4240:, to negotiate directly with Santa Anna. The negotiations were secret and there are no written records of the meetings, but there was some understanding that came out of the meetings. Polk asked Congress for $ 2 million to be used in negotiating a treaty with Mexico. The U.S. allowed Santa Anna to return to Mexico, lifting the Gulf Coast naval blockade. However, in Mexico, Santa Anna denied all knowledge of meeting with the U.S. representative or any offers or transactions. Rather than being Polk's ally, he pocketed any money given him and began to plan the defense of Mexico. The Americans were dismayed, including General Scott, as this was an unexpected result. "Santa Anna gloated over his enemies' naïveté: 'The United States was deceived in believing that I would be capable of betraying my mother country.'" Santa Anna avoided getting involved in politics, dedicating himself to Mexico's military defense. While politicians attempted to reset the governing framework to a federal republic, Santa Anna left for the front to retake lost northern territory. Although Santa Anna was elected president in 1846, he refused to govern, leaving that to his vice president, while he sought to engage with Taylor's forces. With the restored federal republic, some states refused to support the national military campaign led by Santa Anna, who had fought with them directly in the previous decade. Santa Anna urged Vice President Gómez Farías to act as a dictator to get the men and materiel needed for the war. Gómez Farías forced a loan from the Catholic Church, but the funds were not available in time to support Santa Anna's army.
5349:, the second-largest city in Mexico. The city capitulated without resistance. The Mexican defeat at Cerro Gordo had demoralized Puebla's inhabitants, and they worried about harm to their city and inhabitants. It was standard practice in warfare for victorious soldiers to be let loose to inflict horrors on civilian populations if they resisted; the threat of this was often used as a bargaining tool to secure surrender without a fight. Scott had orders which aimed to prevent his troops from such violence and atrocities. Puebla's ruling elite also sought to prevent violence, as did the Catholic Church, but Puebla's poor and working-class wanted to defend the city. U.S. Army troops who strayed outside at night were often killed. Enough Mexicans were willing to sell supplies to the U.S. Army to make local provisioning possible. During the following months, Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired. Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly, to keep good order and prevent any popular uprising against his army.
6466:
3907:
exclusively of regular troops, under the best of drill and discipline. Every officer, from the highest to the lowest, was educated in his profession, not at West Point necessarily, but in the camp, in garrison, and many of them in wars with
Natives. The rank and file were probably inferior, as material out of which to make an army, to the volunteers that participated in all the later battles of the war; but they were brave men, and then drill and discipline brought out all there was in them. A better army, man for man, probably never faced an enemy than the one commanded by General Taylor in the earliest two engagements of the Mexican war. The volunteers who followed were of better material, but without drill or discipline at the start. They were associated with so many disciplined men and professionally educated officers, that when they went into engagements it was with a confidence they would not have felt otherwise. They became soldiers themselves almost at once. All these conditions we would enjoy again in case of war.
4398:
3887:. Although the U.S. Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's. At the beginning of the war, the U.S. Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each), four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons, one of mounted rifles). These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11, 1847. A large portion of this fighting force consisted of recent immigrants. According to Tyler V. Johnson, foreign-born men amounted to 47 percent of General Taylor's total forces. In addition to a large contingent of Irish- and German-born soldiers, nearly all European states and principalities were represented. It is estimated that the U.S. Army further included 1,500 men from British North America, including French Canadians.
6480:
high regard compared to the
Mexican Army who left their wounded to be captured by the enemy as they retreated from the area. In June 1846, the situation changed when American reinforcements entered the area and began raiding local farms. Many soldiers on garrison duty began committing crimes against civilians, such as robbery, rape and murder in order to alleviate their boredom. This wave of wanton crime resulted in American soldiers murdering at least 20 civilians during the first month of occupation. Taylor initially showed little concern with the crimes the soldiers were committing and failed to discipline the soldiers responsible for them or devise ways to prevent crimes. This led to public opinion turning against the U.S. troops and resulted in many Mexicans taking up arms and forming guerrilla bands which attacked patrols of U.S soldiers. The attacks continued to get more prevalent, especially after the Battle of Monterrey.
3895:'s campaign was poised to capture Mexico City. Many did not re-enlist, deciding that they would rather return home than place themselves in harm's way of disease, threat of death or injury on the battlefield, or in guerrilla warfare. Their patriotism was doubted by some in the U.S., but they were not counted as deserters. The volunteers were far less disciplined than the regular army, with many committing attacks on the civilian population, sometimes stemming from anti-Catholic and anti-Mexican racial bias. Soldiers' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians, mostly by volunteers. One officer's diary records: "We reached Burrita about 5 pm, many of the Louisiana volunteers were there, a lawless drunken rabble. They had driven away the inhabitants, taken possession of their houses, and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves."
6379:, published in 1885, that "Generally, the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation was consummated or not; but not so all of them. For myself, I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory." Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War. "The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times."
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4307:; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization, not expand it with more land. Among the most vocal in opposition to the war in the House of Representatives was former U.S. President Adams of Massachusetts. He had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas's annexation following its de facto independence from Mexico. He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason. War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation. When the question of going to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13, 1846, Adams spoke a resounding "No!" in the chamber. Only 13 others followed his lead. Despite that opposition, he later voted for war appropriations.
4156:
6372:
Taylor's army, a post he tried to decline since it took him away from the battlefield. However, "The appointment was actually a godsend for Grant, turning him into a complete soldier, adept at every facet of army life, especially logistics... This provided invaluable training for the Civil War when Grant would need to sustain gigantic armies in the field, distant from northern supply depots." Grant saw considerable combat and demonstrated his coolness under fire. In the Battle of
Chapultepec, he and his men hoisted a howitzer into a church belfry that had a commanding view of the San Cosme gate. The action brought him the honorary rank of brevet captain, for "gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec."
6568:
6675:
4219:
but if Mexico should attack our troops, the
Executive could announce, "Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.", and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were, but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it. ... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil, it became necessary for the "invaders" to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck. Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras . It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever.
3697:, the "money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and 'give the illusion' that the country possessed an army for its defense." However, an officer criticized Santa Anna's training of troops, "The cavalry was drilled only in regiments. The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot. The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers, so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign, it was not known, nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed."
5876:, and indigenous peoples in the annexed territories, experienced a loss of civil and political rights. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised U.S. citizenship to all former Mexican citizens living in the territories. However, the United States gave ceded states the authority to establish citizenship policy, and within a year, states were passing laws that banned all Mexicans in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas from U.S. citizenship, except white male Mexicans. Furthermore, non-white Mexicans lost certain citizenship rights, such as the right to practice law, vote or hold certain government positions. Indigenous peoples lost land rights and were exterminated as in the
3767:"The Mexican army of that day was hardly an organization. The private soldier was picked from the lower class of the inhabitants when wanted; his consent was not asked; he was poorly clothed, worse fed, and seldom paid. He was turned adrift when no longer wanted. The officers of the lower grades were but little superior to the men. With all this I have seen as brave stands made by some of these men as I have ever seen made by soldiers. Now Mexico has a standing army larger than the United States. They have a military school modeled after West Point. Their officers are educated and, no doubt, very brave. The Mexican war of 1846–48 would be an impossibility in this generation."
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3716:
raiding
American camps in order to survive. Although raiding was much more lucrative than hunting, indigenous population did not have much of a choice. Indigenous soldiers who volunteered to fight with the Mexican Army were often abandoned and compensated unfairly. By raiding, indigenous populations were also able to acquire horses and properly tame them to move efficiently during battles. Captive-taking methods, especially that of the Comanche tribe, were also used to the advantage of the Mexican Army as captives would end up assisting indigenous populations in the raids of American forces.
3899:, a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny, later recalled "The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn, stole their fences for firewood, got drunk, and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets." Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers. The expression "Just like Gaines's army" came to refer to something useless, the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops was rejected and sent back by General Taylor at the beginning of the war.
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4497:
10509:"Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Natives, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States." United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40.
5750:. In return, Mexico received $ 15 million ($ 528 million today) – less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities – and the U.S. agreed to assume $ 3.25 million ($ 114 million today) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens. The area of domain acquired was given by the Federal Interagency Committee as 338,680,960 acres. The cost was $ 16,295,149 or approximately five cents per acre. The area amounted to one-third of Mexico's original territory from its 1821 independence.
5680:—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake."
6383:
early 1847, he helped take the
Mexican cities of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec. General Scott described Robert E. Lee as "gallant and indefatigable", saying that Lee had displayed the "greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in knowledge during the campaign". Grant gained insight into Robert E. Lee, as his memoir states, "I had known him personally, and knew that he was mortal; and it was just as well that I felt this."
6725:, the only faith-based unit in the war, raised several monuments commemorating their contributions to the war. At the time of the war, most Mormons had been forced out of the jurisdiction of the U.S. and had relocated to Utah. The Mormon leadership realized that stressing their contributions to the war and to realizing manifest destiny was a way to be included in the nation's narrative. A monument to the battalion was dedicated in 1927 on the grounds of the Utah State Capitol grounds in 1927 and one erected in Los Angeles in 1950.
4928:
5780:
government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the
Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments. The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law. The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A. H. Sevier,
3645:, a secret representative, to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $ 25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. U.S. expansionists wanted California to thwart any British interests in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean. Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $ 3 million owed to U.S. citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $ 25 to $ 30 million for the two territories.
3681:
5052:
5698:
4765:
3504:, a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of non-Hispanic colonists from the southern U.S. and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico. The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods. The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands, which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration, which continued from the United States into Texas illegally.
6449:
since veterans had received warrants for up to 160 acres of land for their service; pensions would have put a fiscal strain on the government. The politics were complicated since so many veterans of the
Mexican war fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. Republican Congressmen accused them of attempting to give federal aid to former Confederates. This led to a thirteen-year Congressional debate over the loyalty of the veterans and their worthiness to receive federal assistance in their declining years.
6687:
4385:. Emerson was succinct, predicting that, "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as a man who swallowed the arsenic which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." Events proved him right, in a fashion, as arguments over the expansion of slavery in the lands seized from Mexico would fuel the drift to civil war just a dozen years later. The New England Workingmen's Association condemned the war, and some Irish and German immigrants defected from the U.S. Army and formed the
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6718:. It holds the remains of 1,563 U.S. soldiers who mainly died in the conflict and were placed in a mass grave. Many more U.S. soldiers died in Mexico, but to transfer bodies there from shallow graves was expensive. A few of those interred died in Mexico City long after the war. The Mexico City military cemetery "signaled a transition in what the United States understood to be its obligations to its war dead", a pressing issue with the dead of the Civil War.
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5218:. Jefferson Davis, then a senator from Mississippi, argued in Congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway. Davis's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny, considering that the Gulf of Mexico "a basin of water belonging to the United States" and that "the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours". These views were later supported by the
4236:
his military experience to reclaim Texas for Mexico. President Farías was driven to desperation. He accepted the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Unbeknownst to Farías, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with U.S. representatives to discuss a sale of all contested territory to the U.S. at a reasonable price, on the condition that he be allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades. Polk sent his own representative to Cuba,
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5309:
canyon around the main road and prepared fortifications. Santa Anna had entrenched with what the U.S. Army believed were 12,000 troops but in fact was around 9,000. He had artillery trained on the road where he expected Scott to appear. However, Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead, and they reached the pass on April 12. The
Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions, beginning the skirmish.
6287:
factual challenges to claims made by
President Polk. The vote followed party lines, with all Whigs supporting the amendment. Lincoln's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter attacked by Democrats, who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois; Lincoln's Spot Resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois and were cited by his rivals well into his presidency.
2904:
5652:
long-term guerrilla warfare against the U.S. Army. However, it could not expel the invaders, so negotiating a treaty became more necessary. Polk's wish for a short war of conquest against a perceived weak enemy with no will to fight had turned into a long and bloody conflict in Mexico's heartland. Negotiating a treaty was in the best interest of the United States. It was not easy to achieve. Polk lost confidence in his negotiator
6432:. The Senate avoided the issue, and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated because Southern Senators had the votes to prevent its addition. The House of Representatives is apportioned by population, and the North's was growing, allowing it to win the majority of the House in the 1846 elections; but the Senate representation is two per state and Southerners had enough votes to block the addition.
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5080:, southwest of Monterrey. Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion. Similarly, Polk blamed Taylor both for suffering heavy losses and failing to imprison Ampudia's entire force. Taylor's army was subsequently stripped of most of its troops in order to support the coming coastal operations by Scott against Veracruz and the Mexican heartland.
6492:. U.S. troops under the command of Capt. Mabry B. "Mustang" Gray responded to the killing of an American soldier outside of Monterrey by Mexicans, by abducting and summarily executing 24 unarmed Mexican civilians. In November 1846, a detachment from the 1st Kentucky regiment murdered a young Mexican boy, ostensibly as a form of sport. Afterwards, Taylor failed to bring charges against any of the soldiers involved.
6503:. The soldiers quickly became drunk after raiding a liquor store and began targeting the townspeople, raping and killing dozens of Mexican civilians while indiscriminately burning their homes. However, these reports of an American rampage were overshadowed by the news of Santa Anna's resignation after the Huamantla attack, leading to no repercussions against Lane or any of the soldiers involved in the atrocities.
5519:(February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty, on March 6, 1848, formal hostilities ceased. However, some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the U.S. Army's evacuation in August. Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or, like Padre Jarauta, executed.
4437:, and was the first foreign war covered primarily by U.S. correspondents. Press coverage in the United States was characterized by support for the war and widespread public interest and demand for coverage of the conflict. Mexican coverage of the war (both written by Mexicans and Americans based in Mexico) was affected by press censorship, first by the Mexican government and later by the American military.
3362:, suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to the U.S. to settle debts, saying: "As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it."
4461:
War, made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country. This was the first time in U.S. history that accounts by journalists instead of opinions of politicians had great influence in shaping people's opinions about and attitudes toward war. Along with written accounts of the war, war artists provided a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward.
5250:
to begin an invasion to take the Mexican capital, Mexico City. On March 9, 1847, Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for a siege. A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies, weapons, and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts. Included in the invading force were several future generals:
4410:
upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that, in view of the country's insolvency, the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation. This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side, ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S.
6639:. The Monument to the Heroic Cadets was inaugurated in 1952. By then, the relations between the U.S. and Mexico had improved so much that they had been allies in World War II and their postwar economies became increasingly intertwined. Some war trophies taken by the U.S., such as Mexican battle flags, were returned to Mexico with considerable ceremony, but captured U.S. flags remain in Mexico.
4696:
5428:, soon joined by Santa Anna. Scott had left some 2,400 soldiers in Puebla, of whom around 400 were fit. After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna hoped to rally Puebla's civilian population against the U.S. soldiers under siege and subject to guerrilla attacks. Before the Mexican army could wipe out the Americans in Puebla, more troops landed in Veracruz under the command of Brigadier General
4477:, a large concourse of citizens gathered in April 1847 to celebrate the victory of Buena Vista. New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847. Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates. Polk had pledged to be a one-term president, but his last official act was to attend Taylor's inauguration as president.
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3260:
5305:
factor in the war. Santa Anna was from Veracruz, so he was on his home territory, knew the terrain, and had a network of allies. He could draw on local resources to feed his hungry army and gain intelligence on the enemy's movements. From his experience in the northern battles on open terrain, Santa Anna sought to negate the U.S. Army's primary advantage, its use of artillery.
5076:(the Devil Texans). This method proved successful. Eventually, these actions drove and trapped Ampudia's men into the city's central plaza, where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate. Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight-week armistice in return for the surrender of the city. Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of
6436:
westward expansion of the institution became an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War. By extending the territory of the United States to the Pacific Ocean, the end of the Mexican–American War marked a new step in the huge migrations of Americans to the West, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the
6652:, which chronicles the Anglo–American settlement of Texas and their rebellion after characterizing themselves as victims of Mexican oppression. It goes on to blame the war on Polk and Santa Anna. "The interpretation concedes U.S. military superiority in arms and commanders while disparaging General Santa Anna's costly mistakes and retreat from the capital city."
6635:(1910–1920), the commemoration was continued and attended by contemporary presidents. After the end of the military phase, the Mexican government renewed the narrative of the boy heroes as the embodiment of sacrifice for the patria. Plans were drawn up for a much larger commemoration of their sacrifice, which was built at the entrance to Mexico City's
4989:, unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6. When the U.S. garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification, many Mexicans went with them: those who had supported the U.S. cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California.
5472:
that the U.S. Army command was complicit in the attacks against Mexican civilians. By threatening the civilian populations' homes, property, and families with burning whole villages, looting, and raping women, the U.S. Army separated guerrillas from their base. "Guerrillas cost the Americans dearly, but indirectly cost Mexican civilians more."
3658:, were viewed as traitors. Military opponents of de Herrera, supported by populist newspapers, considered Slidell's presence in Mexico City an insult. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. After a more nationalistic government under General
5834:
Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km). Although the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe, it was sparsely populated. The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California and about 60,000 in Nuevo México, as well as large Native nations, such as the
5097:
while a division of infantry attacked frontally to distract and draw out the U.S. forces along the road leading to Buena Vista. Furious fighting ensued, during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed, but managed to cling to their entrenched position, thanks to the Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment led by
4406:
Mexico. They saw the territories as unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component. Moreover, the territories were feared by Americans to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America's rival on the continent, the British.
5648:
Although there were complications with negotiating peace on both ends, peace came in Alta California in January 1847 with the Treaty of Cahuenga, with the Californios (Mexican residents of Alta California) capitulating to the American forces. A more comprehensive peace treaty was needed to end the conflict.
3708:). The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry (of two battalions each), three brigades of artillery, eight regiments of cavalry, one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons. The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments. In the northern territories, presidial companies (
3237:
rather by sectional political conflicts. Northerners in the U.S. sought to develop the country's existing resources and expand the industrial sector without expanding the nation's territory. The existing balance of sectional interests would be disrupted by the expansion of slavery into new territory. The
5464:. In Mexico City, U.S. forces became an army of occupation and subject to stealth attacks from the urban population. Conventional warfare gave way to guerrilla warfare by Mexicans defending their homeland. They inflicted significant casualties on the U.S. Army, particularly on soldiers slow to keep up.
6698:
In the U.S. the war was almost forgotten after the cataclysm of the Civil War. However, one of the first monuments was erected on the State House grounds in South Carolina in 1858, celebrating the Palmetto Regiment. As veterans of the Civil War saw the scale of commemorations of that war, Mexican war
6479:
At the beginning of the war, U.S. troops under Taylor's command adhered to the rules of war for the most part, under the watchful eye of Taylor, and almost exclusively engaged with enemy soldiers. This gained them some popularity with Mexican civilians, who held the occupying Americans in a degree of
6290:
While the Whig Emerson rejected war "as a means of achieving America's destiny," toward the end of the war he wrote: "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." He later accepted that "most of the great
6286:
amendment to a bill praising Taylor for "a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." This criticism, in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions, followed congressional scrutiny of the war's beginnings, including
5548:
The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year. Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp. It
5544:
Desertion was a major problem for both armies. In the Mexican Army, desertions depleted forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, underequipped, only partially trained,
5467:
General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had made stealth attacks since May. Mexican guerrillas often tortured and mutilated the bodies of the U.S. troops, as revenge
5374:
With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz, Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but, leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there, advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force. The capital was laid open
5321:
They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on
5249:
Rather than reinforce Taylor's army for a continued advance, President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott. Polk had decided that the way to bring the war to an end was to invade the Mexican heartland from the coast. General Scott's army was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea
5194:
Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital, over which the central government had weak control. Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico. On a number of occasions in the early era of the
5173:
advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers, but Doniphan subverted this plan. Then in late April, Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo. The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe. Along the way,
5088:
On February 22, 1847, having heard of this weakness from the written orders found on an ambushed U.S. scout, Santa Anna seized the initiative and marched Mexico's entire army north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men, hoping to win a smashing victory before Scott could invade from the sea. The two armies
4409:
President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7, 1847. He scrupulously detailed his administration's position on the origins of the conflict, the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities, and the justification for declaring war. He also elaborated
4314:
opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. "The determination of our slave-holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men, and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to
4095:
began on May 3, 1846. Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas, which replied with its own guns. The bombardment continued for 160 hours and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort. Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment, and two were killed. Among
4014:
Similarly to the Mexican women were contributed to the war efforts from their homes, women in the U.S. also protested publicly and made patriotic crafts that U.S. soldiers could carry. In addition, female journalists across multiple states took advantage of their literacy to speak up in support or in
3906:
The victories in Mexico were, in every instance, over vastly superior numbers. There were two reasons for this. Both General Scott and General Taylor had such armies as are not often got together. At the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca-de-la-Palma, General Taylor had a small army, but it was composed
3653:
Mexico was neither inclined nor able to negotiate. In 1846 alone, the presidency changed hands four times, the war ministry six times, and the finance ministry sixteen times. Despite that, Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would
3544:
ending the war and recognizing Texian independence. The treaty was not ratified by the Mexican Congress as it had been signed by a captive under duress. Although Mexico refused to recognize Texian independence, Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition
3112:
In Mexico, the war worsened domestic political turmoil. Since the war was fought on home ground, Mexico suffered large losses of life from both the military and civilian population. The nation's financial foundations were undermined, and more than half of its territory was lost. Mexico felt a loss of
6448:
Following the Civil War, veterans of the Mexican war began to organize themselves as veterans regardless of rank and lobbied for their service. Initially they sought to create a soldiers' home for aged and ailing veterans, but then began pushing for pensions in 1874. There was resistance in Congress
6419:
Despite initial objections from the Whigs and from abolitionists, the Mexican war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. The United States Army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army
6382:
Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate forces through the end of the Civil War, began building his reputation as a military officer in America's war against Mexico. At the start of the Mexican–American War, Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool's engineering department from the North. By
5753:
The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51–34 and a Senate vote of 33–4, on May 19. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had passed an act for the organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican
5556:
Hundreds of U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side. Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money, land bounties, and officers' commissions. Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S.
4748:
Mexico had issued a proclamation that non-naturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to own land in California and were subject to expulsion. With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them, American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat.
4235:
Mexico's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma set the stage for the return of Santa Anna, who at the outbreak of the war, was in exile in Cuba. He wrote to the government in Mexico City, stating he did not want to return to the presidency, but he would like to come out of exile in Cuba to use
4146:
managed to capture the Mexican artillery, causing the Mexican side to retreat—a retreat that turned into a rout. Fighting on unfamiliar terrain, his troops fleeing in retreat, Arista found it impossible to rally his forces. Mexican casualties were significant, and the Mexicans were forced to abandon
3924:
and decisively won the Electoral College, but with the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the outbreak of war in 1846, Polk's Democrats lost the House of Representatives to the Whig Party, which opposed the war. Unlike Mexico, which had weak formal state institutions, chaotic changes in government, and
3879:
The war was fought by regiments of regulars bolstered by various regiments, battalions, and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union, as well as Americans and some Mexicans in California and New Mexico. in general, the Regular Army officers looked down on the volunteers, whose
3828:
Santa Anna briefly held the presidency again, from March 21, 1847 – April 2, 1847. His troops were deprived of support that would allow them to continue the fight. The conservatives demanded the removal of Gómez Farías, and this was accomplished by abolishing the office of vice president. Santa
3236:
produced by enslaved African-American labor in the southern states. This demand helped fuel expansion into northern Mexico. Although there were political conflicts in the U.S., they were largely contained by the framework of the constitution and did not result in revolution or rebellion by 1846, but
3095:
Polk envisioned inspired patriotism among some sections of the United States, but the war and treaty drew fierce criticism for the casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions intensified the debate over slavery in the United States. Although the
8177:
William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D.C.,
7359:
Indian raids multiplied Mexico's problems, in the generation before her war with the United States, to a degree not generally realized today. They upset her agricultural, commercial, mineral, and ranch life over hundreds of thousands of square miles. Consequently, the country's capacity for defense
5833:
Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of
5791:
Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the U.S. pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged the region and pay restitution to the victims of raids it could not prevent. However, the Native raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a
5656:
and dismissed him as peace negotiations dragged on. Trist ignored the fact that he no longer had the authorization to act for the United States. When Trist managed to get yet another Mexican government to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Polk was presented with an accomplished fact and decided
5277:
were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders. The bombardment on March 24, 1847, opened in the walls of Veracruz a thirty-foot gap. The defenders in the city replied with their own artillery, but the extended barrage broke the will of the Mexicans, who faced a numerically superior force,
5198:
The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies, especially to Mexico's main port of Veracruz. Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region, the U.S. Navy created a blockade. Given the shallow waters of that portion of
5096:
Having demanded and been refused the surrender of the U.S. Army, Santa Anna's army attacked the next morning, using a ruse in the battle with the U.S forces. Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass,
4218:
The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements, was not sufficient to provoke hostilities. We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war;
4200:
The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment, but on the final passage only fourteen Whigs voted no, including John Quincy Adams. Later, a
3796:
During the conflict, presidents held office for a period of months, sometimes just weeks, or even days. Just before the outbreak of the war, liberal General José Joaquín de Herrera was president (December 1844 – December 1845) and willing to engage in talks so long as he did not appear to be caving
6973:
The Mexican War of 1846–1848, largely forgotten today, was the second costliest war in American history in terms of the percentage of soldiers who died. Of the 78, 718 American soldiers who served, 13,283 died, constituting a casualty rate of 16.87 percent. By comparison, the casualty rate was 2.5
6547:. Denying that Mexican claims to Texas had anything to do with the war, they instead wrote that for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it." The work was noticed and translated to English by Colonel
6435:
The war proved a decisive event for the U.S., marking a significant turning point for the nation as a growing military power. It is also a milestone in the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it, as potential
5688:
also objected to annexing all of Mexico. "To incorporate such a disjointed and degraded mass into even a limited participation with our social and political rights, would be fatally destructive to the institutions of our country. There is a moral pestilence to such a people which is contagious – a
5471:
Scott viewed guerrilla attacks as contrary to the "laws of war" and threatened the property of populations that appeared to harbor the guerrillas. Captured guerrillas were to be shot, including helpless prisoners, with the reasoning that the Mexicans did the same. Historian Peter Guardino contends
3890:
Although Polk hoped to avoid a protracted war over Texas, the extended conflict stretched regular army resources, necessitating the recruitment of volunteers with short-term enlistments. Some enlistments were for a year, but others were for 3 or 6 months. The best volunteers signed up for a year's
3389:
urging "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California", saying that "no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California, once ceasing to belong to Mexico,
3299:
and the pay-offs to Native Americans to maintain peace. In the absence of effective governance, Comanche and Apache took to raiding for livestock and looted much of the northern countryside outside of the scattered towns. The raids after 1821 resulted in many deaths, halted most transportation and
3294:
The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled because of its challenging climate and topography. Mostly high desert with scarce rainfall, it supported little sedentary agriculture during the pre-Hispanic and colonial periods. After independence, Mexico became preoccupied with internal struggles
5671:
Having won a decisive victory, the U.S. was divided on what the peace should entail. Now that the U.S. had gone far beyond the territorial gains it initially envisioned by invading central Mexico with its dense population, the question was raised whether to annex the entirety of Mexico. After the
5308:
Santa Anna chose Cerro Gordo as the place to engage the U.S. troops, calculating the terrain would offer the maximum advantage for the Mexican forces. Scott marched westward on April 2, 1847, toward Mexico City with 8,500 initially healthy troops, while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a
5304:
Santa Anna allowed Scott's army to march inland, counting on yellow fever and other tropical diseases to take their toll before Santa Anna chose a place to engage the enemy. Mexico had used this tactic before, including when Spain attempted to reconquer Mexico in 1829. Disease could be a decisive
4460:
constitute an important primary source for the conflict. With more than a decade's experience reporting urban crime, the "penny press" realized the public's voracious demand for astounding war news. Moreover, Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution, which preceded the U.S.–Mexican
3840:
With U.S. forces occupying the Mexican capital and much of the heartland, negotiating a peace treaty was an exigent matter, and Peña y Peña left office to do that. Pedro María Anaya returned to the presidency on November 13, 1847 – January 8, 1848. Anaya refused to sign any treaty that ceded
3595:
to Texas, and by October, Taylor commanded 3,500 Americans on the Nueces River, ready to take by force the disputed land. At the same time, President Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California, disclaiming American ambitions in California but offering to support
13551:
William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans: a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D. C.,
6507:
recent immigrants who had arrived in the northeastern U.S. from Ireland. Many defected due to mistreatment by nativist soldiers and senior officers, brutal military discipline, or because they were not allowed to practice their Catholic religion. Thousands of other U.S. soldiers simply deserted.
6452:
In 1887, the Mexican Veteran Pension Law went into effect, making veterans eligible for a pension for their service. Surviving officers and enlisted men were placed on a pension roll, which included volunteers, militias, and marines who had served at least 60 days and were at least 62 years old.
6371:
For Grant, who went on to lead Union forces in the Civil War and later was elected president, "it also tutored him in the manifold ways wars are shot through with political calculations." Grant had served in Mexico under General Zachary Taylor and was appointed acting assistant quartermaster for
4443:
enthusiastically endorsed the war in 1846 and showed his disdainful attitude toward Mexico and boosterism for Manifest Destiny: "What has miserable, inefficient Mexico—with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to do with the great
4196:
Polk said in a message to Congress: "The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the
4117:
had lower-quality gunpowder that fired at velocities slow enough to make it possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds. The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery. The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side, and seeking terrain more to
3692:
The Mexican Army was a weak and divided force. Only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers, armament, and money for the war effort. Many leaders expressed their concern for the country, including Santa Anna who stated that , "The leaders of the army did their best to
3428:
resented this, partly because California had previously been governed by native-born Californios, partly because Micheltorena's policies were unpopular, and also because the soldiers in Micheltorena's army got a reputation for spending much of their time stealing the local Californios' chickens.
3087:
of present-day Texas, California, Nevada, and Utah as well as parts of present-day Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The U.S. agreed to pay $ 15 million for the physical damage of the war and assumed $ 3.25 million of debt already owed by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico
6506:
Throughout the course of the war, a number of U.S. troops who had become disillusioned with the war defected to the Mexican Army and joined the Saint Patrick's Battalion to fight for the Mexicans against the U.S. forces. The great majority of those who made up the Saint Patrick's Battalion were
5312:
Instead of taking the main road, Scott's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans. Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops, Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that
5104:
Initial reports of the battle, as well as propaganda from the Santanistas, credited the victory to the Mexicans, much to the joy of the Mexican populace, but rather than attack the next day and finish the battle, Santa Anna retreated, losing men along the way, having heard word of rebellion and
4405:
Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil, the war's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to
4342:
of Georgia declared: "This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans. ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory
3715:
Indigenous populations in Mexico played a crucial role in the defending their land. By the beginning of the war, indigenous populations were depleted of their natural resources due to an influx of American settlers. As a result, indigenous populations from the Great Plains region had to rely on
3507:
In 1834, Mexican conservatives seized the political initiative, and General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist president of Mexico. The conservative-dominated Congress abandoned the federal system, replacing it with a unitary central government that removed power from the states.
6423:
Anti-slavery elements fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S. In 1847, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso, stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery. If successful, the Wilmot Proviso would have effectively
5779:
Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican
5222:, of which Davis was allegedly a member. In the end, the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán, but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican–American War. At one point, the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War, but the U.S. did not respond.
4799:
and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun. Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1. Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy
4543:
and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense. Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon, a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city. However, on August 14, before the American army was even in view, he decided not to fight. An American named James Magoffin claimed he had
4447:
The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S., with journalists as well as letter-writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. "their first-ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad." During the war, inventions such as the telegraph created new means of
6308:
Following the signing of the 1848 treaty, Polk sought to send troops to Yucatan, where there was a civil war between secessionists and those supporting the Mexican government. The U.S. Congress refused his request. The Mexican War was supposed to be short and nearly bloodless. It was neither.
5651:
The U.S. forces had gone from being an army of conquest on the periphery for territory it desired to incorporate, to an invading force in central Mexico, potentially making it an army of long-term occupation. Mexico did not necessarily have to sign a peace treaty but could have continued with
5647:
Outnumbered militarily and with many large cities of the Mexican heartland including its capital occupied, Mexico could not defend itself in conventional warfare. Mexico faced many continuing internal divisions between factions so that bringing the war to a formal end was not straightforward.
6410:
In 1861, General Scott advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command U.S. forces. Lee declined and later recounted "I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and
5093:. Taylor, with 4,600 men, had entrenched at a mountain pass called La Angostura, or "the narrows", several miles south of Buena Vista ranch. Santa Anna, having little logistics to supply his army, suffered desertions all the long march north and arrived with only 15,000 men in a tired state.
3967:
Although soldaderas were able to prove the abilities Mexican women had outside of the private sphere, Mexican women on the home front still contributed to the war effort. After having to face the losses in their country, Mexican women were seen dressed in black and creating somber paintings.
6299:
Veterans of the war were often broken men. "As the sick and wounded from Taylor's and Scott's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States, their condition shocked the folks at home. Husbands, sons, and brothers returned in broken health, some with missing limbs." The 1880
5105:
upheaval in Mexico City. Taylor was left in control of part of northern Mexico, and Santa Anna later faced criticism for his withdrawal. Mexican and American military historians alike agree that the U.S. Army could likely have been defeated if Santa Anna had fought the battle to its finish.
5063:
before, and they marched straight down the open streets, where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well-hidden in Monterrey's thick adobe homes. They quickly learned, and two days later, they changed their urban warfare tactics. Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before (the
4323:
led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico "an aggressive, unholy, and unjust war" and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons. He said: "In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil, or in robbing them of their country, I can take no part either now or
3792:
and liberal federalists vied for power, and at times these two factions inside Mexico's military fought each other rather than the invading U.S. Army. Santa Anna bitterly remarked, "However shameful it may be to admit this, we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our
3582:
of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory east of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured by the Mexican Army and imprisoned. Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the U.S. Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the
4468:
By getting constant reports from the battlefield, Americans became emotionally united as a community. News about the war caused extraordinary popular excitement. In the spring of 1846, news about Taylor's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in the cotton textile town of
5101:, who formed them into a defensive V formation. The Mexicans had nearly broken the American lines at several points, but their infantry columns, navigating the narrow pass, suffered heavily from the American horse artillery, which fired point-blank canister shots to break up the attacks.
4331:", demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood was shed, and to clarify whether that location was American soil or if it had been claimed by Spain and Mexico. Lincoln, too, did not actually stop money for men or supplies in the war effort.
5468:
and warning. Americans interpreted these acts not as Mexicans' defense of their country, but as evidence of Mexicans' brutality as racial inferiors. For their part, U.S. soldiers took revenge on Mexicans for the attacks, whether or not they were individually suspected of guerrilla acts.
4113:, a mobile light artillery mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle. The fast-firing artillery and highly mobile fire support had a devastating effect on the Mexican army. In contrast to the "flying artillery" of the Americans, the Mexican cannons at the
3277:
Neither colonial Mexico nor the newly sovereign Mexican state effectively controlled Mexico's far north and west. Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence from Spain in 1821 and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to attacks by
6247:
In much of the United States, victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism. Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats' belief in their country's Manifest Destiny. Although the Whigs had opposed the war, they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the
3491:
into Texas. This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier. Austin's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government. The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the
5771:
two years earlier, though the division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or
4147:
their artillery and baggage. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort, and additional Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande. Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and began his series of battles in Mexican territory.
3817:(August 6, 1846 – December 23, 1846) served as president and held elections under the restored federalist system. General Antonio López de Santa Anna won those elections, but as was his practice, he left the administration to his vice president, who was again liberal
4078:
The Mexican forces prepared for war. On April 25, 1846, a 2,000-man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70-man U.S. patrol commanded by Captain Seth Thornton, which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River. In the
3920:, but it was a country that was strongly divided along sectional lines, especially in regard to slavery. Enlarging the country, particularly through armed combat against a sovereign nation, deepened those sectional divisions. Polk had narrowly won the popular vote in the
5195:
Mexican Republic, Yucatán seceded from the federation. There were also rivalries between regional elites, with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche. These issues factored into the Mexican–American War, as the U. S. had designs on this part of the coast.
4575:
as New Mexico's first territorial governor. Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Native allies, including
4544:
convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course; an unverified story says he bribed Armijo. When Pino, Chaves, and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting, Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them. The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe, and Armijo fled to
31:
5800:, U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the U.S. if it could not be released from its obligations. The U.S. was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the
3031:
million (equivalent to $ 778 million in 2023), an offer the Mexican government refused. Polk then sent a group of 80 soldiers across the disputed territory to the Rio Grande, ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw. Mexican forces interpreted this as an attack and
4834:
Stockton's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13, whereupon he sent a report to the secretary of state that "California is entirely free from Mexican dominion." Stockton, however, left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force. The
3390:
should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... there is some reason to believe that daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction." By the time the letter reached London, though, Sir
5186:, who was with the American army in northern Mexico, said "the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated. The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned, and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities."
5169:. British consul John Potts did not want to allow Doniphan to search Governor Trías's mansion and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection. American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business. Major
3357:
During the Spanish colonial era, the Californias (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled. After Mexico became independent, it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence. In 1842, the U.S. minister in Mexico,
6648:(National Museum of Interventions) in a former convent that was the site of the Battle of Churubusco. It chronicles the attempts by the Spanish to reconquer Mexico after its independence as well as the French interventions. The museum has an exhibition on the
3290:
Native Americans. The Comanche, in particular, took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the U.S.
9608:
6295:
dedicates an entire chapter of his Pulitzer winning Civil War history to the Mexican–American war, entitled "Mexico Will Poison Us". McPherson argues that the Mexican–American War and its aftermath was a key territorial event in the leadup to the Civil War.
3955:. They did not participate in conventional fighting on battlefields, but some soldaderas joined the battle alongside the men. These women were involved in fighting during the defense of Mexico City and Monterrey. Some women such as Doña Jesús Dosamantes and
5495:
between Jalapa and Veracruz. He had also detailed an anti-guerrilla brigade under Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas. He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300-man escorts. Victories by Lane over the Light Corps at
3833:(April 2 – May 20, 1847). Santa Anna returned to the presidency on May 20, 1847, when Anaya left to fight the invasion, serving until September 15, 1847. Preferring the battlefield to administration, Santa Anna left office again, leaving the office to
4551:
Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15. Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot fired. Kearny declared himself the military governor of the
6304:
describes the war as "Feculent, reeking Corruption" and "one of the darkest scenes in our history—a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy."
5553:; this, however, is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24, 1848, less than two weeks before the war concluded. By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered, word also reached it that the war was over.
5713:
representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.–Mexican border along the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of
4854:
by Flores' forces in less than an hour. Four Americans died, with 8 severely injured. Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro, which increased the American forces there to 800. He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego.
4603:
Romero led a Native American force to Bent's house, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. They moved on, leaving Bent still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends
7360:
declined at a time when centralism, clericalism, militarism, and American imperialism were debilitating the nation. The chief offending mountain tribes were Apache, Navajo, and Ute; and the most troublesome plains Natives were Comanche and Kiowa.
5683:
Beyond the racial argument, Calhoun contended that the U.S. could not be both an empire and a republic, and he argued that being an empire would strengthen the central government and be detrimental to individual states. Rhode Island Whig Senator
4662:, the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Only seven Americans died in the battle.
5278:
and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege. U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties, while the Mexicans had around 180 killed and wounded, with hundreds of civilians killed. During the siege, the U.S. soldiers began to fall victim to
3002:
had previously prevented annexation because Texas, formerly a slavery-free territory under Mexican rule, would have been admitted as a slave state, upsetting the balance of power between Northern free states and Southern slave states. In the
6554:
Despite his being denounced and held to account for Mexico's loss in the war, Santa Anna came to power for one last term as president. After he sold the Mesilla Valley in 1853 to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase, he began construction of a
4318:
Polk was generally able to manipulate Whigs into supporting appropriations for the war but only once it had already started and then "clouding the situation with a number of false statements about Mexican actions." Not everyone went along.
5412:(boy heroes) became icons in Mexico's patriotic pantheon. Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army, some military cadets leaped from the castle walls. A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death.
3496:
residents and the Comanches, but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle in areas with decent farmland and trade connections with Louisiana rather than farther west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Natives.
3478:
had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-native settlers. The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory. After independence, the Mexican government implemented the policy, granting
5432:. At Puebla, they sacked the town. Santa Anna was not able to provision his troops, who effectively dissolved as a fighting force to forage for food. Puebla was relieved by Lane on October 12, following his defeat of Santa Anna at the
6527:. The war caused Mexico to enter "a period of self-examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle." In the immediate aftermath of the war, a group of Mexican writers including
4980:
to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes and two sieges in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports. Following reinforcement, Lt. Col.
4878:, where 22 of Kearny's men (one of whom later died of wounds), including three officers, were killed in 30 minutes of fighting. The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on "
3074:
Although Mexico was defeated on the battlefield, negotiating peace was a politically fraught issue. Some Mexican factions refused to consider any recognition of its loss of territory. Although Polk formally relieved his peace envoy,
6487:
sentiment and racism fueled further attacks against Mexican civilians. It was estimated that U.S. troops killed at least 100 civilians, with the majority of them being killed by the 1st Texas Mounted Volunteers commanded by Colonel
3019:(also a Mexican territory), and Texas by any means, with the 1845 annexation of Texas furthering that goal. However, the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed, with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the
4354:
Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government. Prominent artists and writers opposed the war, including
6256:
Has the Mexican War terminated yet, and how? Are we beaten? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley ? If so, do inform me of it, for I would be glad of a chance to escape, if we are to be stormed. I suppose Miss
4104:
On May 8, 1846, Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort. However, General Arista rushed north with a force of 3,400 and intercepted him about 5 miles (8 km) north of the Rio Grande River, near modern-day
3545:
from Britain, France, and the United States, which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation. Most Texians wanted to join the United States, but the annexation of Texas was contentious in the U.S. Congress, where
3508:
Leaving politics to those in Mexico City, General Santa Anna led the Mexican army to quash the semi-independence of Texas. He had done that in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of
12766:
5108:
Polk mistrusted Taylor, who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice. Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign.
4889:
on December 14 and Santa Barbara on December 27. On December 28, a 600-man American force under Kearny began a 150-mile march to Los Angeles. Flores then moved his ill-equipped 500-man force to a 50-foot-high bluff above the
3739:
models became increasingly popular as the conflict progressed. Some U.S. troops carried more modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts, such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the
3117:
and José María del Castillo Velasco, called a "state of degradation and ruin... the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it."
5545:
and under-paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.
5199:
the coast, the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates. Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent, the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in gulf waters. The U.S. fought two battles in
3876:, but the regular army was not sufficiently large to sustain extended conflicts on two fronts. The Oregon dispute with Britain was settled peaceably by treaty, allowing U.S. forces to concentrate on the southern border.
3100:
that explicitly forbade the extension of slavery into conquered Mexican territory was not adopted by Congress, debates about it heightened sectional tensions. Some scholars see the Mexican–American War as leading to the
3300:
communications, and decimated the ranching industry that was a mainstay of the northern economy. As a result, the demoralized civilian population of northern Mexico put up little resistance to the invading U.S. army.
14980:
8962:
Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at
6780:
5028:
resulted in serious losses on both sides. The U.S. light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city, as the American forces attacked in frontal assaults. The Mexican forces under General
5754:
concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico. The acquisition was a source of controversy, especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start. A leading anti-war U.S. newspaper, the Whig
5178:
enlisted Doniphan's aid against a Native raiding party that had taken children, horses, mules, and money. The Missouri Volunteers finally made their way to Matamoros, from which they returned to Missouri by water.
5313:
followed. In the battle fought on April 18, the Mexican army was routed. The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties, while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties with 3,000 taken prisoner. In August 1847, Captain
12211:
10596:
4296:, animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny, supported it in the hope of adding slave-owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster-growing North. O'Sullivan, editor of the
5857:, forbade any further immigration. However, they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems. For example, most of the Southwestern states adopted
5672:
Wilmot Proviso, there was a lessening of fervor for the idea, but the taking of Mexico City had revived enthusiasm. There were fierce objections in Congress to that on racial grounds. South Carolina Senator
3693:
train the rough men who volunteered, but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve." According to the leading Mexican conservative politician,
3295:
that sometimes verged on civil war, and the worsening situation on the northern frontier was largely neglected. In northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for garrisoned
8919:
amply endorsed by international law, the practice of civilized powers, and the general opinion of the world. It was a ground, too, that Polk himself, as we have seen, felt entirely satisfied to stand upon
5137:
tribes. In December 1846, after the successful conquest of New Mexico, part of Kearney's Army of the West, the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers, moved into modern-day northwest Mexico. They were led by
3867:
6765:
5326:
The U.S. Army had expected a quick collapse of the Mexican forces. Santa Anna, however, was determined to fight to the end, and Mexican soldiers continued to regroup after battles to fight yet again.
5891:
conferred voting rights only to white male citizens (Article II, Section 1), and the number of senators was proportioned only "according to the number of white inhabitants" (Article IV, Section 29).
4214:(1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to the Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war.
5402:, built on a hill in Mexico City in the colonial era. At this time, this castle was a renowned military school in the capital. After the battle, which ended in a victory for the U.S., the legend of
4300:, coined this phrase in its context, stating that it must be "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."
4612:, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent but left the women and children unharmed.
15710:
3171:
in 1824. This government was characterized by instability, and it was ill-prepared for a major international conflict when war broke out with the U.S. in 1846. Mexico had successfully resisted
6515:
For Mexico, the war had remained a painful historical event for the country, losing territory and highlighting the domestic political conflicts that were to continue for another 20 years. The
4642:
The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Colonel Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New Mexicans, organized by
14973:
5406:
was born. Although not confirmed by historians, six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating. They decided to stay and fight for Mexico. These
9264:
3574:. The Mexican government disputed this placement on two grounds: first, it rejected the idea of Texas independence; and second, it claimed that the Rio Grande in the treaty was actually the
16430:
13747:
5182:
The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion, possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Native raids.
3553:
were largely opposed. In 1845, Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress and became the 28th state on December 29, 1845, which set the stage for the conflict with Mexico.
10334:
3825:, the Catholic Church and conservatives paid soldiers to rise against the liberal government. Santa Anna had to leave his campaign to return to the capital to sort out the political mess.
4905:
On January 12, Frémont and two of Pico's officers agreed to terms for a surrender. Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont, Andrés Pico and six others at a ranch at
3841:
land to the U.S., despite the situation on the ground with Americans occupying the capital. Peña y Peña resumed the presidency January 8, 1848 – June 3, 1848, during which time the
16922:
3578:, since the current Rio Grande has always been called "Rio Bravo" in Mexico. The latter claim belied the full name of the river in Mexico, however: "Rio Bravo del Norte." The ill-fated
4067:
President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande. Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces. He constructed a makeshift fort (later known as
21322:
13914:
13908:
6612:("fatherland") as martyrs in the Battle of Chapultepec was inspiring, but their sacrifice was not commemorated until 1881, when surviving cadets formed an organization to support the
6234:
4807:
On Sloat's orders, Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey, in addition to the California Battalion. On July 15, Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore
1051:
603:
Including civilians killed by violence, military deaths from disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000 and the American death toll reached 13,283.
14966:
4815:
to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles. As Frémont landed, Stockton's 360 men arrived in San Pedro. Castro and Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of
3688:
was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions. The Mexican Army's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century.
3821:(December 23, 1846 – March 21, 1847). In February 1847, conservatives rebelled against the liberal government's attempt to take Church property to fund the war effort. In the
1005:
21357:
20912:
16795:
10753:
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percent in World War I and World War II, 0.1 percent in Korea and Vietnam, and 21 percent for the Civil War. Of the casualties, 11,562 died of illness, disease, and accidents.
6465:
4126:
during the night and prepared for the next battle. It provided a natural fortification, but during the retreat, Mexican troops were scattered, making communication difficult.
2597:
630:
5072:" through the city's homes. They needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures. Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the
4788:, then called Yerba Buena, was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2. On July 5, Frémont's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels.
5588:
immigrants, who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill-treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army. The battalion also included
4811:, who was more militarily aggressive. He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command. Stockton ordered Frémont to
4635:, Autobees' half-brother. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders passing through the village of
13213:
Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz. "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City." American Historical Review, vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, pp. 498–516.
13109:
The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States
7494:
The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: A History of the Relations Between the Two Countries from the Independence of Mexico to the Close of the War with the United States
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to take it to Congress for ratification. Ratification was fraught, since the Democrats had lost the elections of 1846, and Whigs opposed to the war were now in ascendance.
3483:, a banker from Missouri, a large tract of land in Texas. Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition, but his son,
1056:
11631:
4580:, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory. On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day
11657:
11123:
11077:
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American and Mexican women shared the similarities of providing their domestic services on the battlefield. Among the most notable American women on the battlefield was
3626:, explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother. Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave. Frémont responded by building a fort on
3570:
after the Battle of San Jacinto, the southern border of Texas was placed at the "Rio Grande del Norte." The Texans claimed this placed the southern border at the modern
10588:
6604:
Once the French were expelled in 1867 and the liberal republic was re-established, Mexico began reckoning with the legacy of the Mexican–American war. The story of the
6453:
Widows of veterans who had not remarried were eligible for their late husband's pension. Excluded was "any person while under the political disabilities imposed by the
16517:
15422:
5884:. Mexico lost part of its northern territories in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming that included few if any Mexicans, and many indigenous groups.
4965:
on October 19, 1847. Within a month, they cleared the gulf of hostile ships, destroying or capturing 30 vessels. Later, their sailors and Marines captured the port of
16612:
15952:
15822:
13740:
11404:
10395:
3630:
and raising the American flag. Larkin sent word that Frémont's actions were counterproductive. Frémont left California in March but returned and took control of the
3311:
increasingly difficult. As a result, at the outbreak of the war, New Mexico was economically dependent on trade with the United States via the eastern branch of the
1858:
1410:
6357:, Sterling Price, and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat, strategy, and tactics.
5012:
Led by Zachary Taylor, 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport. His soldiers occupied Matamoros, then
2995:
an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens who had moved from the United States to Texas after 1822 wanted to be annexed by the United States.
5887:
Furthermore, the U.S. government did not grant full citizenship to Native Americans in the Southwest until the 1930s, even though they were Mexican citizens. The
5676:
argued that absorbing Mexico would threaten U.S. institutions and the character of the country. "We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the
4673:
and won, which ended their operations against Mora. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the
3756:
revolvers, of which the U.S. Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846. Most significantly, throughout the war, the superiority of the U.S. artillery often carried the day.
3583:
annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande, this provoked a dispute.
17202:
16082:
4379:
also criticized the war. Thoreau, who served jail time for refusing to pay a tax that would support the war effort, turned a lecture into an essay now known as
3205:
resulted in an undefined border between Spanish colonial territories and the U.S. Some of the boundary issues between the U.S. and Spain were resolved with the
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16457:
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15947:
6873:
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4003:
While their husbands enlisted, many American women stayed in Mexico to tend to oversee their business, making themselves factory women. However, factory woman
3784:, who served as Santa Anna's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833, was an important political player in the era of the Mexican–American War.
1720:
1577:
5842:, Puebloan, Navajo, Apache and many others. Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico, the great majority remained in the U.S. territory.
3959:
would be remembered as heroes. On the other hand, some Mexican women were seen as "angels" as they provided aid and comfort to the injured men on both sides.
20915:
16978:
16545:
16435:
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Engelson, Lester G. (1939). "Proposals for the Colonization of California by England: In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837–1846".
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on November 11, 1847. After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the
2148:
5639:, was branded. A bust of John Riley and a plaque on the façade of a building in Plaza San Jacinto, San Angel commemorates the place where they were hanged.
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In Mexico, although Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846, and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some the
6559:
on a better route, but he was ousted and went into a lengthy exile. In exile he drafted his version of events, which were not published until much later.
4327:
Fellow Whig Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. Polk had said that Mexico had "shed American blood upon American soil". Lincoln submitted eight "
3596:
independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States, and warning that the United States would oppose any European attempts to take over.
21347:
18122:
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11319:"Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa"
9117:
4804:
landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag. Later that day in Sonoma, the Bear Flag was lowered, and the American flag was raised in its place.
4757:
and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. Within a week, 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force, which grew to nearly 300 in early July. This event, led by
4397:
21267:
16890:
16748:
10434:
9519:
5395:, the capital was occupied. Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City. His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero.
3925:
a military that regularly intervened in politics, the U.S. generally kept its political divisions within the bounds of the institutions of governance.
3735:. While at the beginning of the war most American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets, more reliable
3183:
against the centralist government of Mexico showed its political weakness as the government changed hands multiple times. The Mexican military and the
2590:
2117:
1680:
623:
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16452:
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4722:, worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General
2522:
898:
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13407:
9256:
5383:. After Churubusco, fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations, which broke down on September 6, 1847. With the subsequent battles of
3303:
Furthermore, distance and hostile activity by Native Americans made communications and trade between the heartland of Mexico and provinces such as
3027:. Polk sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico in an attempt to buy the disputed territory, together with California and everything in between for $ 25
2075:
1705:
1654:
12122:
Davies, Wallace E. "The Mexican War Veterans as an Organized Group." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 35, no. 2, 1948, pp. 221–238.
10327:"Maps: Map Showing Col. A.W. Doniphan's Route through the States of New Mexico, Chihuahua and Coahuila.| A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War"
7415:
5557:
Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas sometimes coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks.
4646:, the business partner of William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at
17292:
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15588:
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10364:
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4208:
Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's army, claims in his
1850:
991:
11583:
10842:
9605:
Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire
17909:
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16550:
15757:
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5479:, established 750-man posts along the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital, at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at
2583:
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marched out. His forces rescued captured Americans, captured Pineda, and on March 31 defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the
21312:
21302:
16932:
16529:
16345:
16286:
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15827:
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15548:
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14394:
6707:, which includes the phrase "From the Halls of Montezuma", is an acknowledgment of the war, but there are no major monuments or memorials.
6390:"An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President." Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election, referring to
3378:
1745:
1685:
1570:
1509:
1487:
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1421:
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1267:
1234:
1201:
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4847:, forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29. They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee.
4027:. Female American journalists played a crucial role in representing the voices of women that had been silenced within the public sphere.
3155:
between the royal army and insurgents for independence, with no foreign intervention. The conflict ruined the silver-mining districts of
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Polk received word of the Thornton Affair, which, added to the Mexican government's rejection of Slidell, Polk believed, constituted a
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In 1829, because of the large influx of American immigrants, the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in Texas. President
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at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. This list includes military men fighting for the Union: Ulysses S. Grant,
4557:
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1700:
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3809:(July 28, 1846 – August 4, 1846). The conservative Bravo was overthrown by federalist liberals who re-established the federal
3004:
2029:
2015:
1879:
1830:
1783:
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Van Wagenen, Michael Scott. "US–Mexican War Veterans and the Congressional Pension Fight." Military History of the West 40 (2010).
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4898:. That same day, Frémont's force arrived at San Fernando. The next day, January 9, the Stockton-Kearny forces fought and won the
4615:
The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's mill in
3424:. Micheltorena was sent up from lower Mexico, along with an army, that had largely been recruited from Mexico's worst jails. The
3381:
declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there. The British minister in Mexico,
2486:
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1710:
1669:
1640:
11430:
10203:
4205:, challenged Polk's assertion that American blood had been shed on American soil, calling it "a bold falsification of history."
3334:. As settlers poured in from the U.S., the Mexican government discouraged further migration with its 1829 abolition of slavery.
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Lacroix, Patrick (2020). "Canadian-Born Soldiers in the Mexican–American War (1846–48): An Opportunity for Migration Studies".
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veterans sought remembrance for their service. In 1885, a tableau of the U.S. Army's entry into Mexico City was painted in the
6283:
4665:
A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The
3233:
3221:. The U.S. sought to purchase territory from Mexico, starting in 1825, in order to settle some of these issues. U.S. President
1773:
1612:
1597:
11627:
5420:
In late September 1847, Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the U.S. Army, by cutting them off from the coast. General
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19783:
18508:
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6499:
and 12 others were killed in a skirmish, Joseph Lane ordered his men to avenge the dead Texas Rangers by sacking the town of
6116:
4616:
4351:, which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate.
3977:
3939:
3802:
3788:
There were significant political divisions in Mexico which seriously impeded the war effort. Inside Mexico, the conservative
3607:
dividing the territory, angering Northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion.
2561:
2189:
2153:
2094:
2002:
1752:
1634:
1591:
1399:
1189:
387:
13691:
13621:
12101:
12062:
11753:
11556:
9469:
7180:
5631:
Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco; about 100 were captured by the U.S., and roughly half of the
4007:
was willing enough to become a spy for U.S. forces in order to protect her home and business in the absence of her husband.
3805:(December 1845 – July 1846), who left the presidency to fight the invading U.S. Army and was replaced by his vice president
3228:
Historian Peter Guardino states that in the war "the greatest advantage the United States had was its prosperity." With the
21292:
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18117:
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12023:
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1103:
13587:
13026:
10387:
3326:. However, rather than settling in the dangerous central and western parts of the province, Anglos preferred to settle in
3217:
and establishment of U.S. claims above the 42nd parallel, while Spain sought to limit U.S. expansion into what is now the
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Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7. They were ambushed and repulsed at the
4623:, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces. Eight to ten
3618:
that he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon, he instead went to the populated area of California and visited
2549:
2036:
1791:
1171:
5016:(where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of
4448:
communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters on the scene. The most important of these was
3163:. Mexico began as a sovereign nation with its future financial stability from its main export destroyed. Mexico briefly
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19854:
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has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the
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2544:
2101:
1869:
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1602:
1098:
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and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California. After telling both the Mexican governor and the American Consul
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6608:
became the narrative that helped Mexicans to come to terms with the war. Boy cadets sacrificing themselves for their
6469:
Burial site of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay, Jr., taken by an unknown photographer during the Mexican–American war,
6105:
5947:
5267:
4289:
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2958:
2722:
1768:
1758:
1159:
545:
510:
498:
478:
466:
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430:
418:
406:
394:
382:
368:
222:
14009:
14004:
13944:
13939:
6865:
6567:
5488:
3187:, both privileged institutions with conservative political views, were stronger politically than the Mexican state.
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4338:
of Ohio gave a long speech indicting the presidential war in 1847. In the Senate on February 11, 1847, Whig leader
4047:"The Great Western", depicted as the Heroine of Fort Brown. At her death, she was buried with full military honors.
3238:
2871:
2062:
1837:
1476:
14958:
13999:
13988:
13535:
13519:
13503:
13487:
11898:
6543:
compiled a self-serving assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico's defeat, edited by Mexican army officer
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20239:
19479:
18197:
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17857:
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16370:
16365:
16129:
16109:
16099:
16094:
15023:
14850:
14445:
14384:
6886:
The war was a decisive victory for the US, which secured the northern half of Mexico as a result of the conflict.
6674:
4209:
2925:
2255:
1997:
1948:
809:
13961:
13683:
10549:
6528:
4882:". However, General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215-man American relief force arrived.
4745:
when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent; the party then returned to California.
4593:
3949:
Since Mexico fought the war on its home territory, a traditional support system for troops were women, known as
3404:, the last governor of Alta California, advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a
20901:
20893:
19732:
18110:
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17731:
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17605:
17534:
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17124:
17044:
17034:
16820:
16677:
16380:
16338:
16281:
16055:
15966:
15309:
14594:
14322:
13884:
13435:
Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army in the Mexican War, 1846–1848, Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants
13052:
13011:
Mayers, David; Fernández Bravo, Sergio A., "La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses, 1846–1848" .
12775:
12624:
Dawson, Joseph G. "Leaders for Manifest Destiny: American Volunteer Colonels Serving in the U.S.-Mexican War."
11653:
10307:
4891:
4155:
3106:
1738:
1607:
804:
13983:
10800:
Executive Document, No. 60, House of Representatives, first Session of the thirtieth Congress, pp. 1028, 1032.
5512:
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374:
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19906:
19489:
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17544:
17482:
17372:
17344:
16988:
16360:
16253:
15491:
15457:
15364:
14657:
14562:
14317:
14165:
13588:
The Mexican–American War, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries
9114:
6711:
6338:
6111:
5273:
Veracruz was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Mortars and naval guns under Commodore
4268:, when he opposed the Mexican–American War. The photo was taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.
4265:
4197:
American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war."
3834:
3654:
tarnish the national honor. Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President
3619:
2694:
2440:
2057:
2042:
1972:
1962:
1933:
1923:
915:
399:
11539:
Menchaca, Martha (2001). "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Racialization of the Mexican Population".
9523:
3818:
3781:
3088:
relinquished its claims on Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States.
935:
19818:
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19654:
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15807:
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14763:
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13872:
13665:
12337:
10950:
6146:
5570:
5219:
4386:
4381:
4135:
3655:
2999:
2047:
2021:
2007:
1977:
1967:
1918:
1844:
1377:
1137:
676:
447:
48:
18697:
13241:(University of Texas Press; 2010) 306 pages. Covers works by Anglo, Mexican, and Mexican-American writers.
13160:
11604:
11285:
6429:
5635:
were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847. The leader,
4769:
21282:
21237:
21064:
21021:
20862:
19679:
19674:
19623:
19618:
18873:
18626:
18078:
18029:
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17669:
17551:
17447:
17272:
17257:
17195:
16830:
16785:
16592:
16474:
16328:
15249:
14572:
14472:
14399:
14133:
14087:
6691:
6027:
5702:
4958:
4237:
3842:
3659:
3470:: The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845.
3152:
3109:
gained experience in the war in Mexico and later played prominent leadership roles during the Civil War.
3080:
2893:
2881:
2669:
2471:
2365:
1938:
1928:
128:
13251:
7411:
6587:
3308:
3040:
3036:
on April 25, 1846, a move which Polk used to convince the Congress of the United States to declare war.
21262:
21257:
21252:
20836:
19803:
19595:
19434:
18190:
17982:
17852:
17684:
17664:
17652:
17462:
17452:
17134:
17039:
16652:
16642:
16169:
16164:
16154:
16149:
15671:
15339:
15334:
15329:
15204:
15169:
14875:
14696:
14587:
14577:
14250:
14205:
14042:
12386:
6399:
6007:
5972:
5888:
4851:
4801:
4261:
3921:
3763:, a veteran of the Mexican war, attributed Mexico's defeat to the poor quality of their army, writing:
3546:
2918:
2764:
2615:
2067:
2052:
1912:
705:
10811:
5480:
4749:
On June 14, 1846, 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of
20777:
19869:
19414:
19344:
19066:
17561:
16867:
16672:
16667:
16229:
15683:
15199:
14780:
14499:
14482:
14404:
14337:
13705:
12940:
12901:
12526:
10813:
U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War: The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846 – July 1848 (CMH Pub 73-3)
10356:
8080:
8045:
8010:
6086:
6070:
5492:
5170:
4970:
4895:
4795:, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize
4401:
Volunteers leaving for the Mexican War, Exeter, New Hampshire, daguerreotype by E. Punderson, ca.1846
3627:
3579:
3398:
policy, had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict.
3184:
3060:
2829:
2476:
2405:
2370:
1943:
1432:
720:
12562:
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent
12177:
11862:
11579:
7899:
6551:, a veteran of the Mexican–American War, and published in the United States in 1850 as a curiosity.
6360:
5709:
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican
4866:
in late November 1846. Stockton sent a 35-man patrol from San Diego to meet them. On December 7,100
21202:
20436:
20181:
20171:
19608:
19585:
17674:
17054:
17024:
17019:
17009:
16775:
16731:
16572:
16333:
16119:
15983:
15797:
15472:
15244:
15113:
14682:
14677:
14372:
14367:
14362:
14311:
14302:
13825:
10838:
6556:
6536:
6271:
6134:
6047:
6022:
5962:
5846:
5453:
5384:
5339:
5214:
In 1847, the Maya revolted against the Mexican elites of the peninsula in a caste war known as the
5208:
4986:
4627:
were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men survived,
2844:
2445:
2350:
2310:
1905:
972:
940:
851:
742:
19603:
12742:
Trailing Clouds of Glory: Zachary Taylor's Mexican War Campaign and His Emerging Civil War Leaders
12385:
Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City."
10591:[A day like today, but in 1847, Invading Northamerican forces take the Port of Veracruz].
10470:
Gilbert M. Joseph, "The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán, 1836–1915" in
6925:
5835:
4874:(brother of the governor), tipped off and lying in wait, fought Kearny's army of about 150 at the
4253:
21242:
21227:
21212:
21074:
21034:
21002:
20527:
20517:
20446:
20075:
19808:
19778:
19664:
19649:
19532:
19527:
19469:
19429:
19096:
17168:
16904:
16662:
15629:
14753:
14614:
14342:
14150:
13684:
Smithsonian teaching aids for "Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846–48"
12522:
9416:
Ron Tyler. "A Great American Book: The War between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated" in
9341:
8949:
6012:
5505:
5204:
4941:
4674:
4659:
4521:
4272:
3776:
3370:
2410:
2400:
2395:
2375:
1108:
967:
957:
886:
777:
772:
14210:
13622:
Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War
13125:
13020:
12885:
12608:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
11969:
11963:
11194:
10472:
Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition
9634:
5215:
4858:
Meanwhile, Kearny and his force of about 115 men, who had performed a grueling march across the
3902:
In his 1885 memoirs, Ulysses Grant assesses the U.S. armed forces facing Mexico more favorably.
3830:
459:
21175:
21059:
20855:
20590:
20512:
20413:
20341:
20161:
20156:
20095:
20022:
19874:
19793:
19762:
19517:
18863:
18747:
18446:
18396:
18166:
17620:
16970:
16780:
16760:
16562:
16417:
16212:
16159:
16144:
15988:
15676:
15229:
15209:
15143:
15103:
14818:
14723:
14629:
14619:
14477:
14457:
14155:
14080:
13671:
13350:
12735:
Wars within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites and the United States of America 1846–1848
12249:
7930:
The U.S.–Mexican War. Companion to the Public Television Series, The U.S.–Mexican War, 1846–48.
6496:
6342:
6175:
6168:
5967:
5785:
5756:
5666:
5460:
Following the capture of the capital, the Mexican government moved to the temporary capital at
5425:
5369:
5142:, continuing what ended up being a year-long 5,500 mile campaign. It was described as rivaling
4922:
4840:
4777:
4690:
4449:
4004:
3417:
3346:
3168:
2687:
2635:
2512:
2491:
2325:
2240:
2184:
1256:
962:
952:
905:
891:
866:
861:
683:
44:
13725:
11542:
Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans
11388:
11234:
10589:"Un día como hoy, pero de 1847, fuerzas invasoras norteamericanas toman el puerto de Veracruz"
10418:
9603:
8286:
A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican–American War
7206:
5576:
The most famous group of deserters from the U. S. Army, was the Saint Patrick's Battalion or (
5501:
4977:
4822:
3956:
3180:
20904:
20787:
20567:
20537:
20489:
20346:
20191:
20085:
20067:
19849:
19709:
19659:
19628:
19565:
19507:
19242:
19106:
18883:
18777:
18311:
18256:
17819:
17502:
16617:
16174:
16139:
16134:
16077:
16060:
15790:
15447:
15219:
15063:
14890:
14743:
14733:
14609:
14557:
14487:
14440:
14379:
14200:
13116:
Rodríguez Díaz, María Del Rosario. "Mexico's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War"
11787:
11452:
11348:
8331:
7492:
7386:
7035:
6700:
6580:
6524:
6322:
6275:
6201:
6156:
6075:
6037:
5399:
5388:
5362:
5334:
5291:
5139:
5090:
5002:
4894:. On January 8, 1847, the Stockton-Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two-hour
4875:
4699:
4670:
4651:
4540:
4470:
4072:
3896:
3749:
3533:
3433:
3374:
3229:
2759:
2360:
2355:
2230:
1956:
1520:
1465:
1443:
1073:
881:
856:
836:
799:
767:
762:
715:
60:
56:
13616:
13131:
10975:
10873:
10865:
10721:
10715:
10653:
10527:
5475:
Scott strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1,200-man garrison at
5444:
5036:
3883:
On the West Coast, the U.S. Navy fielded a battalion of sailors, in an attempt to recapture
3814:
3436:
in Cahuenga Pass near Los Angeles. As a result of the actions of pioneer California rancher
1149:
21139:
21121:
20764:
20625:
20562:
20552:
20522:
20504:
20388:
20052:
19976:
19813:
19684:
19570:
19547:
19187:
19081:
18722:
18171:
17299:
17173:
17064:
16442:
15874:
15854:
15802:
15752:
15693:
15624:
15289:
15138:
15058:
15018:
14902:
14738:
14713:
14708:
14599:
14504:
14138:
14123:
14036:
13949:
13792:
13631:
13574:
13345:
A Fighter from Way Back: The Mexican War Diary of Lt. Daniel Harvey Hill, 4th Artillery USA
13293:
Volunteers: The Mexican War Journals of Private Richard Coulter and Sargeant Thomas Barclay
11161:
11155:
6766:
Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States#Mexican–American War 1846–1848
6755:
6742:
6140:
6093:
5997:
5957:
5854:
5636:
5550:
5532:
5380:
5158:
5117:
Northwestern Mexico was essentially tribal Native territory, but on November 21, 1846, the
4844:
4719:
4666:
4553:
4528:
4501:
4496:
4444:
mission of peopling the new world with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!"
4356:
4324:
hereafter. The guilt of these crimes must rest on others. I will not participate in them."
3822:
3810:
3631:
3437:
3405:
3342:
3250:
3164:
2674:
2644:
2571:
2450:
2415:
2320:
2295:
1992:
1982:
1289:
1278:
1223:
1036:
846:
826:
821:
757:
747:
695:
52:
14260:
13719:
9398:
Streetby, Shellby (2001). "American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US–Mexican War".
3350:
3206:
3148:
2850:
8:
20772:
20673:
20668:
20630:
20620:
20557:
20547:
20542:
20484:
20466:
20461:
20423:
20403:
20383:
20333:
20318:
20272:
20166:
20133:
20115:
20027:
19926:
19859:
19752:
19694:
19644:
19126:
18919:
18737:
17711:
17627:
17437:
17153:
16838:
16469:
15666:
15299:
15118:
15008:
14855:
14845:
14728:
14634:
14514:
14462:
14285:
14265:
13856:
13782:
13362:
Surrounded by Dangers of All Kinds: The Mexican War Letter of Lieutenant Theodore Laidley
13303:
11688:
11118:
11072:
10692:
9176:
9013:
8887:
6425:
6326:
5952:
5942:
5877:
5862:
5685:
5433:
5376:
5118:
5041:
5025:
5013:
4998:
4947:
4609:
4376:
4372:
4139:
4114:
4092:
3917:
3537:
3521:
3421:
3079:, of his post as negotiator, Trist ignored the order and successfully concluded the 1848
2970:
2966:
2866:
2435:
2385:
2340:
2330:
2315:
2305:
2290:
2270:
2245:
2235:
2225:
1987:
1812:
1802:
1212:
1031:
871:
841:
794:
737:
710:
671:
666:
350:
19314:
13334:
12161:
11318:
11252:
9286:
7251:
The Other Side: or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States
4714:
Word of Congress' declaration of war reached California by August 1846. American consul
4647:
4083:, the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol, killing 11 American soldiers and capturing 52.
3232:
across the Atlantic increasing the demand for cotton for textile factories, there was a
3039:
Beyond the disputed area of Texas, U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of
910:
752:
21277:
20658:
20615:
20610:
20577:
20532:
20451:
20393:
20303:
20138:
20080:
20042:
19742:
19737:
19580:
19497:
19439:
19202:
19031:
18976:
18742:
18516:
18411:
16951:
16939:
16657:
16647:
16624:
16607:
16003:
15747:
15742:
15614:
15234:
15194:
15083:
15078:
15053:
14885:
14860:
14423:
14409:
14225:
13955:
13786:
13401:
13299:
13087:
12965:
12926:
12800:
12310:
12123:
9573:
9333:
9236:
The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History
8778:
8743:
8708:
8673:
8626:
8579:
8532:
8485:
8438:
8391:
8245:
7571:
7473:
7465:
7350:
7325:
Ralph A. Smith (1963). "Indians in American–Mexican Relations Before the War of 1846".
7124:
6679:
6668:
6632:
6350:
6330:
6318:
6292:
6002:
5905:
5881:
5858:
5151:
4936:
4910:
4808:
4750:
4738:
4360:
4311:
4293:
4277:
4106:
3741:
3700:
At the beginning of the war, Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces (
3359:
3254:
3218:
3202:
3102:
3052:
2962:
2774:
2455:
2430:
2335:
2275:
2250:
2220:
2210:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1797:
1333:
1311:
690:
283:
18717:
13700:
13471:
12411:
Connors and Muñoz, "Look for the North American Invasion in Mexico City," pp. 511–512.
7013:
The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History
3991:. She was often seen delivering food, carrying wounded soldiers, and in close combat.
3611:
20797:
20721:
20663:
20476:
20431:
20408:
20373:
20365:
20308:
20290:
20201:
20032:
20014:
19984:
19901:
19261:
19182:
19167:
19162:
18952:
18787:
18767:
18276:
18213:
17694:
16850:
16202:
15700:
15619:
15604:
15184:
15013:
14926:
14810:
14790:
14775:
14672:
14604:
14545:
14519:
14332:
14307:
14297:
14115:
13550:
13433:
13387:
13321:
13311:
13121:
13079:
13016:
13002:
12957:
12918:
12881:
12792:
12684:
A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-War
12672:
12650:
12611:
12537:
12514:
12484:
12447:
12341:
12330:
12302:
12217:
12091:
12052:
12013:
11973:
11929:
11910:
11743:
11716:
11546:
11520:
11495:
11480:"California Gold – Migrating to California: Overland, around the Horn and via Panama"
11426:
11394:
11227:
11165:
11004:
Connors and Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City", p. 503ñ.
10954:
10877:
10725:
10657:
10424:
10303:
10243:
10207:
9638:
9627:
9551:
9499:
9420:. No. 80, "Carl Nebel: Nineteenth-Century Itinerant Painter", August 2006, pp. 77–80.
9337:
9239:
9219:
9050:
8897:
8860:
8850:
8768:
8733:
8698:
8663:
8616:
8569:
8522:
8475:
8428:
8381:
8301:
8249:
8175:
7979:
7900:"The End of the Mexican American War: The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
7788:
7751:
7667:
7627:
7563:
7477:
7457:
7392:
7342:
7256:
7249:
7212:
7170:
7116:
7064:
7039:
6991:
6964:
6954:
6704:
6664:
6540:
6403:
6346:
5845:
The U.S. settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest replaced Mexican law (a
5839:
5797:
5569:
The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side, forming the
5537:
5408:
5236:
4899:
4827:
4796:
4784:
On June 25, Frémont's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation.
4734:
4707:
4632:
4628:
4545:
4509:
4368:
3797:
to the U.S., but he was accused by many Mexican factions of selling out his country (
3488:
3484:
3467:
3453:
3210:
2986:
2839:
2786:
2624:
2567:
2390:
2345:
2285:
2260:
2215:
2158:
1177:
876:
831:
725:
608:
18451:
13030:
Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War
12854:
Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War
11601:"Constitution of the State of California 1849* | California Secretary of State"
5065:
4927:
4567:
Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California; he left Colonel
21044:
20698:
20678:
20645:
20635:
20582:
20378:
20148:
20123:
20037:
19989:
19916:
19911:
19864:
19747:
19704:
19669:
19419:
19329:
19157:
19131:
19011:
18898:
18893:
18853:
18782:
18727:
18674:
18646:
18561:
17610:
17457:
17163:
16983:
15993:
15834:
15817:
15812:
15651:
15324:
15224:
15093:
15073:
14988:
14828:
14582:
14275:
14270:
14170:
13966:
13931:
13798:
13715:
13676:
13641:
13582:
13069:
13061:
12949:
12910:
12784:
12507:
12292:
11888:
11517:
Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1.
11222:
10866:
10646:
9325:
8237:
7836:
The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial
7747:
7555:
7449:
7334:
7108:
7099:
Stenberg, Richard R. (1935). "The Failure of Polk's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845".
7031:
6821:
6722:
6636:
6532:
6365:
6334:
6195:
6052:
6017:
5982:
5977:
5826:
5801:
5768:
5580:), composed primarily of several hundred immigrant soldiers, the majority Catholic
5484:
5274:
5263:
5259:
5030:
4953:
4742:
4715:
4636:
4620:
4581:
4524:. Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California.
4513:
4328:
4121:
3720:
3680:
3635:
3615:
3517:
3509:
3501:
3457:
3449:
3395:
3382:
3196:
3048:
2982:
2876:
2861:
2699:
2420:
2300:
2265:
2163:
2086:
2081:
1563:
1388:
1083:
1046:
983:
920:
487:
483:
423:
319:
259:
6624:
6544:
6291:
results of history are brought about by discreditable means." Civil War historian
5697:
5051:
4973:
and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California.
4560:. American officers drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the
3806:
3114:
2969:, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the
503:
435:
21054:
20962:
20726:
20653:
20456:
20398:
20323:
20298:
20249:
20209:
20047:
20004:
19896:
19613:
19386:
19339:
19237:
19222:
19136:
19086:
18924:
18813:
18631:
18546:
18366:
18331:
17319:
17095:
16993:
16765:
16065:
15998:
15767:
15688:
15634:
15254:
15038:
15028:
14942:
14897:
14880:
14870:
14833:
14768:
14718:
14255:
13776:
13770:
13695:
13688:
13660:
13617:
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress
13604:
13569:
13170:
13107:
12823:
12711:
12583:
12572:
12085:
12046:
12007:
11794:
11737:
11587:
11540:
10748:[5 facts about the Boy Heroes that you didn't know... Myth or Reality?].
10701:
9612:
9461:
9121:
8891:
7969:
7419:
7164:
7147:
The Mexican-American War and Its Relevance to 21st Century Military Professionals
6948:
6267:
6099:
5822:
5781:
5764:
5710:
5673:
5625:
5609:
5098:
4982:
4886:
4764:
4643:
4536:
4320:
4257:
4202:
4110:
4080:
4044:
3988:
3891:
service in the summer of 1846, with their enlistments expiring just when General
3732:
3541:
3304:
3084:
3044:
3033:
2834:
2780:
2481:
2425:
2380:
2280:
1355:
1078:
925:
700:
661:
271:
150:
13279:
The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 24: December 7, 1846 – December 5, 1847
11681:
5760:, sardonically concluded that "We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God."
4227:
start of the war, the Mexican Congress officially declared war on July 7, 1846.
3872:
Polk had pledged to seek expanded territory in Oregon and Texas, as part of his
3694:
3241:, to which President Polk belonged, in particular strongly supported expansion.
3225:
made a sustained effort to acquire northern Mexican territory, with no success.
21161:
20754:
20746:
20731:
20716:
20711:
19999:
19886:
19464:
19424:
19369:
19319:
19294:
19269:
19227:
19197:
18757:
18401:
17789:
17689:
17072:
16207:
16197:
16192:
16187:
15859:
15722:
15656:
15098:
15088:
15033:
14567:
14389:
13972:
13599:
12497:
9329:
9049:] (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. p. 358.
6411:
deprecating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states."
6395:
6391:
5992:
5677:
5653:
5621:
5593:
5166:
5162:
4863:
4859:
4758:
4678:
4568:
4348:
4057:
4020:
3892:
3623:
3600:
3592:
3318:
The Mexican government's policy of allowing the settlement of U.S. citizens in
3312:
3222:
3144:
3131:
3097:
3076:
3064:
3012:
2791:
2168:
1245:
1088:
1068:
782:
654:
411:
355:
343:
331:
36:
13609:
13232:
Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican–American War
12297:
12280:
11965:
Warriors Seven: Seven American Commanders, Seven Wars, and the Irony of Battle
11199:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1958. p. 7.
8782:
8762:
8747:
8727:
8712:
8692:
8677:
8657:
8630:
8610:
8583:
8563:
8536:
8516:
8489:
8469:
8442:
8422:
8395:
8375:
8081:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"
8046:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican–American War"
8011:"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"
6781:
List of United States military and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War
6686:
5421:
5068:
in December 1835) and advised Taylor's generals that the Americans needed to "
4871:
4723:
4703:
471:
21191:
21069:
21039:
20878:
20706:
20683:
20605:
20441:
20280:
20105:
20057:
19953:
19699:
19409:
19359:
19289:
19172:
19116:
19001:
18960:
18934:
18929:
18914:
18888:
18858:
18838:
18792:
18772:
18762:
18707:
18702:
18636:
18616:
18601:
18471:
18461:
18406:
18376:
18351:
18306:
18266:
16770:
16070:
15879:
15514:
15467:
14947:
14800:
14494:
13206:
Benjamin, Thomas. "Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War,"
13083:
12961:
12922:
12796:
12476:
12306:
10388:"War in the West: Doniphan's March – Center for Greater Southwestern Studies"
9388:, edited by Larence Delbert Cress. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.
9238:(volume I), Spencer Tucker (editor). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2013: 372.
8421:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield".
8374:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield".
8215:
Devotion to the Adopted Country: U.S. Immigrant Volunteers in the Mexican War
7567:
7461:
7346:
7120:
6968:
6953:(Random House trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House. p. 96.
6660:
6592:
6548:
6484:
6354:
6252:, praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war.
6162:
5924:
5873:
5605:
5597:
5346:
5251:
5134:
5060:
5059:
American soldiers, including many West Point graduates, had never engaged in
4906:
4792:
4785:
4589:
4532:
4339:
4335:
4292:. Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it; most Democrats supported it.
3760:
3745:
3604:
3475:
3432:
Former Governor Alvarado organized a revolt in 1845, which culminated in the
3429:
Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.
3319:
3056:
3008:
2908:
535:
338:
326:
314:
307:
302:
290:
278:
266:
254:
246:
240:
208:
13347:. NCC Hughes and TD Johnson, eds. Kent OH: Kent State University Press 2003.
13246:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War
12763:
Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846–1848
12400:
Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War
10498:
No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776
9466:
Early American Wars: A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865
9360:
No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere since 1776
8864:
8609:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8562:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8515:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
8468:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico".
5317:, of Scott's 3rd Infantry, reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army:
5021:
3113:
national prestige, leaving it in what a group of Mexican writers, including
21127:
20805:
20688:
20494:
20313:
19994:
19933:
19921:
19474:
19459:
19454:
19449:
19299:
19247:
19232:
19192:
19121:
19101:
19091:
19076:
19047:
19035:
19026:
18981:
18971:
18752:
18712:
18687:
18682:
18651:
18621:
18596:
18581:
18556:
18531:
18526:
18521:
18371:
17077:
17049:
16104:
15279:
14838:
14639:
14235:
13706:
Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May
13455:. Vol. 6. Hanover, New Hampshire: The University Press of New England.
11819:
7260:
6667:
Monument, State House grounds, Columbia, S.C. Wrought iron 1858. Sculptor:
6628:
6489:
5850:
5617:
5581:
5279:
5255:
5183:
5069:
4624:
4572:
4440:
4344:
4285:
4143:
4024:
3642:
3575:
3480:
3214:
3043:
along the upper Rio Grande. U.S. forces also moved against the province of
3024:
2801:
515:
295:
13254:. "La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos,"
12162:"Mexican War Veterans, A Complete Roster" Washington D.C.: Brentano's 1887
9203:
Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to the Civil War
6620:
was erected at the base of Chapultepec hill on which the castle is built.
6457:", that is, veterans who had fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War.
5461:
4118:
their advantage, the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed
3462:
21133:
20736:
20595:
20090:
19938:
19537:
19444:
19404:
19364:
19274:
19207:
19043:
19039:
19021:
19016:
19006:
18996:
18991:
18986:
18966:
18948:
18944:
18939:
18878:
18868:
18843:
18828:
18823:
18808:
18692:
18571:
18551:
18541:
18421:
18301:
18251:
17354:
16885:
16222:
16124:
15864:
15727:
15483:
15294:
15269:
15259:
15189:
14823:
13978:
13803:
13308:
Monterrey Is Ours!: The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845–1847
13185:
Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History
11248:
10228:
Rip Ford's Texas Memoirs, Stephen Oates, University of Texas Press, 1963.
8844:
8241:
7371:
DeLay, Brian (Feb 2007), "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War",
6437:
6261:
would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ...
5516:
5449:
5429:
5314:
5126:
4773:
4730:
4655:
4585:
4561:
4508:
After the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, United States Army General
4434:
4304:
4191:
4016:
3884:
3753:
3529:
3525:
3425:
3391:
3331:
3323:
3136:
3068:
2978:
1041:
108:
13653:
13378:. ed. Thomas Cutrer. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2009.
13074:
12813:
Two Armies on the Rio Grande: The First Campaign of the U.S. Mexican War
11892:
11041:
Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America
7575:
5817:
5527:
5375:
in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses, the
5357:
5296:
4966:
4040:
3868:
List of U.S. Army, Navy, and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War
3401:
3175:
its former colony in the 1820s and resisted the French in the so-called
21154:
20997:
20992:
20257:
20214:
19943:
19891:
19844:
19757:
19542:
19512:
19502:
19374:
19354:
19309:
19071:
18956:
18833:
18466:
16217:
16023:
15849:
15844:
15762:
15284:
15123:
15108:
14220:
14215:
14190:
14175:
13091:
12969:
12930:
12871:
12804:
12511:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico
12314:
12127:
10947:
Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US–Mexican War
10593:
Gobierno de Mexico, Servicio de Informacion Agroalimentaria y Pesqueria
7595:
John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers,
7469:
7354:
7128:
7061:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico
6516:
5773:
5763:
The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the
5727:
5715:
5122:
5045:
4830:
was the last battle fought between the Americans and Californio forces.
4605:
4462:
4430:
4418:
4068:
3951:
3728:
3571:
3366:
3327:
3176:
3160:
3020:
3016:
2769:
2736:
2730:
2704:
1498:
1344:
1113:
1063:
104:
100:
13430:
13239:
The Literatures of the U.S.–Mexican War: Narrative, Time, and Identity
13225:
To the Halls of Montezuma: The Mexican War in the American Imagination
12442:
Crawford, Mark; Heidler, Jeanne; Heidler, David Stephen, eds. (1999).
11788:
Mexican–American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook
10487:. 1974. Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992, pp. 108–109.
7255:. Translated by Albert C. Ramsey. New York: John Wiley. pp. 1–2.
6575:
6495:
The most infamous incident occurred on October 9, 1847, after Captain
6402:
nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War. Published by
4800:
Monterey on July 7 and raise the U.S. flag. On July 9, 70 sailors and
4658:, where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church. During the
4288:
rivalry, the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the
3752:. In the later stages of the war, the U.S. Mounted Rifles were issued
20600:
20351:
20262:
20100:
19719:
19557:
19334:
19304:
19279:
19177:
19141:
18848:
18732:
18641:
18611:
18606:
18586:
18426:
18391:
17706:
17699:
15179:
15068:
14128:
13143:
Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845–1848
12938:
Graebner, Norman A. (1980). "The Mexican War: A Study in Causation".
12861:
Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853
11519:, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 26–27,
10746:"5 datos que no conocías sobre los Niños Héroes... ¿Mito o Realidad?"
10300:
Doniphan's Epic March: The 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War
7559:
7437:
6500:
6386:
6258:
5613:
5589:
5241:
5017:
4902:. On January 10, the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance.
4879:
4812:
4754:
4577:
3880:
training was poor and whose behavior was undisciplined. (see below)
3156:
2664:
18182:
13065:
12953:
12914:
12831:
Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War
12788:
12640:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the Mexican-American War
11863:"Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War"
11545:. University of Texas Press. pp. 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 227.
10474:, Daniel Nugent, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173–206.
8764:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8729:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8694:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8659:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8656:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women, Reform, and the US Home Front".
8612:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8565:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8518:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8471:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
8377:
Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
7864:
ed by Wayne Cutler; Texas A&M University Press. 1986. pp. 66–67.
7453:
7338:
7112:
4931:
Reenactors in U.S. (left) and Mexican (right) uniforms of the period
4729:
Frémont, leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the
4669:
ended in a New Mexican victory. The Americans attacked again in the
4429:
The Mexican–American War was the first U.S. war that was covered by
156:
Mexico cedes to the U.S. present-day California, Texas, New Mexico,
40:
20957:
19324:
19217:
19111:
18818:
18661:
18656:
18566:
18436:
18431:
18381:
18341:
18326:
18296:
18271:
18261:
15889:
15839:
15462:
15349:
15319:
15043:
14758:
14240:
9615:, pp. 214–215; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955.
7860:
Miguel E. Soto, "The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War" in
6617:
6420:
decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.
6312:
5743:
5735:
5601:
5565:
5147:
5143:
5077:
4843:, acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico, in the
4639:. At most, 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20.
4303:
Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern
3853:
3296:
3279:
2991:
2819:
173:
169:
14072:
6616:. One of the cadets taken prisoner designed the monument, a small
3443:
20782:
19879:
18576:
18536:
18491:
18486:
18456:
18416:
18346:
18316:
18291:
18246:
18241:
14030:
12978:
A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln and the 1846 Invasion of Mexico
11122:. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 242–244.
10520:"General Winfield Scott and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)"
9496:
The Little Lion of the Southwest: a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves
5869:
5793:
5747:
5731:
5585:
5497:
5200:
4962:
4474:
4071:/Fort Texas) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of
3736:
3513:
181:
165:
47:, U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the
20847:
13325:
13274:, ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook. (1996). 598 pp
12893:
Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion
12600:
Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest
12464:, (1998), 584; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars
11390:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War
11076:. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 96–100.
8319:
U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise
7388:
War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War
7166:
Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest
20128:
18591:
18476:
18386:
18361:
18356:
18281:
18236:
14989:
Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
14103:
13993:
13755:
13376:
The Mexican War Diary and Correspondence of George B. McClellan
13281:
ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook, (1998). 727 pp.
13178:
Texas and the Mexican War: A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest
13037:
The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War
10816:, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 30–38,
9432:
History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time
8849:(Bison books ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
6623:
Annual commemorations at the cenotaph were attended by General
6519:
between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the
5719:
5476:
5398:
The Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847 was a siege on the
5175:
5130:
4867:
4816:
4517:
4096:
the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named.
3724:
3662:
came to power, it publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to Texas.
3493:
3411:
3287:
3283:
177:
161:
13439:. Albuquerque, New Mexico: The University of New Mexico Press.
13384:
The Diary of James K. Polk During his Presidency, 1845 to 1849
12631:
DeLay, Brian. "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War,"
10500:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 70.
10288:
Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 143.
9362:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 65.
7597:
pp. 258–262, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.
6428:, since it would have prohibited slavery in an area below the
5796:
epidemic in 1849 greatly reduced the numbers of the Comanche.
3610:
In the winter of 1845–46, the federally commissioned explorer
3566:
By the Treaties of Velasco made after Texans captured General
19948:
19349:
18481:
18441:
18336:
18286:
13416:
The View From Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on the Mexican War
11701:
Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 275
7775:. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009
7589:
7587:
7585:
6627:, who saw the opportunity to build his relationship with the
5739:
4695:
3264:
134:
96:
21012:
13642:
Maps showing course of Mexican–American War at omniatlas.com
13050:
Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo".
12985:
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
12548:
A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States
9651:
8726:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
8691:
Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
6460:
6337:. Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the
6282:
A month before the end of the war, Polk was criticized in a
5322:
their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat !
4109:. The U.S. Army employed "flying artillery", their term for
3369:'s administration suggested a tripartite pact to settle the
3259:
18321:
14026:
United States involvement in regime change in Latin America
13295:, ed. Allan Peskin. Kent: Kent State University Press 1991.
13150:
Mr. Polk's War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848.
10420:
Alexander William Doniphan: portrait of a Missouri moderate
8761:
Belolavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War".
7806:
7804:
7650:
pp. 66–69, The Parthenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.
6904:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6866:"Mexican–American War | History, Causes & Results"
5723:
3349:
in 1824 with the boundary line with the U.S. from the 1818
157:
13100:
War with Mexico! America's Reporters Cover the Battlefront
13044:
Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue
12899:
Graebner, Norman A. (1978). "Lessons of the Mexican War".
10152:
10026:
9819:
9723:
8424:
Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War
7666:
pp ". 66–68, Word Dancer Press, Clovis, California, 1999.
7582:
6694:(1950), showing raising the U.S. flag in Los Angeles, 1847
5033:
repulsed Taylor's best infantry division at Fort Teneria.
4913:, which marked the end of armed resistance in California.
3829:
Anna returned to the field, replaced in the presidency by
3599:
To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the
3067:, invaded the Mexican heartland and captured the capital,
74:
April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848
30:
21323:
United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries
13563:
12009:
The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico, 1846–1848
12005:
10183:
10181:
10179:
9860:
9858:
9520:"New Mexico Historic Markers: Canoncito at Apache Canyon"
7642:
7640:
7391:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. xvii.
5352:
5225:
3330:
with its rich farmland contiguous with the southern U.S.
3011:
was elected on a platform of expanding U.S. territory to
13426:. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.
12178:"From the Halls of Montezuma – LRC Blog LewRockwell.com"
9287:"James K. Polk: Third Annual Message – December 7, 1847"
8165:, vol. 4, p. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
7954:
Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín, quoted in Christensen,
7904:
Memoria Política de México (Political History of Mexico)
7816:
7801:
6891:
4885:
Frémont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in
3801:) for considering it. He was overthrown by Conservative
3322:
was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands, the
3179:
of 1838 but the secessionists' success in Texas and the
87:(1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)
13672:
Manifest Destiny and the U.S.–Mexican War: Then and Now
12686:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.
9314:"Newspaper Suppression During the Mexican War, 1846–48"
9218:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2020: 108.
8288:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.
4909:(modern-day North Hollywood). This became known as the
4480:
13199:
12441:
12090:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 216–219.
10176:
10164:
10140:
10128:
10107:
10095:
10074:
10062:
10050:
10038:
10014:
10002:
9990:
9978:
9966:
9954:
9942:
9930:
9918:
9906:
9894:
9882:
9870:
9855:
9843:
9831:
9807:
9783:
9771:
9759:
9747:
9735:
9711:
9699:
9687:
9675:
9375:, Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press 1999, p. 8.
8181:. Washington, D.C. : Brentano's. March 10, 2001.
7658:
7656:
7637:
7618:
7616:
7525:
7513:
6455:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4961:, then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at
4772:
was a decisive victory of American forces against the
4571:
in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed
3520:
in 1836. After Santa Anna defeated the Texians in the
3416:
In 1842, Mexico forcibly replaced California Governor
638:
21358:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
13627:
Franklin Pierce's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz
13369:
Origins of the Mexican War: A Documentary Source Book
12647:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
12534:
The Dead March: A History of the Mexican–American War
11203:
10240:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
9795:
9663:
9040:
8217:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 11.
7744:
A People's History of the United States, 1492–Present
7490:
7267:
7158:
7156:
5121:
was signed, ending a large-scale insurrection by the
4753:
to forestall Castro's plans. One settler created the
3857:
U.S. Army full dress and campaign uniforms, 1835–1851
13689:
A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans
13431:
George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, ed. (1968).
13382:
Polk, James, K. (2017) . Quaiff, Milo Milton (ed.).
13136:
Triumph and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People
12773:
Smith, Justin H. (1918). "American Rule in Mexico".
12737:. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press 2005.
12367:
10694:
Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia
10648:
So Far from God: The U.S. War With Mexico, 1846–1848
6732:
5089:
met and fought the largest battle of the war at the
3971:
1013:
16:
Armed conflict between the US and Mexico (1846–1848)
13838:
United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution
13711:
Google Map of The Mexican–American War of 1846–1848
12402:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.
12172:
12170:
11261:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 169.
11253:"Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God"
10973:
10720:. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. pp.
10321:
10319:
9545:
9434:. Vol. 1. Chicago: A. T. Andreas. p. 154.
7653:
7613:
7204:
5540:. Hand tinted lithograph, 1847. Digitally restored.
5508:(November 24, 1847) weakened General Rea's forces.
3933:
3916:The U.S. had been an independent country since the
13605:Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives
13432:
13248:. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012.
12669:Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War, 1846–1848
12329:
11680:
11654:"House Journal, 30th Session (1848), pp. 183–184/"
11427:"Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30, 1853"
11226:
10645:
9629:Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846
9626:
9572:
9073:p. 255. The negotiations are discussed pp. 253–254
8163:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
7248:
7153:
6988:The Alamo Story: From History to Current Conflicts
6317:Many of the military leaders on both sides of the
3848:
21080:List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk
13451:Webster, Daniel (1984). Charles M. Wiltse (ed.).
13424:The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith
12332:Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History
12051:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 211.
11043:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1998, p. 34
10198:
10196:
8896:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. p. 150.
7849:Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico
7764:
7169:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 149.
7140:
7138:
5456:, the seat of the Mexican government. Carl Nebel.
5230:
4706:against a superior American force led by General
4535:wanted to avoid battle, but on August 9, Colonel
4413:
3244:
2965:from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American
21189:
16918:Native American recognition in the United States
13461:An Immigrant Soldier in the Mexican American War
13422:Smith, Franklin (1991). Joseph E. Chance (ed.).
13216:Faulk, Odie B., and Stout, Joseph A., Jr., eds.
12475:
12167:
11500:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
10460:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 232.
10416:
10316:
7793:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
7094:
7092:
6642:In 1981, the Mexican government established the
6313:Effect on the American military in the Civil War
6309:Congress did not support more foreign conflict.
5436:on October 9. The battle was Santa Anna's last.
4465:'s visual depictions of the war are well known.
4343:enough, Heaven knew." Democratic Representative
4243:
4150:
4138:on May 9, 1846, the two sides engaged in fierce
3337:
12744:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2010.
12728:A Gallant Little Army: The Mexico City Campaign
12205:
12203:
11325:. University of Dayton (academic.udayton.edu).
10578:, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 282.
10550:"Old Fuss and Feathers: General Winfield Scott"
9570:
9257:"The Fraudulent Mexican-American War (1846–48)"
9216:Puritan Spirits in the Abolitionist Imagination
8833:. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 237.
7682:
7680:
6678:"American Army Entering the City of Mexico" by
6414:
5701:Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the
4129:
3444:Texas revolution, republic, and U.S. annexation
3023:and Mexico claiming it to be the more-northern
12536:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2017).
12250:"The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848"
10193:
8935:. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2006.
8004:
8002:
7324:
7135:
6571:Obelisk to the Niños Héroes, Mexico City, 1881
5894:
5692:
5491:on the road between Jalapa and Puebla, and at
4284:In the United States, increasingly divided by
4230:
3083:. It ended the war, and Mexico recognized the
2998:In the United States, sectional politics over
20863:
18198:
17315:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
15499:
14974:
14088:
13741:
13470:. Internet Sourcebook Project. Archived from
13418:, University of Arizona Press (Tucson, 1989).
13258:(02528894), 1999, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 475–485
12999:Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson
12833:. College Station" Texas A&M Press (1997)
12087:The American West: A New Interpretive History
12084:Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000).
12048:The American West: A New Interpretive History
11482:. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012
11380:
11353:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848
10266:: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958).
9493:
9318:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly
9190:Slave Power and Southern Domination 1780–1860
8933:Out Of Many: A History of the American People
8890:(1919). "The Preliminaries of the Conflict".
8767:. University of Virginia Press. p. 141.
8732:. University of Virginia Press. p. 139.
8697:. University of Virginia Press. p. 138.
8615:. University of Virginia Press. p. 124.
8568:. University of Virginia Press. p. 125.
8521:. University of Virginia Press. p. 109.
8474:. University of Virginia Press. p. 114.
7885:
7883:
7242:
7240:
7162:
7089:
6579:Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the
6228:
5642:
5415:
4726:, the senior military officer in California.
4452:, a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans
4276:Ex-slave and prominent anti-slavery advocate
2926:
2591:
999:
624:
133:Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over
20916:Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
13637:Animated History of the Mexican–American War
13593:
13570:Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War
13463:. College Station: Texas A&M Press 1995.
13453:The Papers of Daniel Webster, Correspondence
13406:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
13357:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.
13272:The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 23: 1846
13112:. Vol. 2. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
13102:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2010.
12815:(College Station: Texas A&M Press) 2015.
12730:. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2007.
12721:Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory
12713:The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953
12213:The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848
12200:
12083:
12045:Hine, Robert V; Faragher, John Mack (2000).
12044:
11928:. New York: W. Morrow & Co. p. 84.
10688:
10686:
9618:
9248:
9126:United States Magazine and Democratic Review
8798:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8662:. University of Virginia Press. p. 52.
8427:. University of Virginia Press. p. 67.
8380:. University of Virginia Press. p. 61.
7699:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403–1404.
7677:
6950:American Ulysses: a life of Ulysses S. Grant
5439:
3412:California battle and change in governorship
3126:
14625:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
13757:United States intervention in Latin America
13447:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1970
13367:McAfee, Ward and J. Cordell Robinson, eds.
12838:
12716:(1966), U.S. Army; 755 pp. pp. 125–158
11386:
11313:
11311:
9489:
9487:
8262:Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 39–79.
7999:
7741:
7708:Douglas W. Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero" in
7384:
6776:List of battles of the Mexican–American War
5044:September 20–24, 1846, after a painting by
4520:, in June 1846 with about 1,700 men in his
3759:In his 1885 memoirs, former U.S. President
21348:United States involvement in regime change
20870:
20856:
18205:
18191:
15513:
15506:
15492:
15438:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
15423:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
14981:
14967:
14095:
14081:
14043:Nicaragua's case against the United States
13748:
13734:
13445:The Mexican War Diary of Thomas D. Tennery
13234:. New York: Oxford University Press 2014.
13210:, Summer 1979, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp 169–181
12605:
12364:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511.
11961:
11628:"Congressional Globe, 30th Session (1848)"
10643:
8973:
8971:
8725:
8690:
8655:
8608:
8561:
8514:
8467:
8420:
8373:
8203:Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 1–24.
8107:
8103:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8085:West Virginia University Historical Review
8068:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8050:West Virginia University Historical Review
8033:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
8015:West Virginia University Historical Review
7880:
7695:Jesús F. de la Teja, "Texas Secession" in
7626:pp. 68–72, Berkley Books, New York, 1982.
7247:Alcaraz, Ramón; et al., eds. (1850).
7237:
7082:
7080:
6908:
6863:
6235:
6221:
4315:take their stand for peace at all risks."
4091:A few days after the Thornton Affair, the
4035:
3476:Spain's colonial province of Texas (Tejas)
2933:
2919:
2598:
2584:
1006:
992:
631:
617:
21268:History of the Southwestern United States
21101:President James K. Polk Home & Museum
16928:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
13364:. Denton: University of North Texas 1997.
13286:The U.S.–Mexican War: A Binational Reader
13227:. New York: Oxford University Press 1985.
13218:The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations
13145:. Fort Worth: Texas Christian Press 1996.
13073:
12870:(2007) 527 pp; the major scholarly study
12662:So Far From God: The U.S. War with Mexico
12602:. Louisiana State University Press, 1985.
12296:
11735:
11160:. New York : Facts On File. p.
10683:
10206:. Battle of Monterrey.com. Archived from
9593:. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, p. 243.
8946:"Message of President Polk, May 11, 1846"
8789:
8760:
8333:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Complete
8230:International Journal of Canadian Studies
7967:
7712:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 617.
7484:
7378:
7318:
7144:
7058:
6985:
6761:Republic of Texas–United States relations
6714:created in 1851, still maintained by the
6461:Incidents, civilian deaths, and massacres
4916:
4737:in December 1845. Frémont's party was at
4201:freshman Whig Congressman from Illinois,
3837:(September 16 – November 13, 1847).
2949:, also known in the United States as the
107:; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico;
20983:James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign
20978:1844 United States presidential election
20973:1840 United States presidential election
13611:The Mexican War and the Media, 1845–1848
13600:A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War
13339:. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.
13157:James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843–1846
12937:
12898:
12876:Gleijeses, Piero. "A Brush with Mexico"
12642:. New Haven: Yale University Press 2009.
11739:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
11538:
11308:
10925:
10923:
10713:
9596:
9539:
9484:
9456:
9454:
9397:
9371:Lawrence Delbert Cress, "Introduction",
7928:quoted in Carol and Thomas Christensen,
7664:From Mud-Flat Cove to Gold to Statehood,
7543:
7200:
7198:
7149:. United States Marine Corps. p. 9.
7098:
7026:Landis, Michael Todd (October 2, 2014).
6864:Cataliotti, Joseph (November 21, 2023).
6685:
6673:
6659:
6650:Intervención norteamericana de 1846–1848
6586:
6574:
6566:
6464:
6385:
6359:
5816:
5696:
5564:
5526:
5443:
5356:
5333:
5295:
5240:
5083:
5050:
5035:
4926:
4821:
4763:
4761:, became known as the Bear Flag Revolt.
4694:
4495:
4417:
4396:
4271:
4252:
4248:
4154:
4039:
3911:
3852:
3845:was signed, bringing the war to an end.
3775:
3679:
3461:
3341:
3258:
3130:
3005:1844 United States presidential election
213:
16979:List of counties and county equivalents
13450:
12705:Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic
12373:
12327:
12285:The Hispanic American Historical Review
12278:
11923:
11894:Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant
11710:
11258:A People's History of the United States
11065:
10556:from the original on September 23, 2020
10237:
9575:New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries
9429:
9254:
9167:, J.P. Jewett and Company, 1853, p. 17.
9034:
8968:
8227:
8212:
8113:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, p. 65.
7737:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7547:California Historical Society Quarterly
7327:The Hispanic American Historical Review
7273:
7246:
7077:
6836:. In Mexico, it may also be called the
6274:in the fall of 1847, shortly after the
5511:Later a raid against the guerrillas of
5452:in 1847. The U.S. flag flying over the
4183: After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3982:
3712:) protected the scattered settlements.
3670:
3440:, Micheltorena's forces were defeated.
1131:This article is part of a series on the
21190:
13564:Guides, bibliographies and collections
13161:vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books
13049:
12693:(2007) 527 pp; a major scholarly study
12360:Santoni, Pedro. "U.S.–Mexican War" in
12260:from the original on February 11, 2021
12209:
11678:
11580:War's End: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
11559:from the original on November 29, 2023
11515:"Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990",
11393:. Yale University Press. p. 302.
11296:from the original on September 1, 2017
11111:
10944:
10896:
10809:
10637:
10455:
10297:
10187:
10170:
10158:
10146:
10134:
10113:
10101:
10080:
10068:
10056:
10044:
10032:
10020:
10008:
9996:
9984:
9972:
9960:
9948:
9936:
9924:
9912:
9900:
9888:
9876:
9864:
9849:
9837:
9825:
9813:
9801:
9789:
9777:
9765:
9753:
9741:
9729:
9717:
9705:
9693:
9681:
9669:
9657:
9624:
9311:
9098:
9089:
9015:Personal Memoirs U. S. Grant, Complete
8361:Occupied America A History of Chicanos
8095:from the original on December 20, 2023
8078:
8060:from the original on December 20, 2023
8043:
8008:
7932:San Francisco: Bay Books 1998, p. 138.
7435:
7036:10.7591/cornell/9780801453267.001.0001
7025:
7010:
6443:
6300:"Republican Campaign Textbook" by the
6284:United States House of Representatives
5812:
5660:
5353:Advance on Mexico City and its capture
5226:Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland
5165:. On March 1, 1847, Doniphan occupied
5112:
5007:
4992:
4702:, a Californio victory led by General
4684:
4491:
4392:
4099:
4086:
3994:
3771:
3665:
3536:. In exchange for his life Santa Anna
3143:Mexico obtained independence from the
21363:Military history of the United States
21273:History of United States expansionism
21096:President James K. Polk Historic Site
20851:
19968:
19784:Bibliography of the American frontier
18212:
18186:
15487:
14962:
14076:
14062:Latin America–United States relations
13729:
13421:
13332:
13187:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935.
13169:2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner.
13105:
13039:. University of Missouri Press, 1973.
12822:2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner.
12772:
12649:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2010
11887:
11826:. New York: Penguin Press 2017, p. 49
11634:from the original on January 17, 2016
11221:
11209:
11153:
10920:
10845:from the original on February 4, 2015
10398:from the original on October 18, 2019
10367:from the original on October 10, 2019
9564:
9451:
9293:from the original on January 20, 2013
8886:
8842:
8358:
7834:Mary Lee Spence, and Donald Jackson,
7822:
7810:
7686:Santoni, "U.S.–Mexican War", p. 1511.
7531:
7519:
7195:
6946:
6834:Intervención estadounidense en México
6826:Intervención estadounidense en México
6398:, the two leading contenders for the
6207:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
5861:marital property systems, as well as
4596:, a Taos pueblo Native also known as
3944:
3861:
3063:. The U.S. Army, under Major General
987:
612:
19840:Cuisine of the Western United States
15418:Timeline of U.S. military operations
13915:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
13909:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
13381:
13298:
13192:Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad
13152:University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.
12504:(1942), well written popular history
12468:
12389:vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, p. 502.
11901:from the original on August 29, 2020
11477:
11265:from the original on January 3, 2018
11247:
10974:Christopher Minster (July 3, 2019).
10929:
10863:
10738:
9267:from the original on August 31, 2018
8843:Bauer, K. Jack (Karl Jack) (1993) .
8079:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
8044:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
8009:Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021).
7746:(1st Perennial ed.). New York:
7728:
7028:Northern Men with Southern Loyalties
6716:American Battle Monuments Commission
6645:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones
6510:
5285:
4481:U.S. invasions on Mexico's periphery
3962:
3648:
3190:
2955:United States intervention in Mexico
1104:United States occupation of Veracruz
21313:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
21303:Pre-statehood history of California
20988:1844 Democratic National Convention
20968:1840 Democratic National Convention
14102:
14057:Foreign policy of the United States
13386:. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
13200:Historiography, memory and religion
12997:Linscott, Robert N., Editor. 1959.
12626:American Nineteenth Century History
12188:from the original on August 6, 2020
12006:John Douglas Pitts Fuller (1969) .
11968:. New York: Savas Beatie. pp.
11756:from the original on March 11, 2024
11660:from the original on April 14, 2016
11283:
7941:Alamán paraphrased in Christensen,
7501:from the original on April 30, 2016
7412:"The Borderlands on the Eve of War"
6876:from the original on April 22, 2024
5624:, many of whom were members of the
5345:On May 1, 1847, Scott pushed on to
4677:, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the
4584:, which later gave it the name the
4171: United States territory, 1848
3373:and provide for the cession of the
3353:that Spain negotiated with the U.S.
3105:. Many officers who had trained at
13:
21106:List of memorials to James K. Polk
19576:Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
13869:Separation of Panama from Colombia
13654:PBS site of US–Mexican war program
13263:
13046:. University of Texas Press, 1967.
12435:
11869:from the original on March 7, 2015
11630:. Memory.loc.gov. pp. 93–95.
11459:from the original on July 15, 2007
11329:from the original on June 13, 2011
10986:from the original on July 18, 2019
10756:from the original on July 18, 2019
10752:(in Spanish). September 13, 2018.
10652:. New York: Random House. p.
10599:from the original on March 9, 2020
10385:
10337:from the original on June 19, 2020
9550:. University of New Mexico Press.
9358:, 1846, quoted in Loveman, Brian.
9255:Sjursen, Danny (August 18, 2018).
9022:from the original on March 3, 2016
8931:Faragher, John Mack, et al., eds.
8340:from the original on March 3, 2016
8185:from the original on June 29, 2011
7975:, Illustrated by Bill Younghusband
7968:Chartrand, Rene (March 25, 2004).
7497:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 45.
7438:"The Decline of Slavery in Mexico"
7436:Valdés, Dennis N. (October 1987).
7225:from the original on June 29, 2016
6990:. Plano: Republic of Texas Press.
6302:Republican Congressional Committee
6117:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
5973:End of slavery in British colonies
5329:
5189:
4062:
1541: Modern Era
14:
21379:
20877:
19824:Timeline of the American Old West
16324:Director of National Intelligence
15175:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
14246:Institutional Revolutionary Party
13558:
12888:debates in Washington before war.
12230:from the original on May 14, 2024
12104:from the original on May 16, 2016
12065:from the original on May 16, 2016
12026:from the original on May 27, 2013
11433:from the original on May 19, 2015
11407:from the original on May 14, 2024
11126:from the original on July 8, 2023
11112:Clarke, John (January 25, 1848).
11080:from the original on July 8, 2023
11066:Calhoun, John (January 4, 1848).
10820:from the original on June 9, 2017
10357:"Private Robinson on Pawnee Rock"
9633:. New York: Forge Books. p.
9472:from the original on May 28, 2010
8637:from the original on May 13, 2024
8590:from the original on May 13, 2024
8543:from the original on May 13, 2024
8496:from the original on May 13, 2024
8449:from the original on May 13, 2024
8402:from the original on May 13, 2024
8025:from the original on May 13, 2024
7973:Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48
7910:from the original on May 26, 2015
7648:Dr. John Marsh, Wilderness Scout,
7183:from the original on May 14, 2016
6106:The Impending Crisis of the South
5948:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
4619:, several miles outside of Taos.
4558:established a civilian government
4290:origins of the American Civil War
4280:opposed the Mexican–American War.
4051:
4015:opposition of the war, including
3978:Women in the Mexican–American War
3972:Contributions from American Women
3940:Women in the Mexican–American War
3586:
3518:declared independence from Mexico
21343:Wars involving the United States
21298:Pre-statehood history of Arizona
21171:
21170:
21011:
20832:
20831:
16480:Government Accountability Office
13310:. University Press of Kentucky.
12483:. University of Nebraska Press.
12414:
12405:
12392:
12379:
12354:
12321:
12272:
12242:
12155:
12146:
12133:
12116:
12077:
12038:
11999:
11986:
11955:
11942:
11917:
11881:
11855:
11842:
11829:
11813:
11800:
11781:
11768:
11729:
11704:
11695:
11672:
11646:
11620:
11611:
11593:
11571:
11532:
11508:
11471:
11445:
11419:
11371:
11359:from the original on May 5, 2017
11341:
11277:
11241:
11233:. New York: Avon Books. p.
11215:
11187:
11178:
11147:
11138:
11105:
11092:
11059:
11046:
11033:
11020:
11007:
10998:
10967:
10938:
10932:A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair
10890:
10857:
10831:
10803:
10794:
10781:
10768:
10707:
10670:
10624:
10611:
10581:
10568:
10542:
10512:
10503:
10490:
10477:
10464:
10449:
10437:from the original on May 8, 2016
10423:. University of Missouri Press.
10410:
10379:
10349:
10291:
10282:
10269:
10256:
10242:. University of Oklahoma Press.
10231:
10222:
10119:
10086:
9583:
9512:
9438:
9423:
9410:
9391:
9378:
9365:
9348:
9305:
9279:
9228:
9208:
9195:
9182:
9170:
9157:
9144:
9131:
9107:
8161:Tenenbaum, Barbara. "Mexico" in
6830:Intervención americana en México
6786:List of wars between democracies
6771:Texan raids on New Mexico (1843)
6735:
6682:, 1885. Architect of the Capitol
6655:
6321:of 1861–1865 had trained at the
6270:, writing to her older brother,
5560:
3934:Contributions from Mexican women
3928:
3591:In July 1845, Polk sent General
3234:large external market for cotton
2902:
2634:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2518:
2517:
1148:
544:
534:
509:
497:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
417:
405:
393:
381:
367:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
265:
253:
239:
215:
201:
55:outside of Mexico City, Marines
29:
21308:Pre-statehood history of Nevada
19480:First transcontinental railroad
13355:Dispatches from the Mexican War
13336:Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant
13300:Dana, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh
13180:. Yale University Press (1921).
13159:(1966), the standard biography
13106:Rives, George Lockhart (1913).
12444:Encyclopedia of the Mexican War
12430:
11429:. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
11355:. Lillian Goldman Law Library.
10644:Eisenhower, John S. D. (1989).
9579:. University of Oklahoma Press.
9548:Turmoil in New Mexico 1846–1848
9386:Dispatches from the Mexican War
9373:Dispatches from the Mexican War
9076:
9063:
9041:Ángel Miranda Basurto (2002) .
9006:
8993:
8980:
8938:
8925:
8880:
8871:
8836:
8823:
8814:
8805:
8754:
8719:
8684:
8649:
8602:
8555:
8508:
8461:
8414:
8367:
8352:
8324:
8311:
8291:
8278:
8265:
8256:
8221:
8206:
8197:
8168:
8155:
8142:
8129:
8116:
8072:
8037:
7961:
7948:
7935:
7922:
7892:
7867:
7854:
7841:
7828:
7715:
7702:
7689:
7600:
7537:
7429:
7405:
7365:
7305:
7292:
7279:
7052:
6842:Guerra de Estados Unidos–México
5889:California Constitution of 1849
5767:in the U.S., as opposed to the
5157:On Christmas day, they won the
4458:Dispatches from the Mexican War
3849:Challenges in the United States
3675:
3561:
21353:Invasions by the United States
21288:Mexico–United States relations
20894:President of the United States
18123:Separation of church and state
16339:National Reconnaissance Office
16282:President of the United States
15453:List of anti-war organizations
13632:Mexican–American War Time line
13538:. United States Senate Journal
13522:. United States Senate Journal
13176:Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright.
13053:The American Historical Review
12776:The American Historical Review
12758:. Quartet Books (London, 1975)
12671:. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004),
12523:Corresponding Author Interview
12281:"Deserters in the Mexican War"
12216:. Government Printing Office.
11679:Donald, David Herbert (1995).
11577:Griswold el Castillo, Richard
10302:. University Press of Kansas.
9498:. Chicago: The Swallow Press.
9113:See O'Sullivan's 1845 article
9030:– via Project Gutenberg.
7491:George Lockhart Rives (1913).
7373:The American Historical Review
7019:
7004:
6979:
6940:
6914:
6857:
6815:
6798:
6751:Mexico–United States relations
5825:, shown in red, and the later
5231:Landings and siege of Veracruz
4654:. The insurgents retreated to
4487:Mexican–American War campaigns
4414:U.S. journalism during the war
4359:, whose works on the subject "
4159:Overview map of the war. Key:
3634:following the outbreak of the
3245:Instability in northern Mexico
1:
21368:19th-century military history
21318:Pre-statehood history of Utah
21030:Inauguration of James K. Polk
15365:War against the Islamic State
14166:Centralist Republic of Mexico
13668:– Complete Info on the battle
13576:The Handbook of Texas Online:
13506:. United States House Journal
13490:. United States House Journal
13468:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
12422:Remembering the Forgotten War
12141:Remembering the Forgotten War
11711:Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1860).
11453:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"
11229:Don't Know Much About History
10238:Dishman, Christopher (2010).
9468:. MyCivilWar.com. 2005–2008.
7838:. U of Illinois Press, 1973.
7610:p. 46, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
7015:. Santa Barbara. p. 564.
6947:White, Ronald Cedric (2017).
6851:
6710:Mexico City is the site of a
6470:
5689:leprosy that will destroy ."
5522:
4266:U.S. House of Representatives
4244:Reaction in the United States
4177: Mexican territory, 1848
4151:Declarations of war, May 1846
3704:) and the active militiamen (
3394:'s Tory government, with its
3338:Foreign designs on California
3268:
3173:Spanish attempts to reconquer
3121:
2977:after he was captured by the
1052:Walker's expedition to Mexico
19655:Battle of the Little Bighorn
16485:Government Publishing Office
15953:Technological and industrial
14595:Institutional stock exchange
14231:Second American intervention
13666:Battle of Monterrey Web Site
13536:"29th Congress, 1st session"
13520:"28th Congress, 2nd session"
13504:"29th Congress, 1st session"
13488:"28th Congress, 2nd session"
13208:New Mexico Historical Review
12338:University Press of Kentucky
11736:McPherson, James M. (1988).
11617:Linscott, 1959, pp. 218–219.
10951:University of Oklahoma Press
10945:Miller, Robert Ryal (1989).
10839:"Memoria Política de México"
9546:Keleher, William A. (1952).
9312:Reilly, Tom (June 1, 1977).
7205:Justin Harvey Smith (1919).
7030:. Cornell University Press.
6703:by Filippo Constaggini. The
6591:Commemorative plaque to the
6415:Social and political context
6406:in 1848, digitally restored.
6375:Grant later recalled in his
6081:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
6043:Secession of Southern states
5807:
5536:by J. Cameron, published by
5504:(November 23, 1847), and at
5220:Knights of the Golden Circle
4500:Gen. Kearny's annexation of
4136:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
4130:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
3641:In November 1845, Polk sent
2016:Hispanic and Latino American
49:Battle of Resaca de la Palma
7:
21293:Presidency of James K. Polk
21065:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
19680:First Battle of Adobe Walls
19624:Long Branch Saloon gunfight
19619:Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
17957:Women's reproductive health
16923:Federally recognized tribes
16786:Public utilities commission
16690:Public Health Service Corps
16593:Code of Federal Regulations
16475:Congressional Budget Office
16329:Central Intelligence Agency
16235:Water supply and sanitation
15662:Declaration of Independence
14796:Water supply and sanitation
14161:Spanish reconquest attempts
14010:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état
14005:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état
13945:1954 Paraguayan coup d'état
13940:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
12610:(4th ed.). McFarland.
12591:
12580:The War with Mexico, Vol 2.
12569:The War with Mexico, Vol 1.
12279:Wallace, Edward S. (1935).
12210:Carney, Stephen A. (2005).
12012:. New York: Da Capo Press.
11962:Sneiderman, Barney (2006).
11742:. OUP USA. pp. 49–77.
11323:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10810:Carney, Stephen A. (2005),
8811:Brooks (1849), pp. 91, 117.
7145:Clevenger, Michael (2017).
7011:Tucker, Spencer C. (2013).
6838:War of United States–Mexico
6728:
6692:Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial
6690:Mormon Battalion monument,
6440:later in the same century.
6076:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
5920:End of Atlantic slave trade
5895:Effect on the United States
5703:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
5693:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
4778:U.S. conquest of California
4238:Alexander Slidell MacKenzie
4231:General Santa Anna's return
3843:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3793:interminable in-fighting."
3719:The Mexican army was using
3686:Antonio López de Santa Anna
3660:Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga
3213:wanted clear possession of
3081:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
3047:and then turned south. The
2975:Antonio López de Santa Anna
375:Antonio López de Santa Anna
129:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
57:storming Chapultepec castle
10:
21384:
19435:Great Western Cattle Trail
17135:Red states and blue states
17040:City commission government
17035:Council–manager government
15355:War in North-West Pakistan
15205:Second Sumatran expedition
15170:American Revolutionary War
14196:Second French intervention
14144:Control of Central America
14000:1976 Argentine coup d'état
13989:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
13333:Grant, Ulysses S. (1885).
13118:Journal of Popular Culture
13001:. Anchor Books, New York.
12992:Mexico: Biography of Power
12847:Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858
12698:The U.S. and Mexico at War
12633:American Historical Review
12555:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
12481:The Mexican War: 1846–1848
12462:The U.S. and Mexico at War
12387:American Historical Review
12328:Rollins, Peter C. (2008).
11926:Robert E. Lee; a Biography
11586:February 13, 2010, at the
10868:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
10485:The Mexican war, 1846–1848
10298:Dawson, Joseph G. (1999).
10264:The Civil War: A Narrative
10125:Bauer (1992), pp. 190–191.
9602:Garrard, Lewis H. (1850).
9330:10.1177/107769907705400205
9120:November 25, 2005, at the
9001:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
8846:The Mexican War, 1846–1848
8213:Johnson, Tyler V. (2012).
7624:Men to Match My Mountains,
7211:. Macmillan. p. 464.
7208:The war with Mexico vol. 1
6614:Military Academy of Mexico
6523:in 1861, which set up the
6521:Second French Intervention
6163:Recapture of Anthony Burns
6033:1860 presidential election
6008:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
5664:
5643:End of war, terms of peace
5416:Santa Anna's last campaign
5393:storming of the city gates
5367:
5289:
5268:Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
5234:
4996:
4920:
4852:Battle of Dominguez Rancho
4688:
4675:Battle of Red River Canyon
4484:
4367:were immediately popular.
4055:
4030:
3975:
3937:
3922:1844 presidential election
3865:
3556:
3447:
3248:
3194:
3165:experimented with monarchy
21333:Wars fought in California
21248:1848 in the United States
21233:1847 in the United States
21218:1846 in the United States
21149:
21114:
21088:
21020:
21009:
20950:
20885:
20827:
20796:
20763:
20745:
20697:
20644:
20576:
20503:
20475:
20422:
20364:
20332:
20289:
20271:
20248:
20200:
20147:
20114:
20066:
20013:
19975:
19964:
19832:
19771:
19718:
19637:
19594:
19556:
19523:Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine
19488:
19395:
19345:Rocky Mountain Rendezvous
19260:
19150:
19067:Frederick Russell Burnham
19057:
18907:
18801:
18670:
18507:
18500:
18227:
18220:
18144:
17970:
17843:
17775:
17428:
17424:
17415:
17363:
17228:
17219:
17115:
17086:
17063:
17002:
16969:
16960:
16903:
16891:Comparison of governments
16866:
16829:
16806:
16722:
16702:
16633:
16571:
16493:
16416:
16274:
16265:
16261:
16252:
15974:
15965:
15910:
15870:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
15711:drafting and ratification
15684:Articles of Confederation
15597:
15531:
15522:
15400:
15200:First Sumatran expedition
15162:
15001:
14994:
14920:
14809:
14704:
14695:
14553:
14544:
14431:
14422:
14395:Tropical cyclone rainfall
14293:
14284:
14114:
14052:
14018:
13979:1971 Bolivian coup d'état
13962:1964 Bolivian coup d'état
13930:
13885:Second Occupation of Cuba
13847:
13812:
13763:
13694:January 20, 2013, at the
13659:November 2, 2019, at the
13594:Media and primary sources
13284:Conway, Christopher, ed.
13252:Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida
13237:Rodriguez, Jaime Javier.
12941:Pacific Historical Review
12902:Pacific Historical Review
12527:Pritzker Military Library
12298:10.1215/00182168-15.3.374
11290:US–Mexican War, 1846–1848
11100:Beneath the United States
11054:A Country of Vast Designs
10976:"Biography of John Riley"
10714:Kirkwood, Burton (2000).
10496:quoted in Brian Loveman,
10417:Roger D. Launius (1997).
9536:Includes a link to a map.
9400:American Literary History
7889:Brooks (1849), pp. 61–62.
7862:Essays on the Mexican War
7375:, Vol. 112, No. 2, p. 35.
7287:Beneath the United States
7101:Pacific Historical Review
6599:
6562:
6112:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
6087:American Slavery As It Is
5868:Many Mexicans, including
5571:Saint Patrick's Battalion
5440:Occupation of Mexico City
5161:, outside the modern-day
4976:A Mexican campaign under
4971:Baja California Territory
4896:Battle of Rio San Gabriel
4770:Battle of Río San Gabriel
4387:Saint Patrick's Battalion
3580:Texan Santa Fe Expedition
3524:, he was defeated by the
3209:of 1818. U.S. negotiator
3185:Catholic Church in Mexico
3127:Mexico after independence
3061:Baja California Territory
2830:Petroleum nationalization
1027:
650:
602:
554:
527:
229:
194:
137:(among other territories)
66:
59:under a large U.S. flag,
28:
23:
18864:"Mysterious Dave" Mather
17910:Prescription drug prices
17030:Mayor–council government
17020:Coterminous municipality
17010:Consolidated city-county
16776:Agriculture commissioner
16426:House of Representatives
16334:National Security Agency
15984:Contiguous United States
15154:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
15114:Battle of Blair Mountain
14436:Administrative divisions
13984:1973 Chilean coup d'état
13873:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
13863:First Occupation of Cuba
13647:
12839:Political and diplomatic
12829:Winders, Richard Price.
12740:Lewis, Felice Flannery.
12130:. Accessed May 19, 2020.
11924:Winston, Robert (1934).
11455:. www.ourdocuments.gov.
10704:, Retrieved May 8, 2014.
9625:Walker, Dale L. (1999).
9571:Beck, Warren A. (1962).
9462:"The Battle of Santa Fe"
9384:George Wilkins Kendall,
9234:Pierpaoli, Paul G., Jr.
9095:Jay (1853), pp. 165–166.
7847:Donald Fithian Stevens,
7418:August 31, 2017, at the
6986:Edmondson, J.R. (2000).
6791:
6557:transcontinental railway
6341:included Robert E. Lee,
6135:Trial of Reuben Crandall
6048:Peace Conference of 1861
6023:Caning of Charles Sumner
5448:U.S. Army occupation of
5340:Battle of Molino del Rey
4987:Skirmish of Todos Santos
4839:under the leadership of
4165: Disputed territory
3835:Manuel de la Peña y Peña
3532:and was captured at the
3201:The United States' 1803
3041:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
3034:repelled the U.S. forces
2845:Mexican Movement of 1968
2665:Viceroyalty of New Spain
1519:
1497:
1475:
1464:
1442:
1431:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1310:
1288:
1277:
1255:
1244:
1222:
1211:
789:Northern Mexican Theater
573:11,550 dead from disease
41:Plaza de la Constitución
21223:1847 in Alta California
21208:1846 in Alta California
21075:Rivers and Harbors Bill
21035:Oregon boundary dispute
21003:Tennessee State Capitol
19665:Battle of Washita River
19650:Battle of Glorieta Pass
19528:Lost Ship of the Desert
19470:Southern Emigrant Trail
19430:Great Platte River Road
19097:George Armstrong Custer
18889:William "Bill" Tilghman
18402:Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)
17995:Criticism of government
17340:Social welfare programs
16933:State-recognized tribes
15918:Outline of U.S. history
15630:Continental Association
15413:Wars involving the U.S.
15250:Philippine–American War
15134:1960s ghetto rebellions
14851:Handcrafts and folk art
14620:National stock exchange
14358:Protected natural areas
14186:Second Mexican Republic
14151:Supreme Executive Power
13891:Occupation of Nicaragua
13879:Occupations of Honduras
13351:Kendall, George Wilkins
13244:Van Wagenen, Michael.
13138:, Norton 1992, textbook
12980:. New York: Knopf 2012.
12872:excerpt and text search
12606:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
12557:(2003). A short survey.
12460:Frazier, Donald S. ed.
12446:. Bloomsbury Academic.
12398:Van Wagenen, Michael.
11154:Mills, Bronwyn (2003).
11114:"The Ten-Regiment Bill"
10934:. pp. 25, 103–107.
9589:Morgan, Robert (2011).
9430:Andreas, A. T. (1884).
9289:. Presidency.ucsb.edu.
9163:Giddings, Joshua Reed.
9137:quoted in Christensen,
9047:The Evolution of Mexico
8359:Acuña, Rodolfo (2015).
7063:. Vintage. p. 33.
7059:Greenberg, Amy (2012).
6424:cancelled out the 1820
6028:Lincoln–Douglas debates
5500:(October 18, 1847), at
5245:Bombardment of Veracruz
4679:Battle of Cienega Creek
4648:Santa Cruz de la Cañada
4036:Outbreak of hostilities
3656:José Joaquín de Herrera
3371:Oregon boundary dispute
3139:, the Comanche homeland
3135:The 1832 boundaries of
2953:, and in Mexico as the
2723:Second Federal Republic
2037:Middle Eastern American
1859:Technology and industry
21328:Wars fought in Arizona
21060:All of Mexico Movement
19875:Rocky Mountain oysters
18057:Environmental movement
17900:Health insurance costs
17795:Educational attainment
17320:Federal Reserve System
17278:Science and technology
16781:Insurance commissioner
16319:Intelligence Community
16014:minor outlying islands
15777:Civil rights movement
15458:Conscientious objector
15360:First Libyan Civil War
15230:Second Fiji expedition
15210:Ivory Coast expedition
15144:1992 Los Angeles riots
15104:Colorado Coalfield War
14996:Listed chronologically
14663:States by unemployment
14653:Science and technology
14156:First Mexican Republic
13897:Occupation of Veracruz
13165:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12983:Henderson, Timothy J.
12818:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12664:, Random House (1989).
12645:Dishman, Christopher,
12635:112, no. 1 (Feb. 2007)
12578:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12567:Smith, Justin Harvey.
12546:Henderson, Timothy J.
12362:Encyclopedia of Mexico
10864:Meed, Douglas (2003).
10092:Brooks (1849), p. 257.
9494:Simmons, Marc (1973).
9043:La Evolución de México
8820:Brooks (1849), p. 121.
8802:Brooks (1849), p. 122.
8363:. Pearson. p. 50.
7710:Encyclopedia of Mexico
7697:Encyclopedia of Mexico
7163:K. Jack Bauer (1993).
6695:
6683:
6671:
6596:
6584:
6572:
6497:Samuel Hamilton Walker
6476:
6407:
6368:
6343:Albert Sidney Johnston
6280:
6176:Virginia v. John Brown
6169:Dred Scott v. Sandford
6071:Nat Turner's Rebellion
5830:
5757:National Intelligencer
5706:
5667:All of Mexico Movement
5573:
5541:
5457:
5370:Battle for Mexico City
5365:
5342:
5324:
5301:
5246:
5056:
5048:
4932:
4923:Pacific Coast Campaign
4917:Pacific Coast campaign
4831:
4781:
4711:
4691:Conquest of California
4505:
4456:, and whose collected
4450:George Wilkins Kendall
4426:
4402:
4281:
4269:
4221:
4186:
4048:
3909:
3858:
3785:
3769:
3731:), left over from the
3689:
3471:
3418:Juan Bautista Alvarado
3354:
3274:
3140:
2973:, signed by President
2797:Occupation of Veracruz
2149:Admission to the Union
899:Pacific Coast Campaign
230:Commanders and leaders
20905:Governor of Tennessee
19710:Wounded Knee Massacre
19660:Battle of San Jacinto
19629:Variety Hall shootout
19604:Battle of Coffeyville
19586:Pike's Peak Gold Rush
19566:Black Hills Gold Rush
19243:Thomas William Sweeny
19107:Samuel P. Heintzelman
18884:John Horton Slaughter
18778:Richens Lacey Wootton
18312:Five Civilized Tribes
17883:Immigrant health care
17398:Transportation safety
17393:Transportation policy
17383:Public transportation
16453:President pro tempore
16309:Executive departments
16078:National Park Service
15733:Territorial evolution
15428:Territorial evolution
15408:Conflicts in the U.S.
15330:Intervention in Haiti
15220:First Fiji expedition
14891:Our Lady of Guadalupe
14385:Territorial evolution
14201:Second Mexican Empire
13583:Mexican War Resources
13343:Hill, Daniel Harvey.
12880:2005 29(2): 223–254.
12845:Beveridge, Albert J.
12628:(2006) 7(2): 253-279.
12502:Year of Decision 1846
12164:accessed May 18, 2020
11144:Smith (1919), p. 241.
10872:. Routledge. p.
10717:The History of Mexico
10524:aboutnorthgeorgia.com
9660:, pp. 91–92, 96.
9611:June 3, 2016, at the
9526:on September 27, 2007
9344:on December 15, 2018.
9188:Richards, Leonard L.
9165:Speeches in Congress
8877:Smith (1919), p. 279.
7742:Howard Zinn (1995) .
6701:U.S. Capitol Building
6689:
6677:
6663:
6590:
6581:Battle of Chapultepec
6578:
6570:
6525:Second Mexican Empire
6468:
6430:parallel 36°30′ north
6389:
6363:
6323:U.S. Military Academy
6276:Battle of Chapultepec
6266:The sixteen-year-old
6254:
6202:Battle of Fort Sumter
6157:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
6038:Crittenden Compromise
5820:
5700:
5568:
5530:
5447:
5400:castle of Chapultepec
5363:Battle of Chapultepec
5360:
5337:
5319:
5299:
5292:Battle of Cerro Gordo
5244:
5140:Alexander W. Doniphan
5091:Battle of Buena Vista
5084:Battle of Buena Vista
5055:Battle of Buena Vista
5054:
5039:
5003:Battle of Buena Vista
4930:
4876:Battle of San Pasqual
4825:
4767:
4700:Battle of San Pasqual
4698:
4671:Second Battle of Mora
4592:, a New Mexican, and
4539:and militia officers
4512:moved southwest from
4499:
4471:Lowell, Massachusetts
4421:
4400:
4389:to fight for Mexico.
4275:
4260:in his late 30s as a
4256:
4249:Opposition to the war
4216:
4158:
4073:Matamoros, Tamaulipas
4043:
3904:
3856:
3819:Valentín Gómez Farías
3782:Valentín Gómez Farías
3779:
3765:
3683:
3540:with Texas President
3534:Battle of San Jacinto
3528:commanded by General
3489:300 American families
3465:
3434:Battle of Providencia
3375:port of San Francisco
3345:
3320:its province of Tejas
3262:
3230:Industrial Revolution
3134:
3093:territorial expansion
3071:, in September 1847.
2957:, was an invasion of
2760:Second Mexican Empire
2140:Territorial evolution
1433:Post-World War II Era
1074:San Elizario Salt War
1017:Mexican–American wars
936:2nd San Jose del Cabo
931:1st San Jose del Cabo
810:Santa Cruz de Rosales
555:Casualties and losses
61:Battle of Cerro Gordo
21338:Wars fought in Texas
21198:Mexican–American War
21140:William Hawkins Polk
21122:Sarah Childress Polk
21050:Mexican–American War
20765:Washington Territory
20505:New Mexico Territory
19870:Pacific Northwestern
19789:Cowboys and cowgirls
19571:California Gold Rush
19548:Seven Cities of Gold
19533:Montezuma's treasure
19340:One-room schoolhouse
19188:George E. Goodfellow
19082:Texas Jack Omohundro
18925:"Curly Bill" Brocius
18723:Liver-Eating Johnson
18698:Tomás Vélez Cachupín
18252:Assiniboine (Nakota)
18052:Environmental issues
17717:Political ideologies
17616:Indigenous languages
16816:List of legislatures
16613:separation of powers
16314:Independent agencies
16240:World Heritage Sites
15875:September 11 attacks
15798:Spanish–American War
15738:Mexican–American War
15694:Confederation period
15625:Continental Congress
15290:Bay of Pigs Invasion
15245:Spanish–American War
15215:Mexican–American War
15139:Kent State shootings
15129:Puerto Rican revolts
15059:American Indian Wars
14908:World Heritage Sites
14323:Environmental issues
14181:Mexican–American War
14139:First Mexican Empire
14037:Cuban Missile Crisis
13950:Bay of Pigs Invasion
13826:Spanish–American War
13820:Mexican–American War
13793:Good Neighbor policy
13720:"The Fall of Mexico"
13701:Mexican–American War
13167:The War with Mexico.
12891:Graebner, Norman A.
12868:Santa Anna of Mexico
12820:The War with Mexico.
12761:McCaffrey, James M.
12726:Johnson, Timothy D.
12719:Johnson, Timothy D.
12691:Santa Anna of Mexico
11994:The U.S.–Mexican War
11793:May 4, 2016, at the
11776:The U.S.–Mexican War
11607:on January 29, 2015.
11387:Brian DeLay (2008).
11377:Hamalainen, 293–341.
11098:quoted in Schoultz,
11068:"Conquest of Mexico"
10953:. pp. 188–192.
10700:May 8, 2014, at the
10530:on February 18, 2020
10277:The U.S.–Mexican War
9356:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
9139:The U.S.–Mexican War
9084:Santa Anna of Mexico
9071:Santa Anna of Mexico
8977:Bauer (1992), p. 68.
8888:Smith, Justin Harvey
8242:10.3138/ijcs.57.x.27
8137:Santa Anna of Mexico
7956:The U.S.–Mexican War
7943:The U.S.–Mexican War
7723:Santa Anna of Mexico
7424:The U.S.–Mexican War
7385:Brian DeLay (2008).
7086:Smith (1919), p. xi.
6928:on February 28, 2014
6756:Reconquista (Mexico)
6743:United States portal
6349:, James Longstreet,
6333:, George Meade, and
6141:Commonwealth v. Aves
5998:Nashville Convention
5988:Mexican–American War
5958:Nullification crisis
5855:Law of April 6, 1830
5533:Battle of Churubusco
5381:Battle of Churubusco
5216:Caste War of Yucatán
5159:Battle of El Brazito
4845:Siege of Los Angeles
4667:First Battle of Mora
4554:New Mexico Territory
4502:New Mexico Territory
4423:War News from Mexico
4363:" and the satirical
4357:James Russell Lowell
3831:Pedro María de Anaya
3823:Revolt of the Polkos
3811:Constitution of 1824
3671:Challenges in Mexico
3632:California Battalion
3406:British protectorate
3251:Comanche-Mexico Wars
2947:Mexican–American War
2882:Coronavirus pandemic
2857:1982 economic crisis
2710:Mexican–American War
2063:Palestinian American
1279:Era of Good Feelings
1224:Confederation period
1161:Timeline and periods
1037:Mexican-American War
816:Mexico City Campaign
643:Mexican–American War
35:Clockwise from top:
24:Mexican–American War
20936:U.S. Representative
20924:U.S. Representative
19753:Pleasant Valley War
19695:Sand Creek massacre
19645:Battle of the Alamo
19518:Long Tom's treasure
19213:Octaviano Larrazolo
19127:Ranald S. Mackenzie
19077:"Buffalo Bill" Cody
18788:"Old Bill" Williams
18738:William John Murphy
17895:Health care finance
17388:Rail transportation
17154:Imperial presidency
16876:State constitutions
16821:List of legislators
16771:Auditor/Comptroller
16744:Lieutenant governor
16470:Library of Congress
16361:Diplomatic Security
16004:Indian reservations
15667:American Revolution
15305:Invasion of Grenada
15300:Dominican Civil War
14563:Automotive industry
14451:Chamber of Deputies
14134:War of Independence
13903:Occupation of Haiti
13857:Paraguay expedition
13783:Roosevelt Corollary
13474:on January 17, 2013
13374:McClellan, George.
13360:Laidley, Theodore.
13223:Johannsen, Robert.
13183:Weinberg Albert K.
13155:Sellers Charles G.
13132:Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo
13120:2001 35(2): 41–50.
12994:, (1997), textbook.
12754:Martinez, Orlando.
12700:, Macmillan (1998).
12696:Frazier, Donald S.
12529:on December 7, 2012
11948:quoted in Chernow,
11848:quoted in Chernow,
11808:The U.S.–Mexico War
11713:The Conduct of Life
11286:"Boundary Disputes"
11284:Frazier, Donald S.
11184:Jay (1853), p. 117.
11119:Congressional Globe
11073:Congressional Globe
10930:Foos, Paul (2002).
10897:McAllister, Brian.
10458:The Comanche Empire
10456:Hamalainen, Pekka.
10161:, pp. 240–241.
10035:, pp. 215–219.
9828:, pp. 143–144.
9732:, pp. 123–125.
9446:The U.S.–Mexico War
9192:. 2000 pp. 152–153.
9104:Jay (1853), p. 165.
8893:The War with Mexico
8321:, Volume 1, p. 249.
7825:, pp. 172–173.
7813:, pp. 165–168.
7773:"Republic of Texas"
6922:"Official DOD data"
6804:Variations include
6595:, Mexico City, 1959
6537:José María Iglesias
6444:Veterans of the war
6426:Missouri Compromise
6327:George B. McClellan
6013:Kansas–Nebraska Act
5953:Missouri Compromise
5943:Northwest Ordinance
5908:
5878:California genocide
5813:Altered territories
5776:until this treaty.
5661:All-Mexico Movement
5502:Izúcar de Matamoros
5434:Battle of Huamantla
5377:Battle of Contreras
5174:the townspeople of
5119:Bear Springs Treaty
5113:Northwestern Mexico
5042:Battle of Monterrey
5026:Battle of Monterrey
5008:Battle of Monterrey
4999:Battle of Monterrey
4993:Northeastern Mexico
4978:Manuel Pineda Muñoz
4685:California campaign
4588:. They were led by
4492:New Mexico campaign
4393:Support for the war
4377:Ralph Waldo Emerson
4373:Henry David Thoreau
4140:hand-to-hand combat
4115:Battle of Palo Alto
4100:Battle of Palo Alto
4093:siege of Fort Texas
4087:Siege of Fort Texas
3957:María Josefa Zozaya
3918:American Revolution
3912:Political divisions
3772:Political divisions
3666:Preparation for war
3522:Battle of the Alamo
3422:Manuel Micheltorena
3385:, wrote in 1841 to
3059:coast in the lower
2971:Treaties of Velasco
2967:annexation of Texas
2867:Mexican peso crisis
2742:French intervention
2695:Centralist Republic
2670:War of Independence
1998:Lithuanian American
1949:Vietnamese American
1213:American Revolution
1032:Capture of Monterey
732:New Mexico Campaign
684:California Campaign
45:Fall of Mexico City
21283:Mexican California
21238:1848 in California
20578:Oklahoma Territory
19763:Sutton–Taylor feud
19743:Lincoln County War
19738:Johnson County War
19638:Military conflicts
19581:Klondike Gold Rush
19382:Westward expansion
19203:Zephaniah Kingsley
18977:John Wesley Hardin
18874:George Scarborough
18854:"Wild Bill" Hickok
18743:John Wesley Powell
18005:affirmative action
17978:Capital punishment
17937:Poverty and health
17932:Physician shortage
17905:Health care prices
17835:Standard of living
17518:standard of living
17325:Financial position
16952:Hawaiian home land
16940:Indian reservation
16913:Tribal sovereignty
16756:Secretary of state
16625:United States Code
16541:Territorial courts
16513:Associate Justices
16398:Inspector generals
15885:War in Afghanistan
15748:Reconstruction era
15615:Stamp Act Congress
15345:War in Afghanistan
15315:Invasion of Panama
15310:Lebanese Civil War
15235:Formosa Expedition
15195:Second Barbary War
15149:2020 racial unrest
15084:Johnson County War
15079:Lincoln County War
15054:American Civil War
15049:Harpers Ferry raid
15024:Turner's Rebellion
14764:Indigenous peoples
14668:Telecommunications
14527:State legislatures
14468:Federal government
14348:Metropolitan areas
14226:Mexican Revolution
13956:Operation Mongoose
13921:Invasion of Panama
13832:Mexican Border War
13787:Big Stick ideology
13304:Ferrell, Robert H.
13291:Coulter, Richard.
13230:Pinheiro, John C.
13148:Schroeder John H.
13035:Pletcher David M.
13015:2004 (59): 32–70.
12878:Diplomatic History
12849:. Volume: 1. 1928.
12811:Murphy, Douglas.
12756:The Great Landgrab
12733:Levinson, Irving.
12703:Hamilton, Holman,
12660:Eisenhower, John.
12340:. pp. 91–92.
11865:. Fadedgiant.net.
11656:. Memory.loc.gov.
11478:Franzius, Andrea.
9069:quoted in Fowler,
6696:
6684:
6680:Filippo Costaggini
6672:
6669:Christopher Werner
6633:Mexican Revolution
6631:. Even during the
6597:
6585:
6573:
6483:During this time,
6477:
6408:
6369:
6364:Second lieutenant
6351:Joseph E. Johnston
6331:William T. Sherman
6319:American Civil War
6293:James M. McPherson
6003:Compromise of 1850
5906:American Civil War
5899:
5859:community property
5831:
5707:
5574:
5542:
5458:
5366:
5343:
5302:
5247:
5152:Greco-Persian Wars
5074:Diabólicos Tejanos
5057:
5049:
5024:. The hard-fought
4937:Gulf of California
4933:
4911:Treaty of Cahuenga
4832:
4809:Robert F. Stockton
4782:
4739:Upper Klamath Lake
4712:
4506:
4427:
4403:
4382:Civil Disobedience
4361:The Present Crisis
4312:Frederick Douglass
4294:Southern Democrats
4282:
4278:Frederick Douglass
4270:
4187:
4107:Brownsville, Texas
4049:
3983:On the battlefield
3945:On the battlefield
3897:John L. O'Sullivan
3862:United States Army
3859:
3815:José Mariano Salas
3786:
3742:Mississippi Rifles
3690:
3603:, Polk signed the
3472:
3360:Waddy Thompson Jr.
3355:
3275:
3263:Comanches of West
3255:Apache-Mexico Wars
3219:American Southwest
3203:Louisiana Purchase
3153:decade of conflict
3141:
3103:American Civil War
2963:United States Army
2118:Transgender people
1681:Capital punishment
1334:Reconstruction Era
1109:Mexican Expedition
1094:Mexican Revolution
677:Resaca de la Palma
284:Robert F. Stockton
184:, for $ 15 million
21263:Conflicts in 1848
21258:Conflicts in 1847
21253:Conflicts in 1846
21185:
21184:
20845:
20844:
20823:
20822:
20819:
20818:
20798:Wyoming Territory
20366:Montana Territory
20202:Florida Territory
20015:Arizona Territory
19902:Western lifestyle
19733:Earp-Clanton feud
19675:Chimayó Rebellion
19609:Battle of Lincoln
19415:Butterfield Trail
19365:Vigilante justice
19256:
19255:
19183:John Joel Glanton
19168:Jonathan R. Davis
19163:William H. Boring
18768:Trinidad Swilling
18357:Lenape (Delaware)
18282:Chippewa (Ojibwe)
18214:American frontier
18180:
18179:
18140:
18139:
18136:
18135:
18106:National security
17815:Income inequality
17695:Statue of Liberty
17498:income inequality
17411:
17410:
17403:Trucking industry
17215:
17214:
17211:
17210:
17142:Foreign relations
17130:Electoral College
17111:
17110:
16899:
16898:
16851:District attorney
16698:
16697:
16525:Courts of appeals
16248:
16247:
15961:
15960:
15902:COVID-19 pandemic
15855:Feminist Movement
15701:American frontier
15620:Thirteen Colonies
15481:
15480:
15443:Casualties of war
15275:Russian Civil War
15240:Korean Expedition
15185:First Barbary War
15064:Brooks–Baxter War
15019:Fries's Rebellion
15014:Whiskey Rebellion
14956:
14955:
14916:
14915:
14691:
14690:
14540:
14539:
14510:Political parties
14473:Foreign relations
14418:
14417:
14206:Restored Republic
14124:Pre-Columbian era
14070:
14069:
13443:Tennery, Thomas.
13414:Robinson, Cecil,
13393:978-1-5033-7428-7
13277:Calhoun, John C.
13270:Calhoun, John C.
13027:Pinheiro, John C.
12990:Krauze, Enrique.
12749:Captain Sam Grant
12710:Huston, James A.
12677:978-0-7734-6495-7
12667:Eubank, Damon R.
12542:978-0-674-97234-6
12532:Guardino, Peter.
12508:Greenberg, Amy S.
12490:978-0-8032-6107-5
12469:General histories
12453:978-1-57607-059-8
11911:Project Gutenberg
11889:Grant, Ulysses S.
11749:978-0-19-503863-7
11722:978-1-4191-5736-3
11552:978-0-292-75253-5
11526:978-99946-41-25-3
11400:978-0-300-15042-1
11223:Davis, Kenneth C.
11171:978-0-8160-4932-5
10960:978-0-8061-2964-8
10750:Vanguardia.com.mx
10663:978-0-8061-3279-2
10576:Lions of the West
10430:978-0-8262-1132-3
10361:the memory palace
10249:978-0-8061-4140-4
9644:978-0-3128-6685-3
9591:Lions of the West
9557:978-0-8263-0631-9
9505:978-0-8040-0633-0
9244:978-1-85109-853-8
9224:978-0-226-69402-3
9214:Gradert, Kenyon.
8831:Lions of the West
8317:Tucker, Spencer.
8122:Guardino, Peter.
7646:Winkley, John W.
7593:Lyman, George D.
7534:, pp. 48–49.
7522:, pp. 45–46.
7398:978-0-300-15042-1
7070:978-0-307-47599-2
7045:978-0-8014-5326-7
6997:978-1-55622-678-6
6705:Marine Corps Hymn
6665:Palmetto Regiment
6541:Francisco Urquidi
6511:Effects on Mexico
6404:Nathaniel Currier
6347:Stonewall Jackson
6245:
6244:
6094:Uncle Tom's Cabin
5901:Events leading to
5853:), which, in the
5829:, shown in yellow
5538:Nathaniel Currier
5286:Advance on Puebla
5237:Siege of Veracruz
4900:Battle of La Mesa
4892:San Gabriel River
4841:José María Flores
4828:Battle of La Mesa
4797:San Francisco Bay
4735:Sacramento Valley
4708:Stephen W. Kearny
4633:Thomas Tate Tobin
4629:John David Albert
4600:(Little Thomas).
4556:on August 18 and
4510:Stephen W. Kearny
4504:, August 15, 1846
4369:Transcendentalist
4365:The Biglow Papers
4298:Democratic Review
3995:On the home front
3963:On the home front
3649:Mexico's response
3516:to arms and they
3512:). Austin called
3485:Stephen F. Austin
3468:Republic of Texas
3454:Republic of Texas
3351:Adams-Onís Treaty
3211:John Quincy Adams
3207:Adams-Onís Treaty
3191:U.S. expansionism
3149:Treaty of Córdoba
2987:Republic of Texas
2943:
2942:
2909:Mexico portal
2851:La Década Perdida
2840:Mexican Dirty War
2824:(1928–1934)
2787:Plan of Guadalupe
2781:La decena trágica
2765:Restored Republic
2660:Spanish-Aztec War
2608:
2607:
2530:
2529:
2159:American frontier
2058:Lebanese American
2043:Egyptian American
1973:Estonian American
1963:Albanian American
1957:European American
1934:Japanese American
1924:Filipino American
1548:
1547:
1521:Post-Cold War Era
1178:Pre-Columbian Era
1140:
1124:
1123:
981:
980:
607:
606:
190:
189:
21375:
21174:
21173:
21162:Zachary Taylor →
21045:Texas annexation
21015:
20943:
20931:
20919:
20908:
20897:
20872:
20865:
20858:
20849:
20848:
20835:
20834:
20646:Oregon Territory
20583:Indian Territory
20149:Dakota Territory
19973:
19972:
19966:
19965:
19865:New Mexico chile
19748:Mason County War
19705:Texas Revolution
19670:Bear Flag Revolt
19420:California Trail
19330:Manifest destiny
19262:Frontier culture
19158:John Jacob Astor
19132:Charley Reynolds
19032:Younger Brothers
19012:Joaquin Murrieta
18899:Harry C. Wheeler
18894:James Timberlake
18783:Henry Wickenburg
18728:Meriwether Lewis
18647:Touch the Clouds
18509:Native Americans
18505:
18504:
18207:
18200:
18193:
18184:
18183:
18160:
18153:
18040:African American
17922:Health insurance
17810:Household income
17680:National symbols
17611:American English
17584:Federal holidays
17493:household income
17426:
17425:
17422:
17421:
17226:
17225:
17164:Anti-Americanism
17088:Special district
17015:Independent city
16984:County executive
16967:
16966:
16761:Attorney general
16720:
16719:
16709:Federal District
16292:Executive Office
16272:
16271:
16263:
16262:
16259:
16258:
16019:populated places
15999:federal enclaves
15994:federal district
15972:
15971:
15835:American Century
15818:Great Depression
15813:Roaring Twenties
15773:Women's suffrage
15652:Halifax Resolves
15645:Founding Fathers
15640:military history
15605:Pre-colonial era
15529:
15528:
15508:
15501:
15494:
15485:
15484:
15433:Military history
15392:Yemeni civil war
15325:Somali Civil War
15225:Second Opium War
15094:Homestead strike
15009:Shays' Rebellion
14983:
14976:
14969:
14960:
14959:
14936:
14929:
14876:National symbols
14702:
14701:
14643:
14588:Renewable energy
14578:Economic history
14551:
14550:
14429:
14428:
14291:
14290:
14271:Chiapas conflict
14171:Texas Revolution
14097:
14090:
14083:
14074:
14073:
13967:Operation Condor
13799:Dollar diplomacy
13750:
13743:
13736:
13727:
13726:
13547:
13545:
13543:
13531:
13529:
13527:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13499:
13497:
13495:
13483:
13481:
13479:
13459:Zeh, Frederick.
13456:
13440:
13438:
13427:
13411:
13405:
13397:
13340:
13329:
13190:Yanez, Agustin.
13171:full text online
13141:Santoni, Pedro.
13113:
13095:
13077:
13042:Price, Glenn W.
12976:Greenberg, Amy.
12973:
12934:
12824:full text online
12808:
12621:
12584:full text online
12573:full text online
12560:Merry Robert W.
12498:De Voto, Bernard
12494:
12477:Bauer, Karl Jack
12457:
12425:
12418:
12412:
12409:
12403:
12396:
12390:
12383:
12377:
12371:
12365:
12358:
12352:
12351:
12335:
12325:
12319:
12318:
12300:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12254:history.army.mil
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12207:
12198:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12174:
12165:
12159:
12153:
12150:
12144:
12137:
12131:
12120:
12114:
12113:
12111:
12109:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12042:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12003:
11997:
11990:
11984:
11983:
11959:
11953:
11946:
11940:
11939:
11921:
11915:
11914:
11908:
11906:
11885:
11879:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11859:
11853:
11846:
11840:
11833:
11827:
11817:
11811:
11804:
11798:
11785:
11779:
11772:
11766:
11765:
11763:
11761:
11733:
11727:
11726:
11708:
11702:
11699:
11693:
11692:
11686:
11676:
11670:
11669:
11667:
11665:
11650:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11624:
11618:
11615:
11609:
11608:
11603:. Archived from
11597:
11591:
11575:
11569:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11536:
11530:
11529:
11512:
11506:
11505:
11499:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11475:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11449:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11384:
11378:
11375:
11369:
11368:
11366:
11364:
11345:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11315:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11281:
11275:
11274:
11272:
11270:
11245:
11239:
11238:
11232:
11219:
11213:
11207:
11201:
11200:
11196:Our Public Lands
11191:
11185:
11182:
11176:
11175:
11157:U.S.–Mexican War
11151:
11145:
11142:
11136:
11135:
11133:
11131:
11109:
11103:
11096:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11085:
11063:
11057:
11050:
11044:
11039:Schoultz, Lars.
11037:
11031:
11024:
11018:
11011:
11005:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10971:
10965:
10964:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10927:
10918:
10917:
10915:
10913:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10871:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10835:
10829:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10807:
10801:
10798:
10792:
10785:
10779:
10772:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10711:
10705:
10690:
10681:
10674:
10668:
10667:
10651:
10641:
10635:
10628:
10622:
10615:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10585:
10579:
10574:Morgan, Robert,
10572:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10546:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10526:. Archived from
10516:
10510:
10507:
10501:
10494:
10488:
10481:
10475:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10453:
10447:
10446:
10444:
10442:
10414:
10408:
10407:
10405:
10403:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10374:
10372:
10363:. May 20, 2019.
10353:
10347:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10323:
10314:
10313:
10295:
10289:
10286:
10280:
10273:
10267:
10260:
10254:
10253:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10220:
10219:
10217:
10215:
10200:
10191:
10185:
10174:
10168:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10138:
10132:
10126:
10123:
10117:
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10090:
10084:
10078:
10072:
10066:
10060:
10054:
10048:
10042:
10036:
10030:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10006:
10000:
9994:
9988:
9982:
9976:
9970:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9940:
9934:
9928:
9922:
9916:
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9874:
9868:
9862:
9853:
9847:
9841:
9835:
9829:
9823:
9817:
9811:
9805:
9799:
9793:
9787:
9781:
9775:
9769:
9763:
9757:
9751:
9745:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9691:
9685:
9679:
9673:
9667:
9661:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9632:
9622:
9616:
9600:
9594:
9587:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9568:
9562:
9561:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9522:. Archived from
9516:
9510:
9509:
9491:
9482:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9458:
9449:
9442:
9436:
9435:
9427:
9421:
9414:
9408:
9407:
9395:
9389:
9382:
9376:
9369:
9363:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9340:. Archived from
9309:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9283:
9277:
9276:
9274:
9272:
9252:
9246:
9232:
9226:
9212:
9206:
9201:Silbey, Joel H.
9199:
9193:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9142:
9135:
9129:
9111:
9105:
9102:
9096:
9093:
9087:
9080:
9074:
9067:
9061:
9060:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9010:
9004:
8997:
8991:
8984:
8978:
8975:
8966:
8965:
8959:
8957:
8952:on July 25, 2008
8948:. Archived from
8942:
8936:
8929:
8923:
8922:
8912:
8910:
8884:
8878:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8840:
8834:
8829:Morgan, Robert.
8827:
8821:
8818:
8812:
8809:
8803:
8800:
8787:
8786:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8723:
8717:
8716:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8606:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8512:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8465:
8459:
8458:
8456:
8454:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8371:
8365:
8364:
8356:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8328:
8322:
8315:
8309:
8299:U.S.–Mexican War
8297:Mills, Bronwyn.
8295:
8289:
8282:
8276:
8269:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8210:
8204:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8172:
8166:
8159:
8153:
8146:
8140:
8133:
8127:
8120:
8114:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8041:
8035:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8006:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7971:René Chartrand,
7965:
7959:
7952:
7946:
7939:
7933:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7896:
7890:
7887:
7878:
7871:
7865:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7839:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7748:Harper Perennial
7739:
7726:
7719:
7713:
7706:
7700:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7675:
7660:
7651:
7644:
7635:
7620:
7611:
7606:Groom, Winston.
7604:
7598:
7591:
7580:
7579:
7560:10.2307/25139106
7541:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7433:
7427:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7382:
7376:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7322:
7316:
7309:
7303:
7296:
7290:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7142:
7133:
7132:
7096:
7087:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6924:. Archived from
6918:
6912:
6906:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6861:
6845:
6819:
6813:
6806:U.S.–Mexican War
6802:
6745:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6723:Mormon Battalion
6637:Chapultepec Park
6533:Guillermo Prieto
6475:
6472:
6366:Ulysses S. Grant
6335:Ambrose Burnside
6278:
6250:election of 1848
6237:
6230:
6223:
6196:Star of the West
6053:Corwin Amendment
6018:Ostend Manifesto
5983:Texas annexation
5978:Texas Revolution
5909:
5898:
5847:civil law system
5827:Gadsden Purchase
5802:Gadsden Purchase
5769:Texas Annexation
5404:Los Niños Héroes
5300:Scott's campaign
5275:Matthew C. Perry
5264:James Longstreet
5260:Ulysses S. Grant
5146:'s march across
5031:Pedro de Ampudia
4743:Oregon Territory
4716:Thomas O. Larkin
4621:Charles Autobees
4582:Taos, New Mexico
4522:Army of the West
4514:Fort Leavenworth
4433:, primarily the
4329:Spot Resolutions
4211:Personal Memoirs
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
3874:campaign in 1844
3748:revolver of the
3636:Bear Flag Revolt
3616:Thomas O. Larkin
3510:Coahuila y Tejas
3502:Vicente Guerrero
3458:Texas annexation
3450:Texas Revolution
3383:Richard Pakenham
3273:
3270:
3267:in war regalia,
3239:Democratic Party
3197:Manifest destiny
3151:in 1821 after a
3091:The victory and
3049:Pacific Squadron
3030:
2983:Texas Revolution
2981:during the 1836
2935:
2928:
2921:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2877:Mexican drug war
2862:Chiapas conflict
2825:
2700:Texas Revolution
2638:
2628:
2610:
2609:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2521:
2520:
2164:Manifest destiny
2154:Historic regions
2136:
2135:
2076:Native Americans
2048:Iranian American
2022:Mexican American
2008:Serbian American
1993:Italian American
1978:Finnish American
1968:English American
1919:Chinese American
1906:African American
1706:Direct democracy
1696:The Constitution
1655:Higher education
1564:American Century
1466:Civil Rights Era
1444:Civil Rights Era
1400:Great Depression
1389:Roaring Twenties
1257:Jeffersonian Era
1167:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1089:Nogales Uprising
1084:Garza Revolution
1060:
1047:Cortina Troubles
1022:
1018:
1008:
1001:
994:
985:
984:
805:Sacramento River
778:Red River Canyon
706:Dominguez Rancho
645:
633:
626:
619:
610:
609:
549:
548:
539:
538:
514:
513:
502:
501:
492:
484:Gabriel Valencia
482:
481:
470:
469:
458:
457:
446:
445:
434:
433:
424:Pedro de Ampudia
422:
421:
410:
409:
398:
397:
386:
385:
372:
371:
354:
353:
342:
341:
330:
329:
320:William L. Marcy
318:
317:
306:
305:
294:
293:
282:
281:
270:
269:
260:George M. Dallas
258:
257:
244:
243:
225:
221:
219:
218:
207:
205:
204:
122:American victory
85:
83:
79:
68:
67:
33:
21:
20:
21383:
21382:
21378:
21377:
21376:
21374:
21373:
21372:
21203:1840s conflicts
21188:
21187:
21186:
21181:
21145:
21110:
21084:
21055:Thornton Affair
21016:
21007:
20963:Specie Circular
20946:
20934:
20922:
20911:
20900:
20889:
20881:
20876:
20846:
20841:
20815:
20792:
20759:
20741:
20693:
20640:
20580:
20572:
20499:
20471:
20418:
20360:
20328:
20285:
20267:
20250:Idaho Territory
20244:
20196:
20143:
20110:
20062:
20009:
19960:
19855:Native American
19828:
19779:Arizona Rangers
19767:
19722:
19714:
19633:
19614:Frisco shootout
19590:
19552:
19498:Dead man's hand
19484:
19397:
19391:
19387:Wild West shows
19295:Cattle rustling
19252:
19238:Sedona Schnebly
19223:Sylvester Mowry
19146:
19137:Philip Sheridan
19087:James C. Cooney
19059:
19053:
18945:Dalton Brothers
18903:
18814:Charlie Bassett
18797:
18718:John C. Frémont
18672:
18666:
18632:Snapping Turtle
18496:
18447:Southern Paiute
18412:Pend d'Oreilles
18397:Northern Paiute
18223:
18216:
18211:
18181:
18176:
18163:
18156:
18149:
18132:
18118:Opioid epidemic
18035:Native American
18015:intersex rights
17966:
17962:Life expectancy
17952:Medical deserts
17942:Race and health
17839:
17825:Personal income
17771:
17675:National anthem
17508:personal income
17473:Economic issues
17407:
17359:
17207:
17107:
17096:School district
17082:
17065:Minor divisions
17059:
16998:
16956:
16895:
16881:Statutory codes
16862:
16825:
16802:
16712:
16707:
16694:
16629:
16586:civil liberties
16567:
16558:Other tribunals
16537:District courts
16489:
16448:current members
16431:current members
16412:
16346:Law enforcement
16244:
15957:
15906:
15897:Great Recession
15768:Progressive Era
15758:Native genocide
15689:Perpetual Union
15677:Treaty of Paris
15635:United Colonies
15593:
15518:
15512:
15482:
15477:
15396:
15255:Boxer Rebellion
15158:
15039:Bleeding Kansas
14997:
14990:
14987:
14957:
14952:
14939:
14932:
14925:
14912:
14805:
14781:Public holidays
14754:Nationality law
14749:Life expectancy
14687:
14641:
14536:
14500:Law enforcement
14414:
14405:Water resources
14280:
14256:Mexican miracle
14110:
14101:
14071:
14066:
14048:
14014:
13926:
13850:and occupations
13849:
13843:
13808:
13777:Platt Amendment
13771:Monroe Doctrine
13759:
13754:
13718:wrote the song
13696:Wayback Machine
13678:The Mexican War
13661:Wayback Machine
13650:
13596:
13566:
13561:
13556:
13541:
13539:
13534:
13525:
13523:
13518:
13509:
13507:
13502:
13493:
13491:
13486:
13477:
13475:
13466:
13399:
13398:
13394:
13371:. 2 vols. 1982.
13318:
13266:
13264:Primary sources
13261:
13202:
13197:
13066:10.2307/1834723
12954:10.2307/3638563
12915:10.2307/3637470
12852:Brack, Gene M.
12841:
12836:
12789:10.2307/1836568
12618:
12598:Bauer K. Jack.
12594:
12589:
12553:Meed, Douglas.
12491:
12471:
12454:
12438:
12436:Reference works
12433:
12428:
12419:
12415:
12410:
12406:
12397:
12393:
12384:
12380:
12372:
12368:
12359:
12355:
12348:
12326:
12322:
12277:
12273:
12263:
12261:
12248:
12247:
12243:
12233:
12231:
12224:
12208:
12201:
12191:
12189:
12182:LewRockwell.com
12176:
12175:
12168:
12160:
12156:
12151:
12147:
12138:
12134:
12121:
12117:
12107:
12105:
12098:
12082:
12078:
12068:
12066:
12059:
12043:
12039:
12029:
12027:
12020:
12004:
12000:
11991:
11987:
11980:
11960:
11956:
11947:
11943:
11936:
11922:
11918:
11904:
11902:
11886:
11882:
11872:
11870:
11861:
11860:
11856:
11847:
11843:
11834:
11830:
11818:
11814:
11805:
11801:
11795:Wayback Machine
11786:
11782:
11773:
11769:
11759:
11757:
11750:
11734:
11730:
11723:
11715:. p. 110.
11709:
11705:
11700:
11696:
11677:
11673:
11663:
11661:
11652:
11651:
11647:
11637:
11635:
11626:
11625:
11621:
11616:
11612:
11599:
11598:
11594:
11588:Wayback Machine
11576:
11572:
11562:
11560:
11553:
11537:
11533:
11527:
11514:
11513:
11509:
11493:
11492:
11485:
11483:
11476:
11472:
11462:
11460:
11451:
11450:
11446:
11436:
11434:
11425:
11424:
11420:
11410:
11408:
11401:
11385:
11381:
11376:
11372:
11362:
11360:
11347:
11346:
11342:
11332:
11330:
11317:
11316:
11309:
11299:
11297:
11282:
11278:
11268:
11266:
11246:
11242:
11220:
11216:
11208:
11204:
11193:
11192:
11188:
11183:
11179:
11172:
11152:
11148:
11143:
11139:
11129:
11127:
11110:
11106:
11097:
11093:
11083:
11081:
11064:
11060:
11051:
11047:
11038:
11034:
11025:
11021:
11012:
11008:
11003:
10999:
10989:
10987:
10972:
10968:
10961:
10943:
10939:
10928:
10921:
10911:
10909:
10903:(1988), p. 193"
10895:
10891:
10884:
10862:
10858:
10848:
10846:
10837:
10836:
10832:
10823:
10821:
10808:
10804:
10799:
10795:
10786:
10782:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10757:
10744:
10743:
10739:
10732:
10712:
10708:
10702:Wayback Machine
10691:
10684:
10675:
10671:
10664:
10642:
10638:
10629:
10625:
10616:
10612:
10602:
10600:
10587:
10586:
10582:
10573:
10569:
10559:
10557:
10548:
10547:
10543:
10533:
10531:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10508:
10504:
10495:
10491:
10483:K. Jack Bauer,
10482:
10478:
10469:
10465:
10454:
10450:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10415:
10411:
10401:
10399:
10384:
10380:
10370:
10368:
10355:
10354:
10350:
10340:
10338:
10331:library.uta.edu
10325:
10324:
10317:
10310:
10296:
10292:
10287:
10283:
10274:
10270:
10262:Foote, Shelby.
10261:
10257:
10250:
10236:
10232:
10227:
10223:
10213:
10211:
10210:on July 7, 2011
10204:"Urban Warfare"
10202:
10201:
10194:
10186:
10177:
10169:
10165:
10157:
10153:
10145:
10141:
10133:
10129:
10124:
10120:
10112:
10108:
10100:
10096:
10091:
10087:
10079:
10075:
10067:
10063:
10055:
10051:
10043:
10039:
10031:
10027:
10019:
10015:
10007:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9983:
9979:
9971:
9967:
9959:
9955:
9947:
9943:
9935:
9931:
9923:
9919:
9911:
9907:
9899:
9895:
9887:
9883:
9875:
9871:
9863:
9856:
9848:
9844:
9836:
9832:
9824:
9820:
9812:
9808:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9776:
9772:
9764:
9760:
9752:
9748:
9740:
9736:
9728:
9724:
9716:
9712:
9704:
9700:
9692:
9688:
9680:
9676:
9668:
9664:
9656:
9652:
9645:
9623:
9619:
9613:Wayback Machine
9601:
9597:
9588:
9584:
9569:
9565:
9558:
9544:
9540:
9529:
9527:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9506:
9492:
9485:
9475:
9473:
9460:
9459:
9452:
9443:
9439:
9428:
9424:
9418:Artes de México
9415:
9411:
9396:
9392:
9383:
9379:
9370:
9366:
9353:
9349:
9310:
9306:
9296:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9280:
9270:
9268:
9253:
9249:
9233:
9229:
9213:
9209:
9200:
9196:
9187:
9183:
9175:
9171:
9162:
9158:
9149:
9145:
9136:
9132:
9122:Wayback Machine
9112:
9108:
9103:
9099:
9094:
9090:
9081:
9077:
9068:
9064:
9057:
9039:
9035:
9025:
9023:
9012:
9011:
9007:
8998:
8994:
8985:
8981:
8976:
8969:
8955:
8953:
8944:
8943:
8939:
8930:
8926:
8908:
8906:
8904:
8885:
8881:
8876:
8872:
8857:
8841:
8837:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8815:
8810:
8806:
8801:
8790:
8775:
8759:
8755:
8740:
8724:
8720:
8705:
8689:
8685:
8670:
8654:
8650:
8640:
8638:
8623:
8607:
8603:
8593:
8591:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8546:
8544:
8529:
8513:
8509:
8499:
8497:
8482:
8466:
8462:
8452:
8450:
8435:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8388:
8372:
8368:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8341:
8330:
8329:
8325:
8316:
8312:
8296:
8292:
8283:
8279:
8270:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8226:
8222:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8188:
8186:
8174:
8173:
8169:
8160:
8156:
8150:The Mexican War
8147:
8143:
8134:
8130:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8077:
8073:
8063:
8061:
8042:
8038:
8028:
8026:
8007:
8000:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7966:
7962:
7953:
7949:
7940:
7936:
7927:
7923:
7913:
7911:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7888:
7881:
7872:
7868:
7859:
7855:
7846:
7842:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7809:
7802:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7776:
7771:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7750:. p. 675.
7740:
7729:
7720:
7716:
7707:
7703:
7694:
7690:
7685:
7678:
7662:Stone, Irving.
7661:
7654:
7645:
7638:
7622:Stone, Irving.
7621:
7614:
7608:Kearny's March,
7605:
7601:
7592:
7583:
7542:
7538:
7530:
7526:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7489:
7485:
7454:10.2307/1007289
7434:
7430:
7420:Wayback Machine
7410:
7406:
7399:
7383:
7379:
7370:
7366:
7339:10.2307/2510435
7323:
7319:
7310:
7306:
7297:
7293:
7284:
7280:
7272:
7268:
7245:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7219:
7203:
7196:
7186:
7184:
7177:
7161:
7154:
7143:
7136:
7113:10.2307/3633243
7097:
7090:
7085:
7078:
7071:
7057:
7053:
7046:
7024:
7020:
7009:
7005:
6998:
6984:
6980:
6961:
6945:
6941:
6931:
6929:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6909:Clodfelter 2017
6907:
6892:
6879:
6877:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6849:
6848:
6820:
6816:
6810:U.S.–Mexico War
6803:
6799:
6794:
6741:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6658:
6602:
6565:
6529:Ignacio Ramírez
6513:
6473:
6463:
6446:
6417:
6315:
6279:
6268:Emily Dickinson
6265:
6241:
6212:
6211:
6190:
6182:
6181:
6130:
6122:
6121:
6100:Bleeding Kansas
6066:
6058:
6057:
5938:
5930:
5929:
5915:
5903:
5897:
5880:or forced into
5823:Mexican Cession
5815:
5810:
5786:Luis de la Rosa
5782:Nathan Clifford
5765:Mexican Cession
5738:, and parts of
5711:plenipotentiary
5695:
5674:John C. Calhoun
5669:
5663:
5645:
5626:Catholic Church
5563:
5525:
5493:Puente Nacional
5454:National Palace
5442:
5426:Siege of Puebla
5418:
5372:
5355:
5332:
5330:Pause at Puebla
5294:
5288:
5239:
5233:
5228:
5192:
5190:Southern Mexico
5115:
5099:Jefferson Davis
5086:
5010:
5005:
4997:Main articles:
4995:
4983:Henry S. Burton
4925:
4919:
4887:San Luis Obispo
4718:, stationed in
4693:
4687:
4644:Ceran St. Vrain
4537:Diego Archuleta
4494:
4489:
4483:
4416:
4395:
4347:introduced the
4321:Joshua Giddings
4258:Abraham Lincoln
4251:
4246:
4233:
4203:Abraham Lincoln
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4153:
4132:
4111:horse artillery
4102:
4089:
4081:Thornton Affair
4065:
4063:Thornton Affair
4060:
4054:
4045:Sarah A. Bowman
4038:
4033:
4013:
4002:
3997:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3931:
3914:
3870:
3864:
3851:
3803:Mariano Paredes
3774:
3733:Napoleonic Wars
3678:
3673:
3668:
3651:
3612:John C. Frémont
3589:
3564:
3559:
3538:signed a treaty
3487:, brought over
3460:
3448:Main articles:
3446:
3414:
3387:Lord Palmerston
3365:U.S. President
3340:
3305:Alta California
3271:
3257:
3247:
3199:
3193:
3129:
3124:
3045:Alta California
3028:
2939:
2903:
2901:
2887:
2886:
2835:Mexican miracle
2823:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2655:
2647:
2626:
2619:
2604:
2532:
2531:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2030:Jewish American
2003:Polish American
1983:German American
1939:Korean American
1929:Indian American
1900:
1892:
1891:
1746:Merchant Marine
1716:Law enforcement
1584:Racial violence
1558:
1550:
1549:
1356:Progressive Era
1164:
1160:
1141:
1139:History of the
1125:
1120:
1079:Crawford affair
1054:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1012:
982:
977:
721:Rio San Gabriel
662:Thornton Affair
646:
642:
639:
637:
598:
585:
579:
563:
543:
533:
523:
521:
508:
496:
488:
476:
464:
452:
448:José de Herrera
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
388:Mariano Paredes
380:
366:
360:
348:
336:
324:
312:
300:
288:
276:
272:George Bancroft
264:
252:
238:
216:
214:
202:
200:
168:, and parts of
151:Mexican Cession
145:
125:
111:
86:
81:
77:
75:
51:, U.S. victory
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
21381:
21371:
21370:
21365:
21360:
21355:
21350:
21345:
21340:
21335:
21330:
21325:
21320:
21315:
21310:
21305:
21300:
21295:
21290:
21285:
21280:
21275:
21270:
21265:
21260:
21255:
21250:
21245:
21243:1848 in Mexico
21240:
21235:
21230:
21228:1847 in Mexico
21225:
21220:
21215:
21213:1846 in Mexico
21210:
21205:
21200:
21183:
21182:
21180:
21179:
21166:
21165:
21158:
21150:
21147:
21146:
21144:
21143:
21137:
21131:
21125:
21118:
21116:
21112:
21111:
21109:
21108:
21103:
21098:
21092:
21090:
21086:
21085:
21083:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21026:
21024:
21018:
21017:
21010:
21008:
21006:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20954:
20952:
20948:
20947:
20945:
20944:
20932:
20920:
20909:
20898:
20886:
20883:
20882:
20875:
20874:
20867:
20860:
20852:
20843:
20842:
20840:
20839:
20828:
20825:
20824:
20821:
20820:
20817:
20816:
20814:
20813:
20808:
20802:
20800:
20794:
20793:
20791:
20790:
20785:
20780:
20775:
20769:
20767:
20761:
20760:
20758:
20757:
20755:Salt Lake City
20751:
20749:
20747:Utah Territory
20743:
20742:
20740:
20739:
20734:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20709:
20703:
20701:
20695:
20694:
20692:
20691:
20686:
20681:
20676:
20671:
20666:
20661:
20656:
20650:
20648:
20642:
20641:
20639:
20638:
20633:
20628:
20623:
20618:
20613:
20608:
20603:
20598:
20593:
20587:
20585:
20574:
20573:
20571:
20570:
20565:
20560:
20555:
20550:
20545:
20540:
20535:
20530:
20525:
20520:
20515:
20509:
20507:
20501:
20500:
20498:
20497:
20492:
20487:
20481:
20479:
20473:
20472:
20470:
20469:
20464:
20459:
20454:
20449:
20444:
20439:
20434:
20428:
20426:
20420:
20419:
20417:
20416:
20411:
20406:
20401:
20396:
20391:
20386:
20381:
20376:
20370:
20368:
20362:
20361:
20359:
20358:
20355:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20338:
20336:
20330:
20329:
20327:
20326:
20321:
20316:
20311:
20306:
20301:
20295:
20293:
20287:
20286:
20284:
20283:
20277:
20275:
20269:
20268:
20266:
20265:
20260:
20254:
20252:
20246:
20245:
20243:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20225:Prospect Bluff
20222:
20217:
20212:
20206:
20204:
20198:
20197:
20195:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20153:
20151:
20145:
20144:
20142:
20141:
20136:
20131:
20126:
20120:
20118:
20112:
20111:
20109:
20108:
20103:
20098:
20093:
20088:
20083:
20078:
20072:
20070:
20064:
20063:
20061:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20045:
20040:
20035:
20030:
20025:
20019:
20017:
20011:
20010:
20008:
20007:
20002:
19997:
19992:
19987:
19981:
19979:
19970:
19962:
19961:
19959:
19958:
19957:
19956:
19951:
19946:
19941:
19931:
19930:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19887:Gothic Western
19884:
19883:
19882:
19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19836:
19834:
19830:
19829:
19827:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19806:
19801:
19796:
19791:
19786:
19781:
19775:
19773:
19769:
19768:
19766:
19765:
19760:
19755:
19750:
19745:
19740:
19735:
19729:
19727:
19716:
19715:
19713:
19712:
19707:
19702:
19697:
19692:
19687:
19682:
19677:
19672:
19667:
19662:
19657:
19652:
19647:
19641:
19639:
19635:
19634:
19632:
19631:
19626:
19621:
19616:
19611:
19606:
19600:
19598:
19592:
19591:
19589:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19568:
19562:
19560:
19554:
19553:
19551:
19550:
19545:
19540:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19520:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19500:
19494:
19492:
19486:
19485:
19483:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19467:
19465:Santa Fe Trail
19462:
19457:
19452:
19447:
19442:
19437:
19432:
19427:
19425:Chisholm Trail
19422:
19417:
19412:
19407:
19401:
19399:
19393:
19392:
19390:
19389:
19384:
19379:
19378:
19377:
19370:Western saloon
19367:
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19337:
19332:
19327:
19322:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19292:
19287:
19282:
19277:
19272:
19270:American bison
19266:
19264:
19258:
19257:
19254:
19253:
19251:
19250:
19245:
19240:
19235:
19230:
19228:Emperor Norton
19225:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19200:
19198:Andrew Jackson
19195:
19190:
19185:
19180:
19175:
19170:
19165:
19160:
19154:
19152:
19148:
19147:
19145:
19144:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19114:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19094:
19089:
19084:
19079:
19074:
19069:
19063:
19061:
19055:
19054:
19052:
19051:
19029:
19024:
19019:
19014:
19009:
19004:
18999:
18994:
18989:
18984:
18979:
18974:
18969:
18964:
18942:
18937:
18932:
18927:
18922:
18917:
18911:
18909:
18905:
18904:
18902:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18886:
18881:
18876:
18871:
18866:
18861:
18856:
18851:
18846:
18841:
18836:
18831:
18826:
18821:
18816:
18811:
18805:
18803:
18799:
18798:
18796:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18775:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18758:Jedediah Smith
18755:
18750:
18745:
18740:
18735:
18730:
18725:
18720:
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18679:
18677:
18668:
18667:
18665:
18664:
18659:
18654:
18649:
18644:
18639:
18634:
18629:
18624:
18619:
18614:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18589:
18584:
18579:
18574:
18569:
18564:
18559:
18554:
18549:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18529:
18524:
18519:
18513:
18511:
18502:
18501:Notable people
18498:
18497:
18495:
18494:
18492:Yuma (Quechan)
18489:
18484:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18454:
18452:Tohono Oʼodham
18449:
18444:
18439:
18434:
18429:
18424:
18419:
18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18394:
18389:
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18324:
18319:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18299:
18294:
18289:
18284:
18279:
18274:
18269:
18264:
18259:
18254:
18249:
18244:
18239:
18233:
18231:
18229:Native Nations
18225:
18224:
18221:
18218:
18217:
18210:
18209:
18202:
18195:
18187:
18178:
18177:
18175:
18174:
18169:
18162:
18161:
18154:
18146:
18145:
18142:
18141:
18138:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18131:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18114:
18113:
18103:
18102:
18101:
18091:
18086:
18081:
18076:
18074:Mass shootings
18071:
18066:
18065:
18064:
18062:Climate change
18059:
18049:
18044:
18043:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18000:Discrimination
17997:
17992:
17991:
17990:
17980:
17974:
17972:
17968:
17967:
17965:
17964:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17944:
17939:
17934:
17929:
17924:
17919:
17914:
17913:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17892:
17891:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17865:
17855:
17849:
17847:
17841:
17840:
17838:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17790:American Dream
17787:
17781:
17779:
17773:
17772:
17770:
17769:
17764:
17759:
17757:Transportation
17754:
17749:
17744:
17739:
17734:
17729:
17724:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17703:
17702:
17697:
17692:
17690:Mount Rushmore
17687:
17677:
17672:
17667:
17662:
17661:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17630:
17625:
17624:
17623:
17618:
17613:
17603:
17598:
17593:
17588:
17587:
17586:
17576:
17571:
17570:
17569:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17548:
17547:
17542:
17532:
17531:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17445:
17440:
17434:
17432:
17419:
17413:
17412:
17409:
17408:
17406:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17369:
17367:
17361:
17360:
17358:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17342:
17337:
17332:
17327:
17322:
17317:
17312:
17310:Federal budget
17307:
17302:
17297:
17296:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17260:
17255:
17250:
17248:Communications
17245:
17240:
17229:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17213:
17212:
17209:
17208:
17206:
17205:
17200:
17199:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17178:
17177:
17176:
17171:
17169:exceptionalism
17166:
17156:
17151:
17150:
17149:
17147:foreign policy
17139:
17138:
17137:
17132:
17122:
17116:
17113:
17112:
17109:
17108:
17106:
17105:
17104:
17103:
17092:
17090:
17084:
17083:
17081:
17080:
17075:
17069:
17067:
17061:
17060:
17058:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17006:
17004:
17000:
16999:
16997:
16996:
16991:
16986:
16981:
16975:
16973:
16964:
16958:
16957:
16955:
16954:
16949:
16948:
16947:
16937:
16936:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16915:
16909:
16907:
16901:
16900:
16897:
16896:
16894:
16893:
16888:
16883:
16878:
16872:
16870:
16864:
16863:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16858:
16848:
16847:
16846:
16844:Chief justices
16839:Supreme courts
16835:
16833:
16827:
16826:
16824:
16823:
16818:
16812:
16810:
16804:
16803:
16801:
16800:
16799:
16798:
16788:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16763:
16758:
16753:
16752:
16751:
16741:
16740:
16739:
16728:
16726:
16717:
16700:
16699:
16696:
16695:
16693:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16681:
16680:
16678:National Guard
16675:
16670:
16665:
16660:
16655:
16650:
16639:
16637:
16631:
16630:
16628:
16627:
16622:
16621:
16620:
16615:
16610:
16605:
16595:
16590:
16589:
16588:
16581:Bill of Rights
16577:
16575:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16554:
16553:
16551:list of judges
16548:
16546:list of courts
16534:
16533:
16532:
16530:list of judges
16522:
16521:
16520:
16515:
16510:
16499:
16497:
16491:
16490:
16488:
16487:
16482:
16477:
16472:
16467:
16465:Capitol Police
16462:
16461:
16460:
16455:
16450:
16440:
16439:
16438:
16433:
16422:
16420:
16414:
16413:
16411:
16410:
16405:
16400:
16395:
16394:
16393:
16388:
16386:Secret Service
16383:
16378:
16373:
16368:
16363:
16358:
16353:
16343:
16342:
16341:
16336:
16331:
16326:
16316:
16311:
16306:
16301:
16299:Vice President
16296:
16295:
16294:
16289:
16278:
16276:
16269:
16256:
16250:
16249:
16246:
16245:
16243:
16242:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16226:
16225:
16220:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16179:
16178:
16177:
16172:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16152:
16147:
16142:
16137:
16132:
16127:
16122:
16117:
16112:
16107:
16102:
16097:
16087:
16086:
16085:
16083:National Parks
16075:
16074:
16073:
16068:
16063:
16058:
16053:
16043:
16038:
16036:Extreme points
16033:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15975:
15969:
15963:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15955:
15950:
15945:
15940:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15920:
15914:
15912:
15908:
15907:
15905:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15893:
15892:
15887:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15852:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15831:
15830:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15794:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15750:
15745:
15740:
15735:
15730:
15725:
15723:Federalist Era
15720:
15719:
15718:
15716:Bill of Rights
15713:
15703:
15698:
15697:
15696:
15691:
15681:
15680:
15679:
15674:
15664:
15659:
15657:Lee Resolution
15654:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15642:
15637:
15632:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15607:
15601:
15599:
15595:
15594:
15592:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15535:
15533:
15526:
15520:
15519:
15517: articles
15511:
15510:
15503:
15496:
15488:
15479:
15478:
15476:
15475:
15470:
15465:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15448:Peace movement
15445:
15440:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15410:
15404:
15402:
15398:
15397:
15395:
15394:
15389:
15388:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15332:
15327:
15322:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15267:
15262:
15257:
15252:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15227:
15222:
15217:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15166:
15164:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15141:
15136:
15131:
15126:
15121:
15116:
15111:
15106:
15101:
15099:Pullman Strike
15096:
15091:
15089:Coal Creek War
15086:
15081:
15076:
15071:
15066:
15061:
15056:
15051:
15046:
15041:
15036:
15034:Dorr Rebellion
15031:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15005:
15003:
14999:
14998:
14995:
14992:
14991:
14986:
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14711:
14705:
14699:
14693:
14692:
14689:
14688:
14686:
14685:
14683:Water scarcity
14680:
14678:Transportation
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14637:
14635:Pension system
14632:
14627:
14622:
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14607:
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14597:
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14387:
14382:
14377:
14376:
14375:
14373:Municipalities
14365:
14360:
14355:
14350:
14345:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14328:Extreme points
14325:
14320:
14315:
14312:Climate change
14305:
14300:
14294:
14288:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14278:
14273:
14268:
14263:
14258:
14253:
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14100:
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14092:
14085:
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14068:
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14059:
14053:
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14049:
14047:
14046:
14040:
14034:
14028:
14022:
14020:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14012:
14007:
14002:
13997:
13991:
13986:
13981:
13976:
13973:Project FUBELT
13970:
13964:
13959:
13953:
13947:
13942:
13936:
13934:
13932:Covert actions
13928:
13927:
13925:
13924:
13918:
13912:
13906:
13900:
13894:
13888:
13882:
13876:
13866:
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13774:
13767:
13765:
13761:
13760:
13753:
13752:
13745:
13738:
13730:
13724:
13723:
13716:John H. Hewitt
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13686:
13681:
13674:
13669:
13663:
13649:
13646:
13645:
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13607:
13602:
13595:
13592:
13591:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13572:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13559:External links
13557:
13555:
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13532:
13516:
13500:
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13457:
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13441:
13428:
13419:
13412:
13392:
13379:
13372:
13365:
13358:
13348:
13341:
13330:
13317:978-0813117034
13316:
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13289:
13282:
13275:
13267:
13265:
13262:
13260:
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13114:
13103:
13096:
13060:(2): 309–324.
13047:
13040:
13033:
13024:
13009:
12995:
12988:
12987:(2007), survey
12981:
12974:
12948:(3): 405–426.
12935:
12909:(3): 325–342.
12896:
12889:
12874:
12866:Fowler, Will.
12864:
12859:Fowler, Will.
12857:
12850:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12834:
12827:
12816:
12809:
12783:(2): 287–302.
12770:
12759:
12752:
12747:Lewis, Lloyd.
12745:
12738:
12731:
12724:
12717:
12708:
12701:
12694:
12689:Fowler, Will.
12687:
12680:
12665:
12658:
12643:
12638:DeLay, Brian.
12636:
12629:
12622:
12617:978-0786474707
12616:
12603:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12587:
12576:
12571:(2 vol 1919),
12565:
12558:
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12505:
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12489:
12472:
12470:
12467:
12466:
12465:
12458:
12452:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12426:
12424:, pp. 123–124.
12413:
12404:
12391:
12378:
12374:Alcaraz (1850)
12366:
12353:
12347:978-0813191911
12346:
12320:
12291:(3): 374–383.
12271:
12241:
12222:
12199:
12166:
12154:
12145:
12132:
12115:
12097:978-0300078350
12096:
12076:
12058:978-0300078350
12057:
12037:
12018:
11998:
11985:
11979:978-1932714289
11978:
11954:
11941:
11934:
11916:
11880:
11854:
11841:
11828:
11812:
11806:Christiansen,
11799:
11780:
11767:
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11721:
11703:
11694:
11671:
11645:
11619:
11610:
11592:
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11340:
11307:
11276:
11240:
11214:
11212:, p. 649.
11202:
11186:
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11170:
11146:
11137:
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11091:
11058:
11045:
11032:
11028:The Dead March
11019:
11006:
10997:
10966:
10959:
10937:
10919:
10899:"see Coffman,
10889:
10882:
10856:
10830:
10802:
10793:
10791:, pp. 294–298.
10789:The Dead March
10780:
10776:The Dead March
10767:
10737:
10730:
10706:
10682:
10678:The Dead March
10669:
10662:
10636:
10632:The Dead March
10623:
10619:The Dead March
10610:
10595:(in Spanish).
10580:
10567:
10541:
10511:
10502:
10489:
10476:
10463:
10448:
10429:
10409:
10392:www.arcgis.com
10378:
10348:
10315:
10308:
10290:
10281:
10275:Christiansen,
10268:
10255:
10248:
10230:
10221:
10192:
10190:, p. 246.
10175:
10173:, p. 242.
10163:
10151:
10149:, p. 239.
10139:
10137:, p. 238.
10127:
10118:
10116:, p. 237.
10106:
10104:, p. 233.
10094:
10085:
10083:, p. 235.
10073:
10071:, p. 234.
10061:
10059:, p. 224.
10049:
10047:, p. 221.
10037:
10025:
10023:, p. 204.
10013:
10011:, p. 209.
10001:
9999:, p. 203.
9989:
9987:, p. 201.
9977:
9975:, p. 200.
9965:
9963:, p. 199.
9953:
9951:, p. 198.
9941:
9939:, p. 197.
9929:
9927:, p. 196.
9917:
9915:, p. 159.
9905:
9903:, p. 158.
9893:
9891:, p. 157.
9881:
9879:, p. 156.
9869:
9867:, p. 154.
9854:
9852:, p. 149.
9842:
9840:, p. 148.
9830:
9818:
9816:, p. 142.
9806:
9794:
9792:, p. 140.
9782:
9780:, p. 138.
9770:
9768:, p. 134.
9758:
9756:, p. 139.
9746:
9744:, p. 129.
9734:
9722:
9720:, p. 110.
9710:
9708:, p. 101.
9698:
9696:, p. 107.
9686:
9684:, p. 103.
9674:
9662:
9650:
9643:
9617:
9595:
9582:
9563:
9556:
9538:
9511:
9504:
9483:
9450:
9444:Christiansen,
9437:
9422:
9409:
9390:
9377:
9364:
9347:
9324:(2): 262–349.
9304:
9278:
9247:
9227:
9207:
9205:. 2005 130–131
9194:
9181:
9169:
9156:
9152:The Dead March
9143:
9130:
9106:
9097:
9088:
9075:
9062:
9055:
9033:
9005:
8992:
8988:The Dead March
8979:
8967:
8937:
8924:
8902:
8879:
8870:
8855:
8835:
8822:
8813:
8804:
8788:
8783:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8774:978-0813939902
8773:
8753:
8748:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8739:978-0813939902
8738:
8718:
8713:j.ctt1qv5pjr.9
8704:978-0813939902
8703:
8683:
8678:j.ctt1qv5pjr.5
8669:978-0813939902
8668:
8648:
8631:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8622:978-0813939902
8621:
8601:
8584:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8575:978-0813939902
8574:
8554:
8537:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8528:978-0813939902
8527:
8507:
8490:j.ctt1qv5pjr.8
8481:978-0813939902
8480:
8460:
8443:j.ctt1qv5pjr.6
8434:978-0813939902
8433:
8413:
8396:j.ctt1qv5pjr.6
8387:978-0813939902
8386:
8366:
8351:
8323:
8310:
8290:
8277:
8275:, pp. 209–210.
8273:The Dead March
8264:
8255:
8220:
8205:
8196:
8167:
8154:
8141:
8135:Fowler, Will.
8128:
8124:The Dead March
8115:
8106:
8071:
8036:
7998:
7985:978-1841766676
7984:
7978:. Bloomsbury.
7960:
7947:
7934:
7921:
7906:(in Spanish).
7891:
7879:
7875:The Dead March
7866:
7853:
7851:(1991), p. 11.
7840:
7827:
7815:
7800:
7763:
7756:
7727:
7725:, pp. 176–177.
7714:
7701:
7688:
7676:
7652:
7636:
7612:
7599:
7581:
7554:(2): 136–148.
7536:
7524:
7512:
7483:
7448:(2): 167–194.
7428:
7404:
7397:
7377:
7364:
7317:
7313:The Dead March
7304:
7300:The Dead March
7291:
7278:
7274:Alcaraz (1850)
7266:
7236:
7217:
7194:
7175:
7152:
7134:
7088:
7076:
7069:
7051:
7044:
7018:
7003:
6996:
6978:
6959:
6939:
6913:
6911:, p. 249.
6890:
6855:
6853:
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6789:
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6459:
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6413:
6396:Winfield Scott
6392:Zachary Taylor
6314:
6311:
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6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5993:Wilmot Proviso
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5968:Tariff of 1828
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
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5927:
5922:
5916:
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5912:
5896:
5893:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5798:Robert Letcher
5746:, Kansas, and
5694:
5691:
5678:Caucasian race
5665:Main article:
5662:
5659:
5654:Nicholas Trist
5644:
5641:
5622:Mexican people
5562:
5559:
5524:
5521:
5441:
5438:
5417:
5414:
5385:Molino del Rey
5368:Main article:
5354:
5351:
5331:
5328:
5290:Main article:
5287:
5284:
5235:Main article:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5191:
5188:
5171:William Gilpin
5167:Chihuahua City
5163:El Paso, Texas
5114:
5111:
5085:
5082:
5066:Siege of Béxar
5009:
5006:
4994:
4991:
4921:Main article:
4918:
4915:
4870:under General
4864:Colorado River
4862:, crossed the
4860:Sonoran Desert
4759:William B. Ide
4689:Main article:
4686:
4683:
4660:ensuing battle
4569:Sterling Price
4493:
4490:
4482:
4479:
4415:
4412:
4394:
4391:
4349:Wilmot Proviso
4264:member of the
4250:
4247:
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4242:
4232:
4229:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4152:
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4101:
4098:
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4085:
4064:
4061:
4058:Texas Campaign
4056:Main article:
4053:
4052:Texas campaign
4050:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4021:Jane Swisshelm
3996:
3993:
3984:
3981:
3976:Main article:
3973:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3946:
3943:
3938:Main article:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3913:
3910:
3893:Winfield Scott
3866:Main article:
3863:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3773:
3770:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3650:
3647:
3624:Salinas Valley
3601:Oregon Country
3593:Zachary Taylor
3588:
3587:Polk's Actions
3585:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3445:
3442:
3413:
3410:
3396:Little England
3339:
3336:
3313:Santa Fe Trail
3246:
3243:
3223:Andrew Jackson
3195:Main article:
3192:
3189:
3145:Spanish Empire
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3098:Wilmot Proviso
3077:Nicholas Trist
3065:Winfield Scott
3055:blockaded the
2941:
2940:
2938:
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2930:
2923:
2915:
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2813:
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2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2792:Tampico Affair
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:The Porfiriato
2767:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2717:
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2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2688:First Republic
2686:
2685:
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2602:
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2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2553:
2552:
2550:Historiography
2547:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
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2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2195:The West Coast
2192:
2187:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:Indian removal
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2068:Saudi American
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Iraqi American
2050:
2045:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Irish American
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1913:Asian American
1909:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:Sexual slavery
1841:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:Postal service
1718:
1713:
1711:Foreign policy
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1666:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1290:Jacksonian Era
1285:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:Federalist Era
1241:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Las Cuevas War
1066:
1061:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
948:
947:Mosquito Fleet
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Punta Sombrero
913:
908:
902:
901:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:Molino del Rey
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
818:
817:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
791:
790:
786:
785:
780:
775:
773:Pueblo de Taos
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
733:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
687:
686:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
658:
657:
655:Texas Campaign
651:
648:
647:
641:Battles of the
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
605:
604:
600:
599:
597:
596:
595:10,000 missing
593:
592:20,000 wounded
590:
586:
580:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
564:
557:
556:
552:
551:
541:
530:
529:
525:
524:
519:
518:
506:
494:
474:
462:
460:Pedro de Anaya
450:
438:
426:
414:
412:Mariano Arista
402:
390:
378:
363:
361:
359:
358:
356:William B. Ide
346:
344:Zachary Taylor
334:
332:Winfield Scott
322:
310:
298:
286:
274:
262:
250:
235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
211:
197:
196:
192:
191:
188:
187:
186:
185:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
131:
124:
123:
119:
117:
113:
112:
95:
93:
89:
88:
72:
64:
63:
37:Winfield Scott
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21380:
21369:
21366:
21364:
21361:
21359:
21356:
21354:
21351:
21349:
21346:
21344:
21341:
21339:
21336:
21334:
21331:
21329:
21326:
21324:
21321:
21319:
21316:
21314:
21311:
21309:
21306:
21304:
21301:
21299:
21296:
21294:
21291:
21289:
21286:
21284:
21281:
21279:
21276:
21274:
21271:
21269:
21266:
21264:
21261:
21259:
21256:
21254:
21251:
21249:
21246:
21244:
21241:
21239:
21236:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21204:
21201:
21199:
21196:
21195:
21193:
21178:
21177:
21168:
21167:
21164:
21163:
21159:
21157:
21156:
21152:
21151:
21148:
21141:
21138:
21135:
21132:
21130:(grandfather)
21129:
21126:
21123:
21120:
21119:
21117:
21113:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21093:
21091:
21087:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21070:Walker tariff
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21040:Oregon Treaty
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21027:
21025:
21023:
21019:
21014:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20955:
20953:
20949:
20941:
20937:
20933:
20929:
20925:
20921:
20917:
20914:
20910:
20906:
20903:
20899:
20895:
20892:
20888:
20887:
20884:
20880:
20879:James K. Polk
20873:
20868:
20866:
20861:
20859:
20854:
20853:
20850:
20838:
20830:
20829:
20826:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20803:
20801:
20799:
20795:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20778:Port Townsend
20776:
20774:
20771:
20770:
20768:
20766:
20762:
20756:
20753:
20752:
20750:
20748:
20744:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20730:
20728:
20725:
20723:
20720:
20718:
20715:
20713:
20710:
20708:
20705:
20704:
20702:
20700:
20696:
20690:
20687:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20655:
20652:
20651:
20649:
20647:
20643:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20627:
20624:
20622:
20619:
20617:
20614:
20612:
20609:
20607:
20606:Oklahoma City
20604:
20602:
20599:
20597:
20594:
20592:
20589:
20588:
20586:
20584:
20579:
20575:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20510:
20508:
20506:
20502:
20496:
20493:
20491:
20490:Virginia City
20488:
20486:
20483:
20482:
20480:
20478:
20474:
20468:
20465:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20448:
20447:Nebraska City
20445:
20443:
20442:Fort Robinson
20440:
20438:
20437:Fort Atkinson
20435:
20433:
20430:
20429:
20427:
20425:
20421:
20415:
20414:Virginia City
20412:
20410:
20407:
20405:
20402:
20400:
20397:
20395:
20392:
20390:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20380:
20377:
20375:
20372:
20371:
20369:
20367:
20363:
20357:
20356:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20339:
20337:
20335:
20331:
20325:
20322:
20320:
20317:
20315:
20312:
20310:
20307:
20305:
20302:
20300:
20297:
20296:
20294:
20292:
20288:
20282:
20281:Fort Dearborn
20279:
20278:
20276:
20274:
20270:
20264:
20261:
20259:
20256:
20255:
20253:
20251:
20247:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20230:St. Augustine
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20207:
20205:
20203:
20199:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20187:Standing Rock
20185:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20154:
20152:
20150:
20146:
20140:
20137:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20121:
20119:
20117:
20113:
20107:
20106:San Francisco
20104:
20102:
20099:
20097:
20094:
20092:
20089:
20087:
20084:
20082:
20079:
20077:
20074:
20073:
20071:
20069:
20065:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20044:
20041:
20039:
20036:
20034:
20031:
20029:
20026:
20024:
20023:Canyon Diablo
20021:
20020:
20018:
20016:
20012:
20006:
20003:
20001:
19998:
19996:
19993:
19991:
19988:
19986:
19983:
19982:
19980:
19978:
19974:
19971:
19967:
19963:
19955:
19954:Snap fastener
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19936:
19935:
19932:
19928:
19927:Texas country
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19909:
19908:
19907:Western music
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19897:Western genre
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19846:
19843:
19842:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19831:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19774:
19770:
19764:
19761:
19759:
19756:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19746:
19744:
19741:
19739:
19736:
19734:
19731:
19730:
19728:
19726:
19721:
19717:
19711:
19708:
19706:
19703:
19701:
19700:Seminole Wars
19698:
19696:
19693:
19691:
19688:
19686:
19683:
19681:
19678:
19676:
19673:
19671:
19668:
19666:
19663:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19642:
19640:
19636:
19630:
19627:
19625:
19622:
19620:
19617:
19615:
19612:
19610:
19607:
19605:
19602:
19601:
19599:
19597:
19593:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19563:
19561:
19559:
19555:
19549:
19546:
19544:
19541:
19539:
19536:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19504:
19501:
19499:
19496:
19495:
19493:
19491:
19487:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19466:
19463:
19461:
19458:
19456:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19446:
19443:
19441:
19438:
19436:
19433:
19431:
19428:
19426:
19423:
19421:
19418:
19416:
19413:
19411:
19410:Bozeman Trail
19408:
19406:
19403:
19402:
19400:
19394:
19388:
19385:
19383:
19380:
19376:
19373:
19372:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19360:Train robbery
19358:
19356:
19353:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19331:
19328:
19326:
19323:
19321:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19290:Cowboy poetry
19288:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19276:
19273:
19271:
19268:
19267:
19265:
19263:
19259:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19174:
19173:George Flavel
19171:
19169:
19166:
19164:
19161:
19159:
19156:
19155:
19153:
19149:
19143:
19140:
19138:
19135:
19133:
19130:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19117:Calamity Jane
19115:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19093:
19090:
19088:
19085:
19083:
19080:
19078:
19075:
19073:
19070:
19068:
19065:
19064:
19062:
19056:
19049:
19045:
19041:
19037:
19033:
19030:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
19013:
19010:
19008:
19005:
19003:
19002:Frank McLaury
19000:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18973:
18970:
18968:
18965:
18962:
18958:
18954:
18950:
18946:
18943:
18941:
18938:
18936:
18935:Billy Clanton
18933:
18931:
18930:Butch Cassidy
18928:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18915:Billy the Kid
18913:
18912:
18910:
18906:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18890:
18887:
18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18860:
18859:Bat Masterson
18857:
18855:
18852:
18850:
18847:
18845:
18842:
18840:
18839:Henry Garfias
18837:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18817:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18806:
18804:
18800:
18794:
18793:Brigham Young
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18773:Ora Rush Weed
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18763:Jack Swilling
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18744:
18741:
18739:
18736:
18734:
18731:
18729:
18726:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18708:Davy Crockett
18706:
18704:
18703:William Clark
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18680:
18678:
18676:
18669:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18637:Standing Bear
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18602:Quanah Parker
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18580:
18578:
18575:
18573:
18570:
18568:
18565:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
18550:
18548:
18545:
18543:
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18530:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18514:
18512:
18510:
18506:
18503:
18499:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18328:
18325:
18323:
18320:
18318:
18315:
18313:
18310:
18308:
18305:
18303:
18300:
18298:
18295:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18278:
18275:
18273:
18270:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18234:
18232:
18230:
18226:
18219:
18215:
18208:
18203:
18201:
18196:
18194:
18189:
18188:
18185:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18164:
18159:
18155:
18152:
18148:
18147:
18143:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18112:
18109:
18108:
18107:
18104:
18100:
18097:
18096:
18095:
18092:
18090:
18087:
18085:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18063:
18060:
18058:
18055:
18054:
18053:
18050:
18048:
18047:Energy policy
18045:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18002:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17989:
17988:incarceration
17986:
17985:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17975:
17973:
17969:
17963:
17960:
17958:
17955:
17953:
17950:
17948:
17945:
17943:
17940:
17938:
17935:
17933:
17930:
17928:
17925:
17923:
17920:
17918:
17915:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17897:
17896:
17893:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17873:Prenatal care
17871:
17869:
17868:Birth control
17866:
17864:
17861:
17860:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17850:
17848:
17846:
17842:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17805:Homeownership
17803:
17801:
17798:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17786:
17783:
17782:
17780:
17778:
17774:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17758:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17743:
17740:
17738:
17735:
17733:
17730:
17728:
17725:
17723:
17720:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17701:
17698:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17686:
17683:
17682:
17681:
17678:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17635:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17608:
17607:
17604:
17602:
17599:
17597:
17594:
17592:
17589:
17585:
17582:
17581:
17580:
17577:
17575:
17572:
17568:
17565:
17564:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17546:
17543:
17541:
17538:
17537:
17536:
17533:
17529:
17528:working class
17526:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17488:homeownership
17486:
17484:
17481:
17479:
17476:
17475:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17435:
17433:
17431:
17427:
17423:
17420:
17418:
17414:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17370:
17368:
17366:
17362:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
17303:
17301:
17298:
17294:
17291:
17289:
17286:
17284:
17281:
17279:
17276:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17268:Manufacturing
17266:
17264:
17261:
17259:
17256:
17254:
17251:
17249:
17246:
17244:
17241:
17239:
17236:
17235:
17234:
17231:
17230:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17204:
17201:
17197:
17196:Third parties
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17183:
17182:
17179:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17161:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17148:
17145:
17144:
17143:
17140:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17127:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17117:
17114:
17102:
17099:
17098:
17097:
17094:
17093:
17091:
17089:
17085:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17070:
17068:
17066:
17062:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17007:
17005:
17001:
16995:
16992:
16990:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16976:
16974:
16972:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16959:
16953:
16950:
16946:
16943:
16942:
16941:
16938:
16934:
16931:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16920:
16919:
16916:
16914:
16911:
16910:
16908:
16906:
16902:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16869:
16865:
16857:
16854:
16853:
16852:
16849:
16845:
16842:
16841:
16840:
16837:
16836:
16834:
16832:
16828:
16822:
16819:
16817:
16814:
16813:
16811:
16809:
16805:
16797:
16794:
16793:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16750:
16747:
16746:
16745:
16742:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16733:
16730:
16729:
16727:
16725:
16721:
16718:
16716:
16710:
16705:
16701:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16664:
16661:
16659:
16656:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16645:
16644:
16641:
16640:
16638:
16636:
16632:
16626:
16623:
16619:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16609:
16606:
16604:
16601:
16600:
16599:
16596:
16594:
16591:
16587:
16584:
16583:
16582:
16579:
16578:
16576:
16574:
16570:
16564:
16563:U.S. attorney
16561:
16559:
16556:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16544:
16543:
16542:
16538:
16535:
16531:
16528:
16527:
16526:
16523:
16519:
16516:
16514:
16511:
16509:
16508:Chief Justice
16506:
16505:
16504:
16503:Supreme Court
16501:
16500:
16498:
16496:
16492:
16486:
16483:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16459:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16445:
16444:
16441:
16437:
16434:
16432:
16429:
16428:
16427:
16424:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16415:
16409:
16408:Public policy
16406:
16404:
16403:Civil service
16401:
16399:
16396:
16392:
16389:
16387:
16384:
16382:
16379:
16377:
16374:
16372:
16369:
16367:
16364:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16348:
16347:
16344:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16332:
16330:
16327:
16325:
16322:
16321:
16320:
16317:
16315:
16312:
16310:
16307:
16305:
16302:
16300:
16297:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16284:
16283:
16280:
16279:
16277:
16273:
16270:
16268:
16264:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16251:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16224:
16221:
16219:
16216:
16214:
16211:
16209:
16206:
16204:
16201:
16199:
16196:
16194:
16191:
16189:
16186:
16185:
16184:
16180:
16176:
16173:
16171:
16168:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16151:
16148:
16146:
16143:
16141:
16138:
16136:
16133:
16131:
16128:
16126:
16123:
16121:
16118:
16116:
16113:
16111:
16108:
16106:
16103:
16101:
16098:
16096:
16093:
16092:
16091:
16088:
16084:
16081:
16080:
16079:
16076:
16072:
16071:Sierra Nevada
16069:
16067:
16064:
16062:
16059:
16057:
16054:
16052:
16049:
16048:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16037:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16009:insular zones
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15981:
15980:
15977:
15976:
15973:
15970:
15968:
15964:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15939:
15936:
15934:
15931:
15929:
15926:
15924:
15921:
15919:
15916:
15915:
15913:
15909:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15882:
15881:
15880:War on Terror
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
15860:LGBT Movement
15858:
15856:
15853:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15829:
15826:
15825:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15792:
15789:
15787:
15784:
15782:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15766:
15764:
15761:
15759:
15756:
15754:
15751:
15749:
15746:
15744:
15741:
15739:
15736:
15734:
15731:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15708:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15686:
15685:
15682:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15669:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15612:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15602:
15600:
15596:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15536:
15534:
15530:
15527:
15525:
15521:
15516:
15515:United States
15509:
15504:
15502:
15497:
15495:
15490:
15489:
15486:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15468:War on terror
15466:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15441:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15405:
15403:
15399:
15393:
15390:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15266:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15256:
15253:
15251:
15248:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15226:
15223:
15221:
15218:
15216:
15213:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15167:
15165:
15161:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15110:
15107:
15105:
15102:
15100:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15090:
15087:
15085:
15082:
15080:
15077:
15075:
15072:
15070:
15067:
15065:
15062:
15060:
15057:
15055:
15052:
15050:
15047:
15045:
15042:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15030:
15027:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15000:
14993:
14984:
14979:
14977:
14972:
14970:
14965:
14964:
14961:
14949:
14946:
14944:
14941:
14940:
14935:
14931:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14919:
14909:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14892:
14889:
14888:
14887:
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14840:
14837:
14836:
14835:
14832:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14808:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14786:States by HDI
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14761:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14740:
14737:
14735:
14732:
14730:
14727:
14725:
14722:
14720:
14717:
14715:
14712:
14710:
14707:
14706:
14703:
14700:
14698:
14694:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14658:States by GDP
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14615:Manufacturing
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14589:
14586:
14585:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14543:
14533:
14532:Supreme Court
14530:
14528:
14525:
14521:
14518:
14517:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14480:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14452:
14449:
14447:
14444:
14443:
14442:
14439:
14437:
14434:
14433:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14421:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14393:
14391:
14388:
14386:
14383:
14381:
14378:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14319:
14316:
14313:
14309:
14306:
14304:
14301:
14299:
14296:
14295:
14292:
14289:
14287:
14283:
14277:
14274:
14272:
14269:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14167:
14164:
14162:
14159:
14157:
14154:
14152:
14149:
14145:
14142:
14141:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14127:
14125:
14122:
14121:
14119:
14117:
14113:
14109:
14105:
14098:
14093:
14091:
14086:
14084:
14079:
14078:
14075:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14054:
14051:
14044:
14041:
14038:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14023:
14021:
14017:
14011:
14008:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13974:
13971:
13968:
13965:
13963:
13960:
13957:
13954:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13937:
13935:
13933:
13929:
13922:
13919:
13916:
13913:
13910:
13907:
13904:
13901:
13898:
13895:
13892:
13889:
13886:
13883:
13880:
13877:
13874:
13870:
13867:
13864:
13861:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13848:Overt actions
13846:
13839:
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13827:
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13811:
13805:
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13104:
13101:
13098:Reilly, Tom.
13097:
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13063:
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12655:0-8061-4140-9
12652:
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12516:
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12478:
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12473:
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12423:
12420:Van Wagenen,
12417:
12408:
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12395:
12388:
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12375:
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12363:
12357:
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12343:
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12219:
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12206:
12204:
12187:
12183:
12179:
12173:
12171:
12163:
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12149:
12142:
12139:Van Wagenen,
12136:
12129:
12125:
12119:
12103:
12099:
12093:
12089:
12088:
12080:
12064:
12060:
12054:
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12049:
12041:
12025:
12021:
12019:9780306714610
12015:
12011:
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12002:
11995:
11992:Christensen,
11989:
11981:
11975:
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11966:
11958:
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11945:
11937:
11935:9780313384370
11931:
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11832:
11825:
11821:
11816:
11809:
11803:
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11792:
11789:
11784:
11777:
11774:Christensen,
11771:
11755:
11751:
11745:
11741:
11740:
11732:
11724:
11718:
11714:
11707:
11698:
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11159:
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11125:
11121:
11120:
11115:
11108:
11101:
11095:
11079:
11075:
11074:
11069:
11062:
11056:, pp. 414–415
11055:
11049:
11042:
11036:
11029:
11023:
11016:
11015:No Higher Law
11010:
11001:
10985:
10981:
10977:
10970:
10962:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10941:
10933:
10926:
10924:
10908:
10904:
10902:
10893:
10885:
10883:9780415968409
10879:
10875:
10870:
10869:
10860:
10844:
10840:
10834:
10819:
10815:
10814:
10806:
10797:
10790:
10784:
10778:, pp. 290–291
10777:
10771:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10741:
10733:
10731:9780313303517
10727:
10723:
10719:
10718:
10710:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10689:
10687:
10680:, pp. 201–202
10679:
10673:
10665:
10659:
10655:
10650:
10649:
10640:
10633:
10627:
10621:, pp. 193–194
10620:
10614:
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10590:
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10571:
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10459:
10452:
10436:
10432:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10413:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10386:Haynes, Sam.
10382:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10352:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10322:
10320:
10311:
10305:
10301:
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10265:
10259:
10251:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10225:
10209:
10205:
10199:
10197:
10189:
10188:Walker (1999)
10184:
10182:
10180:
10172:
10171:Walker (1999)
10167:
10160:
10159:Walker (1999)
10155:
10148:
10147:Walker (1999)
10143:
10136:
10135:Walker (1999)
10131:
10122:
10115:
10114:Walker (1999)
10110:
10103:
10102:Walker (1999)
10098:
10089:
10082:
10081:Walker (1999)
10077:
10070:
10069:Walker (1999)
10065:
10058:
10057:Walker (1999)
10053:
10046:
10045:Walker (1999)
10041:
10034:
10033:Walker (1999)
10029:
10022:
10021:Walker (1999)
10017:
10010:
10009:Walker (1999)
10005:
9998:
9997:Walker (1999)
9993:
9986:
9985:Walker (1999)
9981:
9974:
9973:Walker (1999)
9969:
9962:
9961:Walker (1999)
9957:
9950:
9949:Walker (1999)
9945:
9938:
9937:Walker (1999)
9933:
9926:
9925:Walker (1999)
9921:
9914:
9913:Walker (1999)
9909:
9902:
9901:Walker (1999)
9897:
9890:
9889:Walker (1999)
9885:
9878:
9877:Walker (1999)
9873:
9866:
9865:Walker (1999)
9861:
9859:
9851:
9850:Walker (1999)
9846:
9839:
9838:Walker (1999)
9834:
9827:
9826:Walker (1999)
9822:
9815:
9814:Walker (1999)
9810:
9804:, p. 98.
9803:
9802:Walker (1999)
9798:
9791:
9790:Walker (1999)
9786:
9779:
9778:Walker (1999)
9774:
9767:
9766:Walker (1999)
9762:
9755:
9754:Walker (1999)
9750:
9743:
9742:Walker (1999)
9738:
9731:
9730:Walker (1999)
9726:
9719:
9718:Walker (1999)
9714:
9707:
9706:Walker (1999)
9702:
9695:
9694:Walker (1999)
9690:
9683:
9682:Walker (1999)
9678:
9672:, p. 72.
9671:
9670:Walker (1999)
9666:
9659:
9658:Walker (1999)
9654:
9646:
9640:
9636:
9631:
9630:
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9079:
9072:
9066:
9058:
9056:970-07-3678-4
9052:
9048:
9044:
9037:
9021:
9018:. June 2004.
9017:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8996:
8989:
8983:
8974:
8972:
8964:
8951:
8947:
8941:
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8903:9781508654759
8899:
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8856:0-8032-6107-1
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7757:0-06-092643-0
7753:
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7711:
7705:
7698:
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7683:
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7673:
7672:1-884995-17-9
7669:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7649:
7643:
7641:
7633:
7632:0-425-10544-X
7629:
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7609:
7603:
7596:
7590:
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7557:
7553:
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7344:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7308:
7301:
7295:
7288:
7282:
7276:, p. 15.
7275:
7270:
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7258:
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7243:
7241:
7224:
7220:
7218:9781508654759
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7176:9780807118511
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6666:
6662:
6656:United States
6653:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6625:Porfirio Díaz
6621:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6594:
6593:San Patricios
6589:
6582:
6577:
6569:
6560:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6549:Albert Ramsey
6546:
6545:Ramón Alcaraz
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6485:anti-Catholic
6481:
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6441:
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6433:
6431:
6427:
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6397:
6393:
6388:
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6380:
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6367:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:Braxton Bragg
6352:
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6110:
6108:
6107:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5925:Panic of 1857
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5874:Afro-Mexicans
5871:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5849:based on the
5848:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5704:
5699:
5690:
5687:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:San Patricios
5629:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5578:San Patricios
5572:
5567:
5561:San Patricios
5558:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5513:Padre Jarauta
5509:
5507:
5506:Galaxara Pass
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5359:
5350:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5306:
5298:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5252:Robert E. Lee
5243:
5238:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5187:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5061:urban warfare
5053:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5004:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4935:Entering the
4929:
4924:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:Cahuenga Pass
4903:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4793:John D. Sloat
4789:
4787:
4786:San Francisco
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:Pablo Montoya
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4547:
4542:
4541:Manuel Chaves
4538:
4534:
4533:Manuel Armijo
4530:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4411:
4407:
4399:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4340:Robert Toombs
4337:
4336:Thomas Corwin
4334:Whig Senator
4332:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4241:
4239:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4157:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4097:
4094:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3979:
3969:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3941:
3929:Role of women
3926:
3923:
3919:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3807:Nicolás Bravo
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:Ulysses Grant
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:Texas Rangers
3747:
3746:Colt Paterson
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:(such as the
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3682:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3605:Oregon Treaty
3602:
3597:
3594:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3554:
3552:
3551:Abolitionists
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:Lord Aberdeen
3377:from Mexico.
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:, but became
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3119:
3116:
3115:Ramón Alcaraz
3110:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:James K. Polk
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:The New Spain
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:Pre-Columbian
2642:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:List of years
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2513:Urban history
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:Thai American
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:Party Systems
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Voting rights
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:Civil War Era
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:United States
1136:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
989:
986:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
888:
887:Galaxara Pass
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
814:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:Cienega Creek
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
656:
653:
652:
649:
644:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
611:
601:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:Total: 35,000
581:
575:
572:
570:4,152 wounded
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:Total: 18,130
559:
558:
553:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:
526:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:
504:José de Urrea
500:
495:
493:
491:
485:
480:
475:
473:
468:
463:
461:
456:
451:
449:
444:
439:
437:
436:Nicolás Bravo
432:
427:
425:
420:
415:
413:
408:
403:
401:
396:
391:
389:
384:
379:
377:
376:
370:
365:
364:
362:
357:
352:
347:
345:
340:
335:
333:
328:
323:
321:
316:
311:
309:
308:John Y. Mason
304:
299:
297:
292:
287:
285:
280:
275:
273:
268:
263:
261:
256:
251:
249:
248:
247:James K. Polk
242:
237:
236:
234:
233:
228:
224:
212:
210:
209:United States
199:
198:
193:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
153:
152:
148:
143:
142:
136:
132:
130:
127:
126:
121:
120:
118:
115:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
90:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
53:at Churubusco
50:
46:
42:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
21169:
21160:
21155:← John Tyler
21153:
21128:Ezekiel Polk
21089:Public image
21049:
20811:Fort Laramie
20806:Fort Bridger
20591:Broken Arrow
20342:Independence
19939:Cowboy boots
19934:Western wear
19814:Mountain men
19689:
19475:Tanner Trail
19460:Pony Express
19455:Oregon Trail
19450:Mormon Trail
19320:Homesteading
19285:Cattle drive
19248:Peter Lebeck
19233:Annie Oakley
19193:Doc Holliday
19122:Luther Kelly
19102:Alexis Godey
19092:George Crook
19027:Sundance Kid
18982:Johnny Ringo
18972:Bill Downing
18753:Levi Ruggles
18713:Donner Party
18688:John Bozeman
18683:Daniel Boone
18622:Sitting Bull
18597:Plenty Coups
18532:Chief Joseph
18527:Bloody Knife
18522:Black Kettle
18222:1776 to 1912
18089:Human rights
18069:Gun politics
18020:Islamophobia
18010:antisemitism
17878:Hospice care
17820:Middle class
17800:Homelessness
17777:Social class
17737:Social class
17601:Human rights
17591:Homelessness
17503:middle class
17468:Demographics
17443:Architecture
17350:Unemployment
17330:Labor unions
17078:Town meeting
17055:City council
17050:City manager
16791:State police
16653:Marine Corps
16643:Armed Forces
16618:civil rights
16598:Constitution
16170:Southwestern
16165:Southeastern
16155:Northwestern
16150:Northeastern
16115:Mid-Atlantic
16105:Great Plains
15823:World War II
15737:
15706:Constitution
15610:Colonial era
15589:2008–present
15280:World War II
15214:
15074:Hamburg riot
14819:Architecture
14724:Demographics
14568:Central bank
14478:Human rights
14458:Constitution
14276:War on drugs
14251:World War II
14236:Cristero War
14180:
14129:Colonial era
13819:
13677:
13610:
13575:
13542:November 26,
13540:. Retrieved
13526:November 26,
13524:. Retrieved
13510:November 26,
13508:. Retrieved
13494:November 26,
13492:. Retrieved
13478:November 26,
13476:. Retrieved
13472:the original
13460:
13452:
13444:
13434:
13423:
13415:
13383:
13375:
13368:
13361:
13354:
13344:
13335:
13307:
13292:
13285:
13278:
13271:
13255:
13245:
13238:
13231:
13224:
13217:
13207:
13191:
13184:
13177:
13166:
13156:
13149:
13142:
13135:
13117:
13108:
13099:
13075:10217/189496
13057:
13051:
13043:
13036:
13029:
13012:
12998:
12991:
12984:
12977:
12945:
12939:
12906:
12900:
12892:
12877:
12867:
12860:
12853:
12846:
12830:
12819:
12812:
12780:
12774:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12741:
12734:
12727:
12720:
12712:
12704:
12697:
12690:
12683:
12682:Foos, Paul.
12668:
12661:
12646:
12639:
12632:
12625:
12607:
12599:
12579:
12568:
12561:
12554:
12547:
12533:
12510:
12501:
12480:
12461:
12443:
12431:Bibliography
12421:
12416:
12407:
12399:
12394:
12381:
12369:
12361:
12356:
12331:
12323:
12288:
12284:
12274:
12264:February 10,
12262:. Retrieved
12253:
12244:
12234:November 11,
12232:. Retrieved
12212:
12192:February 10,
12190:. Retrieved
12181:
12157:
12148:
12140:
12135:
12118:
12106:. Retrieved
12086:
12079:
12067:. Retrieved
12047:
12040:
12028:. Retrieved
12008:
12001:
11993:
11988:
11964:
11957:
11949:
11944:
11925:
11919:
11909:– via
11903:. Retrieved
11893:
11883:
11871:. Retrieved
11857:
11849:
11844:
11836:
11831:
11823:
11820:Chernow, Ron
11815:
11807:
11802:
11783:
11775:
11770:
11760:February 23,
11758:. Retrieved
11738:
11731:
11712:
11706:
11697:
11682:
11674:
11662:. Retrieved
11648:
11636:. Retrieved
11622:
11613:
11605:the original
11595:
11578:
11573:
11563:November 22,
11561:. Retrieved
11541:
11534:
11516:
11510:
11484:. Retrieved
11473:
11461:. Retrieved
11447:
11435:. Retrieved
11421:
11409:. Retrieved
11389:
11382:
11373:
11361:. Retrieved
11352:
11349:"Article IX"
11343:
11331:. Retrieved
11322:
11300:September 4,
11298:. Retrieved
11289:
11279:
11267:. Retrieved
11257:
11249:Zinn, Howard
11243:
11228:
11217:
11205:
11195:
11189:
11180:
11156:
11149:
11140:
11128:. Retrieved
11117:
11107:
11099:
11094:
11082:. Retrieved
11071:
11061:
11053:
11048:
11040:
11035:
11027:
11022:
11014:
11009:
11000:
10988:. Retrieved
10979:
10969:
10946:
10940:
10931:
10910:. Retrieved
10906:
10900:
10892:
10867:
10859:
10847:. Retrieved
10833:
10822:, retrieved
10812:
10805:
10796:
10788:
10783:
10775:
10770:
10758:. Retrieved
10749:
10740:
10716:
10709:
10693:
10677:
10672:
10647:
10639:
10631:
10626:
10618:
10613:
10601:. Retrieved
10592:
10583:
10575:
10570:
10560:September 2,
10558:. Retrieved
10544:
10532:. Retrieved
10528:the original
10523:
10514:
10505:
10497:
10492:
10484:
10479:
10471:
10466:
10457:
10451:
10439:. Retrieved
10419:
10412:
10402:November 10,
10400:. Retrieved
10391:
10381:
10371:November 10,
10369:. Retrieved
10360:
10351:
10341:November 10,
10339:. Retrieved
10330:
10299:
10293:
10284:
10276:
10271:
10263:
10258:
10239:
10233:
10224:
10212:. Retrieved
10208:the original
10166:
10154:
10142:
10130:
10121:
10109:
10097:
10088:
10076:
10064:
10052:
10040:
10028:
10016:
10004:
9992:
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9968:
9956:
9944:
9932:
9920:
9908:
9896:
9884:
9872:
9845:
9833:
9821:
9809:
9797:
9785:
9773:
9761:
9749:
9737:
9725:
9713:
9701:
9689:
9677:
9665:
9653:
9628:
9620:
9604:
9598:
9590:
9585:
9574:
9566:
9547:
9541:
9528:. Retrieved
9524:the original
9514:
9495:
9474:. Retrieved
9465:
9445:
9440:
9431:
9425:
9417:
9412:
9403:
9399:
9393:
9385:
9380:
9372:
9367:
9359:
9355:
9350:
9342:the original
9321:
9317:
9307:
9295:. Retrieved
9281:
9269:. Retrieved
9260:
9250:
9235:
9230:
9215:
9210:
9202:
9197:
9189:
9184:
9172:
9164:
9159:
9151:
9146:
9138:
9133:
9125:
9115:"Annexation"
9109:
9100:
9091:
9083:
9078:
9070:
9065:
9046:
9042:
9036:
9026:February 25,
9024:. Retrieved
9014:
9008:
9000:
8995:
8987:
8982:
8961:
8954:. Retrieved
8950:the original
8940:
8932:
8927:
8916:
8914:
8907:. Retrieved
8892:
8882:
8873:
8845:
8838:
8830:
8825:
8816:
8807:
8763:
8756:
8728:
8721:
8693:
8686:
8658:
8651:
8641:November 29,
8639:. Retrieved
8611:
8604:
8594:November 29,
8592:. Retrieved
8564:
8557:
8547:November 29,
8545:. Retrieved
8517:
8510:
8500:November 29,
8498:. Retrieved
8470:
8463:
8453:November 29,
8451:. Retrieved
8423:
8416:
8406:November 29,
8404:. Retrieved
8376:
8369:
8360:
8354:
8344:February 25,
8342:. Retrieved
8332:
8326:
8318:
8313:
8298:
8293:
8285:
8284:Foos, Paul.
8280:
8272:
8267:
8258:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8214:
8208:
8199:
8187:. Retrieved
8176:
8170:
8162:
8157:
8149:
8144:
8136:
8131:
8123:
8118:
8109:
8099:November 29,
8097:. Retrieved
8088:
8084:
8074:
8064:November 29,
8062:. Retrieved
8053:
8049:
8039:
8029:November 29,
8027:. Retrieved
8018:
8014:
7989:. Retrieved
7974:
7970:
7963:
7955:
7950:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7912:. Retrieved
7903:
7894:
7874:
7869:
7861:
7856:
7848:
7843:
7835:
7830:
7818:
7777:. Retrieved
7766:
7743:
7722:
7717:
7709:
7704:
7696:
7691:
7663:
7647:
7623:
7607:
7602:
7594:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7493:
7486:
7445:
7442:The Americas
7441:
7431:
7423:
7407:
7387:
7380:
7372:
7367:
7358:
7333:(1): 34–64.
7330:
7326:
7320:
7312:
7307:
7299:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7269:
7250:
7227:. Retrieved
7207:
7185:. Retrieved
7165:
7146:
7107:(1): 39–68.
7104:
7100:
7060:
7054:
7027:
7021:
7012:
7006:
6987:
6981:
6972:
6949:
6942:
6930:. Retrieved
6926:the original
6916:
6885:
6878:. Retrieved
6869:
6859:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6800:
6720:
6709:
6697:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6629:Federal Army
6622:
6609:
6606:Niños Héroes
6605:
6603:
6553:
6514:
6505:
6494:
6490:John C. Hays
6482:
6478:
6451:
6447:
6434:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6281:
6255:
6246:
6194:
6174:
6167:
6155:
6148:
6139:
6104:
6092:
6085:
5987:
5886:
5882:reservations
5867:
5851:law of Spain
5844:
5832:
5790:
5778:
5762:
5755:
5752:
5708:
5682:
5670:
5650:
5646:
5632:
5630:
5577:
5575:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5531:
5510:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5419:
5409:Niños Héroes
5407:
5403:
5397:
5373:
5344:
5325:
5320:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5280:yellow fever
5272:
5256:George Meade
5248:
5213:
5205:October 1846
5197:
5193:
5184:Josiah Gregg
5181:
5156:
5116:
5107:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5073:
5058:
5011:
4975:
4952:
4946:
4942:Independence
4940:
4934:
4904:
4884:
4857:
4849:
4836:
4833:
4806:
4790:
4783:
4747:
4728:
4713:
4664:
4641:
4625:mountain men
4617:Arroyo Hondo
4614:
4610:Thomas Boggs
4602:
4597:
4594:Tomás Romero
4573:Charles Bent
4566:
4550:
4526:
4507:
4467:
4457:
4453:
4446:
4441:Walt Whitman
4439:
4428:
4422:
4408:
4404:
4380:
4364:
4353:
4345:David Wilmot
4333:
4326:
4317:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4283:
4234:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4199:
4190:
4188:
4144:U.S. Cavalry
4133:
4119:
4103:
4090:
4077:
4066:
4025:Jane Cazneau
4010:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3989:Sarah Bowman
3986:
3966:
3950:
3948:
3915:
3905:
3901:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3839:
3827:
3798:
3795:
3790:centralistas
3789:
3787:
3766:
3758:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3695:Lucas Alamán
3691:
3676:Mexican Army
3652:
3643:John Slidell
3640:
3628:Gavilan Peak
3609:
3598:
3590:
3576:Nueces River
3565:
3562:Nueces Strip
3542:David Burnet
3506:
3499:
3481:Moses Austin
3473:
3431:
3415:
3400:
3364:
3356:
3332:slave states
3317:
3302:
3293:
3276:
3227:
3215:East Florida
3200:
3142:
3111:
3090:
3073:
3038:
3025:Nueces River
2997:
2990:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2892:
2872:PRI downfall
2849:
2820:
2802:Cristero War
2779:
2729:
2709:
2675:First Empire
2100:
2093:
2074:
2035:
2028:
2014:
1955:
1911:
1904:
1857:
1843:
1838:Social class
1836:
1829:
1790:
1764:Marine Corps
1751:
1744:
1737:
1701:Debt ceiling
1686:Civil rights
1668:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1590:
1578:Civil unrest
1576:
1571:Antisemitism
1569:
1562:
1544:2008–present
1532:2008–present
1530:
1508:
1486:
1453:
1420:
1411:World War II
1365:
1321:
1299:
1266:
1233:
1200:
1190:Colonial Era
1188:
1176:
1170:
1130:
941:Todos Santos
832:2nd Veracruz
822:1st Veracruz
589:5,000 killed
582:
567:1,733 killed
560:
520:
516:Juan Almonte
489:
373:
296:John E. Wool
245:
195:Belligerents
149:
18:
21134:Samuel Polk
20942:(1825–1833)
20930:(1833–1839)
20918:(1835–1839)
20907:(1839–1841)
20896:(1845–1849)
20737:San Antonio
20674:Oregon City
20669:McMinnville
20596:Fort Gibson
20528:Fort Sumner
20518:Albuquerque
20485:Carson City
20389:Fort Benton
20347:Kansas City
20319:Leavenworth
20240:Tallahassee
20091:Los Angeles
20076:Bakersfield
20053:Window Rock
19860:New Mexican
19850:Californian
19799:Ghost towns
19690:Mexican War
19685:Indian Wars
19558:Gold rushes
19538:Paul Bunyan
19445:Meek Cutoff
19405:Barlow Road
19275:Barbed wire
19208:Seth Kinman
19022:Soapy Smith
19017:Belle Starr
19007:Tom McLaury
18997:Tom Ketchum
18992:Frank James
18987:Jesse James
18967:Bill Doolin
18940:Ike Clanton
18879:John Selman
18869:Bass Reeves
18844:Pat Garrett
18829:Virgil Earp
18824:Morgan Earp
18809:Elfego Baca
18748:Juan Rivera
18693:Jim Bridger
18572:Ganundalegi
18557:Crazy Snake
18552:Crazy Horse
18094:Immigration
18025:LGBT rights
17927:Food safety
17762:Video games
17355:Wall Street
17335:Public debt
17238:Agriculture
17174:nationalism
16886:Uniform act
16808:Legislative
16715:Territorial
16673:Coast Guard
16668:Space Force
16418:Legislative
16213:Red (South)
16203:Mississippi
16125:New England
16061:Appalachian
16031:Earthquakes
15928:Discoveries
15923:Demographic
15865:Vietnam War
15808:World War I
15803:Imperialism
15753:Indian Wars
15728:War of 1812
15335:Bosnian War
15295:Vietnam War
15270:World War I
15260:Banana Wars
15190:War of 1812
14744:Immigration
14610:Land reform
14558:Agriculture
14380:Territories
14318:Earthquakes
14266:Peso crisis
14261:Lost Decade
14033:(1979–1990)
13969:(1968–1989)
13917:(1965–1966)
13911:(1916–1924)
13905:(1915–1934)
13893:(1912–1933)
13887:(1906–1909)
13881:(1903–1925)
13865:(1899–1902)
13840:(1916–1919)
13834:(1910–1919)
13822:(1846–1848)
13804:Banana Wars
13779:(1901–1904)
13578:Mexican War
11691:, 128, 133.
11687:. pp.
11333:October 25,
10849:February 3,
10441:October 17,
9476:January 14,
9354:Editorial,
9086:pp. 259–261
8917:casus belli
8915:Here lay a
8152:, pp. 16–17
7505:October 17,
7315:, pp. 18–22
7289:, pp. 19–20
7229:October 17,
7187:October 17,
6474: 1847
6438:Indian wars
6339:Confederacy
5686:John Clarke
5517:Zacualtipan
5450:Mexico City
5430:Joseph Lane
5422:Joaquín Rea
5389:Chapultepec
5315:Kirby Smith
5150:during the
4872:Andrés Pico
4837:Californios
4776:during the
4774:Californios
4731:Great Basin
4724:José Castro
4704:Andrés Pico
4656:Taos Pueblo
4652:Embudo Pass
4586:Taos Revolt
4562:Kearny Code
4531:, Governor
4435:penny press
4305:Slave Power
4192:casus belli
4134:During the
4017:Anne Royall
4011:In the U.S.
3885:Los Angeles
3799:vendepatria
3754:Colt Walker
3710:presidiales
3702:permanentes
3638:in Sonoma.
3530:Sam Houston
3526:Texian Army
3426:Californios
3392:Robert Peel
3324:Comancheria
3272: 1830
3137:Comancheria
3069:Mexico City
3007:, Democrat
2979:Texian Army
2951:Mexican War
2625:History of
2464:Territories
2185:New England
1865:Agriculture
1784:Coast Guard
1779:Space Force
1627:Immigration
1477:Vietnam War
1378:World War I
1172:Prehistoric
1055: [
1042:Taos Revolt
1021:(1845–1920)
973:2nd Tabasco
968:1st Tabasco
892:Zacualtipan
862:Mexico City
857:Chapultepec
837:Cerro Gordo
800:Buena Vista
763:Embudo Pass
716:San Pasqual
696:Los Angeles
576:695 missing
472:Joaquín Rea
400:Manuel Peña
144:Territorial
109:Mexico City
21192:Categories
21022:Presidency
20998:Polk Place
20993:Dark horse
20722:Fort Worth
20659:The Dalles
20626:Tishomingo
20513:Alamogordo
20404:Livingston
20384:Deer Lodge
20304:Dodge City
20258:Fort Boise
20215:Negro Fort
20182:Rapid City
20177:Pine Ridge
20172:Fort Yates
20096:Sacramento
20068:California
20028:Fort Grant
19944:Cowboy hat
19912:New Mexico
19892:Weird West
19845:Chuckwagon
19758:Sheep Wars
19720:Range wars
19543:Pecos Bill
19513:Johnny Kaw
19508:John Henry
19503:Dime novel
19398:and trails
19375:Tack piano
19355:Stagecoach
19310:Ghost town
19072:Kit Carson
19060:and scouts
18920:Black Bart
18834:Wyatt Earp
18562:Dasoda-hae
18547:Crazy Bear
18517:Black Hawk
18128:Xenophobia
17917:Disability
17858:Healthcare
17767:Visual art
17712:Philosophy
17658:television
17648:newspapers
17638:journalism
17628:Literature
17540:attainment
17191:Republican
17186:Democratic
17159:Ideologies
17120:Corruption
16685:NOAA Corps
16608:preemption
16603:federalism
16218:Rio Grande
16120:Midwestern
16100:West Coast
16095:East Coast
15938:Inventions
15850:Space Race
15845:Korean War
15828:home front
15763:Gilded Age
15473:War crimes
15340:Kosovo War
15285:Korean War
15265:Border War
15124:Bonus Army
15119:Tulsa riot
15109:Red Summer
15029:Mormon War
14903:Television
14861:Literature
14739:Healthcare
14714:Censorship
14709:Corruption
14642:(currency)
14600:Irrigation
14221:Porfiriato
14216:Yaqui Wars
14191:La Reforma
14176:Pastry War
11905:October 3,
11590:PBS, 2006.
11269:January 3,
11210:Rives 1913
11026:Guardino,
10980:Thought.Co
10949:. Norman:
10824:August 23,
10787:Guardino,
10774:Guardino,
10722:97, 98, 99
10676:Guardino,
10630:Guardino,
10617:Guardino,
10534:January 3,
10309:0700609563
9271:August 31,
9150:Guardino,
8986:Guardino,
8271:Guardino,
7873:Guardino,
7823:Rives 1913
7811:Rives 1913
7532:Rives 1913
7520:Rives 1913
7311:Guardino,
7298:Guardino,
7285:Schoultz,
6852:References
6517:Reform War
6400:Whig Party
5774:Gila River
5728:New Mexico
5726:, most of
5716:California
5637:John Riley
5523:Desertions
5424:began the
5391:, and the
5070:mouse hole
5046:Carl Nebel
5022:Nuevo León
4791:Commodore
4733:, entered
4606:Kit Carson
4485:See also:
4463:Carl Nebel
4431:mass media
4069:Fort Brown
3952:soldaderas
3729:Brown Bess
3620:Santa Cruz
3572:Rio Grande
3438:John Marsh
3367:John Tyler
3328:East Texas
3309:New Mexico
3249:See also:
3177:Pastry War
3169:a republic
3161:Guanajuato
3122:Background
3107:West Point
3021:Rio Grande
3017:California
2775:Revolution
2737:Reform War
2731:La Reforma
2705:Pastry War
1739:Journalism
1691:Corruption
1670:Government
1621:Demography
1608:Newspapers
1499:Reagan Era
1345:Gilded Age
1183:until 1607
1114:Bandit War
1099:Border War
1064:Reform War
963:3rd Tuxpan
958:2nd Tuxpan
953:1st Tuxpan
926:2nd La Paz
921:1st La Paz
847:Churubusco
748:El Brazito
667:Fort Texas
105:California
101:New Mexico
82:1848-02-02
78:1846-04-25
43:after the
21278:Invasions
21142:(brother)
20788:Vancouver
20664:La Grande
20631:Tuskahoma
20621:Tahlequah
20601:Fort Sill
20568:Tucumcari
20538:Las Vegas
20467:Whiteclay
20462:Valentine
20394:Fort Peck
20352:St. Louis
20309:Ellsworth
20263:Fort Hall
20235:St. Marks
20220:Pensacola
20134:Telluride
20101:San Diego
20086:Jamestown
20043:Tombstone
19985:Anchorage
19833:Influence
19804:Gunfights
19596:Gunfights
19440:Lolo Pass
19396:Transport
19335:Moonshine
19325:Land rush
19315:Gunfights
19305:Fast draw
19280:Boot Hill
19178:C. S. Fly
19142:Al Sieber
18849:Jack Helm
18733:Joe Mayer
18671:Explorers
18642:Ten Bears
18627:Smallwood
18612:Sacagawea
18607:Red Cloud
18587:Manuelito
18582:Kiliahote
18432:Seminoles
18392:Nez Perce
18257:Blackfoot
18111:Terrorism
17888:Rationing
17785:Affluence
17732:Sexuality
17700:Uncle Sam
17606:Languages
17535:Education
17478:affluence
17438:Americana
17365:Transport
17263:Insurance
17253:Companies
17233:By sector
17125:Elections
16766:Treasurer
16724:Executive
16663:Air Force
16635:Uniformed
16458:President
16275:Executive
16046:Mountains
15979:Territory
15967:Geography
15791:1954–1968
15786:1896–1954
15781:1865–1896
15743:Civil War
15584:1991–2008
15579:1980–1991
15574:1964–1980
15569:1945–1964
15564:1917–1945
15559:1865–1917
15554:1849–1865
15549:1815–1849
15544:1789–1815
15539:1776–1789
15532:By period
15180:Quasi-War
15069:Range War
14866:Monuments
14856:Languages
14729:Education
14648:Petroleum
14605:Labor law
14573:Companies
14515:President
14463:Elections
14353:Mountains
14286:Geography
14211:Caste War
13402:cite book
13256:Histórica
13126:0022-3840
13084:1937-5239
13021:0186-0348
13013:Secuencia
12962:1533-8584
12923:1533-8584
12895:. (1955).
12886:0145-2096
12797:1937-5239
12707:, (1941).
12307:0018-2168
11996:, p. 187.
11835:Chernow,
11778:, p. 190.
11411:March 10,
11013:Loveman,
10279:, p. 161.
9530:April 15,
9448:, p. 220.
9338:143779590
9177:Beveridge
9003:, p. 370.
8250:225452642
8236:: 27–46.
8091:(1): 39.
8056:(1): 37.
8021:(1): 36.
7958:, p. 137.
7914:April 22,
7568:0008-1175
7478:147163139
7462:0003-1615
7347:0018-2168
7121:0030-8684
6969:988947112
6880:April 22,
6870:study.com
6501:Huamantla
5937:Political
5863:water law
5808:Aftermath
5804:of 1853.
5614:Spaniards
5590:Canadians
5551:gold rush
5462:Querétaro
5209:June 1847
5018:Monterrey
4880:Mule Hill
4813:San Diego
4755:Bear Flag
4578:Puebloans
4546:Chihuahua
4310:Ex-slave
4286:sectional
4005:Ann Chase
4000:In Mexico
3568:Santa Ana
3474:In 1800,
3297:presidios
3157:Zacatecas
3147:with the
3053:U.S. Navy
2754:1864–1928
2190:The South
1774:Air Force
1649:Education
1525:1991–2008
1510:1991–2008
1503:1981–1991
1488:1980–1991
1481:1964–1975
1470:1954–1968
1455:1964–1980
1448:1954–1968
1437:1945–1964
1422:1945–1964
1415:1941–1945
1404:1929–1941
1393:1918–1929
1382:1917–1918
1367:1917–1945
1360:1896–1917
1349:1877–1896
1338:1865–1877
1323:1865–1917
1316:1849–1865
1301:1849–1865
1294:1825–1849
1283:1817–1825
1268:1815–1849
1261:1801–1817
1250:1788–1801
1235:1789–1815
1228:1783–1788
1217:1765–1783
1202:1776–1789
1195:1607–1765
882:Matamoros
872:Huamantla
842:Contreras
795:Monterrey
711:Natividad
672:Palo Alto
39:entering
21176:Category
21136:(father)
20958:Bank War
20837:Category
20727:Gonzales
20679:Portland
20616:Pawhuska
20611:Okmulgee
20563:Santa Fe
20553:Mogollon
20523:Cimarron
20452:Ogallala
20424:Nebraska
20409:Missoula
20374:Billings
20334:Missouri
20273:Illinois
20162:Deadwood
20157:Bismarck
20139:Trinidad
20116:Colorado
20033:Prescott
19990:Iditarod
19917:Red Dirt
19490:Folklore
19300:Cow town
19218:Nat Love
19112:Tom Horn
19058:Soldiers
18819:Roy Bean
18675:pioneers
18662:Washakie
18657:Victorio
18567:Geronimo
18542:Degataga
18437:Shoshone
18382:Muscogee
18367:Maricopa
18342:Kumeyaay
18332:Kickapoo
18327:Hualapai
18297:Comanche
18272:Cheyenne
18262:Cahuilla
18167:Category
17863:Abortion
17727:Religion
17685:Columbia
17643:internet
17579:Holidays
17574:Folklore
17545:literacy
17483:eviction
17373:Aviation
17345:Taxation
17300:Currency
17293:by state
17203:Scandals
17073:Township
16831:Judicial
16732:Governor
16495:Judicial
16381:Marshals
16254:Politics
16208:Missouri
16198:Columbia
16193:Colorado
16188:Arkansas
16181:Longest
16160:Southern
16145:Northern
15989:counties
15943:Military
15933:Economic
15911:By topic
15890:Iraq War
15840:Cold War
15598:By event
15463:Cold War
15380:Cameroon
15350:Iraq War
15320:Gulf War
15044:Utah War
15002:Domestic
14943:Category
14886:Religion
14846:Folklore
14505:Military
14483:Intersex
14441:Congress
14424:Politics
14410:Wildlife
14400:Volcanos
14241:Maximato
14108:articles
13692:Archived
13657:Archived
13326:89029351
13302:(1990).
12592:Military
12582:(1919).
12513:(2012).
12479:(1992).
12258:Archived
12228:Archived
12186:Archived
12102:Archived
12063:Archived
12024:Archived
11952:, p. 58.
11899:Archived
11891:(1885).
11867:Archived
11852:, p. 55.
11810:, p. 220
11791:Archived
11754:Archived
11658:Archived
11632:Archived
11584:Archived
11557:Archived
11496:cite web
11463:June 27,
11457:Archived
11431:Archived
11405:Archived
11357:Archived
11327:Archived
11294:Archived
11263:Archived
11251:(2003).
11225:(1995).
11124:Archived
11078:Archived
11030:, p. 305
10990:July 18,
10984:Archived
10901:Old Army
10843:Archived
10818:archived
10760:July 18,
10754:Archived
10698:Archived
10634:, p. 200
10603:July 18,
10597:Archived
10554:Archived
10435:Archived
10396:Archived
10365:Archived
10335:Archived
9609:Archived
9470:Archived
9291:Archived
9265:Archived
9261:Truthdig
9154:, p. 22.
9141:, p. 74.
9118:Archived
9082:Fowler,
9020:Archived
8990:, p. 206
8956:July 20,
8865:25746154
8635:Archived
8588:Archived
8541:Archived
8494:Archived
8447:Archived
8400:Archived
8338:Archived
8336:. 2004.
8183:Archived
8093:Archived
8058:Archived
8023:Archived
7945:, p. 61.
7908:Archived
7789:cite web
7721:Fowler,
7576:25139106
7499:Archived
7416:Archived
7223:Archived
7181:Archived
6932:March 8,
6874:Archived
6729:See also
6712:cemetery
6618:cenotaph
6264:—
6189:Military
6129:Judicial
5963:Gag rule
5914:Economic
5870:mestizos
5744:Oklahoma
5736:Colorado
5705:in white
5602:Italians
5489:San Juan
5481:Rio Frio
5148:Anatolia
5144:Xenophon
5078:Saltillo
4967:Mazatlán
4948:Congress
4720:Monterey
4598:Tomasito
4529:Santa Fe
4454:Picayune
4371:writers
4225:de facto
3780:Liberal
3744:and the
3723:British
3684:General
3622:and the
3402:Pío Pico
3280:Comanche
2992:de facto
2894:Timeline
2821:Maximato
2616:a series
2614:Part of
2562:Category
2113:Lesbians
2087:Comanche
2082:Cherokee
1880:Medicine
1831:Religion
1753:Military
1726:Taxation
1676:Abortion
1592:Cultural
768:2nd Mora
758:1st Mora
738:Santa Fe
691:Monterey
528:Strength
174:Oklahoma
170:Colorado
92:Location
80: –
20783:Seattle
20773:Everett
20732:Lubbock
20717:El Paso
20712:Abilene
20654:Astoria
20558:Roswell
20548:Mesilla
20543:Lincoln
20432:Chadron
20379:Bozeman
20324:Wichita
20299:Abilene
20192:Yankton
20038:Phoenix
20005:Skagway
19880:Tex-Mex
19819:Outlaws
18908:Outlaws
18617:Seattle
18577:Irataba
18537:Cochise
18487:Yavapai
18457:Tonkawa
18417:Pequots
18347:Kutenai
18317:Hidatsa
18292:Cocopah
18277:Chinook
18247:Arikara
18242:Arapaho
18151:Outline
18099:illegal
18084:Smoking
17947:Obesity
17830:Poverty
17752:Theater
17742:Society
17596:Housing
17557:Fashion
17513:poverty
17458:Cuisine
17430:Culture
17417:Society
17378:Driving
17305:Exports
17283:Tourism
17243:Banking
17221:Economy
17181:Parties
17025:Charter
16989:Sheriff
16436:Speaker
16304:Cabinet
16267:Federal
16175:Western
16140:Eastern
16135:Central
16130:Pacific
16090:Regions
16041:Islands
15524:History
15401:Related
15163:Foreign
14927:Outline
14834:Cuisine
14811:Culture
14801:Welfare
14791:Smoking
14776:Poverty
14697:Society
14673:Tourism
14546:Economy
14520:Cabinet
14338:Islands
14333:Forests
14308:Climate
14298:Borders
14116:History
14031:Contras
13722:in 1847
13306:(ed.).
13194:(1996).
13092:1834723
13032:(2007).
12970:3638563
12931:3637470
12863:(2000).
12856:(1975).
12805:1836568
12765:(1994)
12751:(1950).
12525:at the
12315:2506347
12143:, p. 64
12128:1898407
12108:July 3,
12069:June 1,
12030:May 28,
11873:May 28,
11683:Lincoln
11664:May 28,
11638:May 28,
11486:July 6,
11437:May 11,
11363:May 11,
11292:. PBS.
11130:July 8,
11102:, p. 14
11084:July 8,
11052:Merry,
11017:, p. 87
10912:May 28,
10214:May 28,
9406:(1): 2.
9297:May 28,
8999:Bauer,
8909:May 16,
8189:May 28,
8148:Bauer,
7991:May 28,
7779:July 5,
7470:1007289
7355:2510435
7261:1540860
7129:3633243
6822:Spanish
6377:Memoirs
6149:Amistad
5794:cholera
5748:Wyoming
5732:Arizona
5594:English
5498:Atlixco
5387:and of
5207:and in
5201:Tabasco
5014:Camargo
4963:Guaymas
4957:seized
4868:lancers
4802:Marines
4741:in the
4650:and at
4475:Chicago
4031:History
3737:caplock
3725:muskets
3721:surplus
3706:activos
3557:Prelude
3514:Texians
3181:Yucatán
3085:cession
3057:Pacific
3051:of the
3000:slavery
2961:by the
2540:Outline
2177:Regions
2108:Gay men
1885:Railway
1845:Slavery
1641:Banking
1635:Economy
906:Guaymas
877:Atlixco
726:La Mesa
490:†
182:Wyoming
166:Arizona
146:changes
76: (
21124:(wife)
21115:Family
20707:Austin
20636:Wewoka
20533:Gallup
20477:Nevada
20399:Helena
20291:Kansas
20210:Angola
20129:Denver
20124:Creede
20081:Fresno
20048:Tucson
20000:Seward
19977:Alaska
19969:Places
19922:Tejano
19809:Lawmen
19151:Others
18961:Emmett
18802:Lawmen
18592:Massai
18477:Yakama
18472:Washoe
18462:Umpqua
18427:Pueblo
18407:Pawnee
18387:Navajo
18377:Mohave
18362:Mandan
18352:Lakota
18307:Dakota
18267:Cayuse
18237:Apache
18172:Portal
18079:Hunger
18030:racism
17971:Issues
17845:Health
17747:Sports
17707:People
17552:Family
17523:wealth
17448:Cinema
17273:Mining
17258:Energy
17003:Cities
16971:County
16905:Tribal
16443:Senate
16287:powers
16183:rivers
16056:ranges
16024:states
15948:Postal
14948:Portal
14898:Sports
14829:Cinema
14759:People
14583:Energy
14446:Senate
14368:States
14363:Rivers
14303:Cities
14106:
14104:Mexico
14045:(1986)
14039:(1962)
13996:(1975)
13994:Limazo
13975:(1970)
13958:(1961)
13952:(1961)
13923:(1989)
13899:(1914)
13875:(1903)
13859:(1858)
13828:(1898)
13795:(1933)
13789:(1904)
13773:(1823)
13764:Policy
13390:
13324:
13314:
13288:(2010)
13220:(1974)
13124:
13090:
13082:
13019:
13005:
12968:
12960:
12929:
12921:
12884:
12803:
12795:
12767:online
12723:(1998)
12675:
12653:
12614:
12564:(2009)
12550:(2008)
12540:
12517:
12487:
12450:
12344:
12313:
12305:
12220:
12126:
12094:
12055:
12016:
11976:
11932:
11746:
11719:
11549:
11523:
11397:
11168:
10957:
10907:Amazon
10880:
10728:
10660:
10427:
10306:
10246:
9641:
9554:
9502:
9336:
9242:
9222:
9179:1:417.
9053:
8900:
8863:
8853:
8781:
8771:
8746:
8736:
8711:
8701:
8676:
8666:
8629:
8619:
8582:
8572:
8535:
8525:
8488:
8478:
8441:
8431:
8394:
8384:
8304:
8248:
8139:p. 265
8126:, p. 5
7982:
7877:, p. 5
7754:
7670:
7630:
7574:
7566:
7476:
7468:
7460:
7426:. PBS.
7395:
7353:
7345:
7302:, p. 6
7259:
7215:
7173:
7127:
7119:
7067:
7042:
6994:
6967:
6957:
6808:, the
6610:patria
6600:Mexico
6583:, 1952
6563:Legacy
6539:, and
6272:Austin
6151:affair
6065:Social
5836:Papago
5784:, and
5722:, and
5720:Nevada
5620:, and
5598:French
5586:German
5485:Perote
5477:Jalapa
5347:Puebla
5266:, and
5176:Parras
5135:Navajo
5133:, and
5131:Moquis
4959:La Paz
4951:, and
4817:Sonora
4751:Sonoma
4518:Kansas
4425:(1848)
4181:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4142:. The
4122:resaca
4023:, and
3494:Tejano
3456:, and
3347:Mexico
3288:Navajo
3286:, and
3284:Apache
3029:
3013:Oregon
2985:. The
2959:Mexico
2814:Modern
2627:Mexico
2618:on the
2572:Portal
2523:Cities
2505:Cities
2203:States
2132:Places
1899:Groups
1875:Lumber
1813:Fourth
1803:Second
1613:Sports
1598:Cinema
1557:Topics
911:Mulegé
867:Puebla
827:Polkos
753:Cañada
743:Tucson
550:82,000
540:73,532
486:
223:Mexico
220:
206:
180:, and
178:Kansas
164:, and
162:Nevada
116:Result
20699:Texas
20684:Salem
20457:Omaha
20167:Fargo
19949:Jeans
19794:Gangs
19772:Lists
19725:feuds
19350:Rodeo
18482:Yaqui
18442:Sioux
18372:Modoc
18337:Kiowa
18287:Caddo
18158:Index
17983:Crime
17853:Aging
17670:Names
17665:Music
17653:radio
17633:Media
17463:Dance
17453:Crime
17288:Trade
17045:Mayor
16994:Clerk
16962:Local
16704:State
16223:Yukon
16066:Rocky
16051:peaks
15385:Libya
15375:Syria
14934:Index
14881:Radio
14871:Music
14769:Women
14734:Flags
14719:Crime
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