Napoleon - Knowledge

624: 53: 420: 4455: 2465: 4585: 590: 1900: 1452: 1621: 488: 4610: 2161: 1827: 2413: 4438: 4192: 4324: 2732: 4635: 3191: 3258: 437: 20097: 2206: 2279: 3592: 3479: 2927: 20032: 19964: 3154: 21274: 21437: 14615: 4669: 1701: 1299: 522: 4046: 471: 4789: 1220: 2349: 2861: 2074: 21870: 963: 313: 22033: 22024: 19838: 1554: 3394: 1092: 2985: 19496: 3175:"Soldiers of my Old Guard, I have come to bid you farewell. For twenty years you have accompanied me faithfully on the paths of honor and glory. ...With men like you, our cause was lost, but the war would have dragged on interminably, and it would have been a civil war. ... So I am sacrificing our interests to those of our country. ...Do not lament my fate; if I have agreed to live on, it is to serve our glory. I wish to write the history of the great deeds we have done together. Farewell, my children!" 3731: 3057: 658: 4525: 403: 607: 21804: 454: 539: 3943:. The agreement recognized the Catholic Church as the majority church of France and in return the Church recognized Napoleon's regime, undercutting much of the ground from royalists. The Concordat confirmed the seizure of Church lands and endowments during the revolution, but reintroduced state salaries for the clergy. The government also controlled the nomination of bishops for investiture by the pope. Bishops and other clergy were required to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime. 3925: 505: 556: 369: 23582: 386: 573: 641: 3835: 331: 338: 15198: 3377: 4271: 2431:, on 2 December, Napoleon deployed his army below the Pratzen Heights. He ordered his right wing to feign retreat, enticing the Allies to descend from the heights in pursuit. The French centre and left wing then captured the heights and caught the allies in a pincer movement. Thousands of Russian troops fled across a frozen lake to escape the trap and 100 to 2,000 of them drowned. About a third of the allied forces were killed, captured or wounded. 2021: 3100: 4109: 2672: 20062: 2778: 2132:. Neither of these territories were covered by Amiens, but they inflamed tensions significantly, as did Bonaparte's occupation of Holland and apparent ambitions in India. The dispute culminated in a declaration of war by Britain in May 1803. Bonaparte responded by reassembling the invasion camp at Boulogne and ordering the arrest of every British male between eighteen and sixty years old in France and its dependencies as a 1956:

opposition newspapers were closed down to stifle dissent. Royalist and regional revolts were dealt with by a combination of amnesties for those who lay down their arms and brutal repression of those who continued to resist. Bonaparte also improved state finances by securing loans under a promise to defend private property, raising taxes on tobacco, alcohol and salt, and extracting levies from France's satellite republics.

20007: 1258:, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces sent to recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by British and allied forces. He quickly increased the available artillery and proposed a plan to capture a hill fort where republican guns could dominate the city's harbour and force the British to evacuate. The successful assault on the position on 16–17 December led to the capture of the city. 345: 21742: 2583: 15207: 1151: 4396:. His education laws of 1802 left most primary education in the hands of religious or communal schools which taught basic literacy and numeracy for a minority of the population. He abolished the revolutionary central schools and replaced them with secondary schools and elite lycées where the curriculum was based on reading, writing, mathematics, Latin, natural history, classics, and ancient history. 4133:, who met him in 1802, said "Samuel Rogers stood a little way from me and... seemed to be disappointed in the look of countenance and said it was that of a little Italian." Farington said Napoleon's eyes were "lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion", that "his person is below middle size", and that "his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it." 2981:, outside Moscow, on 7 September. The battle resulted in 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French dead, wounded or captured, in one of the bloodiest days of battle in Europe up to that time. The Russians withdrew overnight and Napoleon later stated, "The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians worthy of being invincible". 4236:

and indirect elections with a high property qualification replaced direct elections. Real power in the regions was now in the hands of the prefects who were judged by how they met the main priorities of Napoleon's government: efficient administration, law and order, stimulating the local economy, gathering votes for plebiscites, conscripting soldiers and provisioning the army.

3138:(20–21 March). The coalition then moved towards Paris, whose defence was under the command of Joseph Bonaparte. On 29 March, a coalition army of 200,000 began their attack on the Belleville and Montmartre heights. Empress Marie Louise fled Paris that evening with her son, the King of Rome. With an army of only 38,000 to defend the capital, Joseph authorized the French marshal 2686:, which was reluctant to strictly enforce the blockade against its traditional ally Britain. On 17 October 1807, 24,000 French troops under General Junot crossed the Pyrenees with Spanish consent and headed towards Portugal to enforce the blockade. Junot occupied Lisbon in November, but the Portuguese royal family had already fled to Brazil with the Portuguese fleet. 3780:. However, subsequent studies also found high concentrations of arsenic in hair samples from Napoleon's childhood and from his son and Joséphine. Arsenic was widely used in medicines and products such as hair creams in the 19th century. A 2021 study by an international team of gastrointestinal pathologists once again concluded that Napoleon died of stomach cancer. 2518: 4014:

and glory or for the welfare of France. Historians agree that Napoleon was highly intelligent with an excellent memory, and was a superior organizer who could work efficiently for long hours. In battle, he could rapidly dictate a series of complex commands to his subordinates, keeping in mind where major units were expected to be at each future point.

4540:, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing peace and stability to France. Propaganda focused on his role first as a general then as a civil leader and emperor. He fostered a relationship with artists, commissioning and controlling different forms of art to suit his propaganda goals. 5768: 4065:, numerology, fate and lucky stars, and always asked of his generals: is he lucky? Dwyer states that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805–06 left him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. "I am of the race that founds empires", he once boasted, deeming himself an heir to the Ancient Romans. 3307:. Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Louis XVIII, however, fled Paris for Belgium in the early hours of 20 March after realizing that he did not have enough reliable troops to oppose Napoleon. Napoleon entered Paris that evening. 4137:

in 1797 and 1798, noted that "Bonaparte was rather slight and emaciated-looking; his face, too, was very thin, with a dark complexion... his black, unpowdered hair hung down evenly over both shoulders", but that, despite his slight and unkempt appearance, "his looks and expression were earnest and powerful."

3217:. The following night, Napoleon attempted suicide with poison he had carried after nearly being captured by the Russians during the retreat from Moscow. Its potency had weakened with age, however, and he survived to be exiled, while his wife and son took refuge in Austria. He was conveyed to the island on 4235:

Napoleon introduced a series of centralizing administrative reforms soon after taking power. In 1800, he established prefects appointed to run France's regional departments, sub-prefects to run districts and mayors to run towns. Local representative bodies were retained, but their powers were reduced

3228:

on 4 May 1814. In the first few months on Elba, he drew up plans for administrative reforms, road and building works, and improvements to the island's mines and agriculture, but results were limited by lack of funds. When Napoleon learned that Joséphine had died in France on 29 May, he was distraught

2922:

which Alexander considered an insult as his uncle was the duke. The Tsar responded by allowing neutral shipping into Russian ports and banning most French imports. Russia feared that Napoleon intended to restore the Kingdom of Poland while Napoleon suspected Russia of seeking an alliance with Britain

4682:

Napoleon was responsible for spreading many of the values of the French Revolution to other countries, especially through the Napoleonic Code. After the fall of Napoleon, it continued to influence the law in western Europe and other parts of the world including Latin America, the Dominican Republic,

4489:

A number of historians have argued that his expansionist foreign policy was a major factor in the Napoleonic wars which cost six million lives and caused economic disruption for a generation. McLynn and Barnett suggest that Napoleon's reputation as a military genius is exaggerated. Cobban and Conner

4369:

Under Napoleon, the focus shifted towards destroying enemy armies rather than simply outmanoeuvering them. Wars became more costly and decisive as invasions of enemy territory occurred on larger fronts. The political cost of war also increased, as defeat for a European power now meant more than just

4304:

A criminal code was promulgated in 1808, and eventually seven codes of law were produced under Napoleon. The Napoleonic code was carried by Napoleon's armies across Europe and influenced the law in many parts of the world. Cobban described it as, "the most effective agency for the propagation of the

4147:

His face was slightly swarthy, with regular features. His nose was not very large, but straight, with a slight, hardly noticeable bend. The hair on his head was dark reddish-blond; his eyebrows and eyelashes were much darker than the colour of his hair, and his blue eyes, set off by the almost black

4136:

A friend who first met him as a young man said Napoleon was only notable "for the dark color of his complexion... for his piercing and scrutinising glance, and for the style of his conversation". He also said that Napoleon was serious and sombre. Johann Ludwig Wurstemberger, who accompanied Napoleon

4001:

to adapt the law of Moses to those of the empire. An imperial decree of March 1808 organized Jewish worship into consistories, limited usury and encouraged Jews to adopt a family name, intermarriage, and civil marriage and divorce. Jews, however, were still subject to discrimination in many parts of

3874:

with Joséphine in 1796 and, at the pope's insistence, a private religious ceremony with her the day before his coronation as Emperor in 1804. This marriage was annulled by tribunals under Napoleon's control in January 1810. In April 1810, Napoleon married Austrian princess Marie Louise in a Catholic

3451:

Napoleon also circulated reports of poor treatment in the hope that public opinion would force the allies to revoke his exile on Saint Helena. Under instructions from the British government, Lowe cut Napoleon's expenditure, refused to recognize him as a former emperor, and made his supporters sign a

3119:

were peace terms offered by the coalition in November 1813 under which Napoleon would remain emperor, but France would be reduced to its "natural frontiers." That meant that France would retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the west bank of the Rhine, while withdrawing from Spain, Holland, Italy and

2197:

Following the royalist plot, Bonaparte's supporters convinced him that creating a hereditary regime would help secure it in case of his death, make it more acceptable to constitutional monarchists, and put it on the same footing as other European monarchies. On 18 May, the senate proclaimed Napoleon

1959:

Bonaparte believed that the best way to secure his regime was by a victorious peace. In May 1800, he led an army across the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Bonaparte was still in Egypt. After a difficult crossing over the Alps, the

1128:

in Paris where he trained to become an artillery officer. He excelled at mathematics, and read widely in geography, history and literature. However, he was poor at French and German. His father's death in February 1785 cut the family income and forced him to complete the two-year course in one year.

1114:

where he was routinely bullied by his peers for his accent, birthplace, short stature, mannerisms, and poor French. He became reserved and melancholic, applying himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well

4485:

in 2005. Most modern critics of Napoleon, however, reject the Hitler comparison, arguing that Napoleon did not commit genocide and did not engage in the mass murder and imprisonment of his political opponents. Nevertheless, Bell and McLynn condemn his killing of 3,000-5,000 Turkish prisoners of war

4167:

In his later years Napoleon gained weight and had a sallow complexion. Novelist Paul de Kock, who saw him in 1811, called Napoleon "yellow, obese, and bloated". A British captain who met him in 1815 stated "I felt very much disappointed, as I believe everyone else did, in his appearance ... He

4057:

Some historians talk of Napoleon's dual nature: a rationalist with a strong romantic streak. He took a team of scholars, artists and engineers with him to Egypt in order to scientifically study the country's culture and history, but at the same time was struck by romantic "orientalism". "I was full

4053:

Many historians see Napoleon as pragmatic and a realist, at least in the early years of his rule. He was not driven by ideology and promoted capable men irrespective of their political and social background, as long as they were loyal. As an expert in military matters, he valued technical expertise

4013:

wrote in 1947, "It is impossible that two historians, especially two historians living in different periods, should see any historical personality in the same light." There is no dispute that Napoleon was ambitious, although commentators disagree on whether his ambition was mostly for his own power

3696:

In November 1818, the allies announced that Napoleon would remain a prisoner on Saint Helena for life. When he learnt the news, he became depressed and more isolated, spending longer periods in his rooms which further undermined his health. A number of his entourage also left Saint Helena including

3310:

Napoleon appointed a government and introduced constitutional changes which were approved by plebiscite in May. A Chamber of Representatives was also indirectly elected that month on a highly restrictive property franchise. Napoleon's priority was to raise an army to face the coalition, but the law

2891:

The marriage was formalized in a civil ceremony on 1 April and a religious service at the Louvre on the following day. The marriage to Marie Louise was widely seen as a shift in French policy towards stronger ties with Austria and away from the already strained relationship with Russia. On 20 March

2700:

By then, there were 120,000 French troops garrisoned in the peninsula and widespread Spanish opposition to the occupation and the overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons. On 2 May, an uprising against the French broke out in Madrid and spread throughout Spain in the following weeks. In the face of brutal

1955:

Historians have variously described Bonaparte's new regime as "dictatorship by plebiscite," "absolutist rule decked out in the spirit of the age," and "soft despotism." Local and regional administration was reformed to concentrate power in the central government, censorship was introduced, and most

1856:

Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return from Egypt with his army to ward off a possible invasion of France, but these messages never arrived. By the time that he reached Paris in October, France's situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic, however,

1327:

in July 1794, Bonaparte's association with leading Jacobins made him politically suspect to the new regime. He was arrested on 9 August but released two weeks later. He was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions as part of France's war with Austria and, in March 1795, he took part in an

1080:

The dominant influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, whose firm discipline restrained a rambunctious child. Later in life, Napoleon said, "The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother." Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities

4493:

Critics also cite Napoleon's exploitation of conquered territories. To finance his wars, Napoleon increased taxes and levies of troops from annexed territories and satellite states. He also introduced discriminatory tariff policies which promoted French trade at the expense of allies and satellite

3149:

Meanwhile, Napoleon was in Fontainebleau with an army of 40,000 to 60,000. He contemplated a march on Paris but, on 4 April, his senior commanders persuaded him to abdicate in favour of his son, with Marie Louise as regent. Tsar Alexander, however, demanded an unconditional abdication and Napoleon

2552:

decided on war with France. Prussia and Russia signed a new military alliance creating the fourth coalition against France. Prussia, however, committed a strategic blunder by declaring war when French troops were still in southern Germany and months before sufficient Russian troops could reach the

2344:

Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, Napoleon abandoned his invasion of England and sought to destroy the isolated Austrian armies in Southern Germany before their Russian ally could arrive in force. On 25 September, 200,000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of

1192:

and joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and his aspirations to secede. He was given command over a battalion of Corsican volunteers and promoted to captain in the regular army in 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and a dispute between his volunteers and

4414:

In 1808, he founded the Imperial University, a supervisory body with control over curriculum and discipline. The following year he introduced the baccalaureate. The system was designed to produce the efficient bureaucrats, technicians, professionals and military officers that the Napoleonic state

4033:

said Napoleon saw others only as instruments and was cut off from feelings of admiration, sympathy or pity. Arthur Lévy replied that Napoleon genuinely loved Joséphine and often showed humanity and compassion to his enemies or those who had let him down. He had the normal middle class virtues and

3749:

Napoleon's health continued to worsen, and in March 1821 he was confined to bed. In April he wrote two wills declaring that he had been murdered by the British, that the Bourbons would fall and that his son would rule France. He left his fortune to 97 legatees and asked to be buried by the Seine.

3443:

Napoleon insisted on imperial formality. When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women in evening gowns and gems. It was an explicit denial of the circumstances of his captivity". He formally received visitors, read, and dictated his memoirs and commentaries on

1951:

The new constitution was approved by plebiscite on 7 February 1800. The official count was over three million in favour and 1,562 against. Lucien, however, had doubled the count of the "yes" vote to give the false impression that a majority of those eligible to vote had approved the constitution.

1204:

outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French troops failed to capture Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers and the island was now controlled by Paoli's supporters. When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assembly had condemned him and his family, the Buonapartes fled to Toulon on the French

3862:

He understood the power of organized religion in social and political affairs, and later sought to use it to support his regime. His attitude to religion is often described as utilitarian. In 1800 he stated, "it was by making myself a Catholic that I won the war in the Vendée, by making myself a

4365:

called him "the greatest statesman and the ablest general of ancient or modern times". Cobban states that he showed his genius in moving troops quickly and concentrating them on strategic points. His principles were to keep his forces united, keep no weak point unguarded, seize important points

4300:

The civil code entrenched the principles of equality before the law, religious toleration, secure property rights, equal inheritance for all legitimate children, and the abolition of the vestiges of feudalism. However, it also reduced the rights of women and children and severely restricted the

4037:

Similarly, historians are divided over whether Napoleon was consistently ruthless when his power was threatened or surprisingly indulgent in some cases. Those arguing for a ruthless personality point to episodes such as his violent suppression of revolts in France and conquered territories, his

3996:

The Jews of France had been granted full civil rights in September 1791 and religious equality in 1795. The revolutionary and Napoleonic regimes abolished Jewish ghettoes in the territories they conquered. Napoleon wished to assimilate Jews into French society and convened an assembly of Jewish

3075:

The French, pursued by the Russians, withdrew from most of Poland and Prussia over the winter of 1812–13 while both sides rebuilt their forces. Sweden and Prussia declared war on France in March 1813. In April, Napoleon assumed command of an army of 200,000 troops, and defeated the coalition at

2899:

With the annexation of the Papal states (May 1809, February 1810), Holland (July 1810) and the northern coastal regions of Westphalia (August 1810), mainland France further increased its territory. Napoleon now ruled about 40% of the European population either directly or indirectly through his

2887:

Napoleon's union with Joséphine had not produced a child, and he decided to secure the dynasty and strengthen its position in Europe by a strategic marriage into one of Europe's major royal houses. In November 1809, he announced his decision to divorce Joséphine and the marriage was annulled in

2213:

The hereditary empire was confirmed by a plebiscite in June. The official result showed 3.5 million voted "yes" and 2,569 voted "no". The yes count, however, was falsely inflated by 300,000 to 500,000 votes. The turnout, at 35%, was below the figure for the previous plebiscite. Britain, Russia,

4501:

Many historians have criticized Napoleon's authoritarian rule, especially after 1807, which included censorship, the closure of independent newspapers, the bypassing of direct elections and representative government, the dismissal of judges showing independence, and the exile of critics of the

2719:

The defeats at Bailén and Vimiero convinced Napoleon that he had to take command of the Iberian campaign. Before leaving for Spain, he attempted to strengthen the alliance with Russia and obtain a commitment from Alexander that Russia would declare war on Austria if she attacked France. At the

1184:

until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, but spent long periods of leave in Corsica which fed his Corsican nationalism. In September 1789, he returned to Corsica and promoted the French revolutionary cause. Paoli returned to the island in July 1790, but he had no sympathy for

1118:

One story of Napoleon at the school is that he led junior students to victory against senior students in a snowball fight, which allegedly showed his leadership abilities. But the story was only told after Napoleon had become famous. In his later years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken

2053:

asking the French people to make "Napoleon Bonaparte" Consul for life. (It was the first time his first name was officially used by the regime.) About 3.6 million voted "yes" and 8,374 "no." Around 40-60% of eligible Frenchmen voted, the highest turnout for a plebiscite since the Revolution.

4556:

The Napoleonic legend played a key role in collective political defiance of the Bourbon restoration monarchy in 1815–1830. People from different walks of life and areas of France, particularly Napoleonic veterans, drew on the Napoleonic legacy and its connections with the ideals of the 1789

3988:

In February 1795, the National Convention proclaimed religious equality for France's Protestant churches and other religions. In April 1802, Napoleon published laws increasing state control of Calvinist congregations and Lutheran directories, with their pastors to be paid by the state. With

2036:

in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. Under the treaty, Britain agreed to withdraw from most of the colonies it had recently captured from France and her allies, and France agreed to evacuate Naples. In April, Bonaparte publicly celebrated the peace and his controversial

4502:

regime. Historians also blame Napoleon for reducing the civil rights of women, children and people of colour, and reintroducing the legal penalties of civil death and confiscation of property. His reintroduction of an hereditary monarchy and nobility remains controversial. His role in the

3236:

was unpopular. Realizing that his wife and son would not be joining him in exile, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba in the brig

1777:

was particularly brutal. Bonaparte discovered that many of the defenders were former prisoners of war, ostensibly on parole, so he ordered the garrison and some 1,500–5,000 prisoners to be executed by bayonet or drowning. Men, women, and children were robbed and murdered for three days.

1808:. On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic's future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris. The army was left in the charge of 1660:, an enemy of the British. Bonaparte assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions". The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the 2888:

January 1810. Napoleon had already commenced negotiations for the marriage of Tsar Alexander's sister Anna, but the Tsar responded that she was too young. Napoleon then turned to Austria, and a marriage to the Austrian Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was quickly agreed.

2045:

under which the Pope recognized Bonaparte's regime and the regime recognized Catholicism as the majority religion of France. In a further step towards national reconciliation (known as "fusion"), Bonaparte offered an amnesty to most émigrés who wished to return to France.

4054:

and listened to the advice of experts in other fields. However, there is a consensus that once he dominated Europe he became more intolerant of other views and surrounded himself with "yes men". Towards the end of his reign he lost his realism and ability to compromise.

4560:

Bell sees the return of Napoleon's remains to France in 1840 as an attempt by Louis-Phillipe to prop up his unpopular regime by associating it with Napoleon, and that the regime of Napoleon III was only possible due to the continued resonance of the Napoleonic legend.

2441:

Napoleon went on to say, "The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought". Frank McLynn suggests that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality, and what used to be French foreign policy became a "personal Napoleonic one".

1582:

During the campaign, Bonaparte became increasingly influential in French politics. He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and one for circulation in France. The royalists attacked him for looting Italy and warned that he might become a dictator.

1578:

through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics. Bonaparte extracted an estimated 45 million French pounds from Italy during the campaign, another 12 million pounds in precious metals and jewels, and more than 300 paintings and sculptures.

1880:

according to the revolutionary calendar), the conspirators launched a coup, and the following day, backed by grenadiers with fixed bayonets, forced the Council of Five Hundred to dissolve the Directory and appoint Bonaparte, Sieyès and Ducos provisional consuls.

4577:

In the 21st century, Napoleon appears regularly in popular fiction, drama and advertising. Napoleon and his era remain major topics of historical research with a sharp increase in historical books, articles and symposia during the bicentenary years of 1999 to

4209:

Napoleon instituted numerous reforms, many of which had a lasting influence on France, Europe and the world. He reformed the French administration, codified French law, implemented a new education system, and established the first French central bank, the

2564:, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which quickly disintegrated. 2950:

comprised around 450,000 frontline troops of which about a third were native French speakers. Napoleon called the invasion the "Second Polish War," but he refused to guarantee an independent Poland for fear of alienating his Austrian and Prussian allies.

2194:. The Duke was quickly executed after a secret military trial, even though there was no proof he had been involved in the plot. Enghien's kidnapping and execution infuriated royalists and monarchs throughout Europe, and drew a formal protest from Russia. 2794:

and invaded Bavaria. The Austrian advance, however, was disorganized and they were unable to defeat the Bavarian army before the French could concentrate their forces. Napoleon arrived from Paris on the 17th to lead the French campaign. In the following

2237:, to be crowned and anointed. He then swore an oath to defend the territory of the Republic; to respect the Concordat, freedom of worship, political and civil liberty and the sale of nationalized lands; to raise no taxes except by law; to maintain the 3334:

on 18 June. Wellington's army withstood repeated attacks by the French until, late in the afternoon, Blücher's Prussians arrived in force on Napoleon's right flank. The coalition forces broke through Napoleon's lines, inflicting a devastating defeat.

4168:

is fat, rather what we call pot-bellied, and although his leg is well shaped, it is rather clumsy ... He is very sallow, with light grey eyes, and rather thin, greasy-looking brown hair, and altogether a very nasty, priestlike-looking fellow."

2945:

In late 1811, Napoleon began planning an invasion of Russia. A Franco-Prussian alliance signed in February 1812 forced Prussia to provide 20,000 troops for the invasion and, in March, Austria agreed to provide 30,000 men. Napoleon's multinational

2101:

to retake the colony and they landed there in February 1802 with 29,000 men. Although Toussaint was captured and sent to France in July, the expedition ultimately failed due to high rates of disease and a string of defeats against rebel commander

2789:

The overthrow of the Spanish Bourbons caused alarm in Austria over Napoleon's ambitions while France's military difficulties in the Peninsular encouraged Austria to go to war. In the early morning of 10 April 1809, the Austrian army crossed the

2057:

France had regained her overseas colonies under Amiens but did not control them all. The French National Convention had voted to abolish slavery in February 1794, but, in May 1802, Bonaparte reintroduced it in all the recovered colonies except

2799:

he was slightly wounded in the heel but the Austrians were forced to retreat across the Danube. The French occupied Vienna on 13 May but most of the population had fled and the retreating army had destroyed all four bridges across the river.

2759:. British, Portuguese and Spanish regular forces engaged the French in a protracted series of conflicts. Meanwhile, a brutal guerrilla war engulfed much of the Spanish countryside, a conflict in which atrocities were committed by both sides. 2495:. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally". That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was formed between Napoleon and the 1269:, a leading Jacobin. He was promoted to brigadier general and put in charge of defences on the Mediterranean coast. In February 1794, he was made artillery commander of the Army of Italy and devised plans to attack the Kingdom of Sardinia. 21214: 3795:

permission to return Napoleon's remains to France. Napoleon's body was exhumed and found to be well preserved as it had been sealed in four coffins (two of metal and two of mahogany) and placed in a masonry tomb. On 15 December 1840, a

3415:. The prisoner was guarded by a garrison of 2,100 soldiers while a squadron of 10 ships continuously patrolled the waters to prevent escape. In the following years, there were rumours of escape plots, but no serious attempts were made. 2762:

Napoleon later called the Peninsular campaign, "the unlucky war ruined me." It tied up some 300,000 French troops from 1808 to 1812. By 1814, the French had been driven from the peninsula, with over 150,000 casualties in the campaign.

12443: 4243:, an advisory body of experts which could also draft laws for submission to the legislative body. Napoleon drew many of his ministers and ambassadors from the council. It was the council which undertook the codification of French law. 938:

of conquered territories, and his mixed record on civil rights. He abolished the free press, ended directly elected representative government, exiled and jailed critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies except for

4557:

Revolution. The defiance manifested itself in seditious materials, displaying the tricolour and rosettes. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations.

4021:

said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers. He could charm people when he needed to but could also publicly humiliate them and was known for his rages when his plans were frustrated. Historian McLynn sees him as a

1971:

on 14 June. The Austrians fielded about 30,000 soldiers while Bonaparte commanded 24,000 troops. The Austrians' initial attack surprised the French who were gradually driven back. Late in the afternoon, however, a full division under

1749:, preventing Bonaparte from strengthening the French position in the Mediterranean. His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings. In early 1799, he moved an army into the 4353:

was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid, and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. These methods are now referred to as essential features of Napoleonic warfare.

2567:

In the following month, the French captured 140,000 soldiers and over 2,000 cannon. Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

3095:

in October. Although coalition casualties were 54,000 men, the French lost 38,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 taken prisoner. Up to 50,000 more were lost to death, illness and desertion during the French retreat to the Rhine.

2652:

Prussia's humiliating treatment at Tilsit caused lasting resentment against France in that country. The treaty was also unpopular in Russia, putting pressure on Alexander to end the alliance with France. Nevertheless, the

943:, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, reduced the civil rights of women and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobility, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule. 3037:

river on pontoon bridges in temperatures reaching −40 °C (−40 °F). On 5 December, shortly before arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon left his disintegrating army for Paris. In the following weeks, the remnants of the

2640:

to France. In contrast, Prussia was treated harshly. It lost half its territory and population and underwent a two-year occupation costing it about 1.4 billion francs. From former Prussian territory, Napoleon created the

4584: 4128:

Many of those who met Napoleon were surprised by his unremarkable physical appearance in contrast to his significant deeds and reputation. In his youth he was consistently described as small and thin. English painter

2747:

and took command of 240,000 French troops. After a series of victories over Anglo-Spanish forces, Madrid was retaken on 4 December. Napoleon then pursued the retreating British forces who were eventually evacuated at

1995:

Bonaparte's triumph at Marengo increased his popularity and political authority. However, he still faced royalist plots and feared Jacobin influence, especially in the army. Several assassination plots, including the

4226:

to encourage civilian and military achievements. The order is still the highest decoration in France. He introduced three French constitutions culminating in the reintroduction of a hereditary monarchy and nobility.

3021:

and peasants and suffered from the intense cold, disease and lack of food and water. Around 40,000 to 50,000 troops reached Smolensk on 9 November, a loss of about 60,000 in three weeks. Napoleon also heard that an

4634: 1518:

in 1796, but Charles withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning of Bonaparte's assault. In their first encounter, Bonaparte pushed Charles back and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning the

4672: 2697:. The following month, Napoleon summoned Carlos and Fernando to Bayonne where, in May, he forced them both to relinquish their claims to the Spanish throne. Napoleon then made his brother Joseph King of Spain. 1857:

was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular. Despite the failures in Egypt, Bonaparte returned to a hero's welcome. The Directory discussed Bonaparte's desertion but was too weak to punish him.

10487: 1976:

arrived on the field and reversed the tide of the battle. The Austrian army fled leaving behind 14,000 casualties. The following day, the Austrians signed an armistice and agreed to abandon Northern Italy.

3120:

Germany. Napoleon did not accept the terms and the allies crossed the Rhine into French territory on 1 January 1814. Wellington's British forces had already crossed the Pyrenees into south-western France.

23993: 21184: 9788: 9738: 2807:. Both sides inflicted about 23,000 casualties on each other and the French were forced back. The battle was reported in European capitals as a defeat for Napoleon and damaged his aura of invincibility. 11207: 2814:(5–6 July) the Austrians were forced to retreat but the French and Austrians each suffered losses of 37,000 to 39,000 killed, wounded or captured. The French caught up with the retreating Austrians at 1793:, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. Bonaparte was alleged to have ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium to speed the retreat. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an 1738:. Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the French army's morale. 3855:

Napoleon was baptized in Ajaccio on 21 July 1771, and raised a Roman Catholic. He began to question his faith at age 13 while at Brienne. Biographers have variously described him from that time as a

4343:, and from the reforms of preceding French governments, and then developed what was already in place. He continued the Revolutionary policies of conscription and promotion based primarily on merit. 12155: 4609: 4250:

in France in 1801 and it was spread through western Europe by his armies. The new system was unpopular in some circles, so in 1812 he introduced a compromise system in the retail trade called the

21221: 18498: 4823:. When Napoleon abdicated in 1815 he named his son his successor as "Napoleon II", but the allies refused to recognize him. He was awarded the title of the Duke of Reichstadt in 1818 and died of 4038:

execution of the Duc d'Enghien and plotters against his rule, and his massacre of Turkish prisoners of war in Syria in 1799. Others point to his mild treatment of disloyal subordinates such as

1088:

to improve his French (his mother tongue was the Corsican dialect of Italian). Although he eventually became fluent in French, he spoke with a Corsican accent and his French spelling was poor.

3609:

An Act for regulating the Intercourse with the Island of Saint Helena, during the time Napoleon Buonaparté shall be detained there; and for indemnifying persons in the cases therein mentioned.

2617:, wiping out about 30% of the Russian army. The scale of their defeat convinced the Russians to make peace with the French. The two emperors began peace negotiations on 25 June at the town of 1364:

where he worked on military planning. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for refusing to serve in the Vendée campaign. He sought a transfer to

20161: 4058:

of dreams," he stated. "I saw myself founding a religion, marching into Asia, riding an elephant, a turban on my head and in my hand a new Koran that I would have composed to suit my need."

4382:

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of secondary and tertiary education in France and throughout much of Europe. He synthesized academic elements from the

4418:

Female education, in contrast, was designed to be practical and religious, based on home science, the catechism, basic literacy and numeracy, and enough science to eradicate superstition.

4297:

that revised the drafts. The code introduced a clearly written and accessible set of national laws to replace the various regional and customary law systems that had operated in France.

2483:

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, possibly by forming an alliance with the

14754: 11617: 2434:

The disaster at Austerlitz led Austria to seek an armistice. By the subsequent Treaty of Pressburg, signed on 26 December, Austria left the coalition, lost substantial territory to the

4407:

in history and geography, but opposed one in literature because it was not vocational. He also founded the military academy of Saint Cyr. He promoted the advanced centres, such as the

19860: 3950:, which further increased state control over the French Church. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially in Italy and Germany. 4366:

quickly, and seize his chance. Owen Connelly, however, states, "Napoleon's personal tactics defy analysis." He used his intuition, engaged his troops, and reacted to what developed.

2182:

In February 1804, Bonaparte's police made a series of arrests in relation to a royalist plot to kidnap or assassinate him that involved the British government, Moreau and an unnamed

12701: 2852:; and the territory of the former Archbishopric of Salzburg went to Bavaria. Austria was required to pay an indemnity of 200 million francs and its army was reduced to 150,000 men. 12975: 664: 3970:

in France. In January 1813, Napoleon pressured the pope to sign a new "Concordat of Fontainebleau" which was soon repudiated by the pontiff. The pope was not released until 1814.

1507:. The French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. At Rivoli, Austria lost 43% of its soldiers dead, wounded or taken prisoner. 1437:

The couple married on 9 March 1796 in a civil ceremony. Bonaparte now habitually styled himself "Napoleon Bonaparte" rather than using the Italian form "Napoleone di Buonaparte."

24023: 24018: 14631: 930:

for an emerging middle class, and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities. His conquests acted as a catalyst for political change and the development of

10243: 3432:

published articles insinuating the British government was trying to hasten his death. Napoleon often complained of his living conditions in letters to the island's governor,

21718: 4094:. Harold T. Parker speculated that rivalry with his older brother and bullying when he moved to France led him to develop an inferiority complex which made him domineering. 2560:. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards thus cutting the Prussians off from Berlin and the slowly approaching Russians. At the twin 3408:

in the Atlantic Ocean, 1,870 km (1,010 nmi) from the west coast of Africa. Napoleon and 27 followers arrived at Jamestown, Saint Helena, in October 1815 on board

3091:

The coalition, however, had a growing advantage in infantry, cavalry, reserves and armaments. In the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, the coalition was victorious at

1351:

region. As an infantry command, it was a demotion from artillery general and he pleaded poor health to avoid the posting. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella

5752: 4164:". He was mocked as a short-tempered small man and was nicknamed "Little Boney in a strong fit". In fact, at about 170 cm (5 ft 7 in), he was of average height. 3962:

from 1805. When he annexed Rome in May 1809, the pope excommunicated him the following month. In July, French officials arrested the pope in the Vatican and exiled him to

13422: 10354: 2214:

Sweden and the Ottoman Empire refused to recognize Napoleon's new title. Austria, however, recognized Napoleon as Emperor of the French in return for his recognition of

9861: 9806: 4361:

as a genius in the art of war, and many historians rank him as a great military commander. Wellington considered him the greatest military commander of all time, and

3776:, the disease that had killed his father. A later theory, based on high concentrations of arsenic found in samples of Napoleon's hair, held that Napoleon had died of 2049:

With Europe at peace and the economy recovering, Bonaparte became increasingly popular, both domestically and abroad. In May 1802, the Council of State recommended a

23973: 21969: 20846: 11917: 10722: 7673: 4536:

Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his regime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship and control of the

3042:, about 75,000 troops, crossed the Nieman into allied territory. Russian military losses in the campaign were up to 300,000 and total deaths were up to one million. 3029:

From Smolensk, Napoleon's army headed for Vilnius, where there was a French garrison of 20,000. In late November, under attack from all sides by Russian forces, the

2113:

As war with Britain again loomed in 1803, Bonaparte realized that his American colony of Louisiana would be difficult to defend. In need of funds, he agreed to the

24013: 10483: 2704:

In July, Joseph travelled to Madrid where he was proclaimed King of Spain on the 24th. However, following news of a French defeat by regular Spanish forces at the

12388: 12303: 4148:

lashes, gave him a most pleasing expression ... The man I saw was of short stature, just over five feet tall, rather heavy although he was only 37 years old.

21207: 10304: 2405:

in November, capturing 100,000 muskets, 500 cannons, and the intact bridges across the Danube. Napoleon then sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies. Tsar

19727: 18069: 12415: 4256:(traditional units of measurement). In December 1805, Napoleon abolished the Revolutionary calendar, with its ten-day week, which had been introduced in 1793. 2541:, a collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe. The creation of the confederation spelled the end of the 11197: 2006:

two months later, gave him a pretext to arrest about 100 suspected Jacobins and royalists, some of whom were shot and many others deported to penal colonies.

1543: 1479:

Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy. He went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia in

24078: 22262: 13252: 11237: 22048: 20101: 20891: 16067: 15022: 14700: 9784: 24073: 21123: 18213: 12145: 2106:. In May 1803, Bonaparte acknowledged defeat, and the last 8,000 French troops left the island. The former slaves proclaimed the independent republic of 21552: 13411: 4454: 2579:

issued in November 1806. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign.

20513: 19414: 19369: 19276: 19223: 19154: 19024: 18998: 18915: 18812: 18739: 1801: 1284:. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine the country's intentions towards France. 737: 58: 4222:, which regulated public worship in France. He also implemented civil and religious equality for Protestants and Jews. In May 1802, he instituted the 2755:

Napoleon never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. In April, the British sent another army to the peninsula under Arthur Wellesley, the future

24088: 23938: 21711: 14759: 20821: 14636: 5336:

There were actually three versions of the act written on 4 April 1814. The final signed version explicitly refers to "Napoleon II" as his successor.

3693:

and warned Lowe that he could die from the poor climate and lack of exercise. Lowe thought O'Meara was exaggerating and dismissed him in July 1818.

2464: 2089:

Saint-Domingue was the most profitable of the colonies – a major source of sugar, coffee and indigo – but was under the control of the former slave

20049: 17624: 11316: 3757:

but could not take communion due to his illness. He died on 5 May 1821 at age 51. His last words, variously recorded by those present, were either

3288:

on 7 March. Napoleon approached the battalion alone and called to them, "Here I am. Kill your Emperor, if you wish!" The soldiers responded with, "

2503:. It collapsed in 1807 when France and Russia formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon made no effective alliances in the Middle East. 23878: 23868: 20109: 17948: 17921: 9354: 9265: 4285:, known from 1807 as the Napoleonic Code, was implemented in March 1804. It was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of 13480: 52: 24033: 23883: 23873: 21230: 19902: 12748: 4494:

states. He institutionalized plunder: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the

2914:

Tsar Alexander saw the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Napoleon's marriage alliance with Austria and the election of the French Marshal

2708:, Joseph fled Madrid several days later. The following month, a British force landed in Portugal and, on the 21st, they defeated the French at 1096: 4773:. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America. 1598:. This left Barras and his republican allies in control again but more dependent upon Bonaparte who finalized peace terms with Austria by the 1188:

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He became a supporter of the

22964: 21962: 14313: 4113: 3103: 20248: 14387: 3885:

in 1809. His will in 1821 stated, "I die in the Apostolical Roman religion, in the bosom of which I was born, more than fifty years since."

728:

in 1785. He supported the French Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the

24048: 24003: 22309: 21704: 20044: 17619: 14653: 12986: 11859: 3989:

Napoleon's military victories, formal religious equality and civil rights for religious minorities spread to the conquered territories and

1414:. On 26 October, he was promoted to commander of the Army of the Interior, and in January 1796 he was appointed head of the Army of Italy. 23610: 20440: 20382: 20171: 18257: 15333: 12693: 10107: 2728:

and called upon Britain to cease its war against France. However, Alexander failed to provide a firm commitment to make war with Austria.

2537:

and installed his elder brother, Joseph, on the throne. He then made his younger brother, Louis, King of Holland. He also established the

1781:

Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men. 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly

24063: 24008: 17985: 15936: 15561: 15415: 13026: 12919: 7878: 5396: 5062: 4951: 4549:

in 1822, creating a legend of Napoleon as a liberal, visionary proponent of European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the

4340: 3452:

guarantee they would stay with the prisoner indefinitely. Accounts of the mistreatment led, in March 1817, to a debate in parliament and

14178: 13559: 11747: 9304: 8996: 8585: 7992: 5710: 5453: 2391:, Mack surrendered. For just 2,000 French casualties, Napoleon had captured 60,000 Austrian soldiers through his army's rapid marching. 955:

noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century and his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble family from

24083: 23537: 21368: 20871: 20228: 19567: 14121: 14021: 8055: 1899: 15864: 12023: 23988: 23983: 23898: 22146: 21592: 19994: 15884: 15744: 11326: 4776:

Napoleon's reputation is generally favourable in Poland, which is the only country in the world to evoke him in its national anthem,

4568:

in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Writers and critics of the

4370:

losing isolated territories. Peace terms were often punitive, sometimes involving regime change, which intensified the trend towards

2438:

and Bavaria, and was forced to pay an indemnity of 40 million francs. Alexander's army was granted safe passage back to Russia.

2387:. Napoleon's army, however, moved quickly and outflanked the Austrian positions. After some minor engagements that culminated in the 1924:, under which three consuls were appointed for 10 years. Real power lay with Bonaparte as First Consul, and his preferred candidates 23638: 21511: 20826: 20278: 20181: 14377: 12889: 3357:, considering an escape to the United States. However, when he found that British ships were blockading the port, he surrendered to 3143: 24058: 23903: 23893: 21955: 18448: 17529: 12954: 12943: 10239: 4490:

argue that Napoleon had insufficient regard for the lives of his soldiers and that his battle tactics led to excessive casualties.

4218:

with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the majority Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the

4018: 2756: 1491:. The Austrians launched offensives against the French to break the siege, but Bonaparte defeated every relief effort, winning the 698: 23654: 23605: 22234: 21521: 20405: 18076: 15328: 4880: 4286: 3859:, a follower of Rousseau's "natural religion" or a believer in destiny. He consistently expressed his belief in a God or creator. 3772:

Antommarchi and the British wrote separate autopsy reports, each concluding that Napoleon had died of internal bleeding caused by

2970:, making it increasingly difficult for the French to forage food for themselves and their horses. On 18 August, Napoleon captured 2602:

In the next few months, Napoleon marched against the advancing Russian armies through Poland and fought a bloody stalemate at the

1925: 1073:, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon. With Mabeuf's support, Carlo was named Corsican representative to the court of 24038: 22333: 21174: 20243: 20156: 19617: 17891: 17549: 15926: 15089: 11267: 19812: 13047: 8483: 2628:

Napoleon offered Alexander relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from

2606:

in February 1807. After a period of rest and consolidation on both sides, the war restarted in June with an initial struggle at

2446:

disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen".

21082: 20856: 20573: 18181: 15210: 9531: 4676: 3614: 3501: 1383:, knew of Bonaparte's military exploits at Toulon and made him second in command of the forces defending the convention in the 13419: 12861: 10346: 22101: 22095: 22032: 19984: 19923: 19881: 19712: 18165: 17749: 17649: 17569: 15582: 14354: 14274: 14255: 14228: 14205: 14172: 14151: 14115: 14067: 14046: 14015: 13963: 13944: 13923: 13904: 13862: 13843: 13799: 13757: 13693: 13669: 13646: 13616: 13530: 13507: 13474: 13400: 13364: 13343: 13324: 13305: 13282: 13246: 13222: 13203: 13172: 13144: 13111: 13020: 12913: 12599: 12572: 11741: 11644: 11611: 11489: 11307: 11053: 10716: 10685: 10455: 10428: 10138: 9853: 9732: 9298: 8990: 8579: 8426: 8254: 8049: 7986: 7872: 7667: 7375: 7014: 6081: 5762: 5447: 5390: 4762: 3867:

that I turned men's hearts towards me in Italy. If I were to govern a nation of Jews I would rebuild the Temple of Solomon."

3338:

Napoleon returned to Paris and found that the legislature had turned against him. Realizing that his position was untenable,

3002:, and Napoleon entered Moscow on 14 September. The following evening, the city was set on fire on the orders of its governor 2325:

To facilitate the invasion, Napoleon planned to lure the Royal Navy from the English Channel by a diversionary attack on the

2050: 1237:

Bonaparte returned to his regiment in Nice and was made captain of a coastal battery. In July 1793, he published a pamphlet,

694: 20886: 20430: 19938: 18490: 14360: 13575:

Dwyer, Philip (2008b). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars".

13370: 13117: 12605: 11504: 10461: 9802: 8260: 3131:

which induced the coalition to offer peace on the basis of France's 1791 frontiers. Napoleon, however, decided to fight on.

2299:

By September 1805, Sweden, Russia, Austria, Naples and the Ottoman Empire had joined Britain in a coalition against France.

1564: 1200:. Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged the expedition and that his regime was corrupt and incompetent, the French 1159: 368: 24053: 23908: 23888: 23780: 21777: 20347: 19764: 19657: 18581: 17454: 15101: 13549: 12963: 12239: 11925: 10420: 5548: 5071: 4362: 3453: 2098: 1391:

there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. He ordered a young cavalry officer,

796: 19637: 4506:

and decision to reinstate slavery in France's colonies in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean adversely affect his reputation.

4191: 2412: 910:

endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Europe, embodied in the

23918: 21282: 20861: 20816: 19989: 19141: 18902: 18157: 17544: 15986: 13178: 3213:, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean, 10 km (6 mi) off the Tuscan coast, where they made him 3084:. Britain formally joined the coalition in June followed by Austria in August, but the allies were again defeated in the 2202:

and approved a new constitution. The following day, Napoleon appointed 18 of his leading generals Marshals of the Empire.

1742: 35: 22867: 22258: 22164: 22083: 22064: 22023: 21685: 20362: 20316: 17182: 4846:, was also widely known to be his child, as DNA evidence has confirmed. He may have had further illegitimate offspring. 4686:

Napoleon's regime abolished remnants of feudalism in the lands he conquered and in his satellite states. He liberalized

2962:

with the aim of luring the Russians into one or two decisive battles. The Russians retreated 320 kilometres east to the

2836:

in October 1809 was harsh for Austria which lost substantial territory and over three million subjects. France received

2394:

For the French, this spectacular victory on land was soured by the decisive victory that the Royal Navy attained at the

23963: 21179: 21169: 19933: 19239: 18889: 17825: 16426: 15844: 14842: 14469: 10070:"The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon's death on St. Helena in 1821" 6478: 5704: 4663: 1615: 1434: 749: 22228: 22128: 21567: 20558: 19769: 19744: 10296: 5653: 4835: 4437: 3426:, a 40-room wooden bungalow. The location and interior of the house were damp, windswept, rat-infested and unhealthy. 2731: 24108: 24098: 24093: 23327: 23307: 23287: 22957: 20553: 19894: 19855: 19401: 19032: 18062: 18013: 17744: 17739: 17724: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17564: 17539: 17167: 15996: 13881: 13820: 13776: 13731: 13453: 13083: 12677: 12638: 11468: 11075:"Perfectionism: A Hallmark Quality of World Class Performers, or a Psychological Impediment to Athletic Development?" 6456: 5214: 4470: 3311:

did not allow conscription and he was only able to raise about 300,000 men, mostly raw recruits and national guards.

2129: 1694: 1515: 1456: 859:, which ended in the catastrophic retreat of his army that winter. In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russia in the 21506: 19602: 1697:

surrendered after token resistance, and Bonaparte captured an important naval base with the loss of only three men.

1640:

After two months of planning, Bonaparte decided that France's naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the

1487:, he knocked the Piedmontese out of the war in two weeks. The French then focused on the Austrians, laying siege to 23968: 23761: 23332: 23322: 23292: 23179: 22302: 20548: 20455: 19789: 18265: 18205: 17754: 17609: 17589: 16098: 14961: 12997: 11059: 9776: 9722: 6452: 3829: 3596: 3483: 3190: 2549: 2330: 724:

to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the

20983: 20771: 20698: 17614: 15869: 15027: 13236: 12536: 11229: 4331:

unveiled by Napoleon III in 1858. Napoleon I strengthened the town's defences to prevent British naval incursions.

3800:

was held in Paris with 700,000-1,000,000 attendees who lined the route of the funeral procession to the chapel of

3319: 3318:, into Belgium, aiming to drive a wedge between Wellington's army of 112,000 British, German and Dutch troops and 2256:. Austria saw this as a provocation because of its own territorial interests in Italy. When Napoleon incorporated 1711: 24068: 23998: 23923: 23352: 23302: 23144: 22900: 22242: 22076: 21587: 20924: 20633: 19572: 18034: 18006: 17978: 17830: 17659: 17534: 16890: 16295: 15129: 15083: 14727: 11798: 5842: 4314: 4103: 3123:

In north-eastern France, Napoleon led about 70,000 troops against a coalition army of 200,000. After a defeat at

2534: 1620: 1488: 1170: 312: 20766: 20663: 20253: 19247: 23933: 23804: 23633: 23530: 23410: 23372: 23367: 23347: 23248: 22328: 22158: 22134: 21820: 21361: 21258: 21159: 20761: 20538: 19231: 18369: 18221: 17870: 17554: 17499: 17494: 16850: 16728: 16371: 16249: 16072: 15576: 14732: 14623: 14529: 14495: 5047: 4793: 4543:

Napoleonic propaganda survived his exile to Saint Helena. Las Cases, who was with Napoleon in exile, published

4076:

in which short people adopt over-aggressive behaviour to compensate for lack of height; this inspired the term

3257: 3206: 2215: 2187: 2160: 1410:

Bonaparte's role in defeating the rebellion earned him and his family the patronage of the new government, the

1388: 1324: 20166: 17936: 13408: 4746:

was similarly sparked by Napoleonic rule. These changes contributed to the development of nationalism and the

2657:

gave Napoleon a respite from war and allowed him to return to France, which he had not seen in over 300 days.

1980:

When peace negotiations with Austria stalled, Bonaparte reopened hostilities in November. A French army under

1932:

were appointed as second and third consuls who only had an advisory role. The constitution also established a

1671:. His Egyptian expedition included a group of 167 scientists, with mathematicians, naturalists, chemists, and 23913: 23756: 23499: 23425: 23362: 23357: 23337: 23312: 23297: 23277: 23233: 23110: 23105: 22140: 21466: 21164: 19687: 19162: 19006: 18985: 18923: 18843: 18706: 18441: 18361: 18326: 17926: 17896: 16557: 15849: 15737: 15485: 15375: 15355: 14661: 13975: 11857:

Scientific education versus military training: the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte on the École Polytechnique

5083: 4908: 4804:

Napoleon married Joséphine in 1796, but the marriage produced no children. In 1806, he adopted his step-son,

4029:

There is debate over whether Napoleon was an outsider who never felt at home in France or with other people.

3670: 3557: 3238: 2435: 2003: 1921: 1909: 1603: 1451: 1446: 1197: 883:. In February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and again took control of France in what became known as the " 880: 21486: 19597: 19587: 18274: 17504: 17237: 17136: 16804: 15050: 10399:

William Roberts (1999), "Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801, and Its Consequences". in by Frank J. Coppa, ed.,

7759:

Forging Napoleon's Grande Armée: Motivation, Military Culture, and Masculinity in the French Army, 1800–1808

4240: 3705: 2278: 1681: 23978: 23704: 23342: 23317: 23238: 23164: 23115: 23100: 23095: 22950: 21572: 20876: 20563: 20460: 19951: 19928: 19873: 19759: 19702: 18589: 18521: 17916: 17654: 16829: 16577: 16492: 16204: 15916: 14749: 14671: 4545: 3445: 3354: 3339: 2561: 1826: 956: 872: 808: 538: 21481: 19868: 18671: 2548:

Napoleon's growing influence in Germany threatened the status of Prussia as a great power and in response

2409:

and Francis I decided to engage Napoleon in battle, despite reservations from some of their subordinates.

2322:

had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

1606:, France's Foreign Minister, and took command of the Army of England for the planned invasion of Britain. 24043: 24028: 23826: 23792: 23174: 23139: 23090: 22295: 21547: 21542: 20978: 20603: 20498: 20377: 20357: 20268: 20197: 20019: 19517: 19284: 18977: 18830: 18318: 16955: 16657: 16391: 16345: 16340: 16113: 16057: 15772: 15515: 14876: 14792: 14428: 5311: 5276: 4753:

The Napoleonic invasion of Spain and ousting of the Spanish Bourbon monarchy had a significant effect on

4645: 4616: 4318: 2618: 2512: 2398:

on 21 October. After Trafalgar, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by Napoleon's fleet.

2229:, on 2 December 1804. After having been anointed by the pope, Napoleon crowned himself with a replica of 2205: 1894: 1805: 1625: 1310: 1255: 951:

Napoleon's family was of Italian origin. His paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor

800: 765: 323: 22254: 21669: 21491: 21253: 20801: 20653: 19667: 19562: 18800: 16269: 14524: 4809: 4045: 1426: 337: 219: 23466: 23382: 23265: 22089: 21931: 21864: 21736: 21113: 20668: 19647: 18871: 18820: 18752: 18652: 18436: 18345: 18132: 17971: 17901: 17712: 17594: 17328: 16733: 16617: 16320: 16052: 15874: 15800: 15786: 15765: 15185: 15055: 14912: 14888: 14864: 14666: 10708: 4839: 4724: 4591: 3315: 3051: 3017:

with the loss of 4,000 to 10,000 men, Napoleon retreated towards Smolensk. The French were attacked by

2772: 2538: 2273: 2165: 1998: 1668: 1400: 1084:

In January 1779, at age 9, Napoleon moved to the French mainland and enrolled at a religious school in

860: 848: 788: 745: 330: 17: 23664: 23254: 22238: 21582: 21199: 20648: 20410: 19542: 17634: 17459: 17026: 14773: 14197:

The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire

9350: 4885: 3791:

was allegedly removed during the autopsy and sold and exhibited. In 1840, the British government gave

3077: 2810:

After six weeks of preparations, Napoleon made another attempt at crossing the Danube. In the ensuing

1929: 1546:, ending 1,100 years of Venetian independence. He authorized the French to loot treasures such as the 23943: 23523: 23494: 23475: 23456: 23223: 22170: 21886: 21832: 21354: 21128: 20713: 20445: 20288: 20143: 19946: 19509: 19385: 19308: 19186: 19170: 17795: 17464: 17257: 17036: 16980: 16930: 16809: 16562: 16542: 16386: 16335: 16310: 16239: 16219: 16138: 16039: 15793: 15141: 15015: 14900: 14801: 14717: 13973:

Glover, Richard (1967). "The French Fleet, 1807–1814; Britain's Problem; and Madison's Opportunity".

12562: 12360: 12275: 9235: 4917: 4294: 3409: 3161: 3153: 3014: 2971: 2909: 2845: 2724:

in October 1808, Napoleon and Alexander reached an agreement that recognized the Russian conquest of

2334: 2094: 1185:

Bonaparte, as he deemed his father a traitor for having deserted the cause of Corsican independence.

935: 856: 31: 23566: 23515: 22248: 21643: 21023: 20568: 20400: 20176: 19557: 17051: 16682: 16662: 16472: 16158: 15894: 15292: 12740: 5279:

formally ceded Corsica's rights, it remained un-incorporated during 1769 until it became one of the

4415:

required. It outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

3946:

When the Concordat was published on 8 April 1802, Napoleon presented another set of laws called the

2926: 2844:, and the Adriatic ports of Trieste and Fiume(Rijeka); the part of Poland annexed by Austria in the 2312:, created in August 1805. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven 2028:

totalled 2,144,480 square kilometres (827,987 square miles), doubling the size of the United States.

1865: 752:

in 1798 which served as a springboard to political power. In November 1799, Napoleon engineered the

24103: 23958: 23690: 23680: 23434: 23260: 22874: 22070: 21849: 21638: 21577: 21471: 20836: 20683: 20638: 19968: 19963: 19707: 19537: 19527: 19340: 19324: 19202: 19117: 18964: 18948: 18851: 18625: 18189: 17790: 17574: 17414: 17232: 17031: 16975: 16970: 16905: 16834: 16702: 16602: 16441: 16381: 16229: 15730: 14995: 14928: 13061: 6462: 4565: 4350: 3983: 3843: 3358: 3135: 3081: 2804: 2151: 1649: 1273: 1070: 606: 21783: 21305: 20263: 17489: 17162: 16497: 14614: 14285: 5019: 4805: 3124: 2186:

prince. On the advice of his foreign minister, Talleyrand, Napoleon ordered the kidnapping of the

1630: 1328:

expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the Royal Navy.

23928: 23055: 22973: 22343: 21978: 21921: 21727: 21537: 20688: 20643: 20352: 20233: 19910: 19732: 19356: 19263: 18931: 18747: 18690: 18605: 18310: 18149: 17840: 17509: 17363: 16935: 16855: 16743: 16612: 16597: 16532: 16527: 16300: 16234: 16128: 16011: 15060: 14381: 13103: 12669: 11299: 4770: 4707: 4403:

in professions including law, medicine, pharmacy, engineering and school teaching. He introduced

3967: 2459: 2455: 2376: 2364: 2103: 1904: 1861: 1794: 1520: 1357:, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Clary. 1340: 1155: 927: 868: 256: 20693: 20588: 19642: 17815: 17101: 17066: 16153: 13134: 11856: 4698:

of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship, legalized divorce, closed the Jewish

4553:. Napoleon remained a central figure in the romantic art and literature of the 1820s and 1830s. 3343: 2918:

as Crown Prince of Sweden as attempts to contain Russia. In December 1810, Napoleon annexed the

2833: 1809: 1730:, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the 23953: 23948: 23415: 23184: 22710: 22338: 21826: 21597: 21476: 21451: 20478: 20311: 19915: 19607: 19592: 19465: 19332: 19210: 18956: 18876: 18545: 18420: 18412: 18302: 17875: 17835: 17820: 17800: 17775: 17629: 17373: 17288: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17222: 17212: 17116: 17071: 17056: 16587: 16305: 16209: 16184: 16143: 16093: 16077: 14848: 14807: 14780: 14690: 14555: 14462: 12722: 11293: 4871: 4777: 4758: 4732: 4621: 4466: 3717: 3362: 3296:, who had boasted that he would bring Napoleon to Paris in an iron cage, also joined Napoleon. 2725: 2694: 2477: 2264:

into his empire, Austria formally protested against this violation of the Treaty of Lunéville.

2249: 1731: 1705: 1599: 1280:

in the mountains. From Ormea, it headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around

1266: 1239: 1214: 991: 987: 777: 729: 657: 419: 183: 120: 23659: 21273: 19422: 17780: 16467: 13010: 12903: 12416:""L'appel Au Soldat": Visions of the Napoleonic Legend in Popular Culture of the Belle Epoque" 10702: 7862: 7657: 6073: 5380: 4788: 4668: 4408: 2341:

instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

1989: 1219: 23201: 23149: 23121: 22700: 21982: 21947: 21936: 21648: 21607: 21436: 21426: 21315: 21018: 20332: 20283: 20218: 19749: 19632: 19622: 19500: 19495: 19393: 19348: 19101: 19048: 18866: 18856: 18795: 18785: 18780: 18537: 18393: 18041: 17579: 17479: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17283: 17172: 17096: 17086: 16920: 16860: 16789: 16622: 16572: 16507: 16502: 16179: 16006: 15889: 15535: 15463: 15453: 15156: 14978: 14586: 14195: 14162: 13636: 13553: 12558: 11731: 10369: 9288: 8980: 8569: 7976: 6004: 5692: 5437: 5297: 5284: 4977: 4515: 4442: 4336: 3979: 3604: 3491: 3353:

When Napoleon heard that Prussian troops had orders to capture him dead or alive, he fled to

3327: 3128: 2932: 2642: 2591: 2522: 2406: 1985: 1723: 1492: 1380: 1027: 919: 714: 702: 68: 19077: 16512: 16108: 14433: 14105: 14005: 13853:

Dwyer, Phillip (2015a). "Napoleon, the Revolution and the Empire". In Andress, David (ed.).

12663: 8039: 2533:

After Austerlitz, Napoleon increased his political power in Europe. In 1806, he deposed the

2306:

for an invasion of Britain. They never invaded, but the force formed the core of Napoleon's

2233:

crown. He then crowned Joséphine, who became only the second woman in French history, after

1941: 1570:

In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170

1353: 1111: 23863: 23858: 23740: 23730: 23447: 23401: 23282: 23212: 23189: 23159: 22735: 22730: 22695: 22661: 22636: 22626: 22220: 22107: 21798: 21602: 20957: 20831: 20593: 20415: 20337: 20186: 19794: 19784: 19577: 19292: 19109: 19056: 18861: 18644: 17860: 17810: 17424: 17313: 17303: 17278: 17177: 17111: 16925: 16915: 16895: 16875: 16784: 16764: 16642: 16436: 16361: 16163: 14870: 14737: 14286:"'Citizen Emperor': Political Ritual, Popular Sovereignty and the Coronation of Napoleon I" 12015: 11104:

Parker, Harold T. (1971). "The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay".

11037: 11031: 10414: 5106: 5089: 4797: 4728: 4389: 4202: 3804:. The coffin was later placed in the cupola in St Jérôme's Chapel, where it remained until 3419: 3218: 3214: 3185: 2837: 2713: 2428: 2420: 2286: 2090: 2073: 1992:

in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio.

1786: 1595: 1547: 1339:

had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. In April 1795, Bonaparte was assigned to the

1262: 1130: 1066: 1030:. Five more siblings were stillborn or did not survive infancy. Napoleon was baptized as a 792: 555: 504: 402: 20273: 19754: 19672: 18825: 18770: 17484: 16738: 16607: 16547: 16446: 16376: 14894: 11198:"Greatest cartooning coup of all time: The Brit who convinced everyone Napoleon was short" 3061: 2796: 1945: 1831:

General Bonaparte surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred during the Coup of

1652:. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East and join forces with 1344: 8: 23228: 23218: 23206: 23044: 23015: 23000: 22986: 22861: 22764: 22740: 22720: 22690: 22680: 22641: 22621: 22616: 22596: 22527: 22522: 22478: 22354: 22118: 22058: 21456: 21234: 21033: 20963: 20811: 20741: 20598: 20578: 20543: 20518: 20450: 20151: 19677: 19061: 18940: 18698: 18610: 18385: 18377: 18353: 18112: 17865: 17644: 17639: 17368: 17318: 17202: 17187: 17091: 16985: 16885: 16799: 16687: 16647: 16567: 16537: 16517: 16451: 16416: 16366: 16330: 16325: 16285: 16148: 16133: 16118: 16103: 16062: 15839: 15438: 15342: 15173: 14923: 14705: 14643: 14502: 13723: 12356: 12011: 5316: 5280: 4815:

Napoleon's marriage to Marie Louise produced one child, Napoleon Francis Joseph Charles (

4743: 4703: 4600: 4473:

who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler". He was compared to

4358: 4328: 4180: 4073: 4017:

He was an inspiring leader who could obtain the best from his soldiers and subordinates.

3788: 3698: 3116: 3069: 2974:

with the loss of 9,000 of his men, but the Russians were able to withdraw in good order.

2865: 2690: 2683: 2625:

which separated the French and Russian troops and their respective spheres of influence.

2614: 2607: 2500: 2469: 2395: 2326: 2234: 2226: 2170: 2145: 1851: 1690: 1661: 1484: 1248: 1201: 1115:

acquainted with history and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".

1065:

during the Corsican war of independence against France. After the Corsican defeat at the

923: 824: 753: 710: 521: 22885: 20718: 20673: 17106: 16401: 16396: 16244: 12951: 12940: 11600:

Archer, Christon I.; Ferris, John R.; Herwig, Holger H.; Travers, Timothy H. E. (2008).

7659:

Losing America, Conquering India: Lord Cornwallis and the Remaking of the British Empire

4761:, whom they considered the legitimate monarch. Napoleon indirectly began the process of 4246:

After several attempts by revolutionary governments, Napoleon officially introduced the

2705: 2556:

Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the

1933: 1837: 1700: 1316: 23243: 23134: 23071: 23035: 22911: 22821: 22784: 22751: 22725: 22656: 22631: 22611: 22606: 22562: 22552: 22547: 21926: 21516: 21421: 21377: 20493: 20258: 20223: 20074: 20036: 20031: 19779: 19697: 19692: 19438: 19430: 19125: 19085: 18897: 18790: 18554: 18529: 18473: 18456: 18294: 17911: 17906: 17850: 17805: 17734: 17604: 17449: 17439: 17434: 17353: 17293: 17141: 17061: 17021: 17005: 16995: 16965: 16950: 16940: 16900: 16870: 16824: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16552: 16487: 16259: 16224: 16199: 16001: 15951: 15901: 15879: 15859: 15854: 15241: 15180: 15167: 15161: 15146: 15111: 15096: 15010: 14945: 14906: 14722: 14695: 14594: 14542: 14513: 14217: 13992: 13832: 13788: 13658: 13294: 13232: 12528: 11790: 11782: 11121: 10643: 10094: 5834: 5036: 4901: 4820: 4766: 4736: 4503: 4459: 4427: 4091: 3805: 3784: 3734: 3725: 3721: 3331: 3300: 3265: 3168: 3139: 3034: 3023: 2978: 2919: 2826: 2819: 2721: 2654: 2587: 2572: 2114: 2067: 2025: 2015: 1981: 1746: 1539: 1429:, the former mistress of Barras. Josephine had been born in the French colonies in the 1375:

On 3 October, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention.

1332: 1023: 940: 907: 903: 892: 828: 804: 769: 470: 453: 385: 21869: 20841: 20658: 20420: 20293: 19850: 19804: 18141: 16697: 16627: 16592: 16582: 13934: 13608:

Napoleon and Wellington: the Battle of Waterloo and the Great commanders who fought it

13390: 11259: 10401:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

7004: 3010:, refused to negotiate a peace, and after six weeks Napoleon's army evacuated Moscow. 1757:). Bonaparte led these 13,000 French soldiers in the conquest of the coastal towns of 1472: 1124: 23853: 23076: 23005: 22685: 22646: 22601: 22572: 22567: 22557: 21990: 21903: 21628: 21416: 21070: 21003: 20993: 20973: 20079: 19377: 19316: 19300: 19093: 18173: 18027: 17994: 17262: 17227: 17197: 17157: 17131: 17121: 17076: 17046: 17000: 16945: 16865: 16814: 16794: 16779: 16769: 16748: 16692: 16652: 16477: 16411: 16406: 16264: 16194: 16047: 15966: 15961: 15399: 15201: 14966: 14918: 14858: 14831: 14813: 14768: 14599: 14455: 14442: 14350: 14305: 14270: 14251: 14224: 14201: 14168: 14147: 14141: 14111: 14063: 14042: 14011: 13996: 13959: 13940: 13919: 13900: 13893: 13877: 13858: 13839: 13816: 13795: 13772: 13753: 13741: 13727: 13716: 13711: 13699: 13689: 13683: 13679: 13665: 13642: 13612: 13526: 13503: 13470: 13449: 13396: 13386: 13360: 13339: 13320: 13301: 13278: 13242: 13218: 13199: 13168: 13140: 13107: 13079: 13016: 12909: 12853: 12673: 12655: 12634: 12628: 12595: 12568: 12520: 12435: 12380: 12295: 11794: 11737: 11607: 11464: 11303: 11074: 11049: 10712: 10681: 10451: 10424: 10134: 10099: 9728: 9294: 9257: 8986: 8575: 8479: 8422: 8250: 8045: 7982: 7868: 7663: 7371: 7010: 6484: 6474: 6077: 6066: 5826: 5758: 5700: 5443: 5386: 5324: 5262: 5254: 5053: 4934: 4714: 4393: 4323: 4215: 4176: 4160:, poised to invade. A nursery rhyme warned children that he ate naughty people; the " 4121: 3940: 3929: 3919: 3777: 3642: 3529: 3092: 3085: 3065: 3003: 2749: 2709: 2542: 2261: 2117:

with the United States, doubling the latter's size. The price was $ 15 million.

2038: 1968: 1964: 1913: 1800:

Bonaparte stayed informed of European affairs. He learned that France had suffered a

1735: 1686: 1657: 1511: 1496: 1461: 1166: 1058: 1019: 888: 864: 832: 761: 741: 725: 690: 572: 436: 288: 21696: 20628: 20327: 18617: 18517: 18464: 16718: 14820: 14744: 14333: 13810: 13606: 13272: 11173:

In the Service of the Tsar Against Napoleon: The Memoirs of Denis Davydov, 1806–1814

9523: 7000: 3935:

Seeking national reconciliation between revolutionaries and Catholics, Napoleon and

3281: 2752:

in January 1809. Napoleon left for France on 17 January, leaving Joseph in command.

2316:, artillery and cavalry reserves, and the élite Imperial Guard. By August 1805, the 1304: 1293: 1069:

in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French governor

934:. However, he is controversial due to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his 733: 640: 23820: 23735: 23546: 23271: 23169: 23049: 22995: 22894: 22847: 22775: 22651: 22517: 22203: 21562: 21557: 21401: 21391: 21325: 21290: 21138: 20998: 20791: 20786: 20776: 20508: 20435: 20372: 20342: 20114: 20084: 19979: 19682: 19532: 19457: 19194: 19178: 19133: 19069: 19040: 18835: 18714: 18597: 18562: 18104: 18055: 18048: 17785: 17669: 17469: 17308: 17207: 17192: 17041: 16990: 16910: 16819: 16774: 16723: 16637: 16522: 16431: 16421: 16315: 16254: 16016: 15406: 15386: 15313: 15300: 15273: 15134: 15076: 15000: 14836: 14711: 14648: 14576: 14571: 14563: 14329: 14297: 14090: 13984: 13584: 13497: 12838: 12512: 12427: 12372: 12287: 11774: 11113: 11041: 10089: 10081: 9247: 8414: 6466: 5818: 5249: 5153: 4941: 4864: 4754: 4252: 4223: 4219: 4130: 4078: 4039: 3947: 3792: 3686: 3007: 2999: 2915: 2811: 2782: 2675: 2303: 2238: 2183: 2125: 2082: 2066:

which were under the control of rebel generals. A French military expedition under

2033: 1890: 1559: 1553: 1504: 1500: 1411: 1395:, to seize cannons and Bonaparte deployed them in key positions. On 5 October 1795— 1384: 1231: 1007: 1003: 995: 967: 852: 836: 784: 757: 706: 623: 487: 23716: 20917: 18020: 17559: 13872:

Ellis, Geoffrey (1997a). "Religion according to Napoleon". In Aston, Nigel (ed.).

6470: 4384: 1873: 1483:

before their Austrian allies could intervene. In a series of victories during the

1091: 23128: 23020: 23010: 22671: 22537: 22512: 22496: 22209: 21653: 21633: 21501: 21411: 21406: 21310: 21295: 21063: 20851: 20528: 20523: 20488: 20238: 19842: 19837: 19739: 19662: 19552: 19522: 18881: 18757: 18482: 18428: 18229: 17664: 17599: 17584: 17474: 17358: 17348: 17323: 17298: 17126: 16960: 16482: 16290: 16214: 16189: 15941: 15829: 15753: 15151: 15045: 14988: 14983: 14940: 14882: 14684: 14676: 14604: 14581: 14424: 14344: 14095: 14078: 14057: 13464: 13426: 13415: 13354: 13164: 13097: 12958: 12947: 12589: 12254: 11863: 11601: 10675: 10445: 8244: 5232: 4265: 4153: 4030: 3990: 3323: 3134:

After a series of battles in March, the allies forced Napoleon to retreat at the

2880: 2849: 2744: 2646: 2603: 2361: 2253: 2155: 2133: 1587: 1531: 1430: 1244: 1225: 1101: 1031: 1015: 1011: 911: 589: 23766: 20708: 17931: 14537: 12229: 8409:

Engman, Max (2016). "Finland and the Napoleonic Empire". In Planert, Ute (ed.).

5544: 5433: 4831: 4570: 4498:

for a grand central museum; an example which would later be followed by others.

2984: 2355: 2308: 2241:; and to govern in the interests, wellbeing and the glory of the French people. 814: 689:, was a French military officer and statesman who rose to prominence during the 23154: 23085: 23061: 22582: 22443: 21769: 21623: 21133: 21075: 20881: 20703: 20483: 20203: 20066: 20061: 20011: 20006: 19826: 19014: 18248: 17943: 17855: 17845: 17378: 17217: 17081: 16880: 16632: 15976: 15956: 15946: 15906: 15779: 15119: 15070: 14971: 14853: 14826: 14490: 14438: 13746: 13268: 13154: 12146:"'Glory of arms and art': Napoleonic plunder and the birth of national museums" 11289: 10085: 9290:

Making Sense of Constitutional Monarchism in Post-Napoleonic France and Germany

8240: 5139: 5075: 4995: 4970: 4843: 4719: 4649: 4625: 4447: 4211: 3906: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3809: 3773: 3730: 3423: 3397: 3393: 3109: 3056: 2992: 2967: 2666: 2637: 2526: 2484: 2443: 2059: 1984:

swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory over the Austrians at

1821: 1782: 1774: 1575: 1365: 1177: 1062: 975: 844: 820: 15991: 13158: 11045: 9524:"The Congress of Vienna, the Hundred Days, and Napoleon's Exile on St. Helena" 5296:

Aside from his name, there does not appear to be a connection between him and

4524: 3146:

as head of a provisional government. On 2 April, the Senate deposed Napoleon.

2613:

On 14 June Napoleon obtained an overwhelming victory over the Russians at the

2070:

regained control of Guadeloupe and slavery was reintroduced there on 16 July.

902:

Napoleon is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history and

23847: 23685: 23485: 22542: 22468: 22433: 22398: 21300: 21147: 21118: 20988: 20806: 20583: 20425: 20321: 20213: 19774: 19717: 17419: 16123: 15981: 15911: 15500: 15065: 14309: 13703: 13588: 13522: 13093: 12857: 12659: 12524: 12439: 12384: 12299: 11202: 10069: 9261: 8418: 7366:

Regent, Frédéric (2013). "Slavery and the Colonies". In McPhee, Peter (ed.).

5830: 5010: 4706:. The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and 4247: 4197: 4140: 4087: 4026:

with a cruel streak which he often inflicted on women, children and animals.

3936: 3801: 3797: 3787:. Napoleon's heart and intestines were removed and sealed inside his coffin. 3740: 3342:. He left Paris three days later and settled at Joséphine's former palace in 3272:

On 1 March 1815, Napoleon and his followers landed on the French mainland at

3198: 2576: 2496: 2388: 2368: 2245: 2222: 2124:

as promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and his

2042: 1916:

was often used in portraits of rulers to indicate calm and stable leadership.

1676: 1634: 1535: 1392: 840: 773: 198: 20613: 15709: 14301: 12839:"Reconstruction of the Lineage Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoléon the First" 12431: 9236:"4, 6 et 11 avril 1814 : les trois actes d'abdication de Napoléon I er" 3924: 1718:

Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at

1534:, signed on 18 April, gave France control of most of northern Italy and the 23581: 23030: 22981: 22920: 22463: 22453: 22448: 22428: 22423: 22368: 22215: 22152: 21496: 21337: 21320: 21154: 21099: 21013: 20968: 20796: 20678: 20470: 19627: 19612: 19582: 15971: 15807: 15219: 14934: 13432: 10103: 8571:

The Battle of Znaim: Napoleon, the Habsburgs and the end of the War of 1809

7978:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923

6488: 5645: 4962: 4824: 4747: 4687: 4532:: the ex-emperor is riding a donkey backwards while holding a broken sword. 4482: 4474: 4069: 3959: 3813: 3769:("who retreats... at the head of the army") or "France, my son, the Army." 3632: 3519: 3405: 3252: 3225: 2938: 2473: 2468:

The Iranian envoy Mirza Mohammad-Reza Qazvini meeting with Napoleon at the

2078: 1973: 1790: 1645: 931: 896: 884: 96: 22276: 12837:

Lucotte, Gérard; Macé, Jacques & Hrechdakian, Peter (September 2013).

12376: 12291: 9252: 8482:. Vol. 15, no. 4. Cobbett's political register. pp. 91–94. 4411:, that provided both military expertise and advanced research in science. 3243:

on 26 February 1815 with about 1,000 men and a flotilla of seven vessels.

2848:

in 1795, known at the time as West Galicia, was given to the Polish-ruled

978:. After their defeat, he eventually became the island's representative to 23571: 23195: 22856: 22836: 22532: 22506: 22458: 22413: 22403: 22388: 22378: 22197: 22181: 22044: 22012: 21461: 21263: 21008: 20866: 20756: 20533: 20503: 19652: 18972: 18765: 17759: 17729: 17717: 17674: 17429: 15649: 15288: 15124: 14547: 14409: 11505:"Outlines of the evolution of weights and measures and the metric system" 5754:

The Child and Childhood in Folk Thought: (The Child in Primitive Culture)

4991: 4966: 4816: 4691: 4596: 4574:

exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

4519: 4478: 4083: 4010: 3817: 3496:

An Act for the more effectually detaining in Custody Napoleon Buonaparté.

3433: 3233: 2893: 2791: 2595: 2230: 1869: 1832: 1653: 1376: 1336: 914:. He established a system of public education, abolished the vestiges of 899:

in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51.

791:

by 1805. Napoleon shattered the coalition with a decisive victory at the

683: 301: 89: 21803: 21106: 14059:

The War of Wars: The Epic Struggle Between Britain and France, 1789-1815

8291: 4068:

Various psychologists have attempted to explain Napoleon's personality.

1860:

Bonaparte formed an alliance with Talleyrand and leading members of the

1403:—he fired on the rebels with canister rounds (later called: "a whiff of 23504: 22810: 22789: 22591: 22501: 22483: 22408: 22393: 22373: 22006: 21229: 20912: 20751: 20367: 19722: 18197: 17444: 14137: 12532: 12500: 6033: 4537: 4282: 4275: 4023: 3834: 3754: 3697:

Las Cases in December 1816, General Gaspard Gourgaud in March 1818 and

3376: 3293: 3273: 2829:

but lost 4,000 men, mainly to illness, before withdrawing in December.

2803:

On 21 May, the French attempted to cross the Danube, precipitating the

2689:

In March 1808, a palace coup led to the abdication of the Spanish king

2063: 1719: 1641: 1594:

that purged royalists from the legislative councils on 4 September—the

1387:. Bonaparte had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard during the 1361: 1077:

and Napoleon obtained a royal bursary to a military academy in France.

22942: 20619: 11786: 11762: 11125: 6009: 5838: 5806: 4116:, the regiment that often served as his personal escort, with a large 3404:

Napoleon was held in British custody and transferred to the island of

1002:, where Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769. He had an elder brother, 851:, in which Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after winning the 23545: 22804: 22794: 22715: 22438: 22418: 22287: 22000: 20746: 20392: 20303: 19886: 19255: 15663: 12150: 10371:

Memoirs of the Life, Exile, and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon

4371: 3998: 3928:

Leaders of the Catholic Church taking the civil oath required by the

3838:

Reorganisation of the religious geography: France is divided into 59

3690: 3619: 3506: 3428: 2959: 2860: 2701:

French repression, the uprising developed into a sustained conflict.

2629: 2488: 2020: 1762: 1745:

captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the

1404: 1372:. The request was eventually granted, but he never took up the post. 1369: 1298: 1154:

Bonaparte, aged 23, as lieutenant-colonel of a battalion of Corsican

1074: 979: 915: 748:, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. He led an 17963: 14419: 12516: 12469: 12361:"Memory and Political Imagination: The Legend of Napoleon Revisited" 8732: 8574:. Austria, February 1809: The Die is Cast for War. Greenhill Books. 8459: 8327: 8267: 4765:

when the power vacuum was filled by local political leaders such as

3099: 1348: 1261:

Toulon brought Bonaparte to the attention of powerful men including

23994:

French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars

22799: 22705: 22487: 22363: 21346: 21094: 21089: 21028: 20907: 13988: 12259: 12234: 12050: 11778: 11117: 8041:

Napoleon and Berlin: The Franco-Prussian War in North Germany, 1813

5822: 5497: 5495: 4161: 4108: 3993:, although their implementation varied with the local authorities. 3901: 3322:'s force of 130,000 Prussians and Saxons. After engagements at the 3285: 3277: 3018: 2841: 2671: 2633: 2348: 1937: 1602:. Bonaparte returned to Paris on 5 December 1797 as a hero. He met 1480: 1189: 962: 18091: 15722: 14414: 10484:"Napoleon and the Pope: From the Concordat to the Excommunication" 7864:

The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Time to the Present Day

5468: 4270: 4112:

Napoleon is often represented in his green colonel uniform of the

3142:

to capitulate on 31 March. The following day, the allies accepted

2777: 2571:

Following his triumph, Napoleon imposed the first elements of the

2338: 22383: 21741: 7241: 7239: 5023: 4172: 4117: 3839: 3437: 3280:

through the foothills of the Alps, taking the route now known as

2963: 1754: 1750: 1672: 1181: 999: 971: 952: 721: 166: 13874:

Religious change in Europe, 1650-1914: essays for John McManners

10148: 10036: 10034: 5492: 4564:

Venita Datta argues that following the collapse of militaristic

4239:

An enduring reform was the foundation, in December 1799, of the

3292:" and joined Napoleon's men. Six days later, 5,000 troops under 2329:. However, the plan unravelled after the British victory at the 1165:

Upon graduating in September 1785, Bonaparte was commissioned a

1081:

to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time.

13834:

The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon

12276:"Propaganda and the Legitimation of Power in Napoleonic France" 11392: 11078: 7052: 7050: 5807:"The Formation of Napoleon's Personality: An Exploratory Essay" 4699: 4495: 4157: 3963: 3897: 3863:

Moslem that I established myself in Egypt, by making myself an

3665: 3552: 3347: 3304: 2815: 2736: 2582: 2402: 2384: 1727: 1527:, about 100 km from Vienna, the Austrians sued for peace. 1524: 1281: 1150: 21977: 20162:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

14386:(in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Henri Javal. pp. 10–12. 12630:

Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy

10903: 9955: 9821: 8187: 8185: 7236: 5507: 1940:

which were selected from indirectly elected candidates, and a

875:

in April 1814. They exiled him to the Mediterranean island of

20096: 12905:

Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803

12089: 11175:. Translation by Gregory Troubetzkoy. Greenhill Books. p. 64. 10184: 10172: 10031: 8864: 8351: 6904: 4695: 4346: 3893: 3889: 3856: 2955: 2622: 2557: 2313: 2257: 2191: 2121: 2107: 1770: 1766: 1758: 1277: 1085: 11138:

The Fortnightly, Volume 114. Chapman and Hall, 1923. p. 836.

10804: 10758: 10756: 10556: 10534: 10532: 10383: 10381: 9943: 8098: 7493: 7404:

White Fury: A Jamaican Slaveholder and the Age of Revolution

7047: 6945: 6222: 5382:

The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture

5203: 4399:

He retained the revolutionary higher education system, with

3105:

Napoleon after his abdication in Fontainebleau, 4 April 1814

2120:

The peace with Britain was uneasy. Britain did not evacuate

15602: 14447: 13136:

Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents

12760: 12758: 12185: 12175: 12173: 11540: 11538: 11368: 10502: 9745: 9353:. Bulletin des lois de la Republique Française. July 1814. 8182: 5197: 5191: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5159: 4529: 4450:, showing Spanish resisters being executed by French troops 4357:

Napoleon was regarded by the influential military theorist

4196:

First remittance of the Legion of Honour, 15 July 1804, at

4062: 3210: 1571: 1095:

Statue of Bonaparte as a schoolboy in Brienne, aged 15, by

876: 20136: 14219:

The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry

13437:

Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution

12255:"Napoleon's incendiary legacy divides France 200 years on" 11967: 11153: 9885: 9883: 8888: 7827: 7457: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6764: 5722: 5720: 3448:

for a few months but gave up as he was poor at languages.

2379:

had gathered most of the Austrian army at the fortress of

895:

in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of

19976: 12770: 12209: 12113: 12067: 12065: 11955: 11599: 11550: 11477: 10999: 10975: 10939: 10840: 10780: 10753: 10655: 10631: 10619: 10580: 10529: 10378: 10316: 10314: 10267: 10265: 10250: 10208: 9931: 9757: 9678: 9143: 9023: 8768: 8708: 8498: 8392: 8390: 8086: 7717: 7715: 6882: 6880: 6867: 6865: 6863: 5917: 5416: 5414: 3314:

On 12 June, Napoleon led about 124,000 men, known as the

2621:

during a meeting on a raft floating in the middle of the

2506: 2380: 1523:

in March 1797. Alarmed by the French thrust that reached

1514:. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by 1331:

From 1794, Bonaparte was in a romantic relationship with

30:"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. For other uses, see 12755: 12395: 12170: 12101: 11897: 11825: 11699: 11675: 11562: 11535: 11440: 11416: 11404: 11380: 11356: 11141: 10951: 10893: 10891: 10828: 10741: 10609: 10607: 10568: 10160: 10046: 9979: 9035: 9011: 8936: 8924: 8840: 8816: 8804: 8792: 8780: 8756: 8720: 8684: 8672: 8660: 8648: 8612: 8549: 8363: 8315: 8279: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8170: 8110: 8062: 8019: 7893: 7839: 6848: 6812: 6495: 6306: 4293:. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the 4179:

gesture—a reference to the painting produced in 1812 by

3685:

In mid-1817, Napoleon's health worsened. His physician,

3158:

Napoleon's farewell to his Imperial Guard, 20 April 1814

2977:

The Russians, now commanded by Kutuzov, made a stand at

2302:

In 1803 and 1804, Napoleon had assembled a force around

847:. In 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the 12480: 12450: 11651: 10768: 10368:

Cases, Emmanuel-Auguste-Dieudonné comte de Las (1855).

9919: 9880: 9833: 9803:"A Journey to St. Helena, Home of Napoleon's Last Days" 9702: 9690: 7445: 7433: 7409: 6928: 5717: 5480: 4812:(1789–1860), and arranged dynastic marriages for them. 2517: 24024:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

24019:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint James of the Sword

13196:

Napoleon: The Decline and Fall of an Empire, 1811-1821

12836: 12806: 12782: 12062: 12038: 11979: 11711: 11663: 11511: 11344: 11332: 11178: 11085: 10987: 10927: 10876: 10864: 10792: 10326: 10311: 10262: 10220: 8912: 8876: 8852: 8537: 8525: 8447: 8387: 7956: 7712: 7122: 6877: 6860: 5660: 5411: 5379:

Broers, M.; Hicks, P.; Guimera, A. (10 October 2012).

3761:("France, the army, head of the army, Joséphine"), or 1988:

in December. The Austrians capitulated and signed the

760:, and became First Consul of the Republic. He won the 732:

in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris on

21726: 12310: 12197: 12125: 12077: 11932: 11873: 11837: 11813: 11687: 11574: 11523: 11428: 10915: 10888: 10852: 10604: 10196: 9991: 9967: 9331: 9047: 8960: 8900: 8744: 8696: 8600: 8435: 8375: 8339: 8303: 8158: 8146: 8007: 7932: 7905: 7700: 7688: 6639: 6507: 5857: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5215: 5194: 5180: 5156: 4657: 4156:, the British press depicted Napoleon as a dangerous 3997:

notables in 1806 to that end. In 1807, he summoned a

2032:

After a decade of war, France and Britain signed the

1360:

In August, he obtained a position with the Bureau of

1061:

ceded Corsica to France. His father fought alongside

906:

are still studied at military schools worldwide. His

20892:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

13932: 13916:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803-1815

13336:

Napoleon: Passion, Death and Resurrection, 1815-1840

12794: 12334: 12322: 12010: 11632: 10816: 10277: 9907: 9868: 8738: 8465: 8333: 8297: 8273: 5783: 5474: 5206: 5200: 5188: 5171: 5165: 4528:

1814 English caricature of Napoleon being exiled to

4339:, Napoleon borrowed from previous theorists such as 3704:

In September 1819, two priests and a new physician,

3026:

by General Malet in Paris had only narrowly failed.

2892:

1811, Marie Louise gave birth to the heir apparent,

1407:"). About 300 to 1,400 rebels died in the uprising. 1347:—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in the 1272:

The French army carried out Bonaparte's plan in the

1196:

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in the failed

1129:

In September he was examined by the famed scientist

780:

Emperor of the French, further expanding his power.

21124:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

18214:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

14373:

advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era

13936:

The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire

12567:. Internet Archive. McGraw-Hill. pp. 428–429. 11999:

Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803–1815

11190: 10963: 10729: 10592: 10544: 9369: 8037: 7251: 6740: 5893: 5348: 5185: 5162: 3701:, who was possibly Napoleon's lover, in July 1819. 1948:which were effectively nominated by the executive. 1734:on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the 1667:In May 1798, Bonaparte was elected a member of the 1254:In September, with the help of his fellow Corsican 1133:and became the first Corsican to graduate from the 863:, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated at the 682:; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his 14216: 13892: 13831: 13790:Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns 13787: 13745: 13715: 13657: 13293: 11606:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 380–404. 8515: 8513: 7187: 7185: 6651: 6555: 6065: 5519: 5378: 5283:in 1770. Corsica would be legally integrated as a 4757:. Many local elites sought to rule in the name of 2678:, Napoleon's brother, as King of Spain (1808–1813) 1251:which was now heavily influenced by the Jacobins. 1110:In May, he transferred to the military academy at 59:The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries 21336:Several family members held additional titles in 14346:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 14248:Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 8982:Command Failure in War: Psychology and Leadership 7202: 7200: 5360: 4469:who laid the foundations of modern Europe" or "a 3284:. The 5th Regiment intercepted him just south of 2954:On 24 June, Napoleon's troops began crossing the 2221:Napoleon's coronation, with the participation of 1876:to overthrow the government. On 9 November 1799 ( 23974:French military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars 23845: 21553:Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20050:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 11507:. London: The Macmillan Company. pp. 66–69. 11488:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFO'Connor2003 ( 11463:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 191. 10519: 10517: 10450:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–262. 10447:Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1830 3958:Napoleon progressively occupied and annexed the 3783:Napoleon was buried with military honors in the 3418:Napoleon stayed for two months at a pavilion in 3209:of 11 April 1814, the allies exiled Napoleon to 1122:In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to the 24014:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 17922:England expects that every man will do his duty 14335:Napoleon, from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799-1807 14076: 13769:A History of Modern France, Volume 2: 1799-1871 12665:Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800 10154: 10068:Lugli, Alessandro; et al. (4 March 2021). 8510: 8079: 8077: 7182: 5616: 5614: 4274:First page of the 1804 original edition of the 3167:In his farewell address to the soldiers of the 2682:After Tilsit, Napoleon turned his attention to 2177: 1574:. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 764:in 1800, which secured France's victory in the 670:Rescale the fullscreen map to see Saint Helena. 21472:Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 18092:Significant civil and political events by year 13933:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Fisher, Todd (2004). 10063: 10061: 10008: 10006: 9446: 9444: 7860: 7197: 6335: 6333: 6063: 5800: 5798: 4465:There is debate over whether Napoleon was "an 4349:replaced divisions as the largest army units, 3820:in the crypt under the dome at Les Invalides. 3812:, was completed. In 1861, during the reign of 2855: 1685:in 1809. En route to Egypt, Bonaparte reached 1648:and thereby undermine Britain's access to its 1542:with Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and 1510:The French then invaded the heartlands of the 922:and other religious minorities, abolished the 717:from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. 23531: 22958: 22303: 21963: 21712: 21538:Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21362: 21215: 17979: 15738: 15714: 14463: 12892:(decreed on the 13th, proclaimed on the 15th) 12633:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 264ff. 12470:"H-Net announcements 2004-08-12 - 2004-08-17" 11733:Napoleon: Conquest, Reform and Reorganisation 10704:Soldiers And Warriors: An Illustrated History 10514: 10067: 5134: 5132: 3966:. In 1812 the pontiff was transferred to the 3444:military campaigns. He studied English under 3436:, while his attendants complained of "colds, 3229:and locked himself in his room for two days. 3045: 2766: 2645:, ruled by his young brother Jérôme, and the 2267: 1963:The French confronted an Austrian army under 1644:He decided on a military expedition to seize 1038:. In his youth, his name was also spelled as 24079:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 21634:Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark 21145: 21104: 21080: 21061: 20045:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 15224: 13855:The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution 13541: 13317:Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power 1799-1815 12908:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 276. 12729:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, pp. 402–403. 12355: 11729: 11483: 10700: 10416:Religion and revolution in France, 1780-1804 8828: 8074: 5611: 4842:(1810–1868), the son of his Polish mistress 4830:Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: 4305:basic principles of the French Revolution." 3738: 3400:, Saint Helena, site of Napoleon's captivity 3340:he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son 2660: 2353: 2317: 2009: 812: 701:from 1796 to 1815. He was the leader of the 196: 18732: 15562:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 14079:"The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?" 14077:Hindmarsh, J. Thomas; Savory, John (2008). 12871: 12499:Lobingier, Charles Sumner (December 1918). 11502: 10122: 10058: 10003: 9727:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 272. 9441: 8413:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 227–238. 8246:How Far From Austerlitz? Napoleon 1805–1815 8044:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 9. 7856: 7854: 6330: 5795: 5750: 5063:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 4341:Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert 4061:Napoleon was superstitious. He believed in 2449: 1675:among them. Their discoveries included the 1119:Corsican nationalist and admirer of Paoli. 24074:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences 23538: 23524: 22965: 22951: 22310: 22296: 21970: 21956: 21719: 21705: 21563:Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon 21369: 21355: 21222: 21208: 20249:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 17986: 17972: 15745: 15731: 15280:Provisional Consul of the French Republic 14470: 14456: 14376: 13815:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13548: 13231: 12351: 12349: 12252: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11503:Hallock, William; Wade, Herbert T (1906). 11322: 11159: 11147: 8978: 7974: 7922: 7920: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5323:. He is less realistically portrayed on a 5129: 3953: 3127:, the French won a series of victories in 1741:On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under 1276:in April 1794, and then advanced to seize 51: 27:Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815) 23611:Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance 21487:Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland 21452:Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano 20514:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 20172:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 19995:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 14342: 14094: 14039:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 14007:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe 13829: 13385: 12498: 11643:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFlynn2001 ( 11496: 10093: 9684: 9251: 8478:Hope, John; Baird, D. (28 January 1809). 8477: 7655: 6910: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6228: 3973: 3232:Napoleon understood that the French king 3195:Napoleon leaving Elba on 26 February 1815 1920:On 15 December, Bonaparte introduced the 1440: 1425:Bonaparte was romantically involved with 24089:People of the War of the First Coalition 23939:French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars 22036:Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte 21593:Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta 20946: 18230:Nationalization of the Church properties 14328: 13785: 13740: 13710: 13678: 13558:. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. 13516: 13212: 13132: 12626: 11973: 11915: 11760: 11374: 10649: 9949: 9149: 8985:. Indiana University Press. p. 48. 8726: 8690: 8666: 8642: 8630: 8519: 8104: 7981:. Harvard University Press. p. 12. 7851: 7845: 7745: 7733: 7595: 7547: 7523: 7499: 7451: 7427: 7390: 7341: 7329: 7293: 7269: 7245: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7191: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7068: 7041: 7029: 6987: 6951: 6939: 6854: 6818: 6597: 6513: 6438: 6402: 6375: 6276: 6216: 6168: 6108: 6051: 6027: 5965: 5959: 5947: 5935: 5923: 5875: 5738: 5678: 5599: 5581: 4787: 4667: 4523: 4509: 4453: 4436: 4421: 4322: 4269: 4190: 4107: 4044: 4019:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 3923: 3833: 3759:France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine 3729: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3330:, Napoleon confronted Wellington at the 3256: 3189: 3152: 3098: 3055: 2983: 2925: 2859: 2776: 2730: 2670: 2581: 2516: 2463: 2411: 2347: 2277: 2204: 2159: 2072: 2019: 1898: 1825: 1699: 1619: 1552: 1450: 1297: 1218: 1149: 1090: 961: 887:". His opponents responded by forming a 699:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 22972: 21175:Historiography of the French Revolution 20446:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 20157:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 14264: 14245: 14103: 13913: 13771:(2nd ed.). London: Penguin Books. 13604: 13495: 13352: 13073: 13066: 13048:Traité de Fontainebleau, 11 avril 1814. 12346: 12273: 12221: 12056: 11891: 11669: 11657: 11586: 11260:"Was Napoleon Short? | Britannica" 11184: 10673: 10661: 10586: 10344: 10246:from the original on 19 September 2011. 9864:from the original on 18 September 2016. 9720: 9286: 9197: 9113: 8894: 8191: 7917: 7439: 7415: 6770: 6501: 6450: 6426: 6414: 6386: 6384: 6264: 6039: 6015: 6000: 5989: 5863: 5684: 5666: 5536: 4819:) (1811–1832), known from birth as the 4713:Napoleon reorganized what had been the 4458:A mass grave of soldiers killed at the 4114:Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard 4097: 3466:Custody of Napoleon Buonaparte Act 1816 3383:, watercolour by Franz Josef Sandmann, 3346:. By 28 June, the Prussian army was at 2209:Napoleon's throne room at Fontainebleau 1689:on 9 June 1798, then controlled by the 243: 133:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 14: 23879:19th-century French military personnel 23869:18th-century French military personnel 23846: 23639:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 22317: 21639:Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt 21558:Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21543:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 21402:Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano 20182:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 20137:Other significant figures and factions 16068:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 15323:12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 15283:11 November – 12 December 1799 14701:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 14283: 14193: 14160: 14055: 13972: 13871: 13852: 13808: 13766: 13655: 13577:French Politics, Culture & Society 13574: 13443: 13291: 13267: 13193: 13153: 13008: 12987:Statut constitutionnel du 17 mars 1805 12901: 12877: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12800: 12788: 12776: 12727:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 12587: 12557: 12215: 12203: 12191: 12179: 12143: 12131: 12119: 12107: 12095: 12083: 12071: 12044: 11985: 11961: 11950: 11903: 11879: 11843: 11831: 11819: 11705: 11693: 11681: 11580: 11568: 11556: 11544: 11529: 11517: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11422: 11410: 11398: 11386: 11362: 11338: 11288: 11103: 11091: 11081:: Meyer & Meyer. pp. 178–211. 11005: 10981: 10957: 10945: 10933: 10921: 10909: 10897: 10882: 10870: 10858: 10846: 10834: 10798: 10786: 10762: 10747: 10637: 10625: 10613: 10574: 10538: 10523: 10508: 10387: 10347:"Napoléon et l'islam, l'anti-croisade" 10332: 10320: 10271: 10256: 10226: 10214: 10128: 10012: 9901: 9895: 9791:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9741:from the original on 27 February 2024. 9660: 9624: 9600: 9588: 9564: 9552: 9510: 9498: 9486: 9474: 9450: 9423: 9399: 9387: 9209: 9173: 9125: 9077: 9065: 8954: 8918: 8882: 8858: 8834: 8714: 8531: 8453: 8408: 8396: 8263:from the original on 25 February 2018. 8140: 8128: 8058:from the original on 18 November 2016. 8013: 7962: 7950: 7911: 7833: 7782: 7770: 7721: 7706: 7571: 7565: 7511: 7475: 7463: 7365: 7281: 7140: 7128: 6975: 6963: 6922: 6898: 6886: 6842: 6830: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6758: 6734: 6723: 6717: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6609: 6585: 6573: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6390: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6324: 6312: 6300: 6288: 6252: 6240: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6096: 5983: 5971: 5911: 5887: 5804: 5789: 5726: 5690: 5656:from the original on 28 November 2017. 5632: 5620: 5605: 5593: 5569: 5513: 5501: 5420: 5354: 5319:and in Jacques-Louis David's imperial 4739:that opposed the French intervention. 4723:, into a more streamlined forty-state 4677:United States House of Representatives 4171:He is often portrayed wearing a large 4143:considered him average in appearance: 3892:in translation and had an interest in 3579:Intercourse with Saint Helena Act 1816 3144:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 2507:War of the Fourth Coalition and Tilsit 2002:(Dagger plot) in October 1800 and the 1679:, and their work was published in the 1609: 819:into Eastern Europe, and defeated the 24034:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain 23884:19th-century heads of state of France 23874:18th-century heads of state of France 23519: 22946: 22291: 21951: 21700: 21350: 21203: 21050: 20945: 20229:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 20135: 19985:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 19924:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 19882:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 19485: 18731: 18362:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 18090: 17993: 17967: 17750:Spanish American wars of independence 15726: 15713: 15223: 14451: 14434:Daily tracking of Napoleon's location 14214: 14136: 13953: 13634: 13550:Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de 13462: 13431: 13333: 13314: 13181:from the original on 27 February 2024 12998:Die Rheinbunds-Akte. – 1806, Juli 12. 12764: 12751:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12738: 12653: 12591:Germany, 1871-1945: A Concise History 12539:from the original on 10 February 2023 12446:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12413: 12391:from the original on 7 December 2023. 12316: 12306:from the original on 7 December 2023. 11750:from the original on 18 October 2015. 11638: 11461:An Encyclopaedia of Napoleon's Europe 11270:from the original on 1 September 2022 11029: 11017: 10735: 10725:from the original on 7 December 2023. 10443: 10412: 10367: 10357:from the original on 2 December 2023. 10307:from the original on 21 January 2018. 10283: 10202: 10190: 10178: 10166: 10110:from the original on 27 February 2024 10052: 10040: 9997: 9985: 9973: 9961: 9937: 9925: 9913: 9889: 9874: 9839: 9827: 9763: 9751: 9708: 9696: 9672: 9648: 9636: 9612: 9576: 9534:from the original on 7 September 2023 9462: 9435: 9411: 9357:from the original on 22 December 2011 9337: 9325: 9221: 9185: 9161: 9137: 9101: 9089: 9053: 9041: 9029: 9017: 8979:Langer, Philip; Pois, Robert (2004). 8966: 8942: 8930: 8906: 8870: 8846: 8822: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8774: 8762: 8750: 8702: 8678: 8654: 8618: 8606: 8555: 8504: 8441: 8381: 8369: 8357: 8345: 8321: 8309: 8285: 8239: 8227: 8215: 8203: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8116: 8092: 8068: 8025: 7938: 7926: 7899: 7867:. Taylor & Francis. p. 133. 7809:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars 7694: 7676:from the original on 27 February 2024 7643: 7631: 7619: 7607: 7583: 7559: 7535: 7487: 7353: 7317: 7305: 7257: 7056: 6999: 6746: 5899: 5845:from the original on 25 February 2018 5771:from the original on 27 February 2024 5442:. Yale University Press. p. 98. 5432: 5372: 5261: 5248: 5231: 4735:in 1871, as it sparked a new wave of 2903: 2818:on 10 July, and the latter signed an 1795:Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir 1247:), demonstrating his support for the 1057:Napoleon was born one year after the 736:in 1795. In 1796, Napoleon commanded 272: 23781:Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano 22931:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 21376: 20383:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 19795:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 19486: 18582:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 15320:First Consul of the French Republic 15206: 14390:from the original on 7 December 2023 14363:from the original on 7 December 2023 14181:from the original on 7 December 2023 14124:from the original on 7 December 2023 14036: 14024:from the original on 2 December 2023 14003: 13627: 13595: 13562:from the original on 2 December 2023 13483:from the original on 5 December 2023 13373:from the original on 2 December 2023 13255:from the original on 2 December 2023 13120:from the original on 7 December 2023 13092: 13029:from the original on 2 December 2023 12964:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 12922:from the original on 2 December 2023 12608:from the original on 7 December 2023 12486: 12456: 12401: 12340: 12328: 12227: 12158:from the original on 9 November 2023 11938: 11801:from the original on 3 December 2017 11717: 11620:from the original on 7 December 2023 11350: 11072: 10993: 10969: 10822: 10810: 10774: 10598: 10562: 10550: 10490:from the original on 24 January 2018 10464:from the original on 2 December 2023 10421:Catholic University of America Press 9375: 9307:from the original on 2 November 2022 9233: 8999:from the original on 2 December 2023 8588:from the original on 2 December 2023 8567: 8543: 8486:from the original on 29 October 2021 7995:from the original on 2 December 2023 7975:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (2001). 7370:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 409–12. 7368:A Companion to the French Revolution 7080: 6871: 6657: 6561: 6381: 5713:from the original on 22 August 2022. 5542: 5530: 5486: 5456:from the original on 2 December 2023 5399:from the original on 2 December 2023 5366: 4946:19 February 1803 – 29 December 1813 4808:(1781–1824), and his second cousin, 3850: 3454:Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland 3440:, damp floors and poor provisions". 2735:Napoleon accepting the surrender of 2487:. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor 2417:Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz 2244:On 26 May, Napoleon crowned himself 1145: 1006:, and, later, six younger siblings: 797:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 235: 24049:Marshals of the First French Empire 24004:Generals of the First French Empire 22279:from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II 21568:Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France 21548:Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli 21467:Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli 21259:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 21051: 19990:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 17735:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 15752: 15687:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15411:19 February 1803 – 19 October 1813 15407:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 13857:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12242:from the original on 20 April 2010. 12026:from the original on 24 August 2019 11763:"Science, Education and Napoleon I" 9781:The Spirit of the English Magazines 5250:[napoleˈoːnediˌbwɔnaˈparte] 4942:Mediator of the Swiss Confederation 4872:First Consul of the French Republic 3904:("a great man") against Voltaire's 1884: 121:First Consul of the French Republic 36:Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation) 24: 24064:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime 24009:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz 22031: 22027:Coat of arms of the House of Capet 22022: 21180:Influence of the French Revolution 21170:Symbolism in the French Revolution 19934:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 19895:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 18150:Convocation of the Estates General 15362:President of the Italian Republic 14843:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 14239: 12867:from the original on 6 April 2014. 8739:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8466:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8334:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8298:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 8274:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 7406:, Oxford University Press, p. 182. 6444: 6068:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion 5551:from the original on 20 April 2010 5475:Fremont-Barnes & Fisher (2004) 5439:The Spanish Inquisition: A History 4675:of Napoleon in the chamber of the 4664:Influence of the French Revolution 4658:Long-term influence outside France 4259: 1815: 1616:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1565:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 1208: 1160:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux 25: 24120: 24084:People of the First French Empire 20822:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 20554:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 19856:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 19638:François Christophe de Kellermann 18877:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 15142:"China is a sleeping giant" quote 14403: 13895:The Peninsular War: A New History 13519:Napoleon: The Man Behind The Myth 13338:. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. 12846:International Journal of Sciences 12704:from the original on 31 July 2021 12230:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 11916:Hastings, Max (31 October 2014). 9851: 9809:from the original on 3 March 2021 7881:from the original on 29 July 2014 6990:, pp. 209–10, 219–23, 229–34 6465:. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. 5545:"Furore over Austerlitz ceremony" 5111:11 April 1814 – 26 February 1815 4909:President of the Italian Republic 4717:, made up of about three hundred 4230: 4002:the empire and satellite states. 3816:, his remains were entombed in a 3150:reluctantly complied on 6 April. 2989:Napoleon's withdrawal from Russia 2716:, the French evacuated Portugal. 1960:French captured Milan on 2 June. 1864:and Directory: Lucien Bonaparte, 1695:Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim 1516:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1433:, and her family owned slaves on 1308:, artillery fire in front of the 1287: 276: 23989:French people of Lombard descent 23984:French people of Italian descent 23899:19th-century presidents of Italy 23762:Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait 23655:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23606:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 23580: 23549:(10 November 1799 – 18 May 1804) 21868: 21802: 21740: 21686:Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon 21624:Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti 21517:Mathilde, Princess of San Donato 21435: 21272: 21254:Joséphine, Empress of the French 20549:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 20456:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 20426:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 20317:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 20095: 20060: 20030: 20005: 19962: 19836: 19713:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 19494: 18266:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 17610:Frederick William III of Prussia 17590:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 15365:26 January 1802 – 17 March 1805 15329:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 15205: 15197: 15196: 14613: 14420:International Napoleonic Society 14383:Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand 14349:. Oxford U.P. pp. 177–560. 14316:from the original on 15 May 2021 13041: 13002: 12991: 12980: 12969: 12934: 12895: 12890:Constitution du 13 décembre 1799 12883: 12830: 12732: 12716: 12686: 12647: 12620: 12581: 12551: 12492: 12462: 12407: 12267: 12246: 12137: 12016:"The Little Tyrant, A review of 12004: 11991: 11944: 11909: 11885: 11849: 11754: 11723: 11452: 11282: 11252: 11240:from the original on 4 June 2016 11222: 11210:from the original on 3 June 2023 11165: 11132: 11097: 11066: 11023: 11011: 10694: 10667: 10476: 10437: 10406: 10393: 10361: 10338: 10289: 10232: 10018: 9845: 9795: 9769: 9714: 9666: 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9570: 9558: 9546: 9516: 9504: 9492: 9480: 9468: 9456: 9429: 9417: 9405: 9393: 9381: 9343: 9319: 9280: 9268:from the original on 2 July 2023 9227: 9215: 9203: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9083: 9071: 9059: 8972: 8948: 8636: 8624: 8561: 8471: 8402: 8233: 8134: 8122: 8031: 7968: 7944: 7814: 7801: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7649: 7637: 7625: 7613: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7553: 7541: 7529: 7517: 7505: 7481: 7469: 7421: 7396: 7384: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7287: 7275: 7263: 7224: 7212: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7035: 7023: 7006:The French Revolution, 1770-1814 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6916: 6892: 6836: 6824: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6752: 6453:"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands" 5330: 5303: 5263:[napuliˈɔnɛˌbwɔnaˈbartɛ] 5152: 4881:Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès 4633: 4608: 4583: 4287:Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès 3830:Napoleon and the Catholic Church 3597:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3590: 3484:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3477: 3179: 2894:François Charles Joseph Napoleon 2283:Napoleon in his coronation robes 2139: 1538:, and promised to partition the 1368:to offer his services to Sultan 1193:the French garrison in Ajaccio. 744:and their Italian allies in the 695:a series of successful campaigns 656: 639: 622: 605: 588: 571: 554: 537: 520: 503: 486: 469: 452: 435: 418: 401: 384: 367: 343: 336: 329: 311: 239: 24059:Military personnel from Ajaccio 23904:19th-century princes of Andorra 23894:19th-century monarchs of France 21979:Pretenders to the French throne 21629:Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa 21407:Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 21249:Napoleon, Emperor of the French 20887:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 20634:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 20559:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 19770:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 19765:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 19745:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 19573:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 18491:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 17730:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 17660:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 15566:12 July 1806 – 19 October 1813 15084:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker 13015:. Routledge. pp. 246–248. 12274:Forrest, A. (1 December 2004). 12253:Williamson, Lucy (4 May 2021). 12144:Dodman, Benjamin (7 May 2021). 11060:Springer Science+Business Media 10345:Youssef, Ahmed (January 2023). 7822:Atlas of World Military History 7796:Atlas of World Military History 6711: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6567: 6543: 6531: 6519: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6396: 6369: 6357: 6345: 6318: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6057: 6045: 6021: 5977: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5905: 5881: 5869: 5751:Chamberlain, Alexander (1896). 5744: 5732: 5672: 5638: 5626: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5290: 5269: 4836:Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne 4315:Napoleonic weaponry and warfare 4104:Cultural depictions of Napoleon 4090:ascribed his nervous energy to 3299:On 13 March, the powers at the 3246: 2868:at its greatest extent in 1812: 2743:On 6 November, Napoleon was in 2594:on a raft in the middle of the 2216:Francis I as Emperor of Austria 2190:, violating the sovereignty of 1140: 770:sold the territory of Louisiana 709:from 1799 to 1804, then of the 268: 231: 24039:Leaders who took power by coup 21417:Pauline, Princess of Guastalla 21160:Women in the French Revolution 20762:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 19939:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 19603:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 19232:French invasion of Switzerland 17645:Prince Regent John of Portugal 17555:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 17500:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 17495:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 15607:11 April 1814 – 20 March 1815 15505:17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814 15493:as last crowned monarch, 1530 14167:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 13956:The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 13055: 12741:"Napoleon and Polish Identity" 10680:. Da Capo Press. p. 171. 10677:Wellington: A Personal History 10133:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 9351:"Napoleon's act of abdication" 8249:. Pan Macmillan. p. 238. 7272:, pp. 283–84, 289, 294–96 5426: 5239: 5144: 5067:12 July 1806 – 4 November 1813 4876:13 December 1799 – 18 May 1804 4794:Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma 4072:cited Napoleon to describe an 4049:Napoleon visiting the Tribunat 4005: 1843: 1457:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1389:Insurrection of 10 August 1792 1325:Fall of Maximilien Robespierre 855:. In summer 1812, he launched 13: 1: 23757:Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry 21165:Incroyables and merveilleuses 20984:Pierre Claude François Daunou 20772:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 19903:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 19874:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 19171:Naval Engagement off Brittany 18924:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 18898:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 18707:Constitution of the Year VIII 18442:Committee of General Security 18327:National Legislative Assembly 18182:National Constituent Assembly 17670:Prince Charles John of Sweden 15646:as King of France and Navarre 15624:as King of France and Navarre 15486:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 15470:as King of France and Navarre 15416:New Confederation established 14378:Talleyrand, Chares-Maurice de 13976:The Journal of Modern History 13555:Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 13099:Napoleon: A Concise Biography 12564:A history of the modern world 12228:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 11918:"Everything is Owed to Glory" 10674:Hibbert, Christopher (1999). 10155:Hindmarsh & Savory (2008) 9721:Hibbert, Christopher (2003). 6471:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 6451:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 5699:. Pearson Education Limited. 5543:Repa, Jan (2 December 2005). 4913:26 January 1802 – 18 May 1805 4374:since the Revolutionary era. 3879:by the pope through the bull 3708:, joined Napoleon's retinue. 3671:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3558:Statute Law Revision Act 1873 3384: 3320:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 2562:battles of Jena and Auerstedt 2476:, 27 April 1807, to sign the 2290: 2004:Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise 1922:Constitution of the Year VIII 1914:the hand inside the waistcoat 1712:Louis-François, Baron Lejeune 1604:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand 1465: 1447:Italian Campaign of 1796-1797 1198:French expedition to Sardinia 946: 829:trade embargo against Britain 776:. In December 1804, Napoleon 294: 23705:Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin 22259:Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe 21242:Emperor and immediate family 21083:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 20877:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 20767:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 20664:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 20564:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 20254:Charles Malo François Lameth 19929:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 19760:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 19703:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 18903:Second Battle of Wissembourg 18590:Constitution of the Year III 15458:18 May 1804 – 11 April 1814 15356:Italian Republic established 14477: 14338:. Columbia University Press. 14096:10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358 13891:Esdaile, Charles J. (2003). 13890: 13794:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13395:. Harvard University Press. 13241:. Harcourt Brace, & Co. 13160:Napoleon: Soldier of Destiny 11761:Williams, L. Pearce (1956). 10240:"L'Empire et le Saint-Siège" 9854:"Napoleon's English Lessons" 9293:. Springer. pp. 10–15. 8038:Michael V. Leggiere (2015). 7656:Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2017). 5342: 5015:17 March 1805 – 6 April 1814 4710:was proclaimed for all men. 4546:The Memorial of Saint Helena 4432: 4377: 3913: 3446:Emmanuel, comte de Las Cases 3355:Rochefort, Charente-Maritime 2178:Bonaparte becomes Napoleon I 891:, which defeated him at the 873:forcing Napoleon to abdicate 169:, Corsica, Kingdom of France 102:20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815 7: 24054:Military governors of Paris 23909:Characters in War and Peace 23889:19th-century kings of Italy 23827:First Cabinet of Napoleon I 22119:Blancs d'Espagne succession 21833:Francis Joseph I of Austria 21522:Napoléon, Prince of Monfort 20979:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 20604:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 20539:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 20499:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 20378:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 20363:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 20358:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 20167:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 20020:William V, Prince of Orange 18890:First Battle of Wissembourg 18847:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 18563:Closing of the Jacobin Club 18432:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 18389:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 18249:Abolition of the Parlements 18222:Women's March on Versailles 15516:Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy 15400:Helvetic Republic dissolved 14877:War of the Fourth Coalition 14429:Public Broadcasting Service 14343:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). 13876:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13469:. Oxford University Press. 13296:Napoleon: The Path to Power 13198:. New York: Pegasus books. 12976:Constitution du 18 mai 1804 12059:, pp. 41, 53, 75, 103. 12022:. The Claremont Institute. 10652:, "Introduction", pp. 3-36. 9234:Vial, Charles-Éloi (2014). 5312:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4827:aged 21, with no children. 4783: 4763:Latin American independence 4646:French occupation of Moscow 4642:Napoleon leaves the Kremlin 4617:Bonaparte Crossing the Alps 4319:Military career of Napoleon 4034:understood the common man. 3823: 3262:Napoleon's Return from Elba 3171:on 20 April, Napoleon said: 2856:Consolidation of the Empire 2825:In August, a British force 2513:War of the Fourth Coalition 2345:260 km (160 mi). 2081:coin depicting Napoleon as 1895:War of the Second Coalition 1806:War of the Second Coalition 1626:Bonaparte Before the Sphinx 1343:, which was engaged in the 1311:Church of Saint-Roch, Paris 1256:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 1158:. Portrait made in 1835 by 926:, enacted the principle of 801:War of the Fourth Coalition 766:War of the Second Coalition 750:invasion of Egypt and Syria 10: 24125: 23919:Deaths from stomach cancer 23467:North German Confederation 23383:Confederation of the Rhine 21932:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 21865:North German Confederation 21850:Archduke Johann of Austria 21737:Confederation of the Rhine 21114:French Republican calendar 20669:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 20294:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 19648:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 19598:Charles François Dumouriez 19588:Jacques François Dugommier 19402:League of Armed Neutrality 19235:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 19187:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 19010:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 18989:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 18653:Second Congress of Rastatt 18437:Committee of Public Safety 18424:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 17505:Frederick I of Württemberg 15875:Confederation of the Rhine 15653:according to his will only 15186:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) 15051:Column of the Grande Armée 14913:War of the Sixth Coalition 14889:War of the Fifth Coalition 14865:War of the Third Coalition 14107:Heavy Words Lightly Thrown 13466:Napoleon: The End of Glory 13356:Napoleon: A Political Life 13074:Barnett, Corelli (1997) . 13059: 12627:Astarita, Tommaso (2005). 11855:Margaret Bradley (1975), " 10709:Courier Dover Publications 10131:Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac? 10086:10.1007/s00428-021-03061-1 9777:"Two Days at Saint Helena" 8431:– via Springer Link. 7662:. McFarland. p. 168. 7009:. Blackwell. p. 212. 5805:Parker, Harold T. (1971). 5757:. MacMillan. p. 385. 5504:, pp. 574–76, 582–84. 5321:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 5233:[napɔleɔ̃bɔnapaʁt] 4984:18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814 4840:Alexandre Colonna-Walewski 4727:; this helped promote the 4725:Confederation of the Rhine 4661: 4592:Napoleon Crossing the Alps 4513: 4425: 4312: 4308: 4263: 4186: 4101: 3977: 3917: 3827: 3753:On 3 May he was given the 3715: 3706:François Carlo Antommarchi 3572:United Kingdom legislation 3459:United Kingdom legislation 3250: 3183: 3052:War of the Sixth Coalition 3049: 3046:War of the Sixth Coalition 2998:The Russians retreated to 2907: 2773:War of the Fifth Coalition 2770: 2767:War of the Fifth Coalition 2664: 2539:Confederation of the Rhine 2510: 2453: 2274:War of the Third Coalition 2271: 2268:War of the Third Coalition 2166:The Coronation of Napoleon 2149: 2143: 2128:, which established a new 2013: 1999:Conspiration des poignards 1888: 1849: 1819: 1669:French Academy of Sciences 1613: 1444: 1401:French Republican calendar 1291: 1212: 861:War of the Sixth Coalition 849:War of the Fifth Coalition 835:and installed his brother 789:War of the Third Coalition 746:War of the First Coalition 29: 23964:French governors of Egypt 23815: 23805:Jean François Aimé Dejean 23799: 23787: 23775: 23749: 23723: 23711: 23699: 23673: 23647: 23634:Charles-Frédéric Reinhard 23626: 23619: 23593: 23578: 23554: 23484: 23465: 23446: 23424: 23400: 23381: 23070: 23029: 22980: 22929: 22910: 22884: 22846: 22820: 22774: 22749: 22670: 22581: 22477: 22353: 22323: 22272: 22180: 22117: 22043: 22020: 21989: 21917: 21896: 21879: 21863: 21842: 21813: 21797: 21768: 21751: 21735: 21678: 21662: 21616: 21573:Prince Jerome Napoleon II 21530: 21444: 21433: 21422:Caroline, Queen of Naples 21384: 21334: 21281: 21270: 21241: 21129:Cult of the Supreme Being 21057: 21046: 20952: 20941: 20900: 20734: 20727: 20612: 20469: 20391: 20302: 20289:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 20195: 20144:Patriotic Society of 1789 20142: 20131: 20093: 20058: 20028: 20003: 19960: 19947:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 19869:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 19834: 19825: 19803: 19508: 19492: 19481: 19450: 19413: 19386:Convention of Alessandria 19368: 19275: 19222: 19153: 19023: 18997: 18914: 18811: 18738: 18727: 18683: 18672:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 18664: 18637: 18574: 18510: 18405: 18338: 18287: 18241: 18133:What Is the Third Estate? 18124: 18097: 18086: 18001: 17884: 17768: 17683: 17665:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 17655:William, Prince of Orange 17518: 17465:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 17398: 17391: 17271: 17150: 17014: 16843: 16757: 16711: 16460: 16354: 16278: 16172: 16086: 16038: 16029: 15925: 15826: 15817: 15794:French Invasion of Russia 15760: 15720: 15715:Links to related articles 15689: 15674: 15669: 15662: 15638: 15629: 15616: 15599: 15594: 15559: 15550: 15542: 15533: 15522: 15507: 15498: 15477: 15460: 15451: 15427: 15422: 15404: 15393: 15367: 15360: 15349: 15318: 15307: 15278: 15267: 15262: 15235: 15230: 15194: 15110: 15038: 15016:Saint-Domingue expedition 14954: 14901:French invasion of Russia 14802:French Revolutionary Wars 14791: 14622: 14611: 14512: 14485: 14246:Chesney, Charles (2006). 14200:. Greenwood. p. 99. 14010:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13914:Esdaile, Charles (2007). 13830:Cordingly, David (2004). 13809:Conner, Susan P. (2004). 13752:. Saturday Review Press. 13718:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13685:The Campaigns of Napoleon 13664:. Yale University Press. 13656:Bordes, Philippe (2007). 13598:Napoleon: For and Against 13542:Historiography and memory 13448:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13319:. Yale University Press. 13300:. Yale University Press. 12420:French Historical Studies 11736:. Routledge. p. 52. 11106:French Historical Studies 11046:10.1007/978-1-349-08847-8 9591:, pp. 540–45, 562–64 9212:, pp. 461–62, 487–88 7820:Richard Brooks (editor), 7794:Richard Brooks (editor), 6576:, pp. 245–50, 268–71 5811:French Historical Studies 5691:Ellis, Geoffrey (1997b). 5385:. Springer. p. 230. 5277:1768 Treaty of Versailles 5113: 5104: 5098: 5080: 5060: 5044: 5028: 5008: 5002: 4988: 4975: 4958: 4948: 4939: 4931: 4923: 4906: 4898: 4890: 4869: 4861: 4856: 4849: 4796:and her son Napoleon, by 4198:Saint-Louis des Invalides 4042:, Talleyrand and Fouché. 3739: 3676: 3664: 3659: 3651: 3641: 3631: 3626: 3613: 3603: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3563: 3551: 3546: 3538: 3528: 3518: 3513: 3500: 3490: 3476: 3471: 3464: 3162:Antoine-Alphonse Montfort 2910:French invasion of Russia 2661:Peninsular War and Erfurt 2360:receive the surrender of 2331:Battle of Cape Finisterre 2097:under his brother-in-law 2095:Saint-Domingue expedition 2010:Temporary peace in Europe 1722:on 1 July. He fought the 1265:, the younger brother of 697:across Europe during the 307: 287: 208: 197: 189: 173: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 126: 119: 115: 107: 95: 85: 74: 67: 50: 45: 32:Napoleon (disambiguation) 24109:Self-proclaimed monarchy 24099:Politicians from Ajaccio 24094:People of Tuscan descent 23691:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23681:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 23435:Archduke John of Austria 21778:Karl Theodor von Dalberg 21670:Charles, Prince Napoléon 21231:Imperial House of France 20837:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 20802:Joséphine de Beauharnais 20684:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 20654:François-Nicolas Vincent 20639:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 19813:Charles-Alexandre Linois 19708:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 19688:François Séverin Marceau 19668:François Joseph Lefebvre 19563:Jean-Étienne Championnet 19538:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 19533:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 19528:Alexandre de Beauharnais 19518:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 19240:French Invasion of Egypt 19118:Second Battle of Bassano 18852:Battle of Kaiserslautern 18626:Conspiracy of the Equals 18319:The Constitution of 1791 18190:Storming of the Bastille 17575:Archduke John of Austria 17570:Prince von Schwarzenberg 17415:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 15636:20 March – 22 June 1815 15570:Confederation dissolved 15225:Offices and distinctions 14929:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 14525:Joséphine de Beauharnais 14250:. Kessinger Publishing. 14161:Watson, William (2003). 14037:Grab, Alexander (2003). 14004:Grab, Alexander (2017). 13641:. Taylor & Francis. 13611:. Simon & Schuster. 13605:Roberts, Andrew (2001). 13600:. London: Jonathan Cape. 13589:10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306 13496:Roberts, Andrew (2014). 13353:Englund, Steven (2010). 13213:Chandler, David (2002). 13194:Broers, Michael (2022). 13062:Bibliography of Napoleon 12902:Kubben, Raymond (2011). 12594:. Berg. pp. 11–13. 12588:Scheck, Raffael (2008). 12018:Napoleon: A Penguin Life 11997:Charles Esdaile (2008), 11870:(1975) 32#5 pp. 415–449. 11603:World History of Warfare 11030:Ellis, Geoffrey (2003). 10129:Cullen, William (2008). 9964:, pp. 82–89, 90–93. 9830:, pp. 44–46, 64–67. 8419:10.1057/9781137455475_16 7402:Christer Petley (2018), 6463:Harvard University Press 5516:, pp. 32–34, 50–51. 5123: 4986:20 March – 22 June 1815 4810:Stéphanie de Beauharnais 3984:Napoleon and Protestants 3844:ecclesiastical provinces 3711: 3456:'s call for an inquiry. 3381:Napoleon on Saint Helena 3359:Frederick Lewis Maitland 3136:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 2966:river and implemented a 2805:Battle of Aspern-Essling 2610:that proved indecisive. 2590:: Napoleon meeting with 2450:Middle-Eastern alliances 2152:Coronation of Napoleon I 1650:trade interests in India 1427:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1274:Second Battle of Saorgio 1071:Charles Louis de Marbeuf 827:. Seeking to extend his 809:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 220:Joséphine de Beauharnais 23969:French military leaders 23665:Claude Ambroise Régnier 22344:List of French monarchs 21922:List of German monarchs 21583:Victor, Prince Napoléon 20817:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 20689:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20649:Antoine-François Momoro 20644:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 20461:François de Neufchâteau 20411:Charles-François Lebrun 20353:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 20234:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 20110:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 19916:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 19911:Karl Mack von Leiberich 19543:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 19357:Second Battle of Zurich 19248:Irish Rebellion of 1798 19094:First Battle of Bassano 18932:Second Battle of Boulou 18733:Revolutionary campaigns 18691:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 18606:Council of Five Hundred 18394:First republic declared 18330:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 18311:Declaration of Pillnitz 18035:Constitutional monarchy 17510:Frederick VI of Denmark 17460:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 16250:Greater Poland uprising 16073:Duc d'Enghien Execution 15334:Charles-François Lebrun 15061:Palace of Fontainebleau 14302:10.1111/1468-229X.12089 14284:Dwyer, Philip (2015b). 14194:Sicker, Martin (2001). 14104:Roberts, Chris (2004). 14056:Harvey, Robert (2007). 13786:Connelly, Owen (2006). 13767:Cobban, Alfred (1963). 13517:Zamoyski, Adam (2018). 13414:19 October 2016 at the 13334:Dwyer, Phillip (2018). 13292:Dwyer, Philip (2008a). 13133:Blaufarb, Rafe (2008). 13104:Oxford University Press 13102:. Oxford and New York: 12957:2 December 2023 at the 12946:2 December 2023 at the 12670:Oxford University Press 12501:"Napoleon and His Code" 12432:10.1215/00161071-28-1-1 11922:The Wall Street Journal 11401:, p. 29-35, 51-53. 11300:Weidenfeld and Nicolson 11230:"La taille de Napoléon" 11171:Davydov, Denis (1999). 10912:, pp. 573, 575–76. 10813:, pp. 135–37, 175. 10565:, pp. 135–37, 198. 10193:, pp. 216–19, 225. 10181:, pp. 141, 195–99. 10043:, pp. 115, 282n82. 9116:, pp. 600–602, 608 8873:, pp. 361, 370–71. 7861:Adrian Gilbert (2000). 6552:, pp. 195, 204–206 6064:David Nicholls (1999). 6042:, Chapter 2, pp. 29–53. 5650:Encyclopædia Britannica 4886:Charles-François Lebrun 4708:equality before the law 3968:Palace of Fontainebleau 3954:Arrest of Pope Pius VII 3875:ceremony. Napoleon was 3785:Valley of the Geraniums 3422:before he was moved to 3350:, just north of Paris. 3207:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2521:Napoleon reviewing the 2491:recognized Napoleon as 2460:Franco-Persian alliance 2456:Franco-Ottoman alliance 2401:French forces occupied 2104:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 1930:Charles-François Lebrun 1905:Bonaparte, First Consul 1862:Council of Five Hundred 1753:of Damascus (Syria and 1682:Description de l'Égypte 1586:Bonaparte sent General 1036:Napoleone di Buonaparte 928:equality before the law 843:in 1808, provoking the 831:, Napoleon invaded the 680:Napoleone di Buonaparte 257:Marie Louise of Austria 24069:Monarchs who abdicated 23999:French Roman Catholics 23924:Emperors of the French 23793:François Barbé-Marbois 23567:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 22850:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 22339:List of Frankish kings 22334:Simplified family tree 22182:Bonapartist pretenders 22037: 22028: 21827:Ferdinand I of Austria 21644:Louis, Prince Napoléon 21598:William Bonaparte-Wyse 21588:Prince Louis Bonaparte 21507:Prince Jérôme Napoléon 21482:Prince Pierre Napoléon 21264:Napoleon, King of Rome 21146: 21105: 21081: 21062: 20574:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 20569:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 20479:Maximilien Robespierre 20312:Jacques Pierre Brissot 20177:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 19608:Louis-Charles de Flers 19593:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 19558:Jean François Carteaux 19333:First Battle of Zurich 19296:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 19251:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 19211:Treaty of Campo Formio 18957:Glorious First of June 18885:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 18844:Expedition to Sardinia 18522:Desmoulins guillotined 18457:Assassination of Marat 18449:Fall of the Girondists 18421:Revolutionary Tribunal 18413:Execution of Louis XVI 18303:Champ de Mars massacre 18206:Abolition of Feudalism 17630:Ferdinand VII of Spain 16078:Coronation of Napoleon 15683:Emperor of the French 15446:as King of the French 15293:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 14849:Battle of the Pyramids 14654:Assassination attempts 14556:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 14265:Johnson, Paul (2002). 13918:. London: Allen Lane. 13688:. New York: Scribner. 13444:McLynn, Frank (1997). 13315:Dwyer, Philip (2013). 13009:Emsley, Clive (2014). 12414:Datta, Venita (2005). 12098:, pp. 62, 105–07. 10297:"Napoleon's "divorce"" 9140:, pp. 453, 458–63 8568:Gill, John H. (2020). 8360:, p. 271-72, 275. 7562:, pp. 125, 129–31 6720:, pp. 327, 333–35 6612:, pp. 285–86, 291 6018:, Chapter 1, pp. 3–28. 5258: 5228: 4918:Francesco Melzi d'Eril 4801: 4778:Poland Is Not Yet Lost 4759:Ferdinand VII of Spain 4733:unification of Germany 4683:Louisiana and Quebec. 4679: 4533: 4462: 4451: 4332: 4278: 4206: 4150: 4125: 4050: 3974:Religious emancipation 3932: 3847: 3746: 3718:Death mask of Napoleon 3401: 3390: 3269: 3202: 3177: 3164: 3112: 3072: 2995: 2942: 2931:Napoleon watching the 2884: 2786: 2740: 2679: 2599: 2535:Bourbon king of Naples 2530: 2480: 2478:Treaty of Finckenstein 2424: 2372: 2354: 2318: 2296: 2250:Iron Crown of Lombardy 2210: 2174: 2086: 2029: 1917: 1866:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 1840: 1732:Battle of the Pyramids 1715: 1706:Battle of the Pyramids 1637: 1600:Treaty of Campo Formio 1590:to Paris to support a 1567: 1476: 1441:First Italian campaign 1320: 1267:Maximilien Robespierre 1240:Le souper de Beaucaire 1234: 1215:Siege of Toulon (1793) 1162: 1107: 992:Maria Letizia Ramolino 988:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 983: 813: 720:Born on the island of 184:Longwood, Saint Helena 23934:French Army personnel 22035: 22026: 21937:House of Hohenzollern 21784:Eugène de Beauharnais 21728:German Confederations 21649:Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse 21608:Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse 21427:Jérôme I of Westfalia 21306:Eugène de Beauharnais 21019:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 20284:Jean-Charles Pichegru 20264:Jean-François Rewbell 19750:Jean-Charles Pichegru 19633:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 19623:Jacques Maurice Hatry 19394:Battle of Hohenlinden 19267:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 19102:Battle of Emmendingen 19049:Battle of Castiglione 18936:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 18867:Battle of Hondschoote 18538:Thermidorian Reaction 18502:(throughout the year) 18275:Fête de la Fédération 18201:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 18185:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 18169:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 17917:Conference of Dresden 17826:Paris (February 1812) 17755:Swedish–Norwegian War 17580:Alexander I of Russia 15677:— TITULAR — 15633:Co-Prince of Andorra 15631:Emperor of the French 15540:1806 – 11 April 1814 15454:Emperor of the French 15314:Consulate established 14215:Wells, David (1992). 14164:Tricolor and crescent 13954:Gates, David (2003). 13635:Amini, Iradj (2000). 13596:Geyl, Pieter (1949). 13463:Price, Munro (2014). 13446:Napoleon: a Biography 13439:. St. Martin's Press. 13425:23 March 2018 at the 13233:Kircheisen, Friedrich 12654:Alter, Peter (2006). 11730:Clive Emsley (2014). 11459:Palmer, Alan (1984). 11033:The Napoleonic Empire 10701:Jack Coggins (1966). 10444:Aston, Nigel (2002). 10413:Aston, Nigel (2000). 10118:– via Springer. 9754:, pp. 39–41, 90. 9253:10.3917/napo.141.0003 6441:, pp. 97, 103–04 5020:Eugène de Beauharnais 4978:Emperor of the French 4806:Eugène de Beauharnais 4791: 4671: 4527: 4516:Napoleonic propaganda 4510:Propaganda and memory 4457: 4443:The Third of May 1808 4440: 4422:Memory and evaluation 4337:military organization 4326: 4313:Further information: 4301:grounds for divorce. 4273: 4194: 4145: 4111: 4102:Further information: 4048: 3980:Napoleon and the Jews 3978:Further information: 3927: 3918:Further information: 3837: 3828:Further information: 3733: 3396: 3379: 3372:Exile on Saint Helena 3328:Battle of Quatre Bras 3303:declared Napoleon an 3260: 3193: 3173: 3156: 3102: 3059: 3033:managed to cross the 2987: 2968:scorched earth policy 2929: 2863: 2780: 2734: 2693:in favour of his son 2674: 2643:Kingdom of Westphalia 2592:Alexander I of Russia 2585: 2550:Frederick William III 2520: 2467: 2415: 2407:Alexander I of Russia 2351: 2333:in July 1805. French 2281: 2208: 2200:Emperor of the French 2163: 2093:. Bonaparte sent the 2076: 2023: 1902: 1829: 1724:Battle of Shubra Khit 1703: 1623: 1556: 1493:Battle of Castiglione 1454: 1381:Thermidorian Reaction 1301: 1222: 1156:Republican volunteers 1153: 1094: 965: 857:an invasion of Russia 811:in 1806, marched his 783:The breakdown of the 715:Emperor of the French 69:Emperor of the French 23914:Corsican politicians 23741:Jean-Antoine Chaptal 23731:Pierre-Simon Laplace 23448:German Confederation 23402:German Confederation 22329:Detailed family tree 22255:Napoléon VII Charles 21887:Wilhelm I of Prussia 21821:Francis I of Austria 21799:German Confederation 21603:Marie Bonaparte-Wyse 20947:Influential thinkers 20694:Jean-François Varlet 20594:Jean-Lambert Tallien 20589:Jean Bon Saint-André 20416:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 20338:Marquis de Condorcet 20187:Nicolas de Condorcet 19952:Dagobert von Wurmser 19785:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 19728:Pierre-Jacques Osten 19643:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 19578:Louis-Nicolas Davout 19568:Chapuis de Tourville 19110:Battle of Schliengen 19057:Battle of Theiningen 18978:Battle of Aldenhoven 18862:Battle of Wattignies 18831:Battle of Neerwinden 18645:Coup of 18 Fructidor 18158:Death of the Dauphin 17871:Fontainebleau (1814) 17425:Louis-Nicolas Davout 16346:Invasion of Portugal 15577:Francis I of Austria 15536:Co-Prince of Andorra 15237:Napoleon I of France 14871:Battle of Austerlitz 14728:Weaponry and warfare 14410:The Napoleonic Guide 13724:Simon & Schuster 13392:Bonaparte: 1769–1802 13078:. Ware: Wordsworth. 13067:Biographical studies 12745:www.historytoday.com 12739:Nieuwazny, Andrzej. 12700:. Brown University. 12694:"The Crisis of 1808" 12357:Hazareesingh, Sudhir 12194:, pp. 578, 584. 12012:Hanson, Victor Davis 11928:on 13 November 2014. 11038:Macmillan Publishers 10511:, pp. 242, 245. 10423:. pp. 279–315. 9287:Prutsch, M. (2012). 9240:Napoleonica la Revue 6072:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5962:, pp. 26, 30–31 5309:This is depicted in 5259:Napulione Buonaparte 5090:German Confederation 5005:Himself as President 4742:The movement toward 4729:German Confederation 4214:. He negotiated the 4203:Jean-Baptiste Debret 4175:hat—sideways—with a 4098:Appearance and image 3689:, diagnosed chronic 3344:Château de Malmaison 3186:Principality of Elba 3060:Napoleon and Prince 2900:satellite kingdoms. 2834:Treaty of Schönbrunn 2714:Convention of Cintra 2636:, and hand over the 2501:Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar 2429:Battle of Austerlitz 2091:Toussaint Louverture 1810:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 1596:Coup of 18 Fructidor 1548:Horses of Saint Mark 1544:forced its surrender 1417:Within weeks of the 1397:13 Vendémiaire An IV 1263:Augustin Robespierre 1131:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1067:Battle of Ponte Novu 986:Napoleon's parents, 871:and captured Paris, 803:, Napoleon defeated 793:Battle of Austerlitz 23979:French nationalists 23660:André Joseph Abrial 23555:Provisional consuls 22987:Carolingian dynasty 22974:Monarchs of Germany 22765:Henry VI of England 22277:Orléanist pretender 22049:Unionist pretenders 21492:Louis II of Holland 21477:Prince Louis Lucien 21235:First French Empire 21034:Mary Wollstonecraft 20812:Jean Sylvain Bailly 20599:Pierre Louis Prieur 20544:Jean-Henri Voulland 20519:Jacques-Louis David 20451:Jean Joseph Mounier 20152:Jean Sylvain Bailly 19790:Belgrand de Vaubois 19678:Jean-Antoine Marbot 19618:Emmanuel de Grouchy 19423:Treaty of Lunéville 19062:Battle of Neresheim 19007:Siege of Luxembourg 18986:Siege of Luxembourg 18941:Battle of Tourcoing 18872:Siege of Bellegarde 18699:Coup of 18 Brumaire 18611:Council of Ancients 18386:National Convention 18378:September Massacres 18354:Brunswick Manifesto 18346:France declares war 18113:Assembly of Vizille 17897:Bourbon Restoration 17640:Maria I of Portugal 17625:Prince of Hohenlohe 17615:Gebhard von Blücher 16558:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 15865:Swiss Confederation 15611:Relinquished title 15274:Directory dissolved 15130:Cultural depictions 14924:Battle of Vauchamps 14644:Coup of 18 Brumaire 14503:First French Empire 13812:The Age of Napoleon 13660:Jacques-Louis David 13638:Napoleon and Persia 12404:, pp. 107–109. 12377:10.1093/fh/18.4.463 12292:10.1093/fh/18.4.426 11073:Hall, H.K. (2006). 9952:, pp. 638–639. 9940:, pp. 103–105. 9766:, pp. 769–770. 9032:, pp. 400–407. 8777:, pp. 326–330. 8507:, pp. 296–300. 8480:"Battle of Corunna" 8300:, pp. 198–199. 8194:, pp. 458–461. 8107:, pp. 467–468. 8095:, pp. 225–228. 8083:Brooks 2000, p. 110 7836:, pp. 233–252. 7757:Michael J. Hughes, 7502:, pp. 338–339. 7466:, pp. 389–390. 6954:, pp. 205–206. 6913:, pp. 500–502. 6231:, pp. 137–159. 5489:, pp. 204–211. 5327:in the latter work. 5317:Hippolyte Delaroche 5281:Provinces of France 4902:Cisalpine Directory 4744:Italian unification 4704:Spanish Inquisition 4601:Jacques-Louis David 4409:École Polytechnique 4359:Carl von Clausewitz 4329:Cherbourg-Octeville 4181:Jacques-Louis David 4074:inferiority complex 3900:. He also defended 3699:Albine de Montholon 3224:and disembarked at 3117:Frankfurt proposals 3070:January Suchodolski 2873: French Empire 2615:Battle of Friedland 2470:Finckenstein Palace 2396:Battle of Trafalgar 2375:Austrian commander 2327:British West Indies 2227:Notre Dame de Paris 2171:Jacques-Louis David 2146:First French Empire 2130:Swiss Confederation 1990:Treaty of Lunéville 1787:reduce the fortress 1691:Knights Hospitaller 1662:Indian subcontinent 1642:British Royal Navy. 1610:Egyptian expedition 1485:Montenotte campaign 1249:National Convention 1202:National Convention 974:independence under 966:Napoleon's father, 924:Spanish Inquisition 825:Battle of Friedland 795:, which led to the 754:Coup of 18 Brumaire 738:a military campaign 324:Battles of Napoleon 24044:Marshals of France 24029:House of Bonaparte 23800:War Administration 23776:Secretary of State 23601:Napoleon Bonaparte 23562:Napoleon Bonaparte 23072:Kingdom of Germany 23036:Kingdom of Germany 22912:House of Bonaparte 22822:House of Bonaparte 22752:House of Lancaster 22318:Monarchs of France 22038: 22029: 21927:History of Germany 21457:Princess Charlotte 21412:Louis I of Holland 20872:Loménie de Brienne 20847:Madame de Lamballe 20782:Napoléon Bonaparte 20579:Prieur de la Marne 20494:Camille Desmoulins 20348:Marie Jean Hérault 20224:Jean-Sifrein Maury 20219:Arnaud de La Porte 20075:Alexander Korsakov 19861:Count of Clerfayt 19780:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 19693:Auguste de Marmont 19548:Napoléon Bonaparte 19439:Algeciras campaign 19431:Treaty of Florence 19309:Battle of Stockach 19142:Ireland expedition 19126:Battle of Calliano 19086:Battle of Rovereto 19078:Battle of Würzburg 18530:Law of 22 Prairial 18499:Anti-clerical laws 18474:The Death of Marat 18295:Flight to Varennes 17912:Continental System 17907:Congress of Erfurt 17831:Paris (March 1812) 17605:Peter Wittgenstein 17530:Duke of Wellington 17485:Prince Poniatowski 17450:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 17435:Auguste de Marmont 16830:Arroyo dos Molinos 16678:Walcheren Campaign 16668:Armistice of Znaim 16563:Dalmatian Campaign 16488:Tyrolean Rebellion 15694:Title next held by 15664:Titles in pretence 15527:Title last held by 15512:Title next held by 15482:Title last held by 15435:Title last held by 15383:Title next held by 15325:Served alongside: 15285:Served alongside: 15263:Political offices 15242:House of Bonaparte 15168:Retour des cendres 15147:German Romanticism 15097:Rue de la Victoire 15011:Law of 20 May 1802 14946:Battle of Waterloo 14907:Battle of Borodino 14595:Caroline Bonaparte 14543:Alexandre Walewski 14143:Napoleon Bonaparte 14083:Clinical Chemistry 13712:Chandler, David G. 13407:; 1008 pp.; vol 1 13387:Gueniffey, Patrice 12767:, pp. 320–21. 12672:. pp. 61–76. 12505:Harvard Law Review 12459:, pp. 109–12. 12218:, pp. 579–84. 11964:, pp. 666–67. 11894:, pp. 278–281 11862:4 May 2023 at the 11377:, pp. 101–10. 11264:www.britannica.com 11020:, pp. 175–176 11008:, pp. 288–89. 10984:, pp. 287–91. 10948:, pp. 19, 47. 10789:, pp. 277–79. 10777:, pp. 135–37. 10765:, pp. 279–80. 10640:, pp. 280–81. 10541:, pp. 160–61. 10390:, pp. 244–45. 10259:, pp. 236–37. 10217:, pp. 239–41. 10169:, pp. 126–27. 10080:(479): 1055–1060. 10055:, pp. 120–23. 9988:, pp. 108–13. 9785:Monroe and Francis 9390:, pp. 593–594 9044:, pp. 410–19. 9020:, pp. 388–98. 8945:, pp. 379–82. 8897:, pp. 563–64. 8849:, pp. 358–61. 8825:, pp. 353–55. 8813:, pp. 350–53. 8801:, pp. 334–41. 8765:, pp. 321–25. 8717:, pp. 285–86. 8681:, pp. 312–14. 8657:, pp. 308–12. 8621:, pp. 306–08. 8558:, pp. 304–05. 8522:, pp. 659–660 8372:, pp. 276–78. 8324:, pp. 269–70. 8288:, pp. 262–63. 8230:, pp. 261–62. 8218:, pp. 251–53. 8206:, pp. 247–50. 8179:, pp. 245–47. 8119:, pp. 233–34. 8071:, pp. 224–25. 8028:, pp. 216–20. 7902:, pp. 204–05. 7807:Andrew Uffindell, 7761:(NYU Press, 2012). 7356:, pp. 100–102 7320:, pp. 111–114 7194:, pp. 279–281 6845:, pp. 411–424 6773:, pp. 127–28. 6588:, pp. 282–285 6315:, pp. 159–63. 6123:, pp. 106–122 5584:, pp. xiv, 14 5298:Napoleon's theorem 5229:Napoléon Bonaparte 5116:Himself as Emperor 5101:Himself as Emperor 5037:Victor Emmanuel II 5033:Title next held by 4893:Himself as Emperor 4857:Political offices 4802: 4771:José de San Martín 4737:German nationalism 4680: 4534: 4504:Haitian Revolution 4467:enlightened despot 4463: 4460:Battle of Waterloo 4452: 4428:Legacy of Napoleon 4333: 4283:civil code of laws 4279: 4207: 4126: 4092:sexual dysfunction 4051: 3933: 3888:Napoleon read the 3848: 3747: 3722:Retour des cendres 3402: 3391: 3332:Battle of Waterloo 3301:Congress of Vienna 3270: 3266:Charles de Steuben 3203: 3165: 3140:Auguste de Marmont 3113: 3073: 2996: 2943: 2920:Duchy of Oldenburg 2904:Invasion of Russia 2885: 2787: 2757:Duke of Wellington 2741: 2722:Congress of Erfurt 2680: 2655:Treaties of Tilsit 2600: 2588:Treaties of Tilsit 2573:Continental System 2531: 2481: 2425: 2373: 2337:then retreated to 2335:Admiral Villeneuve 2297: 2254:Cathedral of Milan 2211: 2175: 2115:Louisiana Purchase 2087: 2068:Antoine Richepanse 2030: 2026:Louisiana Purchase 2016:Haitian Revolution 1918: 1841: 1747:Battle of the Nile 1743:Sir Horatio Nelson 1716: 1638: 1568: 1540:Republic of Venice 1477: 1379:, a leader of the 1354:Clisson et Eugénie 1321: 1235: 1174:artillery regiment 1163: 1112:Brienne-le-Château 1108: 984: 904:Napoleonic tactics 893:Battle of Waterloo 676:Napoleon Bonaparte 23841: 23840: 23835: 23834: 23811: 23810: 23750:Navy and Colonies 23513: 23512: 23439: 23438:(Imperial Regent) 23077:Holy Roman Empire 23006:Louis the Younger 22940: 22939: 22901:Louis Philippe II 22824:(1804–1814; 1815) 22285: 22284: 22280: 22239:Napoléon V Victor 22235:Napoléon V Jérôme 22224: 22221:Emperor 1852–1870 21991:Monarchy in exile 21945: 21944: 21913: 21912: 21904:Otto von Bismarck 21859: 21858: 21793: 21792: 21694: 21693: 21392:Joseph I of Spain 21344: 21343: 21197: 21196: 21193: 21192: 21071:Cockade of France 21042: 21041: 21004:Antoine Lavoisier 20994:Benjamin Franklin 20974:Anacharsis Cloots 20937: 20936: 20933: 20932: 20857:Louis de Breteuil 20699:Theophile Leclerc 20127: 20126: 20123: 20122: 20080:Alexander Suvorov 19821: 19820: 19755:Józef Poniatowski 19673:Étienne Macdonald 19477: 19476: 19378:Battle of Marengo 19341:Battle of Trebbia 19325:Battle of Cassano 19317:Battle of Magnano 19301:Battle of Ostrach 19203:Battle of Neuwied 18965:Battle of Fleurus 18949:Battle of Tournay 18826:War in the Vendée 18762:Royalist Revolts 18723: 18722: 18280: 18256:Abolition of the 18174:Tennis Court Oath 18166:National Assembly 17995:French Revolution 17961: 17960: 17957: 17956: 17949:Types of military 17745:Russo-Turkish War 17740:Russo-Persian War 17708:Anglo-Turkish War 17703:Anglo-Swedish War 17698:Anglo-Spanish War 17693:Anglo-Russian War 17620:Duke of Brunswick 17523:political leaders 17403:political leaders 17387: 17386: 16392:Medina de Rioseco 16114:Haslach-Jungingen 16048:French Revolution 16025: 16024: 15808:Seventh Coalition 15707: 15706: 15702: 15701: 15679: 15658: 15639:Succeeded by 15627: 15601:Sovereign of the 15574:successive ruler: 15543:Succeeded by 15496: 15473: 15461:Succeeded by 15449: 15432:French Revolution 15380: 15217: 15216: 15112:Legacy and memory 15056:Equestrian statue 15039:Homes and honours 14967:Concordat of 1801 14919:Battle of Leipzig 14895:Battle of Eckmühl 14859:Battle of Marengo 14832:Battle of Bassano 14814:French Revolution 14696:Sale of Louisiana 14600:Pauline Bonaparte 14443:Project Gutenberg 14439:Works by Napoleon 14356:978-0-1982-0654-5 14330:Lefebvre, Georges 14276:978-0-6700-3078-1 14269:. Penguin Books. 14257:978-1-4286-4988-0 14230:978-0-1401-1813-1 14223:. Penguin Books. 14207:978-0-2759-6891-5 14174:978-0-2759-7470-1 14153:978-0-0601-7214-5 14146:. HarperCollins. 14117:978-1-8620-7765-2 14069:978-1-8452-9635-3 14048:978-0-3336-8275-3 14017:978-1-4039-3757-5 13965:978-0-7126-0719-3 13946:978-1-8417-6831-1 13925:978-0-1419-0946-2 13906:978-1-4039-6231-7 13864:978-0-1996-3974-8 13845:978-1-5823-4468-3 13801:978-0-7425-5318-7 13759:978-0-8415-0254-3 13695:978-0-0252-3660-8 13671:978-0-3001-2346-3 13648:978-0-9342-1158-1 13628:Specialty studies 13618:978-0-7432-2832-9 13532:978-0-0081-1607-1 13521:. Great Britain: 13509:978-0-6700-2532-9 13502:. Penguin Group. 13476:978-0-1996-6080-3 13402:978-0-6743-6835-4 13366:978-0-6740-1803-7 13345:978-1-4088-9175-9 13326:978-0-3002-1253-2 13307:978-0-3001-3754-5 13284:978-0-0063-7521-0 13277:. HarperCollins. 13248:978-0-8369-6981-8 13224:978-0-8505-2750-6 13205:978-1-6393-6177-9 13174:978-0-5712-7345-4 13146:978-0-3124-3110-5 13113:978-0-1902-6271-6 13022:978-1-317-89780-4 13012:Napoleonic Europe 12941:Acte de Médiation 12915:978-90-04-18558-6 12779:, p. 318-19. 12656:T. C. W. Blanning 12601:978-1-84520-817-2 12574:978-0-07-040826-5 12489:, p. 2016ff. 12182:, pp. 32–34. 12122:, p. 29, 46. 12110:, pp. 81–82. 11906:, pp. 60–61. 11868:Annals of science 11834:, pp. 58–59. 11743:978-1-317-61028-1 11720:, pp. 10–13. 11708:, pp. 93–94. 11684:, pp. 46–47. 11613:978-0-8032-1941-0 11571:, pp. 43–44. 11559:, p. 577-78. 11449:, pp. 21–23. 11425:, pp. 24–25. 11413:, pp. 75–76. 11389:, pp. 49–51. 11365:, pp. 37–40. 11353:, pp. 53–56. 11323:Kircheisen (1932) 11309:978-0-297-78809-6 11295:Napoleon's family 11206:. 28 April 2016. 11160:Kircheisen (1932) 11148:Bourrienne (1889) 11055:978-1-4039-4401-6 10960:, pp. 95–96. 10849:, p. 279-80. 10837:, pp. 16–17. 10718:978-0-486-45257-9 10687:978-0-7382-0148-1 10628:, p. 280-83. 10589:, pp. 88–89. 10577:, pp. 18–19. 10526:, pp. 435–36 10457:978-0-521-46592-2 10430:978-0-8132-0976-0 10140:978-0-85404-363-7 9928:, pp. 93–97. 9892:, pp. 64–67. 9842:, pp. 43–44. 9734:978-0-393-32499-0 9711:, pp. 71–74. 9699:, pp. 13–34. 9675:, pp. 556–62 9651:, pp. 551–56 9639:, pp. 546–47 9627:, pp. 573–74 9615:, pp. 544–46 9603:, pp. 553–54 9579:, pp. 538–42 9567:, pp. 537–38 9528:library.brown.edu 9513:, pp. 532–33 9501:, pp. 525–26 9477:, pp. 522–23 9465:, pp. 514–16 9426:, pp. 513–15 9414:, pp. 500–03 9328:, pp. 484–86 9300:978-1-137-29165-3 9224:, pp. 479–84 9200:, pp. 626–67 9188:, pp. 475–78 9164:, pp. 465–69 9104:, pp. 445–46 9068:, pp. 280–84 8992:978-0-253-11093-0 8933:, p. 371-72. 8837:, pp. 494–95 8789:, p. 328-30. 8581:978-1-78438-451-7 8546:, pp. 78–80. 8428:978-1-349-56731-7 8411:Napoleon's Empire 8256:978-1-74328-540-4 8051:978-0-8061-8017-5 7988:978-0-674-00541-9 7874:978-1-57958-216-6 7669:978-1-4766-6812-3 7646:, pp. 185–87 7634:, pp. 164–66 7622:, pp. 130–31 7610:, pp. 144–45 7586:, pp. 127–28 7550:, pp. 349–50 7538:, pp. 116–23 7526:, pp. 342–48 7490:, pp. 110–13 7377:978-1-4443-3564-4 7296:, pp. 313–15 7209:, pp. 271–74 7167:, pp. 268–70 7032:, pp. 240–43 7016:978-0-631-20299-8 6874:, pp. 39–40. 6696:, pp. 311–16 6684:, pp. 304–05 6600:, pp. 149–51 6504:, pp. 92–94. 6458:Empress Josephine 6303:, pp. 76, 84 6291:, pp. 155–57 6255:, pp. 154–55 6243:, pp. 147–52 6207:, pp. 245–47 6195:, pp. 140–41 6183:, pp. 132–35 6159:, pp. 131–32 6083:978-0-87436-957-1 6030:, pp. 36, 38 5926:, pp. 12–14. 5764:978-1-4219-8748-4 5729:, pp. 20–21. 5449:978-0-300-11982-4 5423:, pp. 38–40. 5392:978-1-137-27139-6 5121: 5120: 5114:Succeeded by 5093: 5081:Succeeded by 5078: 5057: 5054:Holy Roman Empire 5026: 4989:Succeeded by 4952:Swiss Restoration 4949:Succeeded by 4935:Helvetic Assembly 4924:Succeeded by 4921: 4891:Succeeded by 4888: 4715:Holy Roman Empire 4390:The Enlightenment 4363:Henry Vassall-Fox 4216:Concordat of 1801 4177:hand-in-waistcoat 4122:hand-in-waistcoat 3941:Concordat of 1801 3930:Concordat of 1801 3920:Concordat of 1801 3851:Religious beliefs 3778:arsenic poisoning 3767:à la tête d'armée 3683: 3682: 3660:Other legislation 3585:Act of Parliament 3570: 3569: 3547:Other legislation 3472:Act of Parliament 3368:on 15 July 1815. 3316:Army of the North 3086:Battle of Dresden 3004:Feodor Rostopchin 2960:Russian Lithuania 2935:in September 1812 2827:landed in Holland 2797:Battle of Eckmühl 2739:, 4 December 1808 2543:Holy Roman Empire 2529:, 14 October 1806 2352:Napoleon and the 2085:from AN XI, 1802 2039:Concordat of 1801 1965:Michael von Melas 1802:series of defeats 1687:Hospitaller Malta 1512:House of Habsburg 1497:Battle of Bassano 1462:Antoine-Jean Gros 1435:sugar plantations 1345:War in the Vendée 1224:Bonaparte at the 1167:second lieutenant 1146:Return to Corsica 1059:Republic of Genoa 1034:, under the name 889:Seventh Coalition 881:Bourbons to power 879:and restored the 865:Battle of Leipzig 833:Iberian Peninsula 762:Battle of Marengo 726:French Royal Army 691:French Revolution 319: 318: 16:(Redirected from 24116: 23944:French Consulate 23821:French Directory 23736:Lucien Bonaparte 23624: 23623: 23584: 23547:French Consulate 23540: 23533: 23526: 23517: 23516: 23437: 22996:Louis the German 22967: 22960: 22953: 22944: 22943: 22895:Louis Philippe I 22886:House of Orléans 22848:House of Bourbon 22776:House of Bourbon 22312: 22305: 22298: 22289: 22288: 22274: 22218: 21972: 21965: 21958: 21949: 21948: 21877: 21876: 21872: 21811: 21810: 21806: 21749: 21748: 21744: 21721: 21714: 21707: 21698: 21697: 21439: 21378:Bonaparte family 21371: 21364: 21357: 21348: 21347: 21326:Lucien Bonaparte 21316:Jérôme Bonaparte 21291:Joseph Bonaparte 21276: 21224: 21217: 21210: 21201: 21200: 21151: 21139:Temple of Reason 21110: 21086: 21067: 21048: 21047: 20999:Thomas Jefferson 20943: 20942: 20862:de Chateaubriand 20792:Joseph Bonaparte 20787:Lucien Bonaparte 20777:Marie Antoinette 20732: 20731: 20719:Sylvain Maréchal 20674:François Hanriot 20509:Louis Philippe I 20436:Louis Philippe I 20431:Philippe Égalité 20373:Olympe de Gouges 20343:Charlotte Corday 20333:Étienne Clavière 20133: 20132: 20115:Antonio Ricardos 20100: 20099: 20085:Andrei Rosenberg 20065: 20064: 20035: 20034: 20010: 20009: 19980:Ralph Abercromby 19967: 19966: 19942: 19919: 19906: 19898: 19890: 19877: 19864: 19841: 19840: 19832: 19831: 19736: 19683:Marcellin Marbot 19506: 19505: 19499: 19498: 19487:Military leaders 19483: 19482: 19470: 19462: 19458:Treaty of Amiens 19443: 19435: 19427: 19406: 19398: 19390: 19382: 19361: 19360:(25–26 Sep 1799) 19353: 19345: 19344:(17–20 Jun 1799) 19337: 19329: 19328:(27–28 Apr 1799) 19321: 19313: 19305: 19304:(20–21 Mar 1799) 19297: 19289: 19285:Second Coalition 19268: 19260: 19252: 19244: 19236: 19215: 19207: 19199: 19195:Treaty of Leoben 19191: 19183: 19182:(14–15 Jan 1797) 19179:Battle of Rivoli 19175: 19167: 19163:Italian campaign 19146: 19138: 19137:(15–17 Nov 1796) 19134:Battle of Arcole 19130: 19122: 19114: 19106: 19098: 19090: 19082: 19074: 19070:Battle of Amberg 19066: 19053: 19045: 19041:Battle of Lonato 19037: 19033:Italian campaign 19011: 18990: 18982: 18969: 18961: 18953: 18945: 18937: 18928: 18907: 18906:(26–27 Dec 1793) 18894: 18886: 18848: 18840: 18836:Battle of Famars 18804: 18729: 18728: 18711: 18703: 18695: 18676: 18657: 18649: 18630: 18622: 18602: 18594: 18586: 18567: 18559: 18551: 18542: 18534: 18526: 18503: 18495: 18487: 18479: 18469: 18461: 18453: 18433: 18425: 18417: 18398: 18390: 18382: 18374: 18366: 18358: 18350: 18331: 18323: 18315: 18307: 18299: 18298:(20–21 Jun 1791) 18278: 18270: 18262: 18253: 18234: 18226: 18218: 18210: 18202: 18194: 18186: 18178: 18170: 18162: 18154: 18146: 18138: 18117: 18109: 18105:Day of the Tiles 18088: 18087: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17965: 17964: 17725:Dano-Swedish War 17713:Anglo-Danish War 17565:Archduke Charles 17480:Jérôme Bonaparte 17396: 17395: 17329:Castel di Sangro 17238:Fère-Champenoise 16891:García Hernández 16805:Fuentes de Oñoro 16321:Guttstadt-Deppen 16058:Second Coalition 16036: 16035: 16017:French Royalists 15824: 15823: 15773:Fourth Coalition 15747: 15740: 15733: 15724: 15723: 15711: 15710: 15675: 15643: 15621: 15617:Preceded by 15490: 15467: 15443: 15387:Enrico De Nicola 15372: 15258: 15251: 15233: 15232: 15221: 15220: 15209: 15208: 15200: 15199: 15135:Napoleon complex 15077:Maison Bonaparte 15031: 15001:Organic Articles 14837:Battle of Rivoli 14793:Battles and wars 14777: 14763: 14712:Mesures usuelles 14640: 14617: 14587:Jérôme Bonaparte 14577:Lucien Bonaparte 14572:Joseph Bonaparte 14564:Letizia Ramolino 14472: 14465: 14458: 14449: 14448: 14399: 14397: 14395: 14372: 14370: 14368: 14339: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14280: 14267:Napoleon: A life 14261: 14234: 14222: 14211: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14157: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14100: 14098: 14073: 14052: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14000: 13969: 13950: 13929: 13910: 13898: 13887: 13868: 13849: 13837: 13826: 13805: 13793: 13782: 13763: 13751: 13737: 13721: 13707: 13675: 13663: 13652: 13622: 13601: 13592: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13536: 13513: 13499:Napoleon: A Life 13492: 13490: 13488: 13459: 13440: 13406: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13349: 13330: 13311: 13299: 13288: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13228: 13209: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13150: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13089: 13050: 13045: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13006: 13000: 12995: 12989: 12984: 12978: 12973: 12967: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12927: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12866: 12843: 12834: 12828: 12822: 12816: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12792: 12786: 12780: 12774: 12768: 12762: 12753: 12752: 12736: 12730: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12690: 12684: 12683: 12651: 12645: 12644: 12624: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12585: 12579: 12578: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12496: 12490: 12484: 12478: 12477: 12466: 12460: 12454: 12448: 12447: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12353: 12344: 12338: 12332: 12326: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12250: 12244: 12243: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12201: 12195: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12042: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12008: 12002: 11995: 11989: 11983: 11977: 11976:, p. xliii. 11971: 11965: 11959: 11953: 11948: 11942: 11941:, pp. 7–10. 11936: 11930: 11929: 11924:. Archived from 11913: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11853: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11727: 11721: 11715: 11709: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11597: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11547:, p. 27-28. 11542: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11500: 11494: 11493: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11396: 11390: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11320: 11314: 11313: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11245: 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11136: 11130: 11129: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10996:, p. 37-38. 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10886: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10850: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10751: 10750:, p. 18-19. 10745: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10671: 10665: 10664:, p. 379ff. 10659: 10653: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10602: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10527: 10521: 10512: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10495: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10309: 10308: 10293: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10269: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10242:. Napoleon.org. 10236: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10144: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10097: 10065: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9849: 9843: 9837: 9831: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9724:Napoleon's Women 9718: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9685:Cordingly (2004) 9682: 9676: 9670: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9502: 9496: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9255: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9176:, p. 432-39 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8180: 8174: 8168: 8162: 8156: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8084: 8081: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7886: 7858: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7818: 7812: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7653: 7647: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7344:, p. 319-20 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7309: 7308:, pp. 79–84 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7195: 7189: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7119:, p. 249-50 7114: 7108: 7107:, p. 246-47 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7045: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7020: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6911:Gueniffey (2015) 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6875: 6869: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6737:, pp. 13–14 6732: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6492: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429:, pp. 67–68 6424: 6418: 6417:, pp. 65–66 6412: 6406: 6405:, pp. 95–96 6400: 6394: 6388: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6342:, p. 165-68 6337: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6279:, pp. 79–80 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6229:Gueniffey (2015) 6226: 6220: 6219:, pp. 76–79 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6171:, pp. 65–66 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6135:, pp. 58–63 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6111:, pp. 52–53 6106: 6100: 6099:, pp. 52–54 6094: 6088: 6087: 6071: 6061: 6055: 6054:, pp. 41–46 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 5998: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5974:, pp. 38–42 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938:, pp. 22–23 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5748: 5742: 5741:, pp. 16–20 5736: 5730: 5724: 5715: 5714: 5688: 5682: 5681:, pp. 13–17 5676: 5670: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5337: 5334: 5328: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5099:Preceded by 5087: 5072:Karl von Dalberg 5069: 5052:(Emperor of the 5051: 5045:Preceded by 5017: 5003:Preceded by 4959:Preceded by 4932:Preceded by 4920:as Vicepresident 4915: 4899:Preceded by 4878: 4865:French Directory 4862:Preceded by 4854: 4853: 4694:, abolished the 4637: 4612: 4587: 4351:mobile artillery 4335:In the field of 4295:Council of State 4253:mesures usuelles 4241:Council of State 4224:Legion of Honour 4220:Organic Articles 4212:Banque de France 4131:Joseph Farington 4079:Napoleon complex 4040:Charles XIV John 3991:satellite states 3948:Organic Articles 3793:Louis Philippe I 3789:Napoleon's penis 3744: 3743: 3678:Status: Repealed 3594: 3593: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3565:Status: Repealed 3481: 3480: 3467: 3462: 3461: 3389: 3386: 3290:Vive l'empereur! 3013:After capturing 3006:. Alexander, in 2923:against France. 2896:, King of Rome. 2881:satellite states 2878: 2872: 2812:Battle of Wagram 2783:Battle of Wagram 2781:Napoleon at the 2706:Battle of Bailén 2676:Joseph Bonaparte 2436:Kingdom of Italy 2371:in October 1805. 2359: 2321: 2295: 2292: 2239:Legion of Honour 2235:Marie de' Medici 2225:, took place at 2126:Act of Mediation 2034:Treaty of Amiens 1946:Council of State 1934:Legislative Body 1891:French Consulate 1885:French Consulate 1838:François Bouchot 1751:Ottoman province 1658:Sultan of Mysore 1631:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1560:Battle of Rivoli 1558:Napoleon at the 1530:The preliminary 1521:Battle of Tarvis 1505:Battle of Rivoli 1501:Battle of Arcole 1470: 1467: 1412:French Directory 1385:Tuileries Palace 1341:Army of the West 1317:Rue Saint-Honoré 1232:Edouard Detaille 1105: 996:Maison Bonaparte 968:Carlo Buonaparte 920:emancipated Jews 867:. The coalition 853:Battle of Wagram 818: 785:Treaty of Amiens 666: 660: 653: 648: 643: 636: 631: 626: 619: 614: 609: 602: 597: 592: 585: 580: 575: 568: 563: 558: 551: 546: 541: 534: 529: 524: 517: 512: 507: 500: 495: 490: 483: 478: 473: 466: 461: 456: 449: 444: 439: 432: 427: 422: 415: 410: 405: 398: 393: 388: 381: 376: 371: 364: 359: 354: 347: 346: 340: 333: 315: 298: 280: 278: 274: 270: 247: 245: 241: 237: 233: 202: 201: 193:15 December 1840 180: 163: 161: 131: 103: 81: 55: 43: 42: 21: 24124: 24123: 24119: 24118: 24117: 24115: 24114: 24113: 24104:Royal reburials 23959:French generals 23844: 23843: 23842: 23837: 23836: 23831: 23807: 23795: 23783: 23771: 23745: 23719: 23707: 23695: 23669: 23643: 23627:Foreign Affairs 23615: 23589: 23587: 23585: 23576: 23550: 23544: 23514: 23509: 23480: 23461: 23442: 23420: 23396: 23377: 23244:Frederick (III) 23075: 23066: 23034: 23025: 23021:Louis the Child 23011:Charles the Fat 22985: 22976: 22971: 22941: 22936: 22925: 22906: 22880: 22842: 22816: 22770: 22745: 22672:House of Valois 22666: 22577: 22538:Charles the Fat 22497:Pepin the Short 22482: 22473: 22349: 22348: 22319: 22316: 22286: 22281: 22268: 22176: 22113: 22039: 22030: 22018: 21985: 21976: 21946: 21941: 21909: 21892: 21867: 21855: 21843:Imperial regent 21838: 21801: 21789: 21764: 21739: 21731: 21725: 21695: 21690: 21674: 21658: 21654:Eugenia Rasponi 21612: 21526: 21502:Dermide Leclerc 21440: 21431: 21380: 21375: 21345: 21340: 21330: 21311:Elisa Bonaparte 21296:Louis Bonaparte 21277: 21268: 21237: 21228: 21198: 21189: 21064:La Marseillaise 21053: 21052:Cultural impact 21038: 20948: 20929: 20896: 20852:Madame du Barry 20842:Catherine Théot 20832:Thérésa Tallien 20723: 20714:Gracchus Babeuf 20659:François Chabot 20616: 20608: 20529:Georges Couthon 20524:Marquis de Sade 20489:Jean-Paul Marat 20465: 20421:Bertrand Barère 20387: 20298: 20279:Boissy d'Anglas 20274:Madame de Staël 20239:Antoine Barnave 20207: 20200: 20191: 20138: 20119: 20094: 20089: 20059: 20054: 20029: 20024: 20004: 19999: 19961: 19956: 19940: 19917: 19904: 19896: 19888: 19875: 19862: 19851:József Alvinczi 19835: 19817: 19799: 19740:Nicolas Oudinot 19730: 19663:Claude Lecourbe 19658:Charles Leclerc 19553:Guillaume Brune 19523:Pierre Augereau 19493: 19488: 19473: 19468: 19466:Treaty of Paris 19460: 19446: 19441: 19433: 19425: 19409: 19404: 19396: 19388: 19380: 19364: 19359: 19351: 19343: 19335: 19327: 19319: 19311: 19303: 19295: 19287: 19271: 19266: 19258: 19250: 19242: 19234: 19218: 19213: 19205: 19197: 19189: 19181: 19173: 19165: 19149: 19144: 19136: 19128: 19120: 19112: 19104: 19096: 19088: 19080: 19072: 19064: 19051: 19043: 19035: 19019: 19009: 18993: 18988: 18980: 18967: 18959: 18951: 18943: 18935: 18926: 18910: 18905: 18892: 18884: 18882:Siege of Toulon 18846: 18838: 18821:First Coalition 18807: 18798: 18734: 18719: 18709: 18701: 18693: 18679: 18674: 18660: 18655: 18647: 18633: 18628: 18620: 18600: 18592: 18584: 18570: 18565: 18557: 18549: 18540: 18532: 18524: 18506: 18501: 18493: 18485: 18483:Law of Suspects 18477: 18467: 18459: 18451: 18431: 18429:Reign of Terror 18423: 18415: 18401: 18396: 18388: 18380: 18372: 18364: 18356: 18348: 18334: 18329: 18321: 18313: 18305: 18297: 18283: 18268: 18260: 18251: 18237: 18232: 18224: 18216: 18209:(4–11 Aug 1789) 18208: 18200: 18192: 18184: 18176: 18168: 18160: 18152: 18144: 18142:Réveillon riots 18136: 18120: 18115: 18107: 18093: 18082: 17997: 17992: 17962: 17953: 17880: 17764: 17685: 17679: 17635:Miguel de Álava 17600:Pyotr Bagration 17595:Count Bennigsen 17585:Mikhail Kutuzov 17550:Thomas Cochrane 17522: 17520: 17514: 17475:Louis Bonaparte 17402: 17400: 17399:French and ally 17383: 17267: 17183:Château-Thierry 17146: 17010: 16981:Maloyaroslavets 16839: 16753: 16707: 16498:Yevenes/Yébenes 16456: 16372:Rosily Squadron 16350: 16274: 16240:Waren-Nossentin 16168: 16099:Cape Finisterre 16082: 16053:First Coalition 16031: 16021: 15928: 15921: 15832: 15828: 15819: 15813: 15801:Sixth Coalition 15787:Fifth Coalition 15766:Third Coalition 15756: 15754:Napoleonic Wars 15751: 15716: 15708: 15703: 15695: 15686: 15680: 15647: 15642: 15635: 15632: 15620: 15606: 15590: 15579: 15575: 15572: 15565: 15557: 15554: 15546: 15539: 15528: 15513: 15504: 15489: 15483: 15466: 15457: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15410: 15402: 15397: 15384: 15381: 15364: 15358: 15353: 15332: 15331:(Second Consul) 15327: 15324: 15322: 15316: 15311: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15276: 15271: 15252: 15246: 15245: 15238: 15226: 15218: 15213: 15190: 15152:Napoleonic Code 15106: 15102:Warsaw monument 15046:Arc de Triomphe 15034: 15025: 14989:Infamous Decree 14984:Grand Sanhedrin 14962:Catholic Church 14950: 14941:Battle of Ligny 14883:Battle of Eylau 14808:Siege of Toulon 14787: 14771: 14757: 14685:Napoleonic Wars 14634: 14632:Stay in Auxonne 14624:Life and career 14618: 14609: 14605:Elisa Bonaparte 14582:Louis Bonaparte 14508: 14507: 14481: 14476: 14415:Napoleon Series 14406: 14393: 14391: 14366: 14364: 14357: 14319: 14317: 14277: 14258: 14242: 14240:Further reading 14237: 14231: 14208: 14184: 14182: 14175: 14154: 14127: 14125: 14118: 14070: 14049: 14027: 14025: 14018: 13966: 13947: 13926: 13907: 13884: 13865: 13846: 13823: 13802: 13779: 13760: 13742:Chandler, David 13734: 13696: 13680:Chandler, David 13672: 13649: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13565: 13563: 13544: 13539: 13533: 13510: 13486: 13484: 13477: 13456: 13427:Wayback Machine 13416:Wayback Machine 13403: 13376: 13374: 13367: 13346: 13327: 13308: 13285: 13269:Cronin, Vincent 13258: 13256: 13249: 13225: 13206: 13184: 13182: 13175: 13165:Faber and Faber 13155:Broers, Michael 13147: 13123: 13121: 13114: 13086: 13069: 13064: 13058: 13053: 13046: 13042: 13032: 13030: 13023: 13007: 13003: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12981: 12974: 12970: 12959:Wayback Machine 12948:Wayback Machine 12939: 12935: 12925: 12923: 12916: 12900: 12896: 12888: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12864: 12841: 12835: 12831: 12823: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12787: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12763: 12756: 12737: 12733: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12692: 12691: 12687: 12680: 12652: 12648: 12641: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12609: 12602: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12517:10.2307/1327640 12497: 12493: 12485: 12481: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12455: 12451: 12412: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12315: 12311: 12272: 12268: 12251: 12247: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12202: 12198: 12190: 12186: 12178: 12171: 12161: 12159: 12142: 12138: 12130: 12126: 12118: 12114: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12043: 12039: 12029: 12027: 12009: 12005: 11996: 11992: 11984: 11980: 11974:Chandler (1973) 11972: 11968: 11960: 11956: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11914: 11910: 11902: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11864:Wayback Machine 11854: 11850: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11826: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11759: 11755: 11744: 11728: 11724: 11716: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11656: 11652: 11642: 11637: 11633: 11623: 11621: 11614: 11598: 11587: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11536: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11501: 11497: 11487: 11484:O'Connor (2003) 11482: 11478: 11471: 11457: 11453: 11445: 11441: 11433: 11429: 11421: 11417: 11409: 11405: 11397: 11393: 11385: 11381: 11375:Blaufarb (2008) 11373: 11369: 11361: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11337: 11333: 11321: 11317: 11310: 11302:. p. 124. 11290:Seward, Desmond 11287: 11283: 11273: 11271: 11258: 11257: 11253: 11243: 11241: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11196: 11195: 11191: 11183: 11179: 11170: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11146: 11142: 11137: 11133: 11102: 11098: 11090: 11086: 11071: 11067: 11056: 11040:. p. 125. 11028: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10869: 10865: 10857: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10797: 10793: 10785: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10761: 10754: 10746: 10742: 10734: 10730: 10719: 10711:. p. 187. 10699: 10695: 10688: 10672: 10668: 10660: 10656: 10650:Chandler (1966) 10648: 10644: 10636: 10632: 10624: 10620: 10612: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10585: 10581: 10573: 10569: 10561: 10557: 10549: 10545: 10537: 10530: 10522: 10515: 10507: 10503: 10493: 10491: 10482: 10481: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10458: 10442: 10438: 10431: 10411: 10407: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10379: 10366: 10362: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10319: 10312: 10295: 10294: 10290: 10282: 10278: 10270: 10263: 10255: 10251: 10238: 10237: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10173: 10165: 10161: 10157:, p. 2092. 10153: 10149: 10141: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10074:Virchows Archiv 10066: 10059: 10051: 10047: 10039: 10032: 10023: 10019: 10011: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9950:Zamoyski (2018) 9948: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9888: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9850: 9846: 9838: 9834: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9801: 9800: 9796: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9762: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9735: 9719: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9695: 9691: 9683: 9679: 9671: 9667: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9599: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9522: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9442: 9434: 9430: 9422: 9418: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9360: 9358: 9349: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9324: 9320: 9310: 9308: 9301: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9232: 9228: 9220: 9216: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9180: 9172: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9152:, p. 1020. 9150:Chandler (1995) 9148: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9002: 9000: 8993: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8785: 8781: 8773: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8737: 8733: 8727:Chandler (1973) 8725: 8721: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8697: 8691:Chandler (1973) 8689: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8667:Chandler (1973) 8665: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8643:Chandler (1966) 8641: 8637: 8631:Chandler (1966) 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8591: 8589: 8582: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8520:Chandler (1966) 8518: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8257: 8241:Horne, Alistair 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8105:Chandler (1966) 8103: 8099: 8091: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7875: 7859: 7852: 7846:Chandler (1973) 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7819: 7815: 7806: 7802: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7756: 7752: 7746:Chandler (1966) 7744: 7740: 7734:Chandler (1966) 7732: 7728: 7720: 7713: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7596:Zamoyski (2018) 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7548:Zamoyski (2018) 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7524:Zamoyski (2018) 7522: 7518: 7510: 7506: 7500:Zamoyski (2018) 7498: 7494: 7486: 7482: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7452:Connelly (2006) 7450: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7428:Zamoyski (2018) 7426: 7422: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7397: 7391:Zamoyski (2018) 7389: 7385: 7378: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7342:Zamoyski (2018) 7340: 7336: 7330:Zamoyski (2018) 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7294:Zamoyski (2018) 7292: 7288: 7280: 7276: 7270:Zamoyski (2018) 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7246:Chandler (1966) 7244: 7237: 7231:Chandler (1966) 7229: 7225: 7219:Chandler (1966) 7217: 7213: 7207:Zamoyski (2018) 7205: 7198: 7192:Chandler (1966) 7190: 7183: 7177:Chandler (2002) 7175: 7171: 7165:Zamoyski (2018) 7163: 7159: 7153:Zamoyski (2018) 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7117:Zamoyski (2018) 7115: 7111: 7105:Zamoyski (2018) 7103: 7099: 7093:Zamoyski (2018) 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7069:Zamoyski (2018) 7067: 7063: 7055: 7048: 7042:Zamoyski (2018) 7040: 7036: 7030:Zamoyski (2018) 7028: 7024: 7017: 7001:Furet, François 6998: 6994: 6988:Zamoyski (2018) 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6952:Zamoyski (2018) 6950: 6946: 6940:Connelly (2006) 6938: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6861: 6855:Zamoyski (2018) 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6819:Zamoyski (2018) 6817: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6757: 6753: 6745: 6741: 6733: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6598:Zamoyski (2018) 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6560: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6514:Chandler (1966) 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6481: 6449: 6445: 6439:Zamoyski (2018) 6437: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6413: 6409: 6403:Zamoyski (2018) 6401: 6397: 6389: 6382: 6376:Zamoyski (2018) 6374: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6331: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6277:Zamoyski (2018) 6275: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6217:Zamoyski (2018) 6215: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6169:Zamoyski (2018) 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6109:Zamoyski (2018) 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6062: 6058: 6052:Zamoyski (2018) 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6028:Zamoyski (2018) 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 5999: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5960:Zamoyski (2018) 5958: 5954: 5948:Zamoyski (2018) 5946: 5942: 5936:Zamoyski (2018) 5934: 5930: 5924:Chandler (1973) 5922: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5876:Zamoyski (2018) 5874: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5803: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5739:Zamoyski (2018) 5737: 5733: 5725: 5718: 5707: 5689: 5685: 5679:Zamoyski (2018) 5677: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5582:Zamoyski (2018) 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5520: 5512: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5308: 5304: 5295: 5291: 5274: 5270: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5221: 5217: 5184: 5155: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5086: 5068: 5066: 5058: 5050: 5034: 5016: 5014: 5006: 4998: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4973: 4965: 4954: 4945: 4937: 4927: 4926:Himself as King 4914: 4912: 4904: 4894: 4883: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4852: 4834:(1806–1881) by 4798:François Gérard 4786: 4755:Spanish America 4666: 4660: 4653: 4640:Moscow (1812). 4638: 4629: 4613: 4604: 4588: 4522: 4514:Main articles: 4512: 4496:Musée du Louvre 4435: 4430: 4424: 4380: 4321: 4311: 4268: 4266:Napoleonic Code 4262: 4260:Napoleonic Code 4233: 4189: 4154:Napoleonic Wars 4106: 4100: 4031:Hippolyte Taine 4008: 3986: 3976: 3956: 3922: 3916: 3870:Napoleon had a 3853: 3832: 3826: 3806:Napoleon's tomb 3735:Napoleon's tomb 3728: 3726:Napoleon's tomb 3714: 3679: 3599: 3591: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3486: 3478: 3465: 3460: 3387: 3374: 3324:Battle of Ligny 3276:and headed for 3255: 3249: 3188: 3182: 3088:(August 1813). 3054: 3048: 3015:Maloyaroslavets 2912: 2906: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2858: 2850:Duchy of Warsaw 2846:third partition 2775: 2769: 2669: 2663: 2647:Duchy of Warsaw 2604:Battle of Eylau 2515: 2509: 2462: 2454:Main articles: 2452: 2421:François Gérard 2293: 2287:François Gérard 2276: 2270: 2188:Duke of Enghien 2180: 2158: 2156:Napoleonic Wars 2148: 2142: 2134:prisoner of war 2099:General Leclerc 2018: 2012: 1897: 1889:Main articles: 1887: 1854: 1848: 1824: 1818: 1816:Ruler of France 1785:. He failed to 1775:attack on Jaffa 1708:on 21 July 1798 1693:. Grand Master 1618: 1612: 1588:Pierre Augereau 1576:pitched battles 1532:peace of Leoben 1473:Musée du Louvre 1468: 1449: 1443: 1431:Lesser Antilles 1296: 1290: 1226:Siege of Toulon 1217: 1211: 1209:Siege of Toulon 1176:. He served in 1148: 1143: 1135:École militaire 1125:École militaire 1099: 994:, lived in the 949: 912:Napoleonic Code 823:in 1807 at the 778:crowned himself 730:siege of Toulon 703:French Republic 687:Napoleon I 673: 672: 671: 668: 667: 663: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 348: 344: 341: 334: 326: 292: 291: 283: 282: 279: 1814) 266: 262: 259: 249: 229: 225: 222: 204: 194: 182: 178: 165: 159: 157: 132: 127: 101: 79: 63: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 24122: 24112: 24111: 24106: 24101: 24096: 24091: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24051: 24046: 24041: 24036: 24031: 24026: 24021: 24016: 24011: 24006: 24001: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23929:Exiled royalty 23926: 23921: 23916: 23911: 23906: 23901: 23896: 23891: 23886: 23881: 23876: 23871: 23866: 23861: 23856: 23839: 23838: 23833: 23832: 23830: 23829: 23823: 23816: 23813: 23812: 23809: 23808: 23803: 23801: 23797: 23796: 23791: 23789: 23785: 23784: 23779: 23777: 23773: 23772: 23770: 23769: 23764: 23759: 23753: 23751: 23747: 23746: 23744: 23743: 23738: 23733: 23727: 23725: 23721: 23720: 23715: 23713: 23709: 23708: 23703: 23701: 23697: 23696: 23694: 23693: 23688: 23683: 23677: 23675: 23671: 23670: 23668: 23667: 23662: 23657: 23651: 23649: 23645: 23644: 23642: 23641: 23636: 23630: 23628: 23621: 23617: 23616: 23614: 23613: 23608: 23603: 23597: 23595: 23591: 23590: 23579: 23577: 23575: 23574: 23569: 23564: 23558: 23556: 23552: 23551: 23543: 23542: 23535: 23528: 23520: 23511: 23510: 23508: 23507: 23502: 23497: 23491: 23489: 23482: 23481: 23479: 23478: 23472: 23470: 23463: 23462: 23460: 23459: 23457:Franz Joseph I 23453: 23451: 23444: 23443: 23441: 23440: 23431: 23429: 23422: 23421: 23419: 23418: 23413: 23407: 23405: 23398: 23397: 23395: 23394: 23388: 23386: 23379: 23378: 23376: 23375: 23370: 23365: 23360: 23355: 23350: 23345: 23340: 23335: 23330: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23310: 23305: 23300: 23295: 23290: 23285: 23280: 23275: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23209: 23204: 23199: 23192: 23187: 23182: 23177: 23172: 23167: 23162: 23157: 23152: 23147: 23145:Lothair II/III 23142: 23137: 23132: 23125: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23082: 23080: 23068: 23067: 23065: 23064: 23059: 23052: 23047: 23041: 23039: 23027: 23026: 23024: 23023: 23018: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22992: 22990: 22978: 22977: 22970: 22969: 22962: 22955: 22947: 22938: 22937: 22930: 22927: 22926: 22924: 22923: 22917: 22915: 22908: 22907: 22905: 22904: 22897: 22891: 22889: 22882: 22881: 22879: 22878: 22871: 22864: 22859: 22853: 22851: 22844: 22843: 22841: 22840: 22833: 22827: 22825: 22818: 22817: 22815: 22814: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22781: 22779: 22772: 22771: 22769: 22768: 22760: 22758: 22747: 22746: 22744: 22743: 22738: 22733: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22698: 22693: 22688: 22683: 22677: 22675: 22668: 22667: 22665: 22664: 22659: 22654: 22649: 22644: 22639: 22634: 22629: 22624: 22619: 22614: 22609: 22604: 22599: 22594: 22588: 22586: 22583:House of Capet 22579: 22578: 22576: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22504: 22499: 22493: 22491: 22475: 22474: 22472: 22471: 22466: 22461: 22456: 22451: 22446: 22444:Childebert III 22441: 22436: 22431: 22426: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22391: 22386: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22360: 22358: 22351: 22350: 22347: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22325: 22324: 22321: 22320: 22315: 22314: 22307: 22300: 22292: 22283: 22282: 22273: 22270: 22269: 22267: 22266: 22251: 22245: 22231: 22225: 22212: 22206: 22200: 22194: 22187: 22185: 22184:(1814–present) 22178: 22177: 22175: 22174: 22167: 22161: 22155: 22149: 22143: 22137: 22131: 22124: 22122: 22121:(1883–present) 22115: 22114: 22112: 22111: 22104: 22098: 22092: 22086: 22080: 22073: 22067: 22061: 22054: 22052: 22051:(1830–present) 22041: 22040: 22021: 22019: 22017: 22016: 22009: 22003: 21996: 21994: 21987: 21986: 21975: 21974: 21967: 21960: 21952: 21943: 21942: 21940: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21924: 21918: 21915: 21914: 21911: 21910: 21908: 21907: 21900: 21898: 21894: 21893: 21891: 21890: 21883: 21881: 21874: 21861: 21860: 21857: 21856: 21854: 21853: 21846: 21844: 21840: 21839: 21837: 21836: 21830: 21824: 21817: 21815: 21808: 21795: 21794: 21791: 21790: 21788: 21787: 21781: 21774: 21772: 21770:Prince primate 21766: 21765: 21763: 21762: 21755: 21753: 21746: 21733: 21732: 21724: 21723: 21716: 21709: 21701: 21692: 21691: 21689: 21688: 21682: 21680: 21679:6th generation 21676: 21675: 21673: 21672: 21666: 21664: 21663:5th generation 21660: 21659: 21657: 21656: 21651: 21646: 21641: 21636: 21631: 21626: 21620: 21618: 21617:4th generation 21614: 21613: 21611: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21585: 21580: 21578:Prince Charles 21575: 21570: 21565: 21560: 21555: 21550: 21545: 21540: 21534: 21532: 21531:3rd generation 21528: 21527: 21525: 21524: 21519: 21514: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21448: 21446: 21445:2nd generation 21442: 21441: 21434: 21432: 21430: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21388: 21386: 21385:1st generation 21382: 21381: 21374: 21373: 21366: 21359: 21351: 21342: 21341: 21335: 21332: 21331: 21329: 21328: 21323: 21318: 21313: 21308: 21303: 21298: 21293: 21287: 21285: 21283:French Princes 21279: 21278: 21271: 21269: 21267: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21245: 21243: 21239: 21238: 21227: 21226: 21219: 21212: 21204: 21195: 21194: 21191: 21190: 21188: 21187: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21143: 21142: 21141: 21134:Cult of Reason 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21078: 21076:Flag of France 21073: 21068: 21058: 21055: 21054: 21044: 21043: 21040: 21039: 21037: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21021: 21016: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20971: 20966: 20961: 20953: 20950: 20949: 20939: 20938: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20930: 20928: 20927: 20922: 20921: 20920: 20915: 20904: 20902: 20898: 20897: 20895: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20882:Jacques Necker 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20844: 20839: 20834: 20829: 20824: 20819: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20764: 20759: 20754: 20749: 20744: 20738: 20736: 20729: 20725: 20724: 20722: 20721: 20716: 20711: 20706: 20704:Claire Lacombe 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20681: 20676: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20629:Jacques Hébert 20625: 20623: 20610: 20609: 20607: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20484:Georges Danton 20481: 20475: 20473: 20467: 20466: 20464: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20397: 20395: 20389: 20388: 20386: 20385: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20330: 20328:Henri Grégoire 20324: 20319: 20314: 20308: 20306: 20300: 20299: 20297: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20269:Camille Jordan 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20210: 20208: 20196: 20193: 20192: 20190: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20148: 20146: 20140: 20139: 20129: 20128: 20125: 20124: 20121: 20120: 20118: 20117: 20112: 20106: 20104: 20091: 20090: 20088: 20087: 20082: 20077: 20071: 20069: 20056: 20055: 20053: 20052: 20047: 20041: 20039: 20026: 20025: 20023: 20022: 20016: 20014: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19973: 19971: 19958: 19957: 19955: 19954: 19949: 19944: 19936: 19931: 19926: 19921: 19913: 19908: 19900: 19892: 19884: 19879: 19871: 19866: 19858: 19853: 19847: 19845: 19829: 19823: 19822: 19819: 19818: 19816: 19815: 19809: 19807: 19801: 19800: 19798: 19797: 19792: 19787: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19767: 19762: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19550: 19545: 19540: 19535: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19514: 19512: 19503: 19490: 19489: 19479: 19478: 19475: 19474: 19472: 19471: 19463: 19454: 19452: 19448: 19447: 19445: 19444: 19436: 19428: 19419: 19417: 19411: 19410: 19408: 19407: 19399: 19391: 19383: 19374: 19372: 19366: 19365: 19363: 19362: 19354: 19349:Battle of Novi 19346: 19338: 19336:(4–7 Jun 1799) 19330: 19322: 19314: 19306: 19298: 19290: 19281: 19279: 19273: 19272: 19270: 19269: 19261: 19253: 19245: 19237: 19228: 19226: 19220: 19219: 19217: 19216: 19208: 19200: 19192: 19184: 19176: 19168: 19159: 19157: 19151: 19150: 19148: 19147: 19139: 19131: 19129:(6–7 Nov 1796) 19123: 19115: 19107: 19099: 19091: 19083: 19075: 19067: 19059: 19054: 19046: 19044:(3–4 Aug 1796) 19038: 19029: 19027: 19021: 19020: 19018: 19017: 19015:Peace of Basel 19012: 19003: 19001: 18995: 18994: 18992: 18991: 18983: 18975: 18970: 18962: 18954: 18946: 18938: 18929: 18920: 18918: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18900: 18895: 18887: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18857:Siege of Mainz 18854: 18849: 18841: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18817: 18815: 18809: 18808: 18806: 18805: 18793: 18788: 18786:Siege of Mainz 18783: 18778: 18777: 18776: 18773: 18768: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18744: 18742: 18736: 18735: 18725: 18724: 18721: 18720: 18718: 18717: 18712: 18704: 18696: 18687: 18685: 18681: 18680: 18678: 18677: 18668: 18666: 18662: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18650: 18641: 18639: 18635: 18634: 18632: 18631: 18623: 18618:13 Vendémiaire 18615: 18614: 18613: 18608: 18595: 18587: 18578: 18576: 18572: 18571: 18569: 18568: 18560: 18552: 18543: 18535: 18527: 18514: 18512: 18508: 18507: 18505: 18504: 18496: 18488: 18480: 18470: 18465:Levée en masse 18462: 18454: 18446: 18445: 18444: 18439: 18426: 18418: 18409: 18407: 18403: 18402: 18400: 18399: 18391: 18383: 18375: 18370:10th of August 18367: 18359: 18351: 18342: 18340: 18336: 18335: 18333: 18332: 18324: 18316: 18308: 18300: 18291: 18289: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18281: 18271: 18263: 18254: 18252:(Feb–Jul 1790) 18245: 18243: 18239: 18238: 18236: 18235: 18227: 18219: 18211: 18203: 18195: 18187: 18179: 18171: 18163: 18155: 18147: 18139: 18128: 18126: 18122: 18121: 18119: 18118: 18110: 18101: 18099: 18095: 18094: 18084: 18083: 18081: 18080: 18073: 18066: 18059: 18052: 18045: 18038: 18031: 18024: 18017: 18010: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17991: 17990: 17983: 17976: 17968: 17959: 17958: 17955: 17954: 17952: 17951: 17946: 17944:Longwood House 17941: 17940: 17939: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17904: 17899: 17894: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17772: 17770: 17766: 17765: 17763: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17721: 17720: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17689: 17687: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17650:Count of Feira 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17547: 17545:Horatio Nelson 17542: 17537: 17532: 17526: 17524: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17512: 17507: 17502: 17497: 17492: 17487: 17482: 17477: 17472: 17467: 17462: 17457: 17455:Marshal Victor 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17406: 17404: 17393: 17389: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17382: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17275: 17273: 17269: 17268: 17266: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17235: 17233:Arcis-sur-Aube 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17148: 17147: 17145: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17018: 17016: 17012: 17011: 17009: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16983: 16978: 16976:Venta del Pozo 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16851:Ciudad Rodrigo 16847: 16845: 16841: 16840: 16838: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16761: 16759: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16729:Ciudad Rodrigo 16726: 16721: 16715: 16713: 16709: 16708: 16706: 16705: 16703:Alba de Tormes 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16603:Aspern-Essling 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16464: 16462: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16358: 16356: 16352: 16351: 16349: 16348: 16343: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16205:Jena–Auerstedt 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16176: 16174: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16090: 16088: 16084: 16083: 16081: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16044: 16042: 16033: 16027: 16026: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15977:Ottoman Empire 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15937:United Kingdom 15933: 15931: 15923: 15922: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15907:Ottoman Empire 15904: 15902:Denmark–Norway 15899: 15898: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15847: 15845:Polish Legions 15842: 15836: 15834: 15821: 15815: 15814: 15812: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15780:Peninsular War 15776: 15769: 15761: 15758: 15757: 15750: 15749: 15742: 15735: 15727: 15721: 15718: 15717: 15705: 15704: 15700: 15699: 15693: 15688: 15673: 15667: 15666: 15660: 15659: 15640: 15637: 15628: 15618: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15603:Island of Elba 15598: 15592: 15591: 15585:Präsidialmacht 15573: 15567: 15558: 15555: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15541: 15532: 15526: 15520: 15519: 15511: 15506: 15497: 15481: 15475: 15474: 15462: 15459: 15450: 15434: 15431: 15425: 15424: 15423:Regnal titles 15420: 15419: 15412: 15403: 15398: 15391: 15390: 15382: 15371: 15366: 15359: 15354: 15347: 15346: 15338: 15336:(Third Consul) 15317: 15312: 15305: 15304: 15296: 15277: 15272: 15265: 15264: 15260: 15259: 15250:15 August 1769 15239: 15236: 15231: 15228: 15227: 15215: 15214: 15195: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15127: 15122: 15120:Bank of France 15116: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15093: 15092: 15080: 15073: 15071:Longwood House 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15042: 15040: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15032: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15013: 15005: 15004: 15003: 14993: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14969: 14958: 14956: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14909: 14904: 14897: 14892: 14885: 14880: 14873: 14868: 14861: 14856: 14854:Siege of Jaffa 14851: 14846: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14827:Battle of Lodi 14824: 14821:13 Vendémiaire 14817: 14810: 14805: 14797: 14795: 14789: 14788: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14766: 14765: 14764: 14750:2nd abdication 14747: 14745:Route Napoléon 14742: 14741: 14740: 14733:1st abdication 14730: 14725: 14720: 14718:Looting of art 14715: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14658:Constitutions 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14628: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14612: 14610: 14608: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14566: 14558: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14532: 14527: 14518: 14516: 14510: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14491:Napoleonic era 14487: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14475: 14474: 14467: 14460: 14452: 14446: 14445: 14436: 14431: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14405: 14404:External links 14402: 14401: 14400: 14374: 14355: 14340: 14326: 14296:(339): 40–57. 14281: 14275: 14262: 14256: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14235: 14229: 14212: 14206: 14191: 14173: 14158: 14152: 14134: 14116: 14101: 14074: 14068: 14053: 14047: 14034: 14016: 14001: 13989:10.1086/240080 13983:(3): 233–252. 13970: 13964: 13951: 13945: 13930: 13924: 13911: 13905: 13888: 13882: 13869: 13863: 13850: 13844: 13838:. Bloomsbury. 13827: 13821: 13806: 13800: 13783: 13777: 13764: 13758: 13738: 13732: 13708: 13694: 13676: 13670: 13653: 13647: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13623: 13617: 13602: 13593: 13583:(3): 110–122. 13572: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13531: 13514: 13508: 13493: 13475: 13460: 13454: 13441: 13429: 13401: 13383: 13365: 13350: 13344: 13331: 13325: 13312: 13306: 13289: 13283: 13265: 13247: 13229: 13223: 13217:. Leo Cooper. 13210: 13204: 13191: 13173: 13151: 13145: 13130: 13112: 13094:Bell, David A. 13090: 13084: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13060:Main article: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13040: 13021: 13001: 12990: 12979: 12968: 12933: 12914: 12894: 12882: 12870: 12852:(9): 127–139. 12829: 12817: 12815:, p. 105. 12805: 12793: 12791:, p. 203. 12781: 12769: 12754: 12731: 12715: 12685: 12678: 12646: 12639: 12619: 12600: 12580: 12573: 12550: 12511:(2): 114–134. 12491: 12479: 12461: 12449: 12406: 12394: 12371:(4): 463–483. 12365:French History 12345: 12343:, p. 107. 12333: 12331:, p. 106. 12321: 12319:, p. 262. 12309: 12286:(4): 426–445. 12280:French History 12266: 12245: 12220: 12208: 12196: 12184: 12169: 12136: 12124: 12112: 12100: 12088: 12076: 12074:, p. 665. 12061: 12057:Barnett (1997) 12049: 12047:, p. 666. 12037: 12003: 11990: 11988:, p. 574. 11978: 11966: 11954: 11943: 11931: 11908: 11896: 11892:Roberts (2014) 11884: 11872: 11848: 11836: 11824: 11812: 11779:10.1086/348507 11773:(4): 369–382. 11753: 11742: 11722: 11710: 11698: 11686: 11674: 11670:Roberts (2001) 11662: 11660:, p. 272. 11658:Roberts (2004) 11650: 11631: 11612: 11585: 11573: 11561: 11549: 11534: 11522: 11520:, p. 234. 11510: 11495: 11476: 11469: 11451: 11439: 11427: 11415: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11367: 11355: 11343: 11341:, p. 118. 11331: 11315: 11308: 11281: 11251: 11221: 11189: 11185:Roberts (2004) 11177: 11164: 11162:, p. 129. 11152: 11140: 11131: 11118:10.2307/286104 11096: 11094:, p. 285. 11084: 11065: 11054: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10974: 10962: 10950: 10938: 10936:, p. 582. 10926: 10914: 10902: 10887: 10885:, p. 573. 10875: 10873:, p. 286. 10863: 10851: 10839: 10827: 10825:, p. 198. 10815: 10803: 10801:, p. 287. 10791: 10779: 10767: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10717: 10693: 10686: 10666: 10662:Englund (2010) 10654: 10642: 10630: 10618: 10603: 10591: 10587:Barnett (1997) 10579: 10567: 10555: 10543: 10528: 10513: 10501: 10475: 10456: 10436: 10429: 10405: 10392: 10377: 10360: 10337: 10335:, p. 197. 10325: 10323:, p. 248. 10310: 10288: 10276: 10274:, p. 235. 10261: 10249: 10231: 10229:, p. 236. 10219: 10207: 10205:, p. 235. 10195: 10183: 10171: 10159: 10147: 10139: 10121: 10057: 10045: 10030: 10028:(2014) 799–801 10017: 10002: 10000:, p. 115. 9990: 9978: 9976:, p. 105. 9966: 9954: 9942: 9930: 9918: 9906: 9894: 9879: 9867: 9852:Hicks, Peter. 9844: 9832: 9820: 9794: 9768: 9756: 9744: 9733: 9713: 9701: 9689: 9687:, p. 254. 9677: 9665: 9663:, pp. 635 9653: 9641: 9629: 9617: 9605: 9593: 9581: 9569: 9557: 9545: 9515: 9503: 9491: 9479: 9467: 9455: 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9368: 9342: 9340:, p. 259. 9330: 9318: 9299: 9279: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9198:Esdaile (2007) 9190: 9178: 9166: 9154: 9142: 9130: 9118: 9114:Esdaile (2007) 9106: 9094: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9056:, p. 425. 9046: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8991: 8971: 8969:, p. 385. 8959: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8921:, p. 773. 8911: 8909:, p. 370. 8899: 8895:Esdaile (2007) 8887: 8885:, p. 508. 8875: 8863: 8861:, p. 501. 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8803: 8791: 8779: 8767: 8755: 8753:, p. 316. 8743: 8741:, p. 144. 8731: 8729:, p. 732. 8719: 8707: 8705:, p. 314. 8695: 8693:, p. 729. 8683: 8671: 8669:, p. 708. 8659: 8647: 8635: 8623: 8611: 8609:, p. 306. 8599: 8580: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8534:, p. 128. 8524: 8509: 8497: 8470: 8468:, p. 205. 8458: 8456:, p. 118. 8446: 8444:, p. 286. 8434: 8427: 8401: 8399:, p. 218. 8386: 8384:, p. 296. 8374: 8362: 8350: 8348:, p. 267. 8338: 8336:, p. 199. 8326: 8314: 8312:, p. 264. 8302: 8290: 8278: 8276:, p. 197. 8266: 8255: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8192:Roberts (2014) 8181: 8169: 8167:, p. 244. 8157: 8155:, p. 243. 8145: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8097: 8085: 8073: 8061: 8050: 8030: 8018: 8006: 7987: 7967: 7965:, p. 344. 7955: 7943: 7941:, p. 209. 7931: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7873: 7850: 7848:, p. 407. 7838: 7826: 7813: 7800: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7750: 7738: 7726: 7724:, p. 138. 7711: 7699: 7697:, p. 190. 7687: 7668: 7648: 7636: 7624: 7612: 7600: 7588: 7576: 7564: 7552: 7540: 7528: 7516: 7504: 7492: 7480: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7442:, Introduction 7440:Roberts (2014) 7432: 7420: 7418:, p. 303. 7416:Roberts (2014) 7408: 7395: 7383: 7376: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7235: 7223: 7211: 7196: 7181: 7169: 7157: 7145: 7133: 7131:, p. 256. 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7061: 7046: 7034: 7022: 7015: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6956: 6944: 6927: 6915: 6903: 6891: 6889:, p. 280. 6876: 6859: 6857:, p. 198. 6847: 6835: 6823: 6821:, p. 188. 6811: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6771:Englund (2010) 6763: 6751: 6739: 6722: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6648:, p. 135. 6638: 6626: 6614: 6602: 6590: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6542: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6502:Englund (2010) 6494: 6480:978-0674252011 6479: 6443: 6431: 6427:Roberts (2014) 6419: 6415:Roberts (2014) 6407: 6395: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6329: 6317: 6305: 6293: 6281: 6269: 6265:Roberts (2014) 6257: 6245: 6233: 6221: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6082: 6056: 6044: 6040:Roberts (2014) 6032: 6020: 6016:Roberts (2014) 6008: 6001:Roberts (2001) 5988: 5976: 5964: 5952: 5940: 5928: 5916: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5868: 5864:Roberts (2014) 5856: 5823:10.2307/286104 5794: 5782: 5763: 5743: 5731: 5716: 5706:978-1317874690 5705: 5683: 5671: 5669:, p. 142. 5667:Roberts (2014) 5659: 5637: 5625: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5535: 5518: 5506: 5491: 5479: 5477:, p. 336. 5467: 5448: 5425: 5410: 5391: 5371: 5359: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5329: 5302: 5289: 5268: 5238: 5143: 5140:King of France 5127: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5107:Prince of Elba 5103: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5084:Francis II (I) 5082: 5079: 5076:Prince-primate 5059: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5032: 5027: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4996:King of France 4990: 4987: 4981:as Napoleon I 4974: 4971:King of France 4960: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4848: 4844:Maria Walewska 4785: 4782: 4720:Kleinstaaterei 4702:and ended the 4662:Main article: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4650:Maurice Orange 4648:, painting by 4644:, part of the 4639: 4632: 4630: 4626:Paul Delaroche 4614: 4607: 4605: 4589: 4582: 4511: 4508: 4448:Francisco Goya 4434: 4431: 4426:Main article: 4423: 4420: 4405:grandes écoles 4401:grandes écoles 4394:the Revolution 4379: 4376: 4310: 4307: 4264:Main article: 4261: 4258: 4232: 4231:Administration 4229: 4188: 4185: 4099: 4096: 4007: 4004: 3975: 3972: 3955: 3952: 3939:agreed to the 3915: 3912: 3882:Quum memoranda 3877:excommunicated 3872:civil marriage 3852: 3849: 3825: 3822: 3810:Louis Visconti 3808:, designed by 3774:stomach cancer 3713: 3710: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3424:Longwood House 3412:Northumberland 3398:Longwood House 3373: 3370: 3282:Route Napoléon 3251:Main article: 3248: 3245: 3184:Main article: 3181: 3178: 3110:Paul Delaroche 3068:, painting by 3050:Main article: 3047: 3044: 3024:attempted coup 2993:Adolph Northen 2991:, painting by 2933:fire of Moscow 2908:Main article: 2905: 2902: 2875: 2869: 2857: 2854: 2771:Main article: 2768: 2765: 2667:Peninsular War 2665:Main article: 2662: 2659: 2638:Ionian Islands 2527:Battle of Jena 2523:Imperial Guard 2511:Main article: 2508: 2505: 2497:Persian Empire 2485:Ottoman Empire 2451: 2448: 2444:Vincent Cronin 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2179: 2176: 2144:Main article: 2141: 2138: 2060:Saint-Domingue 2051:new plebiscite 2011: 2008: 1982:General Moreau 1886: 1883: 1850:Main article: 1847: 1842: 1822:Napoleonic era 1820:Main article: 1817: 1814: 1783:bubonic plague 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1445:Main article: 1442: 1439: 1366:Constantinople 1305:13 Vendémiaire 1294:13 Vendémiaire 1292:Main article: 1289: 1288:13 Vendémiaire 1286: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1063:Pasquale Paoli 976:Pasquale Paoli 948: 945: 869:invaded France 845:Peninsular War 768:, and in 1803 734:13 Vendémiaire 669: 662: 655: 650: 645: 638: 633: 628: 621: 616: 611: 604: 599: 594: 587: 582: 577: 570: 565: 560: 553: 548: 543: 536: 531: 526: 519: 514: 509: 502: 497: 492: 485: 480: 475: 468: 463: 458: 451: 446: 441: 434: 429: 424: 417: 412: 407: 400: 395: 390: 383: 378: 373: 366: 361: 356: 349: 342: 335: 328: 327: 322: 321: 320: 317: 316: 309: 305: 304: 299: 285: 284: 264: 260: 255: 254: 253: 252: 227: 223: 218: 217: 216: 215: 212: 210: 206: 205: 195: 191: 187: 186: 181:(aged 51) 175: 171: 170: 164:15 August 1769 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 124: 123: 117: 116: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 99: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 78:18 May 1804 – 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 56: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24121: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24095: 24092: 24090: 24087: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24050: 24047: 24045: 24042: 24040: 24037: 24035: 24032: 24030: 24027: 24025: 24022: 24020: 24017: 24015: 24012: 24010: 24007: 24005: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23954:French exiles 23952: 23950: 23949:French deists 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23890: 23887: 23885: 23882: 23880: 23877: 23875: 23872: 23870: 23867: 23865: 23862: 23860: 23857: 23855: 23852: 23851: 23849: 23828: 23824: 23822: 23818: 23817: 23814: 23806: 23802: 23798: 23794: 23790: 23786: 23782: 23778: 23774: 23768: 23765: 23763: 23760: 23758: 23755: 23754: 23752: 23748: 23742: 23739: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23728: 23726: 23722: 23718: 23717:Joseph Fouché 23714: 23710: 23706: 23702: 23698: 23692: 23689: 23687: 23686:Lazare Carnot 23684: 23682: 23679: 23678: 23676: 23672: 23666: 23663: 23661: 23658: 23656: 23653: 23652: 23650: 23646: 23640: 23637: 23635: 23632: 23631: 23629: 23625: 23622: 23618: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23598: 23596: 23592: 23583: 23573: 23570: 23568: 23565: 23563: 23560: 23559: 23557: 23553: 23548: 23541: 23536: 23534: 23529: 23527: 23522: 23521: 23518: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23500:Frederick III 23498: 23496: 23493: 23492: 23490: 23487: 23486:German Empire 23483: 23477: 23474: 23473: 23471: 23468: 23464: 23458: 23455: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23445: 23436: 23433: 23432: 23430: 23427: 23426:German Empire 23423: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23408: 23406: 23403: 23399: 23393: 23390: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23380: 23374: 23371: 23369: 23366: 23364: 23361: 23359: 23356: 23354: 23351: 23349: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23339: 23336: 23334: 23331: 23329: 23328:Ferdinand III 23326: 23324: 23321: 23319: 23316: 23314: 23311: 23309: 23308:Maximilian II 23306: 23304: 23301: 23299: 23296: 23294: 23291: 23289: 23288:Frederick III 23286: 23284: 23281: 23279: 23276: 23274: 23273: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23256: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23214: 23210: 23208: 23205: 23203: 23200: 23198: 23197: 23193: 23191: 23188: 23186: 23183: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23166: 23163: 23161: 23158: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23148: 23146: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23136: 23133: 23131: 23130: 23126: 23124: 23123: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23073: 23069: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23057: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23032: 23028: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22993: 22991: 22988: 22983: 22979: 22975: 22968: 22963: 22961: 22956: 22954: 22949: 22948: 22945: 22934: 22928: 22922: 22919: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22909: 22903: 22902: 22898: 22896: 22893: 22892: 22890: 22887: 22883: 22877: 22876: 22872: 22870: 22869: 22865: 22863: 22860: 22858: 22855: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22845: 22839: 22838: 22834: 22832: 22829: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22819: 22813: 22812: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22773: 22767: 22766: 22762: 22761: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22753: 22748: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22729: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22682: 22679: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22669: 22663: 22660: 22658: 22655: 22653: 22650: 22648: 22645: 22643: 22640: 22638: 22635: 22633: 22630: 22628: 22625: 22623: 22620: 22618: 22615: 22613: 22610: 22608: 22605: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22580: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22508: 22505: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22485: 22480: 22476: 22470: 22469:Childeric III 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22457: 22455: 22452: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22442: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22434:Theuderic III 22432: 22430: 22427: 22425: 22422: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22399:Childebert II 22397: 22395: 22392: 22390: 22387: 22385: 22382: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22352: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22326: 22322: 22313: 22308: 22306: 22301: 22299: 22294: 22293: 22290: 22278: 22271: 22264: 22260: 22256: 22252: 22250: 22246: 22244: 22240: 22236: 22232: 22230: 22226: 22222: 22217: 22213: 22211: 22207: 22205: 22201: 22199: 22195: 22193: 22189: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22179: 22172: 22168: 22166: 22162: 22160: 22156: 22154: 22150: 22148: 22144: 22142: 22138: 22136: 22132: 22130: 22126: 22125: 22123: 22120: 22116: 22109: 22105: 22103: 22099: 22097: 22093: 22091: 22087: 22085: 22084:Philippe VIII 22081: 22078: 22074: 22072: 22068: 22066: 22062: 22060: 22056: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22046: 22042: 22034: 22025: 22014: 22010: 22008: 22004: 22002: 21998: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21988: 21984: 21980: 21973: 21968: 21966: 21961: 21959: 21954: 21953: 21950: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21919: 21916: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21899: 21895: 21888: 21885: 21884: 21882: 21878: 21875: 21871: 21866: 21862: 21851: 21848: 21847: 21845: 21841: 21834: 21831: 21828: 21825: 21822: 21819: 21818: 21816: 21812: 21809: 21805: 21800: 21796: 21785: 21782: 21779: 21776: 21775: 21773: 21771: 21767: 21760: 21757: 21756: 21754: 21750: 21747: 21743: 21738: 21734: 21729: 21722: 21717: 21715: 21710: 21708: 21703: 21702: 21699: 21687: 21684: 21683: 21681: 21677: 21671: 21668: 21667: 21665: 21661: 21655: 21652: 21650: 21647: 21645: 21642: 21640: 21637: 21635: 21632: 21630: 21627: 21625: 21622: 21621: 21619: 21615: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21569: 21566: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21535: 21533: 21529: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21512:Prince Jérôme 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21449: 21447: 21443: 21438: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21389: 21387: 21383: 21379: 21372: 21367: 21365: 21360: 21358: 21353: 21352: 21349: 21339: 21338:vassal states 21333: 21327: 21324: 21322: 21319: 21317: 21314: 21312: 21309: 21307: 21304: 21302: 21301:Joachim Murat 21299: 21297: 21294: 21292: 21289: 21288: 21286: 21284: 21280: 21275: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21246: 21244: 21240: 21236: 21232: 21225: 21220: 21218: 21213: 21211: 21206: 21205: 21202: 21186: 21183: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21150: 21149: 21148:Sans-culottes 21144: 21140: 21137: 21136: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21119:Metric system 21117: 21115: 21112: 21109: 21108: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21085: 21084: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21066: 21065: 21060: 21059: 21056: 21049: 21045: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20975: 20972: 20970: 20967: 20965: 20962: 20960: 20959: 20955: 20954: 20951: 20944: 20940: 20926: 20923: 20919: 20918:Panthéon Club 20916: 20914: 20911: 20910: 20909: 20906: 20905: 20903: 20899: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20843: 20840: 20838: 20835: 20833: 20830: 20828: 20825: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20807:Joachim Murat 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20788: 20785: 20783: 20780: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20763: 20760: 20758: 20755: 20753: 20750: 20748: 20745: 20743: 20740: 20739: 20737: 20733: 20730: 20726: 20720: 20717: 20715: 20712: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20685: 20682: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20670: 20667: 20665: 20662: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20626: 20624: 20622: 20621: 20615: 20611: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20584:Gilbert Romme 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20476: 20474: 20472: 20468: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20406:de Cambacérès 20404: 20402: 20399: 20398: 20396: 20394: 20390: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20325: 20323: 20322:Madame Roland 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20305: 20301: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20259:André Chénier 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20214:Grace Elliott 20212: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20205: 20199: 20194: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20149: 20147: 20145: 20141: 20134: 20130: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20107: 20105: 20103: 20098: 20092: 20086: 20083: 20081: 20078: 20076: 20073: 20072: 20070: 20068: 20063: 20057: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20038: 20033: 20027: 20021: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20013: 20008: 20002: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19975: 19974: 19972: 19970: 19965: 19959: 19953: 19950: 19948: 19945: 19943: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19907: 19901: 19899: 19893: 19891: 19885: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19872: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19848: 19846: 19844: 19839: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19824: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19806: 19802: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19786: 19783: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19775:Joseph Souham 19773: 19771: 19768: 19766: 19763: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19734: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19718:Joachim Murat 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19698:André Masséna 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19559: 19556: 19554: 19551: 19549: 19546: 19544: 19541: 19539: 19536: 19534: 19531: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19515: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19497: 19491: 19484: 19480: 19469:(25 Jun 1802) 19467: 19464: 19461:(25 Mar 1802) 19459: 19456: 19455: 19453: 19449: 19440: 19437: 19434:(18 Mar 1801) 19432: 19429: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19416: 19412: 19403: 19400: 19395: 19392: 19389:(15 Jun 1800) 19387: 19384: 19381:(14 Jun 1800) 19379: 19376: 19375: 19373: 19371: 19367: 19358: 19355: 19352:(15 Aug 1799) 19350: 19347: 19342: 19339: 19334: 19331: 19326: 19323: 19318: 19315: 19312:(25 Mar 1799) 19310: 19307: 19302: 19299: 19294: 19293:Siege of Acre 19291: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19280: 19278: 19274: 19265: 19264:Peasants' War 19262: 19257: 19254: 19249: 19246: 19241: 19238: 19233: 19230: 19229: 19227: 19225: 19221: 19214:(17 Oct 1797) 19212: 19209: 19206:(18 Apr 1797) 19204: 19201: 19198:(17 Apr 1797) 19196: 19193: 19190:(25 Jan 1797) 19188: 19185: 19180: 19177: 19174:(13 Jan 1797) 19172: 19169: 19164: 19161: 19160: 19158: 19156: 19152: 19143: 19140: 19135: 19132: 19127: 19124: 19119: 19116: 19113:(26 Oct 1796) 19111: 19108: 19105:(19 Oct 1796) 19103: 19100: 19095: 19092: 19087: 19084: 19079: 19076: 19073:(24 Aug 1796) 19071: 19068: 19065:(11 Aug 1796) 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19050: 19047: 19042: 19039: 19034: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19026: 19022: 19016: 19013: 19008: 19005: 19004: 19002: 19000: 18996: 18987: 18984: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18968:(26 Jun 1794) 18966: 18963: 18958: 18955: 18952:(22 May 1794) 18950: 18947: 18944:(18 May 1794) 18942: 18939: 18933: 18930: 18927:(24 Apr 1794) 18925: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18917: 18913: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18893:(13 Oct 1793) 18891: 18888: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18845: 18842: 18839:(23 May 1793) 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18818: 18816: 18814: 18810: 18802: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18763: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18745: 18743: 18741: 18737: 18730: 18726: 18716: 18713: 18710:(24 Dec 1799) 18708: 18705: 18700: 18697: 18694:(18 Jun 1799) 18692: 18689: 18688: 18686: 18682: 18675:(11 May 1798) 18673: 18670: 18669: 18667: 18663: 18654: 18651: 18646: 18643: 18642: 18640: 18636: 18627: 18624: 18619: 18616: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18603: 18599: 18596: 18593:(22 Aug 1795) 18591: 18588: 18583: 18580: 18579: 18577: 18573: 18566:(11 Nov 1794) 18564: 18561: 18556: 18553: 18550:(28 Jul 1794) 18547: 18544: 18541:(27 Jul 1794) 18539: 18536: 18533:(10 Jun 1794) 18531: 18528: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18515: 18513: 18509: 18500: 18497: 18494:(16 Oct 1793) 18492: 18489: 18486:(17 Sep 1793) 18484: 18481: 18476: 18475: 18471: 18468:(23 Aug 1793) 18466: 18463: 18460:(13 Jul 1793) 18458: 18455: 18450: 18447: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18434: 18430: 18427: 18422: 18419: 18416:(21 Jan 1793) 18414: 18411: 18410: 18408: 18404: 18397:(22 Sep 1792) 18395: 18392: 18387: 18384: 18379: 18376: 18373:(10 Aug 1792) 18371: 18368: 18363: 18360: 18357:(25 Jul 1792) 18355: 18352: 18349:(20 Apr 1792) 18347: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18337: 18328: 18325: 18320: 18317: 18314:(27 Aug 1791) 18312: 18309: 18306:(17 Jul 1791) 18304: 18301: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18290: 18286: 18279:(14 Jul 1790) 18277: 18276: 18272: 18269:(12 Jul 1790) 18267: 18264: 18261:(23 Jun 1790) 18259: 18255: 18250: 18247: 18246: 18244: 18240: 18231: 18228: 18223: 18220: 18217:(26 Aug 1789) 18215: 18212: 18207: 18204: 18199: 18196: 18193:(14 Jul 1789) 18191: 18188: 18183: 18180: 18177:(20 Jun 1789) 18175: 18172: 18167: 18164: 18161:(4 June 1789) 18159: 18156: 18151: 18148: 18145:(28 Apr 1789) 18143: 18140: 18135: 18134: 18130: 18129: 18127: 18123: 18116:(21 Jul 1788) 18114: 18111: 18106: 18103: 18102: 18100: 18096: 18089: 18085: 18079: 18078: 18074: 18072: 18071: 18067: 18065: 18064: 18060: 18058: 18057: 18053: 18051: 18050: 18046: 18044: 18043: 18039: 18037: 18036: 18032: 18030: 18029: 18025: 18023: 18022: 18021:Ancien Régime 18018: 18016: 18015: 18011: 18009: 18008: 18004: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17989: 17984: 17982: 17977: 17975: 17970: 17969: 17966: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17903: 17900: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17889: 17887: 17885:Miscellaneous 17883: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17767: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17719: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17690: 17688: 17682: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17560:Manuel Lapeña 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17517: 17511: 17508: 17506: 17503: 17501: 17498: 17496: 17493: 17491: 17490:Prince Eugène 17488: 17486: 17483: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17440:André Masséna 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17420:Joachim Murat 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17397: 17394: 17390: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17364:Rocheserviere 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17270: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17149: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17052:San Sebastián 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17013: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16879: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16846: 16842: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16821: 16818: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16756: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16716: 16714: 16710: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16613:Sankt Michael 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16528:Teugen-Hausen 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16353: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16283: 16281: 16277: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16177: 16175: 16171: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16091: 16089: 16085: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16028: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15930: 15924: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15877: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15831: 15830:client states 15825: 15822: 15816: 15810: 15809: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15798: 15796: 15795: 15791: 15789: 15788: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15777: 15775: 15774: 15770: 15768: 15767: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15755: 15748: 15743: 15741: 15736: 15734: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15719: 15712: 15698: 15692: 15685: 15684: 15678: 15672: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15656: 15652: 15651: 15634: 15626: 15625: 15615: 15612: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15597: 15593: 15589: 15588: 15586: 15578: 15571: 15568: 15564: 15563: 15556:State created 15553: 15549: 15538: 15537: 15531: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15517: 15510: 15503: 15502: 15501:King of Italy 15495: 15494: 15488: 15487: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15471: 15465: 15456: 15455: 15448: 15447: 15441: 15440: 15430: 15426: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15413: 15409: 15408: 15401: 15396: 15392: 15389: 15388: 15379: 15377: 15370: 15363: 15357: 15352: 15348: 15345: 15344: 15339: 15337: 15335: 15330: 15321: 15315: 15310: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15290: 15281: 15275: 15270: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15249: 15244: 15243: 15234: 15229: 15222: 15212: 15203: 15193: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15169: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15117: 15115: 15113: 15109: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15086: 15085: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15066:Les Invalides 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15029: 15024: 15021: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15008: 15006: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14997: 14994: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14979:Jewish people 14977: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14914: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14902: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14890: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14866: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14844: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14822: 14818: 14816: 14815: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14803: 14799: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14775: 14770: 14767: 14761: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14739: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14713: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14638: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14621: 14616: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14517: 14515: 14511: 14504: 14501: 14497: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14489: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14473: 14468: 14466: 14461: 14459: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14444: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14407: 14389: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14375: 14362: 14358: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14341: 14337: 14336: 14331: 14327: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14295: 14291: 14287: 14282: 14278: 14272: 14268: 14263: 14259: 14253: 14249: 14244: 14243: 14232: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14199: 14198: 14192: 14180: 14176: 14170: 14166: 14165: 14159: 14155: 14149: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14135: 14123: 14119: 14113: 14109: 14108: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14088: 14084: 14080: 14075: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14040: 14035: 14023: 14019: 14013: 14009: 14008: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13982: 13978: 13977: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13957: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13938: 13937: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13912: 13908: 13902: 13899:. Macmillan. 13897: 13896: 13889: 13885: 13883:0-1982-0596-1 13879: 13875: 13870: 13866: 13860: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13828: 13824: 13822:0-3133-2014-4 13818: 13814: 13813: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13792: 13791: 13784: 13780: 13778:0-1402-0525-X 13774: 13770: 13765: 13761: 13755: 13750: 13749: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13733:0-02-523660-1 13729: 13725: 13720: 13719: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13673: 13667: 13662: 13661: 13654: 13650: 13644: 13640: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13620: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13573: 13561: 13557: 13556: 13551: 13547: 13546: 13534: 13528: 13524: 13523:HarperCollins 13520: 13515: 13511: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13494: 13482: 13478: 13472: 13468: 13467: 13461: 13457: 13455:0-2240-4072-3 13451: 13447: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13433:Lyons, Martyn 13430: 13428: 13424: 13421: 13420:online review 13417: 13413: 13410: 13404: 13398: 13394: 13393: 13388: 13384: 13372: 13368: 13362: 13358: 13357: 13351: 13347: 13341: 13337: 13332: 13328: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13298: 13297: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13275: 13270: 13266: 13254: 13250: 13244: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13211: 13207: 13201: 13197: 13192: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13166: 13162: 13161: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13138: 13137: 13131: 13119: 13115: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13085:1-8532-6678-7 13081: 13077: 13072: 13071: 13063: 13049: 13044: 13028: 13024: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13005: 12999: 12994: 12988: 12983: 12977: 12972: 12966: 12965: 12960: 12956: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12937: 12921: 12917: 12911: 12907: 12906: 12898: 12891: 12886: 12880:, p. 423 12879: 12878:McLynn (1997) 12874: 12863: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12840: 12833: 12827:, p. 630 12826: 12825:McLynn (1997) 12821: 12814: 12813:Palmer (1984) 12809: 12803:, p. 663 12802: 12801:McLynn (1997) 12797: 12790: 12789:Palmer (1984) 12785: 12778: 12777:McLynn (1997) 12773: 12766: 12761: 12759: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12735: 12728: 12724: 12719: 12703: 12699: 12698:www.brown.edu 12695: 12689: 12681: 12679:0-19-726382-8 12675: 12671: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12660:Hagen Schulze 12657: 12650: 12642: 12640:0-393-05864-6 12636: 12632: 12631: 12623: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12584: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12565: 12560: 12559:Palmer, R. R. 12554: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12488: 12483: 12475: 12471: 12465: 12458: 12453: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12410: 12403: 12398: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12352: 12350: 12342: 12337: 12330: 12325: 12318: 12313: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12277: 12270: 12262: 12261: 12256: 12249: 12241: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12224: 12217: 12216:Dwyer (2015a) 12212: 12206:, p. 49. 12205: 12204:Conner (2004) 12200: 12193: 12192:Dwyer (2015a) 12188: 12181: 12180:Conner (2004) 12176: 12174: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12140: 12134:, p. 52. 12133: 12132:Cobban (1963) 12128: 12121: 12120:Cobban (1963) 12116: 12109: 12108:Conner (2004) 12104: 12097: 12096:Conner (2004) 12092: 12086:, p. 19. 12085: 12084:Cobban (1963) 12080: 12073: 12072:McLynn (1997) 12068: 12066: 12058: 12053: 12046: 12045:McLynn (1997) 12041: 12025: 12021: 12019: 12013: 12007: 12000: 11994: 11987: 11986:Dwyer (2015a) 11982: 11975: 11970: 11963: 11962:McLynn (1997) 11958: 11952: 11951:Dwyer (2008b) 11947: 11940: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11905: 11904:Conner (2004) 11900: 11893: 11888: 11882:, p. 59. 11881: 11880:Conner (2004) 11876: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11858: 11852: 11846:, p. 60. 11845: 11844:Conner (2004) 11840: 11833: 11832:Conner (2004) 11828: 11822:, p. 34. 11821: 11820:Cobban (1963) 11816: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11749: 11745: 11739: 11735: 11734: 11726: 11719: 11714: 11707: 11706:Conner (2004) 11702: 11696:, p. 90. 11695: 11694:Conner (2004) 11690: 11683: 11682:Cobban (1963) 11678: 11672:, p. 59. 11671: 11666: 11659: 11654: 11646: 11641:, p. 16. 11640: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11605: 11604: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11583:, p. 28. 11582: 11581:Cobban (1963) 11577: 11570: 11569:Conner (2004) 11565: 11558: 11557:Dwyer (2015a) 11553: 11546: 11545:Cobban (1963) 11541: 11539: 11532:, p. 41. 11531: 11530:Conner (2004) 11526: 11519: 11518:Palmer (1984) 11514: 11506: 11499: 11491: 11485: 11480: 11472: 11470:0-297-78394-7 11466: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11447:Cobban (1963) 11443: 11437:, p. 76. 11436: 11435:Conner (2004) 11431: 11424: 11423:Cobban (1963) 11419: 11412: 11411:Conner (2004) 11407: 11400: 11399:Conner (2004) 11395: 11388: 11387:Conner (2004) 11383: 11376: 11371: 11364: 11363:Conner (2004) 11359: 11352: 11347: 11340: 11339:Bordes (2007) 11335: 11328: 11324: 11319: 11311: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11255: 11239: 11236:(in French). 11235: 11231: 11225: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11203:National Post 11199: 11193: 11187:, p. 93. 11186: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11161: 11156: 11149: 11144: 11135: 11127: 11123: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11092:McLynn (1997) 11088: 11080: 11076: 11069: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11026: 11019: 11014: 11007: 11006:McLynn (1997) 11002: 10995: 10990: 10983: 10982:McLynn (1997) 10978: 10972:, p. 20. 10971: 10966: 10959: 10958:Conner (2004) 10954: 10947: 10946:Cobban (1963) 10942: 10935: 10934:Dwyer (2015a) 10930: 10924:, p. 56. 10923: 10922:Cobban (1963) 10918: 10911: 10910:Dwyer (2015a) 10906: 10900:, p. 21. 10899: 10898:Cobban (1963) 10894: 10892: 10884: 10883:Dwyer (2015a) 10879: 10872: 10871:McLynn (1997) 10867: 10861:, p. 12. 10860: 10859:Cobban (1963) 10855: 10848: 10847:McLynn (1997) 10843: 10836: 10835:Cobban (1963) 10831: 10824: 10819: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10799:McLynn (1997) 10795: 10788: 10787:McLynn (1997) 10783: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10763:McLynn (1997) 10759: 10757: 10749: 10748:Cobban (1963) 10744: 10737: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10705: 10697: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10670: 10663: 10658: 10651: 10646: 10639: 10638:McLynn (1997) 10634: 10627: 10626:McLynn (1997) 10622: 10616:, p. 18. 10615: 10614:Cobban (1963) 10610: 10608: 10601:, p. 26. 10600: 10595: 10588: 10583: 10576: 10575:Cobban (1963) 10571: 10564: 10559: 10553:, p. 15. 10552: 10547: 10540: 10539:Palmer (1984) 10535: 10533: 10525: 10524:McLynn (1997) 10520: 10518: 10510: 10509:Ellis (1997a) 10505: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10448: 10440: 10432: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10417: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10389: 10388:Ellis (1997a) 10384: 10382: 10373: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10353:(in French). 10352: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10333:Conner (2004) 10329: 10322: 10321:Ellis (1997a) 10317: 10315: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10286:, p. 84. 10285: 10280: 10273: 10272:Ellis (1997a) 10268: 10266: 10258: 10257:Ellis (1997a) 10253: 10245: 10241: 10235: 10228: 10227:Ellis (1997a) 10223: 10216: 10215:Ellis (1997a) 10211: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10168: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10142: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10064: 10062: 10054: 10049: 10042: 10037: 10035: 10027: 10021: 10015:, p. 655 10014: 10013:McLynn (1997) 10009: 10007: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9970: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9939: 9934: 9927: 9922: 9916:, p. 64. 9915: 9910: 9904:, p. 642 9903: 9902:McLynn (1997) 9898: 9891: 9886: 9884: 9877:, p. 41. 9876: 9871: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9836: 9829: 9824: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9790: 9787:: 402. 1832. 9786: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9765: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9726: 9725: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9693: 9686: 9681: 9674: 9669: 9662: 9661:Broers (2022) 9657: 9650: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9625:Broers (2022) 9621: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9601:Broers (2022) 9597: 9590: 9589:Broers (2022) 9585: 9578: 9573: 9566: 9565:Broers (2022) 9561: 9555:, p. 607 9554: 9553:McLynn (1997) 9549: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9519: 9512: 9511:Broers (2022) 9507: 9500: 9499:Broers (2022) 9495: 9489:, p. 605 9488: 9487:McLynn (1997) 9483: 9476: 9475:Broers (2022) 9471: 9464: 9459: 9453:, p. 604 9452: 9451:McLynn (1997) 9447: 9445: 9438:, p. 507 9437: 9432: 9425: 9424:Broers (2022) 9420: 9413: 9408: 9402:, p. 597 9401: 9400:McLynn (1997) 9396: 9389: 9388:McLynn (1997) 9384: 9378:, p. 97. 9377: 9372: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9327: 9322: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9283: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9242:(in French). 9241: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9210:Broers (2022) 9206: 9199: 9194: 9187: 9182: 9175: 9174:Broers (2022) 9170: 9163: 9158: 9151: 9146: 9139: 9134: 9128:, p. 565 9127: 9126:McLynn (1997) 9122: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9098: 9092:, p. 445 9091: 9086: 9080:, p. 550 9079: 9078:McLynn (1997) 9074: 9067: 9066:Broers (2022) 9062: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9014: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8975: 8968: 8963: 8957:, p. 518 8956: 8955:McLynn (1997) 8951: 8944: 8939: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8919:Harvey (2007) 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8891: 8884: 8883:McLynn (1997) 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8859:McLynn (1997) 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8835:McLynn (1997) 8831: 8824: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8788: 8783: 8776: 8771: 8764: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8716: 8715:Palmer (1984) 8711: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8651: 8645:, p. 707 8644: 8639: 8633:, p. 706 8632: 8627: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8532:Conner (2004) 8528: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8506: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8455: 8454:Palmer (1984) 8450: 8443: 8438: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8397:Palmer (1984) 8393: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8335: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8149: 8143:, p. 370 8142: 8141:McLynn (1997) 8137: 8131:, p. 497 8130: 8129:McLynn (1997) 8125: 8118: 8113: 8106: 8101: 8094: 8089: 8080: 8078: 8070: 8065: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8042: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8016:, p. 99. 8015: 8014:Sicker (2001) 8010: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7963:Cronin (1994) 7959: 7953:, p. 350 7952: 7951:McLynn (1997) 7947: 7940: 7935: 7929:, p. 414 7928: 7923: 7921: 7914:, p. 18. 7913: 7912:Palmer (1984) 7908: 7901: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7834:Glover (1967) 7830: 7823: 7817: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7791: 7785:, p. 332 7784: 7783:McLynn (1997) 7779: 7773:, p. 321 7772: 7771:McLynn (1997) 7767: 7760: 7754: 7748:, p. 333 7747: 7742: 7736:, p. 332 7735: 7730: 7723: 7722:Palmer (1984) 7718: 7716: 7709:, p. 96. 7708: 7707:Conner (2004) 7703: 7696: 7691: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7652: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7604: 7598:, p. 359 7597: 7592: 7585: 7580: 7574:, p. 297 7573: 7572:McLynn (1997) 7568: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7514:, p. 296 7513: 7512:McLynn (1997) 7508: 7501: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7478:, p. 265 7477: 7476:McLynn (1997) 7472: 7465: 7464:Broers (2015) 7460: 7454:, p. 70. 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7430:, p. 337 7429: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7393:, p. 329 7392: 7387: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7332:, p. 319 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7307: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7284:, p. 243 7283: 7282:McLynn (1997) 7278: 7271: 7266: 7260:, p. 302 7259: 7254: 7248:, p. 296 7247: 7242: 7240: 7233:, p. 293 7232: 7227: 7221:, p. 292 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7201: 7193: 7188: 7186: 7178: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7155:, p. 267 7154: 7149: 7142: 7141:Conner (2004) 7137: 7130: 7129:Dwyer (2015a) 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7095:, p. 265 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7071:, p. 243 7070: 7065: 7059:, p. 111 7058: 7053: 7051: 7044:, p. 242 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7018: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 455 6977: 6976:Dwyer (2008a) 6972: 6966:, p. 444 6965: 6964:Dwyer (2008a) 6960: 6953: 6948: 6942:, p. 57. 6941: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6925:, p. 442 6924: 6923:Dwyer (2008a) 6919: 6912: 6907: 6901:, p. 189 6900: 6899:McLynn (1997) 6895: 6888: 6887:McLynn (1997) 6883: 6881: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6843:Dwyer (2008a) 6839: 6833:, p. 392 6832: 6831:Dwyer (2008a) 6827: 6820: 6815: 6809:, p. 372 6808: 6807:Dwyer (2008a) 6803: 6797:, p. 179 6796: 6795:McLynn (1997) 6791: 6785:, p. 175 6784: 6783:McLynn (1997) 6779: 6772: 6767: 6761:, p. 342 6760: 6759:Dwyer (2008a) 6755: 6749:, p. 12. 6748: 6743: 6736: 6735:Watson (2003) 6731: 6729: 6727: 6719: 6718:Dwyer (2008a) 6714: 6708:, p. 322 6707: 6706:Dwyer (2008a) 6702: 6695: 6694:Dwyer (2008a) 6690: 6683: 6682:Dwyer (2008a) 6678: 6672:, p. 306 6671: 6670:Dwyer (2008a) 6666: 6660:, p. 30. 6659: 6654: 6647: 6646:McLynn (1997) 6642: 6636:, p. 296 6635: 6634:Dwyer (2008a) 6630: 6624:, p. 132 6623: 6622:McLynn (1997) 6618: 6611: 6610:Dwyer (2008a) 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6586:Dwyer (2008a) 6582: 6575: 6574:Dwyer (2008a) 6570: 6564:, p. 29. 6563: 6558: 6551: 6550:Dwyer (2008a) 6546: 6540:, p. 109 6539: 6538:Broers (2015) 6534: 6527: 6526:Dwyer (2008a) 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6411: 6404: 6399: 6392: 6391:McLynn (1997) 6387: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6366:, p. 169 6365: 6364:Dwyer (2008a) 6360: 6353: 6352:McLynn (1997) 6348: 6341: 6340:Dwyer (2008a) 6336: 6334: 6326: 6325:McLynn (1997) 6321: 6314: 6313:Dwyer (2008a) 6309: 6302: 6301:McLynn (1997) 6297: 6290: 6289:Dwyer (2008a) 6285: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6253:Dwyer (2008a) 6249: 6242: 6241:Dwyer (2008a) 6237: 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6206: 6205:Dwyer (2008a) 6201: 6194: 6193:Dwyer (2008a) 6189: 6182: 6181:Dwyer (2008a) 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6157:Dwyer (2008a) 6153: 6147:, p. 130 6146: 6145:Dwyer (2008a) 6141: 6134: 6133:McLynn (1997) 6129: 6122: 6121:Dwyer (2008a) 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6097:McLynn (1997) 6093: 6085: 6079: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6041: 6036: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5984:McLynn (1997) 5980: 5973: 5972:Dwyer (2008a) 5968: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5920: 5913: 5912:McLynn (1997) 5908: 5902:, p. 74. 5901: 5896: 5889: 5888:McLynn (1997) 5884: 5877: 5872: 5866:, p. 11. 5865: 5860: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5799: 5792:, p. 27. 5791: 5790:Cronin (1994) 5786: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5747: 5740: 5735: 5728: 5727:Cronin (1994) 5723: 5721: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5668: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5634: 5633:McLynn (1997) 5629: 5622: 5621:McLynn (1997) 5617: 5615: 5607: 5606:Dwyer (2008a) 5602: 5595: 5594:McLynn (1997) 5590: 5583: 5578: 5571: 5570:McLynn (1997) 5566: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5533:, p. 52. 5532: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514:Conner (2004) 5510: 5503: 5502:Dwyer (2015a) 5498: 5496: 5488: 5483: 5476: 5471: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5434:Pérez, Joseph 5429: 5422: 5421:Conner (2004) 5417: 5415: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5375: 5369:, p. 56. 5368: 5363: 5357:, p. xv. 5356: 5355:Dwyer (2008a) 5351: 5347: 5333: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275:Although the 5272: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5211: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5109: 5108: 5097: 5091: 5088:(Head of the 5085: 5077: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5012: 5011:King of Italy 5001: 4997: 4993: 4982: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4953: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4897: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4855: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767:Simón Bolívar 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688:property laws 4684: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4552: 4551:Ancien Régime 4548: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481:in 1947, and 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4429: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4385:Ancien Régime 4375: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4291:Second Consul 4288: 4284: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248:metric system 4244: 4242: 4237: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4144: 4142: 4141:Denis Davydov 4138: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088:Wilhelm Reich 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3937:Pope Pius VII 3931: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3802:Les Invalides 3799: 3798:state funeral 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3742: 3741:Les Invalides 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3702: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3687:Barry O'Meara 3675: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655:5 August 1873 3654: 3650: 3647:11 April 1816 3646: 3644: 3640: 3637:11 April 1816 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542:5 August 1873 3541: 3537: 3534:11 April 1816 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524:11 April 1816 3523: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3399: 3395: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3199:Joseph Beaume 3196: 3192: 3187: 3180:Exile to Elba 3176: 3172: 3170: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3043: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3008:St Petersburg 3005: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2939:Adam Albrecht 2936: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2882: 2879: French 2867: 2866:French Empire 2862: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2822:on the 12th. 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2785:, 6 July 1809 2784: 2779: 2774: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2598:, 7 July 1807 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2577:Berlin Decree 2574: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2389:Battle of Ulm 2386: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2369:Battle of Ulm 2366: 2363: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246:King of Italy 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Charlemagne's 2228: 2224: 2223:Pope Pius VII 2219: 2217: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2140:French Empire 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2043:Pope Pius VII 2040: 2035: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874:Joseph Fouché 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1677:Rosetta Stone 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1635:Hearst Castle 1632: 1629:(c. 1886) by 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Low Countries 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:Joachim Murat 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:whose sister 1334: 1333:Désirée Clary 1329: 1326: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 981: 977: 973: 970:, fought for 969: 964: 960: 958: 954: 944: 942: 937: 933: 932:nation states 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:King of Spain 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 816: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 774:United States 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 711:French Empire 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 665: 659: 642: 625: 608: 591: 574: 557: 540: 523: 506: 489: 472: 455: 438: 421: 404: 387: 370: 339: 332: 325: 314: 310: 306: 303: 300: 297: 296: 290: 286: 258: 251: 250: 221: 214: 213: 211: 207: 200: 199:Les Invalides 192: 188: 185: 176: 172: 168: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 130: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 100: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 77: 73: 70: 66: 61: 60: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 23825:Followed by 23819:Preceded by 23767:Denis Decrès 23600: 23588:First Consul 23561: 23391: 23333:Ferdinand IV 23323:Ferdinand II 23293:Maximilian I 23270: 23253: 23211: 23196:Henry (VIII) 23194: 23180:Frederick II 23135:Conrad (III) 23127: 23120: 23054: 23031:East Francia 22982:East Francia 22932: 22921:Napoleon III 22899: 22873: 22866: 22835: 22830: 22809: 22763: 22755: 22750: 22711:Charles VIII 22479:Carolingians 22464:Theuderic IV 22454:Chilperic II 22449:Dagobert III 22429:Childeric II 22424:Chlothar III 22369:Childebert I 22355:Merovingians 22216:Napoléon III 22191: 22077:Philippe VII 21758: 21497:Napoléon III 21396: 21321:Joseph Fesch 21248: 21155:Phrygian cap 21100:Bastille Day 21014:Thomas Paine 20969:Edmund Burke 20964:Beaumarchais 20958:Les Lumières 20956: 20797:Joseph Fesch 20781: 20709:Pauline Léon 20679:Jacques Roux 20618: 20202: 19628:Lazare Hoche 19613:Paul Grenier 19583:Louis Desaix 19547: 19442:(8 Jul 1801) 19426:(9 Feb 1801) 19397:(3 Dec 1800) 19320:(5 Apr 1799) 19121:(6 Nov 1796) 19097:(8 Sep 1796) 19089:(4 Sep 1796) 19081:(3 Sep 1796) 19052:(5 Aug 1796) 18981:(2 Oct 1794) 18960:(1 Jun 1794) 18702:(9 Nov 1799) 18648:(4 Sep 1797) 18585:(1 Apr 1795) 18555:White Terror 18548:guillotined 18525:(5 Apr 1794) 18472: 18452:(2 Jun 1793) 18322:(3 Sep 1791) 18273: 18233:(2 Nov 1789) 18225:(5 Oct 1789) 18153:(5 May 1789) 18131: 18108:(7 Jun 1788) 18075: 18068: 18061: 18054: 18047: 18040: 18033: 18026: 18019: 18012: 18005: 17932:Grande Armée 17892:Bibliography 17876:Paris (1815) 17836:Paris (1814) 17821:Paris (1810) 17801:Finckenstein 17776:Campo Formio 17535:Rowland Hill 17521:military and 17409: 17401:military and 17374:Rocquencourt 17243:Saint-Dizier 17213:Bar-sur-Aube 17168:Mincio River 16663:Schöngrabern 16442:2nd Zaragoza 16382:1st Zaragoza 16336:Stralsund II 16185:Campo Tenese 16159:Schöngrabern 16144:Cape Ortegal 16094:Diamond Rock 15972:Papal States 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15697:Napoleon II 15696: 15690: 15682: 15681: 15676: 15670: 15654: 15645: 15644: 15630: 15623: 15622: 15610: 15600: 15595: 15584: 15583:Head of the 15580: 15569: 15560: 15551: 15534: 15529: 15523: 15514: 15508: 15499: 15492: 15491: 15484: 15478: 15469: 15468: 15452: 15445: 15444: 15437: 15428: 15414: 15405: 15394: 15385: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15350: 15340: 15326: 15319: 15308: 15301:First Consul 15298: 15286: 15279: 15268: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15204: / 15166: 15082: 15075: 14935:Hundred Days 14933: 14911: 14899: 14887: 14875: 14863: 14841: 14819: 14812: 14800: 14710: 14683: 14591: 14568: 14560: 14552: 14538:Charles Léon 14534: 14530:Marie Louise 14521: 14478: 14392:. Retrieved 14382: 14365:. Retrieved 14345: 14334: 14320:25 September 14318:. Retrieved 14293: 14289: 14266: 14247: 14218: 14196: 14183:. Retrieved 14163: 14142: 14126:. Retrieved 14106: 14089:(12): 2092. 14086: 14082: 14062:. Robinson. 14058: 14041:. Palgrave. 14038: 14026:. Retrieved 14006: 13980: 13974: 13955: 13935: 13915: 13894: 13873: 13854: 13833: 13811: 13789: 13768: 13747: 13722:. New York: 13717: 13684: 13659: 13637: 13607: 13597: 13580: 13576: 13564:. Retrieved 13554: 13518: 13498: 13485:. Retrieved 13465: 13445: 13436: 13391: 13375:. Retrieved 13359:. Scribner. 13355: 13335: 13316: 13295: 13273: 13257:. Retrieved 13237: 13214: 13195: 13183:. Retrieved 13159: 13135: 13122:. Retrieved 13098: 13075: 13043: 13031:. Retrieved 13011: 13004: 12993: 12982: 12971: 12962: 12936: 12924:. Retrieved 12904: 12897: 12885: 12873: 12849: 12845: 12832: 12820: 12808: 12796: 12784: 12772: 12765:Dwyer (2013) 12744: 12734: 12726: 12718: 12706:. Retrieved 12697: 12688: 12664: 12649: 12629: 12622: 12610:. Retrieved 12590: 12583: 12563: 12553: 12541:. Retrieved 12508: 12504: 12494: 12482: 12473: 12464: 12452: 12423: 12419: 12409: 12397: 12368: 12364: 12336: 12324: 12317:Price (2014) 12312: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12258: 12248: 12233: 12223: 12211: 12199: 12187: 12160:. Retrieved 12149: 12139: 12127: 12115: 12103: 12091: 12079: 12052: 12040: 12028:. Retrieved 12017: 12006: 11998: 11993: 11981: 11969: 11957: 11946: 11934: 11926:the original 11921: 11911: 11899: 11887: 11875: 11867: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11815: 11803:. Retrieved 11770: 11766: 11756: 11732: 11725: 11713: 11701: 11689: 11677: 11665: 11653: 11639:Flynn (2001) 11634: 11622:. Retrieved 11602: 11576: 11564: 11552: 11525: 11513: 11498: 11479: 11460: 11454: 11442: 11430: 11418: 11406: 11394: 11382: 11370: 11358: 11346: 11334: 11318: 11294: 11284: 11272:. Retrieved 11263: 11254: 11242:. Retrieved 11234:napoleon.org 11233: 11224: 11214:30 September 11212:. Retrieved 11201: 11192: 11180: 11172: 11167: 11155: 11150:, p. 7. 11143: 11134: 11109: 11105: 11099: 11087: 11068: 11058:– via 11032: 11025: 11018:Dwyer (2013) 11013: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10905: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10830: 10818: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10743: 10738:, p. 8. 10736:Price (2014) 10731: 10703: 10696: 10676: 10669: 10657: 10645: 10633: 10621: 10594: 10582: 10570: 10558: 10546: 10504: 10492:. Retrieved 10478: 10466:. Retrieved 10446: 10439: 10415: 10408: 10403:, pp. 34–80. 10400: 10395: 10370: 10363: 10351:Napoleon.org 10350: 10340: 10328: 10301:Napoleon.org 10300: 10291: 10284:Dwyer (2013) 10279: 10252: 10234: 10222: 10210: 10203:Dwyer (2018) 10198: 10191:Dwyer (2018) 10186: 10179:Dwyer (2018) 10174: 10167:Dwyer (2018) 10162: 10150: 10145:, pp. 148-61 10130: 10124: 10112:. Retrieved 10077: 10073: 10053:Dwyer (2018) 10048: 10041:Dwyer (2018) 10025: 10020: 9998:Dwyer (2018) 9993: 9986:Dwyer (2018) 9981: 9974:Dwyer (2018) 9969: 9962:Dwyer (2018) 9957: 9945: 9938:Dwyer (2018) 9933: 9926:Dwyer (2018) 9921: 9914:Dwyer (2018) 9909: 9897: 9890:Dwyer (2018) 9875:Dwyer (2018) 9870: 9858:Napoleon.org 9857: 9847: 9840:Dwyer (2018) 9835: 9828:Dwyer (2018) 9823: 9811:. Retrieved 9797: 9780: 9771: 9764:Schom (1997) 9759: 9752:Dwyer (2018) 9747: 9723: 9716: 9709:Dwyer (2018) 9704: 9697:Dwyer (2018) 9692: 9680: 9673:Dwyer (2013) 9668: 9656: 9649:Dwyer (2013) 9644: 9637:Dwyer (2013) 9632: 9620: 9613:Dwyer (2013) 9608: 9596: 9584: 9577:Dwyer (2013) 9572: 9560: 9548: 9536:. Retrieved 9527: 9518: 9506: 9494: 9482: 9470: 9463:Dwyer (2013) 9458: 9436:Dwyer (2013) 9431: 9419: 9412:Dwyer (2013) 9407: 9395: 9383: 9371: 9359:. Retrieved 9345: 9338:Gates (2003) 9333: 9326:Dwyer (2013) 9321: 9309:. Retrieved 9289: 9282: 9270:. Retrieved 9243: 9239: 9229: 9222:Dwyer (2013) 9217: 9205: 9193: 9186:Dwyer (2013) 9181: 9169: 9162:Dwyer (2013) 9157: 9145: 9138:Dwyer (2013) 9133: 9121: 9109: 9102:Dwyer (2013) 9097: 9090:Dwyer (2013) 9085: 9073: 9061: 9054:Dwyer (2013) 9049: 9042:Dwyer (2013) 9037: 9030:Dwyer (2013) 9025: 9018:Dwyer (2013) 9013: 9001:. Retrieved 8981: 8974: 8967:Dwyer (2013) 8962: 8950: 8943:Dwyer (2013) 8938: 8931:Dwyer (2013) 8926: 8914: 8907:Dwyer (2013) 8902: 8890: 8878: 8871:Dwyer (2013) 8866: 8854: 8847:Dwyer (2013) 8842: 8830: 8823:Dwyer (2013) 8818: 8811:Dwyer (2013) 8806: 8799:Dwyer (2013) 8794: 8787:Dwyer (2013) 8782: 8775:Dwyer (2013) 8770: 8763:Dwyer (2013) 8758: 8751:Dwyer (2013) 8746: 8734: 8722: 8710: 8703:Dwyer (2013) 8698: 8686: 8679:Dwyer (2013) 8674: 8662: 8655:Dwyer (2013) 8650: 8638: 8626: 8619:Dwyer (2013) 8614: 8607:Dwyer (2013) 8602: 8590:. Retrieved 8570: 8563: 8556:Dwyer (2013) 8551: 8539: 8527: 8505:Dwyer (2013) 8500: 8488:. Retrieved 8473: 8461: 8449: 8442:Dwyer (2013) 8437: 8410: 8404: 8382:Dwyer (2013) 8377: 8370:Dwyer (2013) 8365: 8358:Dwyer (2013) 8353: 8346:Dwyer (2013) 8341: 8329: 8322:Dwyer (2013) 8317: 8310:Dwyer (2013) 8305: 8293: 8286:Dwyer (2013) 8281: 8269: 8245: 8235: 8228:Dwyer (2013) 8223: 8216:Dwyer (2013) 8211: 8204:Dwyer (2013) 8199: 8177:Dwyer (2013) 8172: 8165:Dwyer (2013) 8160: 8153:Dwyer (2013) 8148: 8136: 8124: 8117:Dwyer (2013) 8112: 8100: 8093:Dwyer (2013) 8088: 8069:Dwyer (2013) 8064: 8040: 8033: 8026:Dwyer (2013) 8021: 8009: 7997:. Retrieved 7977: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7939:Dwyer (2013) 7934: 7927:Schom (1997) 7907: 7900:Dwyer (2013) 7895: 7883:. Retrieved 7863: 7841: 7829: 7821: 7816: 7808: 7803: 7795: 7790: 7778: 7766: 7758: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7702: 7695:Dwyer (2013) 7690: 7678:. Retrieved 7658: 7651: 7644:Dwyer (2013) 7639: 7632:Dwyer (2013) 7627: 7620:Dwyer (2013) 7615: 7608:Dwyer (2013) 7603: 7591: 7584:Dwyer (2013) 7579: 7567: 7560:Dwyer (2013) 7555: 7543: 7536:Dwyer (2013) 7531: 7519: 7507: 7495: 7488:Dwyer (2013) 7483: 7471: 7459: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7403: 7398: 7386: 7367: 7361: 7354:Dwyer (2013) 7349: 7337: 7325: 7318:Lyons (1994) 7313: 7306:Dwyer (2013) 7301: 7289: 7277: 7265: 7258:Schom (1997) 7253: 7226: 7214: 7179:, p. 51 7172: 7160: 7148: 7143:, p. 37 7136: 7124: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7083:, p. 43 7076: 7064: 7057:Lyons (1994) 7037: 7025: 7005: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6947: 6918: 6906: 6894: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6747:Amini (2000) 6742: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6629: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6557: 6545: 6533: 6528:, p. xv 6521: 6516:, p. 3. 6509: 6497: 6461:. New York: 6457: 6446: 6434: 6422: 6410: 6398: 6393:, p. 96 6378:, p. 92 6371: 6359: 6354:, p. 93 6347: 6327:, p. 92 6320: 6308: 6296: 6284: 6272: 6267:, p. 55 6260: 6248: 6236: 6224: 6212: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6164: 6152: 6140: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6092: 6067: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5986:, p. 26 5979: 5967: 5955: 5950:, p. 28 5943: 5931: 5919: 5914:, p. 21 5907: 5900:Wells (1992) 5895: 5890:, p. 18 5883: 5878:, p. 19 5871: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5814: 5810: 5785: 5773:. Retrieved 5753: 5746: 5734: 5696: 5686: 5674: 5662: 5649: 5640: 5635:, p. 20 5628: 5608:, p. xv 5601: 5589: 5577: 5565: 5553:. Retrieved 5538: 5509: 5482: 5470: 5458:. Retrieved 5438: 5428: 5401:. Retrieved 5381: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5332: 5320: 5310: 5305: 5292: 5271: 5241: 5146: 5105: 5061: 5035: 5029: 5009: 4976: 4963:First Consul 4940: 4907: 4870: 4832:Charles Léon 4829: 4825:tuberculosis 4821:King of Rome 4814: 4803: 4775: 4752: 4748:nation state 4741: 4718: 4712: 4685: 4681: 4641: 4615: 4590: 4576: 4571:Belle Époque 4569: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4483:Claude Ribbe 4475:Adolf Hitler 4471:megalomaniac 4464: 4441: 4417: 4413: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4381: 4368: 4356: 4345: 4334: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4280: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4208: 4195: 4170: 4166: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4077: 4070:Alfred Adler 4067: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4036: 4028: 4016: 4009: 3995: 3987: 3960:Papal States 3957: 3945: 3934: 3905: 3887: 3880: 3869: 3865:ultramontane 3861: 3854: 3814:Napoleon III 3782: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3703: 3695: 3684: 3643:Commencement 3633:Royal assent 3530:Commencement 3520:Royal assent 3450: 3442: 3427: 3417: 3411: 3406:Saint Helena 3403: 3380: 3364: 3352: 3337: 3313: 3309: 3298: 3289: 3271: 3261: 3253:Hundred Days 3247:Hundred Days 3239: 3231: 3226:Portoferraio 3220: 3204: 3194: 3174: 3166: 3157: 3148: 3133: 3122: 3114: 3104: 3090: 3074: 3040:grande armée 3039: 3031:grande armée 3030: 3028: 3012: 2997: 2988: 2976: 2956:Nieman river 2953: 2948:grande armée 2947: 2944: 2930: 2913: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2831: 2824: 2809: 2802: 2788: 2761: 2754: 2742: 2718: 2712:. Under the 2703: 2699: 2695:Fernando VII 2688: 2681: 2651: 2627: 2623:River Niemen 2612: 2601: 2575:through the 2570: 2566: 2555: 2547: 2532: 2492: 2482: 2474:West Prussia 2440: 2433: 2426: 2416: 2400: 2393: 2374: 2365:General Mack 2356:Grande Armée 2343: 2324: 2319:Grande Armée 2309:Grande Armée 2307: 2301: 2298: 2282: 2243: 2220: 2212: 2199: 2196: 2181: 2164: 2119: 2112: 2088: 2083:First Consul 2056: 2048: 2031: 1997: 1994: 1979: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1919: 1903: 1877: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1830: 1799: 1780: 1740: 1726:against the 1717: 1704: 1680: 1666: 1639: 1624: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1569: 1557: 1529: 1509: 1478: 1455: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1409: 1396: 1374: 1359: 1352: 1330: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1302: 1271: 1260: 1253: 1238: 1236: 1223: 1195: 1187: 1171: 1164: 1141:Early career 1134: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1097:Louis Rochet 1083: 1079: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 985: 950: 901: 897:Saint Helena 885:Hundred Days 815:Grande Armée 782: 756:against the 740:against the 719: 707:First Consul 686: 679: 675: 674: 293: 179:(1821-05-05) 128: 111:Louis XVIII 80:6 April 1814 57: 40: 23864:1821 deaths 23859:1769 births 23572:Roger Ducos 23488:(1871–1918) 23469:(1867–1871) 23450:(1850–1866) 23428:(1848/1849) 23416:Ferdinand I 23404:(1815–1848) 23385:(1806–1813) 23353:Charles VII 23303:Ferdinand I 23185:Henry (VII) 23160:Frederick I 22914:(1852–1870) 22888:(1830–1848) 22857:Louis XVIII 22837:Napoleon II 22778:(1589–1792) 22756:(1422–1453) 22701:Charles VII 22674:(1328–1589) 22548:Charles III 22533:Carloman II 22509:(Charles I) 22507:Charlemagne 22459:Chlothar IV 22414:Sigebert II 22404:Chlothar II 22389:Chilperic I 22379:Charibert I 22249:Napoléon VI 22229:Napoléon IV 22198:Napoléon II 22165:Alphonse II 22147:Charles XII 22013:Louis XVIII 21993:(1792–1815) 21906:(1867–1871) 21889:(1867–1871) 21852:(1848–1849) 21835:(1850–1866) 21829:(1835–1848) 21823:(1815–1835) 21780:(1806–1813) 21761:(1806–1813) 21730:(1806–1871) 21462:Napoléon II 21024:Abbé Sieyès 21009:Montesquieu 20925:Social Club 20867:Jean Chouan 20757:Louis XVIII 20534:Roger Ducos 20504:Paul Barras 20471:Montagnards 20401:Abbé Sieyès 20204:monarchiens 20012:Netherlands 19941:(Hungarian) 19889:(Hungarian) 19805:French Navy 19731: [ 19653:Jean Lannes 19510:French Army 19288:(1798–1802) 19259:(1798–1800) 19243:(1798–1801) 18973:Chouannerie 18934:(Pyrenees) 18799: [ 18766:Chouannerie 18558:(Fall 1794) 18546:Robespierre 17760:War of 1812 17718:Gunboat War 17675:Louis XVIII 17430:Jean Lannes 17344:Quatre Bras 17334:San Germano 17284:Occhiobello 17173:Champaubert 17163:La Rothière 17087:San Marcial 16971:2nd Polotsk 16936:1st Polotsk 16921:Majadahonda 16861:Villagarcia 16790:Campo Maior 16578:Piave River 16503:Ciudad Real 16493:Villafranca 16362:Dos de Mayo 16311:Stralsund I 16063:18 Brumaire 15997:Netherlands 15895:Württemberg 15650:Napoleon II 15641:Louis XVIII 15619:Louis XVIII 15545:Louis XVIII 15464:Louis XVIII 15289:Roger Ducos 15125:Bonapartism 15026: [ 14996:Protestants 14772: [ 14758: [ 14635: [ 14548:Napoleon II 14138:Schom, Alan 13958:. Pimlico. 13185:27 February 13139:. Bedford. 13056:Works cited 13033:30 November 12926:30 November 12487:Grab (2017) 12474:Arthist.net 12457:Bell (2015) 12426:(1): 1–30. 12402:Bell (2015) 12341:Bell (2015) 12329:Bell (2015) 11939:Geyl (1949) 11805:5 September 11718:Bell (2015) 11351:Bell (2015) 11112:(1): 6–26. 10994:Bell (2015) 10970:Geyl (1949) 10823:Geyl (1949) 10811:Geyl (1949) 10775:Geyl (1949) 10599:Bell (2015) 10563:Geyl (1949) 10551:Geyl (1949) 10374:. Redfield. 10114:28 November 9538:7 September 9376:Bell (2015) 8544:Bell (2015) 7081:Bell (2015) 6872:Bell (2015) 6658:Bell (2015) 6562:Bell (2015) 5817:(1): 6–26. 5693:"Chapter 2" 5623:, p. 6 5596:, p. 4 5572:, p. 2 5531:Bell (2015) 5487:Grab (2017) 5367:Grab (2003) 5285:département 4992:Louis XVIII 4967:Louis XVIII 4961:Himself as 4817:Napoleon II 4692:manorialism 4624:version by 4599:version by 4520:Bonapartism 4479:Pieter Geyl 4281:Napoleon's 4152:During the 4084:Erich Fromm 4011:Pieter Geyl 4006:Personality 3818:sarcophagus 3666:Repealed by 3553:Repealed by 3434:Hudson Lowe 3388: 1820 3365:Bellerophon 3234:Louis XVIII 3125:La Rothière 3062:Poniatowski 2596:Neman River 2558:River Saale 2525:before the 2294: 1805 2248:, with the 1986:Hohenlinden 1878:18 Brumaire 1870:Roger Ducos 1852:18 Brumaire 1845:18 Brumaire 1833:18 Brumaire 1654:Tipu Sultan 1592:coup d'état 1469: 1801 1460:, by Baron 1419:Vendémiaire 1377:Paul Barras 1337:Julie Clary 1303:Journée du 1243:(Supper at 1100: [ 787:led to the 684:regnal name 302:Napoleon II 90:Louis XVIII 23848:Categories 23505:William II 23392:Napoleon I 23373:Francis II 23368:Leopold II 23348:Charles VI 23261:Wenceslaus 23249:Charles IV 23155:Henry (VI) 23150:Conrad III 23079:(962–1806) 23074:within the 22984:during the 22831:Napoleon I 22811:Louis XVII 22790:Louis XIII 22736:Charles IX 22731:Francis II 22696:Charles VI 22662:Charles IV 22637:Philip III 22627:Louis VIII 22592:Hugh Capet 22585:(987–1328) 22518:Charles II 22502:Carloman I 22484:Robertians 22409:Dagobert I 22394:Sigebert I 22374:Chlothar I 22192:Napoléon I 22190:1814 1815 22159:Jacques II 22153:Alphonse I 22135:Charles XI 22045:Legitimist 22007:Louis XVII 21897:Chancellor 21814:Presidents 21759:Napoleon I 21397:Napoléon I 20913:Cordeliers 20827:Talleyrand 20752:Louis XVII 20614:Hébertists 20368:Jean Debry 20198:Feuillants 19827:Opposition 19723:Michel Ney 19145:(Dec 1796) 18753:Thionville 18656:(Dec 1797) 18629:(May 1796) 18621:5 Oct 1795 18598:Directoire 18478:(painting) 18381:(Sep 1792) 18365:(Jun 1792) 18198:Great Fear 18137:(Jan 1789) 18028:Revolution 17902:Casualties 17816:Schönbrunn 17791:Artlenburg 17540:John Moore 17445:Michel Ney 17314:Scapezzano 17304:Cesenatico 17248:Montmartre 17178:Montmirail 17112:Wartenburg 17067:Großbeeren 16926:Gorodechno 16916:Klyastitsy 16896:Saltanovka 16785:Casal Novo 16658:Hollabrunn 16643:Korneuburg 16437:Somosierra 16341:Copenhagen 16164:Austerlitz 16154:Dürenstein 15890:Westphalia 15833:and allies 15530:Louis XVI 15257:5 May 1821 15157:Propaganda 14691:Coronation 14427:by the US 14394:5 December 14110:. Granta. 14028:2 December 13939:. Osprey. 13566:2 December 13487:5 December 13377:2 December 13259:2 December 13163:. London: 13124:5 December 12723:John Lynch 12612:5 December 12543:5 December 12162:5 December 12030:16 October 11624:5 December 11325:, p. 10494:23 January 10468:2 December 9311:2 November 9272:6 December 9003:2 December 8592:2 December 8490:23 October 7999:2 December 7680:18 October 6003:, p. 5849:2 December 5775:15 October 5460:2 December 5403:2 December 5227:; French: 5048:Francis II 4673:Bas-relief 4566:Boulangism 4486:in Syria. 4327:Statue in 4276:Code Civil 4024:misogynist 3763:qui recule 3755:last rites 3716:See also: 3605:Long title 3492:Long title 3294:Michel Ney 3274:Golfe-Juan 3240:Inconstant 2916:Bernadotte 2367:after the 2150:See also: 2064:Guadeloupe 2014:See also: 1926:Cambacérès 1720:Alexandria 1673:geodesists 1503:, and the 1362:Topography 1323:After the 1205:mainland. 1048:Napolionne 947:Early life 545:Austerlitz 494:Somosierra 275:; 238:; 177:5 May 1821 160:1769-08-15 18:Napoleonic 23620:Ministers 23586:Bonaparte 23495:William I 23476:William I 23411:Francis I 23363:Joseph II 23358:Francis I 23338:Leopold I 23313:Rudolf II 23298:Charles V 23283:Albert II 23278:Sigismund 23234:Henry VII 23190:Conrad IV 23111:Henry III 23106:Conrad II 23038:(919–962) 23033:(911–919) 22989:(843–911) 22868:Louis XIX 22862:Charles X 22805:Louis XVI 22795:Louis XIV 22741:Henry III 22721:Francis I 22716:Louis XII 22691:Charles V 22681:Philip VI 22642:Philip IV 22622:Philip II 22617:Louis VII 22597:Robert II 22528:Louis III 22490:(751–987) 22439:Clovis IV 22419:Clovis II 22357:(509–751) 22261:present ( 22141:Jacques I 22102:Henri VII 22065:Louis XIX 22059:Charles X 22015:1814 1815 22001:Louis XVI 21880:President 21873:1867–1871 21807:1815–1866 21752:Protector 21745:1806–1813 20747:Louis XVI 20742:Charles X 20393:The Plain 20304:Girondins 20244:Lafayette 19905:(Walloon) 19887:Pál Kray 19863:(Walloon) 19405:(1800–02) 19256:Quasi-War 18715:Consulate 18601:(1795–99) 18056:Consulate 18049:Directory 17866:Casalanza 17841:Tauroggen 17796:Pressburg 17781:Lunéville 17686:conflicts 17519:Coalition 17369:La Suffel 17319:Tolentino 17203:Montereau 17188:Vauchamps 17137:Bornhöved 17092:Dennewitz 17037:Tarragona 16986:Chashniki 16886:Salamanca 16810:Tarragona 16734:Barquilla 16688:Almonacid 16648:Stockerau 16618:Stralsund 16588:2nd Porto 16568:Ebelsberg 16538:Abensberg 16508:1st Porto 16468:Castellón 16452:Benavente 16417:Valmaseda 16331:Friedland 16326:Heilsberg 16296:Ostrołęka 16286:Mohrungen 16220:Magdeburg 16149:Amstetten 16134:Trafalgar 16119:Elchingen 16104:Wertingen 16002:Brunswick 15927:Coalition 15671:New title 15596:New title 15552:New title 15439:Louis XVI 15395:New title 15351:New title 15309:New title 15269:New title 14755:2nd exile 14738:1st exile 14649:Consulate 14569:Brothers: 14535:Children: 14425:Biography 14310:1468-229X 13997:143376566 13744:(1973) . 13714:(1995) . 13704:740560411 13552:(1889) . 13389:(2015) . 13076:Bonaparte 12952:Médiation 12858:2305-3925 12525:0017-811X 12440:0016-1071 12385:0269-1191 12300:0269-1191 12151:France 24 11795:144112149 11274:20 August 10024:Roberts, 9361:28 August 9262:2100-0123 7824:. p. 156. 5831:0016-1071 5646:"Corsica" 5343:Citations 5150:English: 4433:Criticism 4378:Education 4372:total war 4082:. Adler, 3999:Sanhedrin 3914:Concordat 3691:hepatitis 3620:56 Geo. 3 3507:56 Geo. 3 3429:The Times 3363:HMS 3221:Undaunted 3215:sovereign 3205:With the 3169:Old Guard 2838:Carinthia 2820:armistice 2792:Inn River 2691:Carlos IV 2630:Wallachia 2608:Heilsberg 2489:Selim III 2377:Karl Mack 2252:, at the 2110:in 1804. 2077:Silver 5 2024:The 1803 1938:Tribunate 1912:. Posing 1572:standards 1405:grapeshot 1370:Selim III 1245:Beaucaire 1075:Louis XVI 1052:Napulione 1040:Nabulione 982:'s court. 980:Louis XVI 916:feudalism 799:. In the 758:Directory 742:Austrians 511:Friedland 358:Rochefort 308:Signature 129:In office 108:Successor 97:2nd reign 86:Successor 75:1st reign 23854:Napoleon 23788:Treasury 23724:Interior 23343:Joseph I 23318:Matthias 23239:Louis IV 23229:Albert I 23219:Rudolf I 23165:Henry VI 23116:Henry IV 23101:Henry II 23096:Otto III 23045:Conrad I 23001:Carloman 22800:Louis XV 22785:Henry IV 22726:Henry II 22706:Louis XI 22657:Philip V 22632:Louis IX 22612:Louis VI 22607:Philip I 22563:Louis IV 22553:Robert I 22523:Louis II 22488:Bosonids 22364:Clovis I 22263:disputed 22171:Louis XX 22129:Jean III 22096:Henri VI 22090:Jean III 21107:Panthéon 21095:Muscadin 21090:Marianne 21029:Voltaire 20908:Jacobins 20901:Factions 20441:Mirabeau 19897:(French) 18791:Jemappes 18775:Dauphiné 18258:Nobility 18070:Journals 18063:Glossary 18042:Republic 18014:Timeline 17937:Uniforms 17851:Chaumont 17769:Treaties 17470:Joseph I 17410:Napoleon 17354:Waterloo 17294:Casaglia 17258:Toulouse 17142:Sehested 17117:Bidassoa 17097:2nd Kulm 17082:1st Kulm 17072:Katzbach 17062:Sorauren 17057:Pyrenees 17022:Castalla 17006:Berezina 16996:Smoliani 16966:Tarutino 16951:Borodino 16941:Valutino 16931:Smolensk 16901:Ostrovno 16871:Maguilla 16835:Valencia 16825:Saguntum 16673:Talavera 16553:Ratisbon 16543:Landshut 16518:Bergisel 16513:Medellín 16427:Espinosa 16387:Valencia 16260:Czarnowo 16230:Pasewalk 16225:Prenzlau 16200:Saalfeld 16139:Caldiero 16109:Günzburg 15987:Sardinia 15962:Portugal 15374:(Became 15202:Category 15007:Slavery 14592:Sisters: 14496:timeline 14479:Napoleon 14388:Archived 14380:(1891). 14361:Archived 14332:(1969). 14314:Archived 14179:Archived 14140:(1997). 14122:Archived 14022:Archived 13748:Napoleon 13682:(1966). 13560:Archived 13481:Archived 13435:(1994). 13423:Archived 13412:Archived 13371:Archived 13274:Napoleon 13271:(1994). 13253:Archived 13238:Napoleon 13235:(1932). 13215:Napoleon 13179:Archived 13157:(2015). 13118:Archived 13096:(2015). 13027:Archived 12955:Archived 12944:Archived 12920:Archived 12862:Archived 12749:Archived 12702:Archived 12662:(eds.). 12606:Archived 12561:(1995). 12537:Archived 12444:Archived 12389:Archived 12359:(2004). 12304:Archived 12260:BBC News 12240:Archived 12235:BBC News 12156:Archived 12024:Archived 12014:(2003). 11860:Archived 11799:Archived 11748:Archived 11618:Archived 11292:(1986). 11268:Archived 11238:Archived 11208:Archived 10723:Archived 10488:Archived 10462:Archived 10355:Archived 10305:Archived 10244:Archived 10108:Archived 10104:33661330 10026:Napoleon 9862:Archived 9813:18 March 9807:Archived 9789:Archived 9739:Archived 9532:Archived 9355:Archived 9305:Archived 9266:Archived 9246:(1): 3. 8997:Archived 8586:Archived 8484:Archived 8261:Archived 8243:(1997). 8056:Archived 7993:Archived 7879:Archived 7798:. p. 108 7674:Archived 7003:(1996). 5843:Archived 5769:Archived 5711:Archived 5697:Napoleon 5654:Archived 5549:Archived 5454:Archived 5436:(2005). 5397:Archived 5287:in 1789. 5255:Corsican 5246:Italian: 5224:-nə-part 5220:-lee-ən 5039:in 1861 4792:Empress 4784:Children 4731:and the 4690:, ended 4597:romantic 4162:bogeyman 4124:gesture. 3902:Muhammad 3896:and the 3840:dioceses 3824:Religion 3745:in Paris 3652:Repealed 3615:Citation 3539:Repealed 3502:Citation 3438:catarrhs 3286:Grenoble 3278:Grenoble 3129:February 3035:Berezina 3019:Cossacks 3000:Tarutino 2979:Borodino 2972:Smolensk 2842:Carniola 2684:Portugal 2634:Moldavia 2362:Austrian 2304:Boulogne 1736:pyramids 1481:Piedmont 1421:uprising 1190:Jacobins 1032:Catholic 1024:Caroline 998:home in 972:Corsican 957:Lombardy 821:Russians 693:and led 460:Borodino 443:Berezina 375:Waterloo 353:620miles 46:Napoleon 23700:Finance 23648:Justice 23594:Consuls 23255:Günther 23213:Alfonso 23207:Richard 23202:William 23175:Otto IV 23140:Henry V 23129:Hermann 23091:Otto II 23050:Henry I 22933:italics 22875:Henry V 22686:John II 22647:Louis X 22602:Henry I 22573:Louis V 22568:Lothair 22558:Rudolph 22513:Louis I 22384:Guntram 22237:/ 1891 22173:present 22110:present 22108:Jean IV 22071:Henri V 21233:of the 20989:Diderot 20735:Figures 20620:Enragés 20326:Father 20037:Prussia 19969:Britain 19918:(Saxon) 19876:(Swiss) 19843:Austria 17684:Related 17263:Bayonne 17228:Craonne 17198:Mormant 17158:Brienne 17132:Nivelle 17122:Leipzig 17077:Dresden 17047:Vitoria 17032:Bautzen 17001:Krasnoi 16946:Mesoten 16906:Vitebsk 16866:Almaraz 16856:Badajoz 16815:Albuera 16800:Almeida 16795:Sabugal 16780:Redinha 16770:Barrosa 16749:Bussaco 16744:Almeida 16724:Astorga 16693:Tamames 16653:Gefrees 16608:Alcañiz 16548:Eckmühl 16478:Corunna 16447:Sahagún 16412:Zornoza 16407:Vimeiro 16377:Cabezón 16301:Kolberg 16270:Pułtusk 16265:Golymin 16255:Hamelin 16235:Stettin 16195:Schleiz 16040:Prelude 16032:battles 16007:Hanover 15952:Prussia 15942:Austria 15880:Bavaria 15860:Etruria 15855:Holland 15827:France, 15820:gerents 15587:Austria 15343:Emperor 15341:Became 15299:Became 15211:Commons 15181:Studies 14723:Tactics 14706:Holland 14561:Mother: 14553:Father: 14290:History 14185:12 June 13418:; also 13409:excerpt 12533:1327640 12001:, p. 39 11244:15 July 10095:8572813 7885:11 July 7811:. p. 15 6489:1740591 5555:5 April 5547:. BBC. 5325:charger 5024:Viceroy 4700:ghettos 4628:in 1848 4622:realist 4603:in 1805 4309:Warfare 4187:Reforms 4173:bicorne 4118:bicorne 3907:Mahomet 3842:and 10 3622:. c. 23 3509:. c. 22 3093:Leipzig 3066:Leipzig 2750:Corunna 2745:Vitoria 2726:Finland 2710:Vimiero 2553:front. 2493:Emperor 2427:At the 2423:, 1805. 2262:Liguria 2184:Bourbon 1969:Marengo 1804:in the 1755:Galilee 1728:Mamluks 1475:, Paris 1399:in the 1182:Auxonne 1178:Valence 1172:La Fère 1044:Nabulio 1020:Pauline 1000:Ajaccio 936:looting 807:at the 805:Prussia 772:to the 722:Corsica 562:Marengo 426:Leipzig 281: 265: 261: 248: 228: 224: 209:Spouses 203:, Paris 167:Ajaccio 23712:Police 23266:Rupert 23170:Philip 23122:Rudolf 23086:Otto I 23062:Otto I 23056:Arnulf 23016:Arnulf 22652:John I 22204:Joseph 21981:since 21786:(1813) 20728:Others 20067:Russia 19501:France 19166:(1797) 19036:(1796) 18771:Vendée 18748:Verdun 18575:1795–6 18518:Danton 18077:Museum 18007:Causes 17861:Mantua 17811:Cintra 17806:Tilsit 17786:Amiens 17324:Ancona 17309:Pesaro 17279:Panaro 17208:Orthez 17193:Garris 17107:Roßlau 17102:Göhrde 17042:Luckau 17027:Lützen 16991:Vyazma 16961:Burgos 16956:Moscow 16911:Kobryn 16820:Usagre 16775:Pombal 16765:Gebora 16638:Wagram 16598:Tarvis 16573:Girona 16533:Raszyn 16523:Sacile 16432:Tudela 16422:Burgos 16402:Roliça 16397:Bailén 16316:Mileto 16306:Danzig 16245:Lübeck 16210:Erfurt 16129:Verona 16012:Nassau 15992:Sweden 15982:Persia 15967:Sicily 15947:Russia 15929:forces 15912:Persia 15885:Saxony 15870:Naples 15840:France 15818:Belli- 15691:Vacant 15524:Vacant 15509:Vacant 15479:Vacant 15429:Vacant 15369:Vacant 15253: 14522:Wives: 14514:Family 14367:1 July 14353: 14308: 14273: 14254: 14227: 14204: 14171: 14150: 14128:28 May 14114: 14066: 14045: 14014: 13995: 13962: 13943: 13922: 13903: 13880: 13861: 13842: 13819: 13798: 13775: 13756: 13730: 13702: 13692: 13668: 13645: 13615: 13529: 13506: 13473: 13452: 13399: 13363: 13342: 13323: 13304: 13281: 13245: 13221: 13202: 13171: 13143: 13110: 13082: 13019: 12912: 12856: 12676: 12637: 12598: 12571: 12531: 12523: 12438: 12383: 12298: 11793: 11787:226629 11785: 11740: 11610: 11467: 11306: 11126:286104 11124: 11079:Oxford 11052: 10715: 10684: 10454: 10427: 10137: 10102: 10092: 9731: 9297: 9260: 8989: 8578: 8425: 8253: 8048: 7985: 7871: 7666: 7374: 7013: 6487: 6477: 6080: 5839:286104 5837: 5829: 5761: 5703: 5446: 5389: 5030:Vacant 4850:Titles 4800:, 1813 4392:, and 4289:, the 4205:(1812) 4158:tyrant 4120:and a 3964:Savona 3898:Orient 3724:, and 3420:Briars 3348:Senlis 3305:outlaw 3268:, 1818 3201:(1836) 3082:Bauzen 3078:Lützen 2941:(1841) 2877: 2871: 2737:Madrid 2619:Tilsit 2403:Vienna 2385:Swabia 2173:(1804) 2079:francs 1974:Desaix 1942:Senate 1910:Ingres 1773:. The 1769:, and 1714:, 1808 1656:, the 1525:Leoben 1499:, the 1495:, the 1489:Mantua 1349:Vendée 1282:Saorge 1228:, 1793 1106:(1853) 1050:, and 1028:Jérôme 1026:, and 1008:Lucien 1004:Joseph 953:Tuscan 908:legacy 837:Joseph 678:(born 647:Toulon 613:Arcole 477:Wagram 409:Dizier 351:1000km 271: 242: 234: 190:Burial 62:, 1812 23272:Jobst 23224:Adolf 22253:1997 22247:1926 22243:Louis 22233:1879 22227:1873 22214:1846 22210:Louis 22208:1844 22202:1832 22196:1821 22169:1989 22163:1975 22157:1941 22151:1936 22145:1931 22139:1909 22133:1887 22127:1883 22106:2019 22100:1999 22094:1940 22088:1926 22082:1894 22075:1883 22069:1844 22063:1836 22057:1830 22011:1795 22005:1793 21999:1792 21185:Films 20102:Spain 19735:] 18803:] 18796:Namur 18781:Lille 18758:Valmy 17927:Films 17359:Wavre 17349:Ligny 17339:Gaeta 17299:Ronco 17289:Carpi 17253:Paris 17223:Reims 17127:Hanau 16719:Cádiz 16698:Ocaña 16683:Ölper 16628:María 16593:Wörgl 16583:Grijó 16483:Valls 16473:Uclés 16367:Bruch 16291:Eylau 16215:Halle 16190:Maida 16180:Gaeta 16030:Major 15957:Spain 15917:Spain 15850:Italy 15255:Died: 15248:Born: 15174:Penis 15090:Milan 15030:] 15023:Women 14972:Tiara 14955:Views 14776:] 14769:Death 14762:] 14639:] 13993:S2CID 12865:(PDF) 12842:(PDF) 12708:6 May 12529:JSTOR 11791:S2CID 11783:JSTOR 11122:JSTOR 6005:xviii 5835:JSTOR 5124:Notes 5070:with 5018:with 4916:with 4879:with 4696:guild 4578:2015. 4538:press 4347:Corps 4201:, by 4063:omens 3894:Islam 3890:Koran 3857:deist 3712:Death 3627:Dates 3514:Dates 3264:, by 3197:, by 3160:, by 3108:, by 2964:Dvina 2958:into 2937:, by 2816:Znaim 2419:, by 2339:Cádiz 2314:corps 2258:Genoa 2192:Baden 2122:Malta 2108:Haiti 2041:with 1908:, by 1836:, by 1771:Haifa 1767:Jaffa 1759:Arish 1646:Egypt 1563:, by 1278:Ormea 1230:, by 1104:] 1086:Autun 1016:Louis 1012:Elisa 941:Haiti 630:Paris 596:Malta 579:Cairo 295:more… 289:Issue 267:( 263: 246:) 230:( 226: 22486:and 21983:1792 20617:and 20201:and 19451:1802 19415:1801 19370:1800 19277:1799 19224:1798 19155:1797 19025:1796 18999:1795 18916:1794 18813:1793 18740:1792 18684:1799 18665:1798 18638:1797 18520:and 18511:1794 18406:1793 18339:1792 18288:1791 18242:1790 18125:1789 18098:1788 17856:Kiel 17846:Ried 17392:Info 17379:Issy 17272:1815 17218:Laon 17151:1814 17015:1813 16881:Ekau 16844:1812 16758:1811 16712:1810 16633:Graz 16623:Raab 16461:1809 16355:1808 16279:1807 16173:1806 16087:1805 15376:King 15291:and 15162:Tomb 14781:mask 14677:1815 14672:1804 14667:1802 14662:1799 14396:2023 14369:2015 14351:ISBN 14322:2020 14306:ISSN 14271:ISBN 14252:ISBN 14225:ISBN 14202:ISBN 14187:2009 14169:ISBN 14148:ISBN 14130:2020 14112:ISBN 14064:ISBN 14043:ISBN 14030:2023 14012:ISBN 13960:ISBN 13941:ISBN 13920:ISBN 13901:ISBN 13878:ISBN 13859:ISBN 13840:ISBN 13817:ISBN 13796:ISBN 13773:ISBN 13754:ISBN 13728:ISBN 13700:OCLC 13690:ISBN 13666:ISBN 13643:ISBN 13613:ISBN 13568:2023 13527:ISBN 13504:ISBN 13489:2023 13471:ISBN 13450:ISBN 13397:ISBN 13379:2023 13361:ISBN 13340:ISBN 13321:ISBN 13302:ISBN 13279:ISBN 13261:2023 13243:ISBN 13219:ISBN 13200:ISBN 13187:2024 13169:ISBN 13141:ISBN 13126:2023 13108:ISBN 13080:ISBN 13035:2023 13017:ISBN 12928:2023 12910:ISBN 12854:ISSN 12710:2021 12674:ISBN 12635:ISBN 12614:2023 12596:ISBN 12569:ISBN 12545:2023 12521:ISSN 12436:ISSN 12381:ISSN 12296:ISSN 12164:2023 12032:2018 11807:2017 11767:Isis 11738:ISBN 11645:help 11626:2023 11608:ISBN 11490:help 11465:ISBN 11304:ISBN 11276:2022 11246:2023 11216:2017 11050:ISBN 10713:ISBN 10682:ISBN 10496:2018 10470:2023 10452:ISBN 10425:ISBN 10135:ISBN 10116:2023 10100:PMID 10078:2021 9815:2021 9729:ISBN 9540:2023 9363:2009 9313:2022 9295:ISBN 9274:2023 9258:ISSN 9005:2023 8987:ISBN 8594:2023 8576:ISBN 8492:2021 8423:ISBN 8251:ISBN 8046:ISBN 8001:2023 7983:ISBN 7887:2014 7869:ISBN 7682:2018 7664:ISBN 7372:ISBN 7011:ISBN 6485:OCLC 6475:ISBN 6078:ISBN 5851:2023 5827:ISSN 5777:2020 5759:ISBN 5701:ISBN 5557:2010 5462:2023 5444:ISBN 5405:2023 5387:ISBN 4884:and 4769:and 4530:Elba 4518:and 4317:and 4086:and 3982:and 3410:HMS 3326:and 3219:HMS 3211:Elba 3115:The 3080:and 2864:The 2832:The 2632:and 2586:The 2458:and 2260:and 2154:and 2062:and 1944:and 1936:and 1928:and 1893:and 1872:and 1791:Acre 1763:Gaza 1180:and 990:and 877:Elba 528:Jena 392:Elba 277:sep. 273:1810 244:1810 240:ann. 236:1796 174:Died 154:Born 34:and 23674:War 22543:Odo 19977:Sir 16876:Mir 16739:Côa 16124:Ulm 15581:as 14441:at 14298:doi 14294:100 14091:doi 13985:doi 13585:doi 12513:doi 12428:doi 12373:doi 12288:doi 11866:". 11775:doi 11327:708 11114:doi 11042:doi 10090:PMC 10082:doi 9248:doi 8415:doi 6467:doi 6074:131 5819:doi 5315:by 5222:BOH 5218:POH 5216:nə- 5204:ɑːr 5138:As 5074:as 5022:as 4994:as 4969:as 4477:by 4446:by 3765:... 3737:at 3361:on 3064:at 2499:of 2472:in 2383:in 2381:Ulm 2285:by 2169:by 1967:at 1789:of 1710:by 1471:), 1464:, ( 1169:in 839:as 713:as 705:as 23850:: 22257:/ 22241:/ 19733:fr 18801:fr 15028:fr 14774:fr 14760:fr 14637:fr 14359:. 14312:. 14304:. 14292:. 14288:. 14177:. 14120:. 14087:54 14085:. 14081:. 14020:. 13991:. 13981:39 13979:. 13726:. 13698:. 13581:26 13579:. 13525:. 13479:. 13369:. 13251:. 13177:. 13167:. 13116:. 13106:. 13025:. 12961:, 12950:; 12918:. 12860:. 12848:. 12844:. 12757:^ 12747:. 12743:. 12725:, 12696:. 12668:. 12658:; 12604:. 12535:. 12527:. 12519:. 12509:32 12507:. 12503:. 12472:. 12442:. 12434:. 12424:28 12422:. 12418:. 12387:. 12379:. 12369:18 12367:. 12363:. 12348:^ 12302:. 12294:. 12284:18 12282:. 12278:. 12257:. 12238:. 12232:. 12172:^ 12154:. 12148:. 12064:^ 11920:. 11797:. 11789:. 11781:. 11771:47 11769:. 11765:. 11746:. 11616:. 11588:^ 11537:^ 11298:. 11266:. 11262:. 11232:. 11200:. 11120:. 11108:. 11077:. 11048:. 11036:. 10890:^ 10755:^ 10721:. 10707:. 10606:^ 10531:^ 10516:^ 10486:. 10460:. 10419:. 10380:^ 10349:. 10313:^ 10303:. 10299:. 10264:^ 10106:. 10098:. 10088:. 10076:. 10072:. 10060:^ 10033:^ 10005:^ 9882:^ 9860:. 9856:. 9805:. 9783:. 9779:. 9737:. 9530:. 9526:. 9443:^ 9303:. 9264:. 9256:. 9244:19 9238:. 8995:. 8584:. 8512:^ 8421:. 8389:^ 8259:. 8184:^ 8076:^ 8054:. 7991:. 7919:^ 7877:. 7853:^ 7714:^ 7672:. 7238:^ 7199:^ 7184:^ 7049:^ 6930:^ 6879:^ 6862:^ 6725:^ 6483:. 6473:. 6455:. 6383:^ 6332:^ 6076:. 5991:^ 5841:. 5833:. 5825:. 5813:. 5809:. 5797:^ 5767:. 5719:^ 5709:. 5695:. 5652:. 5648:. 5613:^ 5521:^ 5494:^ 5452:. 5413:^ 5395:. 5257:: 5253:; 5192:oʊ 5169:oʊ 5131:^ 4838:. 4780:. 4750:. 4620:, 4595:, 4388:, 4183:. 3910:. 3720:, 3385:c. 2840:, 2649:. 2545:. 2291:c. 2289:, 2218:. 2136:. 1868:, 1812:. 1797:. 1765:, 1761:, 1664:. 1633:, 1550:. 1466:c. 1314:, 1137:. 1102:fr 1054:. 1046:, 1042:, 1022:, 1018:, 1014:, 1010:, 959:. 918:, 499:10 482:11 465:12 448:13 431:14 414:15 397:16 380:17 363:18 269:m. 232:m. 23539:e 23532:t 23525:v 22966:e 22959:t 22952:v 22935:. 22481:, 22311:e 22304:t 22297:v 22275:* 22265:) 22223:) 22219:( 22079:* 22047:/ 21971:e 21964:t 21957:v 21720:e 21713:t 21706:v 21370:e 21363:t 21356:v 21223:e 21216:t 21209:v 17987:e 17980:t 17973:v 15746:e 15739:t 15732:v 15655:) 15648:( 15378:) 14471:e 14464:t 14457:v 14398:. 14371:. 14324:. 14300:: 14279:. 14260:. 14233:. 14210:. 14189:. 14156:. 14132:. 14099:. 14093:: 14072:. 14051:. 14032:. 13999:. 13987:: 13968:. 13949:. 13928:. 13909:. 13886:. 13867:. 13848:. 13825:. 13804:. 13781:. 13762:. 13736:. 13706:. 13674:. 13651:. 13621:. 13591:. 13587:: 13570:. 13535:. 13512:. 13491:. 13458:. 13405:. 13381:. 13348:. 13329:. 13310:. 13287:. 13263:. 13227:. 13208:. 13189:. 13149:. 13128:. 13088:. 13037:. 12930:. 12850:2 12712:. 12682:. 12643:. 12616:. 12577:. 12547:. 12515:: 12476:. 12430:: 12375:: 12290:: 12263:. 12166:. 12034:. 12020:" 11809:. 11777:: 11647:) 11628:. 11492:) 11486:. 11473:. 11329:. 11312:. 11278:. 11248:. 11218:. 11128:. 11116:: 11110:7 11062:. 11044:: 10690:. 10498:. 10472:. 10433:. 10143:. 10084:: 9817:. 9542:. 9365:. 9315:. 9276:. 9250:: 9007:. 8596:. 8494:. 8417:: 8003:. 7889:. 7684:. 7380:. 7019:. 6491:. 6469:: 6086:. 5853:. 5821:: 5815:7 5779:. 5559:. 5464:. 5407:. 5300:. 5266:. 5236:. 5210:/ 5207:t 5201:p 5198:ə 5195:n 5189:b 5186:ˈ 5181:n 5178:ə 5175:i 5172:l 5166:p 5163:ˈ 5160:ə 5157:n 5154:/ 5092:) 5056:) 4652:. 3846:. 1423:, 652:1 635:2 618:3 601:4 584:5 567:6 550:7 533:8 516:9 162:) 158:( 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index