506:
292:, a torsion powered catapult that dominated the Middle Ages both offensively and defensively. The trebuchet was known for its considerable force but required a longer loading time compared to other siege engines, sometimes taking up to an hour, which lead to some cities using catapults such as the mangonel and onager instead, which could put projectiles downrange much faster than the trebuchet. The trebuchet’s destructive force caused engineers to thicken walls, round out towers, and to redesign fortifications so that they could employ trebuchets for defense. The
325:
151:
547:
261:
892:
711:
791:
696:
590:
337:
558:
3113:
746:
fortification as possible. Provided this was not so unnaturally contrived as to allow an attacker to drain the system, it served two defensive purposes. It made approaching the curtain wall of the castle more difficult and the undermining of the wall virtually impossible. To position a castle on a small island was very favorable from a defensive point of view, although it made deliveries of supplies and building materials more cumbersome and expensive.
622:
770:
446:
25:
122:
221:
646:
141:
538:
295 ft) in diameter. There was a tower on top of the motte. In most cases, the tower was made of timber, though some were also made of stones. Stone towers were found in natural mounds, as artificial ones were not strong enough to support stone towers. Larger mottes had towers with many rooms, including the great hall. Smaller ones had only a watch tower.
473:. There is evidence that harbors were fortified, with wooden structures in the water creating a semi-circle around the harbor, or jetties, as seen in an artist's reconstruction of Hedeby, in Denmark, with an opening for ships to access the land. Usually, these wooden structures would have small bases at either end, creating a 'watch' and defense platform.
837:. In many cases, the medieval walls were dismantled and their stonework, which was still valuable as construction material, was reused in the construction of the new fortifications. The resulting space is often seen in old city centers of Europe even to this day, as broader streets often outline where the old wall once stood (evident for example in
722:
of multiple walls or ditches around an entrance would also make it difficult for defenders to use the entrance practically, necessitating better methods of control. Gates came in many forms, from the simple stone buttress and timber blocks, to the massive and imposing stone archways and thick wooden doors most associated with medieval citadels.
418:, but these belong mainly to the post-medieval periods. By 1600, the medieval wall is likely to have been seen more as a platform for displaying hangings and the pomery as a gathering ground for spectators, or as a source of building stone and a site for its use, respectively. However, a few, such as those of
354:, early in the period, walls were likely to have been constructed of wood and proofed against small forces. Especially where stone was readily available for building, the wood will have been replaced by stone to a higher or lower standard of security. This would have been the pattern of events in the
745:
A moat was a common addition to medieval fortifications, and the principal purpose was to simply increase the effective height of the walls and to prevent digging under the walls. In many instances, natural water paths were used as moats, and often extended through ditches to surround as much of the
730:
A killing field was an area between the main wall and a secondary wall, so when the first wall was breached the attackers would run into the killing field to be confronted by another wall from which soldiers bombarded them. Soldiers would be positioned atop the second wall and armed with any variety
537:
or a timber gate tower. Inside the bailey were stables, workshops, and a chapel. The motte was the final refuge in this type of castle. It was a raised earth mound, and varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10 feet to 100 feet), and from 30 to 90 metres (98 to
251:
were usually made of stone, wood or a combination of both (with a stone base supporting a wooden loft). Often toward the later part of the era they included battlements and arrow loops. Arrow loops were vertical slits in the wall through which archers inside shot arrows at the attackers, but made it
721:
Any entrance through a wall, being an opening, forms an obvious weak point. To be practical, the entryway would have to accommodate supplies being brought through, yet difficult for attackers to breach. For example, passage over ditches or moats would have to be withdrawn to deny attackers. The use
464:
or some sort of water access were often essential to the construction of medieval fortifications. It was a direct route for trading and fortification. Having direct access to a body of water provided a route for resupply in times of war, an additional method of transportation in times of peace, and
309:
near the beginning of 12th century CE, many torsion powered catapults became largely obsolete and cannons became commonplace medieval siege engines by the 15th century. While mostly used for offensive purposes, the first recorded use of a cannon in Europe was to defend the city of
Algeciras during
612:
Stone castles took years to construct depending on the overall size of the castle. Stone was stronger and of course much more expensive than wood. Most stone had to be quarried miles away, and then brought to the building site. But with the invention of the cannon and gunpowder, castles soon lost
300:
were another type of catapult utilized as a defensive weapon, however they were not often used. This is because their missiles sometimes lacked the force to dismantle enemy siege engines and their immobility confined them to the top of a city's towers were they could easily be taken out by enemy
608:
Materials that were used in the building of castles varied through history. Wood was used for most castles until 1066. They were cheap and were quick to construct. The reason wood fell into disuse as a material is that it is quite flammable. Soon stone became more popular.
760:
A keep is a strong central tower which normally forms the heart of a castle. Often the keep is the most defended area of a castle, and as such may form the main habitation area for a noble or lord, or contain important stores such as the armoury or the main well.
781:
Stairs were also constructed to contain trick or stumble steps. These were steps that had different rise height or tread depth from the rest and would cause anyone running up the stairs to stumble or fall, so slowing down the attackers' progress.
580:
had built were an exception in that he focused much of the resources of his kingdom on their speedy construction. In addition to paid workers, forced levies of labourers put thousands of men on each site and shortened construction to a few years.
532:
Motte-and-bailey was the prevalent form of castle during 11th and 12th centuries. A courtyard (called a bailey) was protected by a ditch and a palisade (strong timber fence). Often the entrance was protected by a lifting bridge, a
502:, and other buildings of religious function were often included within the walls of any fortification, be it temporary or permanent. A place to conduct religious services was usually essential to the morale of the soldiers.
1008:
264:
A depiction of the Siege of Lisbon in 1147 CE by Roque
Gameiro. There are catapults mounted on the towers of the city's walls. The type of catapult utilized is unknown but based on the appearance it is likely a
389:
An external pomoerium, stripped of bushes and building, gave defenders a clear view of what was happening outside and an unobstructed field of shot. An internal pomoerium gave ready access to the rear of the
989:
These defenses were not only used as counter-measures against siege engines and were effective defenses against many other forms of attack including the dispatchment of attackers unshielded by siege engines.
405:
Also by that time, the medieval walls were no longer secure against a serious threat from an army, as they were not designed to be strong enough to resist cannon fire. They were sometimes rebuilt, as at
1033:
629:
Costs for the walls depended on the material used. Wood would cost very little and was quick to build, but was weak. Stone was strong but very expensive and time-consuming to construct.
2507:
469:
castle or fortification. The concept of rivers or harbors coming directly up to the walls of fortifications was especially used by the
English as they constructed castles throughout
350:
An exact nature of the walls of a medieval town or city would depend on the resources available for building them, the nature of the terrain, and the perceived threat. In northern
310:
the siege of 1343-44. However slow to load, cannons proved to be devastating weapons that could level a city's walls or destroy siege engines with only a single projectile.
301:
catapults, including offensive ballistas which were usually employed for the very reason of dismantling defenses on the top of towers and keeping defenders off of a wall's
833:. As a consequence of this, medieval walls were often upgraded with the addition of artillery platforms or bastions, and battlements were replaced by thick parapets with
829:
From the mid-15th century onwards, the power of cannons grew and medieval walls became obsolete as they were too thin to offer any realistic protection against prolonged
1119:
1082:
673:
out the latter, allowing defenders to throw stones, boiling water, and so forth, upon assailants below. Some castles featured additional inner walls, as additional
600:
Nature could provide very effective defenses for the castle. For this reason many castles were built on larger hills, cliffs, close to rivers, lakes or even caves.
296:
between 1196 and 1218 built towers mounted with massive trebuchets, which hypothetically would use their height advantage to take out opposing siege engines.
410:, or retained for use against thieves and other threats of a lower order. Very elaborate and complex schemes for town defenses were developed in the
89:
1220:
288:
that would hurl stones and other missiles at enemy siege engines and soldiers. The most commonly used catapult for defense was the
61:
280:
were common during the Middle Ages and because of this many cities fortified their walls and castles to defend against the use of
950:- from 1996 to 2020 they will build a 13th-century castle exclusively using methods of that time. A lot of information regarding
653:
The height of walls varied widely by castle, but were often 2.5–6 m (8.2–19.7 ft) thick. They were usually topped with
42:
2323:
810:. The two layers would be held together by iron studs, and the structure might be strengthened and stiffened with iron bands.
68:
1192:
1134:
1093:
806:
planks. The grain of the wood would run vertically on the front layer and horizontally on the back, like a simple form of
2917:
2612:
75:
2732:
2517:
1162:
108:
57:
2942:
3138:
505:
46:
398:
to a point of need. By the end of the sixteenth century, the word had developed further in common use, into
2165:
1703:
1213:
391:
2502:
1583:
853:
3143:
2098:
972:
2547:
2172:
669:, approximately "neck-crusher") which consisted of openings between a wall and a parapet, formed by
82:
3044:
2122:
977:
849:
3091:
2866:
2572:
2567:
2487:
2284:
2231:
2201:
1958:
1888:
1832:
1409:
1206:
35:
3116:
2932:
2522:
2419:
2304:
1152:
3069:
2907:
2689:
2442:
2179:
2002:
1331:
813:
The studs themselves were pointed on the front so that attackers would damage their weapons (
375:. This was a strip of clear ground immediately adjacent the wall. The word is from the late
3054:
2582:
2208:
2007:
1973:
1373:
1255:
715:
184:
1059:
8:
2871:
2607:
1963:
1341:
577:
324:
172:
2993:
2602:
2577:
2562:
2557:
2407:
2387:
2184:
1745:
1612:
1356:
510:
340:
947:
332:, Germany. The downward slope on the outer side is hidden behind a fence and shrubbery
3049:
3008:
2983:
2856:
2537:
2377:
2224:
1810:
1688:
1366:
1309:
1188:
1158:
491:
150:
133:
252:
extremely difficult for attackers to get many arrows back through at the defenders.
3023:
2998:
2927:
2851:
2452:
2447:
2382:
1933:
1737:
1316:
937:
527:
407:
260:
196:
192:
125:
891:
848:
The transition between medieval and early modern fortification can be seen in the
509:
Where the fixed wooden bridge stands today over the precipice, at the entrance to
2912:
2764:
2737:
2677:
2647:
2532:
2497:
2477:
2462:
2017:
2012:
1980:
1741:
1683:
1671:
1653:
1520:
1501:
1427:
1404:
1182:
881:
865:
842:
774:
593:
550:
546:
434:
293:
270:
228:
429:
Medieval walls that were no longer adequate for defending were succeeded by the
3081:
3076:
2742:
2727:
2662:
2652:
2527:
2512:
2412:
2402:
2367:
2241:
2034:
1731:
1698:
1662:
1478:
1336:
1300:
967:
951:
710:
319:
155:
3132:
3086:
3039:
2947:
2937:
2891:
2861:
2846:
2815:
2796:
2657:
2597:
2552:
2467:
2426:
2236:
1869:
1864:
1597:
1560:
1545:
1496:
1441:
1420:
1229:
869:
790:
674:
662:
482:
224:
176:
1154:
Medieval and
Renaissance Famagusta: Studies in Architecture, Art and History
695:
3064:
2922:
2886:
2841:
2825:
2753:
2706:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2482:
2299:
2160:
2127:
1992:
1928:
1903:
1815:
1789:
1757:
1751:
1693:
1632:
1602:
1450:
955:
942:
885:
654:
328:
Remains of a commandry (Order of
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem) wall in
281:
589:
426:, survived fairly well and have been restored to a nearly complete state.
336:
2963:
2820:
2789:
2771:
2759:
2701:
2696:
2637:
2632:
2592:
2492:
2457:
2353:
2256:
2027:
1997:
1987:
1893:
1782:
1399:
1346:
777:, Ireland. Note the canting, and the varied tread depth and riser height.
419:
411:
355:
188:
1590:
1151:
Walsh, Michael J. K.; Coureas, Nicholas; Edbury, Peter W., eds. (2012).
557:
2988:
2808:
2780:
2711:
2587:
2542:
2472:
2392:
2289:
2194:
2134:
2093:
2071:
2022:
1968:
1918:
1913:
1898:
1857:
1805:
1763:
1708:
1550:
1466:
576:
Construction could sometimes take decades. The string of Welsh castles
534:
302:
239:
2968:
1513:
2397:
2328:
2155:
2150:
2083:
1724:
1637:
1567:
1525:
1351:
1321:
1282:
1248:
1083:"Evolution of siege techniques: From the Catholic Monarchs to Vauban"
961:
905:
834:
686:
561:
499:
445:
430:
423:
371:
329:
289:
24:
2881:
2876:
2801:
2642:
2360:
2335:
2318:
2248:
2189:
2117:
2110:
1953:
1841:
1715:
1535:
1530:
1506:
1434:
1414:
1394:
1361:
925:
920:
915:
704:
690:
621:
487:
395:
376:
369:
In many cases, the wall would have had an internal and an external
297:
285:
266:
166:
159:
121:
637:
Manpower in the medieval era in Europe consisted mainly of serfs.
3013:
2978:
2973:
2311:
2294:
2279:
2263:
2215:
2143:
2088:
2078:
2046:
1948:
1923:
1908:
1678:
1622:
1540:
1387:
1380:
1326:
1198:
877:
807:
658:
466:
454:
363:
359:
344:
232:
220:
144:
769:
3018:
2372:
1938:
1876:
1820:
1798:
1775:
1768:
1644:
1627:
1459:
1291:
1273:
1243:
910:
873:
872:, medieval engineers used a number of obstacle types including
838:
670:
649:
SneĹľnik Castle protected by defensive wall in southern
Slovenia
645:
565:
514:
495:
461:
450:
415:
351:
306:
248:
200:
180:
140:
553:, Jodhpur, which was built between the 15th and 17th centuries
3059:
3003:
2747:
2272:
2103:
1943:
1264:
814:
700:
569:
470:
380:
277:
244:
204:
132:
was built in the late 13th century and is an example of
129:
1124:
at Mdina? – Gunpowder fortifications in Late
Medieval Malta"
731:
of weapons, ranging from bows to crossbows to simple rocks.
677:
from which to mount a defense if outer walls were breached.
2041:
1883:
1850:
1825:
1617:
1607:
1576:
1555:
830:
799:
755:
740:
490:
was a central part of the lives of medieval soldiers, and
818:
803:
661:
that offered protection to defenders. Some also featured
824:
868:
enhance field fortifications with obstacles such as
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1150:
191:. During this millennium, fortifications changed
3130:
1470:
175:military methods that cover the development of
2032:
1978:
1796:
1642:
1065:
2687:
2417:
2246:
2222:
1839:
1830:
1787:
1511:
1307:
1298:
1214:
2806:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2358:
2333:
2309:
2270:
2261:
2213:
2199:
2170:
2141:
2132:
2108:
2069:
1874:
1855:
1773:
1722:
1713:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1588:
1574:
1565:
1448:
1425:
958:had already surfaced thanks to this project.
564:medieval fortress built on the banks of the
136:which developed in the late medieval period.
1457:
1439:
1385:
1371:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
802:might be made out of two or more layers of
476:
16:Fortifications built during the middle ages
1221:
1207:
1031:
284:by their attackers. Many cities utilized
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1157:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 191.
890:
789:
768:
709:
694:
644:
620:
588:
556:
545:
504:
444:
335:
323:
259:
219:
195:, and in turn were modified to suit new
149:
139:
120:
1184:Castles: Their Construction and History
1117:
1080:
821:, etc.) while trying to break through.
3131:
859:
437:, star forts became obsolete as well.
210:
1202:
1006:
521:
517:, castle used to have lifting bridge.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2613:Weapons Storage and Security System
13:
1228:
825:Transition to modern fortification
14:
3155:
1070:. Vol. 18. pp. 216–230.
964:replaced medieval fortifications.
725:
625:Drawing of battlements on a tower
255:
3112:
3111:
215:
23:
1175:
1066:Avery, Michael (October 1986).
541:
465:potential drinking water for a
183:, roughly from the fall of the
34:needs additional citations for
1144:
1111:
1092:. pp. 6–7. Archived from
1074:
1050:
1034:"The Development of Artillery"
1025:
1000:
394:to facilitate movement of the
1:
2508:British "hedgehog" road block
993:
899:
449:Fortifications of Várad (now
433:. After the invention of the
379:, derived from the classical
313:
1118:Spiteri, Stephen C. (2009).
714:Travnik Gate in present day
603:
7:
2918:Cities with defensive walls
2503:Defensive fighting position
2418:
2223:
2033:
1979:
1840:
1831:
1797:
1788:
1643:
1131:Proceedings of History Week
931:
895:The siege of Constantinople
854:fortifications of Famagusta
632:
584:
10:
3160:
1081:Pañeda Ruiz, José Manuel.
1007:Brown, University (2008).
973:Rocca di Manerba del Garda
798:A typical exterior wooden
753:
738:
684:
596:was built next to the cave
525:
480:
440:
317:
237:
3102:
3032:
2956:
2900:
2834:
2720:
2625:
2548:Hardened aircraft shelter
2523:Entry control point (ECP)
2435:
2346:
2062:
2055:
1487:
1236:
1133:: 150–159. Archived from
1038:Gibraltar National Museum
1032:Finlayson, Clive (2024).
764:
305:. After the invention of
3045:Continuity of government
1090:MilitaryArchitecture.com
983:
978:Castle Site of Montbazon
864:Just as modern military
850:fortifications of Rhodes
785:
749:
734:
680:
640:
616:
477:Churches and monasteries
179:construction and use in
58:"Medieval fortification"
2867:Motte-and-bailey castle
2573:Missile launch facility
2568:Main line of resistance
1263:
2943:Military installations
2807:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2688:
2359:
2334:
2310:
2300:Scarp and Counterscarp
2271:
2262:
2247:
2214:
2200:
2171:
2142:
2133:
2109:
2070:
1875:
1856:
1774:
1723:
1714:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1589:
1575:
1566:
1512:
1471:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1426:
1386:
1372:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1254:
896:
795:
778:
718:
707:
650:
626:
597:
573:
554:
518:
458:
347:
333:
274:
235:
162:
147:
137:
3139:Medieval architecture
2712:Floating water castle
2443:Admiralty scaffolding
1736:Fortified buildings (
894:
793:
772:
713:
698:
648:
624:
592:
560:
549:
508:
448:
386:("behind the wall").
339:
327:
263:
223:
153:
143:
124:
3055:Subterranean warfare
2008:Viking ring fortress
1181:Toy, Sidney. (1985)
794:Reinforced wood door
185:Western Roman Empire
43:improve this article
2872:Quadrangular castle
2608:Weapon storage area
1964:Quadrangular castle
860:Defensive obstacles
578:Edward I of England
211:Fortification types
2603:Underground hangar
2388:Fire control tower
2185:Gunpowder magazine
1613:Butter-churn tower
1009:"Part Two: Impact"
897:
852:in Greece and the
796:
779:
719:
708:
651:
627:
598:
574:
555:
522:Mottes and baileys
519:
459:
348:
341:Walls of Dubrovnik
334:
275:
236:
163:
148:
138:
134:concentric castles
3144:Medieval defences
3126:
3125:
3050:Military urbanism
2984:Fortified gateway
2857:Concentric castle
2621:
2620:
2538:Fire support base
2378:Coastal artillery
2253:(Spanish America)
1847:
1689:Concentric castle
1193:978-0-486-24898-1
1140:on 14 April 2016.
1099:on 10 August 2015
773:Stumble steps at
665:(from the French
457:) in a 1617 print
119:
118:
111:
93:
3151:
3115:
3114:
3108:
2999:National redoubt
2928:Fortified estate
2852:Circular rampart
2812:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2693:
2453:Anti-tank trench
2448:Air raid shelter
2423:
2383:Disappearing gun
2364:
2339:
2315:
2276:
2267:
2252:
2228:
2219:
2205:
2176:
2147:
2138:
2114:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2038:
2018:Bailey (or ward)
1984:
1889:Motte-and-bailey
1880:
1861:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1802:
1793:
1779:
1728:
1719:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1594:
1580:
1571:
1517:
1474:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1431:
1391:
1377:
1317:Circular rampart
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1169:
1168:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1122:Cubete Artillero
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:World Archeology
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1004:
938:Medieval warfare
528:Motte-and-bailey
408:Berwick on Tweed
126:Beaumaris Castle
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3106:
3098:
3028:
2952:
2896:
2830:
2765:Imperial castle
2738:Coercion castle
2733:Coastal defence
2716:
2678:Promontory fort
2648:Hillside castle
2617:
2533:Fallout shelter
2498:Concertina wire
2478:Border security
2431:
2342:
2051:
1684:Coercion castle
1672:Cheval de frise
1654:Chemin de ronde
1502:Albarrana tower
1483:
1428:Schwedenschanze
1405:Promontory fort
1232:
1227:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1005:
1001:
996:
986:
948:Guédelon Castle
934:
902:
882:cheval de frise
862:
843:Florence, Italy
827:
788:
775:Maynooth Castle
767:
758:
752:
743:
737:
728:
693:
683:
643:
635:
619:
606:
594:Predjama Castle
587:
551:Mehrangarh Fort
544:
530:
524:
485:
479:
443:
435:explosive shell
322:
316:
258:
242:
218:
213:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3084:
3082:Trench warfare
3079:
3077:Tunnel warfare
3074:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Fortifications
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2750:
2745:
2743:Counter-castle
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Border barrier
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Lowland castle
2660:
2655:
2653:Hilltop castle
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Electric fence
2525:
2520:
2518:Dragon's teeth
2515:
2513:Czech hedgehog
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2427:Wire obstacles
2424:
2415:
2413:Polygonal fort
2410:
2405:
2403:Martello tower
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:Border outpost
2365:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2254:
2244:
2242:Polygonal fort
2239:
2234:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1853:
1848:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1734:
1732:Flanking tower
1729:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Counter-castle
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1489:Post-classical
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1479:Vitrified fort
1476:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Defensive wall
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:Fortifications
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1143:
1110:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1024:
998:
997:
995:
992:
991:
990:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
968:Encastellation
965:
959:
952:castrametation
945:
940:
933:
930:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
901:
898:
861:
858:
826:
823:
787:
784:
766:
763:
754:Main article:
751:
748:
739:Main article:
736:
733:
727:
726:Killing fields
724:
682:
679:
675:fortifications
663:machicolations
642:
639:
634:
631:
618:
615:
605:
602:
586:
583:
543:
540:
526:Main article:
523:
520:
481:Main article:
478:
475:
442:
439:
320:Defensive wall
318:Main article:
315:
312:
257:
256:Siege Defenses
254:
217:
214:
212:
209:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3156:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:Urban warfare
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Civil defense
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Bastion forts
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:Z-plan castle
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:L-plan castle
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:Bridge castle
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Refuge castle
2814:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Military base
2795:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Hunting lodge
2758:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Moated castle
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Island castle
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:By topography
2624:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Submarine pen
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Hesco bastion
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Blast shelter
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Place-of-arms
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1870:Machicolation
1868:
1866:
1865:L-plan castle
1863:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Bridge castle
1596:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1561:Bent entrance
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Battery tower
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1497:Advanced work
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1421:Refuge castle
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1166:
1164:9781409435570
1160:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1114:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1014:
1013:www.brown.edu
1010:
1003:
999:
988:
987:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
857:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
792:
783:
776:
771:
762:
757:
747:
742:
732:
723:
717:
712:
706:
702:
697:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
647:
638:
630:
623:
614:
613:their power.
610:
601:
595:
591:
582:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
552:
548:
539:
536:
529:
516:
512:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
483:Castle chapel
474:
472:
468:
463:
456:
452:
447:
438:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
382:
378:
374:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
356:Five Boroughs
353:
346:
342:
338:
331:
326:
321:
311:
308:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:siege engines
279:
272:
268:
262:
253:
250:
246:
241:
234:
230:
226:
225:Chindia Tower
222:
216:Archer towers
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:fortification
174:
170:
169:fortification
168:
161:
157:
152:
146:
142:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3110:
3065:Siege engine
3033:Other topics
2957:Related word
2923:Defense line
2887:Tower castle
2842:Bastion fort
2826:Urban castle
2754:Ganerbenburg
2752:
2707:Water castle
2683:Ridge castle
2668:Marsh castle
2483:Bomb shelter
2463:Belgian gate
2436:20th century
2347:19th century
2285:Retrenchment
2257:Punji sticks
2166:Entrenchment
2161:Device Forts
2128:Counterguard
2063:Early modern
1993:Tower castle
1929:Powder tower
1904:Outer bailey
1816:Inner bailey
1790:Gulyay-gorod
1758:Ganerbenburg
1756:
1752:Fujian tulou
1694:Corner tower
1633:Chamber gate
1603:Bridge tower
1488:
1451:Trou de loup
1183:
1176:Bibliography
1153:
1146:
1135:the original
1130:
1121:
1113:
1101:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1089:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
1016:. Retrieved
1012:
1002:
956:castellology
943:Siege engine
886:trou de loup
863:
847:
828:
812:
797:
780:
759:
744:
729:
720:
666:
655:crenellation
652:
636:
628:
611:
607:
599:
575:
542:Construction
531:
486:
460:
453:/Nagyvárad,
428:
404:
399:
392:curtain wall
388:
383:
370:
368:
349:
276:
247:of medieval
243:
207:techniques.
165:
164:
105:
99:October 2015
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2964:Castle town
2821:Toll castle
2790:Lustschloss
2772:Kaiserpfalz
2702:Spur castle
2697:Rock castle
2638:Hill castle
2633:Cave castle
2593:Spider hole
2493:Bremer wall
2458:Barbed tape
2354:Barbed wire
2028:Witch tower
1998:Tower house
1988:Toll castle
1974:Shield wall
1894:Murder hole
1783:Guard tower
1400:Pincer gate
1347:Faussebraye
870:barbed wire
856:in Cyprus.
831:bombardment
667:machicoulis
500:monasteries
420:Carcassonne
412:Netherlands
303:battlements
189:Renaissance
3133:Categories
2989:Gatekeeper
2809:Ordensburg
2781:Landesburg
2588:Sentry gun
2543:Flak tower
2473:Blast wall
2393:Gun turret
2290:Sally port
2195:Kotta mara
2135:Couvreface
2099:Breastwork
2094:Blockhouse
2072:Abwurfdach
2023:Watchtower
2013:Wall tower
1969:Shell keep
1919:Portcullis
1914:Peel tower
1899:Neck ditch
1858:Landesburg
1806:Half tower
1764:Gate tower
1709:Drawbridge
1551:Battlement
1467:Wagon fort
1310:Chengqiang
1103:22 October
1056:Toy, p.52.
1043:2024-04-24
1018:2024-04-24
994:References
900:Siegecraft
835:embrasures
685:See also:
671:corbelling
572:, Bulgaria
535:drawbridge
384:post murum
314:City walls
240:Watchtower
238:See also:
229:Târgoviște
171:refers to
154:Castle of
69:newspapers
3092:Guerrilla
2835:By design
2583:Revetment
2398:Land mine
2329:Star fort
2156:Crownwork
2151:Covertway
2084:Barricade
1725:Embrasure
1638:Chartaque
1568:Bergfried
1526:Arrowslit
1352:Gatehouse
1322:City gate
1283:Castellum
1249:Acropolis
962:Star fort
906:Trebuchet
866:engineers
687:City gate
604:Materials
562:Baba Vida
511:Srebrenik
431:star fort
424:Dubrovnik
372:pomoerium
330:Steinfurt
298:Ballistas
290:trebuchet
286:catapults
156:Topoľčany
3117:Category
3107:See also
2994:Loophole
2882:Ringwork
2877:Ringfort
2802:Obstacle
2643:Hillfort
2563:Loophole
2361:Barbette
2336:Tenaille
2319:Sea fort
2249:Presidio
2209:Magazine
2190:Hornwork
2123:Cavalier
2118:Casemate
2111:Caponier
1954:Ringwork
1842:Detinets
1811:Hoarding
1716:Enceinte
1591:Bretèche
1536:Bartizan
1531:Barbican
1507:Alcazaba
1435:Stockade
1415:Ringfort
1395:Palisade
1367:Landwehr
1362:Hillfort
932:See also
926:Catapult
921:Ballista
916:Mangonel
878:caltrops
705:Portugal
703:Castle,
699:Gate of
691:Barbican
659:parapets
633:Manpower
585:Location
492:churches
488:Religion
467:besieged
396:garrison
377:medieval
294:Ayyubids
267:mangonel
173:medieval
167:Medieval
160:Slovakia
3024:Vedette
3014:Schloss
2979:Festung
2974:Dungeon
2969:Château
2913:Castles
2721:By role
2578:Pillbox
2408:Outpost
2324:Station
2312:Schanze
2295:Sandbag
2280:Redoubt
2264:Ravelin
2232:Palanka
2216:Orillon
2202:Lunette
2144:Coupure
2089:Bastion
2079:Arsenal
2047:Zwinger
1959:Roundel
1949:Ricetto
1924:Postern
1909:Outwork
1833:Kremlin
1704:Curtain
1679:Citadel
1663:Chemise
1623:Caltrop
1541:Bastion
1514:Alcázar
1410:Rampart
1388:Oppidum
1381:Nuraghe
1327:Crannog
1301:Castros
1237:Ancient
808:plywood
496:chapels
462:Harbors
455:Romania
441:Harbors
364:England
360:Danelaw
358:of the
345:Croatia
307:cannons
249:castles
233:Romania
201:weapons
197:tactics
193:warfare
187:to the
145:Badajoz
83:scholar
3019:Trench
3009:Picket
2420:Sangar
2373:Bunker
2305:Sconce
2225:Ostrog
2173:Flèche
2056:Modern
2035:Yagura
2003:Turret
1939:Reduit
1877:Merlon
1821:Kasbah
1799:Gusuku
1776:Glacis
1769:Gabion
1738:church
1645:Chashi
1628:Castle
1472:Laager
1460:Vallum
1417:(Rath)
1292:Castra
1274:Burgus
1244:Abatis
1191:
1161:
911:Cannon
884:, and
874:abatis
839:Prague
815:swords
765:Stairs
566:Danube
515:Bosnia
451:Oradea
416:France
400:pomery
352:Europe
278:Sieges
271:onager
269:or an
245:Towers
181:Europe
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3060:Siege
3004:Palas
2948:Walls
2938:Forts
2901:Lists
2748:Fence
2690:Rocca
2558:Kabal
2273:Redan
2180:Gorge
2104:Canal
1981:Shiro
1944:Ribat
1934:Qalat
1746:Dzong
1742:house
1442:Sudis
1374:Limes
1332:Ditch
1265:Broch
1256:Agger
1138:(PDF)
1127:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
984:Notes
786:Doors
750:Keeps
735:Moats
716:Jajce
701:Tomar
681:Gates
641:Walls
617:Costs
570:Vidin
471:Wales
381:Latin
205:siege
130:Wales
90:JSTOR
76:books
3070:list
2488:Buoy
2042:Yett
1884:Moat
1851:Ksar
1826:Keep
1618:Caer
1608:Burh
1584:Boom
1577:Berm
1556:Bawn
1521:Amba
1357:Gord
1189:ISBN
1159:ISBN
1105:2015
954:and
841:and
819:axes
800:door
756:Keep
741:Moat
689:and
422:and
414:and
203:and
62:news
1342:Dun
1120:"A
845:).
804:oak
657:or
568:in
513:in
362:in
158:in
128:in
45:by
3135::
3109::
1744:,
1740:,
1129:.
1088:.
1036:.
1011:.
888:.
880:,
876:,
817:,
498:,
494:,
402:.
366:.
343:,
231:,
227:,
199:,
1846:)
1838:(
1748:)
1475:)
1469:(
1222:e
1215:t
1208:v
1195:.
1186:.
1167:.
1107:.
1046:.
1021:.
273:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)