Trade union - Knowledge

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create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers' associations. This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union, employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers. If such an employee's association is competing against another union, its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in labour court. In Germany, only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctor's association

762: 2932: 2652:"In the Continental European System of labour market regulation, the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers' associations on the other. This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new 3056:, "Labor unions have long occupied a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential expression of the working class taking shape as a collective actor and an essential vehicle for working-class action. ... At the same time, unions are an imperfect and incomplete vehicle for the working class to achieve one of Marxist theory's central goals: overthrowing capitalism. Unions by their very existence affirm and reinforce capitalist class society. As organizations which primarily negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions with employers, unions only exist in relation to capitalists." 1535: 10551: 8263: 2444: 1527: 2522: 1409: 1329: 1212: 10953: 2869: 5966:

mortality were stronger for men than women, but its relative effects were similar across genders. Union density had little effect on all‐cause mortality overall or across subgroups, and modeling suggested union‐density increases would not affect mortality inequities. Conclusions - Declining union density (as operationalized in this study) may not explain all‐cause mortality inequities, although increases in union density may reduce overdose/suicide mortality.

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multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all, much more to combine effectually. If they could do so, they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour, and obtaining the same wages for less work. They would also have a limited power of obtaining, by combination, an increase of general wages at the expense of profits.

1137:", but the term that persisted was a new form of human relations: employment. Unlike farmers, workers often had less control over their jobs; without job security or a promise of an on-going relationship with their employers, they lacked some control over the work they performed or how it impacted their health and life. It is in this context that modern trade unions emerge. 1164:, but their way of thinking was the one that endured down the centuries, inspiring evolutions and advances in thinking which eventually gave workers more power. As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the 2549:, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees' interests always are in conflict with those of employers. Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements, and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees' goals. In 2980:

fraction of the profits that firms enjoy when they hold monopoly positions." The think tank has also asserted that the decline of trade unions in the United States "cannot drive widespread inequality for the entire population, which is also affected by a rise in the knowledge economy as well as a general aging of the population."

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Research in the United States found that American congressional representatives were more responsive to the interests of the poor in districts with higher unionization rates. Another 2020 American study found an association between US state level adoption of parental leave legislation and trade union

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An EU case concerning Italy stated that, "The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ("negative" freedom of association/trade union freedom), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm

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often face unique challenges when trying to participate in trade union movements as formal trade union organizations recognized by the state and employers may not accommodate for the employment categories common in the informal economy. Simultaneously, the lack of regular work locations and loopholes

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often carry out the functions of a trade union. In these cases, they may be negotiating for white-collar or professional workers, such as physicians, engineers or teachers. In Sweden the white-collar unions have a strong position in collective bargaining where they cooperate with blue-colar unions in

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as OECD nations continue to export manufacturing industries to these markets. The second reason is globalization, which makes it harder for unions to maintain standards across countries. The last reason is governmental policies. These come from both sides of the political spectrum. In the UK and US,

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If it were possible for the working classes, by combining among themselves, to raise or keep up the general rate of wages, it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished, but to be welcomed and rejoiced at. Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means. The

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described trade unions thus: "The value of labour-power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions, whose importance for the ... working class can scarcely be overestimated. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is

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in labour, making it more efficient to perform labour-intensive work there. Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers and those with secure jobs at the cost of outsider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced, and the shareholders of the unionized business. Economist

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In contrast, in Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals. However, the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to

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approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Thus, it comes closest to the above Anglo-Saxon model. Also, the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo-Saxon model.

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Results – Overall, a 10% increase in union density was associated with a 17% relative decrease in overdose/suicide mortality (95% confidence interval : 0.70, 0.98), or 5.7 lives saved per 100 000 person‐years (95% CI: −10.7, −0.7). Union density's absolute (lives‐saved) effects on overdose/suicide

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Research from Norway has found that high unionization rates lead to substantial increases in firm productivity, as well as increases in workers' wages. Research from Belgium also found productivity gains, although smaller. However, other research in the United States has found that unions can harm

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think tank has asserted that the economic inequality argument made in favor of trade unions "misfires on several fronts. Those high union wages could not survive in the face of foreign competition or new nonunionized firms. The only way a union can provide gains for its members is to extract some

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In the Nordic System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, in contrast to the countries in the Anglo-Saxon system category, this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements, which covers most

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In the United States, the weakening of unions has been linked to more favourable electoral outcomes for the Republican Party. Legislators in areas with high unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the poor, whereas areas with lower unionization rates are more responsive to the

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members of unions also see higher wages. Researchers suggest that unions set industrial norms as firms try to stop further unionization or losing workers to better-paying competitors. The decline in unionization since the 1960s in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in

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In the Anglo-Saxon System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is much more limited, which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers' associations which might represent these parties in the decision-making process.

2490:, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaders within the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies, and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated. 1132:

and had control over his life and work. As industrial workers, however, the workers sold their work as labour and took directions from employers, giving up part of their freedom and self-agency in the service of a master. The critics of the new arrangement would call this

1128:. This transition was not merely one of relocation from rural to urban environs; rather, the nature of industrial work created a new class of "worker". A farmer worked the land, raised animals and grew crops, and either owned the land or paid rent, but ultimately sold a 2596:(ITUC), created in 2006, which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form 2835:

In the United Kingdom, previous to this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher's government restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal. In the United States, the

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Visser, Jelle. "ICTWSS: Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007". Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, AIAS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (2011).

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Beyond the classification listed above, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions are tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class. Typically, this is a

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volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as the rank and file, and negotiates

1145:. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions. Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the 5557: 2984:

profitability, employment and business growth rates. UK research on employment, wages, productivity, and investment found union density improved all metrics - but only until a limit. Forming U-shaped curves, after an optimal density, more unionisation

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The Local Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased

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interests of the rich. Higher unionization rates increase the likelihood of parental leave policies being adopted. Republican-controlled states are less likely to adopt more restrictive labour policies when unions are strong in the state.

2397:, union organisation is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions, i.e. unions that are specific to a plant or company. These enterprise unions, however, join industry-wide federations which in turn are members of 1198:

By the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in

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sought to show that unionization produces higher wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.

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In the cities, trade unions encountered much hostility from employers and government groups. In the United States, unions and unionists were regularly prosecuted under various restraint of trade and conspiracy laws, such as the

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The prevalence of labour unions can be measured by "union density", which is expressed as a percentage of the total number of workers in a given location who are trade union members. The table below shows the percentage across

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encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general. As well, unions in some countries are closely aligned with

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conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the

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than other countries. Moreover, in the United States, collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark, Germany or Sweden, unions most often negotiate with

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In a number of countries during the 20th century, including in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, legislation was passed to provide for the voluntary or statutory recognition of a union by an employer.

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indicates that unions can provide wage premiums and reduce inequality while reducing employment growth and restricting employment flexibility. Some trade unions oppose approaches which increase productivity, such as

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Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy

2576:. Some research, such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training, argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized. 1391:

In France, labour organization was illegal until 1884. The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions) in 1895 to form the

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In the United States, higher union density has been associated with lower suicide/overdose deaths. Decreased unionization rates in the United States have been linked to an increase in occupational fatalities.

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states that a trade union is "an organisation consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members".

9394: 8797: 6341: 1231:, after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of 5637: 8304: 2660:

However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations.

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was passed, which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as

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which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning.

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Beyond this claim, Mill also argued that, because individual workers had no basis for assessing the wages for a particular task, labour unions would lead to greater efficiency of the market system.

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mandate the open shop in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.

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Van den Berg, Annette, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, and Olivier Van der Brempt. "Employee workplace representation in Belgium: Effects on firm performance." International Journal of Manpower (2017).

2420:" (an artificial legal entity), with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents. In such cases, unions have certain legal rights, most importantly the right to engage in 8217: 3047:

In the United States, unions have been linked to lower racial resentment among whites. Membership in unions increases political knowledge, in particular among those with less formal education.

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Concerning labour market regulation in the EU, Gold (1993) and Hall (1994) have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation, which also influence the role that unions play:

8237: 3695: 8359: 6736: 2518:. In Denmark, there are some newer apolitical "discount" unions who offer a very basic level of services, as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing. 8946: 8309: 7972: 2628:

Union law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. For example, German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in

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does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers. Where a union is active, workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract (

9444: 9389: 8971: 8546: 7736: 9404: 9356: 9313: 8019: 789:, the predominant historical view is that a trade union "is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". 9323: 9209: 9161: 9058: 8751: 8412: 3000:

In the United States, the outsourcing of labour to Asia, Latin America, and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership, which gives other countries a

4327: 714:). The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank-and-file members and the employer, and in some cases on other non-member workers. Trade unions traditionally have a 9424: 9379: 8374: 4881: 1100:(1848) by almost a century (and Marx's writings themselves frequently address the prior existence of the workers' movements of his time.) The first recorded labour strike in the 9419: 9399: 9166: 8761: 8429: 8417: 8407: 8354: 8324: 7776: 2668:

industries and most firms. This model was said to encompass Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Here, Denmark joined the EU in 1973, whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995."

2486:. The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typically involves full-time 9171: 8706: 8671: 8379: 8591: 8349: 8157: 8092: 7781: 1560:

The decline in manufacturing is the most direct influence, as unions were historically beneficial and prevalent in the sector; for this reason, there may be an increase in

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printers in 1786, who opposed a wage reduction and demanded $ 6 per week in wages. The origins of modern trade unions can be traced back to 18th-century Britain, where the

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it has been mostly right-wing proposals that make it harder for unions to form or that limit their power. On the other side, there are many social policies such as

1153:, though the relationship between the two is disputed, as the masters of the guilds employed workers (apprentices and journeymen) who were not allowed to organize. 9414: 9333: 9214: 9156: 9093: 9043: 9013: 8766: 8601: 8581: 8516: 8511: 8202: 8192: 8172: 8102: 7921: 7856: 7811: 4345: 2736: 4996:

Stiglitz, Joseph E. (4 June 2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (Kindle Locations 1148–1149). Norton. Kindle Edition.

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is an example of a closed shop—in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers.

2373:, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, the UK and the US), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( 9409: 9361: 8566: 8561: 8137: 7816: 2723:

party, but many exceptions exist, including some of the aforementioned Christian unions. In the United States, trade unions are almost always aligned with the

2693: 1235:, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of 3958: 794:

traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value" (

7716: 6727:– Listing of 5,000 UK trade unions with histories of main organisations, trade union "family trees" and details of union membership and strikes since 1900. 11129: 10688: 10550: 2770:

has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate, but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the

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add barriers and costs for the trade unions when trying to organize the informal economy. This has been a significant threshold to labour organizing in

12414: 11933: 9278: 6413: 11839: 11834: 10275: 6372:(Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility). Research Reports 2017:2. Lund: Department of Sociology, Lund University. 4937: 3111: 1224: 12356: 8868: 4981:"A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity. Those trends have since continued, said 2682: 2377:, found in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US). These unions are often divided into " 4310: 1363: 10731: 10290: 9555: 6101: 4278: 2879: 2511: 4565: 10738: 3116: 2801:(US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union. 5206:

Vedder, Richard, and Lowell Gallaway. "The economic effects of labor unions revisited." Journal of labor research 23, no. 1 (2002): 105–130.

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Tracy, Joseph (1986). Seniority Rules and the Gains from Union Organization (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

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plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's interests. However, it has strengthened once more after the Labour party's election of

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Card David, Krueger Alan. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press.

4380:"Trade Union Transformation and Informal Sector Organising in Uganda: The Prospects and Challenges for Promoting Labour-led Development" 11038: 9661: 6794: 5919:"Solidarity and disparity: Declining labor union density and changing racial and educational mortality inequities in the United States" 4920: 2935:

US Income inequality and union participation have had a distinctly inverse relationship, with the disparity increasing since the 1980s.

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This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries, especially the United States, Germany and France.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

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requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract. This is sometimes called the

12185: 11793: 10726: 10714: 9252: 8736: 6356: 5303: 3543: 3404: 2613: 2593: 2545:), religious unions have existed for decades. These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox 2448: 2390: 1374: 332: 4485: 2759:

to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes. Additionally, in the past, there was a group known as the

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and the UK belong to this category, and in contrast to the EU core countries above, these countries first joined the EU in 1973.

11986: 11926: 11798: 10295: 8926: 7640: 6248: 4019: 2961: 2957: 2728: 293: 4063: 12365: 11844: 11092: 10750: 10500: 10280: 4835: 4244: 10682: 6718: 6705: 928:) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3- 12349: 12154: 9550: 9293: 8861: 8463: 8319: 4317:. Brussels: Peter Lang and Etui. Series: Travail et Société / Work and Society, Volume 86, 2023, chapter 28, pp. 1051–1092. 2951:, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." Evidence indicates that those who are 1259:

publication, having the declared intention "to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union."

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Holgate, Jane (9 July 2016). "Book review: A Hodder and L Kretsos (eds), Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View".

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In the United Kingdom, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions (and their historical close alignment with the

1362:, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions. The 9691: 9133: 6307: 6072: 5517:"Policy Feedback as Political Weapon: Conservative Advocacy and the Demobilization of the Public Sector Labor Movement" 5376: 3808: 3779: 3771: 2572:

Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are usually formed through democratic

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began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the

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Hirsch, Barry T. "What do unions do for economic performance?." Journal of Labor Research 25, no. 3 (2004): 415–455.

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were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed-shop agreements.

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In some regions, unions may face active repression, either by governments or by extralegal organizations, with many

2369:, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US), a cross-section of workers from various trades ( 11753: 11231: 10796: 10642: 9686: 9384: 8792: 8015: 7499: 6369:

The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century

2732: 2724: 2585: 1348: 830: 465: 337: 188: 11159: 4788:"Unions and the Great Compression of wage inequality in the US at mid-century: evidence from local labour markets" 2947:

has asserted that, "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for

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setting the "mark" (the industry norm) in negotiations with the employers' association in manufacturing industry.

1191:, which was soon crushed. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, although the 817:

Recent historical research by Bob James puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of

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Module 3, Maritime & Port Wages, Benefits, Labour Relations. International Maritime Human Resource Management

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in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees.

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Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century, when the

810: 617: 540: 5685:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress" 5558:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress" 1046:(193–211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archaeological investigations done at the site of the artificial harbor 12399: 12318: 12215: 11971: 11031: 10270: 7569: 6787: 6315: 4959: 3875: 3368: 2844: 2642: 238: 233: 6377:

The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis

1203:. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal. 11383: 9018: 4223:

Goodard, J. (2013). "Labour Law and Union Recognition in Canada: A Historical-Institutionalist Perspective".

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Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called

525: 27: 11433: 4311:"Trade unions in Sweden: still high union density, but widening gaps by social category and national origin" 1412:

World map with countries shaded according to their trade union density rate with statistics provided by the

12255: 11803: 11261: 10700: 10428: 9676: 9577: 8626: 8050: 8011: 7886: 7876: 7681: 6410: 6087: 3141: 2760: 2440:, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activities may develop around these events. 1367: 500: 1281:

More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The

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Opening Up By Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries

4332:. Department of Sociology, Lund University and Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne. 3767: 3592: 3453: 3016: 2790:(US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who are already union members. The compulsory 2704: 1294: 3351:

Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).

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McGaughey, Ewan, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)

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St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide : Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact

5980:"Does 'right to work' imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities" 4472:

See E McGaughey, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)

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Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy; Mooney, Stephen J.; Hagopian, Amy; Barrington, Wendy E.; Hajat, Anjum (2020).

4434:"The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties" 4188:

Briggs, C. (2007). "Statutory Union Recognition in North America and the UK: Lessons for Australia?".

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Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman, "Estimates of Union Density by State",

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Industrial Relations and the Social Dimension of European Integration: Before and after Maastricht

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does not strive to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses.

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average of 35.9% in 1998 to 27.9% in the year 2018. The main reasons for these developments are a

891:

for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by

11966: 11813: 11288: 10976: 10890: 10466: 10148: 9937: 9805: 9752: 9610: 9600: 9489: 9338: 9128: 8991: 8976: 8921: 8916: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8501: 8491: 8247: 8162: 8152: 8107: 8043: 7911: 7866: 7686: 7661: 7327: 7147: 6971: 6915: 6870: 4153:

Townshend-Smith, R (1981). "Trade union recognition legislation – Britain and America compared".

3800: 3547: 3408: 3151: 3146: 3088: 2763:, or CTU, formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists. 2597: 1337: 1333: 1096: 838: 520: 49: 6721:– European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 28 European countries 6715:– European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 26 European countries 4135: 3633: 12457: 12421: 11996: 11981: 10895: 10694: 10610: 10240: 9873: 9701: 9238: 9123: 9113: 9083: 9068: 9063: 8981: 8966: 8941: 8877: 8701: 8666: 8571: 8531: 8117: 8112: 7916: 7771: 7666: 7509: 7187: 3498: 2698: 2515: 2472: 1157: 485: 455: 447: 218: 6383: 6109:

Moses, John A. (December 1973). "The Trade Union Issue In German Social Democracy 1890–1900".

5366: 4473: 4379: 4029: 3977: 3731: 3210:

Poole, M., 1986. Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London UK:

1534: 12599: 12536: 12308: 12116: 12106: 12071: 11733: 11308: 11246: 11117: 11072: 10925: 10915: 10706: 10255: 10141: 10070: 9925: 9810: 9772: 9308: 9298: 9108: 9003: 8661: 8576: 8551: 8541: 8526: 8122: 7896: 7846: 7766: 7731: 7671: 7626: 7312: 6966: 6424:

The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives

5762: 3279: 3024: 3001: 2965: 2562: 2496: 2421: 1290: 1282: 1142: 1109: 937: 726: 667: 515: 475: 460: 183: 89: 11373: 10836: 6111:

Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung

5726:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States" 5605:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States" 4946: 1297:. By this time, the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by 12445: 12235: 12195: 12076: 11808: 11493: 11363: 11199: 11189: 11134: 11067: 11006: 10651: 10589: 10486: 10364: 10307: 9930: 9910: 9737: 9625: 9545: 9283: 8646: 8611: 8212: 7906: 7706: 6976: 6890: 6880: 5882:

Anzia, Sarah F.; Moe, Terry M. (2015). "Public Sector Unions and the Costs of Government".

5259: 5139: 5113: 5020: 5006: 3629: 3360: 3353: 3126: 2837: 1215:

Poster issued by the London Trades Council, advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873

1192: 968:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel. In 1816, an archaeological excavation in 683: 564: 495: 314: 149: 119: 11453: 6599:

Levitsky, Steven, and Scott Mainwaring. "Organized labor and democracy in Latin America".

6492:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", 6393: 4730: 4361: 1022:

during the reign of Julius Caesar (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of

907: 8: 12552: 12394: 12285: 12006: 12001: 11976: 11458: 11139: 11097: 10771: 10756: 10579: 10564: 10535: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10398: 10260: 10220: 9982: 9952: 9820: 9681: 9605: 9595: 8776: 8449: 8271: 7574: 7428: 7411: 7032: 6991: 6885: 6340:

European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion:

5330:"Outsourcing, Unions, and Wages: Evidence from data matching imports, firms, and workers" 4433: 3121: 2940: 2661: 2456: 2443: 2425: 2374: 2350: 1550: 1381: 1075: 711: 610: 490: 144: 11528: 9878: 6274:

Zeitlin, Jonathan (1987). "From labour history to the history of industrial relations".

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The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations: comparing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden

4205: 4170: 4166: 4117: 4109: 3939: 3712: 3675: 3625: 3168: 3106: 3052: 2976: 2969: 2782:

Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models:

2500: 2437: 2354: 1561: 1286: 1161: 1125: 892: 393: 253: 11578: 4566:"The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation process" 2521: 12500: 12404: 12230: 12190: 12143: 12091: 12016: 11738: 11593: 11378: 11368: 11144: 11082: 11077: 10821: 10781: 10584: 10569: 10540: 10320: 10190: 10082: 10046: 10036: 9997: 9987: 9915: 9905: 9835: 8831: 7484: 7479: 7267: 7192: 7101: 7017: 6981: 6578: 6566: 6311: 6068: 6007: 5999: 5956: 5938: 5899: 5841: 5829: 5794: 5782: 5706: 5669: 5657: 5589: 5577: 5538: 5501: 5489: 5450: 5372: 5279: 5171: 5087: 5052: 5040: 4955: 4904: 4857: 4809: 4768: 4492: 4315:

Trade unions in the European Union. Picking up the pieces of the neoliberal challenge

4253: 4209: 4174: 4121: 4101: 3881: 3871: 3804: 3775: 3667: 3364: 3299: 3231: 2887: 2824: 2767: 2744: 2687: 2629: 2507: 2429: 1526: 1385: 1275: 1082:, keeping scriptures, arranging festivals, and maintaining specific religious cults. 1043: 663: 584: 535: 470: 413: 223: 79: 20: 6048:

Braunthal, Gerard (1956). "The German Free Trade Unions during the Rise of Nazism".

6019: 5445: 5428: 5391:

Kusunoki, S. Hayek on labor unions and restraint of trade. Const Polit Econ (2023).

5329: 5232: 5099: 4916: 12486: 12220: 12136: 12101: 11900: 11890: 11768: 11723: 11713: 11703: 11678: 11558: 11513: 11478: 11448: 11443: 11413: 11318: 11211: 11112: 11048: 10996: 10956: 10946: 10900: 10615: 10530: 10433: 10388: 10333: 10325: 10315: 10092: 10016: 9856: 9830: 9815: 9722: 9540: 9522: 7489: 7464: 6946: 6612: 6558: 6283: 5991: 5946: 5930: 5891: 5821: 5774: 5737: 5696: 5649: 5616: 5569: 5528: 5481: 5440: 5409: 5392: 5267: 5161: 5151: 5079: 5032: 4896: 4799: 4758: 4725: 4391: 4197: 4162: 4093: 4060: 3931: 3704: 3539: 3488: 3400: 3291: 3096: 2891: 2633: 2601: 2491: 2483: 1359: 1308: 1255:

within a year. To establish awareness and legitimacy, the union started the weekly

1090:

While a commonly held mistaken view holds modern trade unionism to be a product of

834: 672: 643: 569: 559: 114: 11553: 10811: 10776: 4747:"Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data*" 12431: 12298: 12250: 12210: 12111: 12061: 11895: 11668: 11548: 11488: 11428: 11323: 11313: 11256: 11174: 11102: 10986: 10920: 10841: 10525: 10445: 10408: 10384: 10185: 10180: 10160: 10119: 10114: 10061: 10056: 9920: 9900: 9777: 9742: 7302: 7252: 7152: 7122: 6860: 6822: 6767: 6712: 6700: 6594:

Redeeming the Revolution: The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico

6417: 6062: 5362: 4349: 4067: 3502: 3256: 3011: 3006: 2944: 2771: 2720: 2566: 2487: 2468: 2417: 1358:

In the United States, the first effective nationwide labour organization was the

1328: 1248: 1170: 1165: 1150: 921: 877: 850: 818: 803: 635: 589: 403: 361: 283: 69: 11583: 10816: 6475:

Guild, C. M. (2021). Union Library Workers Blog: The Years 2019–2020 in Review.

5810:"How Labor Unions Increase Political Knowledge: Evidence from the United States" 985: 749:. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union, 12494: 12240: 12165: 12121: 11728: 11683: 11673: 11653: 11613: 11568: 11533: 11423: 11418: 11408: 11303: 11276: 10861: 10831: 10791: 10786: 10620: 10351: 10200: 9883: 9747: 9641: 9587: 8035: 7584: 7469: 7443: 7423: 7401: 7282: 7277: 7262: 7225: 7027: 6855: 6494: 6235: 5825: 5485: 5396: 4713: 4201: 4097: 3493: 2756: 2653: 2558: 2510:) has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called 2405: 2362: 1408: 1378: 1343: 1252: 1188: 989: 722: 703: 603: 428: 423: 408: 371: 193: 39: 11628: 11598: 11498: 5995: 5701: 5684: 5653: 5573: 5533: 5516: 5271: 1211: 12588: 12469: 12270: 12205: 12086: 11773: 11763: 11758: 11743: 11638: 11573: 11538: 11518: 11508: 11345: 11266: 11251: 10856: 10851: 10154: 10075: 10023: 9962: 9800: 9666: 8825: 7554: 7519: 7514: 7433: 7391: 7212: 7182: 7142: 7022: 7012: 6986: 6951: 6930: 6570: 6562: 6190:

British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics: The Post-War Compromise 1945–64

6003: 5942: 5903: 5833: 5809: 5786: 5710: 5661: 5581: 5542: 5493: 5469: 5454: 5175: 5091: 5083: 5044: 4982: 4908: 4900: 4813: 4772: 4257: 4105: 3693:

Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".

3671: 3303: 3161: 3156: 3136: 2748: 2740: 2673: 2479: 2433: 2370: 1570: 1554: 1542: 1274:

from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the

1220: 1121: 1101: 955: 786: 707: 353: 288: 248: 213: 139: 9461: 4985:, a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study." 4396: 3900: 3885: 2939:

The academic literature shows substantial evidence that trade unions reduce

2743:

in 1980. In the United Kingdom trade union movement's relationship with the

1050:

in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of

12180: 12175: 12066: 11943: 11911: 11748: 11718: 11618: 11608: 11563: 11543: 11483: 11473: 11438: 11241: 11124: 10952: 10910: 10826: 10806: 10625: 10403: 10215: 10210: 10170: 10131: 7589: 7549: 7544: 7474: 7247: 7235: 7202: 7096: 7091: 7037: 6875: 6817: 6011: 5960: 5067: 4365: 3736: 3583: 3444: 3131: 2809: 2346: 1566: 1134: 1105: 1055: 1031: 1013: 973: 969: 951: 933: 730: 715: 433: 398: 381: 278: 263: 228: 178: 173: 165: 99: 9230: 4763: 4746: 2357:. The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration. 1116:, peasants and immigrants, into cities. Britain had ended the practice of 702:

Unions may organize a particular section of skilled or unskilled workers (

12515: 12384: 12334: 12046: 11698: 11693: 11648: 11633: 11603: 11588: 11523: 11503: 11468: 11335: 11236: 10885: 10664: 10594: 10510: 10393: 10066: 9851: 8846: 8835: 7618: 7605: 7534: 7494: 7406: 7197: 7117: 7086: 7076: 7066: 6996: 6920: 6910: 6895: 6730: 6405:

Ribeiro, Ana Teresa. "Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe."

6400:

The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880–1914

5742: 5725: 5621: 5604: 5166: 5156: 4745:

Farber, Henry S; Herbst, Daniel; Kuziemko, Ilyana; Naidu, Suresh (2021).

4486:"Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report" 3922:"Restraint of Trade. Sherman Anti-Trust Law. Liability of Labor Unions". 3901:"Application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to Unions since the Apex Case" 3865: 3028: 2989: 2847:

found Danish closed-shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the

2820: 2805: 2791: 2787: 2752: 2542: 2538: 2378: 1263: 1184: 1034:

or the Roman emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies. Ruins at

826: 782: 134: 104: 84: 10982: 6608: 6390:

Catholic Labor Movements in Europe. Social Thought and Action, 1914–1965

5979: 4938:

Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership, influence

4432:

Poland, Professor Jacek Tittenbrun of Poznan University (18 July 2005).

4313:. In Jeremy Waddington & Torsten Mueller & Kurt Vandaele (eds.) 4113: 4081: 3679: 3655: 2588:

created in 1945. The largest trade union federation in the world is the

12505: 12051: 11708: 11463: 11293: 11226: 11221: 10574: 10337: 10329: 10205: 10126: 10087: 10031: 8441: 7564: 7539: 7529: 7448: 7438: 7356: 7081: 6900: 6513: 6489: 6470: 6460:

Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays

6453: 6443: 6304:

Directory of Employer's Associations, Trade unions, Joint Organisations

6295: 5934: 5916: 5778: 5429:"After Citizens United: How outside spending shapes American democracy" 3943: 3741: 3295: 2994: 2798: 2537:

In contrast, in several European countries (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, the

1298: 1271: 1244: 1236: 1200: 1039: 799: 746: 742: 710:), or an attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( 655: 579: 273: 268: 6630: 5371:(, 3rd printing ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 5218:"Union retreat and regional economic performance: the UK in the 1990s" 4804: 4787: 4517: 3716: 2972:

have been linked to greater economic inequality in the United States.

2424:

with the employer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and other

12567: 12031: 11872: 11860: 11688: 11388: 11281: 11271: 11206: 11179: 10930: 10875: 10379: 10195: 10165: 10136: 9505: 8276: 7396: 7242: 7177: 7162: 7157: 7071: 6616: 6228:

To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s

5427:

Abdul-Razzak, Nour; Prato, Carlo; Wolton, Stephane (1 October 2020).

3867:

Through the prism of slavery : labor, capital, and world economy

3696:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

3571: 3523: 3484: 3432: 3384: 3211: 2816: 2716: 2712: 2366: 1113: 1038:

date the formation of burial societies among Roman Army soldiers and

1035: 1018: 790: 691: 687: 388: 129: 124: 6287: 5248:"Union Retreat and Regional Economic Performance: The UK Experience" 3935: 12475: 12463: 12293: 12131: 11087: 11016: 10880: 10103: 8262: 7594: 7579: 7172: 6772: 6724: 6467:

In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker

5895: 5138:

Barth, Erling; Bryson, Alex; Dale-Olsen, Harald (16 October 2020).

5036: 3708: 2589: 2573: 1240: 1023: 998: 738: 243: 10942: 5413: 4602:

The Social Dimension – Employment Policy in the European Community

1332:

Trade union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912

1054:(98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild. Rome's 59: 12439: 12379: 12096: 12041: 12026: 12011: 11340: 11107: 10905: 10603: 10041: 9977: 7272: 4714:"Labor Unions, Political Representation, and Economic Inequality" 4082:"John Stuart Mill and the Economic Rationale for Organized Labor" 3588: 3449: 2852: 2546: 2459:, some having lead to deaths, having been recorded historically. 2428:. The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to 1573:, parental leave, etc., that decrease the need to be in a union. 1180: 1117: 1091: 1002: 869: 734: 418: 4970:

Keith Naughton, Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green (20 February 2015).

4419:"See the website of the Danish discount union "Det faglige Hus"" 4418: 3656:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 2462:

Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle.

2342: 654:

whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their

12557: 9696: 7220: 7132: 6688: 5304:"Will Automation Replace Jobs? Port Workers May Strike Over It" 2550: 2530: 2526: 2503:, where the labour force mostly works in the informal economy. 1176: 1079: 1051: 1047: 958:

between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a

925: 903: 822: 651: 366: 10992: 10972: 10478: 6753: 6693: 6665: 6653:

Visser, Jelle. "Union membership statistics in 24 countries."

6221:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. III. 5638:"Who passes restrictive labour policy? A view from the States" 5292:

Bryson, Alex. "Union wage effects." IZA World of Labor (2014).

3082: 10356: 7230: 6641:

From consent to coercion: The assault on trade union freedoms

6212:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. II. 5021:"The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic Inequality" 2878:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

2451:

was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers.

2398: 2394: 2361:

Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers (

1146: 929: 873: 858: 376: 9474: 6203:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. I. 4539: 3359:. Vol. III. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 3280:"The Marxist View of the Labor Unions: Complex and Critical" 2849:

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

10051: 6748:

Retaliation for Union Activity and Collection Action Rights

6250:

The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party

6123: 2332: 1578: 1546: 725:, trade unions became popular in many countries during the 659: 2823:) and those who do not. In the United States, state level 1323: 1223:

in the United Kingdom were made in the 1820s and 30s. The

6626:. (3rd ed. Toronto, Ont.: New Canada Publications, 1973). 6407:

E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies

4744: 3622:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.

2948: 6510:

American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century

6350:

Trade unions in western Europe: Hard times, hard choices

4944:

Retrieved 6 March 2015. See also: Jake Rosenfeld (2014)

3062:

have been associated with increased cost of government.

2616:, the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance and 2584:

The oldest global trade union organizations include the

6486:(2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles. 5426: 4036: 3587:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3448:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 4972:

As the Rich Get Richer, Unions Are Poised for Comeback

4828:"Unions and American Income Inequality at Mid-Century" 3187: 3185: 3183: 729:. Trade unions may be composed of individual workers, 6763:

A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009

6648:

Trade Unions and Politics: A Comparative Introduction

6503:

The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement

5225:

Research Papers in Environmental and Spatial Analysis

5137: 5068:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality" 4882:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality" 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 1346:

trade unions were finally legalized in 1872, after a

1120:

in 1574, but the vast majority of people remained as

988:, that prescribed the rules and membership dues of a 6440:

Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History

6398:

Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Hans-Gerhard Husung, eds.

3078: 2475:

were founded as the electoral arms of trade unions.

1179:. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as 1012:

was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a

10689:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

6363:(NJWLS) Vol. 1. No 1 (August 2011), pp. 67–93. 4284:. International Labour Organisation. Archived from 3180: 3014:criticized unions in chapter 18 of his publication 2401:, the Japanese national trade union confederation. 2385:. These federations themselves will affiliate with 806:the workplace, in order to obtain political power. 706:), a cross-section of workers from various trades ( 699:(collective bargaining agreements) with employers. 26:"Labour Union" redirects here. For other uses, see 12415:List of industry trade groups in the United States 12304:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 6684:LabourStart international trade union news service 6131:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). "Chapter I". 4676:"ECHR rules against Danish closed-shop agreements" 4617:, pp. 281–331 in Hyman, R. & Ferner A., eds.: 4458:Solidarność popiera Kaczyńskiego jak kiedyś Wałęsę 4243: 3352: 3344: 3217: 1094:, the earliest modern trade unions predate Marx's 6450:Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History 6357:"The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007" 5682: 5555: 5140:"Union Density Effects on Productivity and Wages" 5066:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (1 August 2011). 4786:Collins, William J.; Niemesh, Gregory T. (2019). 4378:Schminke, Tobias Gerhard; Fridell, Gavin (2021). 4000: 3564: 3516: 3425: 3112:Labor federation competition in the United States 2737:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization 1225:National Association for the Protection of Labour 12586: 8065: 6527:Alexander, Robert Jackson, and Eldon M. Parker. 6348:Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca, and Richard Hyman. 6240:A history of British trade unionism c. 1770–1990 6188:Campbell, A., Fishman, N., and McIlroy, J. eds. 5514: 5470:"Labor Unions and White Democratic Partisanship" 5065: 4879: 4682: 3826:A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 3732:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy" 3559:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor. 3469:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage. 3377: 3332: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 1183:and had been prominent in struggles such as the 868:Following the unification of the city-states in 6442:(2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts 4880:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (August 2011). 4377: 4152: 3420:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present . 2565:overtones and today it supports the right-wing 1364:Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions 1187:in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a 6587:Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa 5760: 4785: 4619:New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations 4604:. Basingstoke England UK: Macmillan Publishing 4362:Amnesty International report 23 September 2005 1585:Union density across OECD members (in %) 1001:, in approximately 133 AD during the reign of 12350: 11927: 11032: 10494: 9490: 9466: 9246: 8862: 8457: 8051: 7634: 7211: 6788: 6624:The Trade Union Movement of Canada: 1827–1959 6545:Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View 6458:Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds. 5683:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020). 5556:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020). 5245: 5215: 3965:. p. 25 – via Google News Archive. 3197: 3117:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 2876:The examples and perspective in this article 611: 11941: 8385:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6452:(2005) over 100 annotated primary documents 5235:on 11 January 2024 – via ResearchGate. 5216:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (17 February 2003). 4646:"Freedom of Association/Trade Union Freedom" 4079: 3647: 3479: 3477: 2735:candidates on a number of occasions and the 902:–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for 11972:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 9260: 5971: 5856:"Why Unions Are Good — But Not Good Enough" 5018: 12364: 12357: 12343: 11934: 11920: 11039: 11025: 10739:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 10501: 10487: 9497: 9483: 9253: 9239: 8876: 8869: 8855: 8464: 8450: 8058: 8044: 7648: 7641: 7627: 7610: 7525:International comparisons of labour unions 6795: 6781: 6643:(third edition. Ontario: Garamound Press). 6639:Panitch, Leo & Swartz, Donald (2003). 6482:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. 6120:A brief history of the German trade unions 6100:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5636:Bucci, Laura C.; Jansa, Joshua M. (2020). 5635: 4343:The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History 4028:. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 3892: 3249: 2988:employment, wages, etc. Research from the 2610:International Transport Workers Federation 1538:Hours Worked Compared to Earnings Per Week 1206: 765:Garment workers on strike, New York City, 618: 604: 6333:Berghahn, Volker R., and Detlev Karsten. 6117: 6047: 5950: 5807: 5761:Frymer, Paul; Grumbach, Jacob M. (2020). 5741: 5700: 5620: 5532: 5467: 5444: 5246:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (15 March 2007). 5165: 5155: 4851: 4803: 4762: 4729: 4688: 4540:"International Trade Union Confederation" 4395: 4271: 4080:King, John T.; Yanochik, Mark A. (2011). 3608:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day. 3570: 3522: 3483: 3474: 3431: 3383: 3050:According to American socialist magazine 2914:Learn how and when to remove this message 2337: 1219:The first attempts at forming a national 750: 16:Organisation of workers with common goals 12410:List of food industry trade associations 8471: 6508:Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall, 6234: 6183:Trade Unions and the Economy, 1870–2000. 6181:Aldcroft, D. H. and Oliver, M. J., eds. 6157: 6151:Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor 6148: 6130: 5881: 5763:"Labor Unions and White Racial Politics" 5361: 4711: 4630: 4190:The Economic and Labour Relations Review 4042: 4018: 3956: 3764:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 3692: 3191: 2930: 2727:with a few exceptions. For example, the 2520: 2442: 2341: 1533: 1525: 1407: 1327: 1270:. The organization attracted a range of 1268:Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 1210: 940:and a shipmaster. Law 276 stipulated a 2 760: 12186:Right to an adequate standard of living 11794:International Trade Union Confederation 6733:– History of the British union movement 6548: 6273: 6257: 5984:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 5923:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5723: 5602: 5327: 4563: 4222: 3975: 3823: 3794: 3761: 3653: 3544:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3497:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3405:Records of the Past Exploration Society 2747:frayed as party leadership embarked on 2614:International Federation of Journalists 2594:International Trade Union Confederation 2579: 2449:Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 2391:International Trade Union Confederation 1403: 1375:Free Association of German Trade Unions 1324:Legalization, expansion and recognition 12587: 11987:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 11799:International Union of Socialist Youth 10757:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 10671:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 10659:International Workingmen's Association 6529:A history of organized labor in Brazil 6361:Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6246: 6225: 5977: 5282:– via Taylor and Francis online. 4431: 4187: 3863: 3840:"Strike: Strikes in the United States" 3797:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 3355:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3350: 2729:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 1085: 12338: 11915: 11020: 10482: 9478: 9465: 9234: 8850: 8445: 8039: 7622: 7609: 6776: 6737:Short history of the UGT in Catalonia 6596:(University of Nebraska Press, 2017). 6422:Upchurch, Martin, and Graham Taylor. 6216: 6207: 6195: 6108: 6081: 5767:American Journal of Political Science 5407: 5301: 4875: 4873: 4847: 4845: 4731:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-023225 3898: 3730:Welsh, Jennifer (23 September 2011). 3729: 3338: 3023:Trade unions frequently advocate for 2416:A union may acquire the status of a " 1545:has been steadily declining from the 11046: 6802: 6547:(Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015). Review: 6343:Industrial Relations in Europe 2010. 6335:Industrial Relations in West Germany 6060: 5875: 5515:Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander (2018). 5401: 5328:Kramarz, Francis (19 October 2006). 5295: 5114:"The Decline Of Unions Is Good News" 4936:Doree Armstrong (12 February 2014). 4241: 4006: 3870:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3828:. New York: MacMillan. pp. 1–3. 3576:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3528:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3489:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3437:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3389:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3277: 2862: 2514:which is supported by the far-right 1195:severely restricted their activity. 6631:"Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa" 6270:(Manchester University Press, 1997) 6260:A history of British trade unionism 6050:Journal of Central European Affairs 2851:. It was stressed that Denmark and 294:Workers' right to access the toilet 13: 12497:(Greater China and Southeast Asia) 10683:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 9536:Accidental death and dismemberment 6679:Australian Council of Trade Unions 6141: 5978:Zoorob, Michael (1 October 2018). 5808:Macdonald, David (29 April 2019). 4870: 4842: 4834:. 12 February 2019. Archived from 4751:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4718:Annual Review of Political Science 4167:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x 3772:University of North Carolina Press 2840:of 1947 outlawed the closed shop. 2478:Unions are also delineated by the 2426:terms and conditions of employment 980:-era tablet from the ruins of the 976:of the Ottoman Empire) produced a 802:also saw trade unions as a way to 751:is highest in the Nordic countries 14: 12611: 12107:Right to refuse medical treatment 11093:Internationalist–defencist schism 7387:Labour spies in the United States 6742:Younionize Global Union Directory 6672: 6634:Journal of Modern African Studies 6169:ed by Neil Schlager (2 vol. 2004) 5468:Macdonald, David (25 June 2020). 5302:Eavis, Peter (2 September 2024). 5019:VanHeuvelen, Tom (1 March 2020). 4856:. Cambridge: Harvard University. 4701:from the original on 8 July 2023. 3538:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3399:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3320:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1530:Labor union membership by country 1414:International Labour Organization 1289:spurred the establishment of the 1112:drew masses of people, including 646:), often simply referred to as a 11158: 11002: 11001: 10991: 10981: 10971: 10962: 10961: 10951: 10941: 10549: 9662:Directors and officers liability 8830: 8821: 8820: 8261: 8228:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7947:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7717:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7500:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6719:Trade union membership 2003–2008 6706:Trade union membership 1993–2003 6543:Hodder, A. and L. Kretsos, eds. 6505:(1993) 237pp; short encyclopedia 6431: 4689:Leonhardt, David (7 July 2023). 4368:member José Onofre Esquivel Luna 4245:"Why trade unions are declining" 3081: 2867: 2586:World Federation of Trade Unions 2533:during a strike on 28 March 2006 1349:Royal Commission on Trade Unions 189:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 58: 11130:Reformist–revolutionary dispute 10745:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 10721:Industrial Workers of the World 10715:General Confederation of Labour 10677:Brazilian Workers Confederation 10508: 7318:Enterprise bargaining agreement 6308:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 6268:British Trade Unions, 1945–1995 6040: 5910: 5848: 5801: 5754: 5717: 5676: 5629: 5596: 5549: 5508: 5461: 5446:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102190 5420: 5385: 5355: 5346: 5321: 5286: 5239: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5131: 5106: 5059: 5012: 4999: 4990: 4964: 4930: 4820: 4779: 4738: 4705: 4668: 4638: 4624: 4607: 4594: 4557: 4532: 4510: 4478: 4466: 4451: 4425: 4411: 4371: 4355: 4335: 4320: 4303: 4235: 4216: 4181: 4146: 4128: 4073: 4056:Principles of Political Economy 4048: 4012: 3969: 3959:"The Guild and the Trade Union" 3950: 3915: 3857: 3832: 3817: 3788: 3755: 3723: 3686: 3613: 2672:The United States takes a more 1394:General Confederation of Labour 1304:Principles of Political Economy 1016:. Following the passage of the 1005:(117–138) of the Roman Empire. 863: 811:Australian Bureau of Statistics 798:V1, 1867, p. 1069). Early 12400:Inter-professional association 12319:Sexual and reproductive health 12216:Right to a healthy environment 9279:Federated States of Micronesia 8788:British Indian Ocean Territory 7570:Occupational safety and health 4691:"How Elba Makes a Living Wage" 4352:". Fox Business. 9 August 2011 3982:International Socialist Review 3310: 3271: 2964:and, since 1967, with loss of 2845:European Court of Human Rights 1293:in 1868, the first long-lived 1070:also included fraternities of 1058:was home to a guildhall for a 889:a common Mesopotamian standard 239:Occupational safety and health 234:Occupational safety and health 1: 12236:Right to public participation 11384:Socialism of the 21st century 9504: 6540:. Cambridge University Press. 6402:(Taylor & Francis, 1985). 6160:The A to Z of Organized Labor 5025:American Journal of Sociology 5009:, Vol. 124, No. 7, July 2001. 4564:Bamberg, Ulrich (June 2004). 3978:"Trades Unions and Socialism" 3899:Clark, O. L. (January 1948). 3174: 2832:to non-unionized employees." 2777: 2703:. The engineer's association 2623: 2618:Public Services International 1557:, and governmental policies. 1377:was formed in 1897 after the 1285:was founded in 1860, and the 1262:In 1834, the Welsh socialist 1030:required the approval of the 914: 896: 881: 775:Since the publication of the 766: 756: 362:Chronological list of strikes 28:Labour Union (disambiguation) 12256:Right to science and culture 11804:Party of European Socialists 11262:Negative and positive rights 10701:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 10429:Savings and loan association 8066:Trade unions in the Americas 6551:Work, Employment and Society 6337:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1988). 6088:Tighes Hill, New South Wales 5072:American Sociological Review 4889:American Sociological Review 4621:, Basil Blackwell Publishing 4491:. Acirrt.com. Archived from 3976:Kautsky, Karl (April 1901). 3142:Progressive Librarians Guild 3025:seniority-based compensation 2926: 2761:Conservative Trade Unionists 1368:American Federation of Labor 1278:' case, but soon collapsed. 7: 12082:Right to keep and bear arms 11992:Freedom from discrimination 9862:Insurance-linked securities 6926:Duty of fair representation 6866:National trade union centre 6484:Labor in America: A History 6158:Docherty, James C. (2010). 6149:Docherty, James C. (2004). 6118:Schneider, Michael (1991). 6082:James, Robert Noel (2001). 5724:Engeman, Cassandra (2020). 5603:Engeman, Cassandra (2020). 4792:The Economic History Review 3762:Epstein, Steven A. (1995). 3593:University of Chicago Press 3454:University of Chicago Press 3074: 3034: 3017:The Constitution of Liberty 2890:, discuss the issue on the 2705:Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 2692:and the pilots association 2525:A rally of the trade union 1295:national trade union center 1227:was established in 1830 by 809:A modern definition by the 658:, such as attaining better 10: 12616: 9551:Total permanent disability 7323:Global Framework Agreement 6636:, 4 (1966), pp. 65–81 6174: 6135:. Longmans and Co. London. 5826:10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7 5486:10.1007/s11109-020-09624-3 5397:10.1007/s10602-023-09396-y 4712:Ahlquist, John S. (2017). 4242:E.H. (29 September 2015). 4202:10.1177/103530460701700205 4098:10.1177/056943451105600205 3060:Public-sector trade unions 2553:, the biggest trade union 2381:", and united in national 848: 844: 821:, which includes medieval 25: 18: 12545: 12524: 12485: 12430: 12372: 12279: 12246:Right to rest and leisure 12152: 11957: 11950: 11886: 11853: 11827: 11819:Young European Socialists 11782: 11397: 11354: 11167: 11156: 11056: 10938: 10869: 10765: 10650: 10602: 10558: 10547: 10518: 10454: 10306: 10291:Health insurance coverage 10231: 10015: 9844: 9786: 9715: 9634: 9586: 9556:Business overhead expense 9521: 9512: 9472: 9467:Links to related articles 9370: 9347: 9266: 9180: 9142: 8884: 8816: 8775: 8735: 8477: 8403: 8370:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8270: 8259: 8071: 7960: 7935: 7654: 7616: 7457: 7379: 7349: 7295: 7110: 7059: 7050: 7005: 6939: 6848: 6841: 6808: 6366:Kjellberg, Anders (2017) 6326: 6133:History of Trade Unionism 6064:Attempts at General Union 5996:10.1136/oemed-2017-104747 5702:10.1017/S153759272000208X 5654:10.1017/S0143814X20000070 5574:10.1017/S153759272000208X 5534:10.1017/S1537592717004236 5272:10.1080/00343400601149915 4326:Kjellberg, Anders (2023) 4309:Kjellberg, Anders (2023) 4025:History of Trade Unionism 4022:; Webb, Beatrice (1894). 3957:C. M. N. (3 March 1928). 3065: 2858: 2410:professional associations 2365:, traditionally found in 1416:Department of Statistics 1301:middle-class opinion. In 1042:mariners to the reign of 956:contract of affreightment 778:History of Trade Unionism 325:International comparisons 259:Right to rest and leisure 199:Employment discrimination 12261:Right to social security 12226:Right to Internet access 12171:Equal pay for equal work 12057:Presumption of innocence 11217:Environmental protection 10636:Workers' self-management 9692:Protection and indemnity 9430:Northern Mariana Islands 8537:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8390:Turks and Caicos Islands 7702:Central African Republic 7505:Equal pay for equal work 7341:Union security agreement 7308:Collaborative bargaining 6957:Social movement unionism 6622:Lipton, Charles (1967). 6563:10.1177/0950017015614214 6520: 6067:. Taylor & Francis. 5689:Perspectives on Politics 5642:Journal of Public Policy 5562:Perspectives on Politics 5521:Perspectives on Politics 5084:10.1177/0003122411414817 4978:Retrieved 6 March 2015. 4952:Harvard University Press 4947:What Unions No Longer Do 4901:10.1177/0003122411414817 4854:What Unions No Longer Do 4852:Rosenfeld, Jake (2014). 4631:Wagtmann, M. A. (2010), 3864:Tomich, Dale W. (2004). 3795:Lintott, Andrew (1999). 3102:Digital Product Passport 2598:global union federations 2432:, culminating in either 1551:decline in manufacturing 1124:on estates owned by the 920:) stipulated a 2-shekel 855:Collegium (ancient Rome) 650:, is an organization of 110:Social movement unionism 19:Not to be confused with 12390:Employers' organization 12137:right to be a candidate 11967:Equality before the law 11814:Socialist International 11289:Revolutionary socialism 10891:Criticism of capitalism 10751:National Workers' Union 10149:Explanation of benefits 9621:Variable universal life 9395:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9261:Trade unions in Oceania 8878:Trade unions in Europe 8798:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7332:Mutual gains bargaining 7148:Occupation of factories 6871:Global union federation 6514:excerpt and text search 6471:excerpt and text search 6454:excerpt and text search 6444:excerpt and text search 6416:11 January 2017 at the 6276:Economic History Review 6258:Pelling, Henry (1987). 6126:: JHW Dietz Nachfolger. 6084:Craft, Trade or Mystery 6061:Cole, G. D. H. (2010). 5884:The Journal of Politics 4575:. 24–25. Archived from 4397:10.15173/glj.v12i2.4394 4348:2 December 2013 at the 4140:Encyclopædia Britannica 4066:6 November 2014 at the 3824:Perlman, Selig (1922). 3801:Oxford University Press 3152:Salt (union organizing) 3147:Project Labor Agreement 3089:Organized labour portal 2755:, who beat his brother 1338:Lawrence, Massachusetts 1334:Lawrence textile strike 1207:National general unions 839:fraternal organizations 690:are usually made up of 320:Trade union federations 315:Trade unions by country 12422:Cooperative federation 12366:Business organizations 11997:Freedom of information 11982:Freedom of association 11374:Evolutionary socialism 10896:Criticism of copyright 10611:Co-operative economics 10286:Health insurance costs 9687:Professional liability 8927:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8305:British Virgin Islands 7649:Trade unions in Africa 7611:Trade unions by region 7510:Exploitation of labour 7188:Organizational dissent 6699:6 January 2011 at the 6247:Minkin, Lewis (1991). 6226:Davies, A. J. (1996). 4384:Global Labour Movement 4279:"Industrial relations" 4086:The American Economist 3257:"Industrial relations" 2936: 2656:member states in 2004. 2639:employers associations 2534: 2452: 2358: 2338:Structure and politics 1539: 1531: 1523: 1340: 1318: 1233:textile related unions 1216: 1158:Ordinance of Labourers 1066:of merchant mariners. 978:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 772: 219:Freedom of association 90:Exploitation of labour 12537:Consumer organization 12309:Intersex human rights 12117:Right of self-defense 12072:Right to a fair trial 11309:Social market economy 11247:Left-wing nationalism 11073:Frankfurt Declaration 10916:Libertarian socialism 10707:Solidarity Federation 10142:Out-of-pocket expense 10003:Workers' compensation 9657:Collateral protection 9647:Business interruption 9373:and other territories 8218:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7862:São Tomé and Príncipe 7722:Republic of the Congo 7367:Workers' compensation 7313:Collective bargaining 6967:Members-only unionism 6750:", Workplace Fairness 6725:Trade Union Ancestors 6477:Progressive Librarian 4518:"WFTU » History" 4364:– fear for safety of 3278:Botz, Dan La (2013). 3002:comparative advantage 2934: 2563:religious nationalist 2524: 2497:false self-employment 2446: 2422:collective bargaining 2345: 1537: 1529: 1411: 1331: 1313: 1291:Trades Union Congress 1283:London Trades Council 1214: 1143:Sherman Antitrust Act 1110:Industrial Revolution 1060:corpus naviculariorum 924:for each 60-gur (300- 880:into a single empire 764: 727:Industrial Revolution 684:union representatives 204:Employment protection 184:Collective bargaining 12196:Right to development 12077:Right to family life 12027:Freedom from torture 12012:Freedom from slavery 11809:Progressive Alliance 11364:Democratic socialism 11068:Age of Enlightenment 10365:Corpus Juris Civilis 8712:United Arab Emirates 8472:Trade unions in Asia 6977:Open-source unionism 6891:Father of the chapel 6881:Union representative 6711:7 April 2022 at the 6694:New Unionism Network 6655:Monthly Labor Review 6601:Comparative Politics 6266:Wrigley, Chris, ed. 6217:Clegg, H.A. (1994). 6208:Clegg, H.A. (1985). 5144:The Economic Journal 5007:Monthly Labor Review 4678:. Eurofound website. 4043:Webb & Webb 1894 3803:. pp. 183–186. 3654:de Ligt, L. (2001). 3318:"Trade Union Census" 3192:Webb & Webb 1920 3127:List of trade unions 2896:create a new article 2888:improve this article 2580:International unions 2501:low-income countries 1404:Prevalence worldwide 1193:Combination Act 1825 565:Industrial relations 554:Academic disciplines 150:National-syndicalism 120:Democratic socialism 12553:Business networking 12525:Oppositional groups 12395:Chamber of commerce 12007:Freedom of religion 12002:Freedom of movement 11977:Freedom of assembly 11959:Civil and political 11664:Liebknecht (father) 11140:Revolutions of 1848 10695:Free Workers' Union 10631:Labour unionisation 10536:Revolutions of 1848 10424:Rochdale Principles 10419:Mutual savings bank 10414:Mutual organization 10399:Cooperative banking 10316:Mesopotamian banker 9596:Longevity insurance 9143:States with limited 8739:limited recognition 8395:U.S. Virgin Islands 8238:Trinidad and Tobago 8083:Antigua and Barbuda 7937:States with limited 7575:Occupational stress 7429:Demarcation dispute 7412:Anti-union violence 7033:Industrial unionism 6992:Solidarity unionism 6906:Vigilance committee 6886:Clerk of the chapel 6438:Arnesen, Eric, ed. 6375:Markovits, Andrei. 6355:Kjellberg, Anders. 5264:2007RegSt..41..143M 4926:on 11 January 2024. 4838:on 7 November 2020. 4764:10.1093/qje/qjab012 4225:Queen's Law Journal 3532:Records of the Past 3393:Records of the Past 3122:Labour inspectorate 2941:economic inequality 2694:Vereinigung Cockpit 2643:sectoral bargaining 2375:industrial unionism 2351:United Farm Workers 2349:speaking at a 1974 1586: 1382:Anti-Socialist Laws 1257:Voice of the People 1160:was enacted in the 1097:Communist Manifesto 1086:Modern trade unions 918: 1755–1750 BC 721:Originating in the 712:industrial unionism 145:Anarcho-syndicalism 12324:Right to sexuality 12201:Right to education 12127:Security of person 12022:Freedom of thought 11878:Types of socialism 11867:The Internationale 11299:Social corporatism 11150:Welfare capitalism 10176:Insurable interest 9677:Payment protection 9578:Payment protection 8148:Dominican Republic 7560:Professional abuse 7362:Union wage premium 7336:Pattern bargaining 7268:Solidarity actions 7128:Diversity training 6962:Community unionism 6731:TUC History online 6657:. 129 (2006): 38+ 6650:(Macmillan, 1989). 6589:(Routledge, 2016). 6534:Dean, Adam. 2022. 6531:(Greenwood, 2003). 6448:Beik, Millie, ed. 6426:(Routledge, 2016). 6379:(Routledge, 2016). 6352:(Oxford UP, 2013). 5935:10.1002/ajim.23081 5814:Political Behavior 5779:10.1111/ajps.12537 5743:10.1093/sf/soaa074 5622:10.1093/sf/soaa074 5474:Political Behavior 5308:The New York Times 5157:10.1093/ej/ueaa048 5150:(631): 1898–1936. 5118:Hoover Institution 4695:The New York Times 3924:Harvard Law Review 3774:. pp. 10–49. 3296:10.1111/wusa.12021 3169:Workplace politics 3107:Excess profits tax 2977:Hoover Institution 2970:Right-to-work laws 2937: 2825:right-to-work laws 2766:Historically, the 2630:supervisory boards 2535: 2453: 2359: 2355:Delano, California 1584: 1562:developing nations 1540: 1532: 1524: 1341: 1287:Sheffield Outrages 1217: 1162:Kingdom of England 1126:landed aristocracy 982:Temple of Antinous 893:Naram-Sin of Akkad 835:friendly societies 773: 254:Professional abuse 12582: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12563:Company registers 12501:Business alliance 12405:Trade association 12332: 12331: 12231:Right to property 12191:Right to clothing 12176:Fair remuneration 12144:Right to homeland 12092:Right to petition 12017:Freedom of speech 11909: 11908: 11379:Liberal socialism 11369:Ethical socialism 11145:Utopian socialism 11083:Godesberg Program 11078:French Revolution 11014: 11013: 10709:(SF–IWA, Britain) 10703:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 10570:Council communism 10541:Utopian socialism 10476: 10475: 10321:Code of Hammurabi 10296:Vehicle insurance 10191:Replacement value 10083:Actual cash value 10047:Adverse selection 10037:Actuarial science 10011: 10010: 9943:Kidnap and ransom 9916:Extended warranty 9563:Income protection 9459: 9458: 9453: 9452: 9445:Wallis and Futuna 9390:Clipperton Island 9348:Associated states 9228: 9227: 8844: 8843: 8781:other territories 8439: 8438: 8033: 8032: 7964:other territories 7737:Equatorial Guinea 7603: 7602: 7485:Conflict theories 7480:Four-day workweek 7375: 7374: 7291: 7290: 7193:Industrial action 7102:Union co-op model 7046: 7045: 7018:Independent union 6982:Business unionism 6592:Lenti, Joseph U. 6498:, 29 January 2024 5433:Electoral Studies 4805:10.1111/ehr.12744 4650:Eurofound website 4520:. 21 January 2014 4460:at news.money.pl 4291:on 9 October 2018 3632:. 1915. pp. 2962:wealth inequality 2924: 2923: 2916: 2898:, as appropriate. 2768:Republic of Korea 2739:(PATCO) endorsed 2721:social democratic 2469:political parties 2457:cases of violence 2430:industrial action 2329: 2328: 1386:Otto von Bismarck 1276:Tolpuddle Martyrs 1076:ritual sacrifices 1044:Septimius Severus 819:benefit societies 628: 627: 585:Post-work society 414:Solidarity action 224:Legal working age 80:Conflict theories 21:Trade association 12607: 12487:Business network 12432:Corporate groups 12359: 12352: 12345: 12336: 12335: 12221:Right to housing 12155:Economic, social 12102:Right to protest 12097:Right to privacy 11936: 11929: 11922: 11913: 11912: 11901:Socialism portal 11891:Economics portal 11787: 11669:Liebknecht (son) 11434:Batlle y Ordóñez 11402: 11357: 11232:Internationalism 11212:Environmentalism 11162: 11061: 11051: 11049:Social democracy 11041: 11034: 11027: 11018: 11017: 11005: 11004: 10997:Socialism portal 10995: 10985: 10977:Organized Labour 10975: 10967:Labour economics 10965: 10964: 10957:Communism portal 10955: 10947:Anarchism portal 10945: 10901:Critique of work 10732:IWW-South Africa 10685:(CNT–AIT, Spain) 10616:Labour economics 10553: 10531:Orthodox Marxism 10513: 10503: 10496: 10489: 10480: 10479: 10434:Social insurance 10389:Friendly society 10281:Health insurance 10109:Short rate table 9857:Catastrophe bond 9758:Lenders mortgage 9519: 9518: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9476: 9475: 9463: 9462: 9435:Pitcairn Islands 9405:French Polynesia 9385:Christmas Island 9314:Papua New Guinea 9294:Marshall Islands 9267:Sovereign states 9255: 9248: 9241: 9232: 9231: 9181:Dependencies and 8885:Sovereign states 8871: 8864: 8857: 8848: 8847: 8834: 8824: 8823: 8793:Christmas Island 8479:Sovereign states 8466: 8459: 8452: 8443: 8442: 8360:Saint Barthélemy 8320:Falkland Islands 8265: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8037: 8036: 8025: 8024:(United Kingdom) 8020:Tristan da Cunha 8016:Ascension Island 8008: 7995: 7986: 7962:Dependencies and 7655:Sovereign states 7643: 7636: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7607: 7606: 7490:Critique of work 7465:35-hour workweek 7253:Pen-down strikes 7209: 7208: 7060:Shops and hiring 7057: 7056: 6947:Organizing model 6846: 6845: 6803:Organized labour 6797: 6790: 6783: 6774: 6773: 6646:Taylor, Andrew. 6629:Orr, Charles A. 6617:10.2307/20434019 6585:Kester, Gérard. 6582: 6501:Taylor, Paul F. 6321: 6299: 6263: 6254: 6243: 6231: 6222: 6213: 6204: 6163: 6154: 6136: 6127: 6114: 6105: 6099: 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Archived from 5222: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5159: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5031:(5): 1255–1302. 5016: 5010: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4968: 4962: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4919:. Archived from 4886: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4807: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4757:(3): 1325–1385. 4742: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4656:on 17 April 2011 4652:. Archived from 4642: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4613:Hall, M., 1994. 4611: 4605: 4600:Gold, M., 1993. 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4544:www.ituc-csi.org 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4375: 4369: 4359: 4353: 4339: 4333: 4324: 4318: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4247: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4142:. 13 March 2024. 4132: 4126: 4125: 4077: 4071: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3930:(6): 450. 1908. 3919: 3913: 3912: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3630:Prudential Press 3617: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3580: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3358: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3228: 3215: 3208: 3195: 3189: 3097:Critique of work 3091: 3086: 3085: 2943:. The economist 2919: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2838:Taft–Hartley Act 2733:Republican Party 2725:Democratic Party 2702: 2691: 2654:Eastern European 2634:co-determination 2492:Informal workers 2488:union organizers 2484:organizing model 2371:general unionism 2170:Slovak Republic 1587: 1583: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1420: 1373:In Germany, the 1360:Knights of Labor 1309:John Stuart Mill 1266:established the 967: 966: 962: 949: 948: 944: 919: 916: 901: 898: 886: 883: 771: 768: 708:general unionism 697:labour contracts 673:bargaining power 644:American English 620: 613: 606: 570:Labour economics 560:Critique of work 404:Pen-down strikes 115:Social democracy 62: 52: 51:Organized labour 42: 35: 34: 12615: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12595:Labor relations 12585: 12584: 12583: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12541: 12520: 12481: 12426: 12368: 12363: 12333: 12328: 12299:Family planning 12284: 12275: 12251:Right of return 12211:Right to health 12159: 12156: 12148: 12112:Right to resist 12062:Right of asylum 11953: 11946: 11940: 11910: 11905: 11896:Politics portal 11882: 11849: 11823: 11783: 11778: 11398: 11393: 11355: 11350: 11314:Socialist state 11257:Nationalization 11175:Civil liberties 11163: 11154: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11045: 11015: 11010: 10987:Politics portal 10934: 10921:Post-capitalism 10865: 10761: 10753:(UON, Portugal) 10667:and affiliates 10646: 10598: 10554: 10545: 10526:Guild socialism 10514: 10509: 10507: 10477: 10472: 10450: 10446:Insurance cycle 10409:Fraternal order 10302: 10233: 10227: 10186:Proximate cause 10181:Insurance fraud 10161:General average 10120:Claims adjuster 10062:Risk management 10057:Risk assessment 10021: 10018: 10007: 9973:Prize indemnity 9840: 9788: 9782: 9711: 9672:Over-redemption 9630: 9582: 9573:National health 9514: 9508: 9503: 9468: 9460: 9455: 9454: 9449: 9372: 9366: 9349: 9343: 9324:Solomon Islands 9262: 9259: 9229: 9224: 9182: 9176: 9162:Northern Cyprus 9144: 9138: 9059:North Macedonia 8880: 8875: 8845: 8840: 8812: 8780: 8771: 8752:Northern Cyprus 8738: 8731: 8473: 8470: 8440: 8435: 8413:Central America 8399: 8274: 8266: 8257: 8074: 8067: 8064: 8034: 8029: 8028: 8023: 8006: 7993: 7984: 7965: 7963: 7956: 7940: 7938: 7931: 7650: 7647: 7612: 7604: 7599: 7453: 7371: 7345: 7328:Master contract 7303:Bargaining unit 7287: 7283:Wildcat strikes 7207: 7153:Precarious work 7123:Contingent work 7106: 7052: 7042: 7001: 6935: 6861:Union organizer 6837: 6823:Labour movement 6804: 6801: 6768:Mises Institute 6713:Wayback Machine 6701:Wayback Machine 6675: 6670: 6603:(2006): 21–42, 6523: 6518: 6512:(3rd ed. 2002) 6434: 6429: 6418:Wayback Machine 6329: 6324: 6318: 6302: 6288:10.2307/2596686 6236:Laybourn, Keith 6177: 6172: 6144: 6142:Further reading 6139: 6093: 6092: 6075: 6043: 6038: 6024: 6022: 5990:(10): 736–738. 5976: 5972: 5915: 5911: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5806: 5802: 5759: 5755: 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2418:juristic person 2340: 2290:United Kingdom 1710:Czech Republic 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1406: 1388:were repealed. 1326: 1249:Nottinghamshire 1209: 1171:Combination Act 1168:. In 1799, the 1166:Napoleonic Wars 1151:medieval Europe 1088: 1026:(27 BC–14 AD), 1024:Caesar Augustus 997:established in 964: 960: 959: 950:-gerah per day 946: 942: 941: 922:prevailing wage 917: 909:Codex Hammurabi 899: 884: 878:Sargon of Akkad 866: 861: 851:Labour movement 849:Main articles: 847: 769: 759: 636:British English 624: 595: 594: 590:Refusal of work 555: 547: 546: 545: 450: 440: 439: 438: 429:Wildcat strikes 424:Whipsaw strikes 409:Sitdown strikes 356: 346: 345: 342: 310: 300: 299: 298: 284:Toxic workplace 168: 158: 157: 154: 72: 70:Labour movement 50: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12613: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12580: 12579: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12549: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12539: 12534: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12498: 12495:Bamboo network 12491: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12436: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12412: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12374: 12370: 12369: 12362: 12361: 12354: 12347: 12339: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12290: 12288: 12277: 12276: 12274: 12273: 12268: 12266:Right to water 12263: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12243: 12241:Right of reply 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12166:Digital rights 12162: 12160: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12129: 12124: 12122:Right to truth 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11961: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11948: 11947: 11939: 11938: 11931: 11924: 11916: 11907: 11906: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11883: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11863: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11822: 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11177: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11105: 11103:Labor movement 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11064: 11062: 11054: 11053: 11044: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11021: 11012: 11011: 11009: 10999: 10989: 10979: 10969: 10959: 10949: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10871: 10870:Related topics 10867: 10866: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759:(SAC, Sweden) 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10718: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10697:(FAU, Germany) 10692: 10691:(CRAS, Russia) 10686: 10680: 10674: 10662: 10656: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10621:General strike 10613: 10608: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10467:List of topics 10463: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10375: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10354: 10352:Burial society 10342: 10341: 10340: 10334:§235–238; §240 10326:§100–105; §126 10318: 10312: 10310: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10276:Climate change 10268: 10266:United Kingdom 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10213: 10211:Underinsurance 10208: 10203: 10201:Self-insurance 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10151: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10107: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10073: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10013: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10005: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9968:Political risk 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9948:Legal expenses 9945: 9940: 9935: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9859: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9728:Builder's risk 9725: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9652:Business owner 9649: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9616:Universal life 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9568:Long-term care 9565: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9516: 9510: 9509: 9502: 9501: 9494: 9487: 9479: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9425:Norfolk Island 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9380:American Samoa 9376: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9364: 9359: 9353: 9351: 9350:of New Zealand 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9264: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9235: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9186: 9184: 9183:other entities 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9134:United Kingdom 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8947:Czech Republic 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8874: 8873: 8866: 8859: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8828: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8743: 8741: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8446: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8375:Sint Eustatius 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310:Cayman Islands 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8281: 8279: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8009: 7996: 7987: 7973:Canary Islands 7969: 7968: 7966: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7613: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7585:Social support 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7555:Prison strikes 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7520:Hunger strikes 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7470:Eight-hour day 7467: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7444:Featherbedding 7441: 7436: 7434:Strikebreaking 7431: 7426: 7424:Union violence 7421: 7420: 7419: 7409: 7404: 7402:Churn and burn 7399: 7394: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7263:Sitdown strike 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7226:General strike 7223: 7217: 7215: 7213:Strike actions 7206: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7028:Craft unionism 7025: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6856:Labour council 6852: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6813:Labour history 6809: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6703: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6673:External links 6671: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6627: 6620: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6557:(3): 561–562. 6541: 6532: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6499: 6495:The New Yorker 6487: 6480: 6479:, 48, 110–165. 6473: 6465:Brody, David. 6463: 6456: 6446: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6420: 6403: 6396: 6388:Misner, Paul. 6386: 6380: 6373: 6364: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6316: 6300: 6282:(2): 159–184. 6271: 6264: 6255: 6253:. p. 708. 6244: 6232: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6193: 6186: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6155: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6115: 6113:(19/20): 1–19. 6106: 6079: 6074:978-1136885167 6073: 6058: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036: 5970: 5929:(3): 218–231. 5909: 5896:10.1086/678311 5890:(1): 114–127. 5874: 5847: 5800: 5753: 5716: 5675: 5648:(3): 409–439. 5628: 5595: 5548: 5527:(2): 364–379. 5507: 5480:(2): 859–879. 5460: 5419: 5400: 5384: 5378:978-0202309699 5377: 5354: 5345: 5320: 5294: 5285: 5258:(2): 143–156. 5238: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5130: 5105: 5078:(4): 513–537. 5058: 5037:10.1086/708067 5011: 4998: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4963: 4929: 4895:(4): 513–537. 4869: 4862: 4841: 4819: 4798:(2): 691–715. 4778: 4737: 4724:(1): 409–432. 4704: 4681: 4667: 4637: 4623: 4606: 4593: 4556: 4531: 4509: 4477: 4465: 4450: 4424: 4410: 4370: 4354: 4334: 4319: 4302: 4270: 4234: 4215: 4180: 4161:(2): 190–212. 4145: 4127: 4072: 4047: 4045:, p. 122. 4035: 4011: 3999: 3968: 3949: 3914: 3905:SMU Law Review 3891: 3876: 3856: 3844:infoplease.com 3831: 3816: 3810:978-0198150688 3809: 3787: 3781:978-0807844984 3780: 3754: 3722: 3709:10.2307/283119 3685: 3666:(2): 346–349. 3646: 3612: 3563: 3540:Washington, DC 3515: 3494:Avalon Project 3473: 3424: 3401:Washington, DC 3376: 3369: 3343: 3331: 3309: 3270: 3248: 3236:stats.oecd.org 3216: 3196: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3036: 3033: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2882:of the subject 2880:worldwide view 2875: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2829: 2828: 2813: 2802: 2795: 2779: 2776: 2772:lunar new year 2757:David Miliband 2731:has supported 2683:Marburger Bund 2670: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2625: 2622: 2581: 2578: 2561:movement with 2559:anti-communist 2557:emerged as an 2473:Labour parties 2436:or management 2406:Western Europe 2393:. However, in 2389:, such as the 2387:Internationals 2363:craft unionism 2339: 2336: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310:United States 2307: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1517: 1507: 1501: 10.0–19. 1497: 1491: 20.0–29. 1487: 1481: 30.0–39. 1477: 1471: 40.0–49. 1467: 1461: 50.0–59. 1457: 1451: 60.0–69. 1447: 1441: 70.0–79. 1437: 1431: 80.0–89. 1427: 1421: 90.0–99. 1417: 1405: 1402: 1384:of Chancellor 1325: 1322: 1253:Leicestershire 1208: 1205: 1189:general strike 1122:tenant-farmers 1087: 1084: 990:burial society 938:ship charterer 885: 2334 BC 865: 862: 846: 843: 758: 755: 723:United Kingdom 704:craft unionism 626: 625: 623: 622: 615: 608: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 587: 582: 577: 575:Labour history 572: 567: 562: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 544: 543: 538: 536:United Kingdom 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 452: 451: 448:Labour parties 446: 445: 442: 441: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 385: 384: 379: 372:General strike 369: 364: 358: 357: 352: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 329: 327: 322: 317: 311: 306: 305: 302: 301: 297: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 194:Eight-hour day 191: 186: 181: 176: 170: 169: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 76: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12612: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12550: 12548: 12544: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12511:Joint venture 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12484: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12460:(Anglosphere) 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12444: 12442:(South Korea) 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12423: 12420: 12416: 12413: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12360: 12355: 12353: 12348: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12282: 12278: 12272: 12271:Right to work 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12206:Right to food 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12151: 12145: 12142: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12087:Right to life 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11956: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11925: 11923: 11918: 11917: 11914: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11852: 11846: 11845:United States 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785:Organizations 11781: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11346:Welfare state 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11274: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11267:Progressivism 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11252:Mixed economy 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11161: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11042: 11037: 11035: 11030: 11028: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11008: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10970: 10968: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10868: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10747:(FS, Denmark) 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10699: 10696: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10652:Organisations 10649: 10644: 10641: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10626:Labour rights 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10552: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10512: 10504: 10499: 10497: 10492: 10490: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10272: 10271:United States 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10222: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10156: 10155:Force majeure 10152: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10113: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10076:Value of life 10074: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9938:Interest rate 9936: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9854: 9853: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9806:Inland marine 9804: 9802: 9801:GAP insurance 9799: 9797: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789:Communication 9785: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611:Unitised fund 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9601:Mortgage life 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9500: 9495: 9493: 9488: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9477: 9471: 9464: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9420:New Caledonia 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Easter Island 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9369: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9346: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9256: 9251: 9249: 9244: 9242: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9195:Faroe Islands 9193: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:South Ossetia 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9019:Liechtenstein 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8865: 8860: 8858: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8827: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8762:South Ossetia 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8467: 8462: 8460: 8455: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8444: 8432: 8431: 8430:South America 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8408:North America 8406: 8405: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8325:French Guiana 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243:United States 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8070: 8061: 8056: 8054: 8049: 8047: 8042: 8041: 8038: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7991: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7967: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7934: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7777:Guinea-Bissau 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7644: 7639: 7637: 7632: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7621: 7615: 7608: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7515:Forced labour 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7417:United States 7415: 7414: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7392:Union busting 7390: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248:Overtime bans 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:Strike notice 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7143:Labour revolt 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7049: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7023:General union 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Company union 7011: 7010: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6987:Dual unionism 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6972:One Big Union 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Service model 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6931:Worker centre 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6832:public sector 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Labour rights 6816: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6432:United States 6425: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6395: 6394:online review 6391: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6059: 6056:(4): 339–353. 6055: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6033: 6032:unionisation. 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5730:Social Forces 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609:Social Forces 5606: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5414:10.3386/w2039 5411: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5358: 5349: 5331: 5324: 5309: 5305: 5298: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5212: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5167:11250/2685607 5163: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5002: 4993: 4984: 4983:Bruce Western 4980: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4876: 4874: 4865: 4863:9780674726215 4859: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4519: 4513: 4494: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4459: 4454: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4287: 4280: 4274: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4250:The Economist 4246: 4238: 4231:(2): 391–417. 4230: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155:Legal Studies 4149: 4141: 4137: 4136:"Trade union" 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4062: 4061:Book V, Ch.10 4058: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3860: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3504: 3500: 3499:New Haven, CT 3496: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3470: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3421: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3319: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3233: 3232:"Trade Union" 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3179: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3162:Strikebreaker 3160: 3159: 3158: 3157:Union busting 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3137:Profit margin 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2933: 2918: 2915: 2907: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843:In 2006, the 2841: 2839: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:privatization 2746: 2742: 2741:Ronald Reagan 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2674:laissez-faire 2666: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480:service model 2476: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2434:strike action 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2335: 2334: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1571:paid vacation 1568: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1555:globalization 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543:Union density 1536: 1528: 1521: No data 1415: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1221:general union 1213: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:United States 1099: 1098: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1078:, practising 1077: 1073: 1072:Roman priests 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056:La Ostia port 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 957: 953: 939: 935: 932:per day on a 931: 927: 923: 912: 910: 905: 894: 890: 879: 875: 871: 860: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 812: 807: 805: 801: 797: 792: 788: 787:Beatrice Webb 784: 780: 779: 763: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:professionals 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 693: 689: 685: 681: 676: 674: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 602: 601: 599: 598: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 557: 551: 550: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 501:New Caledonia 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 453: 449: 444: 443: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 399:Overtime bans 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 355: 354:Strike action 350: 349: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 309: 304: 303: 295: 292: 290: 289:Unfree labour 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 249:Paid time off 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 214:Four-day week 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 167: 166:Labour rights 162: 161: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 140:Union busting 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 77: 75: 74: 71: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 48: 47: 43: 37: 36: 33: 29: 22: 12600:Trade unions 12531: 12458:Conglomerate 12286:reproductive 12181:Labor rights 12157:and cultural 12067:Right to die 11944:human rights 11942:Substantive 11330: 11242:Labor rights 11125:Nordic model 11098:Keynesianism 10911:Labour power 10717:(CGT, Spain) 10630: 10465: 10458: 10438: 10404:Credit union 10370: 10363: 10344: 10216:Underwriting 10171:Insurability 10153: 10132:Co-insurance 10102: 10098:Cancellation 9889:Catastrophic 9874:Climate risk 9702:Trade credit 9371:Dependencies 9357:Cook Islands 9172:Transnistria 8777:Dependencies 8707:Turkmenistan 8672:Saudi Arabia 8428: 8380:Sint Maarten 8365:Saint Martin 8272:Dependencies 8012:Saint Helena 7983: 7887:South Africa 7877:Sierra Leone 7682:Burkina Faso 7590:Wage slavery 7550:Maximum wage 7545:Minimum wage 7475:Six-hour day 7458:Other topics 7350:Compensation 7203:Work-to-rule 7097:Scope clause 7038:Police union 6876:Unionization 6827: 6762: 6754: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6623: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6535: 6528: 6509: 6502: 6493: 6483: 6476: 6466: 6459: 6449: 6439: 6423: 6409:5.1 (2016). 6406: 6399: 6389: 6376: 6368: 6360: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6303: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6259: 6249: 6239: 6227: 6218: 6209: 6200: 6189: 6182: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6132: 6119: 6110: 6083: 6063: 6053: 6049: 6041:Bibliography 6030: 6023:. Retrieved 5987: 5983: 5973: 5964: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5865:. Retrieved 5859: 5850: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5770: 5766: 5756: 5747: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5612: 5608: 5598: 5565: 5561: 5551: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5477: 5473: 5463: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5403: 5387: 5368:Price theory 5367: 5357: 5348: 5336:. Retrieved 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5307: 5297: 5288: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5233:the original 5228: 5224: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5121:. Retrieved 5117: 5108: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5001: 4992: 4975: 4966: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4921:the original 4892: 4888: 4853: 4836:the original 4832:The Long Run 4831: 4822: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4754: 4750: 4740: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4694: 4684: 4670: 4658:. Retrieved 4654:the original 4649: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4601: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4577:the original 4572: 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4543: 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4493:the original 4480: 4468: 4453: 4441:. 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Retrieved 3235: 3132:Police union 3069: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3027:and against 3022: 3015: 2999: 2985: 2982: 2974: 2966:middle class 2952: 2938: 2910: 2904:October 2021 2901: 2877: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2810:Rand formula 2781: 2765: 2745:Labour Party 2709: 2679: 2671: 2647: 2641:, a form of 2627: 2583: 2571: 2536: 2508:Labour Party 2505: 2495:relating to 2477: 2461: 2454: 2415: 2403: 2360: 2347:Cesar Chavez 2330: 2250:Switzerland 2090:New Zealand 2070:Netherlands 1575: 1567:minimum wage 1559: 1553:, increased 1541: 1511: 0.0–9. 1398: 1390: 1379:conservative 1372: 1357: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1319: 1314: 1302: 1280: 1261: 1256: 1229:John Doherty 1218: 1197: 1169: 1155: 1139: 1135:wage slavery 1129: 1106:Philadelphia 1095: 1089: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1032:Roman Senate 1027: 1017: 1014:legal entity 1009: 1007: 992: 986:Antinoöpolis 970:Minya, Egypt 952:freight rate 934:charterparty 908: 867: 864:Trade guilds 837:, and other 816: 808: 795: 776: 774: 735:past workers 720: 716:constitution 701: 679: 677: 675:of workers. 666:, improving 647: 639: 631: 629: 434:Work-to-rule 308:Trade unions 307: 279:Six-hour day 264:Right to sit 229:Minimum wage 179:Child labour 174:Annual leave 100:New unionism 32: 12532:Trade union 12516:Patent pool 12385:Corporation 12314:LGBT rights 12047:Nationality 12037:LGBT rights 11336:Tripartisme 11331:Trade union 11237:Land reform 11118:Revisionist 11007:Syndicalism 10926:Revisionism 10886:Corporatism 10802:Griffuelhes 10661:(1864–1876) 10595:Sorelianism 10590:Nationalist 10511:Syndicalism 10439:Trade union 10394:Cooperative 10067:Uncertainty 9926:Index-based 9894:Multi-peril 9852:Reinsurance 9811:Public auto 9716:Residential 9304:New Zealand 9210:Isle of Man 9145:recognition 9119:Switzerland 9054:Netherlands 8836:Asia portal 8737:States with 8657:Philippines 8597:South Korea 8592:North Korea 8487:Afghanistan 8350:Puerto Rico 8277:territories 8223:Saint Lucia 8158:El Salvador 7939:recognition 7892:South Sudan 7782:Ivory Coast 7535:Labour code 7495:Decent work 7449:Union raids 7439:Goon squads 7407:Paper local 7258:Recognition 7198:Unfair list 7118:Bossnapping 7087:Hiring hall 7077:Agency shop 7067:Closed shop 6997:Syndicalism 6921:Trades hall 6911:Union label 6896:Local union 6828:Trade union 6766:, from the 6755:Labor Notes 6689:RadioLabour 6490:Osnos, Evan 6197:Clegg, H.A. 5773:: 225–240. 5313:8 September 4462:(in Polish) 3703:: 149–156. 3290:(1): 5–42. 3029:meritocracy 2990:Anglosphere 2821:free riders 2806:agency shop 2792:hiring hall 2788:closed shop 2753:Ed Miliband 2697: [ 2686: [ 2606:IndustriALL 2543:Switzerland 2539:Netherlands 2383:federations 2030:Luxembourg 1264:Robert Owen 1185:1820 Rising 1074:overseeing 900: 2254 804:democratize 770: 1913 743:apprentices 640:labor union 632:trade union 531:South Korea 511:Netherlands 506:New Zealand 135:Syndicalism 105:Proletariat 85:Decent work 12589:Categories 12506:Consortium 12052:Personhood 11769:Woodsworth 11594:Hilferding 11454:Betancourt 11444:Ben-Gurion 11319:Capitalism 11294:Secularism 11227:Gradualism 11222:Fair trade 11190:Industrial 10847:Pelloutier 10822:Lagardelle 10797:Fitzgerald 10643:Mutual aid 10575:De Leonism 10519:Precursors 10234:by country 10232:Insurance 10206:Total loss 10127:Deductible 10088:Cash value 10032:Act of God 10017:Insurance 9931:Parametric 9911:Expatriate 9787:Transport/ 9753:Landlords' 9738:Earthquake 9626:Whole life 9546:Disability 9089:San Marino 9049:Montenegro 9029:Luxembourg 9009:Kazakhstan 8912:Azerbaijan 8717:Uzbekistan 8692:Tajikistan 8607:Kyrgyzstan 8587:Kazakhstan 8507:Bangladesh 8497:Azerbaijan 8345:Montserrat 8340:Martinique 8335:Guadeloupe 8133:Costa Rica 7994:(Portugal) 7952:Somaliland 7872:Seychelles 7837:Mozambique 7822:Mauritania 7807:Madagascar 7762:The Gambia 7697:Cape Verde 7565:Protection 7540:Labour law 7530:Job strain 7357:Strike pay 7296:Bargaining 7243:Green bans 7236:newspapers 7082:Union shop 7051:Industrial 6901:Union dues 6317:0113612508 6025:31 January 5695:: 92–109. 5568:: 92–109. 5439:: 102190. 5338:22 January 4976:Bloomberg. 4960:0674725115 4549:25 January 4524:25 January 4443:16 January 3877:1417503572 3799:. Oxford: 3626:Newark, NJ 3595:. p. 3456:. p. 3370:0684192799 3339:James 2001 3284:WorkingUSA 3175:References 3044:strength. 2995:automation 2799:union shop 2778:Shop types 2624:Labour law 2602:UNI Global 2600:, such as 2555:Solidarity 2512:Solidarity 2010:Lithuania 1610:Australia 1272:socialists 1245:Derbyshire 1237:Lancashire 1201:Manchester 1114:dependents 1040:Roman Navy 972:(under an 936:between a 831:Oddfellows 827:Freemasons 800:socialists 781:(1894) by 757:Definition 747:unemployed 680:union dues 656:employment 580:Labour law 389:Green bans 382:newspapers 274:Sick leave 269:Sabbatical 12568:Syndicate 12454:(Germany) 12032:Legal aid 11873:Socialism 11861:Communism 11828:By region 11774:Zhordania 11714:Plekhanov 11679:MacDonald 11674:Luxemburg 11569:Gaitskell 11529:Daszyński 11489:Callaghan 11449:Bernstein 11389:Third Way 11324:Socialism 11282:Socialism 11272:Reformism 11207:Dirigisme 11180:Democracy 11135:Socialism 10931:Socialism 10876:Communism 10792:Delesalle 10782:De Ambris 10727:IWW-Chile 10604:Economics 10565:Anarchist 10380:Syndicate 10346:Collegium 10241:Australia 10196:Risk pool 10166:Indemnity 10137:Copayment 10071:Knightian 9983:Terrorism 9953:Liability 9821:Satellite 9682:Pollution 9606:Term life 9515:insurance 9513:Types of 9506:Insurance 9274:Australia 9200:Gibraltar 9024:Lithuania 8803:Hong Kong 8757:Palestine 8682:Sri Lanka 8677:Singapore 8557:Indonesia 8418:Caribbean 8330:Greenland 8253:Venezuela 8198:Nicaragua 8168:Guatemala 8088:Argentina 8073:Sovereign 7827:Mauritius 7397:Givebacks 7380:Reactions 7178:Stay-away 7163:Picketing 7158:Precarity 7138:Grievance 7072:Open shop 7053:relations 6849:Structure 6842:Formation 6579:155792641 6571:0950-0170 6219:1934–1951 6210:1911–1933 6201:1889–1910 6096:cite book 6004:1351-0711 5943:1097-0274 5904:0022-3816 5867:14 August 5842:159071392 5834:1573-6687 5795:221245953 5787:1540-5907 5749:adoption. 5711:1537-5927 5670:216258517 5662:0143-814X 5590:204825962 5582:1537-5927 5543:1537-5927 5502:220512676 5494:1573-6687 5455:0261-3794 5280:154851210 5176:0013-0133 5123:14 August 5092:0003-1224 5053:219517711 5045:0002-9602 4942:UW Today. 4909:0003-1224 4814:1468-0289 4773:0033-5533 4421:. 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