1049:
4814:
2158:
2948:
2964:
2472:
211:
2738:
951:
2026:
965:
856:
2354:
881:
289:
4528:
2043:
2859:
2930:
2996:
979:
328:
1007:
909:
895:
828:
937:
923:
25:
197:
2628:
842:
993:
3018:
1583:
814:
1598:
2851:
2378:
2715:, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when various European states conspired against France. While Napoleon and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.
2765:, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June – 10 August 1813), from fear of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite the victories at
2761:, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all of Europe was turning against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the crossing of the
2576:
emulate the
Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of
2483:
Talleyrand had advised
Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of
2663:
The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the
Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even
2886:
which confirmed the
Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time, however, thought himself more of an enlightened despot. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency
2647:
Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in
Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated
2320:
to stay out of the Third
Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. To this, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into
2917:
France justified the spread of her empire as one of spreading her superior culture, bringing
Enlightenment thinking and modern civilisation to what they viewed as backwards peoples. However this consequently led to attitudes of contempt against many of the nations France conquered and repression
2706:
gradually turned many of
Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the Continental Blockade by the
2575:
Spain used up the soldiers needed for
Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could
2752:
Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in
Germany when the emperor of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put an end to this, ensure his own access to the Mediterranean, and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Despite his
2963:
265:
264:
263:
3080:
According to his father's will only. Between 23 June and 7 July, France was held by a Commission of Government of five members, which never summoned Napoleon II as emperor in any official act, and no regent was ever appointed while waiting the return of the
262:
3510:
Elected to the Tribunate in 1802, he showed himself increasingly alienated by Napoleon's personal ambition and voted against both the Consul for Life and the proclamation of the Empire. Unlike many former Revolutionaries, Carnot had little
2397:
ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the
2897:
during the early days of the Revolution out of pragmatism, Napoleon became increasingly autocratic as his political career progressed, and once in power embraced certain aspects of both liberalism and authoritarianism—for example,
2817:
to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting
2619:, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire.
4295:
2607:, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of
4780:
1048:
260:
4288:
1771:. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the
2668:
conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defence of the
4802:
261:
4281:
3046:
2691:
was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Marshal
2468:. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
4810:
3573:
Dwyer, Philip G. "Violence and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: massacre, conquest and the imperial enterprise." Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 2 (2013): 117-131.
2316:
in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of
1838:, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the
1688:
at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
4795:
2792:(1 December 1813) which proclaimed it, he was forced to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and was later driven further back upon those of 1792—despite the forceful
5975:
3952:
2022:
followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.
2066:, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.
1822:, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in
5755:
4788:
7874:
3558:
3306:
3284:
1850:
privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the
2995:
2784:
Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an Allied army led by the
3368:
2124:
3421:
2219:, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the
7869:
1626:
2879:, a dislike and suspicion of foreign countries that had tried to reverse the Revolution—and a wish by Jacobins to extend France's revolutionary ideals.
5061:
2561:
3749:
3611:
2947:
1000:
3710:
1916:
to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the
888:
3398:
2707:
discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His
2302:
6646:
6081:
5647:
1449:
309:
7859:
2527:
of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.
7834:
1788:
7770:
1985:. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763
2935:
1819:
300:
4513:
210:
7824:
5420:
2649:
2679:
After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to
2297:, the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of
1901:
2929:
2785:
2569:
1924:
and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the
2512:
89:
5246:
5159:
1619:
3818:
3127:
2078:
61:
7814:
5795:
5780:
5697:
7599:
6981:
5548:
4074:
4040:
3941:
3866:
3478:
3051:
1912:) and the following day, troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte seized control. They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a
1269:
4273:
3337:
3158:
2809:
After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King
122:
7844:
6179:
3903:
2793:
2688:
2544:
riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local
68:
42:
7505:
3958:
2869:
Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of the French people. These included dislike of the emigrant
2499:
The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around
2157:
5902:
5665:
5321:
5311:
4836:
4267:
3098:) until 1808: compare the French franc minted in 1808 and 1809, as well as Article 1 of the Constitution of the Year XII.
3031:
2298:
1387:
617:
7651:
6651:
5750:
4671:
4457:
4148:
4002:
3847:
3795:
3729:
3530:
3503:
3267:
3255:
3214:
1612:
5176:
3671:
2882:
Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the
7864:
6295:
5722:
5707:
4233:
4186:
4167:
4021:
3694:
3660:
3496:
The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1
2687:, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while
2426:
2407:
2030:
1975:. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the Pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the
1696:
1548:
902:
108:
75:
1818:, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had
5990:
5831:
5785:
4751:
2636:
1501:
274:
3280:
7277:
3555:
3189:
1570:
1288:
6439:
3360:
2834:, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the
57:
6010:
5585:
4701:
4681:
4214:
3429:
3061:
2982:
2903:
2838:, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the
2803:
2612:
702:
46:
3983:
2553:
7854:
7715:
5933:
5553:
5494:
5489:
4666:
4558:
4437:
4412:
2978:
2835:
2534:
as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to
2220:
2086:
2035:
1921:
1851:
1827:
1565:
1558:
1543:
1531:
1516:
1318:
874:
231:
5575:
2802:, pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at
7829:
7710:
7594:
6261:
6000:
5479:
5316:
4767:
4304:
3755:
2974:
2507:. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the
2471:
2386:
2326:
2294:
1885:
1831:
1800:
646:
506:
4254:
The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery
1241:
7720:
6757:
6118:
5838:
5712:
5702:
5450:
5291:
5239:
2781:
also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied states, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.
2382:
2322:
1796:
1538:
3390:
2699:, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.
2608:
2290:
7849:
6029:
5950:
5717:
5627:
5606:
5306:
5296:
5286:
4709:
4686:
4676:
4603:
4563:
2986:
2742:
2728:
2712:
2653:
2212:
2176:
1925:
1909:
1842:
throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and
1823:
1772:
1729:
1553:
1521:
1496:
1056:
1028:
4643:
2766:
2074:
7678:
6826:
6390:
6209:
5965:
5880:
5853:
5770:
5565:
5410:
4308:
3317:
The Government of the Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.
3002:
2754:
2724:
2373:, is one of several landmarks whose construction was started in Paris during the First French Empire.
2216:
1936:
1122:
1065:
689:
629:
590:
409:
216:
4638:
2702:
The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of
2548:. The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the
2200:
1935:(14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's
1873:
7819:
7809:
7636:
7611:
7461:
7120:
7115:
5790:
5760:
5365:
4588:
2907:
2778:
2770:
2581:
2538:, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the
2063:
1084:
2737:
2445:, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the
2286:
2001:. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy.
7839:
7703:
7584:
7125:
7078:
7021:
6720:
6664:
6412:
6046:
5928:
5875:
5821:
5775:
5464:
5172:
5109:
5104:
4618:
4111:
3881:
3839:
2695:, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Marshal
2676:
shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.
2657:
2246:
began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many states. Older brother
1893:
1526:
1506:
1199:
414:
82:
35:
5167:
3901:(1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon".
2593:
2464:
was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the
2055:
1231:
7725:
7626:
7621:
7309:
7257:
7177:
7110:
7014:
6999:
6892:
6659:
6613:
6454:
6341:
6151:
6113:
6071:
6056:
5848:
5670:
5570:
5232:
4963:
4714:
4691:
4583:
2680:
2050:
Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought
1986:
1692:
1511:
1459:
1338:
944:
745:
659:
424:
3244:
2012:, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. This action was confirmed by the
7656:
7616:
7429:
7304:
6368:
6358:
6317:
6288:
6076:
6066:
5858:
5682:
5590:
5525:
4968:
4922:
4823:
4819:
4628:
4598:
4427:
4356:
4303:
3898:
3644:
3595:
The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901
2850:
2708:
2632:
2282:
2278:
2267:
2108:
2070:
2051:
1768:
1733:
1700:
1469:
1396:
1358:
1298:
819:
519:
419:
7544:
5181:
4930:
3470:
3464:
3243:
1754:
582:
7749:
7579:
7549:
7424:
7355:
7326:
7245:
6579:
6417:
6407:
6101:
5642:
5580:
5469:
5360:
5114:
5094:
5011:
4940:
4892:
4864:
4608:
4593:
4568:
4452:
4432:
3056:
2911:
2798:
2565:
2552:
facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General
2540:
2204:
2196:
2169:
2163:
2132:
2059:
1792:
1713:
1348:
1074:
986:
7529:
2025:
288:
8:
7441:
7287:
7189:
7009:
7004:
6816:
6535:
6471:
6346:
6331:
6184:
6141:
6061:
6015:
5892:
5885:
5865:
5826:
5738:
5499:
5474:
5440:
5342:
5337:
5139:
4958:
4907:
4882:
4827:
4578:
4392:
4382:
2789:
2520:
2353:
2338:
2334:
2308:
Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the
2274:
2136:
2094:
1905:
1847:
1804:
1217:
1156:
1146:
730:
7157:
7147:
4902:
3593:
2557:
2143:
put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of
2013:
1880:
constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a
609:
196:
7554:
7534:
7517:
7468:
7333:
7142:
7093:
7026:
6944:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6831:
6801:
6693:
6591:
6459:
6434:
6096:
6041:
5995:
5843:
5809:
5393:
5211:
5051:
5031:
4983:
4950:
4730:
4661:
4573:
4503:
4442:
4402:
4397:
4387:
3920:
3704:
3206:
2839:
2827:
2762:
2758:
2696:
2672:, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on the
2665:
2640:
2597:
2584:, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal
2516:
2446:
2403:
2394:
2342:
2313:
2259:
2243:
2192:
2042:
1964:
1808:
1780:
1685:
833:
676:
478:
5119:
4988:
4498:
4085:
1947:, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the
248:
7663:
7559:
7495:
7490:
7419:
7316:
7031:
6959:
6954:
6796:
6725:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6498:
6449:
6242:
6224:
6219:
6204:
6189:
6128:
6091:
6005:
5938:
5916:
5897:
5765:
5692:
5515:
5415:
5301:
5281:
5258:
5144:
5124:
5099:
5079:
5046:
5003:
4877:
4623:
4493:
4475:
4447:
4422:
4417:
4407:
4377:
4340:
4229:
4210:
4182:
4163:
4144:
4070:
4036:
4017:
3998:
3937:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3791:
3773:
3725:
3690:
3656:
3526:
3516:
3499:
3474:
3263:
3251:
3119:
3041:
3036:
2883:
2774:
2746:
2531:
2508:
2496:
he responded with a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
2341:'s formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at
2309:
2263:
2208:
2180:
2123:
and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague
1968:
1932:
1704:
1278:
1177:
1037:
847:
565:
494:
458:
437:
394:
4051:
2703:
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7299:
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6994:
6989:
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6932:
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6789:
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6641:
6601:
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4372:
3912:
3198:
2891:
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2692:
2589:
2504:
2251:
2247:
2184:
2140:
1977:
1940:
1917:
1913:
1889:
1877:
1867:
1764:
1251:
916:
323: De jure borders of client states, but under neither French nor client control
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5457:
5026:
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1418:
1223:
7730:
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7571:
7539:
7522:
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6806:
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4508:
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4105:
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3520:
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3150:
2863:
2476:
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2330:
2255:
2239:
1839:
1835:
1815:
1776:
1747:
1653:
1407:
633:
404:
399:
367:
170:
148:
7152:
5597:
3932:
Rowe, Michael (2014). "Borders, War, and Nation-Building in Napoleon's Europe".
2449:
and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.
2369:
2145:
1369:
7673:
7668:
7631:
7606:
7589:
7500:
7485:
7456:
7414:
7262:
7222:
7217:
7172:
7098:
7058:
7048:
7038:
6853:
6732:
6626:
6493:
6375:
6174:
6169:
6161:
5985:
5943:
5520:
4978:
4129:
4066:
3814:
3180:
2887:
and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality.
2524:
2438:
2430:
2399:
1784:
1661:
1602:
1188:
441:
202:
4872:
3556:
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_frankfort.html
2822:" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the "
327:
7803:
7785:
7772:
7754:
7641:
7436:
7409:
7382:
7360:
7338:
7105:
7088:
7073:
6917:
6870:
6858:
6784:
6676:
6550:
6545:
6520:
6402:
6256:
6086:
5870:
5558:
5036:
4935:
4854:
4613:
4131:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
4120:
3652:
3023:
2500:
2270:
2128:
2120:
2090:
2009:
1944:
1587:
1328:
785:
500:
488:
471:
7182:
7162:
3202:
3184:
7646:
7387:
7377:
7343:
7272:
7267:
7194:
6984:
6966:
6927:
6922:
6902:
6897:
6769:
6762:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6636:
6574:
6555:
6540:
6476:
5970:
5675:
5632:
5432:
5403:
5021:
4527:
3717:
3239:
2899:
2831:
2823:
2732:
2232:
2188:
2116:
1718:
1436:
1167:
773:
715:
293:
The First French Empire at its peak territorial control in September 1812:
5190:
5149:
4993:
3185:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
2461:
2242:, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The
7365:
7350:
7199:
6912:
6821:
6811:
6737:
6385:
6380:
5637:
5540:
5385:
4724:
4485:
4467:
2810:
2616:
2585:
2411:
2101:
1989:, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the
1982:
1981:(1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like
1897:
1863:
1843:
1431:
601:
574:
550:
503:
491:
446:
2414:
against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
7392:
7209:
7083:
7043:
6976:
6146:
5375:
3210:
2814:
2788:, the uprising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion, and the
2493:
2489:
2485:
2289:
was appointed Viceroy of Italy; and adopted daughter and second cousin
2112:
2082:
2019:
1695:
overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a
1104:
930:
663:
3924:
2777:, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General
2648:
it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War. Men like
1725:
7282:
7053:
6937:
6907:
6688:
6562:
6353:
5484:
2673:
2664:
betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power.
2418:
2105:
450:
4887:
24:
6683:
6466:
6424:
6363:
5074:
4539:
3916:
2894:
2870:
2627:
2588:, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at
2422:
2364:
2005:
1998:
1948:
1760:
1681:
1677:
780:
538:
5129:
5089:
2873:
who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the
6596:
6525:
6481:
6336:
5398:
5266:
4849:
4844:
4633:
4550:
4350:
4332:
2669:
2535:
2453:
2317:
1994:
1131:
958:
861:
466:
454:
6397:
5224:
2596:, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the
2235:
territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.
6429:
6304:
5687:
5255:
4738:
3686:
2604:
2577:
2228:
2224:
1960:
1673:
1135:
972:
3001:
Europe in 1812, with the French Empire at its peak before the
7063:
5134:
5084:
4761:
4653:
4364:
3891:
European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe
2434:
2406:
against Britain. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the
2119:. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after
1990:
1956:
1952:
889:
S. Principality of the United Netherlands
381:
357:
4141:
The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture
3820:
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
2826:." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the
5960:
5370:
2457:
2425:, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the
1972:
1094:
6273:
3246:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
2830:. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to
1967:. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the
2969:
Map of the First French Empire in 1812, divided into 130
2854:
Organigramme of the French Consulate and later the Empire
281:("Let's ensure the salvation of the Empire") (unofficial)
3444:
2460:
was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia,
3307:"Constitution de l'An XII – Empire – 28 floréal An XII"
2377:
348: Satellite states and occupied territories in 1812
3361:"The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur"
3234:
3232:
2773:, and on those of 1802 after his disastrous defeat at
2452:
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory:
334:
The French Empire with its colonial ownership in 1812:
1920:, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the
3673:
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815
3013:
2660:
had begun secretly preparing Prussia's retaliation.
1795:
in 1805. French dominance was reaffirmed during the
3683:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
3681:Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004).
3229:
2906:, and the emancipation of the Jews—while rejecting
2488:and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of
2281:was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3772:
2902:, a generally liberal restructuring of the French
3954:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
3835:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
2069:On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "
7801:
2592:, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The
2484:the northern powers, he added the league of the
2417:More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate
2100:In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "
1417:
903:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
4204:
4179:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
1807:in 1807, before Napoleon's final defeat at the
1707:. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the
3878:The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction
3823:. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. Archived from
3775:Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807
3493:
3330:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
3179:
3151:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
2796:. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the
2437:, which had been captured by Russian admirals
2179:, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old
1872:In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by
125:, the overseas colonies of France before 1830.
7875:States and territories disestablished in 1815
6289:
5240:
4796:
4289:
3807:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon: 1807–1815
3321:
1620:
1001:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
7746:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5616:
5595:
5455:
3859:The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
3787:Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815
3709:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3643:
3554:The Frankfort Declaration, 1 December 1813:
2845:
2325:, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armies at
1814:A series of wars, known collectively as the
1752:
1737:
607:
580:
272:
246:
229:
162:
140:
4139:Broers, Michael; et al., eds. (2012).
3936:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–165.
3328:texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804).
3173:
740:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi)
7870:States and territories established in 1804
6296:
6282:
5247:
5233:
4803:
4789:
4296:
4282:
4242:
3897:
3469:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp.
2711:, which took place at the very end of the
2456:was given to Saxony, the left bank of the
1963:, and added this Italian territory to the
1711:to distinguish it from the restorationist
1691:Although France had already established a
1627:
1613:
287:
4532:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
4245:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
4223:
3950:
3831:
3741:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
3613:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814
3149:texte, France Auteur du (23 April 1815).
2127:of Great Britain was never executed, the
2008:voted unanimously, with the exception of
341: The French Empire with its colonies
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4157:
4103:
3783:
3770:
3591:
3515:
2857:
2849:
2736:
2626:
2503:renewing the theocratic affirmations of
2470:
2376:
2352:
2156:
2041:
2024:
1928:, which made him First Consul for life.
1888:. The plot included Bonaparte's brother
1844:seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice
7570:
4094:
4049:
4030:
3992:
3934:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3875:
3718:Godechot, Jacques; et al. (1971).
3669:
3281:"Decree upon the Term, French Republic"
2622:
2348:
1759:and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11
7802:
4176:
4138:
4060:
4011:
3813:
3680:
3633:
3623:
3422:"Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Friedland"
3287:from the original on 30 September 2022
3250:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 232.
2600:and recognised past French conquests.
2321:Bavaria on 1 October 1806. During the
2077:; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was
1971:to control the material claims of the
1763:year XIII), signifying the end of the
6277:
5228:
4784:
4277:
4251:
4226:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars
4195:
4107:Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall
4083:
3981:
3747:
3609:
3462:
3450:
3327:
3238:
3148:
3052:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
2794:campaign of 1814 against the invaders
2513:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
1746:
4127:
3931:
3904:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
3888:
3856:
3804:
3738:
2337:against the Russians finally ruined
1791:, and allied states, notably at the
254:("Song of the Departure") (official)
186:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
7860:Historical transcontinental empires
4205:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995).
4016:. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc.
3419:
3401:from the original on 8 October 2014
3358:
3340:from the original on 23 August 2019
3217:from the original on 17 August 2018
3032:Armorial of the First French Empire
2918:against recalcitrant populations.
2613:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
2258:was installed on the throne of the
13:
7835:Former countries in French history
4162:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3751:The French Revolution and Napoleon
3585:
3580:
3371:from the original on 23 March 2016
2741:Napoleon and his staff during the
2603:The Pope was forcibly deported to
2402:, while Russia agreed to join the
2211:, which were reorganised into the
2152:
1732:), Napoleon was granted the title
326:
16:Empire in France from 1804 to 1815
14:
7886:
5254:
4261:
3161:from the original on 1 April 2021
2530:Napoleon tried to succeed in the
2031:Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne
1892:, then serving as speaker of the
7825:1815 disestablishments in France
4812:
4526:
4268:Napoleon, His Armies and Battles
3494:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006).
3130:from the original on 31 May 2023
3016:
2994:
2962:
2946:
2928:
2637:Frederick William III of Prussia
2115:empire into one modelled on the
1717:(1852–1870) ruled by his nephew
1596:
1581:
1047:
1005:
991:
977:
963:
949:
935:
921:
907:
893:
879:
854:
840:
826:
812:
258:
209:
195:
23:
4243:Rothenberg, E. Gunther (1977).
4181:. New York: Da Capo Press Inc.
3567:
3548:
3539:
3487:
3456:
3413:
3383:
3352:
3190:International Studies Quarterly
2046:Imperial standard of Napoleon I
1668:) after 1809 and also known as
344:
337:
34:needs additional citations for
5586:Government of National Defense
3748:Hazen, Charles Downer (1917).
3724:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3299:
3273:
3142:
3112:
3084:
3074:
3062:Succession of the Roman Empire
2511:, and by the entry of General
1:
7815:1804 establishments in France
5495:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5490:War of the Spanish Succession
4198:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
3790:. Columbia University Press.
3649:A History of the Modern World
3525:. Pen and Sword. p. 57.
3105:
2836:Bourbon monarchy was restored
2036:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1922:Constitution of the Year VIII
1902:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
275:Veillons au salut de l'Empire
5177:Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat
4252:Smith, Digby George (1998).
3779:. Columbia University Press.
3721:The Napoleonic era in Europe
3626:Years of Endurance 1793–1802
2940:in 1801 during the Consulate
2890:Although a supporter of the
2747:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
2718:
1943:, which cost him control of
1886:Constitution of the Year III
507:semi-constitutional monarchy
123:First French colonial empire
7:
7845:Former monarchies of Europe
6303:
4207:Napoleon's Military Machine
4119:
3985:Napoleon: The Path to Power
3975:
3951:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
3832:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996).
3636:Years of Victory, 1802–1812
3598:. The H. W. Wilson company.
3428:. about.com. Archived from
3397:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
3009:
2689:Louis Antoine de Bourrienne
2615:, followed by the birth of
2323:War of the Fourth Coalition
2254:in Naples; younger brother
2135:overshadowed the defeat at
2004:On 12 May 1802, the French
1797:War of the Fourth Coalition
945:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
621:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
594:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
184:20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815
10:
7891:
5976:French subdivisions by GDP
5723:2022 presidential election
5708:2017 presidential election
4564:Confederation of the Rhine
4270:(archived 25 October 2005)
4224:Uffindell, Andrew (2003).
4158:Chandler, David G (1995).
3995:Napoleon: A Political Life
3784:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3771:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3603:
3120:"National Motto of France"
3047:List of Napoleonic battles
2987:Confederation of the Rhine
2743:War of the Sixth Coalition
2729:War of the Sixth Coalition
2722:
2713:War of the Sixth Coalition
2329:. Successive victories at
2250:replaced the dispossessed
2213:Confederation of the Rhine
2177:War of the Third Coalition
1926:Constitution of the Year X
1910:French Republican Calendar
1861:
1773:War of the Third Coalition
1730:French Republican calendar
1697:kingdom under the Bourbons
618:Chamber of Representatives
120:
7739:
7691:
7208:
6612:
6311:
6237:
6127:
6037:
6028:
5924:
5915:
5817:
5808:
5746:
5737:
5658:
5539:
5508:
5480:Second Hundred Years' War
5431:
5384:
5351:
5330:
5322:Liberalism and radicalism
5274:
5265:
5199:
5158:
5060:
5002:
4949:
4921:
4863:
4835:
4760:
4737:
4723:
4700:
4652:
4549:
4538:
4524:
4484:
4466:
4363:
4349:
4331:
4320:
4200:. New York: Random House.
4160:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4143:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4087:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
3689:: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3670:Esdaile, Charles (2008).
3561:29 September 2020 at the
3498:. ABC-CLIO. p. 211.
3426:militaryhistory.about.com
3260:– via Google Books.
2846:Nature of Napoleon's rule
2725:French invasion of Russia
2515:into Rome; while General
2312:abdicated their title of
2089:, and was consecrated by
1857:
1680:, who established French
791:
779:
769:
765:
755:
751:
744:
736:
729:
725:
712:
699:
686:
673:
656:
643:
639:
630:French Revolutionary Wars
625:
598:
571:
561:
557:
544:
532:
528:
518:
477:
465:
433:
373:
363:
353:
317: Military occupation
286:
241:
237:("Liberty, Public Order")
225:
191:
181:
132:
7865:Modern history of France
5751:Administrative divisions
5214:(autonomous departments)
4095:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
3993:Englund, Steven (2010).
3988:. Yale University Press.
3889:Ross, Steven T. (1969).
3739:Grab, Alexander (2003).
3610:Bruun, Geoffrey (1938).
3067:
2989:and Illyria and Dalmatia
2753:victorious advance, the
2693:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2683:and suffered dismissal.
2611:, and his marriage with
2303:Imperial House of France
2291:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2227:, and his annexation of
2064:William Pitt the Younger
1900:, another Director, and
1846:were abolished, as were
1801:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1748:[ɑ̃pʁœʁdefʁɑ̃sɛ]
1406:
1368:
1198:
1187:
1166:
121:Not to be confused with
5971:Franc (former currency)
5576:Coup of 2 December 1851
5549:Long nineteenth century
4826:(1792–1804) and of the
4619:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
4177:Elting, John R (1988).
4112:Oxford University Press
4104:Thompson, J.M. (1951).
4050:Markham, Felix (1963).
3882:Oxford University Press
3840:Oxford University Press
3647:; Palmer, R.R. (1992).
3634:Bryant, Arthur (1944).
3624:Bryant, Arthur (1942).
3592:Anderson, F.M. (1904).
3315:which reads in English
3311:Conseil constitutionnel
3203:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
3090:Domestically styled as
2973:, with the kingdoms of
2921:
2658:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2631:Napoleon demanded that
2381:Napoleon reviewing the
1894:Council of Five Hundred
703:Treaty of Fontainebleau
364:Official languages
5991:Science and technology
5648:Provisional Government
5617:
5596:
5456:
4128:Bell, David A (2008).
4061:McLynn, Frank (1998).
4031:Johnson, Paul (2002).
4012:McLynn, Frank (1997).
3982:Dwyer, Philip (2008).
3899:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3876:Rapport, Mike (2013).
3857:Pope, Stephen (1999).
3391:"Battle of Austerlitz"
3367:. Fondation Napoléon.
3095:
2866:
2855:
2790:manifesto of Frankfurt
2749:
2681:Klemens von Metternich
2644:
2580:for a second time. At
2568:, Portugal to General
2480:
2390:
2374:
2172:
2081:, after receiving the
2047:
2039:
1904:. On 9 November 1799 (
1874:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1753:
1738:
1665:
1657:
1242:Valois-Angoulême kings
721:20 March – 7 July 1815
608:
581:
534:• 1804–1814/1815
331:
273:
247:
230:
163:
141:
7716:Medieval great powers
4923:Old Swiss Confederacy
4824:French First Republic
4196:Gates, David (2011).
4014:Napoleon: A Biography
3466:The History of France
3463:Haine, Scott (2000).
2861:
2853:
2757:, the victory on the
2740:
2654:August von Hardenberg
2633:Alexander I of Russia
2630:
2474:
2410:and to instigate the
2380:
2356:
2287:Eugène de Beauharnais
2160:
2071:Emperor of the French
2045:
2028:
1769:French First Republic
1739:Empereur des Français
1734:Emperor of the French
820:French First Republic
374:Common languages
330:
301:Directly administered
232:Liberté, Ordre Public
217:Imperial coat of arms
58:"First French Empire"
7855:Government of France
7786:48.86222°N 2.33250°E
7726:European colonialism
7711:Ancient great powers
5796:World Heritage Sites
5713:Coronavirus pandemic
4865:Austrian Netherlands
4309:French Revolutionary
4228:. Kent: Spellmount.
4084:Mowat, R.B. (1924).
3971:, advanced synthesis
3842:. pp. 177–560.
3758:on 22 September 2018
3655:: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
3096:République française
3057:Paris under Napoleon
2912:freedom of the press
2623:Intrigues and unrest
2594:Treaty of Schönbrunn
2349:Height of the Empire
2223:, the occupation of
2164:Battle of Austerlitz
2133:Battle of Austerlitz
2125:plan for an invasion
1793:Battle of Austerlitz
1450:Provisional Republic
1232:Valois-Orléans kings
987:Principality of Elba
647:Constitution adopted
142:République Française
43:improve this article
7830:First French Empire
7782: /
7721:Modern great powers
5934:Automotive industry
5718:2021 labor protests
5475:Peace of Westphalia
5343:History of Normandy
5338:History of Brittany
4964:Bouches-de-l'Escaut
4959:Bouches-de-la-Meuse
4828:French First Empire
4514:Swiss Confederation
3805:Muir, Rory (1996).
3453:, pp. 234–236.
3432:on 14 February 2017
2908:electoral democracy
2339:Frederick the Great
2277:; youngest brother
2217:Treaty of Pressburg
2166:, 2nd December 1805
2095:Notre-Dame de Paris
1978:Articles Organiques
1852:Bourbon Restoration
1805:Battle of Friedland
1724:On 18 May 1804 (28
1642:First French Empire
615:(until 4 June 1814)
6001:Telecommunications
5703:2015 Paris attacks
5566:Revolution of 1848
5394:Visigothic Kingdom
5212:Illyrian Provinces
4969:Bouches-de-l'Yssel
4951:Kingdom of Holland
4672:Lucca and Piombino
3517:Chandler, David G.
3420:Hickman, Kennedy.
3183:(September 1997).
2867:
2856:
2840:Congress of Vienna
2828:Battle of Waterloo
2806:on 11 April 1814.
2786:Duke of Wellington
2755:taking of Smolensk
2750:
2709:Six Days' Campaign
2697:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2666:Caroline Bonaparte
2645:
2598:Illyrian Provinces
2562:Francisco Castaños
2517:Jean-Andoche Junot
2481:
2447:Duchy of Oldenburg
2404:Continental System
2395:Treaties of Tilsit
2391:
2375:
2327:Jena and Auerstedt
2314:Holy Roman Emperor
2283:King of Westphalia
2275:Grand-Duke of Berg
2262:, formed from the
2260:Kingdom of Holland
2173:
2139:, and the camp at
2062:to France's side.
2048:
2040:
1965:Cisalpine Republic
1809:Battle of Waterloo
1755:Sénat conservateur
1686:continental Europe
1678:Napoleon Bonaparte
1666:Imperium Francicum
1603:History portal
1099: until 50 BC
834:Kingdom of Holland
690:Invasion of Russia
677:Treaties of Tilsit
583:Sénat conservateur
332:
7850:French Revolution
7791:48.86222; 2.33250
7765:
7764:
7687:
7686:
7652:Polish–Lithuanian
6827:Gurjara-Pratihara
6271:
6270:
6233:
6232:
6024:
6023:
5911:
5910:
5903:Political parties
5839:Foreign relations
5804:
5803:
5733:
5732:
5516:French Revolution
5470:Thirty Years' War
5451:Absolute monarchy
5416:Kingdom of France
5312:Foreign relations
5292:Political history
5222:
5221:
5168:Bouches-de-l'Èbre
5012:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
5004:Holy Roman Empire
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4677:Massa and Carrara
4522:
4521:
4209:. Da Capo Press.
4076:978-0-7126-6247-5
4042:978-0-670-03078-1
4035:. Penguin Books.
3943:978-1-137-32058-2
3868:978-0-304-35229-6
3545:Bulletin des Lois
3480:978-0-313-30328-9
3042:History of France
3037:French Revolution
2884:Concordat of 1801
2532:Iberian Peninsula
2475:Aftermath of the
2427:Russo-Turkish War
2408:Anglo-Russian War
2367:in honour of the
2266:; brother-in-law
2264:Batavian Republic
2181:Holy Roman Empire
1969:Concordat of 1801
1951:and by acquiring
1933:Battle of Marengo
1884:to overthrow the
1705:French Revolution
1670:Napoleonic France
1644:, officially the
1637:
1636:
1588:France portal
1481:
1480:
1378:
1377:
1289:Kingdom of France
1279:French Revolution
1270:Long 19th century
1260:
1259:
1208:
1207:
1178:Kingdom of France
1113:
1112:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
875:Kingdom of France
867:
866:
848:Ligurian Republic
495:absolute monarchy
459:Minority religion
438:Roman Catholicism
266:
119:
118:
111:
93:
7882:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7568:
7567:
7233:Austro-Hungarian
6933:Chagatai Khanate
6298:
6291:
6284:
6275:
6274:
6035:
6034:
5951:Economic history
5922:
5921:
5815:
5814:
5744:
5743:
5622:
5601:
5500:Seven Years' War
5465:Wars of Religion
5461:
5446:House of Bourbon
5441:Early modern era
5421:Fundamental laws
5297:Military history
5272:
5271:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5160:Kingdom of Spain
5017:Bouches-du-Weser
4903:Meuse-Inférieure
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4547:
4546:
4533:
4530:
4329:
4328:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4220:
4201:
4192:
4173:
4154:
4135:
4115:
4100:
4097:Napoleon: A Life
4091:
4080:
4057:
4046:
4033:Napoleon: A life
4027:
4008:
3989:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3957:. Archived from
3947:
3928:
3894:
3885:
3872:
3853:
3828:
3810:
3801:
3780:
3778:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3754:. Archived from
3744:
3735:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3677:
3666:
3639:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3599:
3574:
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3408:
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3387:
3381:
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3376:
3359:Thierry, Lentz.
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3325:
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3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
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3222:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3116:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3078:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3003:Russian Campaign
2998:
2966:
2950:
2932:
2900:public education
2820:Vive l'Empereur!
2799:Delenda Carthago
2570:Arthur Wellesley
2523:, Marshal Murat
2505:Pope Gregory VII
2279:Jérôme Bonaparte
2248:Joseph Bonaparte
2240:satellite states
2221:Kingdom of Italy
2185:southern Germany
2079:solemnly crowned
2015:Corps Législatif
1937:Russian campaign
1914:rump legislature
1868:French Consulate
1803:in 1806 and the
1765:French Consulate
1758:
1751:) by the French
1750:
1745:
1741:
1728:year XII on the
1629:
1622:
1615:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1477:
1393:
1392:
1275:
1274:
1228:
1227:
1189:Direct Capetians
1128:
1127:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1041:
1023:
1022:
1009:
1008:
995:
994:
981:
980:
967:
966:
953:
952:
939:
938:
925:
924:
917:Neutral Moresnet
911:
910:
897:
896:
883:
882:
871:
870:
858:
857:
844:
843:
830:
829:
816:
815:
809:
808:
793:
792:
613:
610:Corps législatif
591:Chamber of Peers
586:
347:
346:
340:
339:
322:
316:
307:
298:
291:
278:
268:
267:
252:
235:
213:
199:
187:
176:
175:
174:
166:
154:
153:
152:
144:
134:French Republic
130:
129:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
7890:
7889:
7885:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7820:1810s in France
7810:1800s in France
7800:
7799:
7790:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7750:American Empire
7735:
7731:African empires
7683:
7566:
7258:Central African
7204:
7022:Romano-Germanic
6608:
6342:Middle Assyrian
6315:
6307:
6302:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6247:
6229:
6210:Public holidays
6123:
6082:Life expectancy
6020:
5907:
5800:
5729:
5698:Great Recession
5671:Fourth Republic
5666:1900 to present
5654:
5571:Second Republic
5535:
5504:
5427:
5380:
5347:
5326:
5261:
5253:
5223:
5218:
5202:Austrian Empire
5195:
5154:
5070:Alpes-Maritimes
5056:
5042:Rhin-et-Moselle
4998:
4989:Yssel-Supérieur
4974:Bouches-du-Rhin
4945:
4917:
4913:Sambre-et-Meuse
4859:
4831:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4779:
4770:
4756:
4733:
4719:
4696:
4648:
4542:
4534:
4531:
4518:
4480:
4462:
4359:
4345:
4323:
4316:
4313:Napoleonic Wars
4302:
4264:
4236:
4217:
4189:
4170:
4151:
4124:
4077:
4043:
4024:
4005:
3978:
3964:
3962:
3961:on 7 April 2019
3944:
3869:
3850:
3827:on 5 June 2013.
3815:Lieven, Dominic
3798:
3761:
3759:
3732:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3676:. Viking Adult.
3663:
3616:
3606:
3588:
3586:Primary sources
3583:
3581:Further reading
3578:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3563:Wayback Machine
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3506:
3492:
3488:
3481:
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3449:
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3162:
3147:
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3133:
3131:
3118:
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3108:
3103:
3102:
3092:French Republic
3089:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2990:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:
2864:Napoleonic Code
2848:
2735:
2723:Main articles:
2721:
2650:Baron von Stein
2625:
2564:, and Junot at
2556:capitulated at
2477:Battle of Eylau
2466:Duchy of Warsaw
2443:Dmitry Senyavin
2360:Arc de Triomphe
2351:
2301:and formed the
2256:Louis Bonaparte
2231:and its former
2205:Hesse-Darmstadt
2183:and created in
2170:François Gérard
2155:
2153:Early victories
2146:La Grande Armée
1997:, Hamburg, and
1993:and beyond, to
1987:Treaty of Paris
1959:, Tuscany, and
1941:Peace of Amiens
1908:VIII under the
1870:
1862:Main articles:
1860:
1840:Napoleonic Code
1820:130 departments
1816:Napoleonic Wars
1743:
1693:colonial empire
1658:Empire Français
1646:French Republic
1639:
1633:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1460:Fourth Republic
1441:
1408:Interwar period
1390:
1380:
1379:
1339:Second Republic
1272:
1262:
1261:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1068:
1039:
1032:
1006:
992:
978:
964:
950:
936:
922:
908:
894:
880:
855:
841:
827:
813:
758:
718:
705:
692:
679:
669:2 December 1804
666:
649:
634:Napoleonic Wars
632:
620:
616:
614:
604:
593:
589:
587:
577:
547:
535:
514:
453:
449:
445:
429:
410:Western Romance
391:
390:
385:
380:
349:
343:
342:
336:
335:
333:
325:
324:
320:
318:
314:
312:
305:
303:
296:
282:
280:
270:
269:
259:
255:
253:
249:Chant du départ
236:
221:
220:
219:
214:
206:
205:
200:
185:
183:
177:
168:
164:Empire Français
161:
159:
158:
157:
155:
146:
139:
137:
136:
135:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7888:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7840:Former empires
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7752:
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7509:
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7498:
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7476:
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7464:
7459:
7454:
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7407:
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7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7353:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7297:
7292:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7260:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7214:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7035:
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7029:
7019:
7018:
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7012:
7007:
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6979:
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6895:
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6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
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6829:
6824:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
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6755:
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6706:
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6681:
6680:
6679:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6614:Post-classical
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6572:
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6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
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6432:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6413:Middle Kingdom
6410:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6369:Neo-Babylonian
6366:
6361:
6359:Old Babylonian
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6309:
6308:
6301:
6300:
6293:
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6269:
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6265:
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6259:
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6245:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6166:Cultural icons
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6125:
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6122:
6121:
6116:
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6025:
6022:
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6019:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5986:Stock exchange
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
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5909:
5908:
5906:
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5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5862:
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5856:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5786:National parks
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5761:Climate change
5758:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5683:Fifth Republic
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5609:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5591:Third Republic
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5526:First Republic
5523:
5521:Napoleonic era
5518:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5366:Greek colonies
5363:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5251:
5244:
5237:
5229:
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5207:
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5197:
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5184:
5179:
5170:
5164:
5162:
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5155:
5153:
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5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5064:
5062:Italian states
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4979:Ems-Occidental
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4262:External links
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3911:(4): 771–793.
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3395:Britannica.com
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3268:978-0333572917
3257:978-1349234363
3256:
3228:
3181:Rein Taagepera
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3126:. 7 May 2015.
3124:French Moments
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2439:Fyodor Ushakov
2431:Ionian Islands
2400:Ottoman Empire
2387:Battle of Jena
2383:Imperial Guard
2350:
2347:
2295:Karl (Charles)
2285:; adopted son
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1470:Fifth Republic
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1397:Third Republic
1391:
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1359:Third Republic
1355:
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1299:First Republic
1295:
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1152:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1109:50 BC – 486 AD
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1089:600 BC – 49 BC
1087:
1085:Greek colonies
1081:
1080:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1060:
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674:
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627:
626:Historical era
623:
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572:
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568:
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442:State religion
435:
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133:
117:
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22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7755:Soviet empire
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7339:German Empire
7337:
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7328:
7325:
7323:
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7109:
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7100:
7097:
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7092:
7090:
7087:
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7082:
7081:
7080:
7079:Turco-Persian
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
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6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
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6841:
6840:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
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6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
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6781:
6778:
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6759:
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6751:
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6707:
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6702:
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6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
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6625:
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6603:
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6514:
6510:
6507:
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6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
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6478:
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6426:
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6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
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6186:
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6181:
6178:
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6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
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6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
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6090:
6088:
6085:
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6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6047:Birth control
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
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5954:
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5914:
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5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5822:Constitutions
5820:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5736:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5620:
5619:Années folles
5615:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Second Empire
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5559:July Monarchy
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:Ancien Régime
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5250:
5245:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5206:
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5203:
5198:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
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5171:
5169:
5166:
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5157:
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5148:
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5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
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5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
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5081:
5078:
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5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5037:Mont-Tonnerre
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Ems-Supérieur
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
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4977:
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4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Mont-Terrible
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
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4726:
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4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:Mediterranean
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
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4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Salm-Horstmar
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Aschaffenburg
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4545:
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4515:
4512:
4510:
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4459:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
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4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:Client states
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:1-86227-177-1
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4188:0-306-80757-2
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4169:0-02-523660-1
4165:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4023:1-55970-631-7
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3960:
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3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
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3874:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3696:1-84176-831-6
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3662:0-07-040826-2
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3614:
3608:
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3324:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3240:Lyons, Martyn
3235:
3233:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3060:
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3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:France portal
3014:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2949:
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2926:
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2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:Ancien Régime
2872:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2813:sent Marshal
2812:
2807:
2805:
2804:Fontainebleau
2801:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:Joseph Fouché
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2643:in July 1807.
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:Pierre Dupont
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
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2491:
2487:
2478:
2473:
2469:
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2463:
2459:
2455:
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2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:, ordered by
2362:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:French Prince
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:Joachim Murat
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:vassal states
2186:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:Battle of Ulm
2126:
2122:
2121:Julius Caesar
2118:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2091:Pope Pius VII
2088:
2087:Lombard kings
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2010:Lazare Carnot
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:—one of five
1875:
1869:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
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1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1714:Second Empire
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1684:over much of
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:French Empire
1647:
1643:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
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1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
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1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
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1492:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
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1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:Années folles
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:Second Empire
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:July Monarchy
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1252:Bourbon kings
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:Ancien Régime
1219:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
988:
985:
984:
976:
974:
971:
970:
962:
960:
957:
956:
948:
946:
943:
942:
934:
932:
929:
928:
920:
918:
915:
914:
906:
904:
901:
900:
892:
890:
887:
886:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
863:
860:
853:
852:
849:
846:
839:
838:
835:
832:
825:
824:
821:
818:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
790:
787:
784:
782:
781:ISO 3166 code
778:
775:
772:
768:
764:
760:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
711:
708:11 April 1814
707:
704:
698:
694:
691:
685:
681:
678:
672:
668:
665:
661:
655:
651:
648:
642:
638:
635:
631:
628:
624:
619:
612:
611:
606:
603:
597:
592:
585:
584:
579:
576:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
543:
540:
537:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
484:
482:
480:
476:
473:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
436:
432:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:West Germanic
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
352:
329:
311:
310:Client states
302:
290:
285:
279:
277:
276:
251:
250:
244:
240:
234:
233:
228:
224:
218:
212:
204:
198:
190:
180:
172:
165:
156:French Empire
150:
143:
131:
128:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
7767:
7506:Contemporary
7356:Indo-Persian
7344:Nazi Germany
7321:
7288:Contemporary
7190:Vijayanagara
7089:Great Seljuk
7000:Thessalonica
6928:Golden Horde
6568:Carthaginian
6347:Neo-Assyrian
6332:Neo-Sumerian
6152:Coat of arms
6142:Architecture
6114:Social class
6072:Homelessness
6057:Demographics
6011:Trade unions
5944:Central bank
5886:criminal law
5849:Human rights
5832:presidential
5676:Algerian War
5659:Contemporary
5633:Vichy France
5628:World War II
5598:Belle Époque
5531:First Empire
5530:
5433:Early Modern
5404:West Francia
5210:
5200:
5100:Méditerranée
5022:Ems-Oriental
4453:Transpadania
4253:
4244:
4225:
4206:
4197:
4178:
4159:
4140:
4130:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4062:
4052:
4032:
4013:
3997:. Scribner.
3994:
3984:
3963:. Retrieved
3959:the original
3953:
3933:
3908:
3902:
3890:
3877:
3858:
3834:
3825:the original
3819:
3806:
3786:
3774:
3760:. Retrieved
3756:the original
3750:
3743:. Macmillan.
3740:
3720:
3682:
3672:
3648:
3645:Colton, Joel
3640:, on Britsin
3635:
3625:
3612:
3594:
3569:
3550:
3541:
3521:
3509:
3495:
3489:
3465:
3458:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:the original
3425:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3394:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3365:napoleon.org
3364:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3333:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3275:
3245:
3219:. Retrieved
3194:
3188:
3175:
3163:. Retrieved
3154:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3123:
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2955:départements
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2938:départements
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2904:legal system
2889:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2832:Saint Helena
2824:Hundred Days
2819:
2808:
2797:
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2751:
2733:Hundred Days
2704:conscription
2701:
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2662:
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2639:meet him at
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2550:Grande Armée
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2498:
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2117:Roman Empire
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2014:
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1976:
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1881:
1871:
1848:aristocratic
1813:
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1719:Napoleon III
1712:
1709:First Empire
1708:
1690:
1669:
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1645:
1641:
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1549:Christianity
1437:Vichy France
1388:20th century
1370:Belle Époque
1309:First Empire
1308:
1222:
1218:Early modern
1168:West Francia
1157:Carolingians
1147:Merovingians
802:Succeeded by
801:
796:
774:French franc
757:• 1812
716:Hundred Days
695:24 June 1812
588:(until 1814)
546:• 1815
425:South Slavic
377:
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242:
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226:
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6832:Rashtrakuta
6536:Shaishunaga
6435:Hellenistic
6418:New Kingdom
6408:Old Kingdom
6262:WikiProject
6077:Immigration
6067:Health care
5929:Agriculture
5881:enforcement
5638:Free France
5607:World War I
5554:Restoration
5541:Late Modern
5411:Middle Ages
5386:Middle Ages
5371:Celtic Gaul
4873:Deux-Nèthes
4830:(1804–1814)
4820:departments
4725:Netherlands
4639:Württemberg
4486:Switzerland
4468:Netherlands
4428:Parthenopea
4315:(1792–1815)
4069:: Pimlico.
2811:Louis XVIII
2779:Jean Moreau
2586:Jean Lannes
2560:to General
2541:Dos de Mayo
2412:Finnish War
2385:before the
2201:Württemberg
2102:Carolingian
2056:Württemberg
1983:Charlemagne
1906:18 Brumaire
1898:Roger Ducos
1882:coup d'état
1864:18 Brumaire
1767:and of the
1648:, then the
1502:Health care
1432:Free France
1319:Restoration
1123:Middle Ages
1095:Celtic Gaul
1038:History of
797:Preceded by
682:7 July 1807
652:18 May 1804
602:Lower house
575:Upper house
562:Legislature
551:Napoleon II
504:Bonapartist
497:(1804–1814)
492:Bonapartist
447:Lutheranism
420:West Slavic
378:Unofficial:
182:1804 – 1814
160:(1808–1815)
138:(1804–1808)
7804:Categories
7777:02°19′57″E
7774:48°51′44″N
7664:Portuguese
7545:Revival Le
7535:Vietnamese
7178:Later Tran
7148:Vietnamese
7044:Singhasari
7032:Holy Roman
6656:Bulgarian
6592:Satavahana
6563:Phoenician
6499:Achaemenid
6460:Indo-Greek
6440:Macedonian
6354:Babylonian
6205:Philosophy
6190:Literature
6102:secularism
5898:Parliament
5693:2005 riots
5643:Liberation
5509:Revolution
5376:Roman Gaul
5361:Prehistory
5317:Journalism
5173:Montserrat
5110:Montenotte
5105:Mont-Blanc
4687:Pontecorvo
4629:Westphalia
4604:Regensburg
4540:Napoleonic
4443:Subalpinia
4403:Cispadania
4398:Cisalpinia
4216:1885119186
3861:. Cassel.
3630:on Britsin
3451:Lyons 1994
3197:(3): 501.
3106:References
2985:, and the
2815:Michel Ney
2494:Royal Navy
2490:Copenhagen
2244:Bonapartes
2238:To create
2109:republican
2083:Iron Crown
2020:plebiscite
1744:pronounced
1703:after the
1672:, was the
1138:settlement
1105:Roman Gaul
1075:Prehistory
931:Luxembourg
761:44 million
746:Population
664:Napoleon I
660:Coronation
566:Parliament
553:(disputed)
539:Napoleon I
479:Government
467:Demonym(s)
99:April 2024
69:newspapers
7657:Couronian
7295:Ethiopian
7283:Manchukuo
7238:Brazilian
7084:Ghaznavid
7054:Srivijaya
7005:Trebizond
6990:Byzantine
6972:North Sea
6967:Norwegian
6955:Almoravid
6938:Ilkhanate
6908:Majapahit
6881:Muromachi
6790:Solomonic
6775:Ethiopian
6689:Caliphate
6622:Aragonese
6450:Ptolemaic
6062:Education
6016:Transport
5866:Judiciary
5827:Elections
5781:Mountains
5739:Geography
5485:Louis XIV
5275:Overviews
5191:Sègre-Ter
5150:Trasimène
4994:Zuyderzée
4589:Frankfurt
4543:creations
4448:Tiberinia
4324:republics
4056:. Mentor.
3965:27 August
3762:27 August
3705:cite book
3436:15 August
3405:15 August
3375:15 August
3344:23 August
3221:20 August
3165:23 August
3094:(French:
2719:Last days
2674:North Sea
2609:Joséphine
2462:Białystok
2419:Wallachia
2335:Friedland
2310:Habsburgs
2137:Trafalgar
2073:" by the
1918:Consulate
1878:Directors
1811:in 1815.
1799:, at the
1676:ruled by
1571:Territory
1464:1946–1958
1454:1944–1946
1444:1940–1944
1423:1920–1929
1412:1919–1939
1401:1870–1940
1374:1871–1914
1363:1870–1940
1353:1852–1870
1343:1848–1852
1333:1830–1848
1323:1814–1830
1313:1804–1814
1303:1792–1804
1293:1791–1792
1283:1789–1799
1256:1589–1792
1246:1515–1589
1236:1498–1515
1204:1328–1498
451:Calvinism
434:Religion
7637:Japanese
7600:Scottish
7580:American
7572:Colonial
7501:Imperial
7469:Moroccan
7405:Japanese
7383:Afsharid
7242:Burmese
7228:Austrian
7183:Later Le
7158:Early Le
7143:Venetian
7069:Tiwanaku
6982:Hellenic
6945:Moroccan
6876:Kamakura
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6849:Saffarid
6802:Georgian
6716:Chalukya
6694:Rashidun
6684:Calakmul
6652:Bruneian
6531:Haryanka
6509:Sasanian
6504:Parthian
6455:Bactrian
6445:Seleucid
6425:Goguryeo
6403:Egyptian
6337:Assyrian
6327:Akkadian
6318:Colonies
6252:Category
6185:Language
6097:Religion
6042:Abortion
5996:Taxation
5893:Military
5854:Intersex
5844:Politics
5810:Politics
5612:Interwar
5307:Economic
5302:Language
5287:Timeline
5075:Apennins
4855:Mer-Égée
4818:Annexed
4644:Würzburg
4504:Rauracia
4494:Helvetia
4433:Piedmont
4357:Connacht
4121:Military
4063:Napoleon
4053:Napoleon
3976:Napoleon
3817:(2009).
3653:New York
3559:Archived
3522:Napoleon
3519:(2000).
3399:Archived
3369:Archived
3338:Archived
3291:30 March
3285:Archived
3242:(1994).
3215:Archived
3159:Archived
3128:Archived
3010:See also
2895:Jacobins
2871:nobility
2763:Berezina
2521:Portugal
2519:invaded
2501:Pius VII
2423:Moldavia
2365:Napoleon
2293:married
2252:Bourbons
2233:Adriatic
2141:Boulogne
2131:and the
2006:Tribunat
1999:Cuxhaven
1949:Piedmont
1775:against
1761:Frimaire
1701:republic
1682:hegemony
1566:Taxation
1544:Religion
1539:Politics
1532:Consorts
1527:Monarchs
1522:Military
1517:Medicine
1193:987–1328
1182:987–1792
1136:Frankish
1134:and the
1057:Timeline
1029:a series
1027:Part of
770:Currency
395:Corsican
389:Regional
384:(formal)
345:
338:
7704:largest
7699:Empires
7679:Swedish
7674:Spanish
7669:Russian
7632:Italian
7607:Chinese
7595:English
7590:British
7585:Belgian
7560:Vietnam
7550:Tay son
7496:Tsarist
7491:Russian
7486:Ottoman
7452:Dzungar
7447:Khoshut
7420:Mexican
7415:Maratha
7398:Pahlavi
7378:Safavid
7373:Iranian
7300:Haitian
7263:Chinese
7223:Ashanti
7195:Wagadou
7121:Eastern
7116:Western
7099:Timurid
7059:Tibetan
7049:Songhai
7039:Serbian
6960:Almohad
6950:Idrisid
6854:Samanid
6844:Tahirid
6839:Iranian
6817:Kannauj
6797:Genoese
6733:Chinese
6726:Eastern
6721:Western
6709:Fatimid
6704:Abbasid
6699:Umayyad
6672:Burmese
6632:Ayyubid
6627:Angevin
6597:Xianbei
6585:Eastern
6580:Western
6526:Magadha
6489:Iranian
6482:Xiongnu
6467:Hittite
6376:Chinese
6364:Kassite
6313:Ancient
6305:Empires
6243:Outline
6225:Theatre
6220:Symbols
6180:Gardens
6170:Fashion
6162:Cuisine
6129:Culture
6119:Welfare
6092:Poverty
6030:Society
6006:Tourism
5966:Exports
5939:Banking
5917:Economy
5876:history
5771:Islands
5766:Borders
5399:Francia
5353:Ancient
5331:Regions
5282:History
5267:History
5115:Ombrone
5095:Marengo
4941:Simplon
4893:Jemmape
4850:Ithaque
4845:Corcyre
4822:of the
4731:Holland
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4551:Germany
4499:Lemania
4476:Batavia
4418:Liguria
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3604:Surveys
3334:Gallica
3262:(paper
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3155:Gallica
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2389:, 1806
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2106:feudal
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2058:, and
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1939:. The
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1858:Origin
1836:Poland
1834:, and
1785:Russia
1699:and a
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4931:Léman
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4762:Spain
4715:Egypt
4710:Malta
4667:Italy
4654:Italy
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4569:Baden
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4413:Italy
4408:Crema
4365:Italy
4341:Mainz
3921:JSTOR
3617:(PDF)
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3081:king.
3068:Notes
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2745:, by
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1991:Rhine
1957:Parma
1953:Genoa
1945:Egypt
1832:Spain
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1662:Latin
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1474:1958–
731:Area
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