Joséphine de Beauharnais

1047: 926: 867: 761: 1486: 619: 831: 7740: 718: 1356: 1175: 60: 1401: 7675: 7607: 633:, from a less ancient but richer noble family. While living on Martinique, de Beauharnais had a son, Alexandre, by his wife. Soon, the parents returned to France, and left the infant with the Tascher family until 1766. When he had come of age, his father's mistress, who was also Alexandre's godmother, decided that it would be advantageous to her if he married one of her nieces. Aged seventeen, he judged fifteen-year-old Joséphine to be too close to him in age, and thus, Catherine-Désirée was chosen for him. As the bride's father was impoverished and the bridegroom was to become a wealthy man upon his marriage, he asked for no dowry. 1497: 5534: 3404: 975: 1269: 1510: 1208: 7481: 7139: 1290: 1277:

cultivars grew exponentially. Of the roughly 200 types of roses known to Joséphine, Dupont had created 25 while in her employ. Subsequent French hybridizers created over 1000 new rose cultivars in the 30 years following Joséphine's death. In 1910, less than 100 years after her death, there were about 8000 rose types in Gravereaux's garden. Bechtel also feels that the popularity of roses as garden plants was boosted by Joséphine's patronage. She was a popular ruler and fashionable people copied her.

3987: 986: 1392:. This painting would become a big part of Napoleon's propaganda and iconography. Gros would go on to paint other portraits of Napoleon, which always portrayed him as a fierce conqueror, propagating the image of Napoleon as powerful and unstoppable. Joséphine as a supporter and patron of Gros, aided him in becoming a central conduit for the message that the government was trying to disseminate about the rule of the Emperor in that time. 7705: 7650: 3041: 1229:, and the horticulturist, André Dupont. The rose garden was begun soon after purchase; inspired by Dupont's love of roses. Joséphine took a personal interest in the gardens and the roses, and learned a great deal about botany and horticulture from her staff. Joséphine wanted to collect all known roses so Napoleon ordered his warship commanders to search all seized vessels for plants to be forwarded to Malmaison. 602:, occasional lodging, for when they wanted to stay with his mother-in-law. Saint Lucia switched hands between Great Britain and France fourteen times, and there were no civil registers on the island when Joséphine was born. Saint Lucia's frequent change of ownership between Britain and France could be seen as the reason her birthplace was left out of her birth record, as it would have affected her nationality. 3996: 322: 822:. Joséphine had delayed the party while getting a new silk shawl draped correctly, and Napoleon went ahead in the first carriage. The bomb exploded as her carriage was passing. The bomb killed several bystanders and one of the carriage horses, and blew out the carriage's windows; Hortense was struck in the hand by flying glass. There were no other injuries and the party proceeded to the Opéra. 1032:, and stayed locked in his room for two days, refusing to see anyone. He claimed to a friend, while in exile on Saint Helena, that "I truly loved my Joséphine, but I did not respect her." Despite numerous affairs, eventual marriage annulment, and his remarriage, the Emperor's last words on his death bed at St. Helena were: "France, the Army, the Head of the Army, Joséphine." (" 1881: 1338:

relationships with contemporary artists. Joséphine became a patron to several different artists, helping to build their careers though their connection to her. After buying the Château de Malmaison, Joséphine had a blank canvas to showpiece her art and style and used it to create salons, galleries, a theater and her famous garden. The Malmaison and

1046: 610:, run by the Bénédictines de la Providence. There, they learned to read, write, sing, dance, and embroider for four years. After the death of Catherine-Désirée, Joséphine returned to her parents' plantation. Joséphine's nurse was an enslaved person called Marion, whose freedom she would secure in 1807. 538:

Officially, Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de La Pagerie was born in Les Trois-Îlets on Martinique on 23 June 1763. However, this has been disputed by several sources. The church registry in Les Trois-Îlets states that Joséphine was baptised there by Emmanuel Capuchin but does not say she was born there.

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Modern hybridization of roses through artificial, controlled pollination began with Joséphine's horticulturalist Andre Dupont. Prior to this, most new rose cultivars were spontaneous mutations or accidental, bee-induced hybrids, and appeared rarely. With controlled pollination, the appearance of new

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in Paris. Considering Joséphine as too close to the counter-revolutionary financial circles, the Committee ordered her arrest on 18 April 1794. A warrant of arrest was issued against her on 21 April 1794, and she was imprisoned in the Carmes Prison until 28 July. During this time, Joséphine was only

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and becoming Empress she was surrounded by the works of the time, however Joséphine also appreciated the works of old masters. She was also drawn to artists and styles that were not widely used in her time, searching for artists that challenged the accepted standards. She visited the Salon to build

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Empress Joséphine was a great lover of all art. Her great interest in horticulture is well-known, but she also liked all things artistic. She surrounded herself with creative people whose work ranged from paintings and sculpture to furniture and the architecture all around her. Joséphine always had

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was a major supplier, despite Britain and France being at war, his shipments were allowed to cross blockades. Specifically, when Hume's Blush Tea-Scented China was imported to England from China, the British and French Admiralties made arrangements in 1810 for specimens to cross naval blockades for

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in April. Napoleon once remarked that despite her quick infatuation with him, "It is a womb that I am marrying". Even after their separation, Napoleon insisted Joséphine retain the title of empress. "It is my will that she retain the rank and title of empress, and especially that she never doubt my

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Upon meeting with Gros and seeing his work, Joséphine asked him to come back to Milan with her and to live in her residences. Joséphine then commissioned him to create a portrait of her husband, the then General Bonaparte. The work took several sittings between Gros and Napoleon and would be named

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an interest in art but it was with her marriage to her first husband that she would gain more access to art and artists. Due to her husband's high position in society she was often able to frequent many influential people's homes and learned from the works that were in their houses. After marrying

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Joséphine was described as being of average height, svelte, shapely, with silky, long, chestnut-brown hair, hazel eyes, and a rather sallow complexion. Her nose was small and straight, and her mouth was well-formed; however she kept it closed most of the time so as not to reveal her bad teeth. She

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in 1807. Once again requested per Napoleon’s family, he began to create lists of eligible princesses. At dinner on 30 November 1809, he let Joséphine know that—in the interest of France—he must find a wife who could produce an heir. He let Joséphine know that this was his family's wish and that he

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Bonaparte, six years her junior, and became his mistress. In a letter to her in December, he wrote, "I awake full of you. Your image and the memory of last night's intoxicating pleasures has left no rest to my senses." In January 1796, Napoleon proposed to her and they were married on 9 March. On

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By the time Alexandre's father had proposed in a letter, however, Catherine-Désirée had died. Not wanting to lose the rich suitor, her father offered his youngest daughter instead, which was accepted by Alexandre. Marie-Françoise was not yet twelve, however, and her mother and grandmother were not

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After spending three years from 1752 in France, Joseph-Gaspard returned to Martinique and married Rose-Claire des Vergers de Sannois (1735–1807), whose maternal grandfather, Anthony Brown, may have been Irish. Rose-Claire was from one of the oldest European families on the island, and the Tascher

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essentially became the decorators for Joséphine and Napoleon. Many of Joséphine's most well-known furnishings were created especially for her by Percier and Fontaine. The two architects worked within many of the empire's residences, creating spaces for the Empress to feel at home in. Percier and

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After the annulment, Joséphine lived at the Château de Malmaison, near Paris. She remained on good terms with Napoleon, who once said that the only thing to come between them was her debts. (Joséphine remarked privately, "The only thing that ever came between us was my debts; certainly not his

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Although she is often referred to as "Joséphine de Beauharnais", it is not a name she herself used. "Beauharnais" is the name of her first husband, which she ceased to use upon her marriage to Napoleon, taking the last name "Bonaparte". And she did not use the name "Joséphine" before meeting

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became centers for Napoleon's government but was recognized as an important place for the arts in any forms. Joséphine's court became the leading court in Europe for the arts. She became the first French female royal collector of this scale, leading in the Consular and

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wrote, "In choosing her lovers followed her head first, then her heart", meaning that she was adept in terms of identifying the men who were most capable of fulfilling her financial and social needs. She was aware of Napoleon's potential. Joséphine was a renowned

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wished it were not so. Joséphine agreed to the divorce so the Emperor could remarry in the hope of having an heir. The divorce ceremony took place on 10 January 1810 and was a grand but solemn social occasion, and each read a statement of devotion to the other.

757:. During their separation, he sent her many love letters. In February 1797, he wrote: "You to whom nature has given spirit, sweetness, and beauty, you who alone can move and rule my heart, you who know all too well the absolute empire you exercise over it!" 1464:

Fontaine had their own unique style and created pieces for both the Emperor and his Empress, which can be easily identified as their work, even when they were not stamped as created by Percier or Fontaine. Percier and Fontaine are known for their use of

1430:. The work was commissioned in 1802 but was not finished until 1812, Joséphine allowed him to create on his own terms, which were based on the classics but with a more relaxed and joyful appearance. He would create several sculptures based on dancing. 1255:

The general assumption is that she had about 250 roses in her garden when she died in 1814. Unfortunately the roses were not catalogued during her tenure. There may have been only 197 rose varieties in existence in 1814, according to calculations by

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The marriage was not well received by Napoleon's family, who were shocked that he had married an older widow with two children. His mother and sisters were especially resentful of Joséphine, as they felt clumsy and unsophisticated in her presence.

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Regardless of where she was born, Joséphine was her parents' first child, and they had two more: Catherine-Désirée in 1764 and Marie-Françoise in 1766. At the ages of ten and nine, Joséphine and Catherine-Désirée were sent to a boarding school in

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Napoleon, who was the first to call her such, perhaps from her middle name, Josèphe. Before she met Napoleon, she went by the name of Rose, or Marie-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie, later de Beauharnais. She sometimes reverted to using her

577:" who were convinced that Empress Joséphine had been born there. Breen presented some evidence for this, including a newspaper clipping from 1831 which said that it was "alleged" that the de Taschers were among the first settlers of 1468:

and the use of a feminine, softer feel for the pieces used in the boudoir of the Empress. These pieces were unique for the time and appreciated for their creativity. The architects Percier and Fontaine are connected to the

581:, and that the future empress was born on a small estate on a hill then called La Cauzette, and later known as Morne Paix Bouche. According to this story, the family lived there until 1771, when the father went to serve as 1716: 1441:. The work's plaster cast was completed in 1807 but the marble statue was not finished until 1812. arriving in Malmaison in 1813 a year before Joséphine's death. The final sculpture that the Empress would commission was 1285:

became "Cuisse de Nymphe Emue" in her garden. After Joséphine's death in 1814 the house was vacant at times, the garden and house ransacked and vandalised, and the garden's remains were destroyed in a battle in 1870.

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Joséphine worked with and sought out the works of many artists throughout her lifetime. In the area of painters she mainly was a collector of paintings but she was painted by and worked with several artists such as

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of Roseraie de l’Haye. There were 12 species, about 40 centifolias, mosses and damasks, 20 Bengals, and about 100 gallicas. The botanist Claude Antoine Thory, who wrote the descriptions for Redouté's paintings in

1552:(including Martinique). The statue was never repaired by the city administration, and every year more red paint was added to it. In July 2020, the statue was torn down and destroyed by rioters in the wake of the 1280:

Brenner and Scanniello call her the "Godmother of modern rosomaniacs" and attribute her with our modern style of vernacular cultivar names as opposed to Latinized, pseudo-scientific cultivar names. For instance,

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and Barras may have encouraged the relationship with General Bonaparte in order to get her off his hands. Joséphine was naturally full of kindness, generosity and charm, and was praised as an engaging hostess.

1265:, noted that Joséphine's Bengal rose R. indica had black spots on it. She produced the first written history of the cultivation of roses, and is believed to have hosted the first rose exhibition, in 1810. 8827: 738:

the marriage certificate, Joséphine reduced her age by 4 years and increased Napoleon's by 18 months, making the newly-weds appear to be roughly the same age. Until meeting Bonaparte, she was known as

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manhood." In April 1810, by letters patent, Napoleon created her Duchess of Navarre. Some claim Napoleon and Joséphine were still secretly in love, though it is impossible to verify this.

3543: 7503: 1544:. In 1991, the statue was symbolically decapitated and spattered with red paint. The acts of vandalism were done on the belief that Joséphine had influenced her husband to issue the 5319: 2398: 863:, on 2 December. Napoleon first crowned himself, then put the crown on Joséphine's head, proclaiming her empress. This showed his rejection of the clergy as the power of Europe. 3420: 1382:. Gros, upon hearing that Joséphine would be visiting Genoa, worked to get an introduction knowing that the association with Joséphine would help him become more well-known. 814:, accompanied by several friends and family. The party travelled in two carriages. Joséphine was in the second, with her daughter, Hortense; her pregnant sister-in-law, 877:

In her role as empress, Josephine had a court appointed to her and reinstated the offices which composed the household of the queen before the French revolution, with

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appeared in 1844, 30 years after her death, named in her honor by a Russian Grand Duke planting one of the first specimens in the Imperial Garden in St. Petersburg.

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was praised by the art community because it was not based on any specific ancient sculpture, but with a classical style, making it a completely original sculpture.

5467: 1903:, a close friend of Empress Joséphine best known for introducing the Merino sheep breed in France, who later became an associate member of the Institut of France 585:

of Martinique. Some people even claimed to have been among Joséphine's playmates, and one of them said that he had been "graciously received" by the empress in

7370: 5712: 2705: 2521:"Notes and Queries, Vol. V, Number 123, March 6, 1852 | A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. | Page 220" 1001:, to whom Napoleon gave the title "King of Rome". Two years later Napoleon arranged for Joséphine to meet the young prince "who had cost her so many tears". 784: 445:. She became one of the leading collectors of different forms of art of her time, such as sculpture and painting. The Château de Malmaison was noted for its 7744: 8534: 3811: 3489: 8766: 5856: 5342: 5313: 1073: 656:

in 1802). Joséphine and Alexandre's marriage was not a happy one. Alexandre abandoned his family for over a year to live with a mistress and frequented

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Samoyault, Jean-Pierre. "Furniture and Objects Designed by Percier for the Palace of Saint-Cloud". The Burlington Magazine 117, no. 868 (1975): 457–65.

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When after a few years it became clear she could not have a child, Napoleon, while still loving Joséphine, began to think about the possibility of an

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in the gardens of Malmaison, where she allegedly begged to join Napoleon in exile. She was buried in the nearby church of Saint Pierre-Saint Paul in

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in July 1793, and being considered an aristocratic suspect, was sentenced to death and guillotined with his cousin Augustin on 23 July 1794, on the

7692: 5360: 925: 7752: 5387: 5354: 5348: 1426:, but because of unforeseen circumstances it was gifted to Joséphine. She would commission Canova to create a sculpture and the result would be 7545: 5490: 1677: 866: 276: 5336: 7891: 7687: 5393: 3442: 1447:. This work would not be completed until after Joséphine's death in 1816. All four works were eventually sold to Tsar Alexander of Russia. 8083: 8025: 7814: 5900: 321: 8922: 5628: 2669: 498: 4670: 2649:"Empress Josephine's Collection of Sculpture by Canova at Malmaison". Journal of the History of Collections 16, no. 1 (May 2004): 19–33. 8917: 8514: 7871: 7210: 4753: 2451: 760: 1123:

A number of jewels worn by modern-day royals are often said to have been worn by Joséphine. Through the Leuchtenberg inheritance, the

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The Taschers were an ancient French family of country gentry, and Joséphine's grandfather, Gaspard-Joseph was the first to settle in

281: 8469: 7921: 7824: 802:, an attempt on Napoleon's life with a bomb planted in a parked cart. On 24 December, she and Napoleon went to see a performance of 8927: 6091: 8048: 5719: 1140: 8817: 7886: 7799: 7260: 5079: 3878: 7455: 2286: 95: 8725: 8499: 8216: 5824: 3999: 1485: 7627: 7566: 7524: 7355: 5808: 5366: 5215: 5188: 5168: 5149: 4545: 4431: 3019: 2970: 2952: 2938: 2923: 2887: 2870: 2849: 2817: 2133: 1911: 1460: 1321: 1211: 848: 8529: 8073: 7581: 6133: 7990: 7407: 7300: 6224: 4451: 4396: 3890: 1306: 1294: 8852: 7280: 8932: 8872: 8867: 8504: 8459: 7632: 6784: 6545: 5800: 5542: 4480: 4416: 1745: 8005: 7959: 618: 8882: 8877: 8822: 8812: 7576: 6882: 6532: 3631: 3258: 2988: 2237: 2176: 2002: 1842:

references the pop-culture expression, supposedly spoken by Napoleon: "Not tonight, Joséphine" and his military career.

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According to those who believe that Joséphine was born on Saint Lucia, the de Tascher estate in Martinique was only a

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in 1726. He seems to have lived in poverty there, but secured a position for his son, Joseph-Gaspard (1735–1790) as a

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that nearly sundered the marriage between the two. Joséphine caught Napoleon in the bedroom of her lady-in-waiting,

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said that his inspiration was dressing the pregnant rock star Madonna — and then thinking "Empress Josephine."

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allowed to communicate with her children by their scrawls on the laundry list, which the jailers soon prohibited.

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also descend from her. Because she did not bear Napoleon any children, he had their marriage annulled and married

8902: 8567: 8276: 7215: 5677: 5649: 5621: 3918: 3872: 3516: 1423: 709:, and soon after that of Joséphine. In June 1795, a new law allowed her to recover the possessions of Alexandre. 8409: 8306: 7896: 6890: 8802: 8404: 8181: 6874: 6012: 5864: 5518: 5097: 4762: 4746: 4643: 3521: 3412: 3318: 3284: 3171: 1736:(2002) is a historical TV miniseries of Napoleon's life, in which Joséphine features prominently, portrayed by 1217:

In 1799 while Napoleon was in Egypt, Joséphine purchased the Chateau de Malmaison. She had it landscaped in an

953: 830: 717: 698: 437:, Joséphine worked closely with sculptors, painters and interior decorators to establish a unique Consular and 391: 355: 7809: 3070: 8807: 7330: 6805: 6649: 6628: 6566: 6486: 6349: 6084: 6004: 5969: 5289: 4441: 4054: 4023: 3450: 1355: 799: 467: 166: 80: 7240: 7230: 5917: 5307: 5210: 3839: 2106:

Notes and Queries: A medium of Inter-communication for literary men, artists, antiquaries, genealogists, etc

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Delorme, Eleanor P. Joséphine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 2005, 3–4.

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in later life. After her marriage to then-General Bonaparte, she adopted the name Joséphine Bonaparte. The

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from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810. As Napoleon's consort, she was also

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was published 1817–20 with 168 plates of roses; 75–80 of the roses grew at Malmaison. The English nursery

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Delorme, Eleanor P. Josephine and the Arts of the Empire. Los Angeles: The J. PaulGetty museum, 2005, 1.

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Joséphine's paternal aunt, Marie-Euphémie-Désirée Renaudin, was the mistress of a French naval officer,

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Joséphine l'impératrice créole. L'esclavage aux Antilles et la traite pendant la Révolution française.

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until five days after his execution. Through her children by Beauharnais, she was the grandmother of

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In October 1779, she went to France with her father. She married Alexandre on 13 December 1779, in

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Over her lifetime Joséphine commissioned four major pieces from the Italian Neoclassical sculptor

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Bechtel, Edwin de Turk. 1949, reprinted 2010. "Our Rose Varieties and their Malmaison Heritage".

2485: 1378:. However, there was one painter whom Joséphine favored and commissioned more often than others, 1179: 1061: 649: 423: 8336: 8231: 7285: 1268: 1225:, a Scottish horticultural expert, another Scottish gardener, Alexander Howatson, the botanist, 586: 551: 442: 8121: 7954: 7558: 7250: 7235: 7108: 6975: 6853: 6599: 6519: 6188: 6063: 6055: 5945: 5067: 4609: 4297: 4144: 3637: 3596: 3569: 3479: 3344: 3251: 3228: 3195: 2728: 1549: 1163: 1124: 852: 754: 415: 105: 59: 7065: 5533: 4282: 2101: 2081: 919: 520:

On Martinique, Joseph-Gaspard earned his living as a plantation owner and a lieutenant of the

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was praised for her elegance, style, and low, "silvery", beautifully modulated voice.

506: 8713: 8646: 8636: 8616: 7722: 7020: 6959: 6943: 6736: 5816: 5670: 5637: 4944: 4926: 4827: 4574: 4490: 4426: 4361: 4351: 4292: 4272: 4237: 3990: 3755: 3707: 3647: 3620: 3602: 3557: 3388: 3244: 3130: 3015: 2984: 2966: 2948: 2934: 2919: 2901: 2883: 2866: 2845: 2831: 2813: 2795: 2770: 2764: 2736: 2593: 2525: 2431: 2404: 2283: 2233: 2208: 2182: 2172: 2129: 2008: 1998: 1838: 1725: 1665: 1379: 1151: 1085: 1077: 777: 566:". He asserted that he was well acquainted with Joséphine's cousin, his parishioner. 522: 268: 65: 8271: 7970: 6260: 6160: 6107: 4456: 3609: 3533: 2805: 2474:(in French). Vol. 38. Bureaux de l'Administration du recueil. 1859. p. 76. 788: 729:

Madame de Beauharnais had affairs with several leading political figures, including

8781: 8641: 8434: 8429: 8419: 8151: 8078: 8015: 7985: 7757: 7727: 7622: 7325: 7175: 7100: 6837: 6821: 6776: 6712: 6683: 6478: 6357: 6240: 6205: 5747: 5698: 5691: 5585: 5550: 5449: 5445: 5073: 4983: 4965: 4932: 4920: 4905: 4800: 4653: 4619: 4585: 4525: 4510: 4401: 4222: 3923: 3865: 3789: 3625: 3500: 3437: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3138: 2958: 2893: 2456: 2164: 1990: 1916: 1886: 1632: 1339: 1257: 1186: 8560: 5663: 2998: 2168: 1994: 1855:, in which Josephine narrates her life to Redouté, and talks of her love of roses. 1316: 795:." The relationship between Joséphine and Napoleon was never the same after this. 8706: 8494: 8171: 8166: 8131: 7881: 7485: 7480: 7382: 7305: 7195: 7165: 6524: 6400: 6125: 6071: 5872: 5570: 5555: 4995: 4977: 4971: 4604: 4466: 4336: 3940: 3834: 3777: 3772: 3729: 3671: 3473: 3465: 3393: 3370: 3218: 3205: 2290: 2061: 1658:

The Queen's Fortune: Desiree, Napoleon, and the Dynasty That Outlasted the Empire

1456: 1240: 1014: 893: 668: 661: 653: 383: 367: 338: 178: 162: 146: 138: 47: 8351: 3326: 1080:

and founded the Russian line of the Beauharnais family, while Eugene's daughter

598: 8776: 8718: 8524: 8346: 8126: 7846: 7709: 7704: 7654: 7649: 7469: 6657: 5891: 4500: 4322: 4302: 3908: 3859: 3760: 3642: 3615: 3279: 1900: 1820: 1750: 1721: 1653: 1590: 1578: 1541: 1415: 1404: 1289: 1155: 979: 907: 815: 641: 623: 607: 487: 2343: 1162:, who was briefly engaged to Archduke Maximilian of Austria, before he became 8846: 8790: 8761: 8631: 8449: 8226: 8068: 7964: 7856: 7417: 7360: 5560: 5043: 4475: 4312: 3854: 3007: 2740: 1865: 1777: 1135:

owns several pieces of jewelry frequently linked to Joséphine, including the

1055: 856: 676: 589:

outside Paris. Breen received further confirmation from Joséphine's enslaved

434: 387: 8256: 3073:(in French), Joséphine's residence from 1799 to 1814, the site of her death. 2086:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster Row. p. 159. 8797: 8742: 8656: 8611: 8439: 8321: 8113: 7270: 7255: 7225: 5597: 5580: 5433: 4779: 4356: 4179: 4008: 3723: 2760: 2186: 2012: 1803: 1767: 1754: 1620: 1533: 1470: 1465: 1344: 1245: 1065: 940:. The final die was cast when Napoleon's nephew (and Joséphine's grandson) 803: 564:

it is in the vicinity of parish that the wife of the first consul was born

438: 5437: 8651: 8509: 8399: 8176: 8146: 7295: 6615: 6408: 5523: 5158: 4806: 4194: 4174: 4169: 4124: 4119: 3913: 3336: 2830:éd. Payot & Rivages, coll. «Petite bibliothèque Payot», Paris, 2001. 1191: 998: 811: 772:

Joséphine, left behind in Paris, in 1796 began an affair with a handsome

730: 578: 547: 446: 427: 142: 8749: 1221:, hiring landscapers and horticulturalists from Britain. These included 8555: 8394: 8010: 7365: 5840: 5489: 4857: 4785: 4209: 4159: 4134: 4079: 3064: 2875: 2267: 1846: 961:

sentiments, and that she ever hold me as her best and dearest friend."

637:

willing to let her go. In the end, Joséphine was engaged to Alexandre.

559: 527: 483: 379: 8262: 2108:. Vol. V. London: George Bell 186 Fleet Street. pp. 220–221. 8389: 8035: 7946: 7529: 6898: 4950: 4881: 4869: 4773: 4287: 4277: 4139: 4114: 4109: 4104: 1833: 1816:— to portray Turner's wish that he has his own muse to influence him. 1537: 1437:

Joséphine would commission Canova again for another sculpture called

1158:, and became Empress of Brazil, and they had one surviving daughter, 1028:

Napoleon learned of her death via a French journal while in exile on

1010: 985: 937: 819: 792: 582: 479: 5606: 562:

on Saint Lucia, wrote a letter to one of his friends, stating that "

374:

Joséphine's marriage to Napoleon was her second. Her first husband,

8737: 8732: 8671: 8550: 8424: 7190: 5508: 4833: 4242: 4213: 4164: 4154: 4149: 4129: 4089: 4084: 4074: 3267: 3050: 1334: 1089: 1076:

married into the Russian Imperial family, was granted the style of

787:. During this campaign, Napoleon started an affair of his own with 734: 463: 19:

For her granddaughter, the queen consort of Sweden and Norway, see

5734: 4731: 358:

from 26 May 1805 until the 1810 annulment. She is widely known as

4914: 4099: 702: 657: 399: 291: 791:, the wife of a junior officer, who became known as "Napoleon's 4094: 1536:

commissioned a statue of Joséphine, which was installed in the

1235:

was commissioned by her to paint the flowers from her gardens.

1128: 957: 773: 721:

Joséphine de Beauharnais at the château de Malmaison. 1801. By

697:) in Paris. Joséphine was freed five days later, thanks to the 555: 7805:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

5127: 2255:

Ambition and Desire: The Dangerous Life of Josephine Bonaparte

1749:

called "Naughty Napoleon" and "Ridiculous Romantics" featured

914:

Shortly before their coronation, there was an incident at the

7739: 5226:

Joséphine Tascher de La Pagerie (later Empress of the French)

1022: 945: 753:

Two days after the wedding, Bonaparte left Paris to lead the

593:, Dede, who said that she nursed Joséphine at La Cauzette. 590: 514: 2274:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., pp. 54, 66–67. 3236: 2670:"Beheaded Statue of Empress Josephine: Uncommon Attraction" 2626:

Bowermaster, Russ (1993). "Judging: From Whence to Hence".

2063:

Antilles françaises, Guyane, Haïti, croisières aux Caraïbes

1029: 997:

In March 1811, Marie Louise delivered a long-awaited heir,

7779: 1799:: "If I were Napoleon, you could be my Josephine ..." 7619: 346:; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of 2362:, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995, pg.445. 870:

Empress Josephine in coronation costume in 1807–1808 by

675:

ordered the arrest of her husband. He was jailed in the

3012:

The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine.

2427:

Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna

1829:

references Napoleon and Josephine in the opening lines.

2230:

The Rose of Martinique: A Life of Napoleon's Josephine

2348:. Cornell University Library. New York, E. P. Dutton. 798:

In December 1800, Joséphine was nearly killed in the

550:, called Malmaison, which later was also the name of 8535:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

2125:

The British Bonapartes: Napoleon's Family in Britain

2117: 2115: 1876: 622:

Alexandre-Francois-Marie, Vicomte de Beauharnais by

8767:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

5857:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

3065:

Joséphine de Beauharnais (de Tascher de la Pagerie)

2963:

Napoleon and Josephine; the Biography of a Marriage

2083:

St. Lucia: Historical, Statistical, and Descriptive

1646:

More Than a Queen: The Story of Josephine Bonaparte

1074:

Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg

897:, and the wives of his own officials and generals, 701:, which ended the Reign of Terror. On 27 July 1794 2612:Brenner, Douglas, and Scanniello, Stephen (2009). 2550:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 3. 1720:(1987) is a miniseries with Napoleon portrayed by 1595:The Many Lives & Secret Sorrows of Josephine B 5596:Several family members held additional titles in 2112: 2032:Andrea Stuart: Josephine: The Rose of Martinique. 8844: 7693:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4720:Consorts to debatable or disputed rulers are in 2844:Presses de la Renaissance, Paris, 1988., 466 p., 1418:. The Empress was given a copy of Canova's work 1017:on 29 May 1814, soon after walking with Emperor 956:by proxy; the formal ceremony took place at the 929:The Divorce of the Empress Josephine in 1809 by 430:written by Napoleon, many of which still exist. 3061:. Complete transcription of the 1963 biography. 2792:Napoleon and Josephine: An Improbable Marriage. 2616:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. 5735:Significant civil and political events by year 2983:Vuibert éd. Vuibert, Paris, 2008, 305 p. 2840:Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. 2826:Chevallier, Bernard; Pincemaille, Christophe. 2207:. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 82. 1897:, a distant cousin-in-law of Empress Joséphine 1025:. Her daughter Hortense is interred near her. 466:"Joséphine de Beauharnais" emerged during the 5622: 5475: 5143: 4747: 4024: 3252: 3003:. NY: Hutchinson's Library of Standard Lives. 3000:The Empress Josephine, Napoleon's Enchantress 1169: 1052:Joséphine, Queen consort of Sweden and Norway 8788: 8747: 8723: 8704: 7688:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 5211:François VI, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais 4038: 3188:as consort to the last crowned monarch, 1530 2729:"Galliano's Empire Line Shines for Givenchy" 2592:. London, England: Frances Lincoln Limited. 1776:, Joséphine is portrayed by English actress 1583:Destiny: A Novel Of Napoleon & Josephine 1033: 6375: 5284:Eugénie, Princess of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 5184:François V, Marquis de La Ferté-Beauharnais 5169:Claude de Beauharnais, seigneur de Beaumont 3086:Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 2) 3078:Memoirs of the Empress Josephine (Volume 1) 2863:Josephine: Napoleon's Incomparable Empress. 2625: 2430:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. 1565: 1422:, which was originally promised to Colonel 277:Eugène de Beauharnais, Duke of Leuchtenberg 7892:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 5629: 5615: 5482: 5468: 5150: 5136: 4754: 4740: 4031: 4017: 3259: 3245: 2571: 2569: 2295: 2122:Davis, Edward Hilary (15 September 2022). 944:, who had been declared his heir, died of 426:. Joséphine was the recipient of numerous 58: 8157:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 7815:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 7638:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 2400:Napoleon's Wars: An International History 2059: 1688: 683:Her husband was accused of having poorly 513:, which is now a museum, was part of her 282:Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland 8589: 5873:Nationalization of the Church properties 5320:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 2993: 2957: 2892: 2880:Josephine: the Empress and Her Children. 2804: 2252: 2202: 1643: 1631: 1399: 1354: 1310:to her sometime before 1815. Similarly, 1288: 1267: 1206: 1173: 1045: 1035:France, l'armée, tête d'armée, Joséphine 984: 973: 924: 865: 829: 825: 759: 716: 617: 344:Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie 215: 127:Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie 8818:Historiography of the French Revolution 8089:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 7800:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 5349:Eugenia, Duchess Alexander of Oldenburg 2945:Joséphine: Une impératrice de légendes. 2918:Éditions L'Harmattan 2010. 390 p. 2759: 2667: 2608: 2606: 2566: 2548:Josephine, The Empress and Her Children 2396: 2341: 2272:Josephine, the Empress and Her Children 2148: 1974: 1664: 1610: 1601: 1589: 978:Portrait of Joséphine later in life by 964: 851:in 1804, making Joséphine empress. The 712: 256: 16:Empress of the French from 1804 to 1810 8845: 7825:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 7780:Other significant figures and factions 3490:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 2785:Pauline Bonaparte, A Woman of Affairs. 2726: 2582: 2472:Recueil général des lois et des arrêts 2423: 2227: 1946: 1757:, portraying Joséphine de Beauharnais. 1652: 1619: 1577: 1139:, a suite of amethyst jewels, and the 742:, but Bonaparte preferred to call her 652:(who later married Napoleon's brother 542:Joséphine's father owned an estate in 533: 8693: 8588: 7872:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 7778: 7628:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 7567:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 7525:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 7128: 6374: 6005:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 5733: 5636: 5610: 5463: 5367:Duchess Therese Petrovna of Oldenburg 5278:Joséphine, Queen of Sweden and Norway 5131: 4893:Anna of Constantinople (900–905) 4735: 4012: 3240: 2198: 2196: 2128:. Pen and Sword History. p. 11. 2121: 2102:"Birthplace of the Empress Josephine" 2099: 2079: 1522: 1202: 969: 746:, the name she adopted from then on. 366: 337: 8026:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 7438:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 7129: 6225:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 5308:Théodolinde, Countess of Württemberg 5216:Claude, 2nd Count of Roches-Baritaud 5189:Claude, 1st Count of Roches-Baritaud 3995: 3026:L'Impératrice Joséphine (1763–1814). 2766:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story 2603: 2397:Esdaile, Charles (27 October 2009). 2303:Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story 2095: 2093: 2075: 2073: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1933: 1931: 1717:Napoléon and Josephine: A Love Story 1676: 764:Napoléon Bonaparte first Consul. By 473: 304:Joseph Gaspard Tascher de La Pagerie 248: 219: 8694: 7633:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 5519:Marie Louise, Empress of the French 4761: 2488:. Napoleon-empire.net. 11 June 2011 2450: 2151:"Chapter 3: A Marriage is Arranged" 2066:(in French). Hachette. p. 249. 1450: 1131:said to have been Joséphine's. The 177:Church of Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul, 13: 8923:People from the French West Indies 8823:Influence of the French Revolution 8813:Symbolism in the French Revolution 7577:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 7538:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 5793:Convocation of the Estates General 5221:Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais 3632:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 2981:Femmes remarquables au XIX siècle. 2590:The Graham Stuart Thomas Rose Book 2373:"Napoleon: Napoleon and Josephine" 2193: 1912:The Swedish Royal Family's jewelry 1845:The song 'Paint me, Redouté' from 1812:references Joséphine — as well as 1809:Positive Songs for Negative People 1548:, which reinstated slavery in the 1050:Joséphine's eldest granddaughter, 573:, he stated that he had met with " 312:Rose Claire des Vergers de Sannois 199:Alexandre, Viscount of Beauharnais 115:23 May 1805 – 10 January 1810 90:18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810 14: 8944: 8918:People of the First French Empire 8465:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 8197:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 7499:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 7281:François Christophe de Kellermann 6520:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 5261:Stéphanie, Grand Duchess of Baden 4691:Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily 3931:"China is a sleeping giant" quote 3033: 2668:Bennett, Steve (4 October 2012). 2579:, The American Rose Society. 7(3) 2090: 2070: 2019: 1989:. pp. 15–16, 18, 20, 22–23. 1955: 1928: 1473:associated with the time period. 1408:Dancer with Her Hands on her Hips 1143:, worn by Sweden's royal brides. 1127:possesses an emerald and diamond 613: 233:Napoleon I, Emperor of the French 8192:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 8099:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 8069:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 7960:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 7738: 7703: 7673: 7648: 7605: 7479: 7356:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 7137: 5909:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 5532: 5514:Joséphine, Empress of the French 5371:Princess Anastasia of Montenegro 5337:Marie, Princess William of Baden 5314:Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg 3994: 3986: 3985: 3402: 3039: 2898:Josephine; A Life of the Empress 2828:Douce et incomparable Joséphine. 2205:Josephine: A Life of the Empress 2100:Breen, Henry H. (6 March 1852). 1977:"Chapter 2: Bird of the Islands" 1879: 1743:In 2015 and 2017, an episode of 1559: 1508: 1495: 1484: 1327: 1068:, became Emperor of the French. 644:. They had two children: a son, 449:, which she supervised closely. 420:grand ducal family of Luxembourg 386:, and she was imprisoned in the 320: 252: 8928:Deaths from pneumonia in France 8530:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 8277:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 8202:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 7413:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 7408:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 7388:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 7216:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 6134:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 5509:Napoleon, Emperor of the French 5388:Alexander, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5157: 4902:Anna of Provence (915–924) 3873:Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker 3028:Flammarion; Paris, 1999, 504 p. 2720: 2698: 2680: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2619: 2553: 2540: 2513: 2500: 2478: 2464: 2444: 2417: 2390: 2365: 2352: 2335: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2277: 2261: 2246: 2221: 2142: 1949:Josephine: Le Paradoxe du Cygne 1789:The love song 'Josephine' from 1320:in her honor in 1823. The rose 1160:Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil 1146:Another of Eugène's daughters, 1116:and of the grandducal house of 989:Château de Malmaison near Paris 952:On 11 March, Napoleon married 244: 211: 8803:Women in the French Revolution 8405:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 7582:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 7246:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 6875:French invasion of Switzerland 5424:also a Prince or Princess des 5343:Nicholas, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5167:Generations are numbered from 3200:26 May 1805 – 10 January 1810 3161:18 May 1804 – 10 January 1810 2929:Knapton, Ernest John. (1963). 2588:Thomas, Graham Stuart (2004). 2053: 2035: 1940: 1604:Tales of Passion, Tales of Woe 1389:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1362:Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole 1041: 699:Fall of Maximilien Robespierre 530:and suffered from ill health. 392:Emperor Napoleon III of France 1: 8808:Incroyables and merveilleuses 8627:Pierre Claude François Daunou 8415:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 7546:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 7517:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 6814:Naval Engagement off Brittany 6567:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 6541:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 6350:Constitution of the Year VIII 6085:Committee of General Security 5970:National Legislative Assembly 5825:National Constituent Assembly 5432:also a Prince or Princess of 5290:Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg 4442:Joan II, Countess of Burgundy 4055:List of French royal consorts 3157:Empress consort of the French 2947:Timée-éditions; 2010, 141 p. 2169:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 2149:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 1995:10.4159/harvard.9780674188761 1975:Knapton, Ernest John (1963). 1922: 1709: 1613:The Last Great Dance on Earth 1272:Rosa Joséphine de Beauharnais 849:elected Emperor of the French 800:Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise 575:several well-informed persons 81:Empress consort of the French 69: 8726:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 8520:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 8410:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 8307:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 8207:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 7897:Charles Malo François Lameth 7572:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 7403:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 7346:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 6546:Second Battle of Wissembourg 6233:Constitution of the Year III 5502:Emperor and immediate family 5394:Sergei, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5361:Georgi, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5243:Eugène, Duke of Leuchtenberg 4956:Berta di Luni (1002–14) 4951:Theophanu of Constantinople 4486:Joan I, Countess of Auvergne 3266: 2861:Delorme, Eleanor P. (2002). 2727:Menkes, Suzy (8 July 1996). 2232:. Grove Press. p. 489. 2080:Breen, Henry Hegart (1844). 2060:Monmarché, François (1973). 1836:' 1999 partially live album 1395: 1350: 1137:Leuchtenberg Sapphire Parure 879:Adélaïde de La Rochefoucauld 667:On 2 March 1794, during the 7: 8622:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 8247:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 8182:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 8142:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 8021:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 8006:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 8001:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 7810:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 7663:William V, Prince of Orange 6533:First Battle of Wissembourg 6490:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 6206:Closing of the Jacobin Club 6075:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 6032:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 5892:Abolition of the Parlements 5865:Women's March on Versailles 5355:Eugen, Duke of Leuchtenberg 5249:Princess Augusta of Bavaria 3666:War of the Fourth Coalition 3223:9 April 1810 – 29 May 1814 3148:Queen consort of the French 3049:public domain audiobook at 2882:Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2790:Bruce, Evangeline. (1995). 2345:The great Napoleon's mother 1951:. Paris: Perrin. p. 9. 1872: 705:arranged the liberation of 552:her famous French residence 468:restoration of the Bourbons 10: 8949: 8933:French patrons of the arts 8873:19th-century French people 8868:18th-century French people 8757:French Republican calendar 8312:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 7937:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 7291:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 7241:Charles François Dumouriez 7231:Jacques François Dugommier 7045:League of Armed Neutrality 6878:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 6830:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 6653:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6632:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 6296:Second Congress of Rastatt 6080:Committee of Public Safety 6067:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 5296:Queen Maria II of Portugal 5255:Hortense, Queen of Holland 4848:Cunigunda of Laon (?) 4845:Bertha of Gellone (?) 4233:Desiderata of the Lombards 3975:Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven) 3840:Column of the Grande Armée 3702:War of the Sixth Coalition 3678:War of the Fifth Coalition 3654:War of the Third Coalition 2933:Harvard University Press. 2203:Erickson, Carolly (2000). 2163:. pp. 26, 29, 30–31. 1859: 1832:The song 'Josephine' from 1819:The song ‘Impressed’ from 1802:The song 'Josephine' from 1700:Parkyn, Stephanie (2019). 1322:'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 1250:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 1212:'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 1170:Personality and appearance 1166:, before her early death. 942:Napoléon Charles Bonaparte 836:The Coronation of Napoleon 785:led a French army to Egypt 673:Committee of Public Safety 44:Viscountess of Beauharnais 18: 8883:19th-century French women 8878:18th-century French women 8772:Cult of the Supreme Being 8700: 8689: 8595: 8584: 8543: 8377: 8370: 8255: 8112: 8034: 7945: 7932:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 7838: 7787:Patriotic Society of 1789 7785: 7774: 7736: 7701: 7671: 7646: 7603: 7590:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 7512:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 7477: 7468: 7446: 7151: 7135: 7124: 7093: 7056: 7029:Convention of Alessandria 7011: 6918: 6865: 6796: 6666: 6640: 6557: 6454: 6381: 6370: 6326: 6315:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 6307: 6280: 6217: 6153: 6048: 5981: 5930: 5884: 5776:What Is the Third Estate? 5767: 5740: 5729: 5644: 5594: 5541: 5530: 5501: 5420: 5403: 5380: 5329: 5302:Amélie, Empress of Brazil 5270: 5235: 5203: 5176: 5165: 4812:Gundiberga (626–652) 4769: 4718: 4699: 4680: 4652: 4628: 4584: 4559: 4465: 4321: 4203: 4064: 4044: 3983: 3899: 3827: 3805:Saint-Domingue expedition 3743: 3690:French invasion of Russia 3591:French Revolutionary Wars 3580: 3411: 3400: 3301: 3274: 3225: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3193: 3178: 3163: 3154: 3125: 3120: 3097:Joséphine de Beauharnais 3095: 2943:de Montjouven, Philippe. 2783:Brent, Harrison. (1946). 2577:The OGR and Shrub Journal 2424:Arnold, James R. (1995). 2257:. New York: Random House. 1527: 1432:Dancer with Hands on Hips 1428:Dancer with Hands on Hips 899:Jeanne Charlotte du Lucay 569:In Henry H. Breen's 1844 398:. Members of the current 368:[ʒozefindəboaʁnɛ] 339:[ʒozefinbɔnapaʁt] 316: 308: 300: 290: 267: 186: 172: 152: 123: 119: 111: 104: 94: 86: 79: 57: 39: 34: 25:Empress Josephine (horse) 23:. For the racehorse, see 21:Josephine of Leuchtenberg 8853:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8480:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 8445:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8327:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 8297:François-Nicolas Vincent 8282:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 7456:Charles-Alexandre Linois 7351:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 7331:François Séverin Marceau 7311:François Joseph Lefebvre 7206:Jean-Étienne Championnet 7181:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 7176:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 7171:Alexandre de Beauharnais 7161:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 6883:French Invasion of Egypt 6761:Second Battle of Bassano 6495:Battle of Kaiserslautern 6269:Conspiracy of the Equals 5962:The Constitution of 1791 5833:Storming of the Bastille 5491:Imperial House of France 5092:Joséphine de Beauharnais 5032:Isabella II of Jerusalem 5020:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen 4664:Marie Joséphine of Savoy 4639:Joséphine de Beauharnais 4039:Royal consorts of France 3718:Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube 3314:Joséphine de Beauharnais 2842:L'impératrice Joséphine. 2787:NY and Toronto Rinehart. 2628:The American Rose Annual 2161:Harvard University Press 1987:Harvard University Press 1783: 1532:In 1859, French Emperor 1244:Joséphine's garden. Sir 1004: 571:The History of St. Lucia 490:in the household of the 396:Empress Amélie of Brazil 376:Alexandre de Beauharnais 360:Joséphine de Beauharnais 35:Joséphine de Beauharnais 8913:Queens consort of Italy 8908:Italian Roman Catholics 8898:Empresses of the French 8460:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 8332:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8292:Antoine-François Momoro 8287:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 8104:François de Neufchâteau 8054:Charles-François Lebrun 7996:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 7877:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 7753:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 7559:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 7554:Karl Mack von Leiberich 7186:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 7000:Second Battle of Zurich 6891:Irish Rebellion of 1798 6737:First Battle of Bassano 6575:Second Battle of Boulou 6376:Revolutionary campaigns 6334:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 6249:Council of Five Hundred 6037:First republic declared 5973:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 5954:Declaration of Pillnitz 5678:Constitutional monarchy 5098:Marie Louise of Austria 4960:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 4815:Guntrude (712–744) 4791:Berthora (549–552) 4050:List of Frankish queens 3850:Palace of Fontainebleau 3172:Marie Louise of Austria 3046:The Heroines of History 2342:Tschudi, Clara (1900). 2253:Williams, Kate (2014). 2228:Stuart, Andrea (2005). 2043:"Sights in Trois-Îlets" 1947:Branda, Pierre (2016). 1761: 1567:Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur 1501:Empress of the French's 1476: 1252:, also sent her roses. 954:Marie-Louise of Austria 884:Première dame d'honneur 650:Hortense de Beauharnais 631:François de Beauharnais 554:. In 1802, Dom Daviot, 499:Maria Josepha of Saxony 452: 424:Marie Louise of Austria 8903:French Roman Catholics 8789: 8748: 8724: 8705: 8217:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 8212:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 8122:Maximilien Robespierre 7955:Jacques Pierre Brissot 7820:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 7251:Louis-Charles de Flers 7236:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 7201:Jean François Carteaux 6976:First Battle of Zurich 6939:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 6894:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 6854:Treaty of Campo Formio 6600:Glorious First of June 6528:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 6487:Expedition to Sardinia 6165:Desmoulins guillotined 6100:Assassination of Marat 6092:Fall of the Girondists 6064:Revolutionary Tribunal 6056:Execution of Louis XVI 5946:Champ de Mars massacre 5849:Abolition of Feudalism 5524:Napoleon, King of Rome 5068:Elizabeth of Pomerania 5056:Margaret II of Hainaut 5008:Beatrice I of Burgundy 4882:Ageltrude of Benevento 4656:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 4610:Maria Theresa of Spain 4298:Beatrice of Vermandois 4145:Brunhilda of Austrasia 3638:Battle of the Pyramids 3443:Assassination attempts 3345:Carlo Maria Buonaparte 3229:Auguste de Beauharnais 3196:Queen consort of Italy 3059:by Ernest John Knapton 2965:. Simon and Schuster. 2914:Fauveau, Jean-Claude. 2900:. St. Martin's Press. 2854:Cole, Hubert. (1962). 2688:"The Headless Empress" 2561:Napoleon and Josephine 2289:27 August 2009 at the 1895:Aimée du Buc de Rivéry 1637:Napoleon and Josephine 1550:French colonial empire 1411: 1366: 1302:Jacques-Louis Descemet 1298: 1273: 1214: 1182: 1164:Maximilian I of Mexico 1148:Amélie of Leuchtenberg 1125:Norwegian royal family 1058: 1034: 990: 982: 933: 931:Henri Frédéric Schopin 916:Château de Saint-Cloud 874: 844: 769: 726: 689:Place de la Révolution 626: 106:Queen consort of Italy 8662:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 7927:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7907:Jean-François Rewbell 7393:Jean-Charles Pichegru 7276:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 7266:Jacques Maurice Hatry 7037:Battle of Hohenlinden 6910:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 6745:Battle of Emmendingen 6692:Battle of Castiglione 6579:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 6510:Battle of Hondschoote 6181:Thermidorian Reaction 6145:(throughout the year) 5918:Fête de la Fédération 5844:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 5828:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 5812:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 5566:Eugène de Beauharnais 5116:Marie-José of Belgium 4834:Fastrada of Franconia 4818:Tassia (744–749) 4372:Adelaide of Maurienne 4332:Adelaide of Aquitaine 4263:Ermentrude of Orléans 4253:Ermengarde of Hesbaye 3101:Tascher de La Pagerie 2360:Napoleon and Josphine 1826:Pictures for Pleasure 1796:Distant Plastic Trees 1554:George Floyd protests 1490:Empress of the French 1403: 1358: 1317:Joséphine Beauharnais 1307:Impératrice Joséphine 1295:Impératrice Joséphine 1292: 1271: 1233:Pierre-Joseph Redouté 1210: 1178:Josephine in 1805 by 1177: 1092:'s one-time fiancée, 1049: 1019:Alexander I of Russia 988: 977: 928: 889:Émilie de Beauharnais 869: 833: 826:Empress of the French 763: 720: 646:Eugène de Beauharnais 621: 352:Empress of the French 296:Tascher de La Pagerie 8590:Influential thinkers 8337:Jean-François Varlet 8237:Jean-Lambert Tallien 8232:Jean Bon Saint-André 8059:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 7981:Marquis de Condorcet 7830:Nicolas de Condorcet 7595:Dagobert von Wurmser 7428:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 7371:Pierre-Jacques Osten 7286:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 7221:Louis-Nicolas Davout 7211:Chapuis de Tourville 6753:Battle of Schliengen 6700:Battle of Theiningen 6621:Battle of Aldenhoven 6505:Battle of Wattignies 6474:Battle of Neerwinden 6288:Coup of 18 Fructidor 5801:Death of the Dauphin 5086:Isabella of Portugal 5002:Richenza of Northeim 4864:Richilde of Provence 4546:Elisabeth of Austria 4536:Catherine de' Medici 4437:Clementia of Hungary 4432:Margaret of Burgundy 4412:Margaret of Provence 4392:Isabella of Hainault 4382:Constance of Castile 4377:Eleanor of Aquitaine 4367:Bertrade of Montfort 4268:Richilde of Provence 3660:Battle of Austerlitz 3517:Weaponry and warfare 3182:Isabella of Portugal 3071:Château de Malmaison 3024:Wagener, Françoise, 2546:Epton, Nina (1975). 1180:Pierre-Paul Prud'hon 1133:Swedish royal family 965:Later life and death 713:Marriage to Napoleon 694:Place de la Concorde 587:Château de Malmaison 443:Château de Malmaison 218:; died 8677:Mary Wollstonecraft 8455:Jean Sylvain Bailly 8242:Pierre Louis Prieur 8187:Jean-Henri Voulland 8162:Jacques-Louis David 8094:Jean Joseph Mounier 7795:Jean Sylvain Bailly 7433:Belgrand de Vaubois 7321:Jean-Antoine Marbot 7261:Emmanuel de Grouchy 7066:Treaty of Lunéville 6705:Battle of Neresheim 6650:Siege of Luxembourg 6629:Siege of Luxembourg 6584:Battle of Tourcoing 6515:Siege of Bellegarde 6342:Coup of 18 Brumaire 6254:Council of Ancients 6029:National Convention 6021:September Massacres 5997:Brunswick Manifesto 5989:France declares war 5756:Assembly of Vizille 5495:First French Empire 5110:Elena of Montenegro 5104:Margherita of Savoy 5080:Eleanor of Portugal 5050:Margaret of Brabant 5038:Isabella of England 5026:Constance of Aragon 5014:Constance of Sicily 4990:Constance of Sicily 4915:Marozia of Tusculum 4911:Alda (924–932) 4870:Richardis of Swabia 4858:Engelberga of Parma 4852:Ermengarde of Tours 4840:Luitgard of Sundgau 4452:Marie of Luxembourg 4447:Blanche of Burgundy 4397:Ingeborg of Denmark 4283:Théodrate of Troyes 4185:Balthild of Chelles 3919:Cultural depictions 3713:Battle of Vauchamps 3433:Coup of 18 Brumaire 3292:First French Empire 2559:Mossiker, Frances, 1907:Notre-Dame de Paris 1791:The Magnetic Fields 1738:Isabella Rossellini 1690:Winterson, Jeanette 1372:Jacques-Louis David 1359:Antoine-Jean Gros, 920:Élisabeth de Vaudey 861:Notre-Dame de Paris 853:coronation ceremony 841:Jacques-Louis David 733:. In 1795, she met 534:Disputed birthplace 331:Joséphine Bonaparte 8888:House of Bonaparte 8515:Loménie de Brienne 8490:Madame de Lamballe 8425:Napoléon Bonaparte 8222:Prieur de la Marne 8137:Camille Desmoulins 7991:Marie Jean Hérault 7867:Jean-Sifrein Maury 7862:Arnaud de La Porte 7718:Alexander Korsakov 7504:Count of Clerfayt 7423:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 7336:Auguste de Marmont 7191:Napoléon Bonaparte 7082:Algeciras campaign 7074:Treaty of Florence 6952:Battle of Stockach 6785:Ireland expedition 6769:Battle of Calliano 6729:Battle of Rovereto 6721:Battle of Würzburg 6173:Law of 22 Prairial 6142:Anti-clerical laws 6117:The Death of Marat 5938:Flight to Varennes 5194:Françoise Mouchard 4996:Matilda of England 4897:Bertila of Spoleto 4876:Bertila of Spoleto 4710:Eugénie de Montijo 4701:House of Bonaparte 4630:House of Bonaparte 4595:Margaret of Valois 4562:House of Lancaster 4551:Louise of Lorraine 4531:Eleanor of Austria 4506:Charlotte of Savoy 4496:Isabeau of Bavaria 4481:Blanche of Navarre 4417:Isabella of Aragon 4407:Blanche of Castile 4387:Adela of Champagne 4347:Constance of Arles 4342:Bertha of Burgundy 4308:Gerberga of Saxony 3957:Retour des cendres 3936:German Romanticism 3886:Rue de la Victoire 3800:Law of 20 May 1802 3735:Battle of Waterloo 3696:Battle of Borodino 3384:Caroline Bonaparte 3332:Alexandre Walewski 3219:Duchess of Navarre 3168:Title next held by 3135:Title last held by 3131:Monarchy abolished 2979:Schiffer, Liesel. 2858:William Heinemann. 2733:The New York Times 2674:Uncommon Caribbean 2614:A Rose by Any Name 1814:Josephine Brunsvik 1746:Horrible Histories 1703:Josephine's Garden 1682:Becoming Josephine 1666:Selinko, Annemarie 1625:The Emperor's Lady 1546:Law of 20 May 1802 1523:In popular culture 1514:Duchess of Navarre 1412: 1367: 1312:Jean-Pierre Vibert 1299: 1274: 1248:, Director of the 1215: 1203:Patroness of roses 1183: 1150:, married Emperor 1059: 1009:Joséphine died of 991: 983: 970:Duchess of Navarre 934: 875: 845: 783:In 1798, Napoleon 770: 727: 648:, and a daughter, 627: 544:Soufrière District 348:Emperor Napoleon I 48:Duchess of Navarre 8840: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8714:Cockade of France 8685: 8684: 8647:Antoine Lavoisier 8637:Benjamin Franklin 8617:Anacharsis Cloots 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8500:Louis de Breteuil 8342:Theophile Leclerc 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7723:Alexander Suvorov 7464: 7463: 7398:Józef Poniatowski 7316:Étienne Macdonald 7120: 7119: 7021:Battle of Marengo 6984:Battle of Trebbia 6968:Battle of Cassano 6960:Battle of Magnano 6944:Battle of Ostrach 6846:Battle of Neuwied 6608:Battle of Fleurus 6592:Battle of Tournay 6469:War in the Vendée 6405:Royalist Revolts 6366: 6365: 5923: 5899:Abolition of the 5817:Tennis Court Oath 5809:National Assembly 5638:French Revolution 5604: 5603: 5457: 5456: 5125: 5124: 5106: (1878–1900) 4945:Adelaide of Italy 4927:Adelaide of Italy 4729: 4728: 4632:(1804–1814; 1815) 4615:Marie Leszczyńska 4575:Margaret of Anjou 4491:Joanna of Bourbon 4427:Joan I of Navarre 4362:Bertha of Holland 4352:Matilda of Frisia 4293:Eadgifu of Wessex 4273:Adelaide of Paris 4258:Judith of Bavaria 4006: 4005: 3901:Legacy and memory 3845:Equestrian statue 3828:Homes and honours 3756:Concordat of 1801 3708:Battle of Leipzig 3684:Battle of Eckmühl 3648:Battle of Marengo 3621:Battle of Bassano 3603:French Revolution 3485:Sale of Louisiana 3389:Pauline Bonaparte 3235: 3234: 3226:Succeeded by 3191: 3152: 3057:Empress Josephine 3020:978-0-8021-4202-3 2972:978-0-00-000000-2 2959:Mossiker, Frances 2953:978-2-35401-233-5 2939:978-0-671-51346-7 2931:Empress Josephine 2924:978-2-296-11293-3 2894:Erickson, Carolly 2888:978-0-393-07500-7 2871:978-0-8109-1229-8 2865:Harry N. Abrams. 2850:978-2-85616-485-3 2819:978-4-87187-853-1 2769:. St Martins Pr. 2526:Project Gutenberg 2323:Epton, pp. 94–95. 2284:Hippolyte Charles 2156:Empress Josephine 2135:978-1-3990-8855-8 1982:Empress Josephine 1839:To Venus and Back 1726:Jacqueline Bisset 1724:and Joséphine by 1633:Mossiker, Frances 1540:park in downtown 1520: 1519: 1380:Antoine-Jean Gros 1283:R. alba incarnata 1152:Pedro I of Brazil 1086:Oscar I of Sweden 1078:Imperial Highness 903:Madame de Rémusat 778:Hippolyte Charles 523:Troupes de marine 505:family home near 474:Family background 328: 327: 167:Kingdom of France 66:Antoine-Jean Gros 8940: 8794: 8782:Temple of Reason 8753: 8729: 8710: 8691: 8690: 8642:Thomas Jefferson 8586: 8585: 8505:de Chateaubriand 8435:Joseph Bonaparte 8430:Lucien Bonaparte 8420:Marie Antoinette 8375: 8374: 8362:Sylvain Maréchal 8317:François Hanriot 8152:Louis Philippe I 8079:Louis Philippe I 8074:Philippe Égalité 8016:Olympe de Gouges 7986:Charlotte Corday 7976:Étienne Clavière 7776: 7775: 7758:Antonio Ricardos 7743: 7742: 7728:Andrei Rosenberg 7708: 7707: 7678: 7677: 7653: 7652: 7623:Ralph Abercromby 7610: 7609: 7585: 7562: 7549: 7541: 7533: 7520: 7507: 7484: 7483: 7475: 7474: 7379: 7326:Marcellin Marbot 7149: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7130:Military leaders 7126: 7125: 7113: 7105: 7101:Treaty of Amiens 7086: 7078: 7070: 7049: 7041: 7033: 7025: 7004: 7003:(25–26 Sep 1799) 6996: 6988: 6987:(17–20 Jun 1799) 6980: 6972: 6971:(27–28 Apr 1799) 6964: 6956: 6948: 6947:(20–21 Mar 1799) 6940: 6932: 6928:Second Coalition 6911: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6858: 6850: 6842: 6838:Treaty of Leoben 6834: 6826: 6825:(14–15 Jan 1797) 6822:Battle of Rivoli 6818: 6810: 6806:Italian campaign 6789: 6781: 6780:(15–17 Nov 1796) 6777:Battle of Arcole 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6725: 6717: 6713:Battle of Amberg 6709: 6696: 6688: 6684:Battle of Lonato 6680: 6676:Italian campaign 6654: 6633: 6625: 6612: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6580: 6571: 6550: 6549:(26–27 Dec 1793) 6537: 6529: 6491: 6483: 6479:Battle of Famars 6447: 6372: 6371: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6319: 6300: 6292: 6273: 6265: 6245: 6237: 6229: 6210: 6202: 6194: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6146: 6138: 6130: 6122: 6112: 6104: 6096: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6041: 6033: 6025: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5993: 5974: 5966: 5958: 5950: 5942: 5941:(20–21 Jun 1791) 5921: 5913: 5905: 5896: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5837: 5829: 5821: 5813: 5805: 5797: 5789: 5781: 5760: 5752: 5748:Day of the Tiles 5731: 5730: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5586:Lucien Bonaparte 5576:Jérôme Bonaparte 5551:Joseph Bonaparte 5536: 5484: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5460: 5152: 5145: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5074:Barbara of Cilli 5062:Anna of Świdnica 4984:Eupraxia of Kiev 4966:Gisela of Swabia 4933:Willa of Tuscany 4921:Bertha of Swabia 4906:Bertha of Swabia 4756: 4749: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4682:House of Orléans 4654:House of Bourbon 4620:Marie Antoinette 4600:Marie de' Medici 4586:House of Bourbon 4526:Claude of France 4511:Anne of Brittany 4476:Joan of Burgundy 4422:Marie of Brabant 4402:Agnes of Merania 4223:Bertrada of Laon 4033: 4026: 4019: 4010: 4009: 3998: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3924:Napoleon complex 3866:Maison Bonaparte 3820: 3790:Organic Articles 3626:Battle of Rivoli 3582:Battles and wars 3566: 3552: 3501:Mesures usuelles 3429: 3406: 3376:Jérôme Bonaparte 3366:Lucien Bonaparte 3361:Joseph Bonaparte 3353:Letizia Ramolino 3261: 3254: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3185: 3179:Preceded by 3143: 3139:Marie Antoinette 3116: 3109: 3093: 3092: 3043: 3042: 3004: 2995:Sergeant, Philip 2976: 2911: 2823: 2780: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2617: 2610: 2601: 2586: 2580: 2573: 2564: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2517: 2511: 2506:Markham, Felix, 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2482: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2457:Napoleon: A Life 2448: 2442: 2441: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2369: 2363: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2299: 2293: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2039: 2033: 2030: 2017: 2016: 1972: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1917:Tuileries Palace 1889: 1887:Biography portal 1884: 1883: 1882: 1697: 1685: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1586: 1574: 1512: 1499: 1488: 1481: 1480: 1451:Furniture/Design 1444:The Three Graces 1420:Cupid and Psyche 1340:Tuileries Palace 1258:Jules Gravereaux 1187:Carolly Erickson 1037: 859:, took place at 855:, officiated by 707:Thérèse Cabarrus 511:sugar plantation 370: 365: 341: 336: 324: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 223: 221: 217: 213: 201: 159: 135: 133: 74: 71: 62: 32: 31: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8832: 8707:La Marseillaise 8696: 8695:Cultural impact 8681: 8591: 8572: 8539: 8495:Madame du Barry 8485:Catherine Théot 8475:Thérésa Tallien 8366: 8357:Gracchus Babeuf 8302:François Chabot 8259: 8251: 8172:Georges Couthon 8167:Marquis de Sade 8132:Jean-Paul Marat 8108: 8064:Bertrand Barère 8030: 7941: 7922:Boissy d'Anglas 7917:Madame de Staël 7882:Antoine Barnave 7850: 7843: 7834: 7781: 7762: 7737: 7732: 7702: 7697: 7672: 7667: 7647: 7642: 7604: 7599: 7583: 7560: 7547: 7539: 7531: 7518: 7505: 7494:József Alvinczi 7478: 7460: 7442: 7383:Nicolas Oudinot 7373: 7306:Claude Lecourbe 7301:Charles Leclerc 7196:Guillaume Brune 7166:Pierre Augereau 7136: 7131: 7116: 7111: 7109:Treaty of Paris 7103: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7068: 7052: 7047: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6986: 6978: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6938: 6930: 6914: 6909: 6901: 6893: 6885: 6877: 6861: 6856: 6848: 6840: 6832: 6824: 6816: 6808: 6792: 6787: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6739: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6707: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6662: 6652: 6636: 6631: 6623: 6610: 6602: 6594: 6586: 6578: 6569: 6553: 6548: 6535: 6527: 6525:Siege of Toulon 6489: 6481: 6464:First Coalition 6450: 6441: 6377: 6362: 6352: 6344: 6336: 6322: 6317: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6276: 6271: 6263: 6243: 6235: 6227: 6213: 6208: 6200: 6192: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6149: 6144: 6136: 6128: 6126:Law of Suspects 6120: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6074: 6072:Reign of Terror 6066: 6058: 6044: 6039: 6031: 6023: 6015: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5926: 5911: 5903: 5894: 5880: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5852:(4–11 Aug 1789) 5851: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5811: 5803: 5795: 5787: 5785:Réveillon riots 5779: 5763: 5758: 5750: 5736: 5725: 5640: 5635: 5605: 5600: 5590: 5571:Elisa Bonaparte 5556:Louis Bonaparte 5537: 5528: 5497: 5488: 5458: 5453: 5441: 5429: 5416: 5399: 5376: 5325: 5266: 5231: 5199: 5172: 5161: 5156: 5126: 5121: 5112: (1900–46) 5100: (1810–14) 5094: (1805–10) 5088: (1530–39) 5082: (1452–67) 5076: (1431–37) 5070: (1363–78) 5064: (1355–62) 5058: (1327–47) 5040: (1235–41) 5034: (1225–28) 5028: (1212–22) 5016: (1191–97) 5010: (1156–84) 5004: (1128–37) 4998: (1114–25) 4992: (1095–98) 4986: (1089–93) 4980: (1080–87) 4978:Bertha of Savoy 4974: (1043–56) 4972:Agnes of Poitou 4968: (1026–39) 4962: (1004–24) 4953: (972–983) 4947: (951–973) 4941: (957–963) 4935: (950–953) 4929: (948–950) 4923: (937–948) 4917: (932–933) 4908: (922–926) 4899: (905–915) 4890: (896–899) 4888:Ota of Neustria 4884: (889–894) 4878: (888–889) 4872: (879–888) 4866: (875–877) 4860: (851–875) 4854: (821–851) 4842: (794–800) 4836: (784–794) 4830: (774–783) 4824: (756–774) 4809: (589–616) 4803: (567–573) 4788: (536–540) 4782: (526–534) 4776: (493–526) 4765: 4763:Queens of Italy 4760: 4730: 4725: 4714: 4695: 4676: 4648: 4624: 4605:Anne of Austria 4580: 4555: 4467:House of Valois 4461: 4337:Rozala of Italy 4317: 4208: 4199: 4060: 4059: 4040: 4037: 4007: 4002: 3979: 3941:Napoleonic Code 3895: 3891:Warsaw monument 3835:Arc de Triomphe 3823: 3814: 3778:Infamous Decree 3773:Grand Sanhedrin 3751:Catholic Church 3739: 3730:Battle of Ligny 3672:Battle of Eylau 3597:Siege of Toulon 3576: 3560: 3546: 3474:Napoleonic Wars 3423: 3421:Stay in Auxonne 3413:Life and career 3407: 3398: 3394:Elisa Bonaparte 3371:Louis Bonaparte 3297: 3296: 3270: 3265: 3231: 3222: 3206:French nobility 3199: 3184: 3169: 3160: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3040: 3036: 3031: 2973: 2908: 2820: 2806:Castelot, André 2777: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2725: 2721: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2624: 2620: 2611: 2604: 2587: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2452:Roberts, Andrew 2449: 2445: 2438: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2291:Wayback Machine 2282: 2278: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2201: 2194: 2179: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2120: 2113: 2098: 2091: 2078: 2071: 2058: 2054: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2020: 2005: 1973: 1956: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1929: 1925: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1862: 1786: 1764: 1712: 1654:Pataki, Allison 1591:Gulland, Sandra 1579:Fields, Bertram 1562: 1530: 1525: 1515: 1513: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1489: 1479: 1461:Pierre Fontaine 1457:Charles Percier 1455:The architects 1453: 1398: 1376:François Gérard 1353: 1330: 1241:Lee and Kennedy 1205: 1185:Her biographer 1172: 1044: 1015:Rueil-Malmaison 1007: 972: 967: 872:François Gérard 828: 766:François Gérard 723:François Gérard 715: 669:Reign of Terror 662:Pentemont Abbey 654:Louis Bonaparte 616: 536: 507:Les Trois-Îlets 476: 455: 384:Reign of Terror 363: 334: 286: 263: 262: 242: 238: 235: 225: 209: 205: 202: 197: 182: 179:Rueil-Malmaison 163:Rueil-Malmaison 161: 157: 147:Lesser Antilles 137: 131: 129: 128: 100:2 December 1804 75: 72: 52: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8946: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8838: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8786: 8785: 8784: 8777:Cult of Reason 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8721: 8719:Flag of France 8716: 8711: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8558: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8525:Jacques Necker 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8381: 8379: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8347:Claire Lacombe 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8272:Jacques Hébert 8268: 8266: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8127:Georges Danton 8124: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8107: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8040: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7971:Henri Grégoire 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7943: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7912:Camille Jordan 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7853: 7851: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7684: 7682: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7616: 7614: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7556: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7522: 7514: 7509: 7501: 7496: 7490: 7488: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7146: 7133: 7132: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7042: 7034: 7026: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6997: 6992:Battle of Novi 6989: 6981: 6979:(4–7 Jun 1799) 6973: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6941: 6933: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6843: 6835: 6827: 6819: 6811: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6782: 6774: 6772:(6–7 Nov 1796) 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6726: 6718: 6710: 6702: 6697: 6689: 6687:(3–4 Aug 1796) 6681: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6658:Peace of Basel 6655: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6626: 6618: 6613: 6605: 6597: 6589: 6581: 6572: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6543: 6538: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6500:Siege of Mainz 6497: 6492: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6436: 6431: 6429:Siege of Mainz 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6411: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6339: 6330: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6320: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6293: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6261:13 Vendémiaire 6258: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6238: 6230: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6186: 6178: 6170: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6123: 6113: 6108:Levée en masse 6105: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6069: 6061: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6013:10th of August 6010: 6002: 5994: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5967: 5959: 5951: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5914: 5906: 5897: 5895:(Feb–Jul 1790) 5888: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5870: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5790: 5782: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5543:French Princes 5539: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5487: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5444:also a Prince 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5404:8th generation 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5381:6th generation 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5330:5th generation 5327: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5272: 5271:4th generation 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5239: 5237: 5236:3rd generation 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5204:2nd generation 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5177:1st generation 5174: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5162: 5155: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4759: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4657: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4568: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4516:Joan of France 4513: 4508: 4503: 4501:Marie of Anjou 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4457:Joan of Évreux 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4323:House of Capet 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Emma of France 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4217: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3926: 3916: 3911: 3909:Bank of France 3905: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3869: 3862: 3860:Longwood House 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3821: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3643:Siege of Jaffa 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3616:Battle of Lodi 3613: 3610:13 Vendémiaire 3606: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3555: 3554: 3553: 3539:2nd abdication 3536: 3534:Route Napoléon 3531: 3530: 3529: 3522:1st abdication 3519: 3514: 3509: 3507:Looting of art 3504: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3447:Constitutions 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3417: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3288: 3287: 3280:Napoleonic era 3276: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3241: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3162: 3153: 3134: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3099: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3088:at archive.org 3082: 3080:at archive.org 3074: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3035: 3034:External links 3032: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3008:Stuart, Andrea 3005: 2991: 2989:978-2711744428 2977: 2971: 2955: 2941: 2927: 2912: 2906: 2890: 2873: 2859: 2852: 2838: 2824: 2818: 2812:. Ishi Press. 2802: 2794:NY: Scribner. 2788: 2781: 2775: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2719: 2697: 2679: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2618: 2602: 2581: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2512: 2499: 2477: 2463: 2443: 2436: 2416: 2409: 2389: 2364: 2351: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2301:Theo Aronson, 2294: 2276: 2260: 2245: 2239:978-0802117700 2238: 2220: 2213: 2192: 2178:978-0674252011 2177: 2141: 2134: 2111: 2089: 2069: 2052: 2034: 2018: 2004:978-0674252011 2003: 1954: 1939: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1901:Jean Chanorier 1898: 1891: 1890: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1849:'s 2001 album 1843: 1830: 1823:’s 1985 album 1821:Charlie Sexton 1817: 1806:'s 2015 album 1800: 1785: 1782: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1751:Natalie Walter 1741: 1729: 1722:Armand Assante 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1686: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1641: 1629: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1561: 1558: 1542:Fort-de-France 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1493: 1478: 1475: 1452: 1449: 1416:Antonio Canova 1405:Antonio Canova 1397: 1394: 1352: 1349: 1329: 1326: 1223:Thomas Blaikie 1204: 1201: 1171: 1168: 1156:Rio de Janeiro 1054:. Portrait by 1043: 1040: 1006: 1003: 980:Andrea Appiani 971: 968: 966: 963: 908:Dame de Palais 827: 824: 818:; and General 816:Caroline Murat 789:Pauline Fourès 714: 711: 685:defended Mainz 642:Noisy-le-Grand 624:Georges Rouget 615: 614:First marriage 612: 535: 532: 475: 472: 454: 451: 400:royal families 356:Queen of Italy 326: 325: 318: 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 288: 287: 285: 284: 279: 273: 271: 265: 264: 240: 236: 231: 230: 229: 228: 207: 203: 196: 195: 194: 193: 190: 188: 184: 183: 176: 174: 170: 169: 160:(aged 50) 154: 150: 149: 125: 121: 120: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 77: 76: 63: 55: 54: 51: 50: 45: 41: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8945: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791:Sans-culottes 8787: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8762:Metric system 8760: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8702: 8699: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8587: 8583: 8569: 8566: 8562: 8561:Panthéon Club 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450:Joachim Murat 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227:Gilbert Romme 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8049:de Cambacérès 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7968: 7966: 7965:Madame Roland 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:André Chénier 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7857:Grace Elliott 7855: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Joseph Souham 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7361:Joachim Murat 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7341:André Masséna 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7123: 7112:(25 Jun 1802) 7110: 7107: 7104:(25 Mar 1802) 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7083: 7080: 7077:(18 Mar 1801) 7075: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7046: 7043: 7038: 7035: 7032:(15 Jun 1800) 7030: 7027: 7024:(14 Jun 1800) 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6998: 6995:(15 Aug 1799) 6993: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6977: 6974: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6955:(25 Mar 1799) 6953: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6937: 6936:Siege of Acre 6934: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6908: 6907:Peasants' War 6905: 6900: 6897: 6892: 6889: 6884: 6881: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6857:(17 Oct 1797) 6855: 6852: 6849:(18 Apr 1797) 6847: 6844: 6841:(17 Apr 1797) 6839: 6836: 6833:(25 Jan 1797) 6831: 6828: 6823: 6820: 6817:(13 Jan 1797) 6815: 6812: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6786: 6783: 6778: 6775: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6759: 6756:(26 Oct 1796) 6754: 6751: 6748:(19 Oct 1796) 6746: 6743: 6738: 6735: 6730: 6727: 6722: 6719: 6716:(24 Aug 1796) 6714: 6711: 6708:(11 Aug 1796) 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6693: 6690: 6685: 6682: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6611:(26 Jun 1794) 6609: 6606: 6601: 6598: 6595:(22 May 1794) 6593: 6590: 6587:(18 May 1794) 6585: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6570:(24 Apr 1794) 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6536:(13 Oct 1793) 6534: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6485: 6482:(23 May 1793) 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6356: 6353:(24 Dec 1799) 6351: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6337:(18 Jun 1799) 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6318:(11 May 1798) 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6297: 6294: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6270: 6267: 6262: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6236:(22 Aug 1795) 6234: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6209:(11 Nov 1794) 6207: 6204: 6199: 6196: 6193:(28 Jul 1794) 6190: 6187: 6184:(27 Jul 1794) 6182: 6179: 6176:(10 Jun 1794) 6174: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6140: 6137:(16 Oct 1793) 6135: 6132: 6129:(17 Sep 1793) 6127: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6111:(23 Aug 1793) 6109: 6106: 6103:(13 Jul 1793) 6101: 6098: 6093: 6090: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6062: 6059:(21 Jan 1793) 6057: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6040:(22 Sep 1792) 6038: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6022: 6019: 6016:(10 Aug 1792) 6014: 6011: 6006: 6003: 6000:(25 Jul 1792) 5998: 5995: 5992:(20 Apr 1792) 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5957:(27 Aug 1791) 5955: 5952: 5949:(17 Jul 1791) 5947: 5944: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5922:(14 Jul 1790) 5920: 5919: 5915: 5912:(12 Jul 1790) 5910: 5907: 5904:(23 Jun 1790) 5902: 5898: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5871: 5866: 5863: 5860:(26 Aug 1789) 5858: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5839: 5836:(14 Jul 1789) 5834: 5831: 5826: 5823: 5820:(20 Jun 1789) 5818: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5804:(4 June 1789) 5802: 5799: 5794: 5791: 5788:(28 Apr 1789) 5786: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5759:(21 Jul 1788) 5757: 5754: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5664:Ancien Régime 5661: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5599: 5598:vassal states 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Joachim Murat 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5462: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5046: (1244?) 5045: 5044:Bianca Lancia 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4671:Marie-Thérèse 4668: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4313:Emma of Italy 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:Les Invalides 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3768:Jewish people 3766: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3250: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121:Royal titles 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3027: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3014:Grove Press. 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2907:1-86105-637-0 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874: 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