25:
130:
fluids that are compressed so that when the propellant is allowed to escape by releasing a valve, the energy stored by the compression moves the propellant out of the can and that propellant forces the aerosol payload out along with the propellant. Compressed fluid may also be used as a simple vehicle propellant, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as
1082:
1203:. As the payload is depleted, the propellant vaporizes to fill the internal volume of the can. Liquids are typically 500-1000x denser than their corresponding gases at atmospheric pressure; even at the higher pressure inside the can, only a small fraction of its volume needs to be propellant in order to eject the payload and replace it with vapor.
1551:
much less aerodynamic drag as the vehicle lifts off from near sea-level and accelerates up through the more dense (thicker) part of the atmosphere near the earth. The result of a smaller booster stage is it allows a more efficient ascent through the thickest part of the atmosphere, which helps improve the net mass lifted to orbit.
117:. Although technically a propellant is the reaction mass used to create thrust, the term "propellant" is often used to describe a substance which contains both the reaction mass and the fuel that holds the energy used to accelerate the reaction mass. For example, the term "propellant" is often used in
1550:
Refined petroleum is not the most efficient thrust-producing fuel for rockets, but what it lacks in thrust production it makes up for in density. It takes less volume of RP-1 to impart the same thrust force on a vehicle, and less volume equates to reduced stage size. ... A smaller booster stage means
1124:
propellants are pressurized physically, by a compressor, rather than by a chemical reaction. The pressures and energy densities that can be achieved, while insufficient for high-performance rocketry and firearms, are adequate for most applications, in which case compressed fluids offer a simpler,
1195:
Liquified gas propellants are gases at atmospheric pressure, but become liquid at a modest pressure. This pressure is high enough to provide useful propulsion of the payload (e.g. aerosol paint, deodorant, lubricant), but is low enough to be stored in an inexpensive metal can, and to not pose a
611:
Double-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose with nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives added. Stabilizers and other additives are also used. Nitroglycerin reduces smoke and increases the energy output. Double-based fuel/propellants are used in small arms, cannons,
129:
Vehicles can use propellants to move by ejecting a propellant backwards which creates an opposite force that moves the vehicle forward. Projectiles can use propellants that are expanding gases which provide the motive force to set the projectile in motion. Aerosol cans use propellants which are
1518:
The most efficient fuel and oxidizer combination commonly used today for chemical liquid rockets is hydrogen (fuel) and oxygen (oxidizer)," continued Coates. The two elements are relatively simple and they burn easily when combined—and even better, the result of their reaction is simple
299:
that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.
125:
that is used by an engine to produce the energy that expels the propellant. Even though the byproducts of substances used as fuel are also often used as a reaction mass to create the thrust, such as with a chemical rocket engine, propellant and fuel are two distinct concepts.
374:. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a
134:. The energy applied to the pump or thermal system that is used to compress the air is stored until it is released by allowing the propellant to escape. Compressed fluid may also be used only as energy storage along with some other substance as the propellant, such as with a
633:, and an oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate. Composite fuel/propellants are used in large rocket motors. In some applications, such as the US SLBM Trident II missile, nitroglycerin is added to the aluminum and ammonium perchlorate composite as an energetic plasticizer.
1317:, in which a liquid is ejected as a spray, include paints, lubricants, degreasers, and protective coatings; deodorants and other personal care products; cooking oils. Some liquid payloads are not sprayed due to lower propellant pressure and/or viscous payload, as with
567:. A grain is any individual particle of fuel/propellant regardless of the size or shape. The shape and size of a grain determines the burn time, amount of gas, and rate of produced energy from the burning of the fuel and, as a consequence, thrust vs time profile.
369:
The propellant or fuel may also simply be a compressed fluid, with the potential energy that is stored in the compressed fluid used to expel the fluid as the propellant. The energy stored in the fluid was added to the system when the fluid was compressed, such as
914:
which is used as the propellant. They use a nozzle to direct the energized propellant. The nozzle itself may be composed simply of a magnetic field. Low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) are preferred propellants for this kind of system.
389:
of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case Newton's third Law of Motion is inadequate to model the physics involved and
1028:
use the heat of a nuclear reaction to heat a propellant. Usually the propellant is hydrogen because the force is a function of the energy irrespective of the mass of the propellant, so the lightest propellant (hydrogen) produces the greatest
628:
Composites do not utilize nitrocellulose, nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine or any other organic nitrate as the primary constituent. Composites usually consist of a fuel such as metallic aluminum, a combustible binder such as synthetic rubber or
994:– because this reactive engine uses a radial magnetic field, it acts on both positive and negative particles and so it may use a wide range of gases as a propellant including water, hydrazine, ammonia, argon, xenon and many others
431:
Propellants may be energized by chemical reactions to expel solid, liquid or gas. Electrical energy may be used to expel gases, plasmas, ions, solids or liquids. Photons may be used to provide thrust via relativistic momentum.
1167:
However, compressed gases are impractical as stored propellants if they do not liquify inside the storage container, because very high pressures are required in order to store any significant quantity of gas, and high-pressure
413:
and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.
242:
and the energy from the chemical reaction is used to expel the water (steam) to provide thrust. Often in chemical rocket engines, a higher molecular mass substance is included in the fuel to provide more reaction mass.
1019:
Nuclear reactions may be used to produce the energy for the expulsion of the propellants. Many types of nuclear reactors have been used/proposed to produce electricity for electrical propulsion as outlined above.
1210:, which cools the system. This is usually insignificant, although it can sometimes be an unwanted effect of heavy usage (as the system cools, the vapor pressure of the propellant drops). However, in the case of a
405:
which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create
234:
which is used to expel the products of that chemical reaction (and sometimes other substances) as propellants. For example, in a simple hydrogen/oxygen engine, hydrogen is burned (oxidized) to create
605:
A single based fuel/propellant has nitrocellulose as its chief explosives ingredient. Stabilizers and other additives are used to control the chemical stability and enhance its properties.
215:
of photons to create thrust. Even though photons do not have mass, they can still act as a propellant because they move at relativistic speed, i.e., the speed of light. In this case
1669:
366:, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.
204:, the propellant is usually the product of the burning of fuel with atmospheric oxygen so that the resulting propellant product has more mass than the fuel carried on the vehicle.
820:
Electrically powered reactive engines use a variety of usually ionized propellants, including atomic ions, plasma, electrons, or small droplets or solid particles as propellant.
875:, including its subtypes Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT) and Thruster with Anode Layer (TAL) – use the Hall effect to orient electrons to create positive ions for propellant
941:
618:
Triple-based fuel/propellants consist of nitrocellulose, nitroguanidine, nitroglycerin or other liquid organic nitrate explosives. Triple-based fuel/propellants are used in
697:
rocket engines, as well as in some in large rocket engines for first and second stages of ballistic missiles. They are instant-starting and suitable for long-term storage.
1732:
1435:
Lal, Sohan; Mallick, Lovely; Rajkumar, Sundaram; Oommen, Oommen P.; Reshmi, Sasidharakurup; Kumbhakarna, Neeraj; Chowdhury, Arindrajit; Namboothiri, Irishi (2015).
652:
In rockets, three main liquid bipropellant combinations are used: cryogenic oxygen and hydrogen, cryogenic oxygen and a hydrocarbon, and storable propellants.
488:
1128:
A compressed fluid propellant may simply be a pressurized gas, or a substance which is a gas at atmospheric pressure, but stored under pressure as a liquid.
555:. Also the newly synthesized bishomocubane based compounds are under consideration in the research stage as both solid and liquid propellants of the future.
1533:
316:
154:
1502:
1629:
417:
Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small
246:
Rocket propellant may be expelled through an expansion nozzle as a cold gas, that is, without energetic mixing and combustion, to provide small
946:
1564:
1730:
Understanding and
Predicting Gun Barrel Erosion – Weapons Systems Division Defence Science and Technology Organisation by Ian A. Johnston
852:
1024:
uses a series of nuclear explosions to create large amounts of energy to expel the products of the nuclear reaction as the propellant.
842:
in the direction of the acceleration) the device is considered electrostatic. The types of electrostatic drives and their propellants:
815:
323:
to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a
304:
161:
to heat low molecular weight gases (e.g. hydrogen, helium, ammonia) into a plasma and expel the plasma as propellant. In the case of a
142:
1394:
Lal, Sohan; Rajkumar, Sundaram; Tare, Amit; Reshmi, Sasidharakurup; Chowdhury, Arindrajit; Namboothiri, Irishi N. N. (December 2014).
894:
1152:
and used immediately. Additionally, a hand pump to compress air can be used for its simplicity in low-tech applications such as
669:
Used in upper stages and sometimes in booster stages of space launch systems. This is a nontoxic combination. This gives high
1233:
came into force in 1989, they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's
1729:
888:
551:
Propellants that explode in operation are of little practical use currently, although there have been experiments with
1721:
1705:
1477:
1301:(HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low
68:
46:
1214:, this cooling contributes to the desired effect (although freeze sprays may also contain other components, such as
39:
1000:– uses a Teflon plasma as a propellant, which is created by an electrical arc and expelled using the Lorentz force
769:
284:
102:
1582:
1199:
The mixture of liquid and gaseous propellant inside the can maintains a constant pressure, called the liquid's
858:
937:
1003:
985:
972:
371:
342:
produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a
180:
produces an exhaust, and the exhausted material is usually expelled as a propellant under pressure through a
131:
334:
In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a
172:
In chemical rockets and aircraft, fuels are used to produce an energetic gas that can be directed through a
988:– propellants include xenon, neon, argon, hydrogen, hydrazine, or lithium; expelled using the Lorentz force
589:
Usually a single perforation; as outside surface decreases the inside surface increases at the same rate.
480:
949:(VASIMR) – using microwave-generated plasma as the propellant and magnetic field to direct its expulsion
687:. This combination of fuel/oxidizer has high density and hence allows for a more compact booster design.
1396:"Nitro-Substituted Bishomocubanes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application as Energetic Materials"
577:
Usually a grain with multiple perforations or a star cut in the center providing a lot of surface area.
216:
1771:
991:
564:
1302:
1207:
1021:
959:
790:
647:
428:
To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.
257:
To attain a useful density for storage, most propellants are stored as either a solid or a liquid.
33:
1185:
1093:
694:
552:
121:
to describe a combined fuel/propellant, although the propellants should not be confused with the
1025:
997:
755:
50:
1568:
1436:
1766:
1592:
1370:
536:
378:, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.
320:
158:
138:, where the energy stored in the compressed air is the fuel and the water is the propellant.
1761:
1350:
872:
864:
846:
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220:
212:
8:
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146:
1218:, with a lower vapor pressure but higher enthalpy of vaporization than the propellant).
1355:
1286:
1258:
1226:
1072:
746:
1313:
The practicality of liquified gas propellants allows for a broad variety of payloads.
287:, and "propel" the vehicle forward. The engine that expels the propellant is called a
1701:
1651:
1587:
1483:
1473:
1417:
1298:
1297:(1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid
1230:
1006:– a plasma propellant is generated and excited from a gas using a helicon induced by
919:
849:– using positive ions as the propellant, accelerated by an electrically charged grid
522:
492:
450:
422:
324:
266:
251:
162:
295:
to describe a combined fuel/propellant, propellants should not be confused with the
1693:
1646:
1641:
1448:
1407:
1375:
1365:
1137:
1068:
1042:
1030:
964:
Electromagnetic thrusters use ions as the propellant, which are accelerated by the
911:
898:
878:
670:
518:
495:
for extra energy), optional high-explosive fuels (again, for extra energy) such as
472:
468:
355:
193:
1612:
1736:
1341:("canned air"), the only payload is the velocity of the propellant vapor itself.
1153:
931:– uses (usually) hydrazine or ammonia as a propellant which is energized with an
713:
663:
398:
288:
227:
114:
1616:
have been found to be more effective in extinguishing fires than carbon dioxide.
1605:
Freon chemical compounds in household refrigerators, air-cooling systems and as
1437:"Synthesis and energetic properties of high-nitrogen substituted bishomocubanes"
279:
that is expelled from a vehicle, such as a rocket, in such a way as to create a
1314:
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1254:
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1161:
1007:
932:
839:
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500:
382:
328:
312:
292:
276:
208:
166:
150:
118:
90:
1534:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8 M lbs of thrust"
1503:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8 M lbs of thrust"
1487:
1055:
as the propellant and their discrete relativistic energy to produce thrust.
1421:
1412:
1395:
1215:
1211:
1157:
882:
829:
684:
570:
There are three types of burns that can be achieved with different grains.
484:
375:
363:
201:
135:
922:– using a usually inert compressed propellant that is energized by simple
1238:
1234:
1136:
In applications in which a large quantity of propellant is used, such as
976:
643:
339:
177:
1081:
113:
payload. In vehicles, the engine that expels the propellant is called a
1453:
1338:
1149:
446:
106:
598:
There are four different types of solid fuel/propellant compositions:
1330:
1262:
1250:
1064:
891:– using electrodes to accelerate ionized liquid metal as a propellant
800:
783:
656:
98:
968:
or by magnetic fields, either of which is generated by electricity:
315:
may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant.
153:
may be used to expel negative ions and electrons as the propellant.
1726:
Rocket propulsion elements, Sutton, George.P, Biblarz, Oscar 7th Ed
1290:
1141:
759:
722:
511:
460:
1206:
Vaporizing the liquid propellant to gas requires some energy, the
1337:
guns, have solid projectile payloads. Uniquely, in the case of a
1334:
1326:
1294:
1273:
are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example,
1242:
1237:. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile
861:– using positive ions as the propellant, created using microwaves
855:(NSTAR) – positive ions accelerated using high-voltage electrodes
741:
735:
540:
418:
247:
910:
These are engines that use electromagnetic fields to generate a
1246:
1052:
619:
351:
343:
335:
280:
189:
181:
173:
94:
544:
530:
526:
504:
359:
197:
110:
1630:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
1360:
763:
750:
726:
630:
583:
Usually a solid grain in the shape of a cylinder or sphere.
507:
476:
296:
122:
1698:
Ignition! An
Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants
1229:(CFCs) were once often used as propellants, but since the
1010:
band radiowaves which form a magnetic nozzle in a cylinder
93:
that is expelled or expanded in such a way as to create a
1608:
1145:
1125:
safer, and more practical source of propellant pressure.
693:
Used in almost all bipropellant low-thrust, auxiliary or
496:
347:
327:
engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using
185:
165:
engine, the compressed propellant is simply heated using
1567:(in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. 1999. Archived from
1434:
1261:
are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being
338:, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of
307:, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An
176:, thereby producing thrust. In rockets, the burning of
145:, electricity is used to accelerate the propellant. An
1393:
1467:
397:
In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to
226:
In chemical rockets, chemical reactions are used to
1628:Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (2021-04-22).
291:. Although the term "propellant" is often used in
362:. In powered aircraft without propellers such as
200:. In powered aircraft without propellers such as
1743:
563:Solid fuel/propellants are used in forms called
219:is inadequate to model the physics involved and
1112:
947:Variable specific impulse magnetoplasma rocket
676:Cryogenic oxygen-hydrocarbon propellant system
1160:. The simplest examples of such a system are
1131:
1179:
881:– electrostatic acceleration of droplets of
834:If the acceleration is caused mainly by the
1627:
1525:
1494:
1196:safety hazard in case the can is ruptured.
853:NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness
311:may be used to expel positive ions, or the
149:may be used to expel positive ions, or the
1583:"Fires Halted Quickly by "Lazy" Freon Gas"
1565:"Native Electric Propulsion Engines Today"
1531:
1500:
816:Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion
539:has been used as an oxidizer, paired with
1670:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
1645:
1461:
1452:
1411:
1164:for such liquids as ketchup and shampoo.
1058:
331:as it is expelled to create more thrust.
169:as it is expelled to create more thrust.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1325:or shaving gel. Low-power guns, such as
1186:Aerosol_spray § Aerosol_propellants
673:and is ideal for high-velocity missions.
32:This article includes a list of general
1468:Sutton, George; Biblarz, Oscar (2001).
1221:
979:as a propellant that is accelerated by
895:Nano-particle field extraction thruster
809:
1744:
679:Used for many booster stages of space
533:, or other fuels and binder compounds.
260:
16:Chemical substance used for propulsion
1692:
1634:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
435:
1076:
637:
425:, usually as maneuvering thrusters.
254:, usually as maneuvering thrusters.
18:
440:
13:
953:
889:Field-emission electric propulsion
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1783:
1715:
905:
701:Propellant combinations used for
1293:(1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or
1080:
1051:A photonic reactive engine uses
823:
690:Storable propellant combinations
346:. The exhaust material may be a
184:. The exhaust material may be a
23:
1686:
789:Common monopropellant used for
770:Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
749:and mentioned above alcohol or
683:as well as a smaller number of
487:(or energetic polymers such as
305:electrically powered spacecraft
143:electrically powered spacecraft
1662:
1647:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
1621:
1575:
1557:
1532:Hutchinson, Lee (2013-04-14).
1501:Hutchinson, Lee (2013-04-14).
1428:
1387:
1281:). Medicinal aerosols such as
838:(i.e. application of a static
593:
1:
1381:
1004:Helicon Double Layer Thruster
986:Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
975:– a complex system that uses
973:Electrodeless plasma thruster
805:Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA)
1700:. Rutgers University Press.
1305:(GWP), and nonflammability.
1190:
1113:Compressed fluid propellants
897:– using charged cylindrical
615:Triple-based fuel/propellant
608:Double-based fuel/propellant
602:Single-based fuel/propellant
421:to spacecraft by the use of
285:Newton's third law of motion
250:to spacecraft by the use of
217:Newton's third Law of Motion
103:Newton's third law of motion
7:
1400:Chemistry: An Asian Journal
1344:
1308:
1036:
942:Radiofrequency ion thruster
865:Radiofrequency ion thruster
10:
1788:
1470:Rocket Propulsion Elements
1183:
1132:Compressed gas propellants
1062:
1040:
1014:
957:
827:
813:
641:
444:
264:
105:, and "propel" a vehicle,
1595:. April 1947. p. 115
1180:Liquified gas propellants
1176:are expensive and heavy.
992:Pulsed inductive thruster
867:– generalization of HiPEP
703:liquid propellant rockets
503:, and usually a powdered
275:A rocket propellant is a
1303:global warming potential
1208:enthalpy of vaporization
1148:may be pressurized by a
1022:Nuclear pulse propulsion
960:Plasma propulsion engine
648:liquid-propellant rocket
558:
553:Pulse Detonation Engines
1026:Nuclear thermal rockets
53:more precise citations.
1413:10.1002/asia.201402607
1059:Projectile propellants
998:Pulsed plasma thruster
756:Red fuming nitric acid
293:chemical rocket design
119:chemical rocket design
1371:Spacecraft propulsion
791:liquid rocket engines
642:Further information:
537:Potassium perchlorate
457:Composite propellants
445:Further information:
387:relativistic momentum
321:electromagnetic force
213:relativistic momentum
159:electromagnetic force
1351:Cartridge (firearms)
1222:Propellant compounds
1156:, plant misters and
879:Colloid ion thruster
873:Hall-effect thruster
847:Gridded ion thruster
810:Electrically powered
776:Dinitrogen tetroxide
612:mortars and rockets.
547:, and other binders.
489:polyglycidyl nitrate
465:ammonium perchlorate
392:relativistic physics
221:relativistic physics
1611:carrier in aerosol
1447:(44): 22118–22128.
1227:Chlorofluorocarbons
1174:pressure regulators
981:ponderomotive force
419:changes in velocity
403:movement of a fluid
309:electrostatic force
283:in accordance with
261:Vehicle propellants
248:changes in velocity
232:movement of a fluid
147:electrostatic force
101:in accordance with
1735:2013-07-10 at the
1722:Rocket Propellants
1454:10.1039/C5TA05380C
1356:Explosive material
1287:hydrofluoroalkanes
1259:methyl ethyl ether
1092:. You can help by
1073:Firearm propellant
740:Liquid oxygen and
666:combination system
459:made from a solid
436:Chemically powered
423:cold gas thrusters
252:cold gas thrusters
1588:Popular Mechanics
1441:J. Mater. Chem. A
1406:(12): 3533–3541.
1299:hydrofluoroolefin
1231:Montreal Protocol
1110:
1109:
924:resistive heating
885:as the propellant
797:Hydrogen peroxide
747:Hydrogen peroxide
638:Liquid propellant
523:potassium nitrate
493:polyvinyl nitrate
451:Solid-fuel rocket
329:resistive heating
325:resistojet rocket
267:Rocket propellant
167:resistive heating
163:resistojet rocket
79:
78:
71:
1779:
1772:Industrial gases
1711:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1602:
1600:
1593:Hearst Magazines
1591:. Vol. 87.
1579:
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1529:
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1514:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1415:
1391:
1376:Specific impulse
1366:Propellant depot
1138:pressure washing
1118:Compressed fluid
1105:
1102:
1084:
1077:
1069:Smokeless powder
1043:Laser propulsion
1031:specific impulse
899:carbon nanotubes
695:reaction control
671:specific impulse
574:Progressive burn
525:, combined with
521:propellants use
473:synthetic rubber
469:ammonium nitrate
441:Solid propellant
412:
319:engines use the
241:
157:engines use the
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1787:
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1737:Wayback Machine
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714:liquid hydrogen
681:launch vehicles
650:
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580:Degressive burn
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289:reaction engine
273:
265:Main articles:
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1694:Clark, John D.
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1289:(HFA): either
1271:carbon dioxide
1255:Dimethyl ether
1223:
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1201:vapor pressure
1192:
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1122:compressed gas
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399:produce energy
394:must be used.
385:would use the
383:photon rockets
372:compressed air
317:Electrothermal
271:Jet propulsion
262:
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230:which creates
228:produce energy
223:must be used.
211:would use the
209:photon rockets
155:Electrothermal
132:compressed air
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1101:November 2021
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1088:This section
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1047:Photon rocket
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1767:Pyrotechnics
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1687:Bibliography
1676:
1664:
1640:(1): 00177.
1637:
1633:
1623:
1613:insect bombs
1606:
1604:
1597:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1569:the original
1559:
1549:
1548:
1542:. Retrieved
1538:ARS technica
1537:
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1517:
1516:
1510:. Retrieved
1507:ARS technica
1506:
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1212:freeze spray
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940:– a type of
909:
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830:Ion thruster
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586:Neutral burn
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485:Polyurethane
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1762:Propellants
1540:. p. 2
1235:ozone layer
1142:airbrushing
977:cold plasma
883:liquid salt
758:(RFNA) and
644:liquid fuel
594:Composition
340:rocket fuel
178:rocket fuel
97:or another
51:introducing
1757:Ballistics
1752:Ammunition
1746:Categories
1544:2013-04-15
1512:2013-04-15
1472:. Willey.
1382:References
1339:gas duster
1333:guns, and
1257:(DME) and
1184:See also:
1150:compressor
1063:See also:
1041:See also:
920:Resistojet
778:and UDMH,
447:Solid fuel
107:projectile
87:propellent
83:propellant
34:references
1677:Honeywell
1656:2325-1026
1331:paintball
1263:flammable
1251:isobutane
1191:Principle
1154:atomizers
1065:Gunpowder
938:Microwave
801:Hydrazine
793:include:
784:hydrazine
782:, and/or
768:RFNA and
705:include:
657:Cryogenic
625:Composite
381:Proposed
207:Proposed
1733:Archived
1696:(1972).
1488:75193234
1422:25314237
1345:See also
1309:Payloads
1291:HFA 134a
1037:Photonic
760:kerosene
723:kerosene
664:hydrogen
512:aluminum
510:such as
475:such as
463:such as
461:oxidizer
59:May 2023
1679:. 2017.
1599:June 7,
1335:airsoft
1327:BB guns
1295:HFA 227
1243:propane
1053:photons
1015:Nuclear
742:methane
736:ethanol
620:cannons
541:asphalt
519:amateur
358:, or a
196:, or a
89:) is a
47:improve
1704:
1654:
1519:water.
1486:
1476:
1420:
1247:butane
1071:, and
929:Arcjet
912:plasma
772:(UDMH)
660:oxygen
565:grains
356:plasma
352:liquid
344:nozzle
336:nozzle
281:thrust
194:plasma
190:liquid
182:nozzle
174:nozzle
95:thrust
36:, but
1673:(PDF)
859:HiPEP
559:Grain
545:epoxy
531:epoxy
527:sugar
517:Some
505:metal
483:, or
360:solid
198:solid
111:fluid
109:, or
1702:ISBN
1652:ISSN
1601:2019
1484:OCLC
1474:ISBN
1418:PMID
1361:Fuel
1321:and
1285:use
1277:and
1269:and
1249:and
1245:, n-
1172:and
1140:and
1045:and
764:RP-1
751:RP-1
734:and
727:RP-1
721:and
712:and
646:and
631:HTPB
508:fuel
481:PBAN
477:HTPB
471:, a
449:and
364:jets
297:fuel
277:mass
269:and
202:jets
123:fuel
91:mass
85:(or
1642:doi
1609:DDT
1449:doi
1408:doi
1146:air
1120:or
1096:.
780:MMH
762:or
725:or
499:or
497:RDX
491:or
467:or
348:gas
303:In
186:gas
141:In
1748::
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411:O
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407:H
240:O
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236:H
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66:(
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57:(
43:.
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