacy
9124:United Confederate Veterans
9119:Southern Historical Society
8271:
7751:Price's Missouri Expedition
7221:Timeline leading to the War
7195:
6738:Journal of Military History
6543:Journal of Southern History
6413:Journal of Southern History
6084:. WordPress. Archived from
6047:"Letter to Abraham Lincoln"
5685:. WordPress. Archived from
5652:"Letter to James A. Seddon"
5468:. WordPress. Archived from
5202:. p. 5. Archived from
5153:. p. 2. Archived from
3837:Journal of Military History
3363:Bruce S. Allardice (2008).
3330:Shiloh: A Battlefield Guide
3076:battle at Columbus, Georgia
2839:
2470:
2462:Jacqueline Anderson Matte,
2290:into the port of Wilmington
2007:Department of the Peninsula
1624:Army of Middle Tennessee –
1588:December 1862 – July 1863:
1513:Army of Eastern Kentucky –
576:
95:1,082,119 total who served
47:February 28, 1861
10:
9875:
9689:Confederate Secret Service
9277:Grand Army of the Republic
9169:Grand Army of the Republic
8987:Southern Claims Commission
6968:"American Civil War"
6945:at confederateuniforms.org
6810:. J. M. Carroll & Co.
5939:E. Merton Coulter (1950).
5828:Durden, Robert F. (2000).
5256:More Civil War Curiosities
4672:Robert E. Lee: A Biography
3766:. Mercer University Press.
3615:. LSU Press. p. 505.
3431:. The Century Co. p.
3428:Abraham Lincoln: A History
3019:United States Marine Corps
2958:American Battlefield Trust
2598:
2517:
2474:
2370:
2317:Expedition of the Thousand
2300:
2244:
2235:U.S. blockade of all ports
2152:
2119:Department of West Florida
2017:Trans-Allegheny Department
1335:
1063:
1054:
963:. To the extent the word "
941:Division - 6,000 to 14,000
929:Battle of Chancellorsville
806:
802:
778:April 16, 1862, the First
716:
477:
380:save the Union. Four more
359:Charleston, South Carolina
336:
275:Charleston, South Carolina
239:the institution of slavery
9788:
9764:
9677:Confederate States dollar
9649:
9591:
9536:
9488:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
9483:Emancipation Proclamation
9445:
9377:Medal of Honor recipients
9334:
9330:
9313:
9265:Confederate Memorial Hall
9247:
9226:
9184:
9156:
9147:
9067:Confederate Memorial Hall
9040:Confederate History Month
9020:Civil War Discovery Trail
9000:
8921:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867
8752:
8727:Reconstruction Amendments
8717:
8713:
8702:
8624:
8493:
8486:
8426:
8290:
8283:
8279:
8266:
8208:
7955:
7948:
7779:
7635:
7594:
7562:
7529:
7522:
7518:
7489:
7386:
7336:Emancipation Proclamation
7304:
7205:
7201:
7190:
7132:
7039:
6769:. White Mane Publishing.
6700:(UNC Press Books, 2002).
6660:Journal of Social History
6623:Haughton, Andrew (2000).
6530:Daniel, Larry J. (2003).
6450:Allardice, Bruce (1997).
6163:– via Google Books.
6153:. Duke University Press.
6032:4 (September 2001): 82–89
5748:. Scribner. p. 279.
4798:. New York: D. McKay Co.
4388:10.1017/s0018246x13000046
4225:10.1017/S0003055419000170
3959:dissented from that view.
2854:American Civil War portal
2755:Emancipation Proclamation
1984:Department of the Potomac
1916:Army of Western Louisiana
1671:Army of Northern Virginia
1506:Army of East Tennessee –
984:Army of Northern Virginia
851:Army of Northern Virginia
692:Emancipation Proclamation
657:dissented from that view.
315:Army of Northern Virginia
190:
171:
166:
148:
136:
123:
104:
91:
83:
73:
58:
43:
37:Army of Northern Virginia
28:
23:
9844:Former armies by country
9751:U.S. Sanitary Commission
9662:Battlefield preservation
9568:Marching Through Georgia
9493:Hampton Roads Conference
9468:Confiscation Act of 1862
9463:Confiscation Act of 1861
9239:U.S. national cemeteries
9045:Confederate Memorial Day
9030:Civil War Trails Program
8899:New Orleans riot of 1866
6983:Schwab, John Christopher
6863:. Kessinger Publishing.
6859:Robson, John S. (2007).
6635:bibliography, pp 123–30.
6596:Southern Medical Journal
5996:"Killers in Green Coats"
5225:They Say the Wind is Red
4936:(1999) 40#3 pp: 517–544
4796:The Civil War dictionary
4648:McFarland. p. 382.
4621:James D. McCabe (1870).
3779:While God is Marching On
3760:Dollar, Kent T. (2005).
3679:. Cengage. p. 178.
3204:. ABC-CLIO. p. 74.
3104:under Brigadier General
2793:Liberty, Equality, Power
2770:in Tennessee and at the
2716:First Battle of Bull Run
2573:First Battle of Bull Run
2464:They Say the Wind Is Red
2357:Italian Guards Battalion
2313:Army of the Two Sicilies
1981:Department of Alexandria
1719:Army of the New River –
1494:Army of Central Kentucky
938:Corps - 24,000 to 28,000
474:Control and conscription
321:and the remnants of the
9829:Confederate States Army
9672:Confederate war finance
9292:Southern Cross of Honor
9260:1938 Gettysburg reunion
9255:1913 Gettysburg reunion
8953:Reconstruction Treaties
8926:Enforcement Act of 1870
8809:Freedman's Savings Bank
7426:Lane Debates on Slavery
7251:Lincoln–Douglas debates
6994:Encyclopædia Britannica
6974:Encyclopædia Britannica
6784:Weitz, Mark A. (2005).
6558:Civil War High Commands
6217:Robertson, James I. Jr.
5879:"Congress, Confederate"
5844:"General Orders No. 14"
5832:. Louisiana: LSU Press.
5535:Jaime Amanda Martinez,
5526:Levine 2005, pp. 62–63,
5260:. Rutledge Hill Press.
5248:Garrison, Webb (1995).
5001:Oxford University Press
4247:David Williams (2011).
4145:Coski, John M. (2005).
3659:Mississippi Law Journal
2970:C.S. War Dept., p. 402.
2868:Confederate States Navy
2615:Using enslaved soldiers
2325:Chatham Roberdeau Wheat
2026:Department of Tennessee
2023:Department of Louisiana
1844:Forrest's Cavalry Corps
1603:July 1863 – June 1864:
1337:Enlisted rank structure
296:Confederate States Navy
215:Confederate States Army
24:Confederate States Army
9731:Richmond riots of 1863
9657:Baltimore riot of 1861
9437:U.S. Military Railroad
9357:Confederate Home Guard
9089:Historiographic issues
9055:Historical reenactment
7554:Revenue Cutter Service
7421:William Lloyd Garrison
7330:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6788:. U of Nebraska Press.
6639:Levine, Bruce (2005).
6545:25.2 (1959): 178-193.
6443:41.2 (1964): 163-189.
5548:Levine 2005, pp. 17–18
5122:. Native Americans.com
4934:Technology and culture
4481:Social Science History
4466:2011; 57(4): 349–379.
3550:Faust, Patricia L. ed
3294:Peter Karsten (2006).
3066:Confederate forces at
2816:
2686:
2665:and Georgian Democrat
2659:
2596:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2533:
2504:William Holland Thomas
2486:
2468:
2294:
2271:
2200:
2199:, during the Civil War
2150:
2147:Camp Douglas (Chicago)
2043:Vicksburg, Mississippi
1964:Confederate Home Guard
1907:Army of West Tennessee
1848:Nathan Bedford Forrest
1787:Army of the Shenandoah
1567:Albert Sidney Johnston
1502:Albert Sidney Johnston
1489:
1349:Quartermaster Sergeant
1300:
944:Brigade - 800 to 1,700
924:infantry maneuver unit
911:Personnel organization
901:Albert Sidney Johnston
822:
761:
688:
669:
647:
627:
593:For Cause and Comrades
570:
557:
529:
520:Morale and motivations
493:
402:
62:May 26, 1865
9696:Great Revival of 1863
9573:Maryland, My Maryland
9362:Confederate railroads
9025:Civil War Roundtables
8894:Meridian riot of 1871
8889:Memphis riots of 1866
7446:George Luther Stearns
7431:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
7324:Crittenden Compromise
6888:on September 13, 2009
6713:Sheehan-Dean, Aaron.
6690:50.1 (2004): 47-65.
6496:10.1353/cwh.1991.0031
6392:Davis, Burke (1960).
6106:Williams, George W.,
5742:Allan Nevins (1959).
5396:"The Soldiers' Flag?"
4884:George Edgar Turner,
4528:10.1353/arq.2007.0025
4363:on December 18, 2013.
3748:Mississippi Quarterly
3145:Hamner, Christopher.
3030:Albert Burton Moore,
2833:native-born white men
2806:
2747:black men as soldiers
2720:Henry Highland Garnet
2681:
2645:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2557:
2525:
2484:
2454:
2285:
2262:
2245:Further information:
2194:
2140:
2037:Department of Georgia
1995:Department of Norfolk
1747:Army of the Peninsula
1726:Army of the Northwest
1655:, William L. Powell,
1585:on November 20, 1862)
1479:
1298:
1232:(Medical Corps shown)
1055:Further information:
988:Appomattox Courthouse
986:, whose surrender at
947:Regiment - 350 to 400
861:Battle of Chattanooga
831:U.S. Secretary of War
816:
807:Further information:
759:
748:professional author.
717:Further information:
673:
651:
632:
607:
565:
542:
527:
487:
399:Edwin Francis Jemison
396:
377:bombarded Fort Sumter
267:U.S. Secretary of War
259:United States senator
257:. He had also been a
251:U.S. Military Academy
9583:Daar kom die Alibama
9498:National Union Party
9174:memorials to Lincoln
9094:Lost Cause mythology
8799:Eufaula riot of 1874
8787:Confederate refugees
8000:District of Columbia
7627:Union naval blockade
7473:Underground Railroad
7261:Nullification crisis
6921:Confederate soldiers
6672:10.1353/jsh/26.3.611
6014:Virginia's Civil War
5030:Taylor & Francis
4993:(January 16, 2013).
4874:on January 13, 2009.
3970:James M. McPherson,
3089:, in Arkansas under
2772:Battle of the Crater
2321:unification of Italy
2277:Ulysses S. Grant III
2213:beg, borrow or steal
2133:Supply and logistics
2041:The Union attack on
1957:Military Departments
1759:Army of Pensacola –
1626:John C. Breckinridge
1546:Army of Louisiana –
1251:(Marine Corps shown)
1213:(Headquarters shown)
889:Corinth, Mississippi
681:James M. McPherson,
662:James M. McPherson,
644:(1997), pp. 109–110.
640:James M. McPherson,
255:Mexican–American War
153:American Indian Wars
98:464,646 peak in 1863
9741:Supreme Court cases
9508:Radical Republicans
9287:Old soldiers' homes
9271:Confederate Veteran
9197:artworks in Capitol
8916:Reconstruction acts
8777:Colfax riot of 1873
7741:Richmond-Petersburg
7346:Fugitive slave laws
7276:Popular sovereignty
7256:Missouri Compromise
7246:Kansas-Nebraska Act
6792:Wiley, Bell Irvin.
6729:(LSU Press, 1959).
6710:113 (2005):340–377.
6466:Bledsoe, Andrew S.
6329:on April 21, 2015.
6251:McPherson, James M.
6219:; Pegram, William.
6045:(August 23, 1863).
6016:(2004) pp: 122–37.
5854:on November 5, 2014
5792:McPherson, James M.
5650:(January 8, 1865).
5078:Lonn, Ella (2002).
4723:Jim Jordan (2018).
4290:(2010) 49#2 pp 51+.
4185:The Washington Post
4103:McPherson, James M.
4049:McPherson, James M.
3992:McPherson, James M.
3921:McPherson, James M.
3870:McPherson, James M.
3456:McPherson, James M.
3398:Eicher, pp. 70, 66.
3284:Weigley 2000, p. 24
3151:teachinghistory.org
3118:Eric Foner (1988).
2799:Statistics and size
2279:, President of the
2197:Frederick, Maryland
2073:Department of Texas
1804:Samuel Gibbs French
1778:P. G. T. Beauregard
1774:Army of the Potomac
1563:P. G. T. Beauregard
1557:Army of Mississippi
1520:Army of the Kanawha
1471:lieutenant generals
887:'s advance against
463:Militia Act of 1792
457:Confederate States
449:Members of all the
374:P. G. T. Beauregard
114:C.S. War Department
35:Battle flag of the
9562:A Lincoln Portrait
9503:Politicians killed
9427:U.S. Balloon Corps
9422:Union corps badges
9202:memorials to Davis
9072:Disenfranchisement
8943:Reconstruction era
8824:Timber Culture Act
8782:Compromise of 1877
7746:Franklin–Nashville
7416:Frederick Douglass
7319:Cornerstone Speech
7236:Compromise of 1850
7184:American Civil War
6576:Faust, Drew Gilpin
6382:Long, 1971, p. 711
5723:on January 9, 2015
5431:The New York Times
5392:Simpson, Brooks D.
4376:Historical Journal
3750:17.4 (1964): 179+.
3084:Lieutenant General
3015:United States Navy
3010:United States Army
2960:. August 16, 2011.
2817:
2810:'s 1873 painting,
2753:'s issuing of the
2597:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2534:
2487:
2379:American Civil War
2345:Charles & Jane
2201:
2151:
2068:Western Department
1971:Western Department
1873:Army of the Valley
1867:Edmund Kirby Smith
1820:Joseph E. Johnston
1791:Joseph E. Johnston
1782:Joseph E. Johnston
1675:Joseph E. Johnston
1662:Army of New Mexico
1649:John B. Villepigue
1541:Edmund Kirby Smith
1508:Edmund Kirby Smith
1490:
1309:lieutenant general
1301:
1210:Lieutenant-colonel
1082:Lieutenant colonel
1051:Ranks and insignia
950:Company – 35 to 40
835:commander-in-chief
823:
762:
616:James M. McPherson
598:James M. McPherson
561:James M. McPherson
530:
494:
407:United States Army
403:
347:Confederate States
327:Joseph E. Johnston
235:American Civil War
229:land force of the
217:, also called the
173:Commander-in-Chief
161:American Civil War
118:Confederate Forces
78:Confederate States
9816:
9815:
9784:
9783:
9780:
9779:
9614:Italian Americans
9599:African Americans
9556:John Brown's Body
9309:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9222:
9221:
9060:Robert E. Lee Day
8804:Freedmen's Bureau
8767:Brooks–Baxter War
8698:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8482:
8481:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
7671:Northern Virginia
7617:Trans-Mississippi
7590:
7589:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7377:Uncle Tom's Cabin
7314:African Americans
7150:
7149:
7124:Western Louisiana
7104:Trans-Mississippi
7074:Northern Virginia
6870:978-1-84685-665-5
6817:978-0-8488-0009-3
6804:Wright, Marcus J.
6776:978-0-942597-27-1
6696:Power, J. Tracy.
6688:Civil War History
6567:978-0-8047-3641-1
6552:Eicher, John H.;
6484:Civil War History
6476:978-0-8071-6070-1
6456:Civil War History
6372:on July 30, 2009.
6030:North & South
5981:978-0-7867-2372-0
5920:on March 12, 2012
5892:978-1-59884-905-9
5807:978-0-307-48860-2
5755:978-0-684-10429-4
5629:Durden, Robert F.
5589:Davis, William C.
5559:Gary W. Gallagher
5504:978-0-19-803367-7
5424:(July 27, 2011).
5321:Symonds, Craig L.
5302:978-1-56584-100-0
5267:978-1-55853-366-0
5250:"Padday Some Day"
5234:978-1-58838-079-1
5209:on July 23, 2011.
5160:on July 23, 2011.
4976:Larry J. Daniel,
4736:978-0-8203-5196-4
4709:978-0-19-974390-2
4682:978-0-393-31631-5
4655:978-0-7864-6194-3
4607:978-1-4968-1159-2
4516:Arizona Quarterly
4464:Civil War History
4357:American Heritage
3839:58#1 (1994): 29+.
3822:978-0-19-802834-5
3794:Baptized in Blood
3733:978-0-8139-2552-3
3706:James McPherson,
3622:978-0-8071-5604-9
3580:978-1-56584-100-0
3382:978-0-8262-6648-4
3313:978-0-7619-3097-6
3271:978-1-78289-373-8
3211:978-1-85109-682-4
3184:978-0-312-33123-8
3091:Brigadier General
3072:Columbus, Georgia
2954:"Civil War Facts"
2933:White Southerners
2727:siege of Yorktown
2527:Jackson McCurtain
2498:Indian Home Guard
2145:and taken at POW
1863:Theophilus Holmes
1859:Thomas C. Hindman
1808:William J. Hardee
1796:Army of Tennessee
1738:William W. Loring
1730:Robert S. Garnett
1679:Gustavus W. Smith
1639:Army of Mobile –
1617:Army of Tennessee
1613:William W. Loring
1605:William J. Hardee
1598:William W. Loring
1590:John C. Pemberton
1583:Army of Tennessee
1575:William J. Hardee
1515:Humphrey Marshall
1446:brigadier general
1438:
1437:
1354:Ordnance Sergeant
1317:brigadier general
1270:(Artillery shown)
1158:
1157:
1102:Second lieutenant
797:Antietam campaign
590:In his 1997 book
532:In his 2010 book
490:Southern Unionist
357:in the harbor of
323:Army of Tennessee
208:
207:
9866:
9806:
9796:
9795:
9619:Native Americans
9604:German Americans
9397:Partisan rangers
9392:Official Records
9332:
9331:
9315:
9314:
9207:memorials to Lee
9154:
9153:
8715:
8714:
8704:
8703:
8491:
8490:
8288:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8268:
8267:
8241:Washington, D.C.
8035:Indian Territory
7995:Dakota Territory
7953:
7952:
7870:Chancellorsville
7661:Jackson's Valley
7651:Blockade runners
7527:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7491:
7490:
7451:Thaddeus Stevens
7441:Lysander Spooner
7401:Susan B. Anthony
7203:
7202:
7192:
7191:
7177:
7170:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7044:Central Kentucky
7026:
7019:
7012:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6990:
6978:
6970:
6910:
6904:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6874:
6855:
6821:
6789:
6780:
6761:
6725:Warner, Ezra J.
6683:
6647:Levin, Kevin M.
6644:
6628:
6619:
6583:
6571:
6554:Eicher, David J.
6535:
6526:
6507:
6463:
6436:
6398:
6397:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6362:
6356:
6341:
6335:
6334:
6325:. Archived from
6318:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6303:
6298:on April 7, 2001
6281:
6275:
6274:
6246:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6117:
6111:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6088:on March 7, 2016
6073:
6067:
6066:
6060:
6058:
6039:
6033:
6026:
6020:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6002:. July 20, 2016.
5992:
5986:
5985:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5916:. Archived from
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5773:
5768:Paul D. Escott,
5766:
5760:
5759:
5739:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5719:. Archived from
5717:Civil War Memory
5708:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5689:on March 8, 2016
5674:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5658:on March 8, 2016
5654:. Archived from
5643:
5637:
5636:
5625:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5515:
5509:
5508:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5477:
5472:on March 9, 2016
5457:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5418:
5407:
5406:
5394:(July 5, 2015).
5388:
5382:
5381:
5373:
5371:
5349:Loewen, James W.
5345:
5339:
5338:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5287:Loewen, James W.
5283:
5272:
5271:
5259:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5193:Rodman, Leslie.
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5152:
5144:Rodman, Leslie.
5141:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5115:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5075:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5039:9-7810-0050-8772
5021:
5015:
5014:
5010:9-7801-9930-1607
4987:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4947:
4941:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4895:
4889:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4870:. Archived from
4864:
4858:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4840:
4837:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4476:
4470:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4310:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4278:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4112:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4058:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4001:
3988:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3930:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3879:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3711:
3710:(1998) pp 104–5.
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3565:Loewen, James W.
3561:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3474:on March 9, 2016
3462:(May 22, 1994).
3452:
3437:
3436:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3387:
3386:
3370:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3302:. SAGE. p.
3301:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3232:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3115:
3109:
3102:Indian Territory
3094:M. Jeff Thompson
3064:
3058:
3057:
3052:. Archived from
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3000:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2950:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2789:Republican Party
2690:Patrick Cleburne
2657:
2466:
2309:Italian American
2258:blockade runners
2241:Arms importation
1935:James Longstreet
1886:Army of the West
1761:Adley H. Gladden
1751:John B. Magruder
1734:Henry R. Jackson
1707:Anderson's Corps
1705:, often styled "
1641:Jones M. Withers
1631:Army of Missouri
1537:Army of Kentucky
1498:Simon B. Buckner
1428:
1421:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1333:
1280:
1261:
1242:
1223:
1204:
1194:(Infantry shown)
1185:
1166:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1097:First lieutenant
1061:
1042:
1030:
1018:
1006:
905:James Longstreet
686:
667:
645:
625:
555:
550:Michael Perman,
510:Twenty Negro Law
269:under President
219:Confederate Army
204:
192:General in Chief
184:
157:Cortina Troubles
129:
112:
69:
67:
54:
52:
33:
21:
20:
9874:
9873:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9864:
9863:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9812:
9776:
9760:
9645:
9609:Irish Americans
9587:
9532:
9441:
9432:U.S. Home Guard
9372:Field artillery
9326:
9325:
9301:
9243:
9218:
9180:
9149:
9143:
9035:Civil War Trust
9002:
8996:
8884:Ethnic violence
8869:Kirk–Holden war
8748:
8709:
8686:
8620:
8478:
8422:
8275:
8250:
8204:
7957:
7944:
7775:
7756:Sherman's March
7736:Bermuda Hundred
7631:
7586:
7558:
7514:
7513:
7477:
7436:J. Sella Martin
7406:James G. Birney
7382:
7300:
7226:Bleeding Kansas
7214:
7197:
7186:
7181:
7151:
7146:
7128:
7035:
7030:
6917:
6898:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6871:
6848:
6845:
6843:Primary sources
6828:
6818:
6777:
6750:10.2307/2944178
6568:
6523:
6425:10.2307/2191203
6407:
6405:Further reading
6402:
6401:
6396:. Random House.
6390:
6386:
6381:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6342:
6338:
6319:
6315:
6301:
6299:
6282:
6278:
6267:
6247:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6214:
6210:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6118:
6114:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6070:
6056:
6054:
6040:
6036:
6027:
6023:
6011:
6007:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5964:
5960:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5875:
5871:
5857:
5855:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5826:
5822:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5772:(1992), p. 254.
5767:
5763:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5726:
5724:
5709:
5705:
5692:
5690:
5675:
5671:
5661:
5659:
5644:
5640:
5626:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5505:
5489:
5485:
5475:
5473:
5458:
5447:
5437:
5435:
5419:
5410:
5389:
5385:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5318:
5314:
5303:
5284:
5275:
5268:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5221:
5214:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5150:
5142:
5135:
5125:
5123:
5116:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5032:. p. 321.
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:. p. 159.
4988:
4984:
4975:
4971:
4948:
4944:
4938:in Project MUSE
4931:
4927:
4912:10.2307/2163218
4896:
4892:
4883:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4825:
4821:
4806:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4764:
4748:
4744:
4737:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4640:
4636:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4512:
4508:
4493:10.2307/1171275
4477:
4473:
4461:
4457:
4434:
4430:
4407:
4403:
4372:
4368:
4346:
4342:
4327:10.2307/2580242
4311:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4288:Civil War Times
4285:
4281:
4273:Mark A. Weitz,
4272:
4268:
4261:
4245:
4241:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4177:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4100:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4071:
4046:
4039:
4026:
4024:
4014:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3918:
3911:
3892:
3867:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3805:
3801:
3790:
3786:
3775:
3771:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3671:
3667:
3654:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3607:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3581:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3453:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3116:
3112:
3068:Mobile, Alabama
3065:
3061:
3056:on May 3, 2024.
3042:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3007:
3003:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2801:
2780:
2751:Abraham Lincoln
2743:
2712:
2663:R. M. T. Hunter
2658:
2652:
2635:
2617:
2608:Joseph E. Brown
2603:
2552:
2520:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2446:Mobile, Alabama
2387:Second Manassas
2375:
2369:
2331:with the ships
2319:as part of the
2305:
2299:
2249:
2243:
2227:General Sherman
2157:
2135:
2013:Valley District
1959:
1939:J. E. B. Stuart
1898:Dabney H. Maury
1875:(also known as
1666:Henry H. Sibley
1459:
1291:
1290:
1289:(Cavalry shown)
1281:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1007:
913:
893:Joseph E. Brown
827:Jefferson Davis
811:
805:
754:
721:
715:
687:
685:(1997), p. ix.
680:
668:
661:
646:
639:
626:
624:(1997), p. 106.
614:
603:white supremacy
588:
579:
556:
554:(2010), p. 178.
549:
522:
482:
476:
391:
370:Jefferson Davis
343:Abraham Lincoln
339:
271:Franklin Pierce
247:Jefferson Davis
211:
178:Jefferson Davis
159:
155:
127:
116:
65:
63:
50:
48:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9872:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9851:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9831:
9814:
9813:
9811:
9810:
9800:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9782:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9774:
9768:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9756:Women soldiers
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9713:
9711:Naming the war
9708:
9703:
9698:
9693:
9692:
9691:
9681:
9680:
9679:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9646:
9644:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9542:
9540:
9534:
9533:
9531:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9347:Campaign Medal
9344:
9338:
9336:
9328:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9322:Related topics
9319:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9251:
9249:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9216:
9211:
9210:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9160:
9158:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9111:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9079:
9069:
9064:
9063:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9050:Decoration Day
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9006:
9004:
9003:Reconstruction
8998:
8997:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8961:
8960:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8857:second inquiry
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8821:
8814:Homestead Acts
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8762:Alabama Claims
8758:
8756:
8754:Reconstruction
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8744:
8742:15th Amendment
8739:
8737:14th Amendment
8734:
8732:13th Amendment
8723:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8497:
8495:
8488:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8363:J. E. Johnston
8360:
8358:A. S. Johnston
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8298:R. H. Anderson
8294:
8292:
8285:
8277:
8276:
8264:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8212:
8210:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8160:South Carolina
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8135:North Carolina
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7961:
7959:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7860:Fredericksburg
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7800:Wilson's Creek
7797:
7792:
7786:
7784:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7642:
7640:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7612:Lower Seaboard
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7533:
7524:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7495:
7487:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7468:Harriet Tubman
7465:
7464:
7463:
7456:Charles Sumner
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7291:States' rights
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7198:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7179:
7172:
7165:
7157:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7133:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7119:West Tennessee
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6979:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6916:
6915:External links
6913:
6912:
6911:
6875:
6869:
6856:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6827:
6826:Historiography
6824:
6823:
6822:
6816:
6800:
6790:
6781:
6775:
6762:
6733:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6704:
6694:
6684:
6666:(3): 611–623.
6655:
6645:
6636:
6629:
6620:
6602:(5): 630–637.
6591:
6572:
6566:
6549:
6539:
6527:
6521:
6508:
6479:
6464:
6447:
6437:
6419:(2): 151–166.
6406:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6384:
6375:
6357:
6336:
6313:
6276:
6266:978-0495565987
6265:
6249:Murrin, John;
6238:
6226:
6208:
6193:
6187:978-0495565987
6186:
6166:
6159:
6139:
6112:
6099:
6068:
6053:on May 3, 2014
6043:Grant, Ulysses
6034:
6021:
6005:
5987:
5980:
5958:
5951:
5931:
5905:
5891:
5869:
5835:
5820:
5806:
5783:
5774:
5761:
5754:
5734:
5703:
5669:
5638:
5617:
5603:
5580:
5573:
5550:
5541:
5528:
5519:
5510:
5503:
5483:
5445:
5408:
5383:
5363:
5340:
5333:
5312:
5301:
5273:
5266:
5240:
5233:
5212:
5185:
5163:
5133:
5095:
5070:
5059:
5045:
5038:
5016:
5009:
4982:
4969:
4958:(3): 225–233.
4942:
4925:
4906:(2): 432–455.
4890:
4877:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4828:John Bell Hood
4819:
4804:
4786:
4777:
4762:
4742:
4735:
4715:
4708:
4688:
4681:
4661:
4654:
4634:
4613:
4606:
4586:
4577:
4575:Eicher, p. 29.
4568:
4566:Eicher, p. 26.
4559:
4557:Eicher, p. 25.
4550:
4548:Eicher, p. 71.
4541:
4506:
4487:(2): 245–263.
4471:
4455:
4428:
4417:(4): 393–434.
4401:
4382:(3): 657–679.
4366:
4351:(March 1989).
4340:
4321:(2): 321–342.
4305:
4292:
4279:
4266:
4259:
4239:
4218:(3): 658–673.
4198:
4171:
4157:
4137:
4124:0-19-509-023-3
4123:
4091:
4070:0-19-509-023-3
4069:
4037:
4013:0-19-509-023-3
4012:
3980:
3963:
3942:0-19-509-023-3
3941:
3909:
3891:0-19-509-023-3
3890:
3858:
3841:
3828:
3821:
3799:
3784:
3769:
3752:
3739:
3732:
3712:
3699:
3686:978-0618875207
3685:
3665:
3661:. Mississippi.
3642:
3628:
3621:
3601:
3579:
3556:
3554:New York, 1986
3543:
3529:
3508:
3485:
3438:
3417:
3414:. p. 134.
3400:
3388:
3381:
3355:
3346:
3339:
3319:
3312:
3286:
3277:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3217:
3210:
3190:
3183:
3163:
3137:
3130:
3110:
3098:E. Kirby Smith
3087:Richard Taylor
3059:
3036:
3023:
3001:
2995:, adopted the
2972:
2963:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2841:
2838:
2800:
2797:
2779:
2776:
2761:served in the
2742:
2739:
2711:
2708:
2650:
2634:
2631:
2626:Gary Gallagher
2616:
2613:
2599:Main article:
2551:
2548:
2519:
2516:
2512:Thomas' Legion
2475:Main article:
2472:
2469:
2459:
2371:Main article:
2368:
2365:
2301:Main article:
2298:
2295:
2242:
2239:
2153:Main article:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2083:John Bell Hood
2079:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1958:
1955:
1951:John B. Gordon
1927:
1926:
1924:John G. Walker
1920:Richard Taylor
1913:
1904:
1902:Sterling Price
1894:John P. McCown
1883:
1870:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1824:Richard Taylor
1816:John Bell Hood
1812:Daniel H. Hill
1793:
1784:
1771:
1757:
1755:Daniel H. Hill
1744:
1742:Edward Johnson
1723:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1668:
1659:
1657:John H. Forney
1637:
1635:Sterling Price
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1601:
1586:
1554:
1552:Paul O. Hébert
1544:
1534:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1458:
1455:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1359:First Sergeant
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Sergeant Major
1340:
1339:
1293:
1292:
1286:2nd Lieutenant
1283:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1267:1st Lieutenant
1264:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1001:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
912:
909:
872:
871:
864:
854:
804:
801:
793:
792:
789:
786:
783:
776:
773:
753:
750:
714:
711:
678:
659:
637:
612:
587:
584:
578:
575:
547:
538:Michael Perman
521:
518:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
471:
470:
459:State Militias
447:
446:
427:
390:
387:
338:
335:
317:under General
209:
206:
205:
194:
188:
187:
175:
169:
168:
164:
163:
150:
146:
145:
138:
134:
133:
125:
121:
120:
106:
102:
101:
100:
99:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
45:
41:
40:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9871:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9809:
9805:
9801:
9799:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9773:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9726:Photographers
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9714:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9701:Gender issues
9699:
9697:
9694:
9690:
9687:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9678:
9675:
9674:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9648:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9563:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9535:
9529:
9528:War Democrats
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9518:Union Leagues
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9417:Turning point
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9387:Naval battles
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9333:
9329:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9225:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9152:
9150:and memorials
9146:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9010:Commemoration
9008:
9007:
9005:
8999:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8981:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8886:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8852:first inquiry
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8830:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8772:Carpetbaggers
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8751:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8705:
8701:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8425:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8269:
8265:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8195:West Virginia
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8115:New Hampshire
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8075:Massachusetts
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7954:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7815:Hampton Roads
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7805:Fort Donelson
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7701:Morgan's Raid
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7646:Anaconda Plan
7644:
7643:
7641:
7639:
7634:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7622:Pacific Coast
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:Positive good
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7271:Panic of 1857
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7231:Border states
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7178:
7173:
7171:
7166:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7155:
7143:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7020:
7015:
7013:
7008:
7007:
7004:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6908:
6902:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6819:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6656:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6522:0-942211-53-7
6518:
6514:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6340:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6245:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6212:
6204:
6197:
6189:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6151:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6109:
6103:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6009:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5983:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5954:
5952:9780807100073
5948:
5944:
5943:
5935:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5839:
5831:
5824:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5778:
5771:
5765:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5738:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5622:
5606:
5604:0-7432-2771-9
5600:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5576:
5574:9780807875629
5570:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5545:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5487:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5402:. WordPress.
5401:
5397:
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5387:
5380:
5378:
5366:
5364:0-684-87067-3
5360:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5336:
5334:0-06-019474-X
5330:
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5322:
5316:
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5110:
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5100:
5083:
5082:
5074:
5068:
5063:
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5049:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5020:
5012:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4991:Peter Andreas
4986:
4979:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
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4854:
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4815:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4444:(2): 95–110.
4443:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:Social Forces
4309:
4302:
4296:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4260:9780820340791
4256:
4252:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4160:
4158:0-674-01722-6
4154:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3756:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3709:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3511:
3509:0-06-093716-5
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3413:
3412:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3342:
3340:0-8032-7100-X
3336:
3332:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3244:0-253-33738-0
3240:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3131:9780062035868
3127:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:Palmito Ranch
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3005:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2989:state capital
2986:
2982:
2976:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2945:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2774:in Virginia.
2773:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:The usage of
2738:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2695:Robert E. Lee
2691:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2676:Robert Toombs
2671:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:total warfare
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:and southern
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:Robert E. Lee
2205:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2143:Island No. 10
2139:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Gideon Pillow
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Earl Van Dorn
1908:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:Earl van Dorn
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Braxton Bragg
1797:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1765:Braxton Bragg
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:Robert E. Lee
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:Braxton Bragg
1642:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:Leonidas Polk
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:Earl Van Dorn
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:Leonidas Polk
1576:
1572:
1571:Braxton Bragg
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:Braxton Bragg
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:Robert E. Lee
1529:
1528:John B. Floyd
1525:
1524:Henry A. Wise
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:full generals
1464:
1463:United States
1454:
1452:
1451:Roll of Honor
1447:
1442:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1321:Samuel Cooper
1318:
1314:
1313:major general
1310:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
995:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
961:12th Virginia
958:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
935:
932:
930:
925:
920:
918:
908:
906:
902:
897:
894:
890:
886:
885:Earl Van Dorn
882:
878:
869:
865:
862:
858:
857:Braxton Bragg
855:
852:
848:
843:
842:Robert E. Lee
840:
839:
838:
836:
832:
828:
820:
819:Robert E. Lee
815:
810:
800:
798:
790:
787:
784:
781:
777:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
758:
749:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
720:
710:
708:
704:
703:John S. Mosby
699:
695:
693:
684:
677:
672:
665:
658:
656:
650:
643:
636:
631:
623:
622:
617:
611:
606:
604:
599:
595:
594:
583:
574:
569:
564:
562:
553:
546:
541:
539:
535:
526:
517:
513:
511:
506:
501:
499:
491:
486:
481:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
454:
452:
444:
443:Robert E. Lee
440:
439:Samuel Cooper
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
416:
415:
412:
408:
400:
395:
389:Establishment
386:
383:
378:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Robert E. Lee
316:
311:
307:
304:
299:
297:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Southern Army
220:
216:
210:Military unit
203:
198:
197:Robert E. Lee
195:
193:
189:
185:
179:
176:
174:
170:
165:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
132:
126:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
61:
57:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
9667:Bibliography
9650:Other topics
9592:By ethnicity
9560:
9513:Trent Affair
9412:Signal Corps
9269:
8992:White League
8879:Ku Klux Klan
8792:Confederados
8719:Constitution
8591:D. D. Porter
8444:Breckinridge
8155:Rhode Island
8150:Pennsylvania
7905:Spotsylvania
7865:Stones River
7845:2nd Bull Run
7795:1st Bull Run
7681:Stones River
7582:Marine Corps
7571:
7549:Marine Corps
7388:Abolitionism
7375:
7328:
6992:
6972:
6890:, retrieved
6886:the original
6880:
6860:
6850:
6832:
6807:
6793:
6785:
6766:
6744:(1): 29–55.
6741:
6737:
6726:
6714:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6663:
6659:
6648:
6640:
6624:
6599:
6595:
6586:
6579:
6557:
6542:
6531:
6512:
6490:(1): 29–50.
6487:
6483:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6440:
6416:
6412:
6393:
6387:
6378:
6370:the original
6360:
6344:
6343:Long, E. B.
6339:
6330:
6327:the original
6316:
6307:
6300:. Retrieved
6296:the original
6289:
6279:
6270:
6255:
6233:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6196:
6176:
6169:
6149:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6125:
6115:
6107:
6102:
6090:. Retrieved
6086:the original
6081:
6071:
6062:
6055:. Retrieved
6051:the original
6037:
6029:
6024:
6013:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5971:
5961:
5941:
5934:
5922:. Retrieved
5918:the original
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5882:
5872:
5863:
5856:. Retrieved
5852:the original
5847:
5838:
5829:
5823:
5811:. Retrieved
5796:
5786:
5777:
5769:
5764:
5744:
5737:
5725:. Retrieved
5721:the original
5716:
5706:
5698:
5691:. Retrieved
5687:the original
5682:
5672:
5660:. Retrieved
5656:the original
5648:Cobb, Howell
5641:
5632:
5608:. Retrieved
5593:
5583:
5563:
5553:
5544:
5536:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5493:
5486:
5474:. Retrieved
5470:the original
5465:
5436:. Retrieved
5429:
5403:
5399:
5386:
5375:
5368:. Retrieved
5353:
5343:
5324:
5315:
5306:
5291:
5255:
5243:
5224:
5204:the original
5195:
5188:
5176:. Retrieved
5166:
5155:the original
5146:
5124:. Retrieved
5088:December 21,
5086:. Retrieved
5080:
5073:
5062:
5048:
5025:
5019:
4995:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4933:
4928:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4885:
4880:
4872:the original
4862:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4822:
4795:
4789:
4780:
4752:
4745:
4725:
4718:
4698:
4691:
4671:
4664:
4644:
4637:
4623:
4616:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4522:(4): 25–37.
4519:
4515:
4509:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4463:
4458:
4441:
4437:
4431:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4361:the original
4356:
4343:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4300:
4295:
4287:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4249:
4242:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4184:
4174:
4162:. Retrieved
4147:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4108:
4082:. Retrieved
4054:
4032:
4025:. Retrieved
3997:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3953:
3946:. Retrieved
3926:
3903:
3875:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3812:
3802:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3675:
3668:
3658:
3645:
3631:
3611:
3604:
3592:. Retrieved
3569:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3513:. Retrieved
3498:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:the original
3467:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3403:
3366:
3358:
3349:
3329:
3322:
3297:
3289:
3280:
3260:
3253:
3228:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3173:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:
3140:
3120:
3113:
3062:
3054:the original
3049:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3004:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2863:Ku Klux Klan
2830:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:Julian Scott
2792:
2781:
2759:
2744:
2735:
2724:
2713:
2699:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2618:
2604:
2584:
2535:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2463:
2455:
2449:
2407:
2395:Spotsylvania
2376:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2306:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2263:
2250:
2225:
2221:Pennsylvania
2206:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2170:
2166:Chambersburg
2158:
2114:
2100:
2080:
2058:
2040:
2010:
1990:
1975:
1967:
1960:
1928:
1769:Samuel Jones
1653:Samuel Jones
1486:Spotsylvania
1460:
1443:
1439:
1434:no insignia
1431:no insignia
1336:
1325:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1266:
1265:
1247:
1246:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1170:
1064:
992:
969:
953:
933:
921:
914:
898:
873:
833:, served as
824:
794:
780:Conscription
767:
763:
752:Organization
742:
738:
734:
730:
722:
706:
700:
696:
689:
682:
674:
670:
663:
654:
652:
648:
641:
633:
628:
619:
608:
592:
589:
580:
571:
566:
558:
551:
543:
536:, historian
533:
531:
514:
505:conscription
502:
495:
458:
448:
434:
430:
423:
419:
404:
382:slave states
367:
341:By the time
340:
312:
308:
303:conscription
300:
287:
222:
218:
214:
212:
105:Part of
18:
9473:Copperheads
9185:Confederate
9077:Black Codes
8403:E. K. Smith
8284:Confederate
8231:New Orleans
8226:Chattanooga
8090:Mississippi
7990:Connecticut
7958:territories
7949:Involvement
7910:Cold Harbor
7900:Fort Pillow
7890:Chattanooga
7885:Chickamauga
7835:Seven Pines
7825:New Orleans
7790:Fort Sumter
7731:Valley 1864
7564:Confederacy
7361:Slave Power
7341:Fire-Eaters
7059:Mississippi
6892:February 3,
5858:November 5,
5422:Masur, Kate
4349:Foner, Eric
4299:Ella Lonn,
3957:none at all
3594:January 19,
3494:Foner, Eric
3460:Lamb, Brian
3106:Stand Watie
3044:NPS Staff.
2785:Lieber Code
2768:Fort Pillow
2725:During the
2667:Howell Cobb
2621:free people
2543:Albert Pike
2538:Confederate
2490:Stand Watie
2442:Confederacy
2410:Albert Pike
2399:Cold Harbor
2329:New Orleans
1881:Jubal Early
655:none at all
355:Fort Sumter
279:Fort Sumter
263:Mississippi
149:Engagements
9823:Categories
9706:Juneteenth
9227:Cemeteries
9104:Red Shirts
9015:Centennial
8965:Red Shirts
8373:Longstreet
8303:Beauregard
8246:Winchester
8221:Charleston
8190:Washington
8125:New Mexico
8120:New Jersey
7980:California
7956:States and
7940:Five Forks
7925:Mobile Bay
7895:Wilderness
7875:Gettysburg
7855:Perryville
7840:Seven Days
7771:Appomattox
7696:Gettysburg
7656:New Mexico
7523:Combatants
7498:Combatants
7411:John Brown
7094:Shenandoah
7069:New Mexico
6309:complaint.
6160:0822321637
6128:. Virginia
6000:HistoryNet
5924:August 28,
5727:January 9,
5434:. New York
5400:Crossroads
5178:January 5,
5126:January 5,
4805:0679500138
4763:0061812617
4627:. p.
2985:Montgomery
2981:Deep South
2940:References
2826:Union Army
2561:Gettysburg
2403:Petersburg
2349:Washington
2333:Elisabetta
2217:Gettysburg
1947:A. P. Hill
1721:Henry Heth
915:As in the
745:Mark Twain
225:, was the
167:Commanders
131:Cadet Gray
66:1865-05-26
51:1861-02-28
9684:Espionage
9478:Diplomacy
9446:Political
9402:POW camps
9148:Monuments
8975:Scalawags
8970:Redeemers
8708:Aftermath
8657:Pinkerton
8596:Rosecrans
8561:McClellan
8464:Memminger
8200:Wisconsin
8165:Tennessee
8085:Minnesota
8060:Louisiana
7935:Nashville
7880:Vicksburg
7810:Pea Ridge
7761:Carolinas
7716:Red River
7711:Knoxville
7691:Tullahoma
7686:Vicksburg
7666:Peninsula
7638:campaigns
7504:Campaigns
7281:Secession
7099:Tennessee
7084:Peninsula
7079:Northwest
6504:144583591
5898:March 11,
5813:March 11,
4536:161125965
4396:159773914
3468:Booknotes
3156:August 3,
2703:U.S. Army
2383:Pea Ridge
2363:in 1862.
2178:U.S. Army
2174:butternut
2162:railroads
1596:, (1863)
1482:U.S. Army
994:Companies
965:battalion
957:1st Texas
917:U.S. Army
713:Desertion
351:U.S. Army
283:U.S. Army
59:Disbanded
9798:Category
9639:Seminole
9629:Cherokee
9382:Medicine
9335:Military
9248:Veterans
9082:Jim Crow
8847:timeline
8642:Ericsson
8625:Civilian
8606:Sheridan
8566:McDowell
8526:Farragut
8511:Burnside
8501:Anderson
8494:Military
8474:Stephens
8434:Benjamin
8427:Civilian
8313:Buchanan
8291:Military
8236:Richmond
8185:Virginia
8130:New York
8105:Nebraska
8095:Missouri
8080:Michigan
8070:Maryland
8055:Kentucky
8030:Illinois
8005:Delaware
7985:Colorado
7970:Arkansas
7930:Franklin
7850:Antietam
7721:Overland
7676:Maryland
7595:Theaters
7501:Theaters
7142:Category
7064:Missouri
7054:Kentucky
6985:(1911).
6901:citation
6806:(1983).
6796:(1943).
6717:(2007).
6578:(1987).
6556:(2001).
6355:. p. 705
6353:68283123
6332:redress.
6302:April 7,
6132:March 6,
6092:March 6,
5693:March 8,
5662:March 8,
5631:(1875).
5610:March 9,
5591:(2002).
5561:(2002).
5476:March 9,
5438:March 5,
5370:March 5,
5351:(1999).
5323:(2001).
5289:(2007).
4964:30236034
4772:13796662
4450:27567243
4234:21749302
4130:April 1,
4105:(1997).
4084:April 1,
4079:34912692
4051:(1997).
4027:April 1,
4022:34912692
3994:(1997).
3948:April 1,
3923:(1997).
3900:34912692
3872:(1997).
3692:March 9,
3589:29877812
3567:(2007).
3515:March 2,
3496:(1988).
3478:March 9,
2840:See also
2651:—
2585:en masse
2536:Choctaw
2471:Cherokee
2460:—
2430:Seminole
2422:Cherokee
2391:Antietam
2353:Franklin
2337:Olyphant
1406:Musician
1401:Corporal
1396:Sergeant
976:division
881:Kentucky
877:Maryland
817:General
679:—
660:—
638:—
613:—
577:Religion
548:—
397:Private
331:deserted
227:military
9765:Related
9634:Choctaw
9624:Catawba
9407:Rations
9352:Cavalry
9214:Removal
8842:efforts
8826:of 1873
8672:Stevens
8667:Stanton
8652:Lincoln
8611:Sherman
8546:Halleck
8536:Frémont
8521:Du Pont
8459:Mallory
8418:Wheeler
8353:Jackson
8333:Forrest
8273:Leaders
8216:Atlanta
8180:Vermont
8100:Montana
8040:Indiana
8015:Georgia
8010:Florida
7975:Arizona
7965:Alabama
7915:Atlanta
7830:Corinth
7782:battles
7726:Atlanta
7706:Bristoe
7607:Western
7602:Eastern
7507:Battles
7306:Slavery
7210:Origins
7196:Origins
7089:Potomac
7049:Kanawha
6798:onlin e
6758:2944178
6692:excerpt
6680:3788629
6616:3554537
6433:2191203
6122:"No. 5"
4920:2163218
4501:1171275
4423:4249872
4335:2580242
4303:(1928).
4191:July 1,
4164:July 1,
3905:fought.
3100:and in
3050:NPS.gov
3034:(1924).
2993:Alabama
2518:Choctaw
2434:Catawba
2426:Choctaw
1488:in 1864
1411:Private
1305:general
1248:Captain
1191:Colonel
1172:General
1092:Captain
1077:Colonel
1072:General
972:brigade
803:Command
385:other.
337:Prelude
221:or the
180: (
74:Country
64: (
49: (
44:Founded
9808:Portal
9746:Tokens
8682:Welles
8662:Seward
8647:Hamlin
8616:Thomas
8551:Hooker
8516:Butler
8469:Seddon
8454:Hunter
8439:Bocock
8413:Taylor
8408:Stuart
8398:Semmes
8378:Morgan
8338:Gorgas
8318:Cooper
8209:Cities
8145:Oregon
8110:Nevada
8050:Kansas
8020:Hawaii
7920:Crater
7820:Shiloh
7780:Major
7766:Mobile
7636:Major
7510:States
7461:Caning
7109:Valley
6939:Brady.
6867:
6837:online
6814:
6773:
6756:
6731:online
6719:online
6702:online
6678:
6653:online
6633:online
6614:
6564:
6547:online
6537:online
6519:
6502:
6474:
6445:online
6431:
6351:
6263:
6184:
6157:
6064:angry.
6057:May 3,
6018:online
5978:
5949:
5889:
5865:Union.
5804:
5752:
5601:
5571:
5501:
5361:
5331:
5299:
5264:
5231:
5036:
5007:
4962:
4918:
4888:(1972)
4814:445154
4812:
4802:
4770:
4760:
4733:
4706:
4679:
4652:
4604:
4534:
4499:
4468:online
4448:
4421:
4394:
4333:
4257:
4232:
4155:
4121:
4077:
4067:
4020:
4010:
3976:
3939:
3935:–110.
3898:
3888:
3819:
3730:
3683:
3619:
3587:
3577:
3523:
3506:
3379:
3337:
3310:
3268:
3241:
3208:
3181:
3128:
3070:, and
2987:, the
2648:fight.
2436:, and
2267:Lloyds
1315:, and
903:, and
743:Young
563:says:
291:slaves
199:
128:
124:Colors
9551:Dixie
9538:Music
9157:Union
9001:Post-
8837:trial
8637:Chase
8632:Adams
8601:Scott
8576:Meigs
8571:Meade
8541:Grant
8531:Foote
8506:Buell
8487:Union
8449:Davis
8393:Price
8383:Mosby
8328:Ewell
8323:Early
8308:Bragg
8170:Texas
8065:Maine
8025:Idaho
7531:Union
6754:JSTOR
6676:JSTOR
6500:S2CID
6429:JSTOR
5207:(PDF)
5200:(PDF)
5158:(PDF)
5151:(PDF)
4960:JSTOR
4916:JSTOR
4532:S2CID
4497:JSTOR
4446:JSTOR
4419:JSTOR
4392:S2CID
4331:JSTOR
4230:S2CID
3655:(PDF)
3237:–23.
2438:Creek
2341:Utile
2307:Many
1229:Major
1175:(CSA)
1087:Major
980:corps
261:from
142:Dixie
137:March
9736:Salt
9342:Arms
9192:List
9164:List
8677:Wade
8586:Pope
8556:Hunt
8388:Polk
8348:Hood
8343:Hill
8175:Utah
8140:Ohio
8045:Iowa
7577:Navy
7572:Army
7544:Navy
7539:Army
7114:West
6907:link
6894:2009
6865:ISBN
6812:ISBN
6771:ISBN
6664:26#3
6612:PMID
6562:ISBN
6517:ISBN
6472:ISBN
6460:43#4
6349:OCLC
6304:2001
6261:ISBN
6182:ISBN
6155:ISBN
6134:2016
6094:2016
6059:2014
5976:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5926:2015
5900:2016
5887:ISBN
5860:2014
5815:2016
5802:ISBN
5750:ISBN
5729:2015
5695:2016
5664:2016
5612:2016
5599:ISBN
5569:ISBN
5499:ISBN
5478:2016
5440:2016
5372:2016
5359:ISBN
5329:ISBN
5297:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5229:ISBN
5180:2009
5128:2009
5090:2022
5034:ISBN
5005:ISBN
4810:OCLC
4800:ISBN
4768:OCLC
4758:ISBN
4731:ISBN
4704:ISBN
4677:ISBN
4650:ISBN
4602:ISBN
4255:ISBN
4193:2015
4166:2015
4153:ISBN
4132:2016
4119:ISBN
4086:2016
4075:OCLC
4065:ISBN
4029:2016
4018:OCLC
4008:ISBN
3978:..."
3950:2016
3937:ISBN
3896:OCLC
3886:ISBN
3817:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3694:2016
3681:ISBN
3617:ISBN
3596:2016
3585:OCLC
3575:ISBN
3517:2016
3504:ISBN
3480:2016
3377:ISBN
3375:–9.
3335:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3179:ISBN
3158:2018
3126:ISBN
2351:and
1879:) –
1328:kepi
883:and
441:and
435:ACSA
429:The
424:PACS
418:The
265:and
213:The
92:Size
87:Army
84:Type
8581:Ord
8368:Lee
6746:doi
6668:doi
6604:doi
6584:In
6492:doi
6421:doi
6417:6#2
5377:Lee
4908:doi
4524:doi
4489:doi
4415:108
4384:doi
4323:doi
4220:doi
4216:113
4115:109
4061:117
4004:107
3933:109
3882:106
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3433:264
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