Siege - Knowledge

2215: 73: 2561: 3714:. For many years, defensive and offensive tactics were well balanced, leading to protracted and costly wars such as Europe had never known, involving more and more planning and government involvement. The new fortresses ensured that war rarely extended beyond a series of sieges. Because the new fortresses could easily hold 10,000 men, an attacking army could not ignore a powerfully fortified position without serious risk of counterattack. As a result, virtually all towns had to be taken, and that was usually a long, drawn-out affair, potentially lasting from several months to years, while the members of the town were starved to death. Most battles in this period were between besieging armies and relief columns sent to rescue the besieged. 3647: 4449:. Despite its excellent performance, the garrison's food supply had been requisitioned for earlier offensives, a relief expedition was stalled by the weather, ethnic rivalries flared up between the defending soldiers, and a breakout attempt failed. When the commander of the garrison Hermann Kusmanek finally surrendered, his troops were eating their horses and the first attempt of large-scale air supply had failed. It was one of the few great victories obtained by either side during the war; 110,000 Austro-Hungarian prisoners were marched back to Russia. Use of aircraft for siege running, bringing supplies to areas under siege, would nevertheless prove useful in many sieges to come. 3920:, both to save on casualties, and to set an example for future defending cities. A city that was allowed to surrender with minimal loss of life was much better off than a city that held out for a long time and was brutally butchered at the end. Moreover, if an attacking army had a reputation of killing and pillaging regardless of a surrender, then other cities' defensive efforts would be redoubled. Usually, a city would surrender (with no honour lost) when its inner lines of defense were reached by the attacker. In case of refusal, however, the inner lines would have to be stormed by the attacker and the attacking troops would be seen to be justified in sacking the city. 4139: 5039: 4429: 4518: 4288: 4708: 33: 5485: 4472:, and the fortified city of Verdun itself. The Germans, through the use of huge artillery bombardments, flamethrowers, and infiltration tactics, were able to capture both Vaux and Douaumont, but were never able to take the city, and eventually lost most of their gains. It was a battle that, despite the French ability to fend off the Germans, neither side won. The German losses were not worth the potential capture of the city, and the French casualties were not worth holding the symbol of her defense. 2131: 3246:

from these smaller cities would flee to the last stronghold. The reports from these cities and the streaming hordes of refugees not only reduced the morale of the inhabitants and garrison of the principal city, it also strained their resources. Food and water reserves were taxed by the sudden influx of refugees. Soon, what was once a formidable undertaking became easy. The Mongols were then free to lay siege without interference of the field army, as it had been destroyed. At the siege of

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next line, which Vauban usually placed at about 600 metres (2,000 ft) from the target, would contain the main batteries of heavy cannons so that they could hit the target without being vulnerable themselves. Once this line was established, work crews would move forward, creating another line at 250 metres (1,000 ft). This line contained smaller guns. The final line would be constructed only 30 to 60 metres (100 to 200 ft) from the fortress. This line would contain the

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the enemy attack was backed by an entire artillery division. ARVN had no tanks, the NVA communist forces had two armoured regiments. ARVN prevailed after over two months of continuous fighting. As General Paul Vanuxem, a French veteran of the Indochina War, wrote in 1972 after visiting the liberated city of An Lộc: "An Lộc was the Verdun of Vietnam, where Vietnam received as in baptism the supreme consecration of her will."

8835: 5027:(regardless of whether such claims are true), and coax the hostage-takers into surrendering or at least releasing hostages. In the event a peaceful resolution is impossible—negotiations fail or do not proceed, hostages are released but the hostage-takers refuse to surrender, the hostage-takers resist violently, or hostages are killed—police may respond in force, generally being able to rely on 2650: 3710:(the Netherlands) were infamous for their high degree of fortification of cities. It made campaigns in these areas very hard to successfully conduct, considering even minor cities had to be captured by siege within the span of the campaigning season. In the Dutch case, the possibility of flooding large parts of the land provided an additional obstacle to besiegers, for example at the 2197:, a single fortified stronghold is no longer as decisive as it once was. While traditional sieges do still occur, they are not as common as they once were due to changes in modes of battle, principally the ease by which huge volumes of destructive power can be directed onto a static target. Modern sieges are more commonly the result of smaller hostage, militant, or extreme 2584:

attacker – aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money, and lives – might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away unharmed, often retaining their weapons. However, a garrison commander who was thought to have surrendered too quickly might face execution by his own side for treason.

2777:) of the 5th century BC believed in aiding the defensive warfare of smaller Chinese states against the hostile offensive warfare of larger domineering states. The Mohists were renowned in the smaller states (and the enemies of the larger states) for the inventions of siege machinery to scale or destroy walls. These included traction trebuchet 3963:, anything which tended to prolong the struggle, or seemed like want of energy and avoidance of a decision, was bitterly resented by the men of both sides. In France and Germany, the prolongation of a war meant continued employment for the soldiers, but in England, both sides were looking to end the war quickly. Even when in the end the 3694:, spent so much money on fortifications that they were unable to maintain their armies properly, and so lost their wars anyway. Nonetheless, innumerable large and impressive fortresses were built throughout northern Italy in the first decades of the 16th century to resist repeated French invasions that became known as the 2595:) to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. If sufficiently desperate as the siege progressed, defenders and civilians might have been reduced to eating anything vaguely edible – horses, family pets, the leather from shoes, and even 2645:

account. Due to logistics, long-lasting sieges involving a minor force could seldom be maintained. A besieging army, encamped in possibly squalid field conditions and dependent on the countryside and its own supply lines for food, could very well be threatened with the disease and starvation intended

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Failing a military outcome, sieges can often be decided by starvation, thirst, or disease, which can afflict either the attacker or defender. This form of siege, though, can take many months or even years, depending upon the size of the stores of food the fortified position holds. The attacking force

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Vietnam occurred. ARVN troops and U.S. advisers and air power successfully defeated communist forces. The Battle of An Lộc pitted some 6,350 ARVN men against a force three times that size. During the peak of the battle, ARVN had access to only one 105 mm howitzer to provide close support, while

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This would be the first construction effort of a besieging army, built soon after a fortress or city had been invested. A line of circumvallation would also be constructed, facing in towards the besieged area, to protect against sorties by the defenders and to prevent the besieged from escaping. The

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surrounding towns and even cities with outlying defenses proved very difficult to capture, even for a well-equipped army. Fortresses built in this style throughout the 16th century did not become fully obsolete until the 19th century, and were still in use throughout World War I (though modified for

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In Jûzjânî, there are several episodes in which the Mongols constructed hundreds of siege machines in order to surpass the number which the defending city possessed. While Jûzjânî surely exaggerated, the improbably high numbers which he used for both the Mongols and the defenders do give one a sense

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Once siege guns were developed, the techniques for assaulting a town or fortress became well known and ritualized. The attacking army would surround a town. Then the town would be asked to surrender. If they did not comply, the besieging army would surround the town with temporary fortifications to

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The greatest advantage of cannons over other siege weapons was the ability to fire a heavier projectile, farther, faster, and more often than previous weapons. They could also fire projectiles in a straight line, so that they could destroy the bases of high walls. Thus, 'old fashioned' walls – that

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to destroy the towers, and captured the mole in a swarming frenzy, the city eventually fell to the Macedonians after a seven-month siege. In complete contrast to Tyre, Sogdian Rock was captured by stealthy attack. Alexander used commando-like tactics to scale the cliffs and capture the high ground,

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As in ages past, most sieges were decided with very little fighting between the opposing armies. An attacker's army was poorly served, incurring the high casualties that a direct assault on a fortress would entail. Usually, they would wait until supplies inside the fortifications were exhausted or

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In the 1530s and 1540s, the new style of fortification began to spread out of Italy into the rest of Europe, particularly to France, the Netherlands, and Spain. Italian engineers were in enormous demand throughout Europe, especially in war-torn areas such as the Netherlands, which became dotted by

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By concentrating on the field armies, the strongholds had to wait. Of course, smaller fortresses, or ones easily surprised, were taken as they came along. This had two effects. First, it cut off the principal city from communicating with other cities where they might expect aid. Secondly, refugees

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an attacker. Both engineers developed their ideas independently, but came to similar general rules regarding defensive construction and offensive action against fortifications. Both were skilled in conducting sieges and defenses themselves. Before Vauban and Van Coehoorn, sieges had been somewhat

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The most effective way to protect walls against cannon fire proved to be depth (increasing the width of the defenses) and angles (ensuring that attackers could only fire on walls at an oblique angle, not square on). Initially, walls were lowered and backed, in front and behind, with earth. Towers

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and support troops to get close enough to exploit the breach, more zigzag trenches could be dug even closer to the walls, with more parallel trenches to protect and conceal the attacking troops. After each step in the process, the besiegers would ask the besieged to surrender. If the forlorn hope

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China during the early 13th century, but did not become significant weapons for another 150 years or so. In early decades, cannons could do little against strong castles and fortresses, providing little more than smoke and fire. By the 16th century, however, they were an essential and regularized

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in 1627–1628). This resulted in extremely prolonged conflicts. The balance was that, while siege warfare was extremely expensive and very slow, it was very successful—or, at least, more so than encounters in the field. Battles arose through clashes between besiegers and relieving armies, but the

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and trench, surrounding it. During the process of circumvallation, the attacking force can be set upon by another force, an ally of the besieged place, due to the lengthy amount of time required to force it to capitulate. A defensive ring of forts outside the ring of circumvallated forts, called

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to King Charles, was that by abandoning the garrisoning of all but the most strategic locations in one's own territory, far more troops would be available for the field armies, and it was the field armies which would decide the conflict. The other argument was that by slighting potential strong

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The most common practice of siege warfare was to lay siege and just wait for the surrender of the enemies inside or, quite commonly, to coerce someone inside to betray the fortification. During the medieval period, negotiations would frequently take place during the early part of the siege. An

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were able to cut off the opposing army by capturing the surrounding rugged terrain. At Dien Bien Phu, the French were unable to use air power to overcome the siege and were defeated. However, at Khe Sanh, a mere 14 years later, advances in air power—and a reduction in Vietnamese anti-aircraft

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Railways, when they were introduced, made possible the movement and supply of larger armies than those that fought in the Napoleonic Wars. It also reintroduced siege warfare, as armies seeking to use railway lines in enemy territory were forced to capture fortresses which blocked these lines.

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armies, were flown deep behind Japanese front lines in the South-East Asian theatre to jungle clearings in Burma where they set up fortified airheads from which they sailed out to attack Japanese lines of communications, while defending the bases from Japanese counterattacks. The bases were

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siege mortars, one of the best siege mortars of the war, on loan from Austria-Hungary. These huge guns were the decisive weapon of siege warfare in the 20th century, taking part at Przemyśl, the Belgian sieges, on the Italian Front and Serbian Front, and even being reused in World War II.

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palace reliefs of the 9th to 7th centuries BC display sieges of several Near Eastern cities. Though a simple battering ram had come into use in the previous millennium, the Assyrians improved siege warfare and used huge wooden tower-shaped battering rams with archers positioned on top.

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briefly revived a form of siege warfare. Although siege warfare had moved out from an urban setting because city walls had become ineffective against modern weapons, trench warfare was nonetheless able to use many of the techniques of siege warfare in its prosecution (sapping, mining,

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from the stronghold or relief getting in. The attackers would next build a length of trenches parallel to the defenses (these are known as the "first parallel") and just out of range of the defending artillery. They would dig a trench (known as a forward) towards the town in a

3638:. As a result, he could defeat virtually any city or state, no matter how well defended. In a panic, military strategy was completely rethought throughout the Italian states of the time, with a strong emphasis on the new fortifications that could withstand a modern siege. 4238:

Advances in firearms technology without the necessary advances in battlefield communications gradually led to the defense again gaining the ascendancy. An example of siege during this time, prolonged during 337 days due to the isolation of the surrounded troops, was the

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river failed, and rationing was complicated by the refusal of many Indian troops to eat cattle products. By the time the garrison fell on 29 April 1916, starvation was rampant. Conditions did not improve greatly under Turkish imprisonment. Along with the battles of

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However, few rulers paid any attention to his theories. A few towns in Italy began building in the new style late in the 1480s, but it was only with the French invasion of the Italian peninsula in 1494–1495 that the new fortifications were built on a large scale.

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The Battle of Khe Sanh displays typical features of modern sieges, as the defender has greater capacity to withstand the siege, the attacker's main aim is to bottle operational forces or create a strategic distraction, rather than take the siege to a conclusion.

2902:. Great effort was expended to ensure a good water supply inside the city in case of siege. In some cases, long tunnels were constructed to carry water into the city. Complex systems of tunnels were used for storage and communications in medieval cities like 3341:

However, the Chinese were not completely defenseless, and from AD 1234 until 1279, the Southern Song Chinese held out against the enormous barrage of Mongol attacks. Much of this success in defense lay in the world's first use of gunpowder (i.e. with early

2614:. If the main objective of a campaign was not the conquest of a particular city, it could simply be passed by. When the main objective of the campaign had been fulfilled, the Hittite army returned to Carchemish and the city fell after an eight-day siege. 4053:, new techniques stressed the division of armies into all-arms corps that would march separately and only come together on the battlefield. The less-concentrated army could now live off the country and move more rapidly over a larger number of roads. 2260:. The walls were built of mudbricks, stone, wood, or a combination of these materials, depending on local availability. They may also have served the dual purpose of showing potential enemies the might of the kingdom. The great walls surrounding the 3311:: if the city surrendered, all would be spared. On the second day, he would use a red tent: if the city surrendered, the men would all be killed, but the rest would be spared. On the third day, he would use a black tent: no quarter would be given. 3589:

If necessary, using the first artillery fire for cover, the forces conducting the siege would repeat the process until they placed their guns close enough to be laid (aimed) accurately to make a breach in the fortifications. In order to allow the

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China, at the site of Ao, large walls were erected in the 15th century BC that had dimensions of 20 m (66 ft) in width at the base and enclosed an area of some 1,900 m (2,100 yd) squared. The ancient Chinese capital for the

4416:. All four would prove crushing German victories, at Liège and Namur against the Belgians, at Maubeuge against the French and at Antwerp against a combined Anglo-Belgian force. The weapon that made these victories possible were the German 2412:

Although there are depictions of sieges from the ancient Near East in historical sources and in art, there are very few examples of siege systems that have been found archaeologically. Of the few examples, several are noteworthy:

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In addition to launching projectiles at the fortifications or defenders, it was also quite common to attempt to undermine the fortifications, causing them to collapse. This could be accomplished by digging a tunnel beneath the

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in 1271, was very effective, allowing the Mongols to sweep through large areas. Even if they could not enter some of the more well-fortified cities, they used innovative battle tactics to grab hold of the land and the people:

3626:, which theorized methods of building fortifications capable of withstanding the new guns. He proposed that walls be "built in uneven lines, like the teeth of a saw". He proposed star-shaped fortresses with low, thick walls. 2620:

was another effective siege weapon, although the attackers were often as vulnerable as the defenders. In some instances, catapults or similar weapons were used to fling diseased animals over city walls in an early example of

2296:, founded in 386 BC, also had walls that were 20 m (66 ft) wide at the base; they were 15 m (49 ft) tall, with two separate sides of its rectangular enclosure at a length of 1,400 m (1,530 yd). 3865:

The trenches connecting the various lines of the besiegers could not be built perpendicular to the walls of the fortress, as the defenders would have a clear line of fire along the whole trench. Thus, these lines (known as

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known as the Cloud Bridge (the protractible, folded ramp slinging forward by means of a counterweight with rope and pulley), and wheeled 'hook-carts' used to latch large iron hooks onto the tops of walls to pull them down.

2701:, a substantial structure built to equal or greater height than the fortification's walls, could allow the attackers to fire down upon the defenders and also advance troops to the wall with less danger than using ladders. 3826:

slapdash operations. Vauban and Van Coehoorn refined besieging to a science with a methodical process that, if uninterrupted, would break even the strongest fortifications. Examples of their styles of fortifications are

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kept relief from reaching them. The Romans held the ground in between the two walls. The besieged Gauls, facing starvation, eventually surrendered after their relief force met defeat against Caesar's auxiliary cavalry.

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Although there are numerous ancient accounts of cities being sacked, few contain any clues to how this was achieved. Some popular tales existed on how the cunning heroes succeeded in their sieges. The best-known is the

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The optimal result of most standoffs is a peaceful resolution: the safe extraction of hostages and bystanders, and the peaceful surrender and arrest of the hostage-takers. To ensure this, police make use of trained

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from the besieged area and also any attack that may try to relieve the defenders. It was thus usual to construct lines of trenches and defenses facing in both directions. The outermost lines, known as the lines of

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However, the cost of building such vast modern fortifications was incredibly high, and was often too much for individual cities to undertake. Many were bankrupted in the process of building them; others, such as

2728:, it proved an effective offensive and defensive weapon. A sallying out might also occur with such weapons, or if the siege was of a location on a coastline, from ships launched from the harbor of the location. 4444:

garrison showed an excellent knowledge of siege warfare, not only waiting for relief, but sending sorties into Russian lines and employing an active defense that resulted in the capture of the Russian General

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by defending fire. Once they were within artillery range, they would dig another parallel (the Second Parallel) trench and fortify it with gun emplacements. This technique is commonly called entrenchment.

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siege of a rebellious Anatolian vassal in the 14th century BC ended when the queen mother came out of the city and begged for mercy on behalf of her people. The Hittite campaign against the kingdom of

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was one of the first major sieges of the war, but the inability for significant resupply of the German garrison made it a relatively one-sided battle. The Germans and the crew of an Austro-Hungarian

3410:); and when they get there a sound like a thunder-clap is heard, and flashes of light appear. If ten of these shells are fired successfully into the enemy camp, the whole place will be set ablaze... 4691:

re-supplied by air with casualties flown out by returning aircraft. When the Japanese attacked in strength the Chindits abandoned the bases and either moved to new bases, or back to Allied lines.

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Experienced commanders on both sides in the English Civil War recommended the abandonment of garrisoned fortifications for two primary reasons. The first, as for example proposed by the Royalist

2859:(airlock-like doors) for sallies and deep water wells were also integral means of resisting siege at this time. Particular attention would be paid to defending entrances, with gates protected by 5624: 3967:—a regular professional army—developed the original decision-compelling spirit permeated the whole organisation, as was seen when pitched against regular professional continental troops the 3995:

points in one's own territory, an enemy expeditionary force, or local enemy rising, would find it more difficult to consolidate territorial gains against an inevitable counterattack. Sir

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would be the prime example of the failure of immobile, post–World War I fortifications. Although sieges would continue, it would be in a totally different style and on a reduced scale.

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to learn the hostage-takers' demands (and meet said demands if feasible or permissible), gain the hostage-takers' trust, clarify that police do not intend to kill them or will even

4177:), the attackers were usually able to defeat the defenses within a matter of days or weeks, rather than weeks or months as previously. The great Swedish white-elephant fortress of 3418:(AD 1368–1644), the Chinese were very concerned with city planning in regards to gunpowder warfare. The site for constructing the walls and the thickness of the walls in Beijing's 4208:. It also led to the introduction of tactics which sought to induce surrender by bombarding the civilian population within a fortress, rather than the defending works themselves. 3901:, but more often as a means of protecting the garrison from potential revolt in the city. The citadel was used in wartime and peacetime to keep the residents of the city in line. 2214: 2925:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the invention of gunpowder, cannon and 2572:

An attacker's first act in a siege might be a surprise attack, attempting to overwhelm the defenders before they were ready or were even aware there was a threat. This was how

5084:). The aforementioned worst-case scenarios often result from poor planning, tactics, or negotiations on the part of the authorities (e.g. accidental killings of hostages by 3542:'s army, although in the end the conquest was a long and extremely difficult siege with heavy Ottoman casualties due to the repeated attempts at taking the city by assault. 6393: 6383: 4486:

at the end of World War I swung the pendulum back in favor of maneuver, and with the advent of Blitzkrieg in 1939, the end of traditional siege warfare was at hand. The

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Most standoffs are much shorter than military sieges, often lasting hours or days at most. Lengthy sieges may still occur, albeit rarely, such as the 51-day-long 1993

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were clustered behind massive stone flood dikes and defensive walls, for neighbouring communities quarrelled constantly about the control of prime agricultural land.

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In some jurisdictions, depending on certain circumstances, standoffs that would usually be handled by police may be transferred to the military. For example, in the

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Advances in the prosecution of sieges in ancient and medieval times naturally encouraged the development of a variety of defensive countermeasures. In particular,

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proved that hastily constructed field defenses could resist attacks prepared without proper resources, and were a portent of the trench warfare of World War I.

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Siege warfare dominated in Western Europe for most of the 17th and 18th centuries. An entire campaign, or longer, could be used in a single siege (for example,

8630: 3862:, variations of which were used in sieges until the 19th century. It would also be from this line that miners working to undermine the fortress would operate. 5099:, standoffs with terrorists may be transferred to military responsibility for a military assault on the besieged. The threat of such an action ended the 1975 3813:, developed modern fortification to its pinnacle, refining siege warfare without fundamentally altering it: ditches would be dug; walls would be protected by 4056:

Fortresses commanding lines of communication could be bypassed and would no longer stop an invasion. Since armies could not live off the land indefinitely,

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The castles that in earlier years had been formidable obstacles were easily breached by the new weapons. For example, in Spain, the newly equipped army of

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Assyrians using siege ladders in a relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of Tiglath-Pileser III 720–738 BCE from his palace at Kalhu (Nimrud)

2087:) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static, defensive position. Consequently, an opportunity for 5760: 4995:. Standoffs occur due to a variety of factors, most prominently the safety of police (against whom the besieged may have the upper hand), the besieged 4778: 4549:, the sieges were not on the same scale as those on the European Eastern front; however, there were several notable or critical sieges: the island of 3140:

are noted as being particularly skilled and determined in siege warfare. An astonishing number and variety of sieges, for example, formed the core of

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of the Second World War truly showed that fixed fortifications are easily defeated by manoeuvre instead of frontal assault or long sieges. The great

6793: 2755:, and became more practical, competitive, cut-throat, and efficient for gaining victory. The Chinese invention of the hand-held, trigger-mechanism 4739:

from June 1948 to September 1949, the Western Powers flew over 200,000 flights, providing to West Berlin up to 8,893 tons of necessities each day.

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was bypassed, and battles that would have taken weeks of siege could now be avoided with the careful application of air power (such as the German

4460:, it is more distinguishable as purely attrition with a coincidental presence of fortifications on the battlefield. When considering the plans of 6983: 4464:, purely concerned with taking the citadel and not with French casualty figures, it can be considered a true siege. The main fortifications were 4018:

preferred to engage the enemy in pitched battles, rather than engage in siege warfare, although he was very proficient in both types of warfare.

3426:(r. 1402–1424) because they were in pristine position to resist cannon volley and were built thick enough to withstand attacks from cannon fire. 3065:'s army successfully besieged many powerful cities during his conquests. Two of his most impressive achievements in siegecraft took place in the 4533:, that lasted over 29 months, about half of the duration of the entire Second World War. The siege of Leningrad resulted in the deaths of some 3390:

recorded an earlier Song-era cast-iron cannon known as the 'flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor' (fei yun pi-li pao). The manuscript stated that (

7697: 7228: 4200:, due to the greatly increased firepower of the defending infantry, and the principle of detached or semi-detached forts with heavy-caliber 2661:

To end a siege more rapidly, various methods were developed in ancient and medieval times to counter fortifications, and a large variety of

2307:. These civilizations probably relied more on the defence of their outer borders or sea shores. Unlike the ancient Minoan civilization, the 3373:

The Chinese of the Song period also discovered the explosive potential of packing hollowed cannonball shells with gunpowder. Written later

2740:, to supplement natural features. A sufficient supply of food and water was also important to defeat the simplest method of siege warfare: 6276: 4192:, the battlefield front-lines moved rapidly through France. However, the Prussian and other German armies were delayed for months at the 4030: 5633: 4181:

was built in the tradition of Vauban and intended as a reserve capital for Sweden, but it was obsolete before it was completed in 1869.

8702: 6494: 4608:. Though a single shell could have disastrous local effect, the guns were susceptible to air attack in addition to being slow to move. 4400:

The largest sieges of the war, however, took place in Europe. The initial German advance into Belgium produced four major sieges: the

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for the besieging army was whether or not to allow the encamped city to surrender. Usually, it was preferable to graciously allow a

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that was originally 60 m (200 ft) wide and reached the range of his torsion-powered artillery, while his soldiers pushed

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A siege occurs when an attacker encounters a city or fortress that cannot be easily taken by a quick assault, and which refuses to

996: 4015: 3132:, thus, while he was able to defeat Roman armies in the field, he was unable to capture Rome itself. The legionary armies of the 2102:. Sieges involve surrounding the target to block provision of supplies and reinforcement or escape of troops (a tactic known as " 1423: 3280:

from the bodies would then infest the city, and the plague would spread, allowing the city to be easily captured, although this

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gained a widespread reputation. The walls were 9.5 km (5.9 mi) in length, and up to 12 m (39 ft) in height.

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reduced the value of fortifications. In the 20th century, the significance of the classical siege declined. With the advent of

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The story of the great war: history of the European War from official sources; complete historical records of events to date

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disease had weakened the defenders to the point that they were willing to surrender. At the same time, diseases, especially

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in AD 73 were defeated by the Roman legions, who built a ramp 100 metres (330 ft) high up to the fortress's west wall.

6625: 5903: 5447: 4884: 3402:) are made of cast iron, as large as a bowl and shaped like a ball. Inside they contain half a pound of 'magic' gunpowder ( 2429:, consists of a 2.5 km (1.6 mi) long siege trench, towers, and other elements, and is the earliest evidence of a 4616:

Throughout the war both the Western Allies and the Germans tried to supply forces besieged behind enemy lines with ad-hoc

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Planning and maintaining a siege is just as difficult as fending one off. A besieging army must be prepared to repel both

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However, new fortifications, designed to withstand gunpowder weapons, were soon constructed throughout Europe. During the

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forces' decision to use the Khe Sanh siege as a strategic distraction to allow their mobile warfare offensive, the first

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The first siege equipment is known from Egyptian tomb reliefs of the 24th century BC, showing Egyptian soldiers storming

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put up a hopeless defense and, after holding out for more than a week, surrendered to the Japanese, forcing the German

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Roland, Alex (1992). "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, Technology and Culture".

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The importance of siege warfare in the ancient period should not be underestimated. One of the contributing causes of

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showed that modern citadels, when improved by improvised defences, could still resist an enemy for many months. The

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always sought a quick end to any conflict by pitched battle. This military revolution was described and codified by

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for attack parties once the walls were breached. Van Coehoorn developed a small and easily movable mortar named the

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during this period revolutionized warfare, giving greater emphasis to infantry and cavalry and less to traditional

1506: 7719: 6615: 5081: 4817: 4625: 4204:. This resulted in the later construction of fortress works across Europe, such as the massive fortifications at 3991: 3674:

fortresses could still present a formidable challenge, for example, in the last days of World War II, during the

2744:. On occasion, the defenders would drive 'surplus' civilians out to reduce the demands on stored food and water. 1851: 1489: 1276: 121: 3646: 3043:

laid siege to and conquered several Egyptian cities by using battering rams, archers, and slingers and building

7638: 7083: 6536: 6487: 6265: 4197: 4103: 3753: 3474: 3431: 2972: 2358: 1615: 7267: 6443: 5844:

Cromwell's Army: A History of the English Soldier During the Civil Wars, the Commonwealth and the Protectorate

3937:

principle was a slow, grinding victory by the greater economic power. The relatively rare attempts at forcing

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created two huge fortified walls around the city. The inner circumvallation, 16 km (10 mi), held in

2812:

When enemies attempted to dig tunnels under walls for mining or entry into the city, the defenders used large

2751:

in China (481–221 BC), warfare lost its honorable, gentlemen's duty that was found in the previous era of the

2514:

town walls on wheeled siege ladders. Later Egyptian temple reliefs of the 13th century BC portray the violent

2311:

emphasized the need for fortifications alongside natural defences of mountainous terrain, such as the massive

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capability—allowed the United States to withstand the siege. The resistance of US forces was assisted by the

4648: 4534: 4365: 4011: 2497: 2161:, there is both textual and archaeological evidence of prolonged sieges and siege machinery used against the 2032: 1479: 6438: 8811: 8521: 7777: 7378: 7329: 6751: 6620: 5057: 4542: 4461: 3153: 1969: 673: 433: 5848: 4813:

to other government-held enclaves in an attempt to break the will of the government to continue fighting.

2713:. The defenders could dig counter-tunnels to cut into the attackers' works and collapse them prematurely. 8621: 8526: 8299: 8201: 7668: 7518: 7088: 6957: 6805: 4888: 4783: 4766: 4640: 3522:

is, high and, relatively, thin – were excellent targets, and, over time, easily demolished. In 1453, the

3307:

On the first night while laying siege to a city, the leader of the Mongol forces would lead from a white

3221: 2630: 2226:

deployed large labour forces to build new palaces, temples, and defensive walls. Some settlements in the

2139: 1979: 1166: 968: 839: 377: 4033:'s militia conducted the last siege fought on the mainland of Great Britain against Jacobite members of 2933:(in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege. 8864: 8732: 8707: 7160: 7071: 7042: 5129: 4948: 4357: 4271: 4004: 4000: 3968: 1443: 5088:

during the EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking), or from violent acts committed by the hostage-takers (e.g.

5038: 8372: 7880: 7757: 7218: 7208: 7186: 7054: 7000: 6858: 6815: 6480: 6425: 5068:) or, in the worst-case scenarios, the deaths of authorities, hostage-takers, or hostages (i.e. 1985 4046: 3070: 2736:

The universal method for defending against siege is the use of fortifications, principally walls and

2227: 1553: 1061: 410: 284: 138: 24: 3678:, that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war, the Soviets did not attempt to storm the 3096:

island-city about 1 km (1,100 yd) from the mainland, impregnable. The Macedonians built a

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could be used to launch projectiles to break down a city's fortifications and kill its defenders. A

2464:

in 701 BC, is not only evident in the archaeological remains, but is described in Assyrian and

2299:

The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization showed less effort in constructing defences, as did the

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saw the use of the heaviest and most powerful individual siege engines ever to be used: the German

4252: 4174: 4138: 4088: 3738: 3459: 3110: 3059:, one hundred sieges were attempted and fifty-eight ended with the surrender of the besieged area. 2957: 2752: 2706: 2588: 2343: 2004: 1871: 1418: 1111: 929: 777: 5332: 4452:

The largest siege of the war, and arguably the roughest, most gruesome battle in history, was the

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built massive stone walls around their cities atop hillsides, taking advantage of the terrain. In

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Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession

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of the walls, and then deliberately collapsing or exploding the tunnel. This process is known as

2347: 2123: 1957: 1939: 1695: 1254: 1176: 1121: 719: 382: 6448: 6025: 5878: 4428: 8869: 8767: 8149: 8002: 7685: 7633: 7620: 7503: 7454: 7427: 7235: 7030: 6875: 6721: 6576: 6088: 5161: 5156: 5061: 4802: 4546: 4256: 4099: 3897:. Usually, a citadel was a "mini fortress" within the larger fortress, sometimes designed as a 3838: 3749: 3631: 3604: 3535: 3470: 3196: 3066: 2968: 2828: 2354: 2122:

can circumvallate the besieged place, which is to build a line of earth-works, consisting of a

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These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 14 January 2006

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Tactical airbridge methods were developed and, as planned, used extensively for supplying the

4456:. Whether the battle can be considered true siege warfare is debatable. Under the theories of 4150:

Advances in artillery made previously impregnable defenses useless. For example, the walls of

3945:

in 1630; the French against the Dutch in 1672 or 1688) were almost always expensive failures.

8673: 8284: 8251: 8159: 7992: 7787: 7540: 7415: 6978: 6741: 6433: 5920: 5838: 5783: 5104: 5100: 5065: 4829: 4617: 4441: 4417: 4405: 4378: 4248: 3972: 3683: 3619: 3300:. It has been speculated that this operation may have been responsible for the advent of the 3281: 3225: 2848: 2748: 2737: 2694: 2544: 2319:

and other adjacent Late Bronze Age (c. 1600–1100 BC) centers of central and southern Greece.

2154: 2103: 1413: 1346: 1299: 953: 916: 879: 797: 749: 633: 443: 251: 160: 6293: 6080: 5870: 5617:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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were also fortified. By about 3500 BC, hundreds of small farming villages dotted the

8: 8839: 8274: 8231: 8126: 7912: 7902: 7850: 7752: 7742: 7692: 7663: 7037: 6658: 6653: 6541: 5842: 5077: 5073: 5024: 5020: 4918: 4747: 4687: 4386: 4287: 4270:, ships with the purpose of bringing cargo, e.g. food, to cities under blockade, as with 4220: 4189: 4061: 3565: 3217: 3097: 3062: 2577: 2300: 2174: 2059: 1655: 1640: 1516: 1403: 1381: 1356: 1316: 1226: 1036: 941: 891: 658: 648: 613: 405: 395: 165: 89: 2256:

City walls and fortifications were essential for the defence of the first cities in the

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The logistics of strategic airbridge operations were developed by the Americans flying

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More traditional sieges of fortifications took place in addition to trench sieges. The

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in Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30%–60% of Europe's population.

2883: 2724:, which contained additives that made it hard to extinguish. Combined with a primitive 2622: 2135: 1989: 1844: 1764: 1685: 1630: 1605: 1526: 1472: 1438: 1369: 1286: 1196: 1101: 1046: 936: 901: 854: 729: 700: 653: 591: 566: 400: 214: 133: 6019: 4880: 4401: 3104:

that extended underwater to the island, and although the Tyrians rallied by sending a

2875:

and other water defenses, whether natural or augmented, were also vital to defenders.

8772: 8682: 8362: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8309: 8241: 8211: 8191: 7840: 7782: 7605: 7466: 7358: 7334: 7324: 7279: 6995: 6952: 6895: 6820: 6586: 6299: 6261: 6254: 6186: 6156: 6132: 6092: 6081: 6062: 5968: 5945: 5924: 5882: 5824: 5789: 5693: 5542: 5453: 5338: 5300: 5069: 4903: 4858: 4664: 4633: 4409: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4243:, in which a reduced group of Spanish soldiers was besieged in a small church by the 4170: 3960: 3953: 3942: 3056: 3029: 2832: 2710: 2596: 2484: 2312: 2257: 2178: 2166: 2115: 2106:"). This is typically coupled with attempts to reduce the fortifications by means of 2025: 1934: 1881: 1784: 1774: 1769: 1739: 1722: 1717: 1690: 1635: 1336: 1326: 1321: 1311: 1231: 1221: 1216: 1191: 1161: 1051: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1001: 991: 906: 859: 829: 668: 461: 438: 372: 8491: 5913: 5232: 2528:

In ancient China, sieges of city walls (along with naval battles) were portrayed on

1994: 8612: 8580: 8516: 8496: 8342: 8294: 8196: 8181: 8136: 8092: 8087: 8060: 7922: 7892: 7860: 7830: 7820: 7578: 7513: 7365: 7307: 7181: 7135: 7125: 7005: 6937: 6917: 6610: 6531: 6526: 6338: 6234:

Siege Warfare, Volume II: The Fortress in the Age of Vauban and Frederick the Great

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Reynolds, Francis Joseph; Churchill, Allen Leon; Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1916).

5210: 5149: 5144: 4872: 4854: 4825: 4720: 4586: 4582: 4483: 4453: 4356:. After a failed attempt to move on Baghdad, stopped by the Ottomans at the bloody 4205: 4151: 3878: 3675: 3573: 3531: 3259: 3162: 2717: 2308: 2198: 2194: 2091:

between combatants is common, as proximity and fluctuating advantage can encourage

1999: 1964: 1896: 1789: 1727: 1620: 1548: 1541: 1398: 1331: 1281: 1271: 1146: 1066: 1026: 1011: 978: 963: 834: 819: 772: 680: 638: 581: 576: 534: 357: 334: 241: 170: 99: 82: 32: 4389:, it would be one of Britain's numerous embarrassing colonial defeats of the war. 2507:. These show the symbolic destruction of city walls by divine animals using hoes. 2118:(also known as sapping), or the use of deception or treachery to bypass defenses. 8859: 8787: 8782: 8453: 8448: 8367: 8347: 8176: 8097: 8082: 8028: 7987: 7855: 7593: 7525: 7319: 6835: 6773: 6763: 6736: 6701: 6460: 6111: 5688: 5294: 5107:

ended in a military assault and the deaths of all but one of the hostage-takers.

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soldiers were forced to retreat to Kut, where the Ottomans under German General

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At the end of the 17th century, two influential military engineers, the French

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in 1482–1492 that had held out for centuries before the invention of cannons.

2641:

account, or when the Assyrian camp was struck by mass death, according to the

2234:

floodplain. Many of these settlements had fortifications and planned streets.

2127:

contravallation, is also sometimes used to defend the attackers from outside.

8853: 8742: 8511: 8221: 8186: 8072: 8065: 8033: 7982: 7957: 7932: 7714: 7680: 7586: 7449: 7422: 7403: 7115: 6922: 6758: 6598: 6571: 5816: 5628: 5618: 4930: 4876: 4850: 4791: 4751: 4590: 4446: 3359: 3213: 3170: 3141: 3129: 3089: 2840: 2817: 2716:

Fire was often used as a weapon when dealing with wooden fortifications. The

2670: 2438: 2406: 2284: 2158: 1831: 1819: 1675: 1595: 1511: 1494: 1351: 1206: 1186: 869: 864: 844: 824: 739: 710: 685: 561: 539: 524: 499: 339: 261: 224: 219: 116: 6453: 4605: 3545: 3100:, a raised spit of earth across the water, by piling stones up on a natural 2518:, a Syrian city, with soldiers climbing scale ladders supported by archers. 2275:, reinforced by towers, moats, and ditches, gained a similar reputation. In 8828: 8571: 8443: 8418: 8121: 8040: 7615: 7483: 7473: 7434: 7410: 7155: 6880: 6778: 6190: 6172: 4683: 4554: 4503: 4487: 4353: 4303: 4034: 3996: 3855: 3796: 3695: 3591: 3514: 3415: 3343: 3318: 3285: 3237: 3229: 3166: 3137: 3009: 2797: 2725: 2662: 2565: 2418: 2393: 2289: 2107: 2075:, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. 2018: 1944: 1924: 1919: 1814: 1759: 1393: 1388: 1211: 1126: 874: 608: 509: 306: 210: 4940: 4715: 4545:

was the deadliest siege of a city in history. In the west, apart from the

4392: 3846:, would surround the entire besieging army and protect it from attackers. 8747: 8423: 8206: 8012: 7942: 7643: 7390: 7110: 6905: 6848: 6783: 6768: 6691: 6110:. Works of the Camden Society. Vol. 74. The Camden Society. p. 4988: 4976: 4806: 4758: 4682:(February – May 1944). The Chindits, a specially trained division of the 4507: 4349: 4315: 4311: 4244: 4216: 3702:

towns encircled in modern fortifications. The densely populated areas of

3635: 3561: 3301: 3284:

was not known at the time. In 1346, the bodies of Mongol warriors of the

3251: 3233: 3101: 3082: 2915: 2879: 2844: 2698: 2532: 2457: 2422: 2246: 2231: 2170: 2146: 2088: 1929: 1680: 1645: 1484: 1171: 1136: 849: 792: 695: 479: 200: 195: 6469:(PBS) Informative and interactive webpages about medieval siege tactics. 6329:

Bachrach, Bernard S (1994). "Medieval siege warfare: a reconnaissance".

5637:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 403. 3568:, siege warfare continued to dominate the conduct of the European wars. 2185:

campaigns were generally designed around a succession of sieges. In the

8463: 8279: 7704: 7145: 7020: 7015: 6350: 6054: 5139: 5124: 5117: 5053: 4810: 4499: 4348:

The other major siege outside Europe during the First World War was in

3788: 3314: 3116: 3035:

A more detailed historical account from the 8th century BC, called the

3013: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2793: 2741: 2721: 2674: 2634: 2611: 2442: 1886: 1856: 1578: 947: 8757: 5665: 3595:

stormed the breach successfully, the defenders could expect no mercy.

3085:

housing stone throwers and light catapults to bombard the city walls.

2824:) to pump smoke into the tunnels in order to suffocate the intruders. 8433: 8406: 7897: 7835: 7552: 7341: 7255: 7240: 7078: 6912: 6870: 6681: 5004: 4992: 4787: 4774: 4574: 4566: 4469: 4323: 4263: 4201: 3873: 3666: 3659:

were reformed into triangular bastions. This design matured into the

3513:

brought about a new age in siege warfare. Cannons were first used in

3355: 3334: 3326: 3293: 3105: 3093: 2922: 2852: 2821: 2686: 2654: 2496:

The earliest representations of siege warfare have been dated to the

2402: 2150: 2111: 2092: 1876: 1700: 1650: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1450: 1241: 1236: 1201: 643: 329: 296: 185: 6342: 6281:

Explorations in Empire, Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: the Mongols

6046: 5381: 5379: 4761:, airbridge proved crucial during the siege of the American base at 4077: 3978: 3948: 3727: 3448: 3024:

was conquered by the Egyptians in the 15th century BC. The Biblical

2946: 2665:

was developed for use by besieging armies. Ladders could be used to

2332: 8752: 8413: 7967: 7815: 7353: 7130: 7061: 6853: 6706: 6664: 6521: 6503: 6472: 5334:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

5252: 5250: 5085: 5032: 4934: 4861: 4728: 4699: 4675: 4652: 4480: 4159: 3913: 3822: 3582: 3367: 3125: 3078: 3074: 3044: 2930: 2887: 2868: 2836: 2782: 2778: 2767: 2756: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2666: 2603: 2465: 2446: 2280: 2276: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2182: 2072: 2068: 2065: 1891: 1866: 1499: 1131: 1106: 724: 279: 153: 6298:. History of Warfare. Vol. 41 (illustrated ed.). Brill. 5060:), though some may end in a police or military assault (i.e. 1994 5048:

attempting to arrest a suspect during a simulated standoff in 2011

2903: 8164: 8154: 7972: 7917: 7610: 7573: 7496: 7478: 7461: 7444: 7095: 7049: 6890: 6863: 6716: 6711: 6686: 6556: 6108:

Diary of the Marches of the Royal Army During the Great Civil War

5761:"Ukraine says situation in besieged Mariupol is 'very difficult'" 5376: 5008: 4996: 4972: 4839: 3894: 3867: 3859: 3818: 3803: 3612: 3387: 3382: 3363: 3351: 3347: 3182: 2911: 2907: 2891: 2813: 2800:

in Ireland was besieged and captured three times: in 1599 by the

2760: 2638: 2617: 2607: 2540: 2536: 2521: 2469: 2461: 2453: 2316: 2272: 2223: 1901: 1861: 1625: 1459: 1455: 802: 787: 663: 324: 319: 289: 228: 190: 6083:

The Encyclopedia of World History: ancient, medieval, and modern

5247: 3406:). They are sent flying towards the enemy camp from an eruptor ( 3272:

Another Mongol tactic was to use catapults to launch corpses of

8468: 8397: 8216: 8171: 7825: 7810: 7302: 6942: 6825: 6566: 6561: 6200:

The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu and the French defeat in Vietnam

5785:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective

5000: 4964: 4956: 4842:, to quickly realize their goals including the eviction of the 4835: 4620:. Sometimes these attempts failed, as happened to the besieged 4369: 4368:

laid siege. The British attempts to resupply the force via the

4330:), but on a much larger scale and on a greatly extended front. 3906: 3898: 3882: 3814: 3792: 3578: 3554: 3550: 3510: 3322: 3289: 3247: 3189: 3017: 2899: 2839:—and more dangerous to attackers—witness the increasing use of 2770: 2529: 2511: 2480: 2476: 2434: 2426: 2293: 2190: 1408: 809: 626: 362: 4589:, which was the high-water mark for the Japanese advance into 3654:, regarded as one of the longest sieges in history (1648–1669) 2657:

could sling about two projectiles per hour at enemy positions.

8727: 7767: 7762: 7100: 7025: 6216:

Fire & Stone: The Science of Fortress Warfare (1660–1860)

4644: 4550: 4361: 4292: 3827: 3691: 3608: 3021: 2831:

became progressively stronger—for example, the advent of the

2642: 2626: 2452:

The late 8th-century BC siege system surrounding the site of

2304: 2261: 420: 415: 6225:

Siege Warfare: Fortress in the Early Modern World, 1494–1660

5364: 5279: 5277: 4703:

French troops seeking cover in trenches, Dien Bien Phu, 1954

2649: 7213: 6676: 6671: 5710:"The History Press | Special Force: Legacy of the Chindits" 5625:

Great Rebellion: 2. The Royalist and Parliamentarian Armies

5521: 5045: 4711:

Sarajevo residents collecting firewood, winter of 1992–1993

4476: 3634:

invaded Italy with an army of 18,000 men and a horse-drawn

3308: 3277: 3145: 3036: 2895: 2872: 2774: 2265: 180: 175: 5591: 5313: 3199:, siege warfare was extensively being used by both sides. 2890:

is a well-preserved example—and more important cities had

2677:

could also be used to force through gates or walls, while

7805: 7797: 6507: 6449:

Three ancient Egyptian Sieges: Megiddo, Dapur, Hermopolis

5579: 5274: 4971:. Standoffs may result from crimes and incidents such as 4731:

the western powers had to use their airbridge expertise.

4299: 3288:

who had died of plague were thrown over the walls of the

2637:

bought them off with gifts and tribute, according to the

2181:

gained some of his renown from design of fortifications.

53: 5567: 5555: 5427: 4310:

Mainly as a result of the increasing firepower (such as

3959:

The exception to this rule were the English. During the

3268:

of the large numbers of machines used at a single siege.

2587:

As a siege progressed, the surrounding army would build

2177:, siege warfare dominated the conduct of war in Europe. 6017: 5671: 5473: 3999:

put forward just such an argument to the Parliamentary

5641: 5509: 5391: 4913:

in 2023-2024 contained multiple sieges, including the

4628:, and sometimes they succeeded as happened during the 4345:

to steam towards South America for a new coal source.

2610:

in the 14th century BC bypassed the fortified city of

2468:

sources and in the reliefs of Sennacherib's palace in

2433:

system known in the world. It was apparently built by

2165:. Siege machinery was also a tradition of the ancient 6106:

Symonds, Richard (1859). Long, Charles Edward (ed.).

5740: 5449:

The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World

5415: 5403: 5299:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 78. 5915:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5860:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

5497: 5262: 5056:. Most standoffs end in a peaceful resolution (i.e. 3518:

part of any campaigning army, or castle's defences.

2816:(the type the Chinese commonly used in heating up a 5868: 5855: 5807:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company. pp. 5653: 5385: 5337:. Oxford University Press. 2010. pp. 266–267. 5256: 4816:In 1972, during the Easter offensive, the siege of 4801:In neighboring Cambodia, at that time known as the 4360:, the British and their large contingent of Indian 3276:victims into besieged cities. The disease-carrying 6253: 5912: 5857: 5759:Polityuk, Pavel; Zinets, Natalia (21 March 2022). 3717: 6283:. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Archived from 5873:Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture 2417:The late 9th-century BC siege system surrounding 8851: 6087:(6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Books. p. 5092:and executions during the Beslan school siege). 5011:(who may be injured or killed by the suspects). 3830:(Vauban) and the no-longer-existent fortress of 6157:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 5961:Dictionary of images and symbols in counselling 5439: 3982:British infantry attempt to scale the walls of 3216:'s campaign against China (then comprising the 5877:(20th ed.). Architectural Press. p. 5788:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 21. 5758: 5445: 4719:Map of destroyed infrastructure following the 2633:in the 8th century BC came to an end when the 2445:Gath in the late 9th century BC (mentioned in 2209: 19:"Besiege" redirects here. For other uses, see 6488: 5937: 5869:Fletcher, Banister; Cruickshank, Dan (1996). 5446:Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2013). 5370: 4959:contexts; such a siege is typically called a 4871:Numerous sieges haven taken place during the 3618:In the early 15th century, Italian architect 3509:The introduction of gunpowder and the use of 2026: 5689:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 4809:used siege tactics to cut off supplies from 4158:in the mid-17th century were no obstacle to 3682:(built between 1559 and 1594), but chose to 3670:20th-century warfare). During World War II, 3128:'s inability to defeat Rome was his lack of 2882:, virtually all large cities had city walls— 2804:, in 1647 by Lord Inchiquin, and in 1650 by 2245:(c. 2500 BC) in present-day south-east 4765:in 1968. The resupply it provided kept the 4106:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3756:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3477:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2975:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2361:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2249:has defensive walls and square bastions of 6495: 6481: 6218:(2nd ed.). New York: Stackpole Books. 6167:(9). Center for Disease Control: 971–975. 5963:(1st ed.). Jessica Kingsley. p. 5895: 4742:Airbridge was used extensively during the 2322: 2033: 2019: 6180: 6118: 5899:Siege Operations for 21st Century Warfare 5847:. Sussex: Methurn & Company. p. 5573: 5561: 5292: 4955:Siege tactics continue to be employed in 4868:. The siege lasted from 1992 until 1996. 4521:Map showing Axis encirclement during the 4126:Learn how and when to remove this message 3776:Learn how and when to remove this message 3497:Learn how and when to remove this message 2995:Learn how and when to remove this message 2381:Learn how and when to remove this message 8318:List of military strategies and concepts 6403: 6328: 6145: 5910: 5733:See for example the challenges noted in 5622: 5536: 5479: 5452:. Oxford University Press. p. 644. 5397: 5327: 5325: 5037: 4951:truck at the scene of a standoff in 2009 4939: 4750:, but failed to prevent its fall to the 4714: 4706: 4698: 4516: 4427: 4391: 4298:shows the conditions of the garrison at 4286: 4137: 3977: 3947: 3872: 3787: 3645: 3544: 3313: 3115: 2855:(also called arrow loops or loopholes), 2792: 2648: 2559: 2392: 2213: 2129: 997:List of military strategies and concepts 31: 6467:Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege 6291: 6197: 6154: 6105: 6078: 6069: 6013:. Vol. 5. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 6008: 6004:. Vol. 5. Taiepi: Caves Books Ltd. 5999: 5995:. Vol. 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 5990: 5981: 5958: 5944:. New Holland Publishers. p. 105. 5802: 5746: 5734: 5647: 5597: 5515: 5491: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5268: 2441:, as part of his siege and conquest of 2189:, increasing use of ever more powerful 2145:Ancient cities in the Middle East show 8852: 6417:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 6312: 6240: 6032: 5984:Thunder from Above: Air War, 1941–1968 5815: 5781: 5585: 5503: 5358: 5203: 4067: 3893:Another element of a fortress was the 3325:troops assault the Japanese forces of 3207: 3050: 2910:, similar to those used much later in 2543:in 1965, which have been dated to the 6476: 6231: 6222: 6213: 5938:Hoskin, John; Howland, Carol (2006). 5837: 5672:Reynolds, Churchill & Miller 1916 5659: 5539:Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC– AD 1644 5322: 4632:(5 – 23 February 1944) and the short 4535:one million of the city's inhabitants 4040: 4021:On 15 April 1746, the day before the 3088:Most conquerors before him had found 3028:contains the story of the miraculous 2456:(Tell el-Duweir) in Israel, built by 8834: 6502: 6251: 5986:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 5919:. Rutgers University Press. p. 4694: 4104:adding citations to reliable sources 4071: 3754:adding citations to reliable sources 3721: 3598: 3475:adding citations to reliable sources 3442: 3016:, and a similar story tells how the 2973:adding citations to reliable sources 2940: 2359:adding citations to reliable sources 2326: 16:Military land blockade of a location 8778:Idealism in international relations 6274: 6244:Recherches de poliorcétique grecque 6236:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 5864:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5623:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). " 4553:, for which the population won the 4514:, Belgium, early in World War II). 4165:Where sieges occurred (such as the 3952:Storming of Redoubt #10 during the 3438: 13: 6207: 6024:. P.F. Collier & Son. p. 5243:from the original on 5 April 2024. 5221:from the original on 6 April 2024. 5186:List of established military terms 5035:support if possible and required. 4898:Multiple sieges took place in the 3549:Late 16th-century illustration of 3254:used twenty catapults against the 3202: 3144:'s mid-1st-century BC conquest of 2237:The stone and mud brick houses of 14: 8881: 6358: 6011:Science and Civilization in China 6002:Science and Civilization in China 5993:Science and Civilization in China 5803:Baldock, Thomas Stanford (1809). 5386:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais 2006 5003:), bystanders (who may be in the 4844:Palestine Liberation Organization 4529:The most important siege was the 4314:) available to defensive forces, 4277: 4142:French Engineer Corps during the 3795:'s star-shaped fortified city of 3641: 3236:, who eventually established the 2936: 2629:to a disgruntled gatekeeper. The 2204: 8833: 8823: 8822: 6402: 6390: 6380: 6150:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. 6121:The Oxford History of Modern War 5906:from the original on 6 May 2022. 5856:Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). 5610: 5062:Air France Flight 8969 hijacking 4999:(who police generally intend to 4924: 4900:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4885:Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017) 4541:, the siege of Leningrad on the 4262:Furthermore, the development of 4076: 3923: 3809:and the Dutch military engineer 3726: 3686:it and negotiate its surrender. 3581:pattern so that it could not be 3447: 3161:), Caesar describes how, at the 2945: 2331: 71: 6247:(in French). Paris: De Boccard. 5782:Alchon, Suzanne Austin (2003). 5752: 5727: 5702: 5677: 5603: 5530: 5527:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264. 5319:Needham, Volume 5, Part 6, 446. 5257:Fletcher & Cruickshank 1996 5082:Robb Elementary School shooting 4493: 4475:The development of the armored 4274:during the American Civil War. 3870:) needed to be sharply jagged. 3718:Marshal Vauban and Van Coehoorn 6434:Native American Siege Warfare. 5351: 5286: 5283:Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 43. 5225: 4773:In both Vietnamese cases, the 4282: 4010:Sixty years later, during the 4003:, to justify his slighting of 3432:Technology of the Song dynasty 3159:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2773:(followers of the philosopher 1: 6148:Siege Weapons of the Far East 6146:Turnbull, Stephen R. (2002). 5775: 5074:EgyptAir Flight 648 hijacking 4946:Los Angeles Police Department 4893:Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya 4655:(1942–1945), to resupply the 4233:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 4012:War of the Spanish Succession 3422:were favoured by the Chinese 3374: 2847:, as well the preparation of 2501: 2498:Protodynastic Period of Egypt 2491: 2401:in the 13th century BC, from 6214:Duffy, Christopher (1996) . 5058:1973 Brooklyn hostage crisis 4611: 4247:rebels in the course of the 3358:) to fight back against the 3154:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2849:hot or incendiary substances 2785:, a wheeled siege ramp with 2731: 2555: 7: 8300:Operational manoeuvre group 6331:Journal of Military History 6232:Duffy, Christopher (1985). 6227:. Routledge and Kegan Paul. 6223:Duffy, Christopher (1996). 6119:Townshend, Charles (2000). 5896:Funderburk, Jordan (2021). 5110: 4889:Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa 4641:military transport aircraft 4396:The Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4259:, the end of the conflict. 3173:'s forces, while the outer 2781:, 8-foot (2.4 m) high 2631:Assyrian siege of Jerusalem 2547:(5th to 3rd centuries BC). 2487:army in the 4th century BC. 2210:The necessity of city walls 2140:Chilean War of Independence 1490:Military–industrial complex 969:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 8886: 8733:Peace and conflict studies 8622:Infantry fighting vehicles 7161:Front; Russian land forces 6079:Stearns, Peter N. (2001). 5537:Turnbull, Stephen (2012). 5293:Schofield, Louise (2006). 5130:Breastwork (fortification) 4928: 4366:Baron Colmar von der Goltz 4272:Charleston, South Carolina 4001:Committee of Both Kingdoms 3698:. Many stand to this day. 3622:wrote a treatise entitled 2550: 18: 8820: 8788:International cooperation 8720: 8695: 8562: 8555: 8477: 8396: 8308: 8260: 8135: 8011: 7796: 7758:Combat information center 7735: 7656: 7566: 7295: 7288: 7219:Infantry fighting vehicle 7169: 7001:Unified combatant command 6971: 6834: 6646: 6514: 6315:Sieges of the Middle Ages 5959:Stewart, William (1998). 5821:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 5714:www.thehistorypress.co.uk 5371:Hoskin & Howland 2006 4727:Several times during the 4565:, there was the siege of 4266:availed greater speed to 4255:, until months after the 3885:had been besieged by the 3881:took place in 1683 after 3534:, were broken through in 3071:Siege of the Sogdian Rock 2228:Indus Valley civilization 1554:Loss-of-strength gradient 411:Combat information center 25:Besieged (disambiguation) 8703:Lists of wars by country 8145:List of military tactics 7263:Self-propelled artillery 7151:Special units by nation: 6594:Protocols and structure: 6198:Windrow, Martin (2005). 6009:Needham, Joseph (1986). 6000:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5991:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5823:. Viking-Penguin Books. 5196: 4929:Not to be confused with 4769:from capturing the base. 4606:600 mm siege mortar 4563:South-East Asian theatre 4175:Indian Rebellion of 1857 3912:An important element of 3370:, and then the Mongols. 3212:In the Middle Ages, the 2753:Spring and Autumn period 1872:Military science fiction 1357:Technology and equipment 778:List of military tactics 8800:International relations 8793:Crimes against humanity 7440:Other infantry weapons: 7156:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 6727:Functional specialties: 6444:Scenes of Siege Warfare 6313:Warner, Philip (1968). 6292:Ostwald, Jamel (2007). 6125:Oxford University Press 6070:Sellman, R. R. (1954). 5911:Grousset, René (1970). 5692:. Basic Books. p. 173. 5634:Encyclopædia Britannica 5121:(documentary TV series) 5043:Washington State Patrol 4963:or, in law enforcement 4744:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4630:Battle of the Admin Box 4602:800 mm railway gun 4422:Skoda 305 mm Model 1911 4223:(1864–1865) during the 3113:defenders surrendered. 2921:Until the invention of 2835:from the period of the 2829:medieval fortifications 2568:in the mid-16th century 2323:Archaeological evidence 2163:defenders of city walls 2064:'to sit') is a 1940:Wartime sexual violence 1696:Full-spectrum dominance 1507:Supply-chain management 8768:Conscientious objector 6876:Special reconnaissance 6616:Awards and decorations 6463:Biblical perspectives. 6365:Listen to this article 6275:May, Timothy. (2004). 6252:Lynn, John A. (1999). 6173:10.3201/eid0809.010536 6072:Castles and Fortresses 6035:Technology and Culture 5982:Morocco, John (1984). 5233:"Definition of INVEST" 5157:Sangar (fortification) 5049: 4952: 4794:, to unfold securely. 4724: 4712: 4704: 4547:Battle of the Atlantic 4526: 4433: 4397: 4307: 4154:that had held off the 4147: 3987: 3986:, Peninsular War, 1812 3956: 3890: 3799: 3667:Star-shaped fortresses 3655: 3605:Ferdinand and Isabella 3557: 3412: 3338: 3282:transmission mechanism 3270: 3264: 3121: 2809: 2658: 2569: 2535:, like those found in 2409: 2219: 2149:evidence of fortified 2142: 2054: 1852:Awards and decorations 1825:Peace through strength 1800:Low-intensity conflict 1434:Conscientious objector 1307:Area of responsibility 41: 21:Siege (disambiguation) 7788:Torpedo Data Computer 7778:Ship gun fire-control 6454:The Siege Of The City 6317:. G. Bell & Sons. 6256:The Wars of Louis XIV 6241:Garlan, Yvon (1974). 5805:Cromwell as a Soldier 5211:"Definition of SIEGE" 5105:Iranian Embassy siege 5101:Balcombe Street siege 5066:Iranian Embassy siege 5041: 5029:police tactical units 4949:Metropolitan Division 4943: 4830:Israel Defence Forces 4767:North Vietnamese Army 4718: 4710: 4702: 4520: 4431: 4395: 4290: 4249:Philippine Revolution 4141: 3981: 3951: 3876: 3791: 3649: 3620:Leon Battista Alberti 3548: 3538:by the 62 cannons of 3530:, the capital of the 3396: 3386:, this manuscript of 3317: 3265: 3243: 3226:Southern Song dynasty 3119: 2796: 2749:Warring States period 2652: 2564:Depiction of various 2563: 2545:Warring States period 2396: 2217: 2155:Warring States period 2133: 444:Torpedo data computer 434:Ship gun fire-control 35: 8649:Specific modern wars 8597:Vehicles and weapons 8522:Military occupations 7121:Carrier strike group 6459:30 July 2008 at the 6426:More spoken articles 6155:Wheelis, M. (2002). 4759:the next Vietnam War 4669:Operation Matterhorn 4626:Battle of Stalingrad 4539:Battle of Stalingrad 4462:Crown Prince Wilhelm 4458:Erich von Falkenhayn 4253:Spanish–American War 4100:improve this section 4047:French Revolutionary 3750:improve this section 3607:was able to conquer 3471:improve this section 3120:Roman siege machines 2969:improve this section 2766:The philosophically 2355:improve this section 2271:Later, the walls of 1970:Military occupations 1805:Military engineering 1707:Unrestricted Warfare 1564:Force multiplication 462:Military manoeuvrers 8812:Peace organizations 8275:Operations research 7753:Director (military) 7743:Fire-control system 6654:Command and control 5737:, pp. 437, 438 5600:, pp. 515–520. 5588:, pp. 372–375. 5361:, pp. 660, 663 5078:Beslan school siege 4969:barricade situation 4919:Siege of Khan Yunis 4902:, most notably the 4748:First Indochina War 4663:, and to the USAAF 4598:Siege of Sevastopol 4358:Battle of Ctesiphon 4221:siege of Petersburg 4213:Siege of Sevastopol 4190:Franco-Prussian War 4162:in the early 19th. 4068:Industrial advances 4016:Duke of Marlborough 3969:Battle of the Dunes 3854:and would act as a 3624:De Re aedificatoria 3566:early modern period 3292:city of Kaffa (now 3218:Western Xia dynasty 3208:Mongols and Chinese 3063:Alexander the Great 3051:Classical antiquity 2669:over the defenses. 2578:Fotheringhay Castle 2505: 3000 BC 2301:Minoan civilization 2175:early modern period 1656:Penal military unit 1641:Rules of engagement 1317:Command and control 942:Operations research 406:Director (military) 396:Fire-control system 166:Command and control 47:Part of a series on 8270:Military operation 8237:Tactical objective 7748:Fire-control radar 7664:Military equipment 7606:Anti-ship missiles 6958:Electronic-warfare 6821:Military maneuvers 6806:Combat occupations 6582:Commanding officer 6542:Occupational roles 6202:. London: Cassell. 5050: 4953: 4915:Siege of Gaza City 4866:Bosnia-Herzegovina 4846:from the country. 4725: 4713: 4705: 4680:Operation Thursday 4657:Chinese war effort 4531:Siege of Leningrad 4527: 4523:siege of Leningrad 4434: 4398: 4343:East Asia Squadron 4308: 4225:American Civil War 4148: 4058:Napoleon Bonaparte 4041:Strategic concepts 4031:William Sutherland 4023:Battle of Culloden 3992:Sir Richard Willis 3988: 3957: 3891: 3811:Menno van Coehoorn 3800: 3656: 3558: 3339: 3197:Roman–Persian Wars 3122: 3039:, records how the 2810: 2659: 2646:for the besieged. 2623:biological warfare 2570: 2410: 2220: 2143: 1765:Counter-insurgency 1686:Command of the sea 1631:Jewish laws on war 1606:Geneva Conventions 1142:Divide and conquer 937:Military operation 902:Tactical objective 401:Fire-control radar 378:Electronic-warfare 42: 8865:Military strategy 8847: 8846: 8773:Anti-war movement 8716: 8715: 8708:Conflicts by time 8333:Counter-offensive 8323:Military campaign 8242:Target saturation 8192:Counterinsurgency 7841:International law 7783:Gun data computer 7652: 7651: 6989:Armies by country 6953:Close air support 6918:Aircraft carriers 6587:Executive officer 6395: 6385: 6305:978-90-04-15489-6 5951:978-1-84537-551-5 5436:, pp. 44–45. 5344:978-0-19-533403-6 5306:978-0-89236-867-9 4993:terrorist attacks 4904:Siege of Mariupol 4864:, the capital of 4838:, the capital of 4695:Post-World War II 4665:XX Bomber Command 4636:(December 1944). 4634:Siege of Bastogne 4622:German Sixth Army 4537:. Along with the 4438:Siege of Przemyśl 4432:Siege of Przemyśl 4410:Siege of Maubeuge 4339:protected cruiser 4335:Siege of Tsingtao 4171:Siege of Cawnpore 4136: 4135: 4128: 4007:in Lincolnshire. 3961:English Civil War 3954:Siege of Yorktown 3943:Gustavus Adolphus 3786: 3785: 3778: 3599:Emerging theories 3507: 3506: 3499: 3148:(modern France). 3057:Peloponnesian War 3030:Battle of Jericho 3005: 3004: 2997: 2833:concentric castle 2475:The Siege of Alt- 2391: 2390: 2383: 2258:ancient Near East 2179:Leonardo da Vinci 2167:Greco-Roman world 2136:siege of Rancagua 2063: 2043: 2042: 1935:Horses in warfare 1882:Anti-war movement 1785:Gunboat diplomacy 1775:Disaster response 1723:Philosophy of war 1718:Principles of war 1691:Deterrence theory 1636:Right of conquest 1559:Lanchester's laws 1327:Principles of war 1017:Counter-offensive 1002:Military campaign 907:Target saturation 830:Counterinsurgency 439:Gun data computer 373:Close air support 335:Aircraft carriers 36:Depiction of the 8877: 8837: 8836: 8826: 8825: 8803: 8686: 8677: 8668: 8659: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8616: 8607: 8593: 8584: 8575: 8560: 8559: 8502:Military tactics 8343:Defence in depth 8197:Defeat in detail 7893:Armoured warfare 7831:Military science 7621:Close-in weapons 7293: 7292: 7204:Wheeled vehicles 7199:Tracked vehicles 6996:Chain of command 6659:Defense ministry 6497: 6490: 6483: 6474: 6473: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6397: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6354: 6318: 6309: 6288: 6271: 6259: 6248: 6237: 6228: 6219: 6203: 6194: 6184: 6161:Emerg Infect Dis 6151: 6142: 6115: 6102: 6086: 6075: 6066: 6029: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5987: 5978: 5955: 5934: 5918: 5907: 5892: 5876: 5865: 5863: 5852: 5834: 5812: 5799: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5706: 5700: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5534: 5528: 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5329: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5245: 5244: 5239:. 10 June 2023. 5229: 5223: 5222: 5217:. 15 June 2023. 5207: 5150:Medieval warfare 5145:Maneuver warfare 5090:suicide bombings 4911:Israel–Hamas war 4873:Syrian Civil War 4855:Republika Srpska 4826:1982 Lebanon War 4454:Battle of Verdun 4442:Austro-Hungarian 4414:Siege of Antwerp 4326:and, of course, 4268:blockade runners 4144:Siege of Antwerp 4131: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4080: 4072: 3879:Battle of Vienna 3781: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3730: 3722: 3708:United Provinces 3676:Battle in Berlin 3524:Theodosian Walls 3502: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3482: 3451: 3443: 3439:Age of gunpowder 3379: 3376: 3163:Battle of Alesia 3000: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2949: 2941: 2878:In the European 2506: 2503: 2386: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2335: 2327: 2309:Mycenaean Greeks 2251:sun-dried bricks 2199:resisting arrest 2058: 2035: 2028: 2021: 1790:Humanitarian aid 1728:Security dilemma 1549:Power projection 1332:Economy of force 1312:Chain of command 1027:Defence in depth 1012:Commerce raiding 835:Defeat in detail 171:Defense ministry 75: 66: 65: 56: 44: 43: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8816: 8797: 8783:Humanitarianism 8712: 8691: 8680: 8671: 8662: 8656:Napoleonic Wars 8653: 8637: 8631:Modern warships 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8556:Other namespace 8551: 8473: 8392: 8304: 8256: 8222:Rapid dominance 8131: 8007: 7792: 7731: 7648: 7594:Naval artillery 7574:Guided missiles 7562: 7284: 7165: 6967: 6830: 6826:Combat training 6774:Security forces 6764:Military police 6702:Airborne forces 6642: 6510: 6501: 6461:Wayback Machine 6430: 6429: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6400: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6368:(2 parts, 6367: 6364: 6361: 6343:10.2307/2944182 6306: 6287:on 18 May 2008. 6268: 6210: 6208:Further reading 6139: 6099: 6047:10.2307/3106585 5975: 5952: 5931: 5889: 5831: 5796: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5377: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5248: 5237:Merriam-Webster 5231: 5230: 5226: 5215:Merriam-Webster 5209: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5167:Siege equipment 5113: 5103:, but the 1980 4985:arrest warrants 4938: 4927: 4881:Siege of Kobanî 4737:Berlin Blockade 4721:Siege of Marawi 4697: 4661:Chiang Kai-shek 4614: 4512:Fort Eben-Emael 4496: 4402:Battle of Liège 4316:First World War 4306:in World War I. 4285: 4280: 4257:Treaty of Paris 4229:Siege of Plevna 4132: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4097: 4081: 4070: 4051:Napoleonic Wars 4043: 4027:Dunrobin Castle 3939:pitched battles 3926: 3889:for two months. 3844:contravallation 3782: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3747: 3731: 3720: 3712:Siege of Leiden 3680:Spandau Citadel 3672:trace italienne 3662:trace italienne 3652:Siege of Candia 3644: 3611:strongholds in 3601: 3503: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3468: 3452: 3441: 3377: 3354:, cannons, and 3210: 3205: 3203:Medieval period 3175:contravallation 3053: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2966: 2950: 2939: 2806:Oliver Cromwell 2787:grappling hooks 2734: 2593:circumvallation 2574:William de Forz 2558: 2553: 2504: 2494: 2431:circumvallation 2387: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2352: 2336: 2325: 2313:Cyclopean walls 2212: 2207: 2134:Picture of the 2039: 2010: 2009: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1847: 1837: 1836: 1810:Multilateralism 1795:Law enforcement 1755: 1745: 1744: 1713:Just war theory 1671: 1661: 1660: 1611:Geneva Protocol 1581: 1571: 1570: 1544: 1534: 1533: 1475: 1465: 1464: 1372: 1362: 1361: 1302: 1292: 1291: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1177:Network-centric 1097: 1087: 1086: 994: 984: 983: 932: 922: 921: 870:Rapid dominance 775: 765: 764: 720:Electromagnetic 629: 619: 618: 605: 558: 506: 482: 472: 471: 467:Combat training 448: 425: 391:Combat systems: 387: 349: 345:Auxiliary ships 311: 271: 267:Military police 233: 156: 146: 145: 85: 59: 58: 57: 52: 38:Siege of Lisbon 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8883: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8845: 8844: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8763:Global studies 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8738:Peace movement 8735: 8730: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8635: 8626: 8617: 8608: 8594: 8585: 8576: 8566: 8564: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8537:Related lists: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8507:History lists: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8487:Military lists 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8454:Defense policy 8451: 8449:Defense budget 8446: 8441: 8439:Public policy: 8436: 8431: 8429:United Nations 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8388:Scorched earth 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8314: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8290:Deep operation 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8003:Unconventional 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7953:Disinformation 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7861:Post-classical 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7736:Combat systems 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7727:Field hospital 7724: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7591: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7523: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7504:Shoulder-fired 7493: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7419: 7418: 7408: 7404:Service rifles 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7317: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7299: 7297: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6986: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6963:Reconnaissance 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6928:Auxiliary ship 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6840: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6816:Basic training 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6747:Reconnaissance 6744: 6739: 6734: 6732:Communications 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6697:Special forces 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6623: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6419: 6408: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6388: 6377: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359:External links 6357: 6356: 6355: 6337:(1): 119–133. 6323:Historiography 6320: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6289: 6272: 6266: 6249: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6195: 6152: 6143: 6137: 6116: 6103: 6097: 6076: 6067: 6041:(4): 655–679. 6030: 6015: 6006: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5973: 5956: 5950: 5935: 5929: 5908: 5893: 5887: 5866: 5853: 5835: 5829: 5817:Beevor, Antony 5813: 5800: 5794: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5751: 5739: 5726: 5701: 5684:Timothy Snyder 5676: 5674:, p. 406. 5664: 5652: 5650:, p. 270. 5640: 5629:Chisholm, Hugh 5602: 5590: 5578: 5576:, p. 212. 5574:Townshend 2000 5566: 5564:, p. 211. 5562:Townshend 2000 5554: 5547: 5541:. Bloomsbury. 5529: 5520: 5518:, p. 105. 5508: 5496: 5484: 5482:, p. 362. 5472: 5458: 5438: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5375: 5373:, p. 105. 5363: 5350: 5343: 5321: 5312: 5305: 5296:The Mycenaeans 5285: 5273: 5261: 5246: 5224: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5191:List of sieges 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5172:Tunnel warfare 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5112: 5109: 5097:United Kingdom 4926: 4923: 4875:, such as the 4853:in the 1990s, 4803:Khmer Republic 4771: 4770: 4755: 4740: 4696: 4693: 4613: 4610: 4571:Burma campaign 4495: 4492: 4466:Fort Douaumont 4406:Siege of Namur 4319:trench warfare 4284: 4281: 4279: 4278:Modern warfare 4276: 4241:Siege of Baler 4198:Siege of Paris 4167:Siege of Delhi 4134: 4133: 4116:September 2022 4084: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4042: 4039: 3965:New Model Army 3932:in 1601–1604; 3925: 3922: 3887:Ottoman Empire 3832:Bergen op Zoom 3784: 3783: 3766:September 2022 3734: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3704:Northern Italy 3643: 3642:New fortresses 3640: 3600: 3597: 3536:just six weeks 3528:Constantinople 3505: 3504: 3487:September 2022 3455: 3453: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3430:For more, see 3424:Yongle Emperor 3420:Forbidden City 3331:Siege of Ulsan 3298:Siege of Caffa 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3134:Roman Republic 3052: 3049: 3047:across moats. 3026:Book of Joshua 3003: 3002: 2985:September 2022 2953: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2937:Siege accounts 2935: 2841:machicolations 2733: 2730: 2671:Battering rams 2566:siege machines 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2516:Siege of Dapur 2493: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2473: 2450: 2399:Siege of Dapur 2389: 2388: 2371:September 2022 2339: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2205:Ancient period 2203: 2195:mobile warfare 2187:Napoleonic era 2147:archaeological 2071:of a city, or 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1975:Military terms 1972: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1733:Tripwire force 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566: 1556: 1551: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1487: 1482: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1255:Administrative 1253: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182:New generation 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1157:Fleet in being 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1095:Grand strategy 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1082:Scorched earth 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 995: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 959:Deep operation 956: 951: 944: 939: 933: 928: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 888: 887: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 806: 805: 800: 795: 785: 776: 771: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 760:Unconventional 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 708: 706:Disinformation 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 677: 676: 671: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 630: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 616: 611: 604: 603: 602: 601: 600: 599: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 557: 556: 555: 554: 553: 552: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 505: 504: 503: 502: 497: 492: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 459: 457:Basic training 454: 447: 446: 441: 436: 431: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 386: 385: 383:Reconnaissance 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 348: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 310: 309: 304: 302:Special forces 299: 294: 293: 292: 282: 277: 270: 269: 264: 259: 257:Reconnaissance 254: 249: 244: 239: 232: 231: 222: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 126: 125: 124: 119: 109: 108: 107: 100:Post-classical 97: 92: 86: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 49: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8882: 8871: 8870:Siege warfare 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8842: 8841: 8831: 8830: 8819: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8743:Peace process 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8679: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8647: 8641: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8582: 8577: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285:Expeditionary 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8187:Counterattack 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7993:Psychological 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Combined arms 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7716: 7715:Military base 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7616:Depth charges 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7450:Anti-tank gun 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7423:Assault rifle 7421: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411:Battle rifles 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7379:Infantry guns 7376: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7273:Anti-aircraft 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7036: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:General staff 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6923:Landing craft 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:Enlisted rank 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6277:"Mongol Arms" 6273: 6269: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6138:0-19-285373-2 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6098:0-395-65237-5 6094: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5974:1-85302-351-5 5970: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5930:0-8135-1304-9 5926: 5922: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5902:. U.S. Army. 5901: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5888:0-7506-2267-9 5884: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5830:0-670-88695-5 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5795:0-8263-2871-7 5791: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5749:, p. 52. 5748: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5698:0-465-00239-0 5695: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5662:, p. 29. 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5619:public domain 5606: 5599: 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5558: 5550: 5548:9781846038921 5544: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5506:, p. 21. 5505: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5480:Grousset 1970 5476: 5461: 5459:9780199333806 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5424:, p. 22. 5423: 5418: 5412:, p. 26. 5411: 5406: 5400:, p. 40. 5399: 5398:Turnbull 2002 5394: 5388:, p. 29. 5387: 5382: 5380: 5372: 5367: 5360: 5357:For example, 5354: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5328: 5326: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5271:, p. 17. 5270: 5265: 5259:, p. 20. 5258: 5253: 5251: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Siege engines 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5021:psychologists 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931:Police action 4925:Police sieges 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Siege of Homs 4874: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851:Yugoslav Wars 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4792:Tet Offensive 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569:, and in the 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543:Eastern Front 4540: 4536: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479:and improved 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4447:Lavr Kornilov 4443: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:Siege of Metz 4191: 4186: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4130: 4127: 4119: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4085:This section 4083: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4029:, a party of 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3924:Siege warfare 3921: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3908: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3777: 3769: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3735:This section 3733: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3501: 3498: 3490: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3456:This section 3454: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3383:Huo Long Jing 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344:flamethrowers 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3296:) during the 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3214:Mongol Empire 3200: 3198: 3193: 3191: 3188:who defended 3187: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171:Vercingetorix 3168: 3167:Roman legions 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3142:Julius Caesar 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:siege engines 3127: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067:Siege of Tyre 3064: 3060: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:Piankhi stela 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 2999: 2996: 2988: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2954:This section 2952: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2820:for smelting 2819: 2818:blast furnace 2815: 2807: 2803: 2802:Earl of Essex 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:siege engines 2656: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2562: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2499: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Aram Damascus 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397:The Egyptian 2395: 2385: 2382: 2374: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2340:This section 2338: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2290:State of Zhao 2286: 2285:Shang dynasty 2282: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2169:. During the 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:ancient China 2156: 2153:. During the 2152: 2148: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2114:bombardment, 2113: 2109: 2108:siege engines 2105: 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079:(also called 2078: 2077:Siege warfare 2074: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862:Warrior caste 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1833: 1832:Show of force 1830: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1820:Peacebuilding 1818: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1676:Air supremacy 1674: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1616:Islamic rules 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1596:Court-martial 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1537: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:Arms industry 1493: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1112:Broken-backed 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 954:Expeditionary 952: 950: 949: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 931: 926: 925: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 886: 883: 882: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 825:Counterattack 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 790: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 774: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 750:Psychological 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 686:Combined arms 684: 682: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 628: 623: 622: 615: 612: 610: 607: 606: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 563: 560: 559: 551: 548: 547: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 525:Fortification 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 507: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 485: 484: 481: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 346: 343: 341: 340:Landing craft 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 291: 288: 287: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 230: 226: 225:Standing army 223: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 155: 150: 149: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 123: 120: 118: 117:pike and shot 115: 114: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 84: 79: 78: 74: 70: 69: 63: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 8838: 8827: 8806: 8802:}} 8798:{{ 8685:}} 8681:{{ 8676:}} 8674:World War II 8672:{{ 8667:}} 8663:{{ 8658:}} 8654:{{ 8648: 8642:}} 8638:{{ 8633:}} 8629:{{ 8624:}} 8620:{{ 8615:}} 8611:{{ 8606:}} 8602:{{ 8596: 8592:}} 8588:{{ 8583:}} 8579:{{ 8574:}} 8570:{{ 8536: 8506: 8486: 8458: 8444:Conscription 8438: 8419:Peace treaty 8405: 8226: 8110:Subterranean 7998:Radiological 7938:Conventional 7887: 7866:Early modern 7845: 7772: 7709: 7625: 7585: 7547: 7530: 7495: 7484:Combat knife 7474:Flamethrower 7439: 7435:Sniper rifle 7402: 7391:Machine guns 7377: 7314: 7176: 7150: 7140: 7105: 7010: 6979:Organization 6932: 6886:Naval units: 6885: 6881:Signal corps 6843: 6811:Development: 6810: 6800: 6779:Border guard 6742:Intelligence 6726: 6665:Armed Forces 6663: 6632: 6593: 6551: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6294: 6285:the original 6280: 6255: 6243: 6233: 6224: 6215: 6199: 6164: 6160: 6147: 6120: 6107: 6082: 6071: 6038: 6034: 6020: 6010: 6001: 5992: 5983: 5960: 5940: 5914: 5898: 5872: 5859: 5843: 5839:Firth, C. H. 5820: 5804: 5784: 5764: 5754: 5747:Morocco 1984 5742: 5735:Windrow 2005 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5713: 5704: 5687: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5648:Symonds 1859 5643: 5632: 5605: 5598:Baldock 1809 5593: 5581: 5569: 5557: 5538: 5532: 5523: 5516:Stewart 1998 5511: 5499: 5492:Wheelis 2002 5487: 5475: 5463:. Retrieved 5448: 5441: 5434:Sellman 1954 5429: 5422:Sellman 1954 5417: 5410:Sellman 1954 5405: 5393: 5366: 5353: 5333: 5315: 5295: 5288: 5269:Stearns 2001 5264: 5236: 5227: 5214: 5205: 5135:Infiltration 5116: 5094: 5070:MOVE bombing 5051: 5013: 4989:prison riots 4968: 4960: 4954: 4908: 4897: 4870: 4848: 4823: 4815: 4800: 4796: 4772: 4726: 4673: 4638: 4615: 4595: 4573:, sieges of 4555:George Cross 4528: 4504:Maginot Line 4497: 4494:World War II 4488:Maginot Line 4474: 4451: 4435: 4399: 4354:Siege of Kut 4347: 4332: 4312:machine guns 4309: 4304:of the siege 4261: 4237: 4210: 4187: 4183: 4164: 4149: 4122: 4113: 4098:Please help 4086: 4055: 4044: 4035:Clan MacLeod 4020: 4009: 4005:Gainsborough 3997:John Meldrum 3989: 3958: 3927: 3911: 3903: 3892: 3864: 3856:staging area 3848: 3836: 3801: 3797:Neuf-Brisach 3772: 3763: 3748:Please help 3736: 3700: 3696:Italian Wars 3688: 3671: 3660: 3657: 3632:Charles VIII 3628: 3623: 3617: 3602: 3592:forlorn hope 3588: 3570: 3559: 3532:Roman Empire 3520: 3515:Song dynasty 3508: 3493: 3484: 3469:Please help 3457: 3429: 3428: 3416:Ming dynasty 3413: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3398:The shells ( 3397: 3381: 3372: 3340: 3337:(1592–1598). 3306: 3286:Golden Horde 3271: 3266: 3260:Gate of Iraq 3255: 3244: 3238:Yuan dynasty 3230:Genghis Khan 3211: 3194: 3180: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3123: 3087: 3083:siege towers 3061: 3054: 3034: 3010:Trojan Horse 3006: 2991: 2982: 2967:Please help 2955: 2920: 2877: 2865:portcullises 2845:murder-holes 2826: 2811: 2798:Cahir Castle 2765: 2746: 2735: 2726:flamethrower 2718:Roman Empire 2715: 2703: 2660: 2616: 2601: 2586: 2582: 2571: 2533:'hu' vessels 2527: 2520: 2509: 2495: 2419:Tell es-Safi 2411: 2377: 2368: 2353:Please help 2341: 2298: 2270: 2255: 2236: 2221: 2201:situations. 2144: 2120: 2097: 2085:poliorcetics 2084: 2080: 2076: 2046: 2044: 1945:Fifth column 1925:War resister 1920:Women in war 1815:Peacekeeping 1760:Arms control 1705: 1394:Mobilization 1389:Conscription 1347:Intelligence 1300:Organization 946: 884: 875:Encirclement 755:Radiological 691:Conventional 545:Subterranean 452:Development: 451: 428: 390: 352: 315:Naval units: 314: 307:Signal corps 274: 252:Intelligence 237:Specialties: 236: 161:Organization 112:Early modern 29: 8807:Categories: 8748:Disarmament 8665:World War I 8424:Cooperation 8338:Culminating 8262:Operational 8207:Envelopment 8127:Information 8046:Cold-region 8013:Battlespace 7871:Late modern 7851:Prehistoric 7773:Historical: 7710:Facilities: 7236:Armored car 7111:Naval fleet 6849:Combat arms 6844:Land units: 6801:Categories: 6784:Coast guard 6769:Gendarmerie 6692:Space force 6633:Categories: 6547:Recruitment 6260:. Pearson. 6127:. pp. 5719:23 February 5586:Beevor 2002 5504:Alchon 2003 5494:, p. . 5359:Roland 1992 5025:let them go 5017:negotiators 4849:During the 4824:During the 4807:Khmer Rouge 4746:during the 4525:(1942–1943) 4510:capture of 4508:paratrooper 4418:Big Berthas 4379:Sandfontein 4350:Mesopotamia 4302:at the end 4283:World War I 4231:during the 4217:Crimean War 4215:during the 4188:During the 4173:during the 3973:Interregnum 3971:during the 3934:La Rochelle 3636:siege-train 3562:Renaissance 3414:During the 3394:spelling): 3378: 1350 3333:during the 3302:Black Death 3256:Bab al-Iraq 3234:Kublai Khan 3222:Jin dynasty 3195:During the 3111:demoralized 3102:land bridge 3055:During the 2916:Vietnam War 2914:during the 2880:Middle Ages 2861:drawbridges 2857:sally ports 2747:During the 2707:foundations 2699:siege tower 2675:siege hooks 2591:(a line of 2458:Sennacherib 2247:Afghanistan 2232:Indus River 2171:Renaissance 2138:during the 2089:negotiation 1930:War studies 1753:Non-warfare 1681:Appeasement 1646:Martial law 1485:War economy 1424:Transgender 1377:Recruitment 1137:Containment 1022:Culminating 930:Operational 850:Envelopment 793:Air assault 674:Air cavalry 634:Air defence 614:Information 515:Cold-region 480:Battlespace 429:Historical: 275:Land units: 201:Space force 196:Coast guard 129:Late modern 90:Prehistoric 8854:Categories 8696:Categories 8542:War crimes 8527:Operations 8464:Government 8280:Blitzkrieg 8252:Withdrawal 8103:Underwater 8078:Amphibious 8020:Aerospace 7963:Electronic 7913:Camouflage 7908:Biological 7881:fourth-gen 7876:industrial 7705:Body armor 7693:Camouflage 7674:By country 7519:By country 7330:By country 7315:Artillery: 7229:By country 7146:Combat box 7116:Task force 7084:By country 7067:By country 7021:Field army 7016:Army group 6984:By country 6933:Air units: 6913:Submarines 6794:By country 6621:By country 6537:Technology 6439:Siege Kits 6422:Audio help 6413:2006-01-14 6267:0582056292 6074:. Methuen. 5776:References 5660:Firth 1902 5140:Last stand 5125:Blitzkrieg 5118:Battleplan 5054:Waco siege 4811:Phnom Penh 4618:airbridges 4500:Blitzkrieg 4412:, and the 4264:steamships 4245:Philippine 4062:Clausewitz 3392:Wade–Giles 3356:land mines 3094:Phoenician 3014:Trojan War 2853:Arrowslits 2742:starvation 2722:Greek fire 2687:trebuchets 2655:trebuchets 2635:Israelites 2612:Carchemish 2597:each other 2589:earthworks 2492:Depictions 2443:Philistine 2151:city walls 2104:investment 2081:siegecraft 1990:War crimes 1980:Operations 1887:Foot drill 1857:Battle cry 1770:deterrence 1429:Harassment 1404:Specialism 1227:Technology 1222:Succession 1167:Liberation 1102:Asymmetric 1037:Empty fort 948:Blitzkrieg 917:Withdrawal 880:Investment 659:Camouflage 654:Biological 592:Underwater 567:Amphibious 486:Aerospace 353:Air units: 330:Submarines 139:fourth-gen 134:industrial 122:napoleonic 8563:Templates 8434:Mediation 8414:Alliances 8407:Diplomacy 8383:Offensive 8363:Defensive 8358:Deception 8328:Attrition 8212:Guerrilla 8160:Airbridge 7978:Loitering 7898:Artillery 7836:Diplomacy 7657:Equipment 7611:Torpedoes 7553:Land mine 7509:Anti-tank 7342:Field gun 7320:Artillery 7256:Gun truck 7241:Scout car 7079:Battalion 6972:Structure 6871:Artillery 6789:Logistics 6737:Engineers 6682:Air force 6063:113017993 5005:crossfire 4973:robberies 4775:Viet Minh 4752:Việt Minh 4612:Airbridge 4579:Admin Box 4575:Myitkyina 4567:Singapore 4561:. 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