939:
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1082:, a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating a point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the
1950:
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1142:. For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require a single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order.
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caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of a peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919
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existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish the same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together.
67:. Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise.
82:. Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get a clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts.
75:. As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among the member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity.
97:, since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives.
113:
In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to
1024:
grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or
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in parliamentary regimes. In
Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War – an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party
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Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come
85:
Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with
70:
As negotiation concludes, the agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the
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Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does a country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and
109:
is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their
86:
members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without a foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration.
1058:. The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of the same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g.
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that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building.
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is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economical spaces.
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have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a
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118:. External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ.
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groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish.
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1918:
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Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as a workplace. For example, a
1229:
Coalition
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p. 586–587.
1983:
1685:"The Relationship between Organizational Culture Factors and Employees' Group Dynamics: Case Study of General Office of Education in Mazandaran Province"
1543:
Lopez, Anthony C.; McDermott, Rose; Petersen, Michael Bang (Fall 2011). "States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional
Psychology, and International Politics".
1154:
is linked to an equation which uses the coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician
1884:
Atkin, Maurice; Gartner, Lloyd; Geldman, Arden; Kenen, Isaiah; Rader Marcus, Jacob; Temkin, Sefton (2007). Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.).
1932:
1118:, when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in the 1991 Gulf War's
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electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in
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1400:"Why unions are good for workers—especially in a crisis like COVID-19: 12 policies that would boost worker rights, safety, and wages"
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in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques.
859:
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887:, they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with the formation of multiparty
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The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in
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for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves
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1066:) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using
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composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and the presence or lack of a
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1018:. Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an
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respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support.
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European
Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?, Awenig Marié, 2019
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COALITION OF THE ENDING: WHY STATES WITHDRAW FROM INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COALITIONS
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together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between
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1090:. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as the
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This article is about the term "coalition" in general. For governments, see
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led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United
Nations
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1484:(2011). Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.).
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Graham, Andrew (2012). Lindley-French, Julian; Boyer, Yves (eds.).
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1716:. Northhampton Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
1111:, when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement.
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1388:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 126–129.
903:. Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the
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1094:, which is the largest grassroots political group in the US.
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are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an
1354:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16:
Group that agrees to work together to achieve a common goal
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923:
Diagram of some international coalitions established by
1449:"coalition Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1683:
Kazemi, S.; Enayati
Hatkehlui, B.; Kazemi, A. (2014).
1542:
1581:
Essential
Concepts Of Global Environmental Governance
1488:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 287.
1126:, a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the
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1122:as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the
1425:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1320:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1888:. Detroit, Michigan, USA.: Macmillan Reference.
1522:"Coalition POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"
1381:
879:, the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all
1911:"World Population Growth - The Coalition Model"
1713:The Endogenous Formation of economic coalitions
1578:Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Orsini, Amandine (2015).
1486:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
1382:Gallicano, Tiffany; McComas, Katherine (2013).
1768:"August 6, 1997: Apple Rescued — by Microsoft"
1977:
1745:"What is a coalition? definition and meaning"
1625:
853:
1931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1203:List of countries with coalition governments
1114:Examples of military coalitions include the
1859:Hardy, Travis (2013). Piehler, Kurt (ed.).
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1295:"Coalitions: A Guide for Political Parties"
1273:Theses and Dissertations--Political Science
1984:
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1689:Journal of Industrial Strategic Management
1626:Meyer, David; Whittier, Nancy (May 1994).
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71:general public. The next step involves
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1863:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference.
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1520:Fogarty, Edward (February 7, 2013).
1459:from the original on 26 October 2017
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1915:Mathematical Association of America
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1807:Pitcoff, Winton (September 1998).
1664:from the original on 26 April 2017
1584:. New York, NY, 10017: Routledge.
1526:www.britannica.com/topic/coalition
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1921:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1861:Encyclopedia of Military Science
1848:from the original on 2008-03-04.
1778:from the original on 2016-03-07.
1755:from the original on 2017-04-29.
1532:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1385:Encyclopedia of Public Relations
1254:from the original on 2017-04-27.
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1766:ABELL, JOHN (August 6, 2009).
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1316:The New Transnational Activism
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1242:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1232:
1223:
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116:Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
1:
1953:The dictionary definition of
1265:Mehrabi, Weiss (2023-01-01).
1216:
875:is an alternative model to a
49:National Democratic Institute
45:A Guide for Political Parties
1809:"Community Labor Coalitions"
1427:. USA: Macmillan Reference.
1209:The Evolution of Cooperation
1044:
38:
7:
1695:(35): 35–48. Archived from
1628:"Social Movement Spillover"
1161:
1109:Versailles Peace Conference
1101:
812:Political parties by region
602:Party convention/conference
100:
93:, coalitions may be termed
57:developing a party strategy
10:
2333:
1352:The Oxford Handbook of War
1248:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
899:Coalitions are similar to
799:Lists of political parties
130:
25:Coalition (disambiguation)
18:
2048:National unity government
1997:
1404:Economic Policy Institute
1150:In mathematics, the term
1116:Coalition of the Gulf War
1084:Community-Labor Coalition
807:Ruling parties by country
780:National unity government
1794:CNN Newsource Sales, Inc
1790:"CNN Wire. June 2, 2016"
1611:: CS1 maint: location (
1453:dictionary.cambridge.org
1423:Darity, William (2008).
1178:Collaborative leadership
1156:Pierre François Verhulst
1124:Coalition of the Willing
1064:environmental agreements
817:Banned political parties
517:Leader of the Opposition
485:Leaders and organization
448:Parliamentary opposition
95:partnerships of unequals
80:identify lessons learned
1710:Carlo, Carraro (2003).
1312:Tarrow, Sidney (2005).
1134:that intervened in the
1016:international relations
915:International relations
127:Government and politics
65:negotiating a coalition
1545:International Security
1120:Operation Desert Storm
1039:international security
1011:
121:
23:. For other uses, see
2023:Confidence and supply
1886:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1281:10.13023/etd.2023.134
1136:2011 Libyan Civil War
922:
911:to pass legislation.
885:parliamentary systems
750:Confidence and supply
607:Leadership convention
458:Official party status
414:Entrepreneurial party
78:The final step is to
2053:Consensus government
1557:10.1162/ISEC_a_00056
1088:coalitional identity
901:parliamentary groups
873:Coalition government
755:Consensus government
745:Coalition government
537:Parliamentary leader
344:Classical radicalism
133:Coalition government
73:working in coalition
21:Coalition government
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1749:business dictionary
1092:Christian Coalition
905:European Parliament
881:first-past-the-post
877:majority government
836:Politics portal
785:Rotation government
775:Minority government
770:Majority government
735:Parliamentary group
592:Leadership election
274:Christian democracy
63:The second step is
2009:Opposition parties
2006:Government parties
2003:Type of government
1992:Coalition spectrum
1301:. 27 October 2015.
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552:Party spokesperson
463:Single-issue party
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1895:978-0-02-865928-2
1870:978-1-78402-464-2
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1146:Mathematics
1128:war in Iraq
1068:game theory
1041:framework.
1027:Rationality
699:Multi-party
542:Party chair
492:Backbencher
428:Minor party
424:Major party
404:Competitive
394:Elite party
329:Nationalism
264:Agrarianism
202:Centre-Left
182:Centre-Left
107:trade union
53:Oslo Center
2312:Coalitions
2306:Categories
1838:"About Us"
1823:2017-04-26
1409:2021-08-16
1275:(Thesis).
1217:References
726:Coalitions
644:Party line
433:Mass party
389:Bloc party
364:Syncretism
324:Monarchism
314:Liberalism
256:Ideologies
222:Right-Wing
131:See also:
2317:Diplomacy
1956:coalition
1607:cite book
1193:Syndicate
1152:coalition
1132:coalition
1052:Microsoft
1045:Economics
694:Two-party
680:One-party
597:Open list
557:Secretary
369:Third Way
359:Socialism
279:Communism
269:Anarchism
237:Far-Right
167:Left-Wing
114:form the
91:alliances
39:Formation
32:coalition
2071:⇐
1927:cite web
1919:Archived
1846:Archived
1817:Archived
1776:Archived
1753:Archived
1729:26 April
1668:26 April
1659:Archived
1597:26 April
1565:57562816
1530:Archived
1457:Archived
1252:Archived
1162:See also
1138:against
1102:Military
1096:Activist
889:cabinets
334:Populism
309:Islamism
299:Feminism
177:Far-Left
101:Function
51:and the
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192:Centre
1772:Wired
1662:(PDF)
1651:JSTOR
1631:(PDF)
1561:S2CID
1463:5 May
1056:Apple
1001:BRICS
997:BASIC
957:India
945:China
382:Types
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