Atlantic Ocean - Knowledge

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technologies – such as boats, harpoons, and fish hooks – because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland.

2804: 2943: 3780: 2866: 10992: 11603: 3738: 3667:(AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004. In 2024, the research highlighted a significant weakening of the AMOC by approximately 12% over the past two decades. If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity. Therefore, these changes in SST must be caused by human activities. 3360: 3231: 1798: 3402: 3490: 3058: 9067: 11614: 9447: 9055: 3724: 1022: 2363: 2352: 2341: 2629: 3752: 1658:(NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean – classical and upper Labrador sea water – and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sill – Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow water. Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses, especially 3794: 2162: 2709: 1898: 1910: 231: 3766: 2688:, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries: the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America; sites in northeast Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast. Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA, 741:

covers 81,760,000 km (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km (73,368,200 cu mi). The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%). The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the

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reconstructions in 1965. This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up. Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates.

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the Florida Peninsula. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and northwestern Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter, like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the

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Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path, through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast. Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories, ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed, including the

50: 3311:. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and the number of exploited species. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as 2151: 578:, or ironic understatement. It is used mostly when referring to events or circumstances "on this side of the pond" or "on the other side of the pond" or "across the pond", rather than to discuss the ocean itself. The term dates to 1640, first appearing in print in a pamphlet released during the reign of 1639:

since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean water. North Atlantic central water flows into South Atlantic central water at

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The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of seafloor spreading in this segment and consequent opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) to the period

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Geologically, the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments: equatorial segment, from 10°N to the Romanche fracture zone (RFZ); central segment, from RFZ to Florianopolis fracture zone (FFZ, north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise); southern segment, from FFZ to the Agulhas-Falkland fracture

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The break-up of Pangaea began in the central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging

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of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the eastern-central and southwest Atlantic oscillate around a globally

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large territories in the New World and forced the Amerindian population into slavery in order to exploit the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of

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were exposed above sea level, extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers. A small population of modern humans – probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals – survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by

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in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and

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The oceans are the major source of atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by

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An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and

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Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km (41,100,000 sq mi) or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) or 23.3% of the total volume of the Earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic

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trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500–1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer

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harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century. Iceland was initially settled 865–930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 °C (36 °F) which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at

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In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. For instance, on the North American side of the ocean, large carbonate deposits formed in warm shallow waters such as Florida and the Bahamas, while coarse river outwash sands and silt are common in

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and Mediterranean overflow water. The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since human-made substances were

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There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporation. Arctic intermediate water flows from the north to become the source for North Atlantic deep water, south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. These two intermediate

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used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straightforward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel. The deep ocean floor is thought to

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Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic, urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% in 1300, 11.4% in 1500, to 17% in 1850. Likewise, GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but

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on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12–11 kya-old Late Stone Age (LSA)

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West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic

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erupted at this time period are found on Baffin Island, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland, with ash falls in Western Europe acting as a stratigraphic marker. The opening of the North Atlantic caused a significant uplift of continental crust along the coast. For instance, despite 7 km

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is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on

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and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and northern Africa. Recent but disputed research suggests

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Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the

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plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the

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with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic subarctic upper water in the northernmost North Atlantic is the source for subarctic intermediate water and North Atlantic intermediate water. North Atlantic central water can be divided into the eastern and western North Atlantic central water

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than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Colonialism evolved as part of the trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, and more limited in

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Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with

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data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other. A proposed route across the

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region, that were similar to the Sargasso Sea. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma. The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the

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around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. One from 62 to 58 million years ago predates the separation of Greenland from northern Europe while the second from 56 to 52 million years ago happened as the separation occurred.

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In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than

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migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice-free corridor in the ice sheet and "spread southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey." Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the

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The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) along most of its length, but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the

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melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about

1297:(8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic. There are numerous submarine canyons off northeastern North America, western Europe, and northwestern Africa. Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels. 3072:

Northeast Atlantic is schematically limited to the 40°00' west longitude (except around Greenland), south to the 36°00' north latitude, and to the 68°30' east longitude, with both the west and east longitude limits reaching to the north pole. The Atlantic's subareas include:

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in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin. Meanwhile, the

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The climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates.

2771:) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement – "men ate foxes and ravens" and "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs" – and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short-season crops such as 2648:

middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new

237: 2239:, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct. 3683:

rise five times greater than today, whilst melting of glaciers, including that of the Greenland ice sheet, expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century, will likely result in a sea-level rise of 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 ft) over a millennium.

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thick basalt, Gunnbjorn Field in East Greenland is the highest point on the island, elevated enough that it exposes older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at its base, similar to old lava fields above sedimentary rocks in the uplifted Hebrides of western Scotland.

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continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and is situated off the west coast of Africa and the east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic.

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plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level. The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global

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resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates. First, small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34–30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an

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which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the northeastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense

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the notable exception. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in

2644:(23–13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. In contrast, 8–7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The 2589:(LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by 2284:

Seafloor spreading led to the extension of the crust and the formation of troughs and sedimentary basins. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although the rift failed along with one leading into the

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The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the

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in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic

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meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish, fur seal, fish and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources. The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from

539:, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the 2897:

became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. The slave trade was officially abolished in the

628:(IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953, but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not recognized by various authorities, institutions, and countries, for example the 4665: 2552:

and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged. Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic

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in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of

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stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific.

364:, both increased in degree during the early 20th century, and while no major military conflicts took place in the Atlantic in the present day, the ocean remains a core component of trade around the world. 2577:(mtDNA) studies indicate that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid 3242:

In the Northwest Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013. During the 21st century, some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including

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sea ice. Ocean currents influence the climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.

737:, and other tributary water bodies. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific. 316:

Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the

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Giorgioni, Martino; Weissert, Helmut; Bernasconi, Stefano M.; Hochuli, Peter A.; Keller, Christina E.; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Lukeneder, Alexander; Garcia, Therese I. (March 2015).

3299:. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new fisheries started to exploit 2208:, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5 367:

The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected

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In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre.

5594:"ALGUNAS CONSECUENCIAS JURÍDICAS DE LA INVOCACIÓN POR PARTE DE CHILE DE LA "TEORÍA DE LA DELIMITACIÓN NATURAL DE LOS OCÉANOS" EN EL DIFERENDO SOBRE LA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL AUSTRAL" 233: 6750: 1839:(MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the 3812: 3456: 2685: 1851: 1806: 113: 8180: 9105: 3126: 3350:

constitute about 50% of landings with sardine reaching 0.6–1.0 million tons per year. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of

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waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical

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Other pollution concerns include agricultural and municipal waste. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina;

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had to be introduced to replace them – a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when

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and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness

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reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species.

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is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture

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and a large number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water.

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in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3–3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and

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is 3,730 m (12,240 ft), or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft).

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rose by only 30% in the rest of Europe. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade.

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at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the

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As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).

1333:. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise. 1226:

Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a

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Henshilwood, C.S.; d'Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.; Mercier, N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (2002).

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In the southwest Atlantic, a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the

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resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies; a colder climate resulted in starvation, and the colony got economically marginalized as the

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Geologically, the northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic

6969: 3587:, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 3373:

In the western central-Atlantic, catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area,

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over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. For their own safety, the crew jettisoned two nuclear bombs, which were never recovered.

9098: 7238: 6266: 5737: 3692: 2862:. They could explore the convoys leaving the Americas because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable. 3455:, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels: 2442:

onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147–49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90–60 Ma.

2277:–North America, Eurasia–Greenland, Eurasia–North America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the 7454: 6614:

Greenberg, J.H.; Turner, C.G.; Zegura, S.L. (1986). "The settlement of the Americas: A comparison of the linguistic, dental and genetic evidence".

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Gubbay S. 2003. Seamounts of the northeast Atlantic. OASIS (Oceanic Seamounts: an Integrated Study). Hamburg & WWF, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

3267:, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stocks are overfished in the northwest Atlantic. 4276: 2794: 2641: 329: 6410:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands" 4657: 3451:, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the 9482: 5876: 5756:

Als, T.D.; Hansen, M.M.; Maes, G.E.; Castonguay, M.; Riemann, L.; Aarestrup, K.I.M.; Munk, P.; Sparholt, H.; Hanel, R.; Bernatchez, L. (2011).

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Bjerck, H.B. (2009). "Colonizing seascapes: comparative perspectives on the development of maritime relations in Scandinavia and Patagonia".

2750:. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, while conflicts with the local 1863: 1862:

and the Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast, the small cyclonic

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Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and northeastern Europe. In the western Atlantic

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Scientific researchers have proposed delimiting the boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by two different natural boundaries,

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database (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) mentions 104 seamounts: 74 within national

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Carpathians in the mid-20th century often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", finally showed that this assemblage originated in the

10756: 10615: 6703: 5003:"Late Aptian (Cretaceous) paleoceanography of the South Atlantic Ocean inferred from dinocyst communities of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil" 3102: 1230:

for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Value" based on their cultural and natural criteria:

1180:. A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the 7784:

Seton, M.; Müller, R.D.; Zahirovic, S.; Gaina, C.; Torsvik, T.; Shephard, G.; Talsma, A.; Gurnis, M.; Maus, S.; Chandler, M. (2012).

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introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from

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polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (13–14 °F).

1110:. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other. 11653: 10942: 7033: 5974:

Blackburn, T.J.; Olsen, P.E.; Bowring, S.A.; McLean, N.M.; Kent, D.V.; Puffer, J.; McHone, G.; Rasbury, T.; Et-Touhami, M. (2013).

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Marean, C.W.; Cawthra, H.C.; Cowling, R.M.; Esler, K.J.; Fisher, E.; Milewski, A.; Potts, A.J.; Singels, E.; De Vynck, J. (2014).

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into Asia, Europe, and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions. During the

11658: 11648: 10749: 10635: 8214: 7408:"The Discovery of America: The first Americans may have swept the Western Hemisphere and decimated its fauna within 1000 years" 4947:"Paleoceanographic changes during the Albian–Cenomanian in the Tethys and North Atlantic and the onset of the Cretaceous chalk" 3214:

fishing catches in 2020. Main fishing EU countries are Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain. Most common species include

2582: 2581: 5–4 environmental changes. This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa, but also started to disperse 2518: 2193: 1406:

circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south

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while occasionally hosting naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like the

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The Voyage of the 'Challenger.' The Atlantic: A Preliminary Account of the General Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S.

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In the Northeast Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013.

2726:, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited. 2658: 10739: 10703: 10642: 4687: 3646: 2837:, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama, 1161: 1076: 7315: 5669: 5331: 3331:, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the 2461:

120–96 Ma. This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa.

403: 10732: 10727: 10673: 8037: 5816: 2731: 2248: 6094: 4710: 2746:

was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early

10601: 9475: 7986:

Tréguier, A.M.; Theetten, S.; Chassignet, E.P.; Penduff, T.; Smith, R.; Talley, L.; Beismann, J.O.; Böning, C. (2005).

5473: 3664: 3415:

In the southeast Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013.

2886: 2185: 1836: 515:, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in medieval maps and also lent his name to modern 321: 317: 4763: 10683: 3656: 2612:

This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified

180: 7084: 6409: 682:

defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the

10698: 10688: 10630: 10608: 10591: 10586: 10505: 6129: 4011: 3377:, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished. 2906:

in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the

2084:

are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. Due to a consistently strong

1988: 635:

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the

11036: 10708: 10537: 10403: 10317: 10267: 7899: 2922:, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies. 2826: 2129:. Coarse sand, boulders, and rocks were transported into some areas, such as off the coast of Nova Scotia or the 2093: 1991:. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the 32: 28: 24: 3423:

are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia

1683: 574:

is a term often used by British and American speakers in reference to the northern Atlantic Ocean, as a form of

10652: 2980:

Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills,

2089: 1410:

in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur every 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above

1239: 6579: 1952:. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former 1866:

lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre. The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced

1259: 11436: 10962: 10947: 9468: 6375:

Duarte, J.C.; Rosas, F.M.; Terrinha, P.; Schellart, W.P.; Boutelier, D.; Gutscher, M.A.; Ribeiro, A. (2013).

1367: 6992: 6204:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

4258: 3197:

and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Stocks of

611: 11576: 10995: 10647: 10277: 10004: 9709: 6938:(Report). Vol. 569. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). p. 334. 5706: 5593: 3837: 3832: 3660: 3622:; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea. 3592: 3397:

are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels.

2903: 2899: 2851: 2846: 1855: 1455: 1181: 595: 6970:"The great American schism: divergence of marine organisms after the rise of the Central American Isthmus" 6289: 4946: 2543:(GCFR) along the coast of South Africa. During the latest glacial stages, the now-submerged plains of the 2390: 1971:. Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean, in what is now the 11581: 11566: 10134: 7407: 5976:"Zircon U-Pb geochronology links the end-Triassic extinction with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" 5846:"Archaeology of the continental shelf: marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology" 5544: 4951: 3015: 2075: 2047: 2027: 1787: 246: 6827: 6053:"Decadal variability of subpolar gyre transport and its reverberation in the North Atlantic overturning" 3970: 2303:

began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. Large quantities of

1231: 1215:

using echo-sounding equipment. The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of

269:, with an area of about 85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi). It covers approximately 17% of 11571: 11365: 11269: 10312: 10297: 9595: 9580: 9283: 8433: 8207: 7022:. Ecosystems of the deep oceans. Vol. 28. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 111–178. 2609:. The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9–8.5 thousand years ago. 2454: 2236: 1840: 1415: 575: 10693: 10625: 10596: 10581: 10322: 10247: 7953:"A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin" 6003: 5845: 3501: 3432: 3271: 3264: 3001: 2625:

in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa.

2532: 2050:

area) and Africa's northwestern coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas.

2001: 1871: 1832: 1655: 20: 7475:"Extensive 200-million-year-old continental flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province" 7220: 7190: 2531:

in Africa; around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as

11588: 11415: 11400: 11395: 11309: 11299: 11238: 11228: 11208: 10282: 10199: 9782: 9495: 3436: 2228: 1949: 1811: 1451: 1380: 1208: 1064: 618: 9460: 7919: 5545:"Warming of Antarctic deep-sea waters contribute to sea level rise in North Atlantic, study finds" 3698:

Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone

3559:

chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to

11638: 11536: 11360: 11355: 11314: 11264: 11087: 10929: 10620: 10527: 10204: 9914: 9909: 8385: 7915: 7295:"Coastal South Africa and the Coevolution of the Modern Human Lineage and the Coastal Adaptation" 5430: 4476: 4182: 3652: 3560: 3431:

have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of

3291:

to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of

2593:

culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the

2320: 2232: 1957: 1149:

on the ocean floor. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500

503:" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. In these uses, the name refers to 6511: 6308: 3986:

Mangas, Julio; Plácido, Domingo; Elícegui, Elvira Gangutia; Rodríguez Somolinos, Helena (1998).

2997: 2838: 11375: 11279: 11274: 11259: 11233: 11223: 11198: 11148: 11072: 10906: 10713: 10307: 10110: 8706: 7592: 7215: 6324: 6095:"Exploring the analogy between modern trafficking in humans and the trans-Atlantic slave trade" 5998: 3842: 2812: 2798: 2189: 2042: 1926:

The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of

1819: 1783: 1774:

In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the

1755: 1659: 1173: 870: 689:

The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the

341: 8137: 7133: 3987: 2078:. The ice season is longer in the polar regions, but there is little shipping in those areas. 11405: 11118: 10999: 10863: 10783: 10426: 10327: 9936: 8231: 8227: 8200: 7766: 7750: 6988: 6850: 5499: 5294: 4074: 3942: 3460: 3390: 2914: 2540: 2270: 1815: 1294: 1192: 1057: 461: 266: 250: 199: 8022:"Mapping of the Puerto Rico Trench, the Deepest Part of the Atlantic, is Nearing Completion" 7072: 2261:. The opening of the northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the 2180:

The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent

11203: 11153: 10873: 9849: 9567: 9247: 8553: 8132: 8070: 7999: 7964: 7872: 7837: 7797: 7682: 7621: 7537: 7486: 7422: 7381: 7253: 7207: 7141: 7068: 6900: 6801: 6718: 6667: 6480: 6388: 6353: 6211: 6144: 6064: 5990: 5908: 5860: 5772: 4960: 3989:

La Península Ibérica en los autores griegos: de Homero a Platón – SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)

3807: 3687: 3630: 3626: 3452: 3424: 3328: 3086: 2974: 2890: 2870: 2859: 2823: 2698: 2664: 2586: 2578: 2536: 2030:

can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

1972: 1945: 1130: 1122: 579: 349: 7473:

Marzoli, A.; Renne, P.R.; Piccirillo, E.M.; Ernesto, M.; Bellieni, G.; De Min, A. (1999).

3205:

are in good condition. In the Northeast Atlantic, 21% of stocks are considered overfished.

2645: 2633: 1383:. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents. 607: 8: 11480: 11475: 11077: 11029: 10522: 10187: 10124: 10100: 9931: 9792: 9738: 9679: 9650: 9590: 9585: 9413: 8854: 8648: 8277: 7523:"Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model" 7403: 7012: 3578: 3564: 3428: 3335:. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including 3248: 2842: 2715: 2672: 2535:

around 200 kya. The earliest evidence for the complex behavior associated with this

2474: 1768: 1764: 1664: 1640: 1440: 1436: 1411: 1341: 1337: 1243: 1227: 1185: 1177: 1107: 1103: 1072: 1053: 954: 683: 652: 583: 544: 500: 391:. The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, the northern and southern Atlantic, by the 8074: 8003: 7968: 7876: 7841: 7801: 7686: 7625: 7541: 7490: 7426: 7385: 7257: 7211: 7198:

Mann, M.E.; Emanuel, K.A. (2006). "Atlantic hurricane trends linked to climate change".

7145: 6904: 6855:

Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition

6805: 6722: 6671: 6484: 6392: 6357: 6215: 6148: 6068: 5994: 5912: 5864: 5821:"The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age rock shelter and the evolution of coastal foraging" 5776: 4964: 1142: 11607: 11490: 11485: 11340: 11294: 11289: 10810: 10431: 10394: 10272: 9718: 9640: 9600: 9575: 8849: 8746: 8390: 8252: 8096: 7705: 7647: 7560: 7446: 7178: 7120: 6819: 6742: 6639: 6631: 6528: 6498: 6440: 6377:"Are subduction zones invading the Atlantic? Evidence from the southwest Iberia margin" 6285: 6235: 6168: 6024: 5962: 5926: 5796: 3743: 3651:

North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased

2907: 2681: 2081: 1844: 1668: 1290: 1266: 1216: 1118: 1092: 1041: 746: 671: 629: 353: 195: 151: 9083: 8059:"Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment" 6679: 5612: 5591: 4634:, Abstract; Biogeographic Significance of the "Quasi-Sargasso" Assemblage, pp. 303–304 2803: 2759:

1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). The

1113:

The MAR rises 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and its

11470: 11380: 11213: 11188: 11143: 11138: 11082: 10891: 10510: 10337: 10302: 10163: 10158: 10139: 9948: 9775: 9535: 9373: 9252: 8608: 8558: 8350: 8292: 8160: 8088: 8021: 7977: 7952: 7785: 7738: 7710: 7639: 7565: 7502: 7438: 7343: 7335: 7305: 7157: 7124: 7023: 6939: 6912: 6866: 6734: 6643: 6569: 6568:(Report). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FOA). 2016. 6493: 6468: 6432: 6376: 6366: 6341: 6262: 6227: 6160: 6052: 6016: 5966: 5930: 5896: 5820: 5788: 5784: 5675: 5648: 5620: 5347: 4976: 4741: 4409: 4270: 4080: 3680: 3615: 3320: 3316: 3244: 3202: 3178: 3007: 2942: 2919: 2894: 2834: 2574: 2324: 2266: 2074:

are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the

2058: 978: 774: 722: 656: 591: 516: 508: 504: 452: 333: 324:

in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an

221: 8100: 7809: 7651: 7609: 7474: 7450: 6823: 6746: 6502: 6444: 6239: 6028: 5872: 4972: 3853:

Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc

3327:

in the area was recognized as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on

1850:

The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre. The

11541: 11390: 11385: 11370: 11350: 11345: 11335: 11218: 11183: 11178: 11158: 11123: 11108: 10972: 10967: 10957: 10886: 10563: 10517: 10460: 10389: 10252: 10146: 10095: 10073: 9926: 9873: 9812: 8869: 8721: 8272: 8192: 8152: 8078: 8007: 7972: 7880: 7845: 7805: 7746: 7700: 7690: 7667: 7629: 7555: 7545: 7522: 7494: 7430: 7389: 7271: 7261: 7239:"On the Movements of the North Atlantic Subpolar Front in the Preinstrumental Past" 7225: 7149: 7112: 7076: 6984: 6908: 6858: 6809: 6726: 6704:"Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa" 6675: 6623: 6488: 6424: 6396: 6361: 6281: 6219: 6172: 6152: 6072: 6008: 5954: 5916: 5868: 5780: 5729: 5721: 5016: 4968: 4108: 3771: 3552: 3448: 3378: 3284: 3252: 2936: 2855: 2788: 2762: 2622: 2554: 2316: 2197: 1977: 1356: 1326: 561: 560:, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century. During the 552: 408: 325: 274: 6928: 4291:"World Map / World Atlas / Atlas of the World Including Geography Facts and Flags" 4232: 4105:

Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Synonyms, and Spanish to English Translator

3893: 3779: 3655:(SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural 3591:

and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. The

1984:

to the central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea.

11643: 11551: 11410: 11284: 11254: 11163: 10858: 10359: 10347: 10332: 10287: 10237: 10177: 10119: 10080: 10068: 10061: 9970: 9787: 9770: 9745: 9288: 9217: 9212: 9196: 9155: 8989: 8959: 8939: 8859: 8523: 8518: 8503: 8473: 8438: 8360: 8257: 7668:"Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies" 7498: 7434: 4757:"Atlantic Continental Shelf and Slope of the United States - Geologic Background" 3468: 3336: 3198: 3138: 2558: 2528: 2501: 2486: 2394: 2300: 2278: 1403: 1352: 1322: 1220: 1099: 1037: 1008: 984: 930: 906: 540: 512: 203: 9398: 8633: 7294: 4695: 3544:), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes. 3057: 2865: 2491:

An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The

2453:

around 118 Ma. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the

387:

in the south. Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to

11546: 11441: 11330: 11304: 11168: 11133: 11128: 11113: 11103: 11022: 11003: 10952: 10851: 10815: 10778: 10718: 10482: 10374: 10352: 10342: 10194: 10172: 10056: 10051: 10036: 10031: 9958: 9904: 9856: 9827: 9733: 9723: 9428: 9418: 9237: 9222: 8929: 8909: 8874: 8864: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8663: 8653: 8543: 8528: 8262: 8239: 8186: 7302:

Trekking the Shore: Changing Coastlines and the Antiquity of Coastal Settlement

7080: 5668:

Santibañez, Rafael (1969). "El Canal Beagle y la delimitación de los océanos".

5323: 5001:

De A. Carvalho, Marcelo; Bengtson, Peter; Lana, Cecília C. (23 November 2015).

3785: 3757: 3676: 3611: 3607: 3464: 3416: 3394: 3211: 3134: 3011: 2970: 2784: 2747: 2722: 2676: 2549: 2274: 2258: 2201: 1964: 1396: 1310: 1286: 1278: 1247: 1169: 1126: 996: 864: 786: 780: 742: 714: 706: 636: 520: 384: 345: 337: 107: 8041: 7634: 7304:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer. pp. 421–440. 7153: 7116: 6888: 6862: 5707:"The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth" 4172: 4076:

The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community

2449:

In the central segment, rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the

11632: 11618: 11602: 11561: 11556: 11506: 11057: 11045: 10977: 10846: 10838: 10805: 10542: 10492: 10384: 10379: 10369: 10219: 10182: 10090: 10085: 9987: 9892: 9451: 9388: 9358: 9328: 9318: 9293: 9242: 9232: 9150: 9071: 9059: 8879: 8771: 8741: 8726: 8716: 8696: 8623: 8593: 8548: 8538: 8513: 8493: 8463: 8443: 8355: 8330: 7290: 7266: 7103:

Lovejoy, P.E. (1982). "The volume of the Atlantic slave trade: A synthesis".

5725: 5322:

Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.

4980: 4718: 3737: 3729: 3634: 3603: 3599: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3374: 3359: 3260: 3230: 3142: 3078: 3019: 2981: 2954: 2946: 2830: 2735: 2492: 2465: 2286: 2262: 2130: 2067: 2012: 1859: 1797: 1779: 1318: 1306: 1300:

In 1922, a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred. The USS

1282: 1270: 1138: 1134: 1049: 948: 918: 876: 852: 804: 798: 792: 768: 730: 710: 698: 644: 640: 376: 357: 348:. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both 290: 286: 242: 90: 77: 8108: 8083: 8058: 7695: 7550: 7336:"Stone age people in a changing South African greater Cape Floristic Region" 6730: 6012: 5392: 4756: 3943:"An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic" 11516: 11420: 11193: 11014: 10881: 10820: 10800: 10790: 10500: 10472: 10227: 9965: 9899: 9868: 9817: 9689: 9618: 9555: 9545: 9423: 9408: 9393: 9368: 9353: 9348: 9313: 9298: 9268: 9227: 9165: 9160: 8924: 8799: 8751: 8736: 8731: 8711: 8678: 8658: 8643: 8628: 8603: 8588: 8578: 8533: 8488: 8478: 8468: 8453: 8418: 8340: 8322: 8247: 8187:"Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida" 8092: 7714: 7643: 7569: 7506: 7442: 6738: 6436: 6231: 6223: 6164: 6020: 5792: 5679: 5613:"El Arco de Scotia, separación natural de los océanos Pacífico y Atlántico" 3799: 3405: 3401: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3296: 3292: 3170: 3039: 3031: 3023: 2985: 2755: 2617: 2613: 2563: 2544: 2506: 2450: 2293: 2205: 2126: 1996: 1992: 1953: 1887: 1828: 1392: 1348: 1293:(8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and 1165: 990: 972: 942: 924: 912: 900: 894: 816: 810: 762: 718: 702: 675: 660: 380: 372: 298: 7053: 6428: 1967:, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the 1375: 11173: 10937: 10896: 10827: 10532: 10421: 10364: 10292: 10242: 10129: 10105: 9994: 9832: 9750: 9728: 9704: 9550: 9540: 9403: 9378: 9333: 9278: 9180: 9002: 8974: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8899: 8894: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8779: 8691: 8686: 8638: 8613: 8428: 8380: 8375: 8345: 8335: 8312: 8282: 7885: 7860: 7850: 7826:"Tracing the flow of North Atlantic Deep Water using chlorofluorocarbons" 7825: 7394: 7365: 7340:

Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region, 164

7229: 6077: 5021: 5002: 3671: 3324: 3193:

which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of

3082: 3074: 3043: 2594: 2590: 2385:

In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133–130 Ma) intensive

2134: 2038: 2017: 1941: 1940:) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the 1875: 1867: 1775: 1444: 1154: 1146: 1114: 1025: 966: 648: 419: 368: 254: 6156: 5733: 4158:

Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in the Reign of Charles I

3985: 3688:

Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

3489: 3381:

was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished.

3339:, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier. 2833:

reached India under the Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the

1391:

From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the

1157:) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. 588:

Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in The Reign of Charles I

11455: 11049: 10467: 10436: 10262: 10257: 9921: 9882: 9844: 9762: 9635: 9520: 9515: 9433: 9363: 9338: 9323: 9303: 9273: 9170: 9145: 9129: 9038: 9012: 8979: 8969: 8914: 8794: 8701: 8668: 8598: 8568: 8563: 8508: 8498: 8458: 8448: 8423: 8395: 8370: 8302: 8287: 7743:

Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers

6635: 6051:

Böning, C.W.; Scheinert, M.; Dengg, J.; Biastoch, A.; Funk, A. (2006).

5958: 4717:. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from 4130: 3822: 3818:

List of rivers of the Americas by coastline § Atlantic Ocean coast

3556: 3386: 3280: 3174: 3106: 2606: 2598: 2548:

these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the

2497: 2438: 2085: 1635: 1045: 1033: 1002: 888: 882: 858: 846: 840: 822: 734: 690: 679: 388: 11613: 9446: 9054: 8012: 7987: 7861:"On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean" 6597: 5758:"All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea" 4392: 3723: 1593:

Deep and abyssal waters (1,500 m–bottom or 4,900 ft–bottom)

1021: 49: 11511: 10914: 10573: 10547: 10477: 10455: 10448: 10232: 10009: 9943: 9839: 9662: 9645: 9530: 9525: 9499: 9383: 9343: 9308: 9175: 8934: 8904: 8829: 8809: 8804: 8789: 8761: 8618: 8583: 8573: 8483: 8400: 8307: 8267: 8136: 8107: 7275: 6814: 6400: 5217:, Introduction, pp. 12–13; The Norse in The North Atlantic, pp. 13–14 4330: 3619: 3533: 3529: 3162: 3130: 3110: 3090: 3035: 2743: 2602: 2386: 2224:

10 sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.

2161: 2150: 1928: 1767:

occupies the northern Atlantic, and the counter-clockwise warm-water

1198:

discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or:

1056:. Expeditions to explore the bathymertry of the Atlantic include the 960: 936: 834: 828: 726: 694: 664: 606:

For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see

557: 470: 466: 423: 294: 278: 270: 59: 7666:

Patterson, W.P.; Dietrich, K.A.; Holmden, C.; Andrews, J.T. (2010).

6562: 6130:"Slowing of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 25 N" 5921: 4711:"Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience tropical cyclones?" 4658:"Do Baby Eels Use Magnetic Maps to Hitch a Ride on the Gulf Stream?" 2628: 1426:

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water

10441: 10046: 9982: 9953: 9863: 9822: 9630: 9610: 9490: 9007: 8997: 8964: 8919: 8889: 8884: 8784: 8365: 8297: 7768:

The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge

6627: 5433:. Michigan State University, Animal Legal & Historical Center. 3525: 3312: 3304: 3219: 3186: 3177:

reached its lowest levels in the 1960s–1980s but is now recovered.

3094: 3027: 2958: 2878: 2668: 2621:

middens found on every inhabited continent, the 50–45 kya-old

2362: 2351: 2340: 2312: 1858:

originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region, near the

1824: 1427: 1314: 1044:(MAR). It runs from 87°N or 300 km (190 mi) south of the 590:, where "great Pond" is used in reference to the Atlantic Ocean by 282: 7236: 6701: 5083: 4944: 4556: 2446:

130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge–Rio Grande Rise.

651:. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the 632:. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas vary. 10413: 10151: 10041: 9999: 9887: 9699: 9694: 9623: 8756: 7988:"The North Atlantic subpolar gyre in four high-resolution models" 7985: 5674:(in Spanish). Santiago: Editorial Andrés Bello. pp. 95–109. 5592:

Juan Ignacio Ipinza Mayor; Cedomir Marangunic Damianovic (2021).

4568: 4406:

The Mediterranean Was a Desert: A Voyage of the Glomar Challenger

4178: 3793: 3521: 3382: 3308: 3300: 3288: 3256: 3215: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3122: 3114: 2882: 2739: 2671:

connected Siberia to Alaska. In 1973, late American geoscientist

2181: 2071: 1450:

The high surface salinity in the Atlantic, on which the Atlantic

1431: 670:

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The

536: 531: 523:

sailors and in ancient Greek mythological literature such as the

392: 7951:

Torsvik, T.H.; Rousse, S.; Labails, C.; Smethurst, M.A. (2009).

7786:"Global continental and ocean basin reconstructions since 200Ma" 5455:

Sebastian A. Gerlach "Marine Pollution", Springer, Berlin (1975)

4443:, Boundary between the North and South America plates, pp. 26–27 1831:. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the 1747: 133:

North Atlantic: 41,490,000 km (16,020,000 sq mi),

10919: 10023: 9977: 9684: 9671: 8057:

Webster, P.J.; Holland, G.J.; Curry, J.A.; Chang, H.R. (2005).

7665: 7610:"The human genetic history of the Americas: the final frontier" 5645:

El delirio armado: Argentina-Chile, la guerra que evitó el Papa

5226: 3537: 3158: 2966: 2772: 2304: 2117: 2113: 2109: 1981: 1467:

Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses

1150: 412: 361: 310: 302: 55: 7366:"Stability of the thermohaline circulation under millennial CO 7051: 6307: 5035: 4290: 3878: 3813:

List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean

2708: 2675:

proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization of the Americas by which

1540:

Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m or 1,600–4,900 ft)

1207:

The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the

564:, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the 320:

were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the

135:

South Atlantic 40,270,000 km (15,550,000 sq mi)

10770: 10665: 10209: 9507: 9491: 9028: 8223: 7950: 7472: 7052:

Livermore, R.; Nankivell, A.; Eagles, G.; Morris, P. (2005).

6323: 5895:

Bigg, G.R.; Jickells, T.D.; Liss, P.S.; Osborn, T.J. (2003).

5815:

Avery, G.; Halkett, D.; Orton, J.; Steele, T.; Tusenius, M.;

4932: 4857: 4803: 4209: 3888: 3886: 3223: 3098: 2751: 2693: 2684:. These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the 2105: 1786:, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the 1330: 525: 8020: 7138:

Seaweeds: Their Environment, Biogeography, and Ecophysiology

6374: 6050: 5047: 4580: 4220: 2429:

10 sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8

2004:

to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults.

1827:) current which flows around the continental margins of the 9804: 7824:

Smethie, W.M.; Fine, R.A.; Putzka, A.; Jones, E.P. (2000).

7237:

Marchal, O.; Waelbroeck, C.; Colin de Verdière, A. (2016).

6853:. In Bianchetti, S.; Cataudella, M.; Gehrke, H.-J. (eds.). 5973: 5543:

Marine, Rosenstiel School of; Atmospheric; Science, Earth.

4994: 4791: 3696:

Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "

3420: 2962: 2845:. Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly 2808: 2689: 2252: 1897: 1648: 1407: 306: 7370:

forcing and two alternative controls on Atlantic salinity"

7364:

Marsh, R.; Hazeleger, W.; Yool, A.; Rohling, E.J. (2007).

6889:"The beginnings of the Sargasso assemblage in the Tethys?" 5000: 4845: 4833: 3883: 3595:

is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.

2315:, most of them situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The 9033: 7783: 7363: 7333: 7140:. Vol. 36. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 222–225. 6934:. Review of the state of world marine fishery resources. 6127: 5530: 5059: 4917: 4827: 4779: 4493: 4308: 3679:. 21st-century global warming will probably result in an 3541: 3263:, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod, 3051: 2829:

in 1492, sailing under the Spanish flag. Six years later

2742:

began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on

1909: 418:

The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from

8056: 7925:

During the Year 1873 and the Early Part of the Year 1876

7338:. In Allsopp, N.; Colville, J.F.; Verboom, G.A. (eds.). 6128:

Bryden, H.L.; Longworth, H.R.; Cunningham, S.A. (2005).

5568: 1870:. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. 1778:

which flows north-east from the North American coast at

1160:

The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the

171:

111,866 km (69,510 mi) including marginal seas

9113: 6660:

Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers

5814: 5755: 5704: 5280: 5131: 5074:, Environmental Context on the South Coast, pp. 423–425 4643: 3210:

This zone makes almost three-quarters (72.8 %) of

2815:

and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("

249:. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of 7823: 5894: 5579: 4544: 4532: 2265:, and spread from the central Atlantic in six stages: 2184:, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the 1987:

The location of the spawning ground for European eels

1963:

Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the

253:

over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over

6613: 6407: 5214: 5167: 2953:

The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish,

8222: 7741:. In Cummings, V.; Jordan, P.; Zvelebil, M. (eds.). 6977:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

6886: 6514:. Boulder, CO: NOAA National Geophysical Data Center 5542: 5292: 5146:, The Long-Term History of Marine Resources, pp. 4–5 4928: 4926: 4742:"The geological history of the North Atlantic Ocean" 4715:

Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory

4631: 3719: 1176:, on either side of the Azores microplate, near the 273:

and about 24% of its water surface area. During the

7893: 7764: 6194: 4899: 4383:, Seafloor topography and physiography, pp. 113–114 4061: 4038: 3054:partitioned the Atlantic into major fishing areas: 535:, this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as 7300:. In Bicho, N.F.; Haws, J.A.; Davis, L.G. (eds.). 6408:Dugmore, A.J.; Keller, C.; McGovern, T.H. (2007). 5647:(in Spanish). Editorial Sudamericana. p. 48. 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 2382:zone (AFFZ); and Falkland segment, south of AFFZ. 2323:. Of these seamounts, 46 are located close to the 1454:is dependent, is maintained by two processes: the 1258:For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see 1242:, United Kingdom; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands: 667:, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa. 19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 6893:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 6339: 5431:"Problems and Prospects for the Pelagic Driftnet" 4938: 4923: 4516: 4514: 4475: 4440: 4428: 3275:Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons 3010:of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest 2819:"), which would be developed in subsequent years. 2188:(CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous 1634:The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper 752: 422:around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211): 11630: 8147:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855–857. 7607: 6195:Bullard, E.; Everett, J.E.; Smith, A.G. (1965). 5705:Acemoglu, D.; Johnson, S.; Robinson, J. (2005). 5202: 5190: 5178: 4740:Fitton, Godfrey; Larsen, Lotte Melchior (1999). 4557:Marchal, Waelbroeck & Colin de Verdière 2016 3979: 2104:The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense 1447:regions with low rainfall and high evaporation. 163:310,410,900 km (74,471,500 cu mi) 114:List of bordering countries (not drainage basin) 68: 7675:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7530:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6197:"The fit of the continents around the Atlantic" 5610: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 4904: 4883: 4881: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4170: 3712:the former being more current than the latter. 2795:List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean 2760: 2713: 2640:The same development can be seen in Europe. In 2041:and its northern extension towards Europe, the 1960:, floating in the ocean for millions of years. 1805:North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic 1483:Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft) 1137:plates in the South Atlantic. The MAR produces 499:) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the 330:colonization of the Americas by European powers 131:85,133,000 km (32,870,000 sq mi) 7858: 6653:"Cyclonic gyre in the tropical South Atlantic" 6340:DeMets, C.; Gordon, R.G.; Argus, D.F. (2010). 5843: 5143: 4935:, General setting and magmatism, pp. 1316–1318 4592: 4511: 4403: 3577:strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic 3333:collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery 2877:In the colonies of the Americas, depredation, 2413:10 cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2 2099: 16:Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas 11030: 9476: 9099: 8208: 7593:"History of NOAA Ocean Exploration: Timeline" 6936:FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 6509: 5293:Kubesh, K.; McNeil, N.; Bellotto, K. (2008). 5268:, The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, pp. 213–215 4034: 4032: 3929: 2841:reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the 2667:covered most of northern North America while 1236:Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture 11044: 7200:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 6650: 6563:The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 6526: 5496:Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute 5360: 5352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5276: 5274: 5237: 5235: 4878: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4762:(Report). US Geological Survey. p. 16. 4739: 4604: 4520: 4505: 4469: 4369: 4360: 4358: 4055: 3663:. A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic 2703:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories 2311:The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810 1260:List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean 8157:Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories 7197: 7010: 6512:"Volumes of the World's Oceans from ETOPO1" 6102:Boston University International Law Journal 5518: 4744:. pp. 10, 15 – via ResearchGate. 4615: 4613: 4380: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4275:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4194: 4192: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 612:Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean 11037: 11023: 9483: 9469: 9106: 9092: 8215: 8201: 8151: 7591: 5667: 5642: 5466:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too" 5321: 4464: 4393:The Geological Society: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4326: 4324: 4322: 4155: 4066: 4029: 4004:"Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español" 2480: 2170:Opening of the central Atlantic 200-170 Ma 1746: 1710: 1359:is found off the eastern coast of Canada. 617:For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see 265:is the second-largest of the world's five 8111:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2007–2008 8082: 8036: 8011: 7976: 7884: 7849: 7704: 7694: 7633: 7559: 7549: 7393: 7265: 7219: 6813: 6492: 6365: 6261: 6076: 6002: 5920: 5271: 5241: 5232: 5020: 4364: 4331:World Heritage Centre: Mid-Atlantic Ridge 4257:June 2010, Remy Melina 04 (4 June 2010). 4256: 3848:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone 1414:some east–west oscillation, known as the 619:Southern Ocean § Definitions and use 6989:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815 6771:"Perseus Under Philologic: Hdt. 1.202.4" 6768: 6529:"Global water masses-summary and review" 5486: 5428: 4610: 4335: 4189: 4024: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3865: 3691: 3569: 3400: 3358: 3270: 3229: 3056: 3014:. The most productive areas include the 2941: 2873:1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages) 2864: 2802: 2707: 2627: 2062:Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean 2057: 2011: 1796: 1374: 1366: 1362: 1028:map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin 1020: 402: 229: 8131: 7914: 7830:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 7520: 7102: 6967: 6887:Jerzmańska, A.; Kotlarczyk, J. (1976). 5531:Bryden, Longworth & Cunningham 2005 5514: 5512: 5253: 5095: 4815: 4708: 4452: 4319: 4156:Wellington, Nehemiah (1 January 1869). 4079:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 3992:. Editorial Complutense. pp. 283–. 3967:International Hydrographic Organization 3475: 3165:. There are also two defunct subareas. 2869:Embarked and disembarked slaves in the 2471:Eocene–Oligocene climatic deterioration 2192:in Earth's history associated with the 1758:World map of the five major ocean gyres 1269:dominate large areas, for example, the 626:International Hydrographic Organization 11631: 7765:Ripley, G.; Anderson Dana, C. (1873). 7751:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.059 7402: 7289: 7131: 6469:"New angles on South Atlantic opening" 6466: 5944: 5155: 5119: 5071: 4887: 4688:"About International Ice Patrol (IIP)" 4619: 4185:from the original on 22 November 2021. 4072: 3547: 3520:Endangered marine species include the 3439:have improved to fully fished in 2013. 3346:In the eastern central-Atlantic small 2397:resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5 2391:Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province 1903:Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea 1737: 1728: 1719: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1305:be fairly flat with occasional deeps, 1081:United States Navy Hydrographic Office 443: 371:, it is connected in the north to the 11018: 9464: 9087: 8196: 8189:from 1639 via the Library of Congress 7898:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 7739:"The resettlement of northern Europe" 7736: 7136:. In Yarish, C.; Kirkman, H. (eds.). 6848: 6092: 5844:Bailey, G N.; Flemming, N.C. (2008). 5437:from the original on 25 November 2011 5303:from the original on 21 December 2016 5281:Acemoglu, Johnson & Robinson 2005 5265: 5107: 5008:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology 4754: 4655: 4259:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas" 4049: 3916: 3904:from the original on 15 February 2017 3480: 3459:has not yet reached fully fished but 2998:Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean 2887:indigenous population of the Americas 2597:volcanic eruption, the inundation of 1956:and has, if so, maintained itself by 1835:(NADW). The NADW, in turn, feeds the 1355:form barriers to ocean currents. The 1129:plates in the North Atlantic and the 1086: 7054:"Paleogene opening of Drake passage" 6542:(4): 383–391 (PDF pages scrambled). 6510:Eakins, B.W.; Sharman, G.F. (2010). 6342:"Geologically current plate motions" 5901:International Journal of Climatology 5509: 4769:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4535:, Formation of NADW, pp. 14299–14300 3940: 3647:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 3484: 2464:About 50 Ma the opening of the 749:, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft). 663: – and, in turn, the 241:This video was taken by the crew of 7938:from the original on 9 October 2022 7745:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7724:from the original on 9 October 2022 7608:O'Rourke, D.H.; Raff, J.A. (2010). 7579:from the original on 9 October 2022 7460:from the original on 9 October 2022 7321:from the original on 9 October 2022 7090:from the original on 9 October 2022 7061:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 7039:from the original on 9 October 2022 6955:from the original on 9 October 2022 6926: 6785: 6756:from the original on 9 October 2022 6689:from the original on 9 October 2022 6651:Gordon, A.L.; Bosley, K.T. (1991). 6585:from the original on 9 October 2022 6561: 6549:from the original on 9 October 2022 6454:from the original on 9 October 2022 6249:from the original on 9 October 2022 6182:from the original on 9 October 2022 6115:from the original on 9 October 2022 6038:from the original on 9 October 2022 5897:"The role of the oceans in climate" 5882:from the original on 9 October 2022 5743:from the original on 9 October 2022 5611:Barros González, Guillermo (1987). 5416: 5379: 5215:Dugmore, Keller & McGovern 2007 5168:Greenberg, Turner & Zegura 1986 4692:U. S. Coast Guard Navigation Center 4198: 2249:Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean 2140: 13: 8125: 7011:Levin, L.A.; Gooday, A.J. (2003). 6851:"The Sea of the Greeks and Romans" 6311:. CIA World Factbook. 27 June 2016 6286:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01028.x 5671:Los derechos de Chile en el Beagle 5334:from the original on 31 March 2016 5205:, Beringian Scenarios, pp. 205–206 4668:from the original on 19 April 2017 4583:, Introduction, p. 1; Fig. 2, p. 2 4431:, The Azores microplate, pp. 24–25 3879:CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean 3665:meridional overturning circulation 3528:, sea lions, turtles, and whales. 2194:Triassic–Jurassic extinction event 2186:Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 2053: 1837:meridional overturning circulation 1771:appears in the southern Atlantic. 1036:of the Atlantic is dominated by a 801: – 1.205 million km 795: – 1.383 million km 789: – 1.550 million km 777: – 2.510 million km 771: – 2.754 million km 608:List of seas § Atlantic Ocean 601: 322:expedition of Christopher Columbus 277:, it was known for separating the 14: 11670: 8174: 7957:Geophysical Journal International 7859:Stramma, L.; England, M. (1999). 6527:Emery, W.J.; Meincke, J. (1986). 6473:Geophysical Journal International 6346:Geophysical Journal International 6327:. CIA World Factbook. 1 June 2016 5582:, Sea-level change, pp. 1128–1129 5393:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture" 5193:, Conclusions and Outlook, p. 206 4900:Bullard, Everett & Smith 1965 4210:CIA World Factbook: Pacific Ocean 3657:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 3640: 3034:, the waters around Iceland, the 2778: 2371:The opening of the South Atlantic 2330: 2242: 909: – 116,300 km 903: – 138,000 km 897: – 150,000 km 891: – 169,000 km 885: – 214,000 km 879: – 223,000 km 873: – 226,000 km 867: – 275,000 km 861: – 300,000 km 855: – 320,000 km 849: – 350,000 km 843: – 377,000 km 837: – 436,000 km 831: – 575,000 km 825: – 689,000 km 819: – 780,000 km 813: – 841,000 km 783: – 2.35 million km 411:depicted in a 1710 French map of 54:The Atlantic Ocean excluding its 11612: 11601: 10991: 10990: 10323:West South Central United States 9445: 9066: 9065: 9053: 7992:Journal of Physical Oceanography 7978:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04137.x 7896:"How the oceans got their names" 6494:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03206.x 6367:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x 5785:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x 5661: 5636: 5604: 5585: 5573: 5562: 4782:, Central Atlantic, pp. 218, 220 4632:Jerzmańska & Kotlarczyk 1976 4221:USGS: Mapping Puerto Rico Trench 4171:Brown, Laurence (8 April 2018). 3828:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean 3792: 3778: 3764: 3750: 3736: 3722: 3488: 2361: 2350: 2339: 2216:10 sq mi) of which 2.5 2160: 2149: 2094:South Atlantic tropical cyclones 1908: 1896: 1741: gyre 1682: 1281:except at a few locations where 1277:. The Atlantic is surrounded by 1162:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault 1077:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory 1005: – 10,000 km 999: – 11,350 km 993: – 15,000 km 987: – 16,000 km 981: – 17,840 km 975: – 36,800 km 969: – 39,000 km 963: – 46,000 km 957: – 47,000 km 951: – 57,000 km 945: – 66,000 km 939: – 68,300 km 933: – 75,000 km 927: – 80,000 km 921: – 93,000 km 915: – 95,000 km 765: – 3.5 million km 48: 11654:Landforms of the Atlantic Ocean 10538:Latin America and the Caribbean 10404:Latin America and the Caribbean 7865:Journal of Geophysical Research 7810:10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.002 5873:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.012 5536: 5524: 5480: 5458: 5449: 5422: 5410: 5385: 5315: 5286: 5259: 5247: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5062:, pp. 164–166, fig. 8.2, p. 166 5053: 5050:, Abstract; Conclusions, p. 842 5041: 5029: 4973:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.005 4893: 4869: 4821: 4818:, Abstract, Introduction, p. 64 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4748: 4733: 4709:Landsea, Chris (13 July 2005). 4702: 4680: 4656:Marks, Andrea (17 April 2017). 4649: 4637: 4625: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4499: 4487: 4458: 4446: 4441:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 4434: 4429:DeMets, Gordon & Argus 2010 4422: 4397: 4386: 4301: 4283: 4250: 4225: 4214: 4203: 4164: 4149: 4123: 4093: 4062:Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873 4043: 3941:Dean, Josh (21 December 2018). 3706:by the Shackleton Fracture Zone 3234:Banks of the northwest Atlantic 3061:Banks of the northeast Atlantic 2523: 2437:10 sq mi) in Africa. 1881: 1854:originates in this gyre, while 1847:, the upper layers of the MOC. 1843:, are especially pronounced in 1814:. Its eastern portion includes 1582:Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) 1461: 1083:conduct research on the ocean. 1011: – 8,300 km 543:in Morocco and the sea off the 33:Atlantic Basin (disambiguation) 29:South Atlantic (disambiguation) 25:North Atlantic (disambiguation) 7105:The Journal of African History 5472:. 2 March 2010. Archived from 4408:. Princeton University Press. 4018: 3996: 3960: 3934: 3633:, Delaware was carrying three 2539:has been found in the Greater 2090:Intertropical Convergence Zone 1253: 1240:Gough and Inaccessible Islands 807: – 1 million km 753:Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean 519:. On the other hand, to early 469:around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): 1: 11659:Oceans surrounding Antarctica 11649:History of the Atlantic Ocean 6680:10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80015-X 5324:"Is there gold in the ocean?" 4920:, South Atlantic, pp. 217–218 4559:, Introduction, pp. 1545–1547 4523:, Atlantic Ocean, pp. 384–386 3858: 3463:is overfished. The sea snail 3185:are considered fully fished; 2519:History of the Atlantic Ocean 2125:shallow shelf areas like the 1611:Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) 1016: 659: – one of its 155:8,376 m (27,480 ft) 143:3,646 m (11,962 ft) 10005:Middle East and North Africa 9710:Middle East and North Africa 7499:10.1126/science.284.5414.616 7435:10.1126/science.179.4077.969 7374:Geophysical Research Letters 6913:10.1016/0031-0182(76)90009-2 6057:Geophysical Research Letters 5714:The American Economic Review 4073:Steele, Ian Kenneth (1986). 3838:Piracy in the Atlantic World 3675:oceans which contributes to 3661:anthropogenic climate change 3593:North Atlantic garbage patch 2991: 2939:of the continental shelves. 2652: 2605:), and the formation of the 2569: 2455:Cretaceous Normal Superchron 2292:Spreading began opening the 1989:remained unknown for decades 1980:from where it migrated over 1856:Antarctic Intermediate Water 1852:South Atlantic Central Water 1807:North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre 1182:Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone 1172:, intersects the MAR at the 655:(where it connects with the 582:, and reproduced in 1869 in 547:and the West African coast. 471: 424: 7: 8183:. Cartage.org.lb (archived) 8040:. U.S. Navy. Archived from 7342:. Oxford University Press. 6787:"Limits of Oceans and Seas" 5299:. In the Hands of a Child. 5122:, Introduction, pp. 118–119 4952:Global and Planetary Change 4830:, Northern Atlantic, p. 220 4135:Online Etymology Dictionary 3715: 3532:fishing can kill dolphins, 3127:Northwest Coast of Scotland 3016:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 2100:Geology and plate tectonics 2076:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 2048:Grand Banks of Newfoundland 1421: 1164:, the boundary between the 398: 10: 11675: 10298:Northeastern United States 9284:American Mediterranean Sea 8434:American Mediterranean Sea 7894:Thomas, S. (8 June 2015). 7081:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.027 5853:Quaternary Science Reviews 5697: 5643:Passarelli, Bruno (1998). 5144:Bailey & Flemming 2008 4593:Stramma & England 1999 4160:. London: Richard Bentley. 3644: 3137:, and eastern and western 2995: 2929: 2792: 2782: 2686:settlement of the Americas 2656: 2516: 2512: 2484: 2246: 2237:Great American Interchange 2070:produces frequent storms. 2007: 1885: 1874:flows southward below the 1841:North Atlantic oscillation 1621: 1610: 1597: 1581: 1570: 1560:Intermediate Water (EASIW) 1558:Eastern Atlantic Subarctic 1557: 1547:Intermediate Water (WASIW) 1545:Western Atlantic Subarctic 1544: 1526: 1513: 1500: 1487: 1416:North Atlantic oscillation 1347:In the South Atlantic the 1257: 1090: 616: 605: 476: 429: 383:in the southeast, and the 222:not a well-defined measure 18: 11597: 11529: 11499: 11463: 11454: 11429: 11323: 11247: 11096: 11065: 11056: 10986: 10928: 10905: 10872: 10836: 10769: 10663: 10571: 10562: 10491: 10412: 10218: 10022: 9803: 9761: 9670: 9661: 9609: 9566: 9506: 9442: 9261: 9205: 9189: 9138: 9122: 9047: 9021: 8988: 8770: 8677: 8409: 8321: 8238: 7635:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 7154:10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.1066 7117:10.1017/S0021853700021319 7013:"The Deep Atlantic Ocean" 6863:10.1163/9789004284715_003 6857:. Brill. pp. 21–42. 3972:Limits of Oceans and Seas 3930:Eakins & Sharman 2010 3457:Whitehead's round herring 3433:southern African pilchard 3002:Fishing down the food web 2177:from 200 to 170 Ma. 2108:oceanic crust made up of 1878:of the subtropical gyre. 1872:North Atlantic Deep Water 1833:North Atlantic Deep Water 1763:The clockwise warm-water 1656:North Atlantic deep water 1622:Arctic Bottom Water (ABW) 1592: 1539: 1482: 1102:near the Equator and the 219: 209: 191: 179: 175: 167: 159: 147: 139: 127: 123: 106: 67: 47: 42: 21:Atlantic (disambiguation) 11589:Thermohaline circulation 10779:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9783:Transantarctic Mountains 8240:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8109:"The Mid-Atlantic Ridge" 7771:. Appleton. pp. 69– 7267:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0509.1 7018:. In Tyler, P.A. (ed.). 6929:"B1. Northwest Atlantic" 6601:. The Geological Society 5726:10.1257/0002828054201305 5203:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 5191:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 5179:O'Rourke & Raff 2010 4864:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4852:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4840:Fitton & Larsen 1999 4605:Gordon & Bosley 1991 4547:, Introduction, p. 14297 4521:Emery & Meincke 1986 4506:Emery & Meincke 1986 4477:Hamilton-Paterson, James 4039:Oxford Dictionaries 2015 3449:Argentine shortfin squid 3370:Western central-Atlantic 3343:Eastern central-Atlantic 3155:Northeast Atlantic South 2988:of toxic wastes at sea. 2881:and other diseases, and 2321:exclusive economic zones 2229:Central American Isthmus 1950:North Equatorial Current 1812:thermohaline circulation 1674: 1571:Mediterranean Water (MW) 1452:thermohaline circulation 1381:thermohaline circulation 1038:submarine mountain range 350:an eponymous slave trade 11537:Atmospheric circulation 11088:Transpolar Drift Stream 10528:Caribbean South America 8386:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 8144:Encyclopædia Britannica 8084:10.1126/science.1116448 7696:10.1073/pnas.0902522107 7551:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 7073:2005E&PSL.236..459L 7020:Ecosystems of the World 6773:. University of Chicago 6731:10.1126/science.1067575 6267:"State-organized crime" 6013:10.1126/science.1234204 5519:Mann & Emanuel 2006 5487:HR Lease (March 1986). 5283:, Abstract; pp. 546–551 5084:Henshilwood et al. 2002 4404:Kenneth J. Hsü (1987). 4381:Levin & Gooday 2003 3898:Encyclopædia Britannica 3653:sea surface temperature 3471:and remains overfished. 3429:shallow-water Cape hake 2889:to the extent that the 2847:conquered and colonized 2481:Closure of the Atlantic 2233:Central American Seaway 2196:, one of Earth's major 2190:large igneous provinces 2000:that eels possibly use 1336:The mean depth between 686:by the Southern Ocean. 11608:Environment portal 11562:Marine garbage patches 11376:Indonesian Throughflow 11280:Indonesian Throughflow 10308:Southern United States 10111:Scandinavian Peninsula 8707:Great Australian Bight 8138:"Atlantic Ocean" 8038:"Atlantic Ocean Facts" 6968:Lessios, H.A. (2008). 6224:10.1098/rsta.1965.0020 5181:, Introduction, p. 202 4890:, Introduction, p. 353 4571:, Introduction, p. 757 3843:Transatlantic crossing 3701: 3581: 3563:and the creation of a 3408: 3395:American cupped oyster 3366: 3319:, witch flounder, and 3276: 3235: 3062: 2950: 2874: 2820: 2813:Portuguese discoveries 2799:Battle of the Atlantic 2761: 2727: 2714: 2712:Based on the medieval 2637: 2473:and the growth of the 2063: 2022: 2002:Earth's magnetic field 1820:North Atlantic Current 1802: 1784:North Atlantic Current 1660:Antarctic bottom water 1514:Eastern North Atlantic 1501:Western North Atlantic 1384: 1372: 1205: 1174:Azores Triple Junction 1029: 871:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 415: 379:in the southwest, the 258: 11437:Antarctic Circumpolar 10784:Antarctic Convergence 10328:Western United States 9114:Marginal seas of the 8133:Dickson, Henry Newton 7931:. London: Macmillan. 7790:Earth-Science Reviews 6429:10.1353/arc.2011.0038 5429:Eisenbud, R. (1985). 5328:oceanservice.noaa.gov 5244:, Piracy, pp. 184–188 5227:Patterson et al. 2010 5134:, Introduction, p. 66 5036:Livermore et al. 2005 4792:Blackburn et al. 2013 4755:Emery, K. O. (1962). 4237:Five Deeps Expedition 3695: 3681:equilibrium sea-level 3573: 3461:Cunene horse mackerel 3404: 3391:northern brown shrimp 3362: 3274: 3233: 3189:is overfished as was 3129:, and North Ireland; 3060: 2945: 2920:absolutist monarchies 2915:Industrial Revolution 2913:From Columbus to the 2868: 2806: 2720:sagas, including the 2711: 2631: 2557:and the Indian Ocean 2541:Cape Floristic Region 2227:The formation of the 2061: 2015: 1800: 1516:Central Water (ENACW) 1503:Central Water (WNACW) 1456:Agulhas Leakage/Rings 1378: 1370: 1363:Water characteristics 1295:South Sandwich Trench 1200: 1024: 674:, running south from 406: 240: 9850:Greater Central Asia 9248:Gulf of St. Lawrence 8554:Gulf of St. Lawrence 8159:. HarperCollins UK. 8024:. USGS. October 2003 7886:10.1029/1999JC900139 7851:10.1029/1999JC900274 7521:Mellars, P. (2006). 7395:10.1029/2006GL027815 7230:10.1029/2006eo240001 6616:Current Anthropology 6599:"Mid-Atlantic Ridge" 6093:Bravo, K.E. (2007). 6078:10.1029/2006GL026906 5505:on 18 December 2008. 5229:, pp. 5308–5309 5022:10.1002/2014PA002772 4569:Tréguier et al. 2005 4496:, Introduction, p. 1 3808:Atlantic Revolutions 3631:Dover Air Force Base 3536:and other seabirds ( 3476:Environmental issues 3453:Brazilian sardinella 3329:international waters 2975:polymetallic nodules 2891:Atlantic slave trade 2885:quickly reduced the 2871:Atlantic slave trade 2860:Alexandre Exquemelin 2839:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2827:reached the Americas 2824:Christopher Columbus 2699:Solutrean hypothesis 2665:Laurentide Ice Sheet 2587:Last Glacial Maximum 2537:behavioral modernity 2043:North Atlantic Drift 1946:North Atlantic Drift 1665:nuclear weapon tests 1625:−1.8 to −0.5 °C 1529:Central Water (SACW) 1048:to the subantarctic 733:, almost all of the 11481:South Atlantic Gyre 11476:North Atlantic Gyre 10996:Continents of Earth 10523:Brazilian Highlands 9932:Indian subcontinent 9793:Antarctic Peninsula 9591:Southern Hemisphere 9586:Northern Hemisphere 9414:Sea of the Hebrides 8855:Gulf of Carpentaria 8649:Sea of the Hebrides 8278:King Haakon VII Sea 8075:2005Sci...309.1844W 8069:(5742): 1844–1846. 8004:2005JPO....35..757T 7969:2009GeoJI.177.1315T 7877:1999JGR...10420863S 7871:(C9): 20863–20883. 7842:2000JGR...10514297S 7836:(C6): 14297–14323. 7802:2012ESRv..113..212S 7687:2010PNAS..107.5306P 7626:2010CBio...20.R202O 7542:2006PNAS..103.9381M 7491:1999Sci...284..616M 7427:1973Sci...179..969M 7386:2007GeoRL..34.3605M 7258:2016JCli...29.1545M 7212:2006EOSTr..87..233M 7146:1991LimOc..36.1066M 7132:Lüning, K. (1990). 6905:1976PPP....20..297J 6806:1953Natur.172R.484. 6800:(4376): 484. 1953. 6794:Special Publication 6723:2002Sci...295.1278H 6717:(5558): 1278–1280. 6672:1991DSRA...38S.323G 6485:2007GeoJI.168..353E 6467:Eagles, G. (2007). 6417:Arctic Anthropology 6393:2013Geo....41..839D 6358:2010GeoJI.181....1D 6295:on 12 November 2016 6216:1965RSPTA.258...41B 6157:10.1038/nature04385 6149:2005Natur.438..655B 6069:2006GeoRL..3321S01B 5995:2013Sci...340..941B 5947:Arctic Anthropology 5913:2003IJCli..23.1127B 5865:2008QSRv...27.2153B 5777:2011MolEc..20.1333A 5569:Webster et al. 2005 5470:National Geographic 4965:2015GPC...126...46G 4933:Torsvik et al. 2009 4804:Marzoli et al. 1999 4698:on 5 December 2021. 4662:Scientific American 4545:Smethie et al. 2000 4533:Smethie et al. 2000 3833:Atlantic hurricanes 3579:Inaccessible Island 3548:Waste and pollution 3389:are overfished and 3249:yellowtail flounder 3133:, West of Ireland, 2843:South Atlantic Gyre 2663:During the LGM the 2659:Brendan of Clonfert 2475:Antarctic ice sheet 1769:South Atlantic Gyre 1765:North Atlantic Gyre 1468: 1267:carbonate platforms 1244:Fernando de Noronha 1228:World Heritage Site 1184:, approximately at 1104:Gibbs Fracture Zone 1073:Columbia University 955:Sea of the Hebrides 653:Strait of Gibraltar 584:Nehemiah Wallington 566:Great Western Ocean 545:Strait of Gibraltar 501:pillars of Heracles 87: / 11491:South Pacific Gyre 11486:North Pacific Gyre 11366:Equatorial Counter 11270:Equatorial Counter 10811:Great Barrier Reef 10432:Mainland Australia 10140:Apennine Peninsula 9601:Western Hemisphere 9576:Eastern Hemisphere 8850:Gulf of California 8747:Mozambique Channel 8391:Queen Victoria Sea 8253:Bellingshausen Sea 7929:(PDF, 384 MB) 7737:Riede, F. (2014). 7246:Journal of Climate 6927:Kulka, D. (2011). 6849:Janni, P. (2015). 6833:on 20 October 2016 5959:10.1353/arc.0.0019 5521:, pp. 233–241 5476:on 28 August 2019. 5060:Marean et al. 2014 5048:Duarte et al. 2013 4622:, pp. 223–225 4581:Böning et al. 2006 4014:on 1 January 2018. 3744:Environment portal 3702: 3582: 3500:. You can help by 3481:Endangered species 3444:Southwest Atlantic 3412:Southeast Atlantic 3409: 3367: 3277: 3239:Northwest Atlantic 3236: 3066:Northeast Atlantic 3063: 2951: 2875: 2821: 2769:Book of Settlement 2728: 2682:Bering Land Bridge 2638: 2632:Excavation of the 2555:Benguela Upwelling 2066:Every winter, the 2064: 2023: 1845:Labrador Sea Water 1803: 1705:North Atlantic 1698:North Atlantic 1691:North Atlantic 1490:Upper Water (ASUW) 1488:Atlantic Subarctic 1466: 1399:, and Baltic Sea. 1385: 1373: 1291:Puerto Rico Trench 1250:Reserves, Brazil. 1217:seafloor spreading 1191:In the 1870s, the 1139:basaltic volcanoes 1119:divergent boundary 1093:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1087:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1042:Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1030: 747:Puerto Rico Trench 630:CIA World Factbook 596:Secretary of State 425:Atlantikôi pelágei 416: 354:Columbian exchange 326:age of exploration 259: 152:Puerto Rico Trench 31:, and 11626: 11625: 11619:Oceans portal 11525: 11524: 11471:Indian Ocean Gyre 11450: 11449: 11012: 11011: 10892:Mediterranean Rim 10765: 10764: 10704:Mediterranean Sea 10558: 10557: 10511:Amazon Rainforest 10338:Canadian Prairies 10303:Pacific Northwest 10164:Iberian Peninsula 9949:Arabian Peninsula 9776:Antarctic Plateau 9536:Three/Four Worlds 9458: 9457: 9452:Oceans portal 9374:Mediterranean Sea 9253:Gulf of Venezuela 9081: 9080: 9060:Oceans portal 8609:Mediterranean Sea 8559:Gulf of Venezuela 8351:East Siberian Sea 8293:Riiser-Larsen Sea 8166:978-0-00-734137-5 8153:Winchester, Simon 8013:10.1175/JPO2720.1 7681:(12): 5306–5310. 7536:(25): 9381–9386. 7485:(5414): 616–618. 7421:(4077): 969–974. 7349:978-0-19-967958-4 7311:978-1-4419-8219-3 7163:978-0-471-62434-9 7029:978-0-444-82619-0 6945:978-92-5-107023-9 6872:978-90-04-28471-5 6575:978-92-5-109185-2 6536:Oceanologica Acta 6143:(7068): 655–657. 5989:(6135): 941–945. 5907:(10): 1127–1159. 5859:(23): 2153–2165. 5765:Molecular Ecology 5654:978-9-5007-1469-3 5621:Revista de Marina 5132:Avery et al. 2008 4918:Seton et al. 2012 4866:, pp. 23–24. 4828:Seton et al. 2012 4780:Seton et al. 2012 4494:Marsh et al. 2007 4415:978-0-691-02406-6 4177:(Digital video). 4086:978-0-19-503968-9 3976:, pages 4 and 13. 3710:by the Scotia Arc 3616:Mediterranean Sea 3518: 3517: 3465:perlemoen abalone 3317:Greenland halibut 3283:became the first 3245:Greenland halibut 3203:Norwegian lobster 3147:Portuguese Waters 3012:fishing resources 2937:sedimentary rocks 2835:Cape of Good Hope 2817:Carreira da Índia 2723:Grœnlendinga saga 2575:Mitochondrial DNA 2325:Iberian Peninsula 2198:extinction events 1958:vegetative growth 1667:in the 1960s and 1632: 1631: 1600:Deep Water (NADW) 979:Gulf of Venezuela 775:Mediterranean Sea 723:Mediterranean Sea 672:20° East meridian 657:Mediterranean Sea 592:Francis Windebank 472:Atlantis thalassa 430:Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει 267:oceanic divisions 238: 228: 227: 11666: 11617: 11616: 11606: 11605: 11542:Boundary current 11461: 11460: 11416:South Equatorial 11401:North Korea Cold 11396:North Equatorial 11310:South Equatorial 11300:North Madagascar 11239:West Spitsbergen 11229:South Equatorial 11209:North Equatorial 11063: 11062: 11039: 11032: 11025: 11016: 11015: 10994: 10993: 10973:Global Southwest 10968:Global Southeast 10958:Global Northwest 10953:Global Northeast 10943:Global Heartland 10887:Indian Ocean Rim 10569: 10568: 10461:Island Melanesia 10152:Balkan Peninsula 9927:Himalayan states 9874:Russian Far East 9668: 9667: 9596:Water Hemisphere 9485: 9478: 9471: 9462: 9461: 9450: 9449: 9108: 9101: 9094: 9085: 9084: 9069: 9068: 9058: 9057: 8990:Endorheic basins 8870:Gulf of Thailand 8722:Gulf of Khambhat 8217: 8210: 8203: 8194: 8193: 8170: 8148: 8140: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8104: 8086: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8017: 8015: 7982: 7980: 7963:(3): 1315–1333. 7947: 7945: 7943: 7937: 7930: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7890: 7888: 7855: 7853: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7723: 7708: 7698: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7637: 7620:(4): R202–R207. 7604: 7602: 7600: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7578: 7563: 7553: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7459: 7412: 7399: 7397: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7299: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7269: 7252:(4): 1545–1571. 7243: 7233: 7223: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7128: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7058: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7038: 7017: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6991:. Archived from 6974: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6954: 6933: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6832: 6826:. Archived from 6817: 6815:10.1038/172484b0 6791: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6755: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6688: 6657: 6647: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6584: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6548: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6506: 6496: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6453: 6414: 6404: 6401:10.1130/G34100.1 6371: 6369: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6309:"Atlantic Ocean" 6304: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6288:. Archived from 6271: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6181: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6080: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6006: 6004:10.1.1.1019.4042 5980: 5970: 5953:(1–2): 118–131. 5941: 5939: 5937: 5924: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5802:on 9 August 2017 5801: 5795:. Archived from 5771:(7): 1333–1346. 5762: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5711: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5589: 5583: 5580:Bigg et al. 2003 5577: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5498:. Archived from 5493: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5426: 5420: 5419:, pp. 22–23 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5389: 5383: 5382:, pp. 39–41 5377: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4921: 4915: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4694:. Archived from 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4401: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4367: 4362: 4333: 4328: 4317: 4316: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4233:"Atlantic Ocean" 4229: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4186: 4174:Lost in The Pond 4168: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4137:. Douglas Harper 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4107:. Archived from 4097: 4091: 4090: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4036: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4010:. Archived from 4008:dge.cchs.csic.es 4000: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3977: 3974:, 3rd ed. (1953) 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3927: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3894:"Atlantic Ocean" 3890: 3881: 3876: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3774: 3772:Geography portal 3769: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3553:Marine pollution 3513: 3510: 3492: 3485: 3379:Round sardinella 3285:Western European 3253:Atlantic halibut 2856:Henry Mainwaring 2789:Atlantic history 2766: 2732:Norse settlement 2719: 2701:and some of the 2623:Enkapune Ya Muto 2566:, South Africa. 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393:produced by the 2365: 2354: 2343: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2164: 2153: 2141:Central Atlantic 1978:Carpathian Basin 1915:Sargassum fish ( 1912: 1900: 1818:branches of the 1750: 1742: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1614:−0.9–1.7 °C 1585:−1.5–3.0 °C 1574:2.6–11.0 °C 1532:5.0–18.0 °C 1519:8.0–18.0 °C 1469: 1465: 1357:Laurentian Abyss 1143:Eyjafjallajökull 757:Top large seas: 562:Age of Discovery 558:Ancient Ethiopia 556:", derived from 553:Aethiopian Ocean 498: 495: 494:the Atlantic sea 492: 488: 485: 482: 478: 477:Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα 475:(Ancient Greek: 474: 458: 455: 449: 445: 441: 438: 437:the Atlantic sea 435: 431: 428:(Ancient Greek: 427: 409:Aethiopian Ocean 275:Age of Discovery 239: 220:Shore length is 102: 101: 99: 98: 97: 92: 88: 85: 84: 83: 80: 70: 52: 40: 39: 11674: 11673: 11669: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11664: 11663: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11622: 11611: 11600: 11593: 11552:Ekman transport 11521: 11495: 11446: 11425: 11361:East Korea Warm 11356:East Australian 11319: 11315:West Australian 11265:East Madagascar 11243: 11092: 11078:North Icelandic 11052: 11043: 11013: 11008: 10982: 10924: 10901: 10868: 10832: 10761: 10750:South China Sea 10659: 10602:Central America 10554: 10487: 10408: 10360:Northern Mexico 10348:Northern Canada 10333:Atlantic Canada 10288:Mountain states 10214: 10069:European Russia 10062:Southern Russia 10018: 9971:Iranian Plateau 9799: 9788:West Antarctica 9771:East Antarctica 9757: 9657: 9605: 9581:Land Hemisphere 9562: 9502: 9489: 9459: 9454: 9444: 9438: 9289:Archipelago Sea 9257: 9218:Gulf of Finland 9213:Gulf of Bothnia 9201: 9197:English Channel 9185: 9156:Bay of Campeche 9134: 9118: 9112: 9082: 9077: 9052: 9043: 9017: 8984: 8960:South China Sea 8940:Seto Inland Sea 8860:Gulf of Fonseca 8766: 8673: 8524:Gulf of Finland 8519:Gulf of Bothnia 8504:English Channel 8474:Bay of Campeche 8439:Archipelago Sea 8405: 8361:Gulf of Boothia 8317: 8258:Cooperation Sea 8234: 8221: 8177: 8167: 8128: 8126:Further reading 8123: 8114: 8112: 8047: 8045: 8044:on 2 March 2001 8027: 8025: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7905: 7903: 7814: 7812: 7774: 7772: 7755: 7753: 7727: 7725: 7721: 7670: 7656: 7654: 7614:Current Biology 7598: 7596: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7525: 7511: 7509: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7410: 7369: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7297: 7280: 7278: 7241: 7221:10.1.1.174.4349 7206:(24): 233–241. 7186: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7168: 7166: 7164: 7093: 7091: 7087: 7056: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7015: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6972: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6931: 6917: 6915: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6789: 6776: 6774: 6759: 6757: 6753: 6706: 6692: 6690: 6686: 6655: 6604: 6602: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6565: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6531: 6517: 6515: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6412: 6330: 6328: 6325:"Pacific Ocean" 6314: 6312: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6269: 6263:Chambliss, W.J. 6252: 6250: 6246: 6210:(1088): 41–51. 6199: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6132: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6097: 6083: 6081: 6041: 6039: 6035: 5978: 5935: 5933: 5922:10.1002/joc.926 5885: 5883: 5879: 5848: 5834: 5832: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5760: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5709: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5684: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5641: 5637: 5627: 5625: 5615: 5609: 5605: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5491: 5485: 5481: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5438: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5361: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4943: 4939: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4721:on 12 June 2018 4707: 4703: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4650: 4644:Als et al. 2011 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4508:, Table, p. 385 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4370: 4363: 4336: 4329: 4320: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4268: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4169: 4165: 4154: 4150: 4140: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4019: 4002: 4001: 3997: 3984: 3980: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3947:Popular Science 3939: 3935: 3928: 3917: 3907: 3905: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3866: 3861: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3690: 3649: 3643: 3550: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3498:needs expansion 3483: 3478: 3469:illegal fishing 3467:is targeted by 3425:deep-water hake 3337:American plaice 3199:northern shrimp 3139:English Channel 3004: 2994: 2971:placer deposits 2932: 2811:influenced the 2801: 2791: 2783:Main articles: 2781: 2716:Íslendingasögur 2661: 2655: 2636:middens in 1880 2572: 2559:Agulhas Current 2526: 2521: 2517:Main category: 2515: 2502:Caribbean Plate 2489: 2487:Pangaea Proxima 2483: 2434: 2433:10 km (3.1 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:10 km (4.6 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:10 km (3.6 2402: 2398: 2395:Tristan hotspot 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2366: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2333: 2279:Iceland hotspot 2255: 2245: 2221: 2220:10 km (9.7 2217: 2213: 2212:10 km (1.7 2209: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2143: 2102: 2056: 2054:Natural hazards 2010: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917:Histrio histrio 1913: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1884: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1677: 1603:1.5–4.0 °C 1599: 1563:3.0–9.0 °C 1559: 1550:3.0–9.0 °C 1546: 1528: 1515: 1502: 1493:0.0–4.0 °C 1489: 1464: 1424: 1404:Coriolis effect 1365: 1353:Rio Grande Rise 1279:passive margins 1263: 1256: 1221:plate tectonics 1203:the New Worlds. 1170:Eurasian plates 1145:, Iceland, and 1100:Romanche Trench 1095: 1089: 1019: 1014: 1009:Archipelago Sea 985:Bay of Campeche 931:English Channel 907:Gulf of Bothnia 755: 622: 615: 604: 602:Extent and data 541:Atlas Mountains 513:Greek mythology 496: 493: 490: 486: 483: 480: 456: 450: 447: 439: 436: 433: 401: 332:, most notably 271:Earth's surface 230: 186:List of islands 154: 134: 132: 110: countries 95: 93: 89: 86: 81: 78: 76: 74: 73: 63: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11672: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11639:Atlantic Ocean 11624: 11623: 11598: 11595: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11579: 11577:North Atlantic 11574: 11569: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11547:Coriolis force 11544: 11539: 11533: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11467: 11465: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11442:Tasman Outflow 11439: 11433: 11431: 11430:Southern Ocean 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11275:Indian Monsoon 11272: 11267: 11262: 11260:Agulhas Return 11257: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11234:West Greenland 11231: 11226: 11224:South Atlantic 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11199:North Atlantic 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11166: 11161: 11156: 11151: 11149:East Greenland 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11100: 11098: 11097:Atlantic Ocean 11094: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11073:East Greenland 11069: 11067: 11060: 11054: 11053: 11046:Ocean currents 11042: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11019: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11006: 11004:Physical Earth 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10934: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10917: 10911: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10855: 10854: 10843: 10841: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10816:Mariana Trench 10813: 10803: 10798: 10796:Atlantic Ocean 10793: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10775: 10773: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10757:Southern Ocean 10754: 10753: 10752: 10747: 10745:East China Sea 10737: 10736: 10735: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10679:Atlantic Ocean 10676: 10670: 10668: 10661: 10660: 10658: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10497: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10485: 10483:Remote Oceania 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10464: 10463: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10418: 10416: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10406: 10401: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10356: 10355: 10353:Western Canada 10350: 10345: 10343:Eastern Canada 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10132: 10127: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10057:South Caucasus 10054: 10052:North Caucasus 10044: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9985: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9963: 9962: 9961: 9959:South Caucasus 9951: 9941: 9940: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9902: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9861: 9860: 9859: 9854: 9853: 9852: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9828:Aralkum Desert 9825: 9815: 9809: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9795: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9778: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9726: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9619:Africa-Eurasia 9615: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9488: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9456: 9455: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9429:Tyrrhenian Sea 9426: 9421: 9419:Sea of Marmara 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9238:Gulf of Mexico 9235: 9230: 9225: 9223:Gulf of Guinea 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9142: 9140: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9132: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9116:Atlantic Ocean 9111: 9110: 9103: 9096: 9088: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9063: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8986: 8985: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8930:Sea of Okhotsk 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8910:Philippine Sea 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8875:Gulf of Tonkin 8872: 8867: 8865:Gulf of Panama 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Gulf of Anadyr 8842: 8840:Gulf of Alaska 8837: 8835:East China Sea 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8664:Tyrrhenian Sea 8661: 8656: 8654:Sea of Marmara 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8544:Gulf of Mexico 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Gulf of Guinea 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469:Bay of Bothnia 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8415: 8413: 8411:Atlantic Ocean 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8263:Cosmonauts Sea 8260: 8255: 8250: 8244: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8220: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8184: 8181:Atlantic Ocean 8176: 8175:External links 8173: 8172: 8171: 8165: 8149: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8121: 8105: 8054: 8034: 8018: 7998:(5): 757–774. 7983: 7948: 7912: 7902:on 9 June 2015 7891: 7856: 7821: 7796:(3): 212–270. 7781: 7762: 7734: 7663: 7605: 7589: 7518: 7470: 7400: 7367: 7361: 7348: 7331: 7310: 7287: 7234: 7195: 7187:|journal= 7162: 7134:"Sargasso Sea" 7129: 7111:(4): 473–501. 7100: 7067:(1): 459–470. 7049: 7028: 7008: 6998:on 10 May 2017 6965: 6944: 6924: 6899:(4): 297–306. 6884: 6871: 6846: 6783: 6766: 6699: 6648: 6628:10.1086/203472 6622:(5): 477–497. 6611: 6595: 6574: 6559: 6524: 6507: 6479:(1): 353–361. 6464: 6405: 6387:(8): 839–842. 6372: 6337: 6321: 6305: 6280:(2): 183–208. 6259: 6192: 6125: 6090: 6063:(21): L21S01. 6048: 5971: 5942: 5892: 5841: 5825:Goodwin Series 5812: 5753: 5720:(3): 546–579. 5701: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5660: 5653: 5635: 5603: 5584: 5572: 5561: 5535: 5523: 5508: 5479: 5457: 5448: 5421: 5409: 5384: 5359: 5314: 5296:Ocean Habitats 5285: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5242:Chambliss 1989 5231: 5219: 5207: 5195: 5183: 5171: 5160: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5112: 5110:, pp. 1–2 5100: 5088: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5040: 5028: 4993: 4937: 4922: 4903: 4892: 4877: 4868: 4856: 4844: 4832: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4747: 4732: 4701: 4679: 4648: 4646:, p. 1334 4636: 4624: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4561: 4549: 4537: 4525: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4481:The Great Deep 4468: 4465:NOAA: Timeline 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4414: 4396: 4385: 4368: 4365:U.S. Navy 2001 4334: 4318: 4313:listofseas.com 4309:"List of seas" 4300: 4282: 4249: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4188: 4163: 4148: 4122: 4111:on 14 May 2021 4092: 4085: 4065: 4054: 4042: 4028: 4017: 3995: 3978: 3959: 3933: 3915: 3882: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3789: 3786:Weather portal 3775: 3761: 3758:Ecology portal 3747: 3733: 3717: 3714: 3689: 3686: 3677:sea level rise 3642: 3641:Climate change 3639: 3629:aircraft from 3612:Lake Maracaibo 3608:Gulf of Mexico 3549: 3546: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3493: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3417:Horse mackerel 3413: 3399: 3398: 3371: 3357: 3356: 3348:pelagic fishes 3344: 3269: 3268: 3265:witch flounder 3240: 3228: 3227: 3212:European Union 3207: 3206: 3151:Azores Grounds 3135:Porcupine Bank 3119:Faroes Grounds 3070: 3069: 3067: 2993: 2990: 2955:marine mammals 2931: 2928: 2900:British Empire 2785:Atlantic world 2780: 2779:Atlantic World 2777: 2748:Little Ice Age 2677:Clovis hunters 2673:Paul S. Martin 2654: 2651: 2571: 2568: 2550:Cape Fold Belt 2529:Humans evolved 2525: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2482: 2479: 2370: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331:South Atlantic 2329: 2259:Eurasian Basin 2244: 2243:North Atlantic 2241: 2169: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2101: 2098: 2055: 2052: 2009: 2006: 1965:sargassum fish 1914: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1886:Main article: 1883: 1880: 1792:Subpolar Front 1754: 1753: 1745: 1739:South Atlantic 1688: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598:North Atlantic 1595: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527:South Atlantic 1524: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506:7.0–20 °C 1504: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1463: 1460: 1423: 1420: 1397:Denmark Strait 1364: 1361: 1307:abyssal plains 1283:active margins 1255: 1252: 1248:Atol das Rocas 1131:South American 1123:North American 1091:Main article: 1088: 1085: 1071:; as of 2001, 1018: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1006: 1000: 997:Sea of Marmara 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 952: 946: 940: 934: 928: 922: 916: 910: 904: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 868: 865:Tyrrhenian Sea 862: 856: 850: 844: 838: 832: 826: 820: 814: 808: 802: 796: 790: 787:Gulf of Mexico 784: 781:Gulf of Guinea 778: 772: 766: 759: 754: 751: 743:Milwaukee Deep 715:Gulf of Mexico 709:, part of the 707:Denmark Strait 637:Denmark Strait 603: 600: 594:, Charles I's 400: 397: 385:Southern Ocean 346:United Kingdom 263:Atlantic Ocean 226: 225: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 200:South Sandwich 193: 189: 188: 183: 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 111: 104: 103: 71: 65: 64: 53: 45: 44: 43:Atlantic Ocean 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11671: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11604: 11596: 11590: 11587: 11583: 11582:South Pacific 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11567:Great Pacific 11565: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11557:Marine debris 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11507:Beaufort Gyre 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11443: 11440: 11438: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11406:North Pacific 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324:Pacific Ocean 11322: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11165: 11162: 11160: 11157: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11119:Baffin Island 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11099: 11095: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11040: 11035: 11033: 11028: 11026: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10927: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10908: 10904: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10840: 10835: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10806:Pacific Ocean 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10740:Pacific Ocean 10738: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10726: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10694:Caribbean Sea 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10662: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10636:by population 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10609:South America 10607: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10593: 10592:North America 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10543:Southern Cone 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10518:Andean States 10516: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10493:South America 10490: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10454: 10450: 10447: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10402: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10220:North America 10217: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10183:Low Countries 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10159:South-western 10157: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10147:South-eastern 10145: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10135:South-central 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10125:Mediterranean 10123: 10122: 10121: 10118: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10091:British Isles 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9988:Levantine Sea 9986: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680:Mediterranean 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9569: 9565: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9486: 9481: 9479: 9474: 9472: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9453: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9389:Norwegian Sea 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9359:Levantine Sea 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9329:Greenland Sea 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319:Caribbean Sea 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9294:Argentine Sea 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9243:Gulf of Sidra 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9233:Gulf of Maine 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9151:Bay of Biscay 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9109: 9104: 9102: 9097: 9095: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9074: 9073: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8991: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8880:Halmahera Sea 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8772:Pacific Ocean 8769: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8742:Laccadive Sea 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8727:Gulf of Kutch 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8717:Gulf of Aqaba 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697:Bay of Bengal 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8624:Norwegian Sea 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8594:Levantine Sea 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8549:Gulf of Sidra 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8539:Gulf of Maine 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8514:Greenland Sea 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8494:Caribbean Sea 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464:Bay of Biscay 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444:Argentine Sea 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8356:Greenland Sea 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8331:Amundsen Gulf 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8273:D'Urville Sea 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8211: 8206: 8204: 8199: 8198: 8195: 8188: 8185: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8168: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8139: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7934: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7901: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7735: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7664: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7594: 7590: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7380:(3): L03605. 7379: 7375: 7371: 7362: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7332: 7317: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7277: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7055: 7050: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7021: 7014: 7009: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6937: 6930: 6925: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6885: 6874: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6784: 6772: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6666:: S323–S343. 6665: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6600: 6596: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6564: 6560: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6338: 6326: 6322: 6310: 6306: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6198: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6091: 6079: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5842: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5600:(in Spanish). 5599: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5565: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5489:"DoD Mishaps" 5483: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5413: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5275: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5192: 5187: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4854:, p. 10. 4853: 4848: 4842:, p. 15. 4841: 4836: 4829: 4824: 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 616 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 941 4793: 4788: 4781: 4776: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 290 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4167: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3991: 3990: 3982: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3864: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3762: 3759: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3730:Oceans portal 3725: 3720: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3635:nuclear bombs 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604:Caribbean Sea 3601: 3600:oil pollution 3596: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585:Marine debris 3580: 3576: 3575:Marine debris 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3509:December 2020 3503: 3499: 3496:This section 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375:Gulf menhaden 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3261:spiny dogfish 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179:Arctic saithe 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3143:Bay of Biscay 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:Norwegian Sea 3076: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:Scotian Shelf 3017: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2982:marine debris 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2961:and whales), 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904:United States 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Vasco da Gama 2828: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2807:The Atlantic 2805: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736:Faroe Islands 2733: 2725: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2642:La Riera Cave 2635: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2614:shell middens 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2583:out of Africa 2580: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:modern humans 2530: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2493:Gibraltar Arc 2488: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2466:Drake Passage 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2364: 2353: 2342: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287:Bay of Biscay 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Iapetus Ocean 2260: 2254: 2250: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2207: 2203: 2200:. Theoliitic 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2163: 2152: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2131:Gulf of Maine 2128: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:Icelandic Low 2060: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2028:Precipitation 2019: 2016:Waves in the 2014: 2005: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1918: 1911: 1899: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Drake Passage 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780:Cape Hatteras 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1756: 1749: 1685: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Blake Plateau 1268: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1153:; 8,900 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1050:Bouvet Island 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1023: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949:Gulf of Sidra 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 919:Gulf of Maine 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 877:Bay of Biscay 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 853:Levantine Sea 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 805:Argentine Sea 803: 800: 799:Greenland Sea 797: 794: 793:Norwegian Sea 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 769:Caribbean Sea 767: 764: 761: 760: 758: 750: 748: 744: 738: 736: 732: 731:Norwegian Sea 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:Drake Passage 708: 704: 700: 699:Caribbean Sea 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 661:marginal seas 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:Norwegian Sea 642: 641:Greenland Sea 638: 633: 631: 627: 620: 613: 609: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 554: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 473: 468: 464: 463: 462:The Histories 454: 426: 421: 414: 410: 405: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:Pacific Ocean 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 358:United States 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:South America 288: 287:North America 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 256: 252: 248: 245:on board the 244: 243:Expedition 29 223: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 201: 197: 194: 190: 187: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 150: 146: 142: 140:Average depth 138: 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 100: 72: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 41: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 11610: 11599: 11572:Indian Ocean 11517:Weddell Gyre 11421:Tasman Front 11248:Indian Ocean 11204:North Brazil 11154:East Iceland 11066:Arctic Ocean 11002: / 11000:List of seas 10998: / 10963:Global South 10948:Global North 10882:Atlantic Rim 10821:Ring of Fire 10801:Indian Ocean 10795: 10791:Arctic Ocean 10733:Persian Gulf 10728:Indian Ocean 10709:Adriatic Sea 10674:Arctic Ocean 10506:Amazon Basin 10501:Amazon Plain 10473:Near Oceania 10278:Mid-Atlantic 10228:Aridoamerica 10188:Northwestern 10101:Northwestern 10074:Southeastern 9966:Greater Iran 9905:Southeastern 9900:Pacific Asia 9869:Pacific Asia 9857:Northeastern 9813:Asia–Pacific 9556:Fourth World 9546:Second World 9424:Thracian Sea 9409:Sea of Crete 9399:Sea of Åland 9394:Sargasso Sea 9369:Ligurian Sea 9354:Labrador Sea 9349:Irminger Sea 9314:Bothnian Sea 9299:Balearic Sea 9269:Adriatic Sea 9228:Gulf of Lion 9166:Bothnian Bay 9161:Bay of Fundy 9115: 9070: 9051: 8925:Sea of Japan 8800:Bismarck Sea 8752:Persian Gulf 8737:Gulf of Suez 8732:Gulf of Oman 8712:Gulf of Aden 8679:Indian Ocean 8659:Thracian Sea 8644:Sea of Crete 8634:Sea of Åland 8629:Sargasso Sea 8604:Ligurian Sea 8589:Labrador Sea 8579:Irminger Sea 8534:Gulf of Lion 8489:Bothnian Sea 8479:Bay of Fundy 8454:Balearic Sea 8419:Adriatic Sea 8410: 8341:Beaufort Sea 8323:Arctic Ocean 8248:Amundsen Sea 8156: 8142: 8113:. Retrieved 8066: 8062: 8046:. Retrieved 8042:the original 8026:. Retrieved 7995: 7991: 7960: 7956: 7940:. Retrieved 7924: 7920: 7904:. Retrieved 7900:the original 7868: 7864: 7833: 7829: 7813:. Retrieved 7793: 7789: 7773:. Retrieved 7767: 7754:. Retrieved 7742: 7726:. Retrieved 7678: 7674: 7655:. Retrieved 7617: 7613: 7597:. Retrieved 7595:. NOAA. 2013 7581:. Retrieved 7533: 7529: 7510:. Retrieved 7482: 7478: 7462:. Retrieved 7418: 7414: 7404:Martin, P.S. 7377: 7373: 7353:. Retrieved 7339: 7323:. Retrieved 7301: 7291:Marean, C.W. 7279:. Retrieved 7249: 7245: 7203: 7199: 7167:. Retrieved 7137: 7108: 7104: 7092:. Retrieved 7064: 7060: 7041:. Retrieved 7019: 7000:. Retrieved 6993:the original 6980: 6976: 6957:. Retrieved 6935: 6916:. Retrieved 6896: 6892: 6876:. Retrieved 6854: 6835:. Retrieved 6828:the original 6797: 6793: 6775:. Retrieved 6758:. Retrieved 6714: 6710: 6691:. Retrieved 6663: 6659: 6619: 6615: 6603:. Retrieved 6587:. Retrieved 6551:. Retrieved 6539: 6535: 6516:. Retrieved 6476: 6472: 6456:. Retrieved 6423:(1): 12–36. 6420: 6416: 6384: 6380: 6349: 6345: 6329:. Retrieved 6313:. Retrieved 6297:. Retrieved 6290:the original 6277: 6273: 6251:. Retrieved 6207: 6203: 6184:. Retrieved 6140: 6136: 6117:. Retrieved 6105: 6101: 6082:. Retrieved 6060: 6056: 6040:. Retrieved 5986: 5982: 5950: 5946: 5934:. Retrieved 5904: 5900: 5884:. Retrieved 5856: 5852: 5833:. Retrieved 5828: 5824: 5804:. Retrieved 5797:the original 5768: 5764: 5745:. Retrieved 5734:1721.1/64034 5717: 5713: 5683:. Retrieved 5670: 5663: 5644: 5638: 5626:. Retrieved 5624:(in Spanish) 5619: 5606: 5597: 5587: 5575: 5564: 5552:. Retrieved 5548: 5538: 5526: 5500:the original 5482: 5474:the original 5469: 5460: 5451: 5439:. Retrieved 5424: 5412: 5400:. Retrieved 5396: 5387: 5336:. Retrieved 5327: 5317: 5305:. Retrieved 5295: 5288: 5261: 5254:Lovejoy 1982 5249: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5096:Mellars 2006 5091: 5079: 5067: 5055: 5043: 5031: 5012: 5006: 4996: 4984:. Retrieved 4956: 4950: 4940: 4895: 4871: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4816:Lessios 2008 4811: 4799: 4787: 4775: 4750: 4735: 4723:. Retrieved 4719:the original 4714: 4704: 4696:the original 4691: 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4661: 4651: 4639: 4627: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4501: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4460: 4453:Thomson 1877 4448: 4436: 4424: 4405: 4399: 4388: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4263:Live Science 4262: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4236: 4227: 4216: 4205: 4173: 4166: 4157: 4151: 4139:. Retrieved 4134: 4125: 4115:28 September 4113:. Retrieved 4109:the original 4104: 4095: 4075: 4068: 4057: 4052:, p. 27 4045: 4025:Hdt. 1.202.4 4020: 4012:the original 4007: 3998: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3962: 3950:. Retrieved 3946: 3936: 3906:. Retrieved 3897: 3800:Water portal 3703: 3669: 3659:(AMO) or to 3650: 3624: 3597: 3583: 3551: 3519: 3506: 3502:adding to it 3497: 3406:Agulhas Bank 3364:Bahama Banks 3352:Cape Bojador 3297:Newfoundland 3293:Atlantic cod 3278: 3171:Blue whiting 3071: 3049: 3040:Bay of Fundy 3032:Bahama Banks 3024:Georges Bank 3005: 2986:incineration 2979: 2969:aggregates, 2952: 2933: 2924: 2912: 2876: 2822: 2816: 2768: 2756:Great Plague 2729: 2721: 2662: 2639: 2618:Ysterfontein 2611: 2573: 2564:Blombos Cave 2545:Agulhas Bank 2527: 2524:Human origin 2507:Wilson cycle 2490: 2463: 2459: 2451:Benue Trough 2448: 2444: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2310: 2299: 2294:Labrador Sea 2291: 2283: 2271:Newfoundland 2256: 2226: 2179: 2175: 2127:Georges Bank 2123: 2103: 2080: 2065: 2036: 2032: 2024: 1997:American eel 1986: 1968: 1962: 1954:Tethys Ocean 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1916: 1888:Sargasso Sea 1882:Sargasso Sea 1849: 1829:Labrador Sea 1823:(40–50 1804: 1773: 1762: 1653: 1645: 1636:water masses 1633: 1462:Water masses 1449: 1425: 1401: 1393:Labrador Sea 1390: 1386: 1379:Path of the 1349:Walvis Ridge 1346: 1335: 1301: 1299: 1275:Bermuda Rise 1264: 1238:, Portugal; 1225: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1159: 1121:between the 1112: 1096: 1066: 1058: 1031: 991:Gulf of Lion 973:Bothnian Bay 943:Bothnian Sea 925:Ligurian Sea 913:Sea of Crete 901:Adriatic Sea 895:Balearic Sea 817:Irminger Sea 811:Labrador Sea 763:Sargasso Sea 756: 739: 719:Labrador Sea 703:Davis Strait 688: 684:60° parallel 676:Cape Agulhas 669: 634: 623: 587: 571: 570: 565: 551: 549: 530: 524: 484:Sea of Atlas 460: 417: 381:Indian Ocean 373:Arctic Ocean 366: 315: 299:Afro-Eurasia 262: 260: 251:Newfoundland 168:Shore length 160:Water volume 128:Surface area 37: 11500:Other gyres 11464:Major gyres 11174:Gulf Stream 10978:Global West 10938:Global East 10897:Pacific Rim 10839:waterbodies 10828:World Ocean 10653:New Zealand 10533:The Guianas 10422:Australasia 10365:West Indies 10293:New England 10273:Great Lakes 10243:Mesoamerica 10130:Middle East 10106:Scandinavia 9995:Middle East 9833:Caspian Sea 9739:Great Lakes 9719:Sub-Saharan 9705:Middle East 9568:Hemispheres 9551:Third World 9541:First World 9494:'s primary 9404:Sea of Azov 9379:Myrtoan Sea 9334:Icarian Sea 9279:Alboran Sea 9181:Pottles Bay 9003:Caspian Sea 8975:Visayan Sea 8955:Solomon Sea 8950:Sibuyan Sea 8945:Shantar Sea 8900:Molucca Sea 8895:Mar de Grau 8825:Chilean Sea 8820:Celebes Sea 8815:Camotes Sea 8780:Arafura Sea 8692:Arabian Sea 8687:Andaman Sea 8639:Sea of Azov 8614:Myrtoan Sea 8429:Alboran Sea 8381:Pechora Sea 8376:Lincoln Sea 8346:Chukchi Sea 8336:Barents Sea 8313:Weddell Sea 8283:Lazarev Sea 8048:12 November 7916:Thomson, W. 7728:12 November 7094:20 November 7002:20 November 6959:27 November 6837:28 December 6769:Herodotus. 6352:(1): 1–80. 6299:12 November 6274:Criminology 6186:13 November 6119:13 November 5936:20 November 5886:26 November 5835:26 November 5747:13 November 5397:www.fao.org 5156:Martin 1973 5120:Bjerck 2009 5072:Marean 2011 5015:(1): 2–26. 4888:Eagles 2007 4620:Lüning 1990 3952:22 December 3908:20 December 3672:mixed layer 3534:albatrosses 3325:Overfishing 3161:; and East 3157:; North of 3087:Bear Island 3083:Spitzbergen 3075:Barents Sea 3044:Dogger Bank 2947:Cod fishery 2763:Landnámabók 2595:Laacher See 2591:Magdalenian 2439:Dyke swarms 2231:closed the 2135:Pleistocene 2133:during the 2088:and a weak 2039:Gulf Stream 2021:hurricanes. 2018:trade winds 1942:Gulf Stream 1934:S. fluitans 1876:thermocline 1868:Ekman layer 1864:Angola Gyre 1788:Grand Banks 1776:Gulf Stream 1475:Temperature 1445:subtropical 1329:, and some 1254:Ocean floor 1234:, Iceland; 1147:pillow lava 1115:rift valley 1040:called the 1026:False color 967:Sea of Azov 649:Barents Sea 420:Stesichorus 369:World Ocean 293:) from the 255:South Sudan 210:Settlements 196:Puerto Rico 94: / 69:Coordinates 11633:Categories 11341:California 11295:Mozambique 11290:Madagascar 10719:Ionian Sea 10714:Aegean Sea 10684:Baltic Sea 10616:Antarctica 10468:Micronesia 10437:New Guinea 10395:Portuguese 10318:West Coast 10268:East Coast 10263:Bible Belt 10258:Appalachia 9937:Subregions 9845:Inner Asia 9763:Antarctica 9663:Continents 9636:Antarctica 9611:Landmasses 9521:Down Under 9516:Arab World 9500:subregions 9434:Wadden Sea 9364:Libyan Sea 9339:Ionian Sea 9324:Celtic Sea 9304:Baltic Sea 9274:Aegean Sea 9171:Hudson Bay 9146:Baffin Bay 9130:Foxe Basin 9039:Superocean 9013:Salton Sea 8980:Yellow Sea 8970:Tasman Sea 8915:Salish Sea 8795:Bering Sea 8702:Flores Sea 8669:Wadden Sea 8599:Libyan Sea 8569:Ionian Sea 8564:Hudson Bay 8509:Foxe Basin 8499:Celtic Sea 8459:Baltic Sea 8449:Baffin Bay 8424:Aegean Sea 8396:Wandel Sea 8371:Laptev Sea 8303:Scotia Sea 8288:Mawson Sea 7942:21 October 7923:Challenger 7815:23 October 7756:30 October 7657:30 October 7599:21 October 7583:6 November 7512:23 October 7464:6 November 7355:5 November 7325:5 November 7281:15 October 6760:6 November 6693:15 October 6589:3 December 6553:16 October 6458:7 November 6253:23 October 6084:15 October 6042:23 October 5533:, Abstract 5441:27 October 5307:5 December 5266:Bravo 2007 5256:, Abstract 5158:, Abstract 5108:Riede 2014 5098:, Abstract 5086:, Abstract 5038:, Abstract 4986:2 December 4607:, Abstract 4595:, Abstract 4295:WorldAtlas 4242:24 January 4141:1 February 4050:Janni 2015 3859:References 3823:Seven Seas 3670:The ocean 3645:See also: 3557:fertilizer 3321:grenadiers 3287:since the 3281:John Cabot 3175:Arctic cod 3107:Baltic Sea 2996:See also: 2984:, and the 2793:See also: 2657:See also: 2607:Baltic Sea 2599:Doggerland 2498:Scotia Arc 2485:See also: 2247:See also: 2137:ice ages. 2096:are rare. 2086:wind shear 2082:Hurricanes 1973:Carpathian 1790:; and the 1628:34.9–34.9 1617:34.6–34.7 1606:34.8–35.0 1588:34.7–34.9 1577:35.0–36.2 1566:34.4–35.3 1553:34.0–35.1 1535:34.3–35.8 1522:35.2–36.7 1509:35.0–36.7 1496:34.0–35.0 1472:Water mass 1418:, occurs. 1285:form deep 1232:Þingvellir 1213:expedition 1196:expedition 1194:Challenger 1069:expedition 1061:expedition 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