Battle of Wagram - Knowledge

3429: 3626:, commander of the Austrian artillery had a major role, managing to mass a sufficient number of cannon to keep the enemy at a respectable distance. The French, who had been marching and fighting for over forty hours, under intense heat and with scarce rations of water and food, were slowly following the retreating enemy. The exhaustion of the French troops was such that, towards 16:00 a brief moment of panic occurred at Wagram. Dozens of French infantry fled down the escarpment, with the Old Guard forced to form square in order to protect the Emperor's headquarters, before order could be restored. A second such moment took place around one hour later, when a mounted scouting party from Archduke John's army suddenly appeared near Glinzendorf, causing panic among the stragglers and civilian contractors of the army, with the Guard again forced to form square. But John soon received word that the battle was already over and hastily retraced his steps. A final incident took place towards 18:00, when elements of the 108th Line regiment from Davout's Corps caught up with enemy stragglers at the Bockfliess. There, the French found the houses filled with drunken Austrian whitecoats, who refused to surrender and attempted to defend themselves. Some 200 of these men were slaughtered and 400 were captured. By nightfall, contact had been broken and the exhausted French had to stop the pursuit and camp on their positions. Towards dusk, French cavalry caught up with Austrian III Korps and tried to block its retreat but the numerous Austrian cavalry in the sector promptly stepped in, hitting the enemy's flank and sending these horsemen fleeing. This persuaded Archduke Charles that he had left III Korps in an exposed position and ordered it to hasten their retreat and get in line with VI Korps. Towards 20:00 all combat ceased and the Austrians were able to move away without any further incident. Napoleon's forces had won the bloody Battle of Wagram. 1964:

to allow the enemy to move into the Marchfeld, leaving there only the Advance Guard and VI Korps, with orders to delay their deployment, cause disorder and casualties, while gradually moving back. Meanwhile, he was planning to maintain his main body on the naturally strong position on the Wagram plateau, with the rest of his forces further west on the Bisamberg heights, the two positions that Wimpffen and Grünne had favoured all along. Should the French have attempted to attack the forces on the Wagram plateau, the forces present there were expected to resist long enough to allow Charles to fall on the enemy's flank with the forces placed the Bisamberg heights. Conversely, should the enemy have attacked the forces on the Bisamberg heights, the main force on the Wagram plateau would have attacked the enemy's flank. The plan was good enough, but had two major flaws. Firstly, it failed to account for the slowness of the Austrian staff work, which impaired coordination between these forces. Secondly, it left the Advance Guard and VI Corps with an ambiguous objective: if Charles wanted protracted resistance, then these forces were too weak to accomplish such a task; however, if the objective was only brief resistance, then they were too numerous and thus needlessly exposed.

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his men towards Essling, aiming to threaten Klenau's Corps, which was by now in an advanced position behind the French line, but which had made no attempt to threaten the rear of Napoleon's army. The passive posture of the Austrian Corps was due partly to a lack of orders to advance further and partly to the fact that Klenau's relatively small force was by now out of touch with the main Austrian force. Nevertheless, Masséna's task remained daunting. Some of his troops had to march no less than eight kilometers in vulnerable column formations, moving along the front of an enemy who had deployed numerous cavalry and artillery. Masséna displayed his usual skill and tenacity, using his available cavalry to screen his men and taking advantage of the high corn crops to hide his advance. The French troops, although out of range from enemy musketry, were under constant bombardment from the Austrian artillery. The Austrian cavalry attempted an attack, which nearly reached the carriage of Masséna, whose aides were forced to draw swords and defend him as French cavalry stepped in to repulse their Austrian counterparts. Towards noon, after marching some six and half kilometers in 90 minutes, the leading elements from Masséna's Corps, namely

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The corps cavalry preceded the infantry and Lasalle's squadrons caught up with Klenau's infantry near Leopoldau. There, the French cavalry met two Austrian battalions, already formed in solid masses. This formation was ideal for fending off enemy horse. Nevertheless, the French charged impetuously but achieved little. The first mass could only be dispersed after horse artillery came into action. Not long before 17:00, the cavalry moved against the second mass and it was during this action that the gallant Lasalle, one of the best cavalry commanders of his time, was shot dead. Marulaz took overall command of the cavalry and personally placed himself at the head of the 8th Hussars, in a bid to avenge the slain commander; the attempt failed and Marulaz was himself wounded and had to be carried away to the rear. This event, as well as the fact that the French were now under fire from the artillery of Austrian V Korps on Bisamberg heights, convinced Masséna to halt his pursuit. Towards 17:00 Klenau had succeeded in extracting his corps from the dangerous position next to the Danube and moved to relative safety behind the reserve V Korps, deployed on the Bisamberg heights.

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before and again earlier that morning, between 05:00 and 06:00, when Rosenberg made a surprising attack, which the French managed to repulse. Due in part to the fact that Austrian Corps on other sectors of the battlefield failed to attack at the same time, Rosenberg was forced to draw his troops back to their initial positions, occupying the plateau and the strategic village of Markgrafneusiedl, situated just below the escarpment. This village was the key position, which Davout had to take at all costs, in order for his manoeuvre to succeed. Despite his vast numerical superiority, Davout's mission was not easy, as the Austrians had a numerous cavalry and artillery available to support their infantry. Furthermore, the defensive position was solid, with the village of Markgrafneusiedl formed of sturdy stone houses and a number of large buildings, such as a disused stone church with a tall, conspicuous tower, a monastery and a mill, all of which constituted easily defendable structures. The only weakness of Rosenberg's position was its left side, where the plateau formed a gentle slope, descending northeast.

1609:, as Napoleon was unable to bring through the bulk of his forces in time. Still, Charles's attempt to drive the outnumbered enemy back resulted in total failure, as the French led a skillful combined-arms defense, with their cavalry playing a vital role in keeping the Austrians at bay. Fighting resumed early on 22 May, when Napoleon began receiving some reinforcements and decided to attack. The French offensive was quite successful but Napoleon soon received alarming news that the main bridge had broken and consequently, no further reinforcements and ammunition could be brought from the southern bank, making a protracted battle impossible. This prompted the emperor to immediately stop his attack and order a phased retreat onto the large Danube island of Lobau. Given that the Austrians, with their superior numbers and overwhelming artillery firepower, were now intent upon seizing the opportunity to launch a counterattack of their own, retreat was most difficult. It took all the experience of the French commanders and the determination and self-sacrifice of the troops, including the 3646:, the only Marshal to receive the title on a field of battle. The Emperor also criticised Marmont for his slowness in arriving on the battlefield and told Oudinot that he ought to have him shot for attacking without orders. The French resumed their pursuit towards 14:00, as the extreme exhaustion of the army prevented an early start. Their artillery had fired somewhere between 90,000 and 100,000 rounds during the battle, which left the caissons empty and it took some time before they could be refilled. Among the rank and file, there were even instances of severe breakdown in troop discipline, as the army moved through county packed with vines and wine cellars. When an incensed Oudinot, sabre in hand, tried to restore discipline among a group of drunken cavalrymen from his army corps, he was almost attacked by his own men. Pursuit was further complicated by the absence of reliable information about the exact direction of the Austrian retreat. Contradictory intelligence collected by the various Corps confusingly stated that the Austrians were retreating either towards to 2297:

retreat under the cover of darkness, the Emperor began issuing orders for an immediate attack. Never a man to lose time, Napoleon probably noted that the sun was still high on the sky, that the Austrian right wing was placed noticeably far away from the main body, and that there was still no sign of the arrival of Archduke John's army from the east. This attack was also meant to probe the strength and resolution of the enemy, as the Emperor did not know exactly what forces lay before him. The attack was to take place against the Russbach line on a wide front, between Wagram and Markgrafneusiedl, with Bernadotte, Eugène, Oudinot and Davout all ordered forward. Nevertheless, the French troops were all very tired and the most difficult tasks were assigned to some of the weakest troops available, namely elements of the Corps of Bernadotte and Oudinot. Additionally, with the Emperor ordering an immediate attack, the General Staff failed to transmit the orders to the respective commanders in due time, which resulted in a failure to launch synchronized actions.

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roll back the enemy's flank. With his left now stabilised following Masséna's successful disengagement, the Emperor began issuing orders for a general attack. Masséna was to continue his march south and vigorously attack Klenau around Aspern, Oudinot was ordered to prepare his Corps for an assault against the plateau and dislodge Austrian II Korps, Eugène was to take VI Corps against the enemy forces at Deutsch-Wagram, while MacDonald's V Corps was to draw closer to Aderklaa. During the night, MacDonald had been rejoined by the second division of his Corps and although theoretically 23 battalions strong, this force had diminished complements and could barely muster 8,000 men. With this force, MacDonald was preparing to execute Napoleon's previous orders to storm the plateau near the village of Wagram, much at the same location where he had attacked the previous day, when he received new orders. These provided that MacDonald's force should head west, towards Aderklaa, and deploy to occupy the ground held by the Grand Battery.

1472:, Austria still possessed a formidable army which, in the years following Austerlitz, had undergone major reforms. By 1809, the state was almost bankrupt and acutely aware that it could not retain its status as a great power if it did not manage to regain some of its former influence in Germany and Italy. Encouraged by Napoleon's peninsular imbroglio, British subsidies and the promise of a military intervention in northern Europe, the Austrians decided that the European political context of 1808 and 1809 offered their best chance to retake lost provinces. In order to win the war against the French, Vienna was counting on massive nationalist, anti-French uprisings throughout Germany and hoping that an early success might convince Prussia to join the new coalition, while calculating that Russia would most likely not interfere in support of the French. Austrian military preparations were accelerated in 1808 and early 1809, with operations set to occur in several war theatres, including the main one in 2253:

to little more than 6,000 soldiers capable of further action. This unusually high casualty rate resulted from Nordmann having been positioned in a perilous location and having been maintained there for too long, to little purpose. Additionally, Nordmann had benefitted from little protection from the cavalry present in that sector. After a well-led and determined staged retreat, Nordmann managed to extricate his battered troops, reaching the relative safety of the town of Markgrafneusiedl. The Advance Guard continued to constitute a viable fighting force and they were thus integrated in the IV Korps, guarding the Austrian left wing. The Austrian army was now deployed on a very wide ark-shaped frontage, 19 kilometres (12 mi) long, including Klenau's VI Korps on the far right, then Kollowrat's III Korps on the right-centre, Hohenzollern's II Korps and Bellegarde's I Korps behind the Russbach line in central position, while Rosenberg's IV Korps covered the left. Liechtenstein's

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of the first day of battle. Despite heavy losses (some 6,000 infantrymen) in von Nordmann's Advance Guard, the other formations of the Austrian army were virtually intact. Charles probably noted that, while the enemy managed to deploy on the Marchfeld plain with a surprising speed, all was going according to plan, as it had always been his intention to face them here. Additionally, with the exception of Nordmann's Advance Guard, losses had been relatively moderate and overall the army had fought extremely well. He reckoned that his best option was to take the initiative and, as he later wrote: "seize the only means which could give any prospect of success against the superior enemy, namely to fall on them by surprise on all sides as day broke". Orders for an all-out attack at 04:00 were issued at around midnight and Charles's intention was to take advantage of his much longer battle line (around 18 kilometers long, to the French 10 kilometers long line) and take the enemy in a

2925:, in a bid to protect the vital bridges towards Lobau island. The Austrians then launched a probing attack on the bridgehead but were rapidly repulsed and subsequently contented themselves with bombarding the French supply train, causing some panic among the civilian suppliers. From his current position, Klenau was able to either strike in the undefended rear of the enemy army, some five kilometers away, or to attack the vital bridges towards Lobau island. However, the Austrian commander chose caution; his force was only about 14,000 men strong, a part of which was now in range of the numerous French heavy batteries on Lobau island and his orders provided for his Korps to keep itself abreast with Kollowrat's III Korps. Had Kollowrat moved forward himself, protecting Klenau's left flank, the Austrian VI Korps might have envisaged the continuation of its action, but, as things were, Kollowrat had not yet moved from his position between Süssenbrunn and Breintlee. 2790:

into Aderklaa and then tried to launch a pursuit beyond this position, but, as soon as they moved out of the village, they were met with sustained fire from Bellegarde's second infantry line. The two regiments withdrew to Aderklaa, where they were reinforced by the Hessian Guard brigade and ordered to hold the position. Not far away from this position, the attack of the Saxons also came to a grinding halt and these men were driven back, exposing the flank of the French troops occupying Aderklaa. At this moment, the Austrians enjoyed a substantial, albeit temporary numerical advantage in this sector, 44,000 men to the French 35,000. This was thus the right time for a general attack, but the Austrian military doctrine discouraged commanders from taking too much initiative, and Bellegarde chose to stick to his orders and wait for III Korps, whose leading elements were only just coming up, in line with the Grenadiers.

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itself placed between two pincers. There was perhaps further justification for this choice on a tactical level: the broken and wooded terrain in the immediate proximity of the Danube was adapted to fighting in open order formations, which were insufficiently mastered by his men, and at which the French were adept. This was, without a doubt, one of the bitter lessons that the Austrians learned at Aspern and Essling. But above all, the cautious Archduke Charles was unwilling to take the risk of committing his forces in such an advanced position, knowing that he would have a hard time extricating them, should retreat have become necessary. He also planned not to face the enemy on the flat plains of the Marchfeld, an ideal cavalry terrain, where the numerically superior French horse would quickly gain the upper hand. The two influential staff officers, Wimpffen and

2648:) and 120 cannon. Davout was unaware that the Austrians were moving to attack him, but he was himself preparing his attack, and thus his troops were ready for action. Puthod's leading elements, one regiment strong, were at Grosshofen, with Gudin positioned between this village and Glinzendorf, which was held by Friant, supported by Morand. The entire cavalry was positioned to protect the right flank of the Corps. To the French surprise, towards 05:00, the Austrians attacked, with Radetzky's leading elements pushing the French outposts out of Grosshofen, and then attacking Glinzendorf. Davout immediately ordered a counterattack on Grosshofen, with Puthod attacking frontally and Gudin from the flank, and made sure that the defenders of Glinzendorf steadfastly hold their ground, while releasing heavy musketry upon the slowly advancing enemy columns. Grouchy's 1562:, but completely out of his depth as a commander by proxy. Furthermore, in order to remain in close contact with Paris by military telegraph and to avoid provoking the Austrians, Berthier was initially ordered to set up his headquarters near Strasbourg, hundreds of kilometres away from the front line, before moving to Germany as war broke out. As a result, Berthier's response to Charles's invasion was timid and, after misinterpreting Napoleon's orders, he left two entire army corps in isolated positions. Consequently, during the first week of the campaign, Charles was able to advance virtually unmolested and take advantage of the poor French deployment. All changed from 17 April, when Napoleon arrived in person and began concentrating his available troops to meet the Austrian onslaught. Before Napoleon could concentrate his corps, Charles attacked 3587:, could see that his force was in danger of being attacked from the flank by Davout's seemingly unstoppable corps. Now Oudinot was advancing against him. At first, Hohenzollern tried to hold on his initial positions and his men greeted Oudinot's advancing columns with intense musketry. However, the Austrian commander realised the fragility of his position, seeing that, on his left, all the Austrian troops were in full retreat and he ran the risk of having Oudinot pin his men down, while Davout was free to advance in his flank and rear. Hohenzollern thus had little choice but to order his men to fall back and form a new line further north, sending 5 battalions and several batteries from his second line to form a new flank and slow down Davout's two advancing divisions, which were drawing dangerously close to the strategic village of Baumersdorf. 373: 361: 342: 330: 318: 306: 287: 273: 156: 3462:

Seeing the French advance, Archduke Charles ordered his Corps commanders to refuse the flank of the Grenadier Reserve and III Korps. Liechtenstein ordered Steyer's brigade to deploy in an oblique position and release heavy musketry against the right flank of the advancing French column, while Kollowrat issued a similar order to the Lilienberg brigade, which fired musketry volleys against the left of MacDonald's men, while Austrian artillery was pounding the column's front line. However, by now the French had managed to dent the Austrian line and had only a few hundred metres to go before they could reach the strategic village of Süssenbrunn. With his force reduced to little more than half strength and his battalions forced to form square in order to fend off three successive cavalry attacks from

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received their orders towards 03:00, two hours late. Given the distance that these troops had to march in order to make contact with the enemy, it was clear to the two Korps commanders that they would be unable to attack at 4:00 as ordered. Archduke Charles was also expecting the arrival of reinforcements, 13,000 men of the "Army of Inner Austria" led by his brother, Archduke John, whose role was crucial in supporting the attack against the French right. While Charles thought that his brother should arrive on the field of battle at any moment, the latter actually only began his march of 40 kilometres (25 mi) march from Pressburg at around 01:00 that night. Without Archduke John's men, the Austrians could muster only 113,500 infantry, 14,600 cavalry and 414 guns for the second day of battle.

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Austrian line in this sector came to nothing. Napoleon noted with disgust that it was the first time that the cavalry let him down, but, given the state of exhaustion and the losses sustained by the French forces, MacDonald would have probably been unable to follow up any breakthrough achieved by the cavalry anyway. Still, the resolutely led attack achieved Napoleon's main strategic goal, which was to pin down the Austrian forces in this sector, preventing Charles from reinforcing his battered left. Forced to concede that his attack had lost momentum, MacDonald did his best to shelter his remaining men from the enemy's intense cannonade. However, reinforcements were not far away: the Emperor sent in support Wrede's powerful Bavarian division, 5,500 men strong, as well as the elite

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outflanked. When Rosenberg failed to retake the tower with Hessen-Homburg's brigade, he decided to redeploy his entire force further back on the plateau and form a new line. This timely action temporarily stopped any further French advance. Seeing this development, Davout chose to force a decisive breakthrough and committed his ultimate reserve, the 3rd Heavy Cavalry Division. The Marshal ordered the heavy cavalry up the plateau west of Markgrafneusiedl, in an immediate frontal assault against the enemy line, rather than on the more favourable cavalry terrain east, where Grouchy, Pully and Montbrun were already operating. The 3rd Heavy Cavalry Division, a unit that the Emperor had attached to III Corps that very morning, was led by 31-year-old

3904:, which recounts the facts of the Battle of Wagram, indicates that it was formed of 100 guns and this figure is indicated by most historians, with some putting the figure as high as 112 guns. Recent research shows that both these figures are exaggerated and more realistic estimates place the number of guns at either 72, 80 or 84. André Masséna, a highly credible source and also a man who was in the vicinity of the battery at the time when it was deployed, places its complement at 84 pieces: 60 pieces of the Guard artillery and 24 of the "Army of Italy". Despite claims from some authors that the cannon of the Bavarian division were also a part of the battery, there is actually no source contemporary to the battle supporting that claim. 2004: 2761:

still count on two reasonably valid Saxon divisions. As he would later explain, Bernadotte believed himself in an exposed position and thus took the initiative of abandoning Aderklaa during the night, retreating almost 1 kilometer to the southeast of the village, in a bid to draw closer to the rest of the army. Withdrawing without permission and without notifying Napoleon of his action, Bernadotte irresponsibly compromised the entire French position on the left. Towards 04:00, seeing that the enemy had taken position in and around the village, Bernadotte assembled his artillery in a battery of 26 pieces, which began to bombard Aderklaa, but the Austrian heavy artillery at Deutsch-Wagram responded by releasing a devastating

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the sector two full hours before they were able to finally expel him. As for the Saxons and great many Frenchmen, they continued their retreat, with the first fugitives and Bernadotte approaching Raasdorf, where they suddenly met Napoleon in person. For the Emperor, the sight of Bernadotte riding at the head of the disorderly mob and making no apparent attempt to rally his men, was the last straw. After a brief exchange of words, Napoleon sacked the Marshal, adding "A bungler like you is no good to me." The Saxon infantry was by then completely disorganised and it could play no further role in the battle, with only the cavalry and ten cannon still combat-worthy.

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most urgent matter was to stabilise his own battered left wing. The Emperor did not want to commit his valuable, fresh infantry reserves just yet, so he ordered Masséna to break contact with the enemy and take his IV Corps southwards and attack the Austrian VI Korps. Executing such a manoeuvre required great skill and incurred high risks, as it meant that Masséna's men would have to move in vulnerable march column formations, through a sector with numerous enemy infantry, cavalry and artillery. The departure of these troops also meant that an enormous gap would open up in the French line, which the Emperor ingeniously intended to fill by forming an enormous

2554:. These three Corps were also ordered to keep in line with each other, with the Cavalry Reserve ordered to take position between Süssenbrunn and Aderklaa. The Austrian 1st Korps was to move out of Wagram and advance along the Russbach, with II Korps ordered to remain in place, in order to avoid congestion, and simply provide artillery support. On the Austrian left, IV Korps, with the Advance Guard now attached to it, was to move against the French III Corps, and it was expected that Archduke John's "Army of Inner Austria" would arrive from Pressburg in time to support this attack. There would be no proper battle reserve, with the only remaining formation, 2794: 3776:, Wagram was a battle in which Napoleon failed to score an uncontested victory with relatively few casualties. The French forces suffered 34,000 casualties, a number compounded by the 20,000 suffered only weeks earlier at Aspern-Essling. This would be indicative both of the lack of continued growth in experience of Napoleon's troops and the increasing experience and competence of his opponents, who were learning from previous errors. The heavy losses suffered, which included many seasoned troops as well as over thirty generals of varying rank, was something that the French would not be able to recover from with ease. Bernadotte's dismissal from the 1749: 1599:

campaign is to destroy the main army of the enemy, opted for the latter course of action and entered the enemy capital on 12 May, only to find the city's strategic bridges over the Danube blown up. With the emperor poised for an immediate continuation of the offensive north of the river, this was a considerable setback. Meanwhile, Charles brought the bulk of his remaining force on the northern bank of the river, close to Vienna, which lured Napoleon into attacking them right away. Napoleon's rushed crossing of the river was made on fragile, hastily built pontoon bridges, over an increasingly swollen river. The French crossing resulted in the

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and, despite the fact that the Austrians committed over 30 of their 40 squadrons present in the sector, the French gained the upper hand, thanks largely to their superior training for massed action. Charging by single regiments against an enemy who committed entire brigades and divisions in coordinated actions, the Austrians, although superior in overall numbers, had been overwhelmed, a testament to their chronic inability to coordinate large-scale cavalry charges. Towards 13:00, after the failure of his cavalry charge, Rosenberg reckoned that he was unable to hold out on his current positions and began organising a fighting retreat towards

2745: 2326:'s division. The 57th Line valiantly assaulted the village from the east and occupied its first houses, where they had to stop. Meanwhile, the 10th Light crossed the Russbach downstream and, after passing through the boggy terrain below the escarpment, began to make its way up the slope. As the 10th Light was coming up towards the village, they were at first greeted with intense artillery fire and then Buresch's brigade released some heavy musketry upon them. This disordered the ranks of the French regiment, which began to waver and the last straw came when they saw Prince Hohenzollern personally leading the 500 cavalrymen from the 3469:'s cavalry, MacDonald could go no further. He called upon the numerous cavalry available to charge and clear the enemy guns and infantry, who, according to his own account, were by now in a state of complete disarray and ripe for destruction. On his left, Nansouty, who had apparently not been consulted regarding the placement and role of his division in the attack, had kept his men too far back, in order to protect them from the sustained enemy fire. When Nansouty arrived with his cuirassiers, the Austrians were prepared to meet them and the guns had already limbered and moved away to safety. The French cuirassiers charged 231: 3748:. Many of these men were simply missing in action and were subsequently able to return to the colours. Nevertheless, conservative estimates of the Austrian losses at Wagram numbered some 30,000 men, of whom 24,000 were killed or wounded, and the rest taken prisoner. According to historian, Ian Castle, Austrian casualties were as follows: 41,250 total, of which 23,750 killed or wounded, 10,000 missing, 7,500 captured, while French and Allied casualties amounted to 37,500, with 27,500 killed or wounded and 10,000 missing or captured. Four Austrian generals were killed or mortally wounded during the fighting: 417: 405: 1884: 3595:, reiterated this highly unusual and potentially disastrous order, which would have resulted in the columns rapidly dispersing and becoming vulnerable to a counterattack. Luckily enough, the troops were commanded by experienced junior officers, who took over and executed the orderly manoeuvres that were required on such occasions. During this action, Oudinot was wounded twice and had his horse shot from under him, but he retained his command and, after his surgeon dressed his wounds, he led his men on. His troops stormed Baumersdorf, which they took, despite gallant defense from 201: 3197:

troops had to move to their assigned positions eastwards and artillery bridges had to be built, in order for the divisional artillery to be able to cross the Russbach stream. Commanding the Austrian forces in this sector, Rosenberg could rely on reinforcements from Nordmann's Advance Guard, and a numerous cavalry under Nostitz, all of which were placed under his direct command. He was also counting on support from the east, with Archduke John's "Army of Inner Austria" set to arrive on the battlefield, but so far these badly needed reinforcements had failed to materialise.

3615:'s Austrian grenadier division, which had been left behind to cover Bellegarde, who had just begun to retreat, in accordance with Charles's orders. Surprising the grenadiers, Pacthod stormed the position and pushed the Austrians back in disorder beyond the village of Aderklaa. They were supported by Tharreau's division of II Corps, which had managed to storm the plateau next to the village. Bellegarde reacted by sending in some of his reserves to stop the enemy onslaught, but the French managed to secure both Wagram and Aderklaa, two key positions on the battlefield. 3172: 3138:, and, shortly after, by the pieces from the "Army of Italy". The grand battery was deployed on a single line, covering some 2 kilometers, with the "Army of Italy" cannon facing Liechtenstein's Reserve Korps, while the Guard foot artillery was in the centre, facing Kollowrat's III Korps and the Guard horse artillery extended the line southwards, facing the village of Breintlee, which was in enemy hands. As they unlimbered, the French guns were ordered to open fire at once and the relatively short range—350 to 550 metres—and the flat and sodden ground, which allowed 611: 3580:

13:00, the French from Oudinot's II Corps had begun to advance frontally against the Austrian troops on the Wagram plateau. The mercurial Oudinot, who had been waiting for his orders to attack all morning, decided to wait no longer, despite the fact that he had not yet received his order. Opposite to Oudinot was Austrian II Korps. Having spent the entire morning doing nothing else than exchanging artillery fire with French II Corps, these men were relatively fresh. They were also in a very dangerous position. The commander of II Korps, the experienced

3309:'s brigade up the slope, but once there, he found himself in the middle of enemy barricades and was, according to his own account, unable to deploy a single squadron. The steel-clad cuirassiers made several attempts to break the sturdy Austrian masses, but the terrain was not proper for such action and their best attempts came to nothing. Taking some 300 casualties after several frustratingly ineffective charges, Arrighi pulled his men back to safety down the slope and furiously set off to find Davout and protest against the orders he had given. 2502:

forced them back northwestwards, away from any reinforcements they might have expected to receive from Pressburg. Napoleon also planned for his II and IX Corps, as well as the "Army of Italy" to launch secondary attacks, in order to prevent the Austrians from sending reinforcements to their left. In order to shorten and reinforce his battle line, the Emperor also ordered that most of the IV Corps move closer to Aderklaa, with this Corps set to take its new positions towards 02:00 that night. This meant that only Boudet's division was left at

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Liechtenstein's cavalry was to remain in the Gerasdorf plain, sending patrols towards the Russbach river to collect information about the French advance, Liechtenstein's grenadiers were directed to Hagenbrunn, Kollowrat's III Korps was to move towards the Stammersdorf heights, while Klenau was to deploy between Gerasdorf and Leopoldsau. Charles informed his corps commanders that he would be establishing his headquarters at Stammersdorf, and that they were all required to send an officer there before nightfall, in order to receive new orders.

1721:, commander of VI Korps was overtly critical of Charles's strategy and resigned on 4 July, on the eve of the battle of Wagram, giving health reasons as a pretext. Archduke Charles did make considerable efforts to rebuild his army and, despite the slow arrival of reinforcements, by the end of June, it was close to full strength again. Overall, Archduke Charles was well aware that he did not possess the means necessary to lead any offensive actions, so he promptly dismissed suggestions to run any major operations against the French base on 393: 186: 1382: 536: 524: 512: 500: 488: 476: 456: 435: 3679:

reinforcements. The battle raged on the next day, with some bloody fighting going on around Znaim. The Austrians took heavy casualties, some 6,200 men, during the battle and, as time passed, the French force was set to be augmented to some 84,000 men, following the imminent arrival of Davout and Oudinot. Recognising the futility of another battle, Charles decided to ask for an armistice. He did so on his own responsibility, as he did not have permission to do so from Emperor Francis I. Ignoring the advice of his senior commanders –

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strong Austrian army. Having successfully crossed the river, Napoleon attempted an early breakthrough and launched a series of evening attacks against the Austrian army. The Austrians were thinly spread in a wide semicircle, but held a naturally strong position. After the attackers enjoyed some initial success, the defenders regained the upper hand and the attacks failed. Bolstered by his success, the next day at dawn Archduke Charles launched a series of attacks along the entire battle line, seeking to take the opposing army in a

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arrive towards 17:00, much too late to make any difference. By now, Charles was acutely aware that his troops would not hold out much longer. His three corps on the Wagram plateau (I, II and IV) had been in action for some ten hours. On his right, Kollowrat's III Korps, Klenau's VI Korps and the Reserve Korps were being pushed back. Crucially, he had no battle reserves with which to either support his battered line or to launch a counterattack of his own. Continuing to fight in these conditions would have spelled the end of the

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men, who sought refuge behind Riese's brigade, where they reformed. Despite being present in large numbers, the Austrian cavalry failed to launch a massed charge and instead launched several small-scale charges, which produced little effect. At this crucial juncture, Friant committed his entire division and, despite the failure of a first attack, soon managed to gain a firm foothold on the escarpment, pushing towards the tower at Markgrafneusiedl, a sign that the battle in this sector was turning in favour of the French.

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manoeuvres only towards 09:30, when his men made contact with Prochaska's Grenadier division of Liechtenstein's Reserve Korps. For lack of orders, Kollowrat did not attempt an attack against the weak French left. In a move which was typical for Austrian tactics at the time, the 60-year-old Austrian commander had been busy securing his own rear, rather than thinking of any offensive action. He had cautiously left behind an entire brigade on the Bissamberg heights, facing Vienna, and detailed a sizable force to garrison

3543:'s division, came up against them. The French cavalry attack halted the advance of Klenau's Korps and allowed the French launch an attack of their own against the village of Essling. Six weeks before, during the Battle of Aspern-Essling, the French had valiantly defended this village against several Austrian attacks; now they were ordered to take it from some 1,200 whitecoats. The village was in ruins, but the sturdy stone granary was still standing and represented a formidable defensive structure. Nevertheless, 1101: 216: 1457:, a rare and resounding defeat for the French forces and an event that greatly encouraged the Austrian war party. With Napoleon forced to intervene personally and commit increasingly significant forces to the Spanish, the French military position in central Europe was severely weakened. In addition, Franco-Russian relations had deteriorated and, although the two countries remained allies on paper, it was unlikely that Russia would commit itself seriously to fighting France's enemies on the continent. 3313: 2339: 1113: 1053: 3147:, which was devastating for the densely packed Austrian battalions. In order to put even more pressure on the enemy, the French battery was ordered to advance steadily, while maintaining the most intense fire. This move soon forced Kollowrat to begin pulling his forces back. Meanwhile, however, the Austrian artillery was releasing sustained counter-battery fire with the six and eight-pounders that formed Kollowratt's and Liechtenstein's Corps artillery. But it was above all the murderous 3078: 1125: 1065: 3275:

village was by now largely engulfed in flames. The French were equally determined and even senior commanders exposed themselves to the greatest dangers (Davout's horse was shot under him and Gudin was seriously wounded) in order to give heart to the men. French pressure and the fast-spreading fire forced Hessen-Homburg's brigade, which had been drawn up in support of Rohan's division, to evacuate the position and reform on the escarpment behind the village, closely followed by Gudin's

1161: 1149: 1089: 1197: 3417: 1185: 954: 1036: 1012: 3192:. By 09:30, Davout's troops were in position and ready to commence their attack. Initial orders provided that Davout should send his four infantry divisions in a frontal assault northwards, but early that morning Napoleon changed his mind, after reconnoitering the position in person and noticing that he could take advantage from the weakness on the left of the Austrian position. The new orders stated that two of Davout's divisions, those of Gudin and Puthod, were to advance from 1173: 1137: 990: 978: 2514: 1640: 1077: 1024: 1938: 3539:'s cavalry to clear the enemy horse, which was pushing back Boudet's defeated division. Then, Marulaz fell upon and captured the Austrian battery which was bombarding the bridges over the Danube, sending the panicked gunners fleeing for their lives. An Austrian countercharge from Walmoden's Austrian hussars sent the French horse reeling and recaptured the lost battery, managing to carry most of it, except two guns, to safety, before more French cavalry, this time from 921: 3481: 2619: 928: 2140:, but then remained passive, while the French, who now had a numerous combined-arms presence there, were able to continue their advance unmolested. The first serious Austrian attempt to slow down the French onslaught came towards 15:00, when Liechtenstein and Nordmann tried to organise a joint operation, but they gave up quite early on, realising that they were opposed by a very powerful force of several infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions from 3002: 2148: 3267: 3151:, coming from the two 12-pounder batteries near Wagram, barely one kilometer away, that did the most harm to the French artillerymen. Soon, some French gun crews were reduced to such a point that Napoleon asked for volunteers among the Guard infantry, in order to replace the losses. Discarded artillery matches soon lit up the ripe corn crops and some of the wounded on both sides, unable to crawl away to safety, burned alive where they stood. 1775:

mainland, but maintained IV Corps on the island. He did not intend to abandon this position, as he was planning to use it as a springboard for his upcoming crossing. His next task was to rebuild the army. Casualties had been roughly equal to those of the enemy, but, with fewer troops engaged, some of Napoleon's battalions needed rebuilding from scratch. Losses in officers in particular had been extremely high and proved difficult to replace.

2946: 2095: 3428: 2107:. Meanwhile, Napoleon was free to advance north, into the Marchfeld plain, where he would have enough room to deploy his forces. The French advanced in battalion columns, with their front line formed by the Corps of Masséna on the left, Oudinot in the centre and Davout on the right, and the respective Corps cavalry screening the flanks. By noon, the French had advanced into the Marchfeld, a move which so far suited both commanders. 3086: 2660:, in a bid to outflank the Austrians. The sound of the cannon coming from Davout's sector interrupted Napoleon's breakfast, with the Emperor thinking that Archduke John must have arrived on the field of battle with his forces. The threat of Archduke John's arrival was overestimated, since French intelligence inaccurately placed the strength of this army at 30,000 men, instead of its actual 13,000 men. Napoleon immediately ordered 1591: 1528: 2615:, 10 battalions and 10 cavalry squadrons strong. The third column, under Nostitz, was 30 squadrons strong and was directed to outflank the French, towards Leopoldsdorf. Setting these troops in motion towards 4:00, just as his orders stated, Rosenberg instructed his commanders to maintain absolute silence among the rank and file as they advanced but, despite this, the troops moved forward in some disorder and with a lot of noise. 3670:

peace and, in order to achieve that, the Empire needed to have a large, battle-worthy army, which they could use as leverage during the peace talks. Between 9 and 12 July, the French from Eugène's "Army of Italy" clashed with Archduke John's forces in a series of skirmishes and pushed them back into Hungary, while Masséna caught up with and fought the Austrian rearguard in several actions, most notable of which was the one at

41: 2776:'s division from the Austrian Grenadier Reserve, which delayed Masséna's rearguard division, under General Legrand. Arriving with his other two divisions in the vicinity of Aderklaa towards 07:30, Masséna was spotted by Napoleon, who got into the Marshal's phaeton to consult with him about the situation they were facing and, after a brief discussion, the Emperor ordered the recapture of Aderklaa. Masséna instructed General 2434:

friendly fire and hand-to-hand combat ensued before it became obvious that these men were actually Saxons too. This fortuitous event had a significant impact on the attack, as the Saxons in the village now thought themselves surrounded and at once broke and retreated in disorder. The Saxon troops of the IX Corps were now completely demoralised and any attempts to rally and reform them at Aderklaa towards 23:00 failed.

935: 1737:, the richest province still under the Austrian Empire's control, open to a French invasion. By the end of June, Archduke Charles was still hoping that Napoleon might opt to negotiate, a misapprehension that the latter encouraged through a series of ruses. In the event that a battle would indeed occur, Charles planned to remain on the defensive and thus his actions depended on the moves of the enemy. A member of the 3036:. The hastily formed squadrons rode forth, but the flat terrain of the Marchfeld provided them with little cover from the devastating fire unleashed upon them by Austrian artillery. The heavy horsemen eventually made contact with the enemy near the village of Süssenbrunn, but found the infantry prepared to receive them and their first charge failed altogether. Rallying the men for a second attempt, with the elite 2425:

later, Zeschau's Saxon brigade, with Prince Maximilian's regiment attached to it, came in support, but these troops had been much disordered when crossing the Russbach, and upon entering the smoke filled streets of the village, they too lost impetus. With visibility much reduced by smoke, the situation at Deutsch-Wagram soon turned into chaos as all the troops inside spoke German and all, except the Austrian

5843: 2497:, commander of VI Corps, who had suffered a shattered hand and was out of action for the next day. Despite these setbacks, the Emperor had managed to fix the enemy forces and was now certain that Archduke Charles was ready to give battle on his current positions. For the second day of battle, Napoleon planned a main attack against the enemy left, which was to be conducted by the powerful III Corps under 2699:

gentle slope there. These new orders meant that Davout could not start his attack right away, as he needed to send a part of his troops east, where he had to bridge the Russbach stream, in order to allow his artillery to cross. Napoleon then issued orders to Oudinot and Eugène, instructing them to support Davout by pinning down the Austrian forces on the Russbach, once the IIIrd Corps began its attack.

618: 3237:. The Austrian first line met the advancing columns of Gudin and Puthod with steady fire, which forced the French attack to a temporary halt. Further east, Morand, leading the French attack, faced a similar fate, when the Austrians launched a combined infantry and cavalry attack which forced the French to draw back and reform. The first Austrian line, the two regiments from Mayer's brigade, the 4th 1520:, the French-dominated confederacy of German states. Austria hoped that Prussia would join the war and, by massing its main army in Bohemia, it signalled its intent to join up with the Prussians. However, by early April 1809, it became obvious that Prussia was not ready to commit, and the Austrians were forced to move their main army southwards, in a bid to launch their westward offensive along the 2843:'s brigade and the 67th Line regiment. These men soon found their advance barred by a crowd of retreating Saxons, with Masséna forced to order his men to fire at them, in order to clear the way. Molitor decidedly advanced towards his objective, despite the enemy fire and cavalry threatening his flanks and, after some bitter fighting, managed to retake the village towards 09:45. 3188:

Austrian pieces and cause fast-spreading fires in the village of Markgrafneusiedl. The fact that the French artillery won its duel with the Austrian artillery was due in part to the larger number of French high-calibre pieces, but most of all to their superior concentration of fire, with the artillery of French III Corps and II Corps cooperating and creating a deadly

1800:, became severely ill and had to leave his command a few weeks after the battle. Despite all these setbacks, the army and its officers retained total confidence in Napoleon's ability to lead them to victory and morale remained high. Evidence of this came a couple of days before the newly planned crossing of the Danube, when Napoleon's most senior Corps commander, 2772:, was also executing his orders and approaching the sector with three of his infantry divisions and his cavalry. In compliance with Napoleon's orders, Masséna's fourth infantry division, under General Boudet, had been left far to the south, defending the village of Aspern. The manoeuvre of IV Corps was hampered by the arrival of the leading battalions of the 2091:

crossing by using the tactics that worked so well during the Battle of Aspern-Essling – sending barges or trees downstream to ram the bridges – failed utterly on 5 July, because the French flotilla was in full control of the river. This allowed the bulk of Napoleon's army to cross to the northern bank of the Danube at great speed and in perfect safety.

2039:, already on the northern bank since 2 July, made a feint towards Aspern and Essling, in a bid to divert Austrian attention from the actual crossing. Several other bridges were finalised towards 02:00, allowing the bulk of II and III Corps, with their respective artillery, cavalry and equipment trains to cross to the northern bank. Napoleon ordered the 3640:

actually renew battle the next day. The Emperor rose early on 7 July and reconnoitred the battlefield in person, noting the huge losses in men on both sides and seeing that the Austrians had withdrawn. He then returned to more practical matters and, after receiving MacDonald's report, he suddenly embraced the general and elevated him to the dignity of

1688:. Thus, Charles's skepticism stemmed from the realisation that none of the strategic prerequisites for an Austrian victory in this war had materialised. He came to believe that his country's best option was to open negotiations with Napoleon but, despite his warning that "the first battle lost is a death sentence for the monarchy", his brother, 2358:'s division, temporarily attached to the "Army of Italy", spearheaded this attack and, as chance would have it, happened to get between the Austrian 1st and II Korps and was thus free to advance unmolested on Deutsch-Wagram from the east. Attacking Dedovich's division at Deutsch-Wagram, Dupas's small Franco-Saxon division was soon supported by 3225:; the Austrian horse subsequently redeployed to protect Nordmann's flank. Meanwhile, Davout personally led forward the divisions of Gudin and Puthod, who were to storm Markgrafneusiedl frontally. The village was defended by three Austrian brigades (Weiss, Hessen-Homburg and Swinburn), supported in second line by Infantry Regiment 3 1745:, stating that, should another battle be unavoidable, he would "strike one more blow against the French" but "risk nothing or as little as possible". Although he reckoned that Austria would need a major victory in order to turn the tide of the war, he believed that another battle against Napoleon would have doubtful results. 3053:. Displaying some great tactical skill, Nansouty wheeled right with his men and fell upon the Austrian artillery line near Aderklaa. Meanwhile, Bessières was busy fetching the Guard cavalry, which was only just beginning to arrive and with which he was intending to launch a second charge. Virtually under Napoleon's eyes, a 3213:, repulsing Fröhlich's Austrian cavalry elements and clearing the way for Friant and Morand, who began their enveloping manoeuvre against the enemy left. Rosenberg responded by redeploying his reserves to form a new flank: Mayer's brigade in first line, supported by Riese's brigade and Infantry Regiment 58 2493:; only Bernadotte was absent, as he was still struggling to rally his routed infantry at Aderklaa. Napoleon knew that he had sustained high losses during the evening attacks and that he had failed in his attempt at a quick breakthrough. As many as 11,000 French and Allies were out of action, including 3534:

Meanwhile, Masséna had indeed made remarkable progress since 11:00, when he had begun disengaging from the struggle at Aderklaa and organising his march against Klenau. On the French left, Klenau, commander of VI Korps, was fully aware of Masséna's manoeuvre, stating in his post-battle report that he

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Bessières. The Emperor was too far away from the action and Bessières had been wounded during his earlier cavalry charge and had been carried away from the battlefield, so the Horse Guards did not move. Towards 14:00, MacDonald's attack had ground to a halt and the opportunity to completely break the

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regiments protecting its rear. The assigned objective of this prodigious mass of men was to bludgeon its way forward and take the village of Süssenbrunn, the seam between the Austrian Grenadier Reserve and III Korps. Once managed to take the position, they would drive a wedge between the two Austrian

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Nordmann intervened in person to reestablish the situation and was mortally wounded while doing so, with the Austrian counterattack in this sector failing completely. The brave Nordmann was to be discovered moments later by the French in a ditch, where he was abandoned during the hasty retreat of his

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towards Markgrafneusiedl, forcing Rosenberg to commit a part of his forces in order to meet them, while the remaining infantry divisions, Friant's and Morand's, supported by Grouchy's and Montbruns cavalry divisions, would storm the plateau from the east. This order caused a significant delay, as the

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to assemble a massive battery. Its objective was to pound the enemy, stop their advance and force them to abandon their position between Aderklaa and Süssenbrunn. Lauriston's battery was formed of 84 pieces, including the entire 60 pieces of the Imperial Guard artillery park and 24 pieces supplied by

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Indeed, further north, Kollowrat had been slow in moving forward with his numerous III Korps. He deployed between the villages of Süssenbrunn and Breintlee and thus threatened the French flank, which was defended only by Legrand's infantry division and some cavalry. Kollowrat finished his positioning

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A final French attack was launched by Davout's III Corps, on the French right. Just like Bernadotte's, this action began later than expected, towards 21:00, with Davout's men tired after a day of marching and fighting. The French objective in this sector was to attack the naturally strong position at

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Hartizsch brought fresh Saxon troops against the position. Hartizsch was not informed that friendly troops were already in the village and, as he was coming up for the attack, he saw a large number of white-coats moving out of the position. The commander at once ordered his men to fire and minutes of

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Meanwhile, Nordmann's slow retreat allowed Klenau's VI Austrian Korps, which had also been placed in an advanced position, to make a skillful fighting retreat westwards, taking few losses. In sharp contrast, Nordmann's Advance Guard suffered horrendous losses, with its initial 12,000 infantry reduced

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island into a huge army base. The French built temporary campaign hospitals for his 20,000 wounded, as well as warehouses and barracks, which sheltered a numerous permanent military garrison. As soon as a secure bridge was built, the Emperor had the wounded and a part of the troops transferred to the

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became increasingly skeptical about his chances of winning the war. His analysis of the battle revealed that he had been unable to capitalise on his overwhelming numerical superiority and had thus failed to achieve more than a tactical victory. Also of great significance, despite Austrian attempts to

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Globally, since neither army provided a complete tabulation of their losses, the exact number of casualties is hard to establish. One author suggests that French casualties of all sorts approached 40,000 men, greatly surpassing those of the Austrians. More conservative estimates place overall French

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Masséna had accomplished his mission and had no further orders to continue his action but, hearing the intense cannonade on his right, he understood that he needed to continue his attack. He detailed Boudet's division to march on Kagran, while his other three infantry divisions marched on Leopoldau.

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As MacDonald's lumbering column moved forward, Austrian artillery opened up against the accompanying French cannon, disabling 15 of them, before they even had time to unlimber and respond. The Austrian guns then focussed on MacDonald's slow-moving formation, whose deep ranks presented ideal targets.

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While the French were preparing their attack, artillery on both sides opened up, with Rosenberg's batteries placed on high ground and at times behind earthworks. Despite the superior Austrian tactical position, after about two hours of bombardment, the French managed to put out of action most of the

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promptly stepped in to protect the retreating infantry, driving off the Austrian horse and then charging the artillery that the Austrians were preparing to deploy in front of Aderklaa. The Austrian gunners abandoned their pieces and fled, but Liechtenstein committed additional cavalry, which at once

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also moved forward, in a bid to launch a supporting attack between Aderklaa and Deutsch-Wagram. The 24th Light and 4th Line successfully drove back the two Austrian battalions positioned before the village, which broke and caused some disorder in the Austrian first line. The French impetuously moved

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Meanwhile, Archduke Charles was observing the entire operation. With Archduke John's reinforcements failing to materialise from the east and no sign of the III and VI Korps approaching from the west to take their intended positions, Charles realised that the unsupported Rosenberg was now too exposed

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Archduke Charles of Austria was also planning the next day of battle, at his headquarters in Deutsch-Wagram. Charles was exhausted and had been lightly wounded when he took personal command of a regiment during the critical moments of the battle, but overall he was probably satisfied with the result

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Davout, who was ordered to attack the enemy on the plateau behind the Russbach stream, storm the strategic village of Markgrafneusiedl and then roll up the enemy flank. Such an action, if successful, would have compromised the position of the other Austrian Korps on the Wagram plateau and would have

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Klenau's VI Korps, in all 25,000 infantrymen, were gradually withdrawing northwards. The Austrian infantry were formed in masses, a formation that had proved very efficient in fending off cavalry, but whose compact ranks made it extremely vulnerable to artillery fire. Casualties began to mount at an

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regiment) lay. The village itself constituted a sturdy defensive position and Napoleon himself came forward to inspect it, noticing that it was strong enough to potentially delay the deployment of IV Corps onto the Marchfeld plain beyond. The Emperor thus ordered his heavy batteries on Lobau island,

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from French batteries on Lobau island and, with increasing numbers of enemy battalions coming up, Nordmann had no option but to turn north, leaving behind detachments at Sachsengang castle and Gross-Enzersdorf. With most of his troops available by now, Oudinot and his II Corps approached Sachsengang

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Berthier. Napoleon was aware that the Austrians had thrown earthworks between Aspern and Groß-Enzersdorf and planned to cross southeast of these positions and then outflank the enemy fortified line. This meant, however, that his forces had a much longer march before making contact with the enemy. On

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respectively, thus occupying a sound strategic position. Although the army was not strong enough to occupy both positions and no earthworks were provided for the new position, it was thought that, given that the two heights were placed at an angle to one another, any enemy force attacking would find

1741:, Archduke Charles saw the army as an invaluable tool, meant to protect the existence of the Monarchy. He was thus a cautious commander, never willing to risk it all in order to obtain a decisive victory, a commitment that he reiterated towards the end of June, when he wrote to his uncle and mentor, 1312:

drove an offensive, which turned the Austrian left, and rendered Charles's position untenable. Towards mid-afternoon on 6 July, Charles admitted defeat and led a retreat, frustrating enemy attempts to pursue. After the battle, Charles remained in command of a cohesive force and decided to retreat to

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on 7 July. Charles and his senior commanders had considered various plans to continue the campaign, but in the end, Charles was not positioning his army for a continuation of the campaign. The Austrian commander's view well before the Battle of Wagram had been that Austria's best option was to make

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Klenau was being ousted from Essling, Archduke Charles received much-awaited news about the arrival of his brother on the battlefield. However, the news were disappointing: Archduke John of Austria and his 13,000 men, Charles's only hope for rescuing his collapsing left flank, would only be able to

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Just before 13:00, MacDonald moved towards his assigned location, with eight battalions from Lamarque and Broussier's division deployed in line, forming the front line, with the other 15 battalions remaining in column, a formation which could more easily fend off the increasing menace poised by the

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In the meantime, Gudin and Puthod had also rallied their men and launched them in another attack against Markgrafneusiedl. They were met this time by Rohan's division from Rosenberg's IV Korps, which valiantly attempted to hold its ground, in a stubborn house-to-house defense, despite the fact that

3217:. However, all these troops were drawn from Nordmann's Advance Guard, a Corps which had sustained heavy casualties the previous day. During this manoeuvre, Nostitz's cavalry, placed initially on the plain below the escarpment, were pushed back and forced up the slope of the plateau by Grouchy's and 2917:

soon compelled these men to retreat and leave behind the artillery. After making a timid attempt to defend Aspern with the 93rd Line, Boudet then chose to retreat towards Essling and Vincent's division occupied Aspern, subsequently launching a determined pursuit. The Austrians soon came in range of

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Stutterheim, which he sent towards Aderklaa. A strategic village that was surrounded by an earthwork, Aderklaa offered a strong defensive position and Bellegarde was naturally expecting to encounter stiff resistance from the enemy defending the village. He was much surprised to receive reports that

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After the conference, Napoleon asked Davout to stay on and the two spent a long time planning Davout's difficult and complex attack on the fortified position at Markgrafneusiedl, an action which the Emperor saw as decisive for the battle to come. Napoleon was expecting reinforcements: the French XI

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With the fighting fading out completely towards 23:00, the two commanders were at their respective headquarters, knowing that the following day would be decisive for the outcome of the battle. Meanwhile, with an extremely cold night settling in, soldiers from both armies lit fires to warm up, while

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regiment, but the Saxons pushed on and entered the village. Once they reached the vicinity of the village church, the Saxons were steadily met by the third battalion of infantry regiment 17 and the attack at once broke down, with the attackers forced to take shelter in the buildings nearby. Moments

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repulsed the French attackers, pushing them beyond the Russbach and to their initial positions. Bellegarde's good maneuver and Archduke Charles's inspired intervention ensured a totally successful counterattack, and avoided what could have developed into a dangerous situation for the Austrian army.

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Archduke Charles was by now well aware of Napoleon's intentions but remained committed to his plan not to fight the battle on the flat Marchfeld plain, where the superior French cavalry would have given Napoleon a clear edge. Thus, Charles did nothing to support his two forward units and watched as

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Archduke Charles did not seriously consider the possibility that the French could cross elsewhere than north of Lobau island until late on 4 July. When he finally accounted for this scenario, Charles remained faithful to his earlier plan not to move his forces towards the river. Instead, he planned

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would throw up such poor earthworks. Charles's belief that Napoleon would cross north of Lobau seemed to be confirmed on 2 July, when he received news that French forces began to cross the river there. The Austrian commander thought that the battle scenario he had prepared for – a repetition of the

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and was so astonished by the severity of the setback that he remained in unaccustomed inaction for 36 hours. After recovering his usual drive, his immediate concern was to improve the dire situation of his army, which was in very bad shape and virtually trapped on Lobau island, after the Danube had

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On the Austrian side, losses had also been heavy. An official tabulation established that there were 51,626 officers and men missing on 11 July 1809, compared to the overall complements on 5 July 1809. This figure thus accounts not only for the Battle of Wagram, but also for losses during the many

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Davout's successful flanking manoeuvre did not escape unnoticed. Despite the considerable distance, towards 13:00, Napoleon could see through his spyglass that the smoke line in Davout's sector was by now well beyond the clearly visible tower at Markgrafneusiedl, a sign that his men had managed to

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Dragoons. A massive, albeit brief, cavalry clash occurred and in the melee, both Nostitz and Rothkirch were wounded and the Austrians were driven back, leaving behind the cannon they had captured moments earlier and taking refuge behind the infantry. This was the major cavalry action of the battle

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Masséna was near Raasdorf, forming his men for their march south. Towards 11:00, he rallied many of the men who had routed during the attack on Aderklaa and then had rations of brandy distributed, in order to boost morale. With a part of his troops still fighting to keep Aderklaa, Masséna directed

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of the Guard, some 2,000 sabres, belatedly launched a brief charge of their own, but they were also repulsed by the prepared enemy. With Bessières presumed dead, Nansouty took command of the entire cavalry, but, not knowing the Emperor's directives, decided to pull his battered troop back. In all,

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Kollowrat, commanding III Korps, moved forward towards the French left. Both commanders had received their orders very late and both had a long distance to cover before they could reach their assigned positions. They did their best to comply but, given the difficulties of a long night march, their

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Nevertheless, the Austrians had sufficient fresh troops in this sector and they soon launched fresh attacks, with elements of 1st Korps and the Grenadier Reserve. Despite having taken heavy casualties during his attack, Molitor resolutely defended the position and it took the numerous Austrians in

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IX Corps. However, Bernadotte's largely inexperienced infantry had suffered greatly during the evening attacks the day before and many units had routed, retreating beyond Aderklaa. With his infantry reduced to some 6,000 men, the commander had difficulties rallying a part of his troop but he could

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Coordination between the Korps' movements was vital for the success of this plan, yet this was something that the Austrian army command and control system had repeatedly failed to achieve during past conflicts. As a result, the two Corps that were farthest from headquarters, VI and III Korps, only

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Bellegarde intervened in person, maneuvering to refuse his flank to the enemy, with the French advance also faltering, due to heavy smoke. With visibility reduced, the French mistook the white uniforms of their Saxon allies from the Schützen and Grenadier battalions, believing them to be Austrians

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was well aware of the French preparations on Lobau island and thus understood that the French attack would come from there. Archduke Charles was however unsure about where the French would cross and, together with his staff reckoned that the crossing would most likely be made from the north of the

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It thus became clear to the Archduke that another battle would be forthcoming, although he still nourished hopes that Napoleon himself might make peace overtures. Although morale among the rank and file remained fair following Aspern-Essling, the atmosphere among the Austrian senior commanders was

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Charles's retreat left Napoleon with two options: pursue the defeated Austrian army north of the Danube or occupy Vienna, which was now covered by a secondary enemy force and could not hope to hold out. Uncharacteristically, Napoleon, who had stated on a number of occasions that the purpose of any

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but the dogged French marshal repulsed the attackers. The tide of the campaign had turned but Napoleon misjudged the strategic situation, thinking that the force that had fought Davout was only a flank guard and that the main force lay before him; in reality it was the opposite. As the French took

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It took Napoleon six weeks to prepare his next offensive, for which he amassed a 172,000-man French, German and Italian army in the vicinity of Vienna. The Battle of Wagram began after Napoleon crossed the Danube with the bulk of these forces during the night of 4 July and attacked the 136,000-man

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It was just after noon and, despite the failure of the French cavalry assault, Rosenberg was aware that his beleaguered line was about to give way, with possibly catastrophic consequences for the entire Austrian army. With his entire force already committed and no reserves, the Austrian commander

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With the situation looking increasingly dangerous for his army, Napoleon reassessed the developments and probably noted that he was holding the central position of an increasingly curved battlefront. He first sent word to Davout to hasten his attack preparations against the Austrian left, but the

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were also built. The French also captured a Danube flotilla and built additional patrol ships, which meant that they were, by the end of June, in almost complete control of the river, allowing Napoleon to write in the Army Bulletin of 2 July that "the Danube no longer exists for the French army".

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By nightfall on 6 July, the Austrians, still capable of action, had broken contact with their pursuers and Charles had managed to reestablish a cohesive, albeit irregular front. The remarkable combat-worthiness shown during the evening fighting left Napoleon wondering whether the Austrians would

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While MacDonald's attack was drawing the attention of the Austrians, the French launched their general attack. Napoleon committed Marmont's fresh XI Corps, sending these men to take position opposite to Austrian I Korps and fill the gap between the "Army of Italy" and II Corps. Moreover, towards

3547:'s brigade from Legrand's 1st division stormed the position and, after intense fighting, they secured Essling towards 14:00, sending the defenders fleeing towards Aspern. Masséna then took Aspern after a brief combat and, collecting his four infantry divisions, continued to press Klenau, sending 3509:

regiments of the Imperial Guard, as well as the Saxon cavalry. The Bavarian division quickly came up in support but exchanged fire with the enemy only briefly and it was solely the artillery that really came into action, as the Austrians were by now in full retreat. Behind the Bavarians came the

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Riese, did not bother to show himself throughout the day. The church, with its conspicuous stone tower, was finally lost by the Austrians towards noon, when Friant managed to push through and link up with Gudin and Puthod, forcing the three Austrian regiments to withdraw, in order to avoid being

3183:

Davout was preparing his attack, the manoeuvre with which Napoleon intended to win the battle. In order to gain a foothold on the plateau before him, Davout had to drive back the forces of Rosenberg's Austrian IV Korps. The two forces had already clashed during the abortive night attacks the day

2736:

Fresnel's division, which he deployed in two lines, behind the position and formed the rest of his Corps in a line between Aderklaa and Deutsch-Wagram. Liechtenstein's cavalry duly came up in support, taking a wide position behind 1st Korps, between Deutsch-Wagram and Süssenbrunn, but Bellegarde

2726:

Bellegarde, commander of the Austrian 1st Korps, also set his men in motion in time, just as his orders stated. He had begun his manoeuvre just after 03:00, moving south, out of his position along the Russbach line and at Deutsch-Wagram, Bellegarde formed a vanguard of three battalions and three

2698:

with III Corps. The Emperor reconfirmed that he wanted Davout to take Markgrafneusiedl, but, instead of a massive frontal attack, he instructed the Marshal to launch a part of his men frontally against the position and a part in an enveloping move from the east, in order to take advantage of the

2415:

Bernadotte, in command of the Saxon IX Corps, was preparing his own assault, planning to attack the Austrians at Deutsch-Wagram from the west. This attack was delayed, as Bernadotte had to wait for the arrival of Zezschwitz's division, but at around 21:00 the Saxons moved towards the village. As

1840:

led vast military engineering works that resulted in the building of two strong bridges from the south bank to Lobau island. These were to be used to transfer supplies and troops onto the island. Bertrand secured these bridges against any floating barges that the Austrians might have launched to

1332:

With 74,000 casualties, the two-day battle of Wagram was particularly bloody, mainly due to the use of 800 artillery pieces and the expenditure of 200,000 rounds of artillery ammunition on a flat battlefield packed with some 300,000 men. Although Napoleon was the uncontested winner, he failed to

3718:

were given priority and were quite well cared for. Of the total 1,200 guardsmen of all arms wounded at Wagram, half were able to return to the ranks within a few days and only 145 died from their wounds. The troops of the line were not so lucky. Most of the wounded on both sides had been hit by

3352:

Hussars, charged Montbrun's first line, overwhelming the French 7th Hussars. The Austrians then made a dash towards Montbrun's second line, which made a surprising attempt to drive off the attackers with a carbine volley, which failed to break the impetus of the charge and sent the French horse

2300:

An artillery bombardment, between 19:00 and 19:30 opened up the French attack, with Oudinot launching a part of his II Corps against the Austrian II Korps under Prince Hohenzollern. The Austrian defenders were prepared for the attack: Hohenzollern had deployed his men in two lines, with a heavy

1712:

and some of the corps commanders. The constant flow of information from the front maintained a bellicose atmosphere in the high political circles and an erroneously optimistic opinion about Austria's military situation, which hindered Charles's best attempts to get his brother to sue for peace.

3930:

The general retreat direction was northwest. Rosenberg's troops were already retreating north towards Bockfluss. Charles's orders provided that the various army corps will retreat, following the pace set by Bellegarde's I Korps. The order provided that Bellegarde was to move towards Gerasdorf,

2296:

After the successful crossing of the Danube and deployment of his army on the Marchfeld plain, Napoleon achieved his primary goal for the day. Nevertheless, towards 18:00, either because he was dissatisfied with the result of the first engagements or because he was fearing that the enemy might

3048:

battalion, thus creating a breach between the two Austrian Corps. In the end however, the effects of a cavalry charge against prepared infantry were always set to be limited and the cavalrymen made little further impression on the grenadier battalions, which were by now formed in tight, solid

2090:

moved against the village of Essling, which fell to the French without much resistance. By 10:00, Napoleon was pleased to notice that the bridgehead had been completely secured and that all enemy attempts to destroy the bridges had failed. Indeed, all Austrian attempts to frustrate the French

3665:. The Austrian army had suffered greatly during the Battle of Wagram and had to leave behind their wounded, but did make off with thousands of French prisoners, a couple of dozen guns and a few eagles. Making good use of night marches, Archduke Charles had the bulk of his forces assembled at 2462:

promptly repulsed the French horse. Realising the futility of his action, Davout called off his infantry attack towards 22:00, leaving only his artillery to exchange fire with the Austrian gunners. Davout's initiative to call off his attack early on triggered subsequent, perhaps unwarranted,

2065:, in a bid to shell the defenders into submission. Austrian resistance was brief, with the garrison surrendering towards 08:00. Further north, Masséna directed his divisions straight to the strategic village of Gross-Enzersdorf, where the rest of Nordmann's rearguard (two battalions from the 2216:

regiment from Bernadotte's Corps, who had recklessly moved forward unsupported. D'Hurbal's cuirassiers stood to receive the charge and repulsed them by firing a pistol volley from 30 meters. This practice that was highly unusual for the cavalry tactics of the time but in this case it worked

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to storm Aderklaa with his division and, seeing that the General delayed his action, trying to find a weak spot of the solid position, the Marshal hurried him forward for an immediate attack. The assault was led by the 24th Light and 4th Line regiments, which were followed by the excellent

2599:

Nostitz's division. Receiving his orders in due time, Rosenberg began to organise his attack, forming the IV Korps into three large columns, preceded by an advance guard. The first column was formed by Hessen-Homburg's brigade, 6 battalions strong, which was directed towards the village of

1916:. This was a major decision, as it meant that the earlier plan to man the 16 redoubts next to the Danube and fight the enemy there was abandoned. Instead, Archduke Charles occupied both the Bisamberg heights and the Wagram plateau behind the Russbach river, covering the retreat routes to 1587:, with the Austrians coming off worse each time and having their left wing cut off from the bulk of the army. In the end, however, Charles succeeded in avoiding a decisive defeat, preserving a combat-ready army which he directed north of the Danube, where he awaited Napoleon's next move. 3678:

and was momentarily largely outnumbered. His 10,000 men faced some 60,000 massed enemy troops, but, in the typical style of Napoleonic warfare, Marmont decided to attack in order to pin down the enemy. He could reasonably expect to be reinforced soon and at 22:00, Napoleon arrived with

2086:'s French cavalry from IV Corps. With the defenders of the village now cut off and defending what was becoming a burning inferno, Colonel Sainte-Croix assumed command of the 46th Line regiment and stormed the position, taking some 400 prisoners. Further west, the division commanded by 3305:, who had no previous command experience at divisional level. The division was formed of four cuirassier regiments, the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th, totaling 16 squadrons and almost 2,000 men. Receiving his orders to charge immediately, Arrighi hastily formed his squadrons and led forward 3074:

the French cavalry charge had been very costly; for the entire day, Nansouty's division alone lost 1,200 horses killed or wounded and a great number of men out of action. However, it did allow Masséna to successfully disengage and gained time for the deployment of the grand battery.

1543:, one of France's main allies, while secondary Austrian armies launched offensives of their own. Meanwhile, Napoleon was in Paris, conscious that the war was imminent but unaware that the Austrians were prepared for immediate offensive. Command of the French and allied army, styled 3040:

leading the way, Nansouty pushed through, but many of his troopers were unable to follow, leaving many of the squadrons reduced to just a handful of men. It seemed at first that the charge would do some serious damage, especially when the Frenchmen managed to break and sabre the

1333:

secure an overwhelming victory and the Austrian casualties were only slightly greater than those of the French and allies. Nonetheless, the defeat was serious enough to shatter the morale of the Austrians, who could no longer find the will to continue the struggle. The resulting

2322:) stood their ground, despite the flames. Unable to storm the position with Frère's division, Oudinot launched a flanking attack to the right of the village, with some of his best troops: the 57th Line regiment (styled "the Terrible") and the 10th Light regiment, both from 2265:'s division) near Aderklaa, Viceroy Eugène's "Army of Italy" in the centre, while Oudinot's II Corps was deployed opposite to Baumersdorf and Davout's III Corps continued the French line eastwards, beyond Glinzendorf. The rest of the French and Allied troops, including the 2825:

from Liechtenstein's cavalry also charged in support of the infantry. This powerful attack drove Carra Saint-Cyr's defenders out of Aderklaa and the cavalry attack resulted in them joining the panic-stricken Saxons in a disorderly retreat. Masséna's cavalry, under

2685:

Radetzky in coordinating a combined-arms operation to slow down the French onslaught, while the rest of Rosenberg's troops retreated. By 06:00, Rosenberg was finally back to his initial positions, but his two-hour action had cost him no less than 1,100 casualties.

1299:. The offensive failed against the French right but nearly broke Napoleon's left. However, the Emperor countered by launching a cavalry charge, which temporarily halted the Austrian advance. He then redeployed IV Corps to stabilise his left, while setting up a 2260:

Opposite to the Austrians lay the French Army, which managed to fully deploy towards 18:00. From left to right, the French army included: Masséna's IV Corps, covering a wide area between the Danube and Süssenbrunn, the lead elements of Bernadotte's XI Corps

1815:

Napoleon reckoned that he would need careful planning and superior forces, before he could attempt another crossing of the Danube. In order to achieve that, he needed to secure his island-base at Lobau. Following the Emperor's orders, the commander of the

3658:. The French tried to close the gap through sustained march. Spearheading the pursuit were the army corps of Masséna to the west, Marmont in the centre and Davout to the east, while the "Army of Italy" was detailed to keep an eye on Archduke John's army. 3353:

reeling. As a result of his successful charge, Wartensleben was able to capture ten French horse artillery pieces. But the Austrian triumph was fleeting and Montbrun had carefully prepared a countercharge with his reserve and skilfully launched the 12th

2167:

Bernadotte's IX Corps had been steadily advancing, with the French II Corps on their right, but began to meet steady resistance, when troops from Nordmann's Corps decided to make a stand. These men were from Riese's brigade, soon reinforced by the 13th

2221:, with the right leading. D'Hurbal again chose to meet them with a pistol volley but this time the Saxons managed to maintain the impetus of their charge and crashed into the Austrian cuirassiers. Amongst the Saxon cavalry was a single squadron of the 3618:

By 16:00, the entire Austrian army was in full retreat. They executed this manoeuvre admirably, with the formations remaining cohesive and withdrawing in echelon, each formation protecting the retreat of the adjoining one. During this phased retreat,

2342:

The evening attack on 5 July included offensive actions from the French "Army of Italy" (short: Ar. It.), II, III and IX Corps, against the Austrian 1st, II and IV Corps. The intervention of the Austrian Grenadier Reserve and Cavalry Reserve was not

2354:, commander of the V Corps of the "Army of Italy" launched his men in an assault on the Wagram plateau. With the village of Baumersdorf in flames and a gentle breeze blowing from the east, the advance of the French troops was masked by heavy smoke. 2310:'s division, which managed to reach the outskirts of the small village of Baumersdorf. This village, consisting of no more than 30 wooden houses and a bridge, soon caught fire from the French artillery bombardment, but the Austrian defenders from 2534:, which were approaching the battlefield that night. These reinforcements placed the French and Allied forces at 140,500 infantry, 28,000 cavalry and 488 guns, with an additional 8,500 men and 129 guns left behind as garrison on Lobau island. 1788:, who had been created a Marshal of the Empire just a month before, in recognition of his brilliant conduct during the earlier campaign, but received a mortal wound during the battle and died before the coveted baton could arrive from Paris. 3798:

With some 95,000 men committed to battle, the Austrians had held a 3/1 numeric advantage at the end of the first day of battle and a 3/2 numeric superiority throughout the second day. The Austrians also deployed 200 cannon to the French 90

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screen and was occupying a naturally strong position, which had been reinforced with earthworks. The Austrian Korps had also deployed its powerful artillery of 68 pieces. Nevertheless, the French crossed the Russbach stream, spearheaded by

2034:

then started work and, making good use of the current, managed to bridge the arm of the Danube in no more than five minutes, using another pivoting bridge. This allowed Masséna's divisions to begin crossing, while the division commanded by

2933:, a village situated in his rear. He also sent a combined-arms force to occupy the village of Breintlee, to the south. Despite his sound tactical position, which allowed him to envelop Masséna's flank or even march towards the undefended 2681:

and in an increasingly dangerous position. Charles thus ordered Rosenberg to fall back to his initial position at Markgrafneusiedl and assume a defensive posture there. This was no easy task and it took all the determination and skill of

3437:

numerous enemy cavalry. This unusual formation, some 800 metres long and 550 metres wide, was to be supported by the remains of the Grand Battery, which had orders to advance on its right and open intense fire against the Austrian line.

1909:

battle fought at the end of May – was about to materialise, so he promptly moved his entire force to face the enemy. However, it soon became obvious that the French force was only a small detachment, sent forward to secure a bridgehead.

1524:. Strategically, the decision was sound, since an offensive along the river valley allowed better protection for the Austrian capital. Nevertheless, the time-consuming manoeuvres to Bohemia and back cost the Austrians an entire month. 1663:, Aspern-Essling was a costly victory. Crucially, it improved the overall morale of the troops as it proved that, despite their early string of defeats, the army could fight extremely well. However, in the weeks following the battle, 3782:

for his failure would have severe consequences for Napoleon in later years. Unexpectedly elected heir to the throne of Sweden the following year, the former Marshal would eventually prove an asset to the Sixth and Seventh Coalition.

3142:

to ricochet far, meant that results were almost immediate. Entire files of Austrian infantry and cavalry, sometimes as much as 20 men, were blown away with a single shot and in some cases the French were even able to use short-range

3719:

cannon fire, which caused horrendous injuries, often requiring amputation. The shock of the surgery, massive loss of blood, poor after-care and the risk of infection meant the chances of survival following amputation were not good.

1613:, to fend off the ferocious Austrian onslaught but, by nightfall, the remains of the French forces were safely across the arm of the Danube, on the island of Lobau. Napoleon had suffered the first significant defeat of his career. 3321:

could do little to prevent the seemingly unstoppable French onslaught. It was at this decisive moment that Archduke Charles personally brought reinforcements to his battered left wing: five battalions from Infantry Regiment 57

3208:

The French began their steady advance between 09:30 and 10:00, their movement hidden from view by the thick smoke resulting from the intense artillery bombardment. On the right, Montbrun's cavalry had already advanced towards

1904:. Strangely, he did not extend the earthworks southeast, along the riverline, which meant that the line could be outflanked. Moreover, the redoubts did not provide all-round protection and an Austrian observer noted that only 3683:

Berthier was vocal in advising the continuation of hostilities and destruction of the Austrian Empire – Napoleon accepted. The Armistice of Znaim marked the end of the active phase of the 1809 war between France and Austria.

2128:. Additionally, towards 13:00, Nordmann became extremely concerned that the numerous French cavalry, might cut him off from the rest of the army. Seeing the dangerous situation of his Advance Guard, Archduke Charles ordered 1807:

fell from his horse and badly injured his foot, rendering him unable to ride for some time. In sheer contrast with Hiller's gesture, Masséna, although in significant pain, made arrangements to lead his men in battle from a

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the village was completely undefended and, after making sure that it was not a trap, Bellegarde immediately ordered his vanguard to occupy it. The 1st Korps commander then brought an additional force of 12 battalions of

2330:

regiment against them: the 10th Light panicked and fled, taking the 57th Line with them. After a disorderly retreat, the two regiments stopped and reformed when they met the steady ranks of the Imperial Guard, towards

1699:, with supreme authority over the entire Austrian army, Charles's position was constantly undermined by his imperial brother and the war party at the court, who were corresponding directly on military matters with his 2391:

at them, which triggered a precipitated retreat of these men. With Archduke Charles now personally present to reestablish order, the morale of the Austrians soared and a vigorous joint attack by infantry regiment 42

2015:

secured towards 22:00. This allowed the French to deploy three pivoting bridges, which had been prepared in advance and on which other elements of Oudinot's II Corps began to cross. Meanwhile, further north, Colonel

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to come in support, but his orders seem not to have reached them at all. Circumstances were so dire on the French left that Bessières opted not to wait for the Guard cavalry and sent orders for an immediate charge.

1956:, whose secondary army was stationed near Pressburg. Charles informed John that the battle was imminent and that it "will decide the fate of our dynasty", ordering him to draw closer to the main army by marching to 3253:

regiment counterattacked and Morand's frontline regiments, the 13th Light and 17th Line were momentarily in a difficult situation. However, Friant was quick to react in support of his fellow commander, sending the

3535:

saw an "Infernal Column" advancing towards him. By 12:30, elements of IV Corps were at Essling and Masséna received the Emperor's dispatch, informing him of Davout's success and urging him to attack. Masséna sent

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Napoleon, who was by now present alongside Davout, reconnoitered the situation and, seeing that Archduke John's army was nowhere near the battlefield, ordered the reserves back to Raasdorf, leaving only Arrighi's

2187:, near which they had to stop, towards 15:30, as they met enemy cavalry. Towards 17:00, in an attempt to secure the vital position at Aderklaa, the Austrians launched a cavalry attack with the brigade of French 3739:

and von Hartitzsch) and another 238 officers, as well as 7,000 men were killed. Additionally, 37 generals, 883 officers and over 25,000 men were wounded and 4,000 men were taken prisoner, many of them wounded.

3555:'s division of the "Army of Italy", which had been sent to plug the gap between IV Corps and the rest of the army, had just taken the village of Breitenlee. Durutte's division was able to link up with Molitor. 3692:

With more than 300,000 combatants, Wagram was the largest battle in European history up to its time. With at least 72,000 casualties on both sides, it was also the bloodiest military engagement of the entire

2912:

suddenly came up and captured these guns. The French 56th Line regiment boldly charged the enemy horse and momentarily recaptured the guns, but they lacked horses to carry them back and the intense Austrian

2737:

chose not move beyond Aderklaa. An immediate Austrian attack would have posed a serious threat to the stability of the French left wing, but Bellegarde had orders which stated that he needed to wait for the

1449:, who became King José I of Spain. The new king was, however, not well received by the population and much of the country's ruling elite who felt that Napoleon was imposing on them, which triggered a bloody 3505: 3590:

Seeing the Austrians in full retreat, Oudinot lost his composure and galloped along his line, shouting his commands, ordering his men to run at the enemy. One of the Corps divisional commanders, general

3518:, with strict orders to avoid "getting involved in any adventure". With the support of the Guard, the Bavarians captured Süssenbrunn and they alone continued the pursuit beyond this village. The Guard 2672:

divisions from the Cavalry Reserve to that sector, followed by the Imperial Guard. Nansouty's horse artillery was the first to arrive and deployed on the right flank of the advancing Austrians, opening

3488:

Further north, protecting the other flank of MacDonald's column lay the fresh Guard Cavalry Division, which also received MacDonald's invitation to charge, but remained motionless, with its commander,

3204:

Davout ordering the assault of Markgrafneusiedl. The commander of III Corps had his horse shot under him while leading his men from the front but continued his relentless attacks on the Austrian left.

2233:

cuirassiers and these units fought in a generalized melee that involved the entire cavalry present. After a few minutes, d'Hurbal's Austrians were beaten back and pursued, until they were rescued by

2078:

and 10 howitzers, to bombard the village. In total, some one thousand shells were fired on Gross-Enzersdorf, with the village quickly becoming engulfed in flames. The commander of Austrian VI Korps,

2183:. Bernadotte sent forward the two battalions of the 5th Light regiment, which successfully pushed back the opposition, allowing the rest of his Corps to continue its advance towards the village of 3576:

and, in Charles's view, the end of the Habsburg Empire. His only realistic option was to begin an orderly retreat, which he ordered by mid morning, directing each corps along its line of retreat.

1960:, adding that John should leave behind "all baggage and impedimenta". As chance would have it, heavy thunderstorms delayed delivery of the message, which only got to Archduke John 23 hours later. 3069:

Cuirassiers against them. The Austrians hit the now diminished and tired French cavalry in flank, wounding Defrance and sending his men reeling back to their own lines with heavy casualties. The

2237:'s cuirassier brigade. After this cavalry action, Prince Liechtenstein decided that he had lost too many men to no avail and consequently pulled the bulk of his forces back to safety, behind the 2017: 2973:

Towards 11:00, Bessières received his orders, which provided for an immediate attack at the weak point of the enemy line, the seam between Austrian III Korps and the Reserve Korps, where only

1401:

coalitions had ensured almost undisputed continental hegemony, to such an extent that no other European power could challenge the might of Napoleon's empire. However, despite having defeated

1896:

island, making landfall roughly at the same location as at the Battle of Aspern-Essling. Working on this hypothesis, Charles had a chain of 16 defensive redoubts built, essentially between

2918:

the French heavy batteries placed on Lobau island, and the bombardment slowed down their advance, but they still pushed on towards Essling, which Boudet promptly abandoned towards 10:00.

3544: 1492:. In stark contrast to 1805, by 1809 Austria had managed to reform its military and build a relatively modern and overall redoubtable army, placed in the hands of their best commander, 1836:, but above all with the aim of keeping the enemy guessing about the exact location of the upcoming crossing. The French also needed reliable bridges. Starting work on 1 June, General 1203: 3033: 3057:

brushed Bessières's thigh, unhorsing the Marshal, who violently hit the ground and lost consciousness. While Bessières was being carried away from the battlefield, Nansouty and his

3218: 2937:, in the rear of the French army, Kollowrat moved forward cautiously, contenting himself with bombarding Masséna's force with two batteries that he had positioned near Breintlee. 2458:

were ordered to attack frontally, through the village of Grosshofen. Davout also sent a part of his cavalry to open the way for the infantry attack but the Austrian cavalry under

2061:

castle and came up against its defenders: two Austrian battalions and a few small-calibre cannon. The French opted against storming the position and instead brought forward their

1978:

4 July, by nightfall, under the cover of a violent thunderstorm that impeded any Austrian observation, Napoleon gave the order for the commencement of the crossing operations.

1283:

at the beginning of May 1809. Despite the string of sharp defeats and the loss of the empire's capital, Archduke Charles salvaged an army, with which he retreated north of the

1425:

against the British Isles, in a bid to dry up vital British commercial relations with the continent. To ensure the effectiveness of the Continental System, he sought to force

3714:

that Wagram cost the army only "1,500 dead and 3,000 to 4,000 wounded". In reality, losses had been horrendous. French medical services were completely overwhelmed, although

3921:'s 2nd Division, which on 4 July numbered 11 battalions, with some 3,740 men, but which had seen intense action during the night attacks on 5 July and had taken casualties. 3674:. By now, Napoleon had largely understood Charles's intentions and manoeuvred against them. Marmont and his small XI Corps was the first to engage the Austrian army at the 8165: 3607:

and his division of the "Army of Italy", supported by the Italian Royal Guard, were able to manoeuvre unseen by following the riverline of the Russbach up the village of

3474: 2416:

Lecoq's Saxon brigade approached the position, they were instantly met with sustained musketry fire from the Austrian defenders, two battalions of infantry regiment 17 (

2840: 2472:

I had decided to seize the only means which could give any prospect of success against the superior enemy, namely to fall on them by surprise on all sides as day broke.

2591:

Prince Rosenberg-Orsini was in command of the 18,140 men and 60 cannons of the IV Korps. In addition, attached to his force was the much-battered Advance Guard, under

2378:'s VI Corps, also coming up in support. Seeing the French advance, the Austrian artillerymen panicked and abandoned their guns, with the infantry regiments 35 and 47 ( 2641: 2429:, wore white uniforms. There were thus several instances in which Saxon troops fired at each other and their situation took a turn for the worse towards 22:30, when 2144:

Davout's III French Corps. The Austrians pulled back, leaving Davout free to position his men between Glinzendorf and Raasdorf, thus drawing closer to the II Corps.

1784:, one of Napoleon's ablest commanders and a personal friend, had been mortally wounded in action and died nine days after the battle. Another irreplaceable loss was 1622:

Should another battle be unavoidable, I will strike one more blow against the French, though you may rest assured that I shall risk nothing or as little as possible.

1761:. One of the Emperor's personal friends, Lannes was severely wounded while leading his men at Aspern-Essling. He died in extreme pain, nine days after the battle. 3255: 1926: 3584: 2408:

Opposite to them, both the Saxons, who had suffered high casualties, and the French troops were retreating in complete disorder and halted only near Raasdorf.

1717:

particularly rotten and Charles's insufficiently assiduous preparations for another battle further sapped their confidence in him. One of the senior generals,

1429:, a traditional British trading partner, to observe it; when diplomatic means failed in 1808, Napoleon had the country occupied, forcing the ruling dynasty of 492: 2805:

and promptly rode to Bellegarde with new orders. Charles then personally organised an attack on Aderklaa, with the combined elements of infantry regiment 42 (

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The full complements of the Advance Guard on 4 July 1809 had included some 22 cavalry squadrons (2,500 men), 23 infantry battalions (11,500 men) and 48 guns.

2082:

Klenau, whose force was in the vicinity, also with orders to delay the French advance, tried to relieve the defenders, but they were successfully checked by

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By mid afternoon, some 12,000 panicked stragglers, French and Saxon were milling in the town of Raasdorf. The French centre-left was at breaking point.

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Meanwhile, having retreated to the island of Lobau after the battle of Aspern-Essling, Napoleon knew that he had failed in his attempt to cross the

1437:. In a move that would prove to be both uninspired and ill-handled, Napoleon also overstepped his power and decided to change the ruling dynasty of 7786: 3013:'s brigade was left behind in reserve and out of the actual attack, so Bessières took Nansouty's remaining 16 squadrons, some 2,800 men, including 4109:

Chandler, David G. (2009) . The Campaigns of Napoleon. The mind and method of history's greatest soldier. Nueva York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 1121

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Chandler, David G. (2009) . The Campaigns of Napoleon. The mind and method of history's greatest soldier. Nueva York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 1121

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thus far. The unusually high casualty rate was due mainly to an unprecedented concentration of artillery, on a flat battlefield, where the deadly

2551: 8110: 8083: 2889: 2311: 1785: 82: 1287:. This allowed the Austrians to continue the war. Towards the end of May, Napoleon resumed the offensive, suffering a surprise defeat at the 8185: 3499: 2896:

Boudet, some 4,600 men, to Klenau's 14,000. At 08:00, Klenau unlimbered his artillery and began to fire at the French, while sending forward

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Vincent's division to take the village of Aspern. Boudet saw this development and sent forward a battery of ten cannon, with orders to open

2510:

island. The Imperial Guard, Cavalry Reserve and the reinforcements that Napoleon was expecting were to form the battle reserve of the army.

1303:, which pounded the Austrian right and centre. The tide of battle turned and the Emperor launched an offensive along the entire line, while 7781: 2885: 2547: 2451: 2124:

alarming rate and Nordmann's infantry, initially 12,000 men strong, was particularly exposed to artillery fire during its retreat towards

6098: 3522:

tried to halt the advance of the enemy but they were met by Liechtenstein's Austrian cavalry and, receiving no support from their fellow

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leading elements could only manage to arrive on the Austrian right between 07:30 and 08:00, three hours later than Charles had planned.

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destroy them, by building palisades upstream. In order to cross from the island to the northern bank, a series of pivoting bridges and

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Meanwhile, the French were getting ready to cross, according to detailed crossing plans drawn in advance by the Chief of Staff of the

1912:

On 3 July, Archduke Charles finally decided not to fight the enemy near the Danube and retreated to the higher ground overlooking the

6046: 5906: 3175:

A modern photo of the tower at Markgrafneusiedl, which was the scene of heavy fighting during the second day of the Battle of Wagram.

2056:'s Advance Guard, which had been left in the sector with orders to delay the enemy advance. Nordmann's men were faced with a massive 654: 7691: 2129: 1742: 1631: 626: 540: 3368:

from flank. On the French side, Grouchy soon brought his dragoons in support and Nostitz was forced to counter them by committing

2030:

Masséna had 1,500 men of IV Corps embarked on landing craft and crossed the river, without meeting any opposition. Sainte-Croix's

1866:

The battle here at Marchfeld will decide the fate of our dynasty I request that you march out here at once and join my left wing.

1668:

trumpet their victory against Napoleon, its political consequences remained limited: there were no signs of a general uprising in

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Napoleon following the smokeline of Davout's columns. The attack of III Corps constituted the crucial French offensive at Wagram.

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was extremely costly for both sides, resulting in some 53,000 casualties, almost equally divided between the two armies. For the

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Castle, Ian (1990). Aspern & Wagram 1809: Mighty Clash of Empires. Londres: Osprey. Serie Osprey Military Campaign no. 33.

4058:

Castle, Ian (1990). Aspern & Wagram 1809: Mighty Clash of Empires. Londres: Osprey. Serie Osprey Military Campaign no. 33.

2892:, driving in the enemy outposts in the sector. The only French force present here was the 4th division of the IV Corps, under 2636:

Davout. Davout was in command of 31,600 infantry (divisions of Morand, Friant, Gudin and Puthod), 6,200 cavalry (divisions of

2542:. To that effect, VI Korps was ordered to advance on Aspern, with the fresh troops of III Korps on their left, moving through 1337:

meant the loss of one sixth of the Austrian Empire's subjects, along with some territories, rendering it landlocked until the

7911: 7811: 7731: 3941: 3466: 2459: 3917:'s 1st division, 10 battalions and 4,400 men strong, which had not seen any action during 5 July fighting. It also included 3761: 3612: 3477:'s divisions, but these men were by now formed in the sturdy mass formations, which were virtually invulnerable to cavalry. 2773: 2257:

Reserve divisions were placed in second line, with the Cavalry Reserve in a central position next to the village of Wagram.

2011:

One French thrust was directed at occupying the strategic Hansel-Grund salient, east of Lobau island, which a brigade under

1929:, had been actively advocating for this position for weeks and this time Charles finally acquiesced to their point of view. 8140: 7616: 2994: 647: 3855: 3592: 3130:, was the first to come into action, towards 11:00. It was followed by the foot artillery of the Guard, four batteries of 2977:

Prochaska's thinly spread division was covering the wide position between Süssenbrunn and Aderklaa. With the division of

2323: 1264:, the Austrian and British-led alliance against France. Wagram was the largest battle in European history up to its time. 7706: 6148: 3329:, one battery of six-pounders, all drawn from Austrian II Korps and four squadrons of hussars, as well as the entire 8th 2307: 1664: 1644: 7344: 3333:

Cuirassier regiment, from the Cavalry Reserve. With the cavalry thus reinforced and placed under the overall command of

8155: 8150: 7987: 6588: 6006: 5762: 5735: 5716: 3866: 3302: 2978: 2665: 2555: 1987:

The army escaped all disorder, except that arising from a few detachments following corps to which they did not belong.

1952:, a clear sign that the enemy would launch its operations very soon. At 07:00 on 4 July, Charles wrote to his brother, 4010:

Nicholls, David (1999). Napoleon: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 257. ISBN 978-0874369571. "Jacques MacDonald"

3971:

Nicholls, David (1999). Napoleon: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 257. ISBN 978-0874369571. "Jacques MacDonald"

3291:, nine battalions in total, was still holding out with remarkable tenacity and despite the fact that their commander, 2132:

to the rescue of these infantrymen with five cavalry regiments. Liechtenstein moved swiftly towards the east with his

8170: 8160: 7906: 7901: 7886: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7726: 7701: 7329: 6158: 5847: 5800: 2477: 1871: 1828:, installed a massive 124-gun battery on the island. They also carefully scouted the shores and small islands of the 1797: 1627: 1257: 440: 3552: 3446:

formations, pushing them apart. A powerful cavalry force was to protect either flank of MacDonald's formation, with

3441:'s division was also ordered in support of this attack and deployed some distance behind the column with one of the 2367: 2052:

As the French were crossing east of Lobau island, the only significant Austrian force in the immediate vicinity was

1275:. As a result, the Austrian Empire saw its chance to recover some of its former sphere of influence and invaded the 7916: 7771: 7751: 6260: 3736: 3540: 3200: 3029: 2827: 516: 377: 7776: 6031: 1393:

held a dominant position on the European continent. Resounding victories during the 1805 to 1807 wars against the

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Sources provide various figures regarding the number of guns forming the grand battery. The 25th Bulletin of the

3732: 3724: 3623: 2785:

Guard brigade. Further east, the still combat-worthy Saxon Corps, including the Franco-Saxon division of General

2273:

Bessières's Cavalry Reserve, were in second line. Napoleon had a sound strategic position, as he was holding the

3815:, formerly commander of the army Advance Guard. Klenau was himself replaced at the helm of the Advance Guard by 8032: 7716: 7661: 7656: 7012: 6890: 6533: 6411: 6234: 8098: 2217:

perfectly, with the Saxon chevaulegers sent fleeing. The Saxons then brought up the bulk of their cavalry, in

8088: 8058: 6719: 6011: 5899: 3744:

minor engagements and skirmishes that took place after the battle, as well as the losses suffered during the

2595:

Nordmann, reduced to around 6,000 infantrymen and some cavalry support, as well as the 3,120 cavalrymen from

1124: 719: 416: 404: 206: 7666: 7399: 7298: 6966: 1729:

and launch operations against the enemy's rear from there was also dismissed as strategically unsound after

8078: 7816: 6991: 6739: 6654: 6366: 6078: 3599:'s brigade. Oudinot's Corps then fanned out, with the bulk of his men continuing to press Hohenzollern and 3127: 2966:. This required time and, with the Austrians from III Korps menacingly moving forward, Napoleon counted on 2442:

Rosenberg of the Austrian IV Army Korps. After a short artillery bombardment, Davout sent the divisions of

1088: 810: 2985:

detailed to protect Masséna's IV Corps, Bessières brought forward his only remaining unit, the mighty 1st

2858: 7117: 6819: 6553: 6507: 6502: 6275: 6219: 5934: 3715: 3671: 3548: 3447: 3408: 3404: 3094: 2836: 2793: 2455: 2266: 1789: 1610: 1493: 1398: 965: 778: 729: 6431: 3115: 3061:

managed to capture an Austrian artillery battery but Liechtenstein duly sent his fresh cavalry, the 6th

3005:

Austrian cuirassiers from the 4th Regiment stepped in to repulse the French heavy cavalry near Aderklaa.

2949:

French cuirassiers cheering while charging past Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram. The Emperor committed

2012: 927: 8135: 8063: 7874: 7756: 7490: 6895: 6779: 6482: 6214: 6036: 5962: 5948: 5927: 3839: 3455: 3279:. Combat did continue around the disused church, where Riese's battered brigade, infantry regiments 44 2897: 2835:

repulsed the French horsemen. Meanwhile, Masséna was preparing to retake Aderklaa with the division of

2744: 2612: 2371: 2234: 1669: 1517: 1394: 1268: 920: 913: 860: 671: 32: 7796: 7621: 7188: 2587:

Positioned on the left of the Austrian army, in and around the strategic village of Markgrafneusiedl,

2335:. By now, it was past 20:00, night was falling and Oudinot had been repulsed with significant losses. 2043:

to build three additional bridges and work continued well after dawn on 5 July, after the bulk of the

1279:, a French ally. Recovering from his initial surprise, Napoleon beat the Austrian forces and occupied 346: 8180: 7957: 7626: 7419: 7198: 7142: 7092: 6971: 6724: 6704: 6548: 6497: 6472: 6401: 6381: 6300: 6201: 5955: 5776: 3753: 3728: 3694: 3470: 2558:'s small V Korps left out of the action, as a strategic reserve, with the objective of observing the 2450:

across the Russbach stream, in a flanking attack from the east, while his other two divisions, under

2438:

Markgrafneusiedl, which had been reinforced with earthworks and was defended by the rested troops of

1948:

Intelligence received on 4 July informed the Archduke that the French had weakened their position at

1572: 1469: 1329:. With the battle still raging, Charles decided to ask for an armistice, effectively ending the war. 1160: 1112: 897: 841: 834: 805: 700: 7213: 6844: 6824: 6634: 6320: 6056: 3536: 3270:

General Gudin, in command of Davout's 3rd Division, was instrumental in the attack of the III Corps.

3160: 2831: 2628:. At the battle of Wagram, the 47-year-old Prince Rosenberg was in command of the Austrian IV Korps. 2103:

Nordmann gradually withdrew north, towards the Russbach line and Klenau withdrew northwest, towards

2083: 875: 783: 7952: 7736: 7576: 7394: 7193: 7137: 7132: 7067: 6996: 6864: 6764: 6603: 6543: 6391: 5892: 3918: 2709: 2359: 1953: 1875: 1748: 1685: 1656: 1648: 1600: 1555: 1345: 1288: 1237: 1052: 739: 7651: 7324: 6659: 3515: 409: 8145: 8002: 7671: 7525: 7097: 7017: 6905: 6774: 6759: 6694: 6689: 6462: 6396: 6290: 6173: 3914: 2523: 1941: 1709: 1567: 1338: 1184: 1064: 1035: 829: 815: 746: 690: 480: 7977: 7263: 7228: 6315: 3179:

While battle was raging on the western side of the battlefield, some 10 kilometers to the east,

3018: 2632:

Opposite to them lay the III Corps, perhaps the finest of the French army, under the command of

1684:, France's ally since 1807, was becoming increasingly aggressive against the Austrian forces in 1334: 127: 8037: 7997: 7982: 7962: 7937: 7791: 7535: 7450: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7384: 7374: 7278: 7233: 7218: 6749: 6467: 6371: 6346: 6305: 6255: 6239: 3851:

Saint-Hilaire had been commanding the 3rd division of II Corps and was replaced at its helm by

3131: 2777: 2695: 2531: 2447: 2155:

on a scouting mission. After the successful crossing of the Danube early on 5 July, the French

2071: 1883: 1855: 1545: 555: 397: 7942: 6629: 5754: 3163:'s cavalry and Legrand's infantry were within sight of the enemy-occupied village of Essling. 2517:

Napoleon in conference with his senior Generals late on 5 July, after the first day of battle.

1453:

throughout the country. The French position in the peninsula was rendered untenable after the

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to make peace. With the British in complete control of the seas, Napoleon thus opted for an

1368:

in 1806. This allowed his descendants to carry the titles of Prince and Princess of Wagram.

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battalions) and included the brigades of Swinburn and Weiss, with the orders to move on to

2527: 1993: 1689: 1563: 1497: 1465: 1309: 989: 768: 310: 236: 221: 7646: 6900: 6769: 6709: 6608: 6538: 5709:

1809: Thunder on the Danube – Napoleon's Defeat of the Habsburgs, Vol. 3: Wagram and Znaim

3708:

Napoleon used his usual propaganda to minimise his losses, stating in the Bulletin of the

3458:'s diminished cavalry division from the "Army of Italy" was also involved in this action. 1580: 1148: 707: 8: 8027: 7806: 7801: 7530: 7480: 7364: 7349: 7253: 7147: 7047: 6961: 6849: 6809: 6729: 6699: 6679: 6613: 6578: 6528: 6492: 6487: 6447: 6310: 6295: 6280: 6265: 6224: 6001: 3819: 3749: 3298: 3025: 3014: 2661: 2637: 2053: 1576: 1442: 1426: 1390: 1349: 1172: 1100: 977: 885: 773: 724: 695: 460: 161: 7268: 6563: 6558: 6406: 3757: 8073: 8068: 8012: 7967: 7896: 7766: 7611: 7601: 7596: 7515: 7455: 7303: 7223: 7183: 7167: 7157: 7127: 7112: 7102: 7062: 7032: 6986: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6714: 6649: 6421: 6386: 6361: 6163: 6113: 6063: 6041: 6021: 6016: 3723:

losses at between 25,000 or 28,000 men and either 31,500 or 33,000 men. Five generals (

3510:

Fusiliers of the "Young Guard", four battalion-strong, which were led by the Emperor's

3438: 2862:

Klenau's cavalry captures Boudet's artillery during the morning combats on 6 July 1809.

2786: 2769: 2539: 2489:

Late that night, the French Corps commanders reunited at the Emperor's headquarters at

2363: 2355: 2338: 2262: 2242: 2209:

Cuirassiers on the right. D'Hurbal was suddenly charged by the 400 cavalrymen from the

1809: 1804: 1584: 1540: 1513: 1473: 1422: 1296: 1276: 1136: 953: 880: 852: 714: 392: 334: 322: 176: 122: 6859: 6789: 6754: 6744: 5815: 3705:– each army fired at least 90,000 during the two days of battle – was most effective. 3171: 2922: 2717:

Napoleon, commenting on the performance of Marshal Bernadotte at the battle of Wagram.

2159:

launched reconnaissance missions as they preceded the advance of the infantry columns.

2007:

The French made extensive use of landing craft during the first phase of the crossing.

1901: 1076: 890: 7424: 7389: 7359: 7319: 7293: 7283: 7238: 7208: 7162: 7107: 7027: 6976: 6956: 6941: 6931: 6910: 6854: 6814: 6639: 6573: 6568: 6426: 6356: 6209: 6128: 6123: 5796: 5758: 5747: 5731: 5712: 5695: 3812: 3400: 3106: 2963: 2908:

fire and thus delay the enemy. This proved to be a very uninspired move, as Austrian

2866:

In application of Archduke Charles's plan to take the enemy in a double envelopment,

2757: 2351: 2218: 2210: 2057: 1738: 1718: 1450: 1430: 1381: 1353: 865: 822: 528: 445: 421: 350: 295: 191: 6880: 2801:

Archduke Charles noticed the development on his right, from his observation post at

1603:, beginning on 21 May; the more numerous Austrian army faced only a fraction of the 1535:

On 9 April 1809, without any declaration of war, the main Austrian army crossed the

7947: 7831: 7631: 7470: 7369: 7354: 7203: 7152: 7072: 6981: 6936: 6885: 6684: 6593: 6583: 6477: 6416: 6178: 2970:

Bessières's cavalry to allow Masséna to disengage and the grand battery to deploy.

2506:, with orders to defend the lines of communication lines with the military base on 2274: 2246: 1509: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1418: 1196: 800: 504: 464: 381: 365: 7721: 5677: 3492:

Walther, invoking a lack of orders from his direct commanders, either Napoleon or

2797:

Austrian grenadiers defend Aderklaa against French troops from Molitor's division.

2115:

As the French were successfully moving forward, the Austrian Advance Guard, under

1944:, the Army's Chief of Staff, was influential in defining the Austrian battle plan. 7826: 7761: 7746: 7636: 7520: 7510: 7485: 7460: 7288: 7122: 6644: 6452: 6376: 6351: 6103: 5991: 5915: 5837:

Website of the Museum of the Battle of Wagram in Deutsch-Wagram (German Language)

3835: 3773: 3745: 3698: 3675: 3210: 3111: 3050: 2872: 2657: 2133: 2075: 1660: 1489: 1485: 1402: 1326: 1261: 1253: 1242: 788: 535: 523: 511: 499: 487: 475: 455: 434: 291: 254: 133: 8093: 2618: 1819: 1320: 8105: 8017: 8007: 7540: 7379: 7243: 7042: 6794: 6138: 6118: 6108: 6068: 5941: 5860: 3608: 3135: 3090: 2238: 2036: 1905: 1770:

swollen. With his usual tireless activity, he supervised the transformation of

1700: 1696: 1681: 1680:

was not ready to launch its promised land expedition in northern Europe, while

1559: 1460:

France's main adversary in central Europe was the Austrian Empire. Defeated at

1406: 1272: 1023: 1011: 756: 72: 6153: 3337:

Nostitz, Archduke Charles ordered his horsemen to charge the enemy. At first,

3312: 8129: 7581: 6285: 6143: 6073: 5825:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–245. 5810: 4028:

Chandler, David (1998). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

3989:

Chandler, David (1998). Napoleon's Marshals. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

3859: 3603:'s division wheeling left against Bellegarde's I Korps. To the west, General 3266: 3148: 3144: 3102: 3077: 3070: 2986: 2959: 2768:

Meanwhile, an injured Masséna, leading his IV Corps from a conspicuous white

2669: 2653: 2388: 2195: 2156: 1842: 1705: 1461: 1300: 639: 97: 84: 49: 3416: 2953:'s heavy cavalry division, in a bid to stop the Austrian menace on his left. 2600:

Grosshofen. The second column was 16 battalions strong (12 regular and four

1271:

was diminished as Napoleon transferred a number of soldiers to fight in the

6133: 5969: 5728:

The Battle of Znaim: Napoleon, The Habsburgs and the end of the War of 1809

3511: 3394:

Why in the world didn't you charge the enemy when the decisive moment came?

3105:

was busy blocking the advance of the Austrian infantry, he ordered General

2494: 2443: 2375: 2022: 2513: 1937: 1639: 7921: 7891: 7879: 7836: 7591: 3831:

Lannes had been commanding II Corps. After his death, he was replaced by

2652:

rode to face the enemy cavalry column, while Montbrun sent a part of his

2605: 2347:

While Oudinot was engaged with Hohenzollern at Baumersdorf, to the west,

2198:

brigade, around 1,000 sabres strong, deployed on two lines, with the 3rd

2137: 2087: 1781: 1758: 1536: 1413:

to the rank of a second-rate power, Napoleon did not manage to force the

3480: 3101:

Napoleon was aware that the cavalry charge was a stopgap, so, while the

1360:. Berthier had previously been granted the title of Sovereign Prince of 7606: 4019:

Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905).

3980:

Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905).

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brigade against the now exposed flank of the Austrians. At this point,

3193: 3139: 3054: 3001: 2691: 2302: 2202: 2147: 2125: 4091:

Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905)

4049:

Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905)

2981:

sent in support of Davout, far on the right flank and the division of

2765:, which knocked out 15 Saxon pieces during the following three hours. 3862:

division of the Cavalry Reserve and was replaced in this capacity by

3838:, who had held the command of the Corps at the very beginning of the 3702: 3189: 2962:, which would check enemy advance in this sector through a sustained 2945: 2914: 2880:

Klenau was the first to make contact with the enemy. His troops left

2738: 2254: 2173: 1949: 1913: 2094: 7571: 3123: 3085: 2934: 2905: 2674: 2490: 2332: 2184: 2062: 1957: 1590: 1527: 1508:

By March 1809, war between Austria and France was imminent and the

1477: 1365: 1249: 278: 5884: 3526:, they had to withdraw, coming away with only three enemy cannon. 1832:

and installed batteries in strategic positions, in a bid to cover

40: 3662: 3655: 3222: 2649: 2567: 2563: 2530:

from the "Army of Italy", as well as the Bavarian division under

2226: 1921: 1917: 1792:, another famous general was killed in action at the head of his 1734: 1673: 1512:

army, 200,000 men strong, massed in the northwestern province of

1410: 1314: 2362:'s division, personally led by MacDonald, with the divisions of 5842: 3651: 3484:

The Chasseurs à cheval of the Guard charging Austrian dragoons.

3246: 2909: 2559: 2503: 2404: 2169: 2152: 1897: 1833: 1829: 1812:

and vowed to retain his command, much to the Emperor's relief.

1766: 1726: 1521: 1434: 1284: 1280: 76: 5814: 3654:

and other reports were actually indicating a retreat towards

3097:

foot artillery, leading the deployment of his guns at Wagram.

2507: 1771: 1722: 3081:

A 12-pounder from the French Guard foot artillery in action.

4156: 3647: 2608:. The second column was preceded by an advance guard under 1348:, who was his Marshal, Chief of Staff, Minister of War and 5836: 3450:'s mighty Guard Cavalry Division protecting the right and 2245:

line, leaving five cavalry regiments with the IV Korps at

1325:

eventually caught up with him and scored a victory at the

3661:

The Austrians were actually retreating towards Znaim in

3529: 1433:

to flee the country and seek refuge in its main colony,

4414: 4393: 4327: 4315: 4198: 4135: 2921:

The French retreated towards the Mühlau salient and to

5573:

Pigeard, Dictionnaire des battailles de Napoléon, 924.

4075: 4073: 2486:

they were resting and consuming their modest rations.

2049:

had already crossed the river. The battle had begun.

1824:

artillery, General Songis and his successor, General

3953: 3808:

Hiller was replaced at the command of VI Korps with

2712:

has been doing nothing but blunders since yesterday.

8166:

Battles involving the Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)

4070: 3454:'s 1st Heavy Cavalry Division protecting the left. 2098:

Napoleon supervised the landing operations closely.

5746: 5676: 4031: 3992: 1558:, a formidable officer when working as Napoleon's 1241:; 5–6 July 1809) was a military engagement of the 4242: 4240: 4234:Fierro, Palluel-Guillard, Tulard 138–139 and 586. 4183:Fierro, Palluel-Guillard, Tulard 131–137 and 586. 3611:. There, they fell upon the unprotected flank of 2748:Soldiers of the 4th Line regiment storm Aderklaa. 2741:Reserve to arrive and align itself on his right. 16:1809 battle during the War of the Fifth Coalition 8127: 2989:division, under the skilled 41-year-old general 2884:towards 07:30 and subsequently deployed between 2550:, and the Grenadier Reserve was to move through 2318:regiment and a battalion of Volunteers from the 1725:island. A plan to march to Pressburg, cross the 1245:that ended in a costly but decisive victory for 8084:England expects that every man will do his duty 5679:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) 5400: 5398: 5338: 5336: 5126: 5124: 3551:'s division towards Breitenlee. There, General 2277:and had a much shorter line than his opponent. 1468:in 1805 and forced to conclude the humiliating 1344:After the battle, Emperor Napoleon bestowed on 5599:. New York: Hippocrene Books, (1909) 1976. 379 5042: 5040: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4668: 4666: 4344: 4342: 4288: 4254: 4252: 4237: 3845: 3385:, some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest. 1786:Louis-Vincent-Joseph Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire 1531:Opening moves: strategic situation on 15 April 669: 5900: 5388: 5386: 5054: 5052: 5030: 5028: 4822: 4820: 4635: 4633: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4467: 4465: 1996:commenting on the French crossing operations. 1887:Napoleon Crossing the Bridge to Lobau Island. 1796:and the commander in chief of the artillery, 1676:was still unwilling to enter the war and the 1267:In 1809, the French military presence in the 655: 5395: 5333: 5121: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4988: 4986: 4801: 4799: 4748: 4191: 4189: 3792: 3777: 3709: 2809:) of the 1st Korps and Grenadier battalions 2044: 1968: 1817: 1733:Wimpffen noted that such a plan would leave 1604: 1571:the offensive several actions ensued : 1318: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5249: 5247: 5156: 5154: 5037: 4995: 4949: 4947: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4847: 4782: 4734: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4663: 4351: 4339: 4249: 3894: 3885: 3802: 3166: 2752:The task of defending Aderklaa belonged to 2722:While Rosenberg was attacking on the left, 2466: 2110: 1692:repeatedly refused to consider the option. 5907: 5893: 5774: 5383: 5084: 5082: 5049: 5025: 4937: 4935: 4817: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4630: 4515: 4462: 4386: 4384: 3846: 3134:, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel 662: 648: 39: 8176:Battles of the War of the Fifth Coalition 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5163: 5114: 5112: 5011: 4983: 4796: 4186: 1878:, commander of a secondary Austrian army. 1616: 1385:The strategic situation in Europe in 1809 446: 351: 296: 245: 167: 8191:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe 5809: 5795:. Arlington, Texas: Empire Games Press. 5791:Bowden, Scotty; Tarbox, Charlie (1980). 5744: 5694: 5540: 5515: 5244: 5199: 5151: 4944: 4891: 4866: 4864: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4675: 4647: 4645: 4605: 4603: 4566: 4564: 4536: 4534: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4420: 4399: 4365: 4363: 4333: 4321: 4204: 4162: 4141: 3793: 3634: 3479: 3427: 3415: 3311: 3265: 3199: 3170: 3084: 3076: 3000: 2944: 2857: 2792: 2743: 2617: 2512: 2337: 2146: 2093: 2002: 1936: 1882: 1747: 1743:Prince Albert of Saxony, Duke of Teschen 1638: 1589: 1526: 1380: 617: 182: 152: 5079: 4956: 4932: 4693: 4381: 4119: 4117: 4115: 3895: 3886: 3878:It formed the first brigade of General 3803: 3372:Rothkirch's brigade, formed by the 1st 2853: 1356:, making him an official member of the 1260:. The battle led to the breakup of the 227: 212: 197: 8128: 6230:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 5674: 5461: 5345: 5274: 5142: 5109: 3959: 3858:. Espagne had been commanding the 3rd 2940: 2522:Corps under Marmont, the divisions of 2280: 1252:'s French and allied army against the 7912:Spanish American wars of independence 5888: 4861: 4829: 4766: 4642: 4600: 4561: 4531: 4474: 4360: 3942:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte 3924: 3907: 3872: 3388: 2702: 2582: 1236: 643: 5725: 5706: 5702:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5576: 4112: 4079: 4037: 3998: 3825: 2993:. Napoleon also sent orders for the 2382:) also retreating in some disorder. 1981: 1647:led the Austrians to victory at the 1409:into an uneasy alliance and reduced 7897:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 5914: 3562: 2570:, should retreat become necessary. 2562:and protecting the vital routes to 1645:Archduke Charles of Austria-Teschen 1630:, writing to his uncle and mentor, 1503: 1258:Archduke Charles of Austria-Teschen 13: 5784: 5749:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion 3867:Jean-Toussaint Arrighi de Casanova 3245:, supported by eight squadrons of 1874:, writing to his younger brother, 46:Bataille de Wagram, 6 Juillet 1809 14: 8202: 5830: 5597:Napoleon and the Archduke Charles 3925: 3908: 3873: 3856:Charles-Louis-Dieudonné Grandjean 3432:Operations on 6 July (in Russian) 2870:Klenau, commanding VI Korps, and 2577: 2286:Ground I may recover, time never. 1932: 1798:Nicolas-Marie Songis des Courbons 8186:Austrian Empire–France relations 7772:Frederick William III of Prussia 7752:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 5841: 5656: 5647: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5589: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5531: 5506: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5452: 5443: 5434: 5425: 5416: 5407: 5374: 5365: 5324: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5288: 5265: 5256: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5133: 5100: 5091: 5070: 5061: 3826: 3574:Kaiserlich-königliche Hauptarmee 3420:MacDonald's square attack column 3341:Wartensleben's brigade, the 3rd 2727:squadrons, under the command of 2225:regiment, which shared the same 1860: 1849: 1195: 1183: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1099: 1087: 1075: 1063: 1051: 1034: 1022: 1010: 988: 976: 964: 952: 933: 926: 919: 616: 609: 534: 522: 510: 498: 486: 474: 454: 433: 415: 403: 391: 378:Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle 371: 359: 340: 328: 316: 304: 285: 271: 247: 229: 214: 199: 184: 169: 154: 7892:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 7822:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 4974: 4965: 4923: 4914: 4905: 4882: 4873: 4808: 4757: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4654: 4621: 4612: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4552: 4543: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4405: 4372: 4306: 4297: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4177: 4168: 4147: 4126: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4061: 4052: 4043: 3154:While the cannon were roaring, 3126:, under the command of Colonel 3114:of the Guard, six batteries of 1594:Battles of Eckmühl and Ratisbon 7807:Prince Regent John of Portugal 7717:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 7662:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 7657:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 4022: 4013: 4004: 3983: 3974: 3965: 2136:, arriving in the vicinity of 1632:Prince Albert, Duke of Teschen 1: 7832:Prince Charles John of Sweden 5730:. Barnsley: Greenhill Books. 5668: 3687: 2756:Bernadotte, commander of the 1516:, near the frontier with the 1225: Napoleon not in command 3882:'s 1st division of II Corps. 3786: 3629: 2821:from the Reserve Korps. The 2396:), joined by Hohenzollern's 2223:Herzog Albrecht Chevaulegers 1350:Vice-Constable of the Empire 685:German and Austrian campaign 7: 8141:1809 in the Austrian Empire 5711:. London: Frontline Books. 3935: 3913:MacDonald's Corps included 3767: 3530:Masséna's "Infernal Column" 3357:frontally, while the 11th 1790:Jean-Louis-Brigitte Espagne 1494:Archduke Charles of Austria 1352:, the victory title of 1st 10: 8207: 7667:Frederick I of Württemberg 6037:Confederation of the Rhine 3840:War of the Fifth Coalition 2214:Prinz Klemens Chevaulegers 1853: 1518:Confederation of the Rhine 1376: 1371: 1269:Confederation of the Rhine 1256:army under the command of 914:War of the Fifth Coalition 673:War of the Fifth Coalition 33:War of the Fifth Coalition 8156:Battles involving Bavaria 8151:Battles involving Austria 8046: 7930: 7845: 7827:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 7817:William, Prince of Orange 7680: 7627:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 7560: 7553: 7433: 7312: 7176: 7005: 6919: 6873: 6622: 6516: 6440: 6334: 6248: 6200: 6191: 6087: 5988: 5979: 5956:French Invasion of Russia 5922: 5793:Armies on the Danube 1809 3128:Augustin-Marie d'Aboville 3110:the "Army of Italy". The 2463:criticism from Napoleon. 2179:and Infantry Regiment 46 1219: Napoleon in command 898:1809 Gottscheer rebellion 681: 604: 585: 566: 549: 541:Johann I of Liechtenstein 261: 145: 55: 38: 30: 25: 8171:Battles involving Saxony 8161:Battles involving France 7737:Archduke John of Austria 7732:Prince von Schwarzenberg 7577:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 5745:Nicholls, David (1999). 3947: 3919:Jean Maximilien Lamarque 3167:Davout's flanking attack 2467:The night of 5 to 6 July 2205:on the left and the 2nd 2111:Clashes on the Marchfeld 1954:Archduke John of Austria 1657:Battle of Aspern-Essling 1649:Battle of Aspern-Essling 1601:Battle of Aspern-Essling 1476:and sideshows in Italy, 1346:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 1289:Battle of Aspern-Essling 7672:Frederick VI of Denmark 7622:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 6412:Greater Poland uprising 6235:Duc d'Enghien Execution 5822:Encyclopædia Britannica 5675:Bodart, Gaston (1908). 3915:Jean-Baptiste Broussier 3239:Hoch und Deutschmeister 2626:Prince Rosenberg-Orsini 2119:Nordmann, supported by 1942:Maximilian von Wimpffen 1339:German Campaign of 1813 493:Prince von Hohenzollern 481:Heinrich von Bellegarde 347:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 7792:Ferdinand VII of Spain 6240:Coronation of Napoleon 5726:Gill, John H. (2020). 5707:Gill, John H. (2010). 5608:Tulard (volume 1) 760. 5214:Tulard (volume 1) 196. 3778: 3772:Just as in the bloody 3710: 3485: 3433: 3421: 3414: 3317: 3271: 3235:Unter dem Manhartsberg 3205: 3176: 3098: 3082: 3063:Rosenberg Chevaulegers 3006: 2954: 2863: 2798: 2749: 2724:General der Kavallerie 2720: 2629: 2518: 2483: 2384:General der Kavallerie 2344: 2294: 2160: 2099: 2084:Jacob François Marulaz 2045: 2008: 1999: 1969: 1945: 1888: 1881: 1856:Wagram order of battle 1818: 1762: 1652: 1637: 1617:Towards another battle 1605: 1595: 1549:, was in the hands of 1532: 1445:with his own brother, 1386: 1319: 630:Location within Europe 398:Karl Philipp von Wrede 262:Commanders and leaders 8079:Conference of Dresden 7988:Paris (February 1812) 7917:Swedish–Norwegian War 7742:Alexander I of Russia 3635:Pursuit and armistice 3483: 3431: 3419: 3392: 3315: 3269: 3203: 3174: 3122:and heavy 24-pounder 3088: 3080: 3004: 2948: 2861: 2796: 2747: 2706: 2621: 2516: 2470: 2341: 2320:Erzherzog Karl Legion 2284: 2227:Regimental Proprietor 2150: 2121:Feldmareschalleutnant 2117:Feldmareschalleutnant 2097: 2006: 1985: 1940: 1893:Austrian high command 1886: 1864: 1751: 1642: 1620: 1593: 1566:'s isolated corps at 1530: 1496:, brother of Emperor 1384: 586:Casualties and losses 410:Eugène de Beauharnais 98:48.29556°N 16.55778°E 8033:Fontainebleau (1814) 7587:Louis-Nicolas Davout 6508:Invasion of Portugal 5877:Combat of Korneuburg 5850:at Wikimedia Commons 5753:. ABC-CLIO. p. 5653:Castle 23 and 62–63. 5635:Castle 17 and 22–23. 5584:Aspern/Wagram (1809) 3880:Jean Victor Tharreau 3582:Feldmarschalleutnant 3443:carabiniers-à-cheval 3335:Feldmarschalleutnant 3059:Carabiniers-à-Cheval 3038:carabiniers-à-cheval 3021:Carabiniers-à-Cheval 2854:Klenau's flank march 2763:counter-battery fire 2683:Feldmarschalleutnant 2623:Feldmarschalleutnant 2610:Feldmarschalleutnant 2597:Feldmarschalleutnant 2593:Feldmarschalleutnant 2589:Feldmarschalleutnant 2440:Feldmarschalleutnant 2398:Vincent Chevaulegers 2328:Vincent Chevaulegers 1994:Antoine-Henri Jomini 1498:Francis I of Austria 1335:Treaty of Schönbrunn 1310:Louis-Nicolas Davout 1213: current battle 627:class=notpageimage| 311:Louis-Nicolas Davout 128:Treaty of Schönbrunn 8059:Bourbon Restoration 7802:Maria I of Portugal 7787:Prince of Hohenlohe 7777:Gebhard von Blücher 6720:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 6027:Swiss Confederation 5775:britannica (2012). 5700:Napoleon's Marshals 5595:Petre, F. Loraine. 5537:Rothenberg 219–220. 5494:Rothenberg 207–210. 5476:Rothenberg 206–207. 5449:Rothenberg 204–206. 5422:Rothenberg 196–198. 5404:Rothenberg 194–195. 5342:Rothenberg 193–194. 5294:Rothenberg 191–192. 5178:Rothenberg 188–189. 5130:Rothenberg 186–187. 5067:Rothenberg 184–185. 5008:Rothenberg 183–184. 4980:Rothenberg 182–183. 4920:Rothenberg 179–181. 4858:Rothenberg 178–179. 4826:Rothenberg 177–178. 4814:Petre Lorraine 365. 4763:Rothenberg 175–176. 4745:Rothenberg 173–174. 4672:Rothenberg 172–173. 4639:Rothenberg 170–171. 4579:Rothenberg 167–169. 4528:Rothenberg 166–167. 4503:Rothenberg 164–165. 4471:Rothenberg 163–164. 4378:Lorraine Petre 341. 4357:Rothenberg 146–150. 4348:Rothenberg 131–143. 4312:Rothenberg 144–145. 4303:Rothenberg 143–147. 4285:Rothenberg 143–144. 4258:Rothenberg 127–129. 4165:, pp. 665–666. 3864:Général de Division 3853:Général de Division 3833:Général de Division 3820:Armand von Nordmann 3569:Feldmarshalleutnant 3490:Général de Division 3464:Feldmarshalleutnant 3407:, commander of the 3303:Arrighi de Casanova 3299:Général de Division 3260:Feldmarshalleutnant 3251:Erzherzog Ferdinand 3093:, commander of the 3089:Lieutenant-Colonel 3067:Kronprinz Ferdinand 2975:Feldmarshalleutnant 2941:The French reaction 2902:Feldmarshalleutnant 2894:Général de Division 2868:Feldmarshalleutnant 2823:Klenau Chevaulegers 2734:Feldmarshalleutnant 2349:Général de Division 2281:The evening attacks 2080:Feldmarshalleutnant 2070:including 22 heavy 2054:Armand von Nordmann 1391:First French Empire 517:Franz von Rosenberg 461:Armand von Nordmann 94: / 8074:Continental System 8069:Congress of Erfurt 7993:Paris (March 1812) 7767:Peter Wittgenstein 7692:Duke of Wellington 7647:Prince Poniatowski 7612:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 7597:Auguste de Marmont 6992:Arroyo dos Molinos 6840:Walcheren Campaign 6830:Armistice of Znaim 6725:Dalmatian Campaign 6650:Tyrolean Rebellion 5777:"Battle of Wagram" 4793:Rothenber 176–177. 4216:Rothenberg 85–129. 3817:Felmarshalleutnant 3810:Felmarshalleutnant 3716:imperial guardsmen 3520:Chasseurs à Cheval 3500:Chasseurs à Cheval 3486: 3434: 3422: 3389:MacDonald's column 3359:Chasseurs-à-Cheval 3355:Chasseurs-à-Cheval 3318: 3272: 3206: 3177: 3099: 3083: 3007: 2955: 2864: 2799: 2750: 2703:Crisis at Aderklaa 2630: 2583:Rosenberg's attack 2540:double envelopment 2519: 2345: 2229:with the Austrian 2161: 2100: 2009: 1946: 1889: 1763: 1653: 1596: 1533: 1470:Peace of Pressburg 1423:Continental System 1387: 1364:and the Prince of 1297:double envelopment 1277:Kingdom of Bavaria 881:Tyrolean Rebellion 853:Walcheren campaign 842:Dalmatian campaign 335:Auguste de Marmont 123:Armistice of Znaim 103:48.29556; 16.55778 8136:Conflicts in 1809 8123: 8122: 8119: 8118: 8111:Types of military 7907:Russo-Turkish War 7902:Russo-Persian War 7870:Anglo-Turkish War 7865:Anglo-Swedish War 7860:Anglo-Spanish War 7855:Anglo-Russian War 7782:Duke of Brunswick 7685:political leaders 7565:political leaders 7549: 7548: 6554:Medina de Rioseco 6276:Haslach-Jungingen 6210:French Revolution 6187: 6186: 5970:Seventh Coalition 5883: 5882: 5873:Succeeded by 5870:Battle of Wagram 5846:Media related to 5769:Jacques MacDonald 4722:Hourtoulle 46–47. 4195:Rothenberg 65–82. 4174:Rothenberg 62–63. 4153:Rothenberg 61–66. 4132:Rothenberg 39–61. 3813:Johann von Klenau 3643:Maréchal d'Empire 3545:Ledru des Essarts 3107:Jacques Lauriston 2964:artillery barrage 2839:, spearheaded by 2694:and a battery of 2656:division towards 2352:Jacques MacDonald 2219:echelon formation 2058:artillery barrage 1982:Across the Danube 1739:House of Habsburg 1719:Johann von Hiller 1546:Armée d'Allemagne 1441:, replacing King 1238:[ˈvaɡram] 906: 905: 823:Austro-Polish War 730:Schwarze Lackenau 638: 637: 529:Johann von Klenau 422:Jacques Macdonald 141: 140: 8198: 8181:July 1809 events 7887:Dano-Swedish War 7875:Anglo-Danish War 7727:Archduke Charles 7642:Jérôme Bonaparte 7558: 7557: 7491:Castel di Sangro 7400:Fère-Champenoise 7053:García Hernández 6967:Fuentes de Oñoro 6483:Guttstadt-Deppen 6220:Second Coalition 6198: 6197: 6179:French Royalists 5986: 5985: 5935:Fourth Coalition 5909: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5885: 5857:Preceded by 5854: 5853: 5848:Battle of Wagram 5845: 5826: 5818: 5806: 5780: 5771: 5752: 5741: 5722: 5703: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5618: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5580: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5513: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5393: 5390: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5343: 5340: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5158: 5149: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5119: 5116: 5107: 5104: 5098: 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4193: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4110: 4107: 4101: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3929: 3912: 3899: 3890: 3877: 3850: 3830: 3807: 3797: 3781: 3713: 3563:Austrian retreat 3412: 3374:Erzherzog Johann 3323:Joseph Colloredo 2900:'s brigade from 2718: 2658:Ober Sieberbrunn 2481: 2478:Archduke Charles 2314:'s brigade (8th 2292: 2275:central position 2247:Markgrafneusiedl 2192:Roussel d'Hurbal 2048: 1997: 1972: 1879: 1872:Archduke Charles 1823: 1665:Archduke Charles 1635: 1628:Archduke Charles 1608: 1504:Opening campaign 1455:Battle of Bailen 1354:Prince of Wagram 1324: 1240: 1233:Battle of Wagram 1224: 1218: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 985: 980: 973: 968: 961: 956: 949: 944: 937: 936: 930: 923: 795:Italian campaign 676: 674: 664: 657: 650: 641: 640: 620: 619: 613: 579:136,000–173,000 573:154,000–171,939 539: 538: 527: 526: 515: 514: 505:Johann Kollowrat 503: 502: 491: 490: 479: 478: 469: 459: 458: 448: 441:Archduke Charles 438: 437: 420: 419: 408: 407: 396: 395: 386: 376: 375: 374: 364: 363: 362: 353: 345: 344: 343: 333: 332: 331: 321: 320: 319: 309: 308: 307: 298: 290: 289: 288: 276: 275: 274: 257: 253: 251: 250: 239: 235: 233: 232: 224: 220: 218: 217: 209: 205: 203: 202: 194: 190: 188: 187: 179: 175: 173: 172: 164: 160: 158: 157: 109: 108: 106: 105: 104: 99: 95: 92: 91: 90: 87: 57: 56: 43: 26:Battle of Wagram 23: 22: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8115: 8042: 7926: 7847: 7841: 7797:Miguel de Álava 7762:Pyotr Bagration 7757:Count Bennigsen 7747:Mikhail Kutuzov 7712:Thomas Cochrane 7684: 7682: 7676: 7637:Louis Bonaparte 7564: 7562: 7561:French and ally 7545: 7429: 7345:Château-Thierry 7308: 7172: 7143:Maloyaroslavets 7001: 6915: 6869: 6660:Yevenes/Yébenes 6618: 6534:Rosily Squadron 6512: 6436: 6402:Waren-Nossentin 6330: 6261:Cape Finisterre 6244: 6215:First Coalition 6193: 6183: 6090: 6083: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5975: 5963:Sixth Coalition 5949:Fifth Coalition 5928:Third Coalition 5918: 5916:Napoleonic Wars 5913: 5874: 5869: 5867:Napoleonic Wars 5858: 5833: 5803: 5790: 5787: 5785:Further reading 5765: 5738: 5719: 5696:Chandler, David 5685: 5683: 5671: 5666: 5662:Rothenberg 195. 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5586:, Osprey (1990) 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555:Arnold 169–170. 5554: 5550: 5546:Rothenberg 219. 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5528:Rothenberg 218. 5527: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5485:Rothenberg 207. 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440:Rothenberg 202. 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312:Rothenberg 192. 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5284: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253:Rothenberg 191. 5252: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5232:Rothenberg 190. 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205:Rothenberg 189. 5204: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160:Rothenberg 186. 5159: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5106:Arnold 162–163. 5105: 5101: 5097:Rothenberg 185. 5096: 5092: 5087: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5046:Arnold 148–149. 5045: 5038: 5033: 5026: 5021: 5012: 5007: 4996: 4991: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4941:Rothenberg 181. 4940: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4892: 4888:Rothenberg 179. 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4862: 4857: 4848: 4843: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4783: 4778: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713:Rothenberg 170. 4712: 4708: 4703: 4694: 4689: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4660:Rothenberg 172. 4659: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4622: 4618:Rothenberg 169. 4617: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549:Rothenberg 166. 4548: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494:Rothenberg 165. 4493: 4489: 4484: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4459:Rothenberg 163. 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390:Rothenberg 151. 4389: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294:Rothenberg 148. 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4276:Rothenberg 145. 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4246:Rothenberg 152. 4245: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3938: 3836:Nicolas Oudinot 3789: 3774:Battle of Eylau 3770: 3746:Battle of Znaim 3733:Guiot de Lacour 3699:Napoleonic Wars 3690: 3676:Battle of Znaim 3637: 3632: 3565: 3532: 3413: 3398: 3391: 3211:Obersiebenbrunn 3169: 3112:horse artillery 3034:9th Cuirassiers 2943: 2923:Groß-Enzersdorf 2873:Feldzeugmeister 2856: 2778:Carra Saint-Cyr 2719: 2716: 2705: 2585: 2580: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2293: 2290: 2283: 2207:Erzherzog Franz 2113: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1935: 1902:Groß-Enzersdorf 1880: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1852: 1690:Emperor Francis 1636: 1626: 1619: 1506: 1421:, imposing the 1379: 1374: 1358:French nobility 1327:Battle of Znaim 1317:. However, the 1262:Fifth Coalition 1243:Napoleonic Wars 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 986: 983: 981: 974: 971: 969: 962: 959: 957: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 938: 934: 931: 924: 916: 909: 908: 907: 902: 857: 677: 672: 670: 668: 634: 633: 632: 631: 629: 623: 622: 621: 556:Army of Germany 545: 533: 521: 509: 497: 485: 473: 465: 453: 432: 426: 414: 402: 390: 382: 372: 370: 366:Jean Bernadotte 360: 358: 341: 339: 329: 327: 317: 315: 305: 303: 292:Nicolas Oudinot 286: 284: 272: 270: 248: 246: 242: 230: 228: 215: 213: 200: 198: 185: 183: 170: 168: 155: 153: 134:Fifth Coalition 118:French victory 102: 100: 96: 93: 88: 85: 83: 81: 80: 79: 75:, northeast of 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8204: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8146:1809 in France 8143: 8138: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8106:Longwood House 8103: 8102: 8101: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7812:Count of Feira 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7707:Horatio Nelson 7704: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7617:Marshal Victor 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7555: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Arcis-sur-Aube 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7138:Venta del Pozo 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7013:Ciudad Rodrigo 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6923: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6891:Ciudad Rodrigo 6888: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6865:Alba de Tormes 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6765:Aspern-Essling 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6367:Jena–Auerstedt 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6139:Ottoman Empire 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6099:United Kingdom 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6069:Ottoman Empire 6066: 6064:Denmark–Norway 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:Polish Legions 6004: 5998: 5996: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5942:Peninsular War 5938: 5931: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5880: 5871: 5864: 5861:Battle of Graz 5852: 5851: 5839: 5832: 5831:External links 5829: 5828: 5827: 5816:"Wagram" 5813:, ed. (1911). 5811:Chisholm, Hugh 5807: 5801: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5772: 5764:978-0874369571 5763: 5742: 5737:978-1784384500 5736: 5723: 5718:978-1848325470 5717: 5704: 5692: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5588: 5575: 5566: 5557: 5548: 5539: 5530: 5514: 5505: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5451: 5442: 5433: 5424: 5415: 5406: 5394: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5344: 5332: 5323: 5314: 5305: 5296: 5287: 5273: 5264: 5255: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5078: 5076:Hourtoulle 52. 5069: 5060: 5048: 5036: 5024: 5010: 4994: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4962:Rothenberg 182 4955: 4943: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4860: 4846: 4828: 4816: 4807: 4795: 4781: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4692: 4674: 4662: 4653: 4641: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4560: 4551: 4542: 4530: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4487: 4473: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4423:, p. 713. 4413: 4404: 4402:, p. 709. 4392: 4380: 4371: 4359: 4350: 4338: 4336:, p. 692. 4326: 4324:, p. 706. 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4207:, p. 670. 4197: 4185: 4176: 4167: 4155: 4146: 4144:, p. 663. 4134: 4125: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4082:, p. 100. 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4040:, p. 391. 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 4001:, p. 401. 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3962:, p. 409. 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3922: 3905: 3892: 3883: 3870: 3843: 3823: 3800: 3788: 3785: 3769: 3766: 3689: 3686: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3609:Deutsch-Wagram 3564: 3561: 3531: 3528: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3227:Erzherzog Karl 3168: 3165: 3136:Antoine Drouot 3120:eight-pounders 3095:Imperial Guard 3091:Antoine Drouot 3009:It seems that 2942: 2939: 2855: 2852: 2714: 2708:That braggart 2704: 2701: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2578:The second day 2576: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2420:) and the 2nd 2402:Hessen-Homburg 2288: 2282: 2279: 2267:Imperial Guard 2163:Further west, 2112: 2109: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1934: 1933:Opposing plans 1931: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1848: 1752:Napoleon with 1701:chief of staff 1697:generalissimus 1678:United Kingdom 1624: 1618: 1615: 1560:chief of staff 1505: 1502: 1415:United Kingdom 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1273:Peninsular War 1221: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1069: 1062: 1057: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 987: 982: 975: 970: 963: 958: 951: 946: 939: 932: 925: 918: 917: 912: 911: 910: 904: 903: 901: 900: 895: 894: 893: 888: 878: 873: 868: 863: 856: 855: 849: 848: 845: 844: 838: 837: 832: 826: 825: 819: 818: 813: 808: 803: 797: 796: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 759: 754: 749: 744: 741:Aspern-Essling 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 705: 698: 693: 687: 686: 682: 679: 678: 667: 666: 659: 652: 644: 636: 635: 625: 624: 615: 614: 608: 607: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598:26,000–41,250 595: 592:25,000–40,000 588: 587: 583: 582: 576: 569: 568: 564: 563: 558: 552: 551: 550:Units involved 547: 546: 544: 543: 531: 519: 507: 495: 483: 471: 451: 429: 427: 425: 424: 412: 400: 388: 368: 356: 337: 325: 313: 301: 282: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 243: 241: 240: 225: 210: 195: 180: 151: 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 136: 130: 125: 115: 111: 110: 71: 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8203: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047:Miscellaneous 8045: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722:Manuel Lapeña 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Prince Eugène 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7602:André Masséna 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7582:Joachim Murat 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:Rocheserviere 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7214:San Sebastián 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6775:Sankt Michael 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6690:Teugen-Hausen 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992:client states 5987: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5896: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5879: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802:0-913037-08-7 5798: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5778: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5681: 5680: 5673: 5672: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5632: 5623: 5617:Castle 56–57. 5614: 5605: 5598: 5592: 5585: 5579: 5570: 5561: 5552: 5543: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5512:Naulet 76–77. 5509: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5419: 5410: 5401: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5303:Castle 82–83. 5300: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5268: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5229: 5220: 5211: 5202: 5196:Castle 78–81. 5193: 5187:Naulet 63–64. 5184: 5175: 5169:Naulet 62–63. 5166: 5157: 5155: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5083: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5022:Castle 73–76. 5019: 5017: 5015: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4977: 4968: 4959: 4953:Castle 70–73. 4950: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4926: 4917: 4911:Castle 69–70. 4908: 4902:Naulet 55–56. 4899: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4823: 4821: 4811: 4802: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4760: 4754:Castle 20–21. 4751: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4731:Castle 65–66. 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4690:Castle 66–68. 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4657: 4648: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4597:Naulet 47–50. 4594: 4588:Castle 62–64. 4585: 4576: 4567: 4565: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4456: 4450:Naulet 45–46. 4447: 4441:Naulet 39–40. 4438: 4432:Naulet 35–36. 4429: 4422: 4421:Chandler 1998 4417: 4408: 4401: 4400:Chandler 1998 4396: 4387: 4385: 4375: 4366: 4364: 4354: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4334:Chandler 1998 4330: 4323: 4322:Chandler 1998 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4267:Castle 54–55. 4264: 4255: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4231: 4225:Castle 29–55. 4222: 4213: 4206: 4205:Chandler 1998 4201: 4192: 4190: 4180: 4171: 4164: 4163:Chandler 1998 4159: 4150: 4143: 4142:Chandler 1998 4138: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4039: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3860:heavy cavalry 3857: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:Revolutionary 3685: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3527: 3525: 3524:Chevau-légers 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3506:Chevau-légers 3502: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3467:Schwarzenberg 3465: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:General-Major 3367: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3339:General-Major 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3293:General-Major 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3149:enfilade fire 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3103:heavy cavalry 3096: 3092: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3071:light cavalry 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3016: 3012: 3011:Saint-Germain 3003: 2999: 2996: 2995:Guard cavalry 2992: 2988: 2987:heavy cavalry 2984: 2983:Saint-Sulpice 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2960:grand battery 2952: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890:Hirschstetten 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2729:General-Major 2725: 2713: 2711: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2675:enfilade fire 2671: 2670:heavy cavalry 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654:light cavalry 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411:To the west, 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387:and promptly 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Herzog Albert 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2200:Herzog Albert 2197: 2196:heavy cavalry 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2157:light cavalry 2154: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:Liechtenstein 2127: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1988: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1885: 1877: 1876:Archduke John 1873: 1867: 1861:Preliminaries 1857: 1850:The first day 1847: 1844: 1843:landing craft 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1805:André Masséna 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:General Major 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706:General Major 1702: 1698: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1650: 1646: 1643:A triumphant 1641: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1568:Teugen-Hausen 1565: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1451:guerrilla war 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1389:In 1809, the 1383: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1301:grand battery 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1204: 1198: 1186: 1174: 1162: 1150: 1138: 1126: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1078: 1066: 1054: 1037: 1025: 1013: 991: 979: 967: 955: 929: 922: 915: 899: 896: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 840: 839: 836: 833: 831: 828: 827: 824: 821: 820: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 764: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 747:Sankt Michael 745: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 710: 706: 704: 703: 699: 697: 694: 692: 691:Teugen-Hausen 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 675: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 645: 642: 628: 612: 603: 599: 596: 593: 590: 589: 584: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 565: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 548: 542: 537: 532: 530: 525: 520: 518: 513: 508: 506: 501: 496: 494: 489: 484: 482: 477: 472: 470: 468: 462: 457: 452: 449: 443: 442: 436: 431: 430: 428: 423: 418: 413: 411: 406: 401: 399: 394: 389: 387: 385: 379: 369: 367: 357: 354: 348: 338: 336: 326: 324: 323:André Masséna 314: 312: 302: 299: 293: 283: 281: 280: 269: 268: 266: 265: 260: 256: 244: 238: 226: 223: 211: 208: 196: 193: 181: 178: 166: 165: 163: 150: 149: 144: 135: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 78: 74: 70: 67: 66: 63:5–6 July 1809 62: 59: 58: 54: 51: 50:Horace Vernet 47: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 8094:Grande Armée 8054:Bibliography 8038:Paris (1815) 7998:Paris (1814) 7983:Paris (1810) 7963:Finckenstein 7938:Campo Formio 7697:Rowland Hill 7683:military and 7563:military and 7536:Rocquencourt 7405:Saint-Dizier 7375:Bar-sur-Aube 7330:Mincio River 6825:Schöngrabern 6799: 6604:2nd Zaragoza 6544:1st Zaragoza 6498:Stralsund II 6347:Campo Tenese 6321:Schöngrabern 6306:Cape Ortegal 6256:Diamond Rock 6134:Papal States 5968: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5875: 5866: 5859: 5820: 5792: 5768: 5748: 5727: 5708: 5699: 5684:. Retrieved 5678: 5658: 5649: 5640: 5631: 5622: 5613: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5583: 5578: 5569: 5560: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5508: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5409: 5376: 5367: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5267: 5258: 5241:Sokolov 455. 5237: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5201: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5165: 5144: 5135: 5102: 5093: 5072: 5063: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4884: 4875: 4810: 4759: 4750: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4656: 4623: 4614: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4554: 4545: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4416: 4407: 4395: 4374: 4353: 4329: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4200: 4179: 4170: 4158: 4149: 4137: 4128: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3955: 3926: 3909: 3902:Grande Armée 3901: 3896: 3887: 3874: 3863: 3852: 3847: 3832: 3827: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3794: 3779:Grande Armée 3771: 3742: 3721: 3711:Grande Armée 3707: 3691: 3680: 3660: 3641: 3638: 3621:Generalmajor 3620: 3617: 3589: 3585:Hohenzollern 3581: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3512:aide-de-camp 3504: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3475:Saint-Julien 3463: 3460: 3442: 3435: 3423: 3393: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3366:Chevaulegers 3365: 3362: 3361:charged the 3358: 3354: 3350:Blackenstein 3349: 3348:and the 6th 3346:Chevaulegers 3345: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3331:Hohenzollern 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3259: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3207: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3155: 3153: 3116:six-pounders 3100: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3020: 3019:1st and 2nd 3008: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2956: 2927: 2920: 2901: 2893: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2865: 2849: 2845: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2767: 2753: 2751: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2707: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2609: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2572: 2556:Prince Reuss 2536: 2520: 2498: 2495:Paul Grenier 2488: 2484: 2471: 2439: 2436: 2431:Generalmajor 2430: 2426: 2421: 2418:Reuss-Plauen 2417: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2379: 2376:Paul Grenier 2348: 2346: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2299: 2295: 2285: 2270: 2259: 2251: 2230: 2222: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2164: 2162: 2141: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2101: 2079: 2066: 2051: 2046:Grande Armée 2040: 2031: 2027: 2023:aide-de-camp 2021: 2018:Sainte-Croix 2010: 2000: 1986: 1974: 1970:Grande Armée 1966: 1962: 1947: 1911: 1890: 1865: 1826:Lariboisière 1820:Grande Armée 1814: 1801: 1793: 1776: 1764: 1753: 1730: 1715: 1704: 1694: 1654: 1621: 1606:Grande Armée 1597: 1550: 1544: 1534: 1507: 1459: 1419:economic war 1388: 1343: 1331: 1321:Grande Armée 1304: 1293: 1266: 1232: 1230: 861:Basque Roads 784:Schöngrabern 762: 761: 740: 708: 701: 597: 591: 581:388–414 guns 578: 575:584–617 guns 572: 560: 466: 439: 383: 277: 146:Belligerents 117: 45: 31:Part of the 18: 7922:War of 1812 7880:Gunboat War 7837:Louis XVIII 7592:Jean Lannes 7506:Quatre Bras 7496:San Germano 7446:Occhiobello 7335:Champaubert 7325:La Rothière 7249:San Marcial 7133:2nd Polotsk 7098:1st Polotsk 7083:Majadahonda 7023:Villagarcia 6952:Campo Maior 6740:Piave River 6665:Ciudad Real 6655:Villafranca 6524:Dos de Mayo 6473:Stralsund I 6225:18 Brumaire 6159:Netherlands 6057:Württemberg 5582:Castle, I. 5458:Arnold 170. 5413:Arnold 161. 5321:Thoumas 37. 5088:Arnold 162. 4971:Arnold 145. 4929:Arnold 142. 4704:Arnold 171. 3960:Bodart 1908 3754:Vukassovich 3471:Vukassovich 3403:to General 3307:Bordessoule 3277:skirmishers 3140:cannonballs 3132:12-pounders 2819:Brzeczinski 2803:Baumersdorf 2696:12-pounders 2692:cuirassiers 2606:Glinzendorf 2552:Süssenbrunn 2374:, all from 2203:Cuirassiers 2138:Glinzendorf 2072:16-pounders 2041:pontonniers 2032:pontonniers 1794:cuirassiers 1782:Jean Lannes 1759:Jean Lannes 1695:Although a 871:Halberstadt 811:Piave River 735:Linz-Urfahr 132:End of the 101: / 8130:Categories 8064:Casualties 7978:Schönbrunn 7953:Artlenburg 7702:John Moore 7607:Michel Ney 7476:Scapezzano 7466:Cesenatico 7410:Montmartre 7340:Montmirail 7274:Wartenburg 7229:Großbeeren 7088:Gorodechno 7078:Klyastitsy 7058:Saltanovka 6947:Casal Novo 6820:Hollabrunn 6805:Korneuburg 6599:Somosierra 6503:Copenhagen 6326:Austerlitz 6316:Dürenstein 6052:Westphalia 5995:and allies 5669:References 5644:Castle 20. 5626:Castle 60. 5564:Naulet 73. 5503:Castle 90. 5467:Naulet 77. 5431:Naulet 71. 5392:Castle 85. 5380:Rothenberg 5371:Naulet 70. 5362:Naulet 67. 5330:Castle 87. 5285:Naulet 66. 5271:Castle 82. 5262:Naulet 65. 5223:Naulet 64. 5148:Naulet 63. 5139:Castle 77. 5118:Naulet 62. 5058:Naulet 56. 5034:Castle 23. 4992:Castle 73. 4879:Castle 69. 4870:Naulet 55. 4844:Naulet 60. 4805:Castle 22. 4779:Castle 68. 4651:Castle 66. 4627:Naulet 51. 4609:Castle 65. 4570:Naulet 47. 4558:Castle 62. 4540:Naulet 46. 4512:Castle 59. 4485:Castle 61. 4411:Castle 58. 4369:Naulet 35. 3688:Casualties 3672:Hollabrunn 3667:Korneuburg 3514:, General 3383:Bockfliess 3281:Bellegarde 3233:battalion 3194:Grosshofen 3055:cannonball 2886:Breitenlee 2710:Bernadotte 2548:Breitenlee 2343:necessary. 2303:skirmisher 2170:Wallachian 2126:Grosshofen 2067:Bellegarde 1854:See also: 1482:Westphalia 1466:Austerlitz 1443:Charles IV 779:Hollabrunn 769:Korneuburg 561:Hauptarmee 279:Napoleon I 89:16°33′28″E 86:48°17′44″N 8028:Casalanza 8003:Tauroggen 7958:Pressburg 7943:Lunéville 7848:conflicts 7681:Coalition 7531:La Suffel 7481:Tolentino 7365:Montereau 7350:Vauchamps 7299:Bornhöved 7254:Dennewitz 7199:Tarragona 7148:Chashniki 7048:Salamanca 6972:Tarragona 6896:Barquilla 6850:Almonacid 6810:Stockerau 6780:Stralsund 6750:2nd Porto 6730:Ebelsberg 6700:Abensberg 6670:1st Porto 6630:Castellón 6614:Benavente 6579:Valmaseda 6493:Friedland 6488:Heilsberg 6458:Ostrołęka 6448:Mohrungen 6382:Magdeburg 6311:Amstetten 6296:Trafalgar 6281:Elchingen 6266:Wertingen 6164:Brunswick 6089:Coalition 4123:Castle 7. 4080:Gill 2020 4038:Gill 2010 3999:Gill 2010 3787:Footnotes 3703:roundshot 3630:Aftermath 3593:Grandjean 3401:MacDonald 3285:Chasteler 3249:from the 3241:and 49th 3190:crossfire 3145:case-shot 3124:howitzers 2931:Gerasdorf 2915:cannonade 2882:Leopoldau 2739:Grenadier 2544:Leopoldau 2524:Broussier 2380:Vogelsang 2324:Grandjean 2255:Grenadier 2243:Gerasdorf 2181:Chasteler 2134:squadrons 2105:Breintlee 2063:howitzers 1950:Pressburg 1914:Marchfeld 1661:Austrians 1577:Abensberg 1537:Inn River 1405:, forced 1362:Neuchâtel 774:Stockerau 725:Ebelsberg 696:Abensberg 8099:Uniforms 8013:Chaumont 7931:Treaties 7632:Joseph I 7572:Napoleon 7516:Waterloo 7456:Casaglia 7420:Toulouse 7304:Sehested 7279:Bidassoa 7259:2nd Kulm 7244:1st Kulm 7234:Katzbach 7224:Sorauren 7219:Pyrenees 7184:Castalla 7168:Berezina 7158:Smoliani 7128:Tarutino 7113:Borodino 7103:Valutino 7093:Smolensk 7063:Ostrovno 7033:Maguilla 6997:Valencia 6987:Saguntum 6835:Talavera 6715:Ratisbon 6705:Landshut 6680:Bergisel 6675:Medellín 6589:Espinosa 6549:Valencia 6422:Czarnowo 6392:Pasewalk 6387:Prenzlau 6362:Saalfeld 6301:Caldiero 6271:Günzburg 6149:Sardinia 6124:Portugal 5698:(1998). 3936:See also 3768:Analysis 3750:Nordmann 3681:Maréchal 3601:Tharreau 3494:Maréchal 3452:Nansouty 3411:cavalry. 3399:General 3397:— 3376:and 6th 3363:O'Reilly 3343:O'Reilly 3289:Beaulieu 3231:Landwehr 3229:and the 3223:dragoons 3215:Beaulieu 3181:Maréchal 3156:Maréchal 3065:and 4th 3015:Defrance 2991:Nansouty 2968:Maréchal 2951:Nansouty 2935:Raasdorf 2906:enfilade 2815:Jambline 2754:Maréchal 2715:— 2662:Nansouty 2650:dragoons 2646:Montbrun 2634:Maréchal 2613:Radetzky 2602:Landwehr 2546:towards 2499:Maréchal 2491:Raasdorf 2475:— 2413:Maréchal 2360:Lamarque 2333:Raasdorf 2291:Napoleon 2289:— 2271:Maréchal 2185:Aderklaa 2174:Illyrian 2165:Maréchal 2142:Maréchal 2028:Maréchal 1992:General 1990:— 1975:Maréchal 1958:Marchegg 1869:— 1838:Bertrand 1802:Maréchal 1778:Maréchal 1755:Maréchal 1710:Wimpffen 1625:— 1585:Ratisbon 1573:Landshut 1556:Berthier 1552:Maréchal 1510:Habsburg 1478:Dalmatia 1431:Braganza 1427:Portugal 1366:Valangin 1306:Maréchal 1254:Austrian 1250:Napoleon 943:125miles 886:Bergisel 835:Radzymin 806:Caldiero 720:Neumarkt 715:Ratisbon 702:Landshut 567:Strength 68:Location 7846:Related 7425:Bayonne 7390:Craonne 7360:Mormant 7320:Brienne 7294:Nivelle 7284:Leipzig 7239:Dresden 7209:Vitoria 7194:Bautzen 7163:Krasnoi 7108:Mesoten 7068:Vitebsk 7028:Almaraz 7018:Badajoz 6977:Albuera 6962:Almeida 6957:Sabugal 6942:Redinha 6932:Barrosa 6911:Bussaco 6906:Almeida 6886:Astorga 6855:Tamames 6815:Gefrees 6770:Alcañiz 6710:Eckmühl 6640:Corunna 6609:Sahagún 6574:Zornoza 6569:Vimeiro 6539:Cabezón 6463:Kolberg 6432:Pułtusk 6427:Golymin 6417:Hamelin 6397:Stettin 6357:Schleiz 6202:Prelude 6194:battles 6169:Hanover 6114:Prussia 6104:Austria 6042:Bavaria 6022:Etruria 6017:Holland 5989:France, 5982:gerents 5686:15 June 3799:cannon. 3762:d'Aspré 3737:Lasalle 3729:Gautier 3663:Bohemia 3656:Moravia 3613:d'Aspré 3605:Pacthod 3597:Hardegg 3553:Durutte 3549:Molitor 3541:Lasalle 3537:Marulaz 3448:Walther 3405:Walther 3325:and 15 3247:hussars 3161:Marulaz 3051:squares 3046:Georger 3026:Doumerc 2979:Arrighi 2910:hussars 2837:Molitor 2832:Marulaz 2828:Lasalle 2811:Scovaud 2783:Hessian 2774:d'Aspré 2770:phaeton 2666:Arrighi 2664:'s and 2638:Grouchy 2568:Moravia 2564:Bohemia 2528:Pacthod 2460:Nostitz 2405:Hussars 2368:Durutte 2312:Hardegg 2235:Lederer 2194:. This 2177:Grenzer 2153:hussars 2151:French 2076:mortars 2037:Legrand 2013:Conroux 1922:Moravia 1918:Bohemia 1810:phaeton 1735:Bohemia 1686:Galicia 1674:Prussia 1670:Germany 1581:Eckmühl 1541:Bavaria 1514:Bohemia 1474:Bavaria 1411:Prussia 1403:Austria 1377:Context 1372:Prelude 1315:Bohemia 1247:Emperor 866:Gefrees 709:Eckmühl 600:20 guns 594:21 guns 467:† 444: ( 384:† 349: ( 294: ( 255:Austria 177:Bavaria 8023:Mantua 7973:Cintra 7968:Tilsit 7948:Amiens 7486:Ancona 7471:Pesaro 7441:Panaro 7370:Orthez 7355:Garris 7269:Roßlau 7264:Göhrde 7204:Luckau 7189:Lützen 7153:Vyazma 7123:Burgos 7118:Moscow 7073:Kobryn 6982:Usagre 6937:Pombal 6927:Gebora 6800:Wagram 6760:Tarvis 6735:Girona 6695:Raszyn 6685:Sacile 6594:Tudela 6584:Burgos 6564:Roliça 6559:Bailén 6478:Mileto 6468:Danzig 6407:Lübeck 6372:Erfurt 6291:Verona 6174:Nassau 6154:Sweden 6144:Persia 6129:Sicily 6109:Russia 6091:forces 6074:Persia 6047:Saxony 6032:Naples 6002:France 5980:Belli- 5799: 5761: 5734: 5715: 3760:, and 3758:Vécsey 3725:Duprat 3650:or to 3567:While 3516:Reille 3378:Riesch 3243:Kerpen 2898:Vecsey 2841:Leguay 2807:Erbach 2560:Danube 2504:Aspern 2456:Puthod 2448:Morand 2444:Friant 2427:Jägers 2394:Erbach 2389:firing 2239:Wagram 2189:émigré 2088:Boudet 1927:Grünne 1898:Aspern 1834:Vienna 1830:Danube 1767:Danube 1727:Danube 1682:Russia 1564:Davout 1522:Danube 1490:Poland 1447:Joseph 1435:Brazil 1407:Russia 1399:Fourth 1285:Danube 1281:Vienna 1223: 1217: 1211: 1042:Aspern 996:Wagram 830:Raszyn 816:Tarvis 801:Sacile 763:Wagram 463: 380: 252: 234: 219: 204: 192:Saxony 189: 174: 162:France 159: 114:Result 77:Vienna 73:Wagram 8089:Films 7521:Wavre 7511:Ligny 7501:Gaeta 7461:Ronco 7451:Carpi 7415:Paris 7385:Reims 7289:Hanau 6881:Cádiz 6860:Ocaña 6845:Ölper 6790:María 6755:Wörgl 6745:Grijó 6645:Valls 6635:Uclés 6529:Bruch 6453:Eylau 6377:Halle 6352:Maida 6342:Gaeta 6192:Major 6119:Spain 6079:Spain 6012:Italy 3948:Notes 3652:Znaim 3648:Brünn 3624:Smola 3456:Sahuc 3439:Seras 3409:Guard 3287:, 58 3283:, 46 3256:Gilly 3219:Pully 3043:Grenz 2787:Dupas 2758:Saxon 2642:Pully 2532:Wrede 2508:Lobau 2452:Gudin 2422:Jäger 2372:Sahuc 2364:Seras 2356:Dupas 2316:Jäger 2308:Frère 2263:Dupas 2211:Saxon 2074:, 14 1906:Turks 1772:Lobau 1723:Lobau 1611:Guard 1539:into 1486:Tyrol 1439:Spain 1395:Third 941:200km 891:Wörgl 876:Ölper 789:Znaim 237:Hesse 222:Baden 207:Italy 8018:Kiel 8008:Ried 7554:Info 7541:Issy 7434:1815 7380:Laon 7313:1814 7177:1813 7043:Ekau 7006:1812 6920:1811 6874:1810 6795:Graz 6785:Raab 6623:1809 6517:1808 6441:1807 6335:1806 6249:1805 5797:ISBN 5759:ISBN 5732:ISBN 5713:ISBN 5688:2021 3697:and 3503:and 3473:and 3327:Zach 3032:and 3024:and 2888:and 2830:and 2817:and 2644:and 2566:and 2526:and 2454:and 2446:and 2400:and 2370:and 2269:and 1920:and 1900:and 1891:The 1655:The 1583:and 1488:and 1464:and 1397:and 1231:The 757:Graz 752:Raab 60:Date 7038:Mir 6901:Côa 6286:Ulm 5755:257 3221:'s 3030:2nd 3028:'s 3017:'s 2668:'s 2026:to 1462:Ulm 447:WIA 352:WIA 297:WIA 48:by 8132:: 5819:. 5767:. 5757:. 5517:^ 5397:^ 5385:^ 5347:^ 5335:^ 5276:^ 5246:^ 5153:^ 5123:^ 5111:^ 5081:^ 5051:^ 5039:^ 5027:^ 5013:^ 4997:^ 4985:^ 4946:^ 4934:^ 4893:^ 4863:^ 4849:^ 4831:^ 4819:^ 4798:^ 4784:^ 4768:^ 4736:^ 4695:^ 4677:^ 4665:^ 4644:^ 4632:^ 4602:^ 4563:^ 4533:^ 4517:^ 4476:^ 4464:^ 4383:^ 4362:^ 4341:^ 4251:^ 4239:^ 4188:^ 4114:^ 4072:^ 3764:. 3756:, 3752:, 3735:, 3731:, 3727:, 3118:, 2813:, 2677:. 2640:, 2366:, 2249:. 2020:, 1973:, 1703:, 1672:, 1579:, 1575:, 1500:. 1484:, 1480:, 1341:. 1291:. 1083:10 1071:11 1059:12 1047:14 1030:15 1018:16 1006:17 1001:18 984:19 972:20 960:21 948:22 5908:e 5901:t 5894:v 5805:. 5779:. 5740:. 5721:. 5690:. 3869:. 3842:. 3822:. 2480:. 2392:( 2261:( 2241:- 2172:- 1651:. 1634:. 1235:( 1191:1 1179:2 1167:3 1155:4 1143:5 1131:6 1119:7 1107:8 1095:9 663:e 656:t 649:v 450:) 355:) 300:)

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