Child labour - Knowledge

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agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5 and 14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as

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worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 per cent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25% of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15% laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

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to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

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underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour – such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal – schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices. Traidcraft Exchange and Homeworkers Worldwide argue that attempts to eliminate child labour without addressing the level of adult earnings may lead to children being engaged in labour in "less visible and more hazardous occupations".

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definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

60: 1299: 45: 1597:. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) – a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to many children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income. 1531: 2102:

green mead with its spangles of buttercups and daisies; the song of the bird and the humming bee...' But for many of these children the factory system meant quite literally the only chance for survival. Today we overlook the fact that death from starvation and exposure was a common fate before the Industrial Revolution, for the pre-capitalist economy was barely able to support the population. Yes, children were working. Formerly they would have starved. It was only as goods were produced in greater abundance at a lower cost that men could support their families without sending their children to work. It was not the reformer or the politician that ended the grim necessity for child labour; it was capitalism.

1601: 1453: 4046:, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered "egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws." Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010. 1683:, the Minister of Interior at the time in August 2019, while analysing and describing the situation of working children in Tehran, said: "Reports show that street children live in poor conditions and are exploited." One thing that should be noted is that up to 80% of these children are non-Iranian. Considering that some of these children were Afghan nationals, we have raised the issue with the embassy of this country. If other institutions cooperate, we can take appropriate measures to organise street children, but if they do not cooperate. It has also been decided to issue arrest warrants for gangs exploiting children with the cooperation of the police force and the judicial system. 835: 2136: 890: 2035:

authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.

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Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, size of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

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employed illegally, which led to many not being protected by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there are still many children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

1987:(C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of 4759:

well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do not have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.

1618:(NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia's child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to many children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children. International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by 1548: 2015: 3903:

officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali,

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work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 1980s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

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work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen.

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level, children's work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor. Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment. Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers. Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play.

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operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946,

22: 4009:, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long-term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income. 1367: 4202: 2064: 1406:-based televisions and computer monitors. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa. 12769: 1402:. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Many children can also be found working in hazardous environments, with some using bare hands, stones and hammers to take apart 1410: 12759: 2089:

and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.

2078: 1234: 11763: 11752: 3926:, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met. 1197: 3935: 120: 4774: 1995:

Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador,

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countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.

691: 88: 12779: 7922: 1808:'s income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way. 1275:

small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

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caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.

808:; preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non-literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or 4055: 7970: 4240:, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. 1539:

between the ages of 5 and 13 worked 25 hours a week and did not attend school. There are also many initiative and policies put in place to decrease the prevalence of child labour such as the United States generalised system of preferences, the U.S.-Cambodia textile agreement, ILO Garment Sector Working Conditions Improvement Project, and ChildWise Tourism.

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Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Vietnam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th, all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

1915:(FLSA). Child labour provisions under FLSA are designed to protect the educational opportunities of youth and prohibit their employment in jobs that are detrimental to their health and safety. FLSA restricts the hours that youth under 16 years of age can work and lists hazardous occupations too dangerous for young workers to perform. 8044: 1383:, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30% of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round. 1193:

aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and the Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

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government categorising child labour data as "highly secret". China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.

4233:, leaving many to resort to jobs such as "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and exploitative than garment production". The study suggests that boycotts are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved." 4287:(IPEC), founded in 1992, aims to eliminate child labour. It operates in 88 countries and is the largest program of its kind in the world. IPEC works with international and government agencies, NGOs, the media, and children and their families to end child labour and provide children with education and assistance. 3915:

children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.

4333:(SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda, UN Member States, employers' and workers' organisations, and civil society organisations are required to work together to eliminate child labour by 2025, forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking by 2030. Thus, the ILO established Alliance 8.7 as a global partnership. 2055:

Scholars disagree on the best legal course forward to address child labour. Some suggest the need for laws that place a blanket ban on any work by children less than 18 years old. Others suggest the current international laws are enough, and the need for more engaging approach to achieve the ultimate

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Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent

2006:(IPEC) in order to advocate for prevention and elimination of all forms of child labour. The global Music against Child Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to help protect them from child labour. 1956:

of 1973, child labour refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12, non-light work done by children aged 12–14, and hazardous work done by children aged 15–17. Light work was defined, under this convention, as any work that does not harm a child's health and development, and that does

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were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930

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With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to

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by the military in the 1980s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of

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ever since Portuguese colonisation in the region began in 1500. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear

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Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing

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Map for child labour worldwide in the 10–14 age group, in 2003, per World Bank data. The data is incomplete, as many countries do not collect or report child labour data (coloured gray). The colour code is as follows: yellow (<10% of children working), green (10–20%), orange (20–30%), red (30–40%)

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was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3,133 °F (1,723 °C)). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cuts, and

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While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing

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In 2007, The New York Times reported that GAP, after the child labour discovery, created a $ 200,000 grant to improve working conditions in the supplier community. GAP created strong relationships with developing countries to help prevent child labour and find solutions; GAP would conduct interviews

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of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to

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in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to

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Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels

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The ILO suggests that poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labour. For impoverished households, income from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household. Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 and 40% of the household

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Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children

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Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation

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Fifty years ago it might have been assumed that, just as child labour had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the developed world,

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Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention, a child is defined as "every human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law applicable to the child, a majority is attained earlier." Article 28 of this Convention requires States to, "make primary education compulsory and available free to

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Due to the increase of regulations and legal restrictions on child labour, there has been a 64 per cent decline in child labour from 1993 to 2005. Although this is a great decrease in the country of India, there is still high numbers of children working in the rural areas of India. With 85 per cent

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in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into

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In 2015, the country of India is home to the largest number of children who are working illegally in various industrial industries. Agriculture in India is the largest sector where many children work at early ages to help support their family. Many of these children are forced to work at young ages

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Significant levels of child labour appear to be found in Cambodia. In 1998, ILO estimated that 24.1% of children in Cambodia aged between 10 and 14 were economically active. Many of these children work long hours and Cambodia Human Development Report 2000 reported that approximately 65,000 children

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In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have grounded it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and

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Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the

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think-tank operating in Washington D.C., "it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh,

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These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws

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Under the FLSA, for non-agricultural jobs, children under 14 may not be employed, children between 14 and 16 may be employed in allowed occupations during limited hours, and children between 16 and 17 may be employed for unlimited hours in non-hazardous occupations. A number of exceptions to these

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An Ecuadorean study published in 2006 found child labour to be one of the main environmental problems affecting children's health. It reported that over 800,000 children are working in Ecuador, where they are exposed to heavy metals and toxic chemicals and are subject to mental and physical stress

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Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14

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of children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful. Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation worldwide, although these laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions

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Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up. Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term. At the material

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GAP's policy, the report claimed, is that if it discovers child labour was used by its supplier in its branded clothes, the contractor must remove the child from the workplace, provide them with access to schooling and a wage, and guarantee the opportunity of work on reaching a legal working age.

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migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian

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In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour.

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In post-colonial Ireland, the rate of child exploitation was extremely high as children were used as farm labourers once they were able to walk, these children were never paid for the labour that they carried out on the family farm. Children were wanted and desired in Ireland for the use of their

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Contrary to popular belief, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy. Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings as opposed to urban centres. Less than 3% of child labour aged 5–14 across the world

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children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged

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can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking,

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A 2007 report claimed some GAP products had been produced by child labourers. GAP acknowledged the problem and announced it is pulling the products from its shelves. The report found that GAP had rigorous social audit systems since 2004 to eliminate child labour in its supply chain. However, the

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Child labour was a particular target of early reformers. William Cooke Tatlor wrote at the time about these reformers who, witnessing children at work in the factories, thought to themselves: 'How much more delightful would have been the gambol of the free limbs on the hillside; the sight of the

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Very often, however, these state laws were not enforced... Federal legislation was passed in 1916 and again in 1919, but both laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Although the number of child workers declined dramatically during the 1920s and 1930s, it was not until the Fair

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The phenomenon of children labour is one of the social issues of Iranian society, which has taken on serious and diverse dimensions over time. Researches and official and unofficial data show that this social damage is more common in big cities. Also, research data shows that most of the working

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programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, "Why am I only paying £4 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.

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In 2010, a German news investigative report claimed that non-governmental organisations (NGOs) had found up to 10,000 children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998. In other locations, thousands of bonded child labourers were present in 1994. After UNICEF and NGOs got involved, the child

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of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a "track and trace" systems to guarantee an

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From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of

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Child labour laws in Australia differ from state to state. Generally, children are allowed to work at any age, but restrictions exist for children under 15 years of age. These restrictions apply to work hours and the type of work that children can perform. In all states, children are obliged to

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Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to the ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60 and 70% of child

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The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for

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Some scholars suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. These activists claim that child labour also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing

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Another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 per cent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the

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The Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports that 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan,

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Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10- to 14-year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15- to 17-year-olds and about 375,000 5- to 9-year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been

1136:

Home-based manufacturing operations were active year-round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58% of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home

1311:

Systematic use of child labour was commonplace in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial

2073:

Other scholars suggest that these arguments are flawed and ignore history, and that more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and

1429:

From European settlement in 1788, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established

1283:

Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem.

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draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic work and participation in the wider (waged) labour market. Further, the usefulness of the experience of the industrial revolution in making predictions about current trends has been disputed. Social historian Hugh Cunningham, author of

3985:

the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

1638:

India has legislation since 1986 which allows work by children in non-hazardous industry. In 2013, the Punjab and Haryana High Court gave a landmark order that directed that there shall be a total ban on the employment of children up to the age of 14 years, be it hazardous or non-hazardous

1968:...Parties recognise the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. 7783:"Traces of Childhood Exploitation: A Comprehensive Study on the Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran, Paper presented at the 2th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences Hosted by The Polytechnic of Guarda PORTUGAL, pp. 145–167, August 27 – 28, 2022" 7940: 4280:

working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes—and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.

1676:

are Afghan children, along with his colleagues believes that with the continuation of Iran's economic crisis, the lack of proper mechanisms to manage and control the phenomenon and absence of legal working visa scheme for Afghan immigrants have caused this social harm to spread.

1430:

industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century, when child labour laws and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s, child labour was restricted by compulsory schooling.

1863:

auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the

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Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a

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75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 per cent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region.

1922:

States have varying laws covering youth employment. Each state has minimum requirements such as, earliest age a child may begin working, number of hours a child is allowed to be working during the day, number of hours a child is allowed to be worked during the week. The

1497:

development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there were large numbers of children working in the field of

7815:"Gender differences in child labour: A systematic review of causes, forms, features and consequences, Paper presented at the 8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences hosted by Cyprus Science University, Antalya, TURKEY, pp. 315–348, October 2022" 1344:

officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not

1106:

burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

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labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.

1930:

Individual states have a wide range of restrictions on labour by minors, often requiring work permits for minors who are still enrolled in high school, limiting the times and hours that minors can work by age and imposing additional safety regulations.

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and reach out to their 100,000 employees worldwide to get insight into how they feel about GAP's work environments. This survey concluded with a 68 per cent response rate, and 77 per cent of respondents considered GAP a great environment to work in.

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to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

3634: 9237:"Protocol for the growing and processing of cocoa beans and their derivative products in a manner that complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the prohibition and immediate action for the elimination of the worst forms of child labour" 7992: 1505:

send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

8018: 932:

in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In

1951:

Almost every country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at preventing child labour. International Labour Organization has helped set international law, which most countries have signed on and ratified. According to ILO

1694:) keeps a database of the scanned retina irises of a number of working street kids, and have put "child friendly" measures in place to support them, reduce the social harm from their presence, and improve their quality of life. 9866:

Some authors such as conservative Nobel economist Milton Friedman claim that child labour actually decreased during the industrial revolution. He argues that before the industrial revolution almost all children were working in

2030:

community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are past eighth grade in school.

803:

The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short

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Periodically, governments, employers' and workers' organisations have met in global conference to assess progress and remaining obstacles and to agree measures to eliminate the worst forms of child labour by 2016: first in

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A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claimed children as young as five years old were employed and worked for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days a week in the silk industry. These children, HRW claimed, were bonded

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existed in the Netherlands up to and through the Industrial Revolution. Laws governing child labour in factories were first passed in 1874, but child labour on farms continued to be the norm up until the 20th century.

4336:

In January 2021, the ILO published the Child Labour Global Estimates 2020 in collaboration with UNICEF. According to the report child labour decreased by 38% from 246 million in 2000 to 152 million in 2016. Due to

4170:'s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, "Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the 1729:, then a Japanese territory, with promises of educational opportunity. Though the target of 25,000 recruits was never reached, over 8,400 Taiwanese youths aged 12 to 14 relocated to Japan to help manufacture the 949:(there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in the summer and 52 hours in winter, while servants worked 80-hour weeks. 9815: 4988: 3992:

of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy.

984:

was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that U.S. capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".

5447: 1221:, where China was attributed 12 goods, the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys, and coal, among other goods. 1120:'s photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hine took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the 4103:

H&M said it "does not accept" child labour and "seeks to avoid" using Uzbek cotton, but admitted it did "not have any reliable methods" to ensure Uzbek cotton did not end up in any of its products.

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settings and informal urban economies; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered the primary cause of child labour.

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and the insecurity caused by being at risk of work-related accidents. Minors performing agricultural work along with their parents help apply pesticides without wearing protective equipment.

7868: 2026:. The amendment allows certain children aged 14–18 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the 1879:

was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.

996:. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 846: 1639:

industries. However, the Court ruled that a child can work with his or her family in family based trades/occupations, for the purpose of learning a new trade/craftsmanship or vocation.

1005:

9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to

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due to many family factors such as unemployment, large families, poverty, and lack of parental education. This is often the major cause of the high rate of child labour in India.

1331:

colonial empires. The tax was imposed on everyone older than 8 years, in some colonies. To pay these taxes and cover living expenses, children in colonial households had to work.

1112:

In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin

834: 4137:

labour figure dropped drastically after 2005, with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers. The report claims the released children were back in school.

768:

notes that "boys and girls are equally likely to be involved in child labour", but in different roles, girls being substantially more likely to perform unpaid household labour.

1911:

Child labour laws in the United States are found at the federal and state levels. The most sweeping federal law that restricts the employment and abuse of child workers is the

1927:

lists the minimum requirements for agricultural work in each state. Where state law differs from federal law on child labour, the law with the more rigorous standard applies.

7869:"Violation: Child Labour Rights in Iran – Analysis and Solutions, 7th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences, Cyprus Science University, 2022, pp. 91–115" 72: 4221:

products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a

1977: 8971: 5809: 1789:

specialised occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near the city of

992:

Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors because of the Growth of

925:

rates. These cities drew in the population that was rapidly growing due to increased agricultural output. This process was replicated in other industrialising countries.

760:) witnessed over 50 per cent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. The vast majority of child labour is found in 9314: 957:, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered 9806: 7782: 6337: 4917: 4284: 4018: 3755: 2003: 8156: 4083:

In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children.

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In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to constitutional amendments that passed in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the

10444:

Eradication of forced labour – General Survey concerning the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), and the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)

7537:

Tepelus, Camelia M. (2008). "Social responsibility and innovation on trafficking and child sex tourism: Morphing of practice into sustainable tourism policies?".

5463: 1832:("chimney sweep children") and children working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called 717:

Child labour has existed to varying extents throughout history. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, many children aged 5–14 from poorer families worked in

3892:

estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child

800:, hunting and farming as soon as they are competent. In many societies, children as young as 13 are seen as adults and engage in the same activities as adults. 744:, where more than one in four children are so engaged. This represents a decline in child labour over the preceding half decade. In 2017, four African nations ( 9329:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana" 9279: 9199:"Fourth Annual Report: Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector of Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana" 3619: 3150: 1016:

As technology improved and proliferated, there was a greater need for educated employees. This saw an increase in schooling, with the eventual introduction of

9454: 11445: 11358: 11313: 9365: 9236: 7837:"Exploitation and Exclusion: A Socio-Cultural Analysis of Child Labour in Iran, 2022, 13th Eurasian Conferences on Language and Social Sciences pp. 561– 583" 4777: 1919:

rules exist, such as for employment by parents, newspaper delivery, and child actors. The regulations for agricultural employment are generally less strict.

1217: 3868:

farmers used enslaved children – many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of

989:

castigated child labour in her 1835 poem "The Factory", portions of which she pointedly included in her 18th Birthday Tribute to Princess Victoria in 1837.

909:

in Britain in the late 18th century, there was a rapid increase in the industrial exploitation of labour, including child labour. Industrial cities such as

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As a result of the BBC report, Royal Television Society awarded it a prize, and Primark took immediate action and fired three Indian suppliers in 2008.

1869:

there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000

1516:

as anyone of compulsory school age (age sixteen). In general no child may be employed under the age of fifteen years, or fourteen years for light work.

5928: 8606: 4149:

was using child labour in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a £4 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by

83:. In 1856, the law permitted child labour past age 9, for 60 hours per week, night or day. In 1901, the permissible child labour age was raised to 12. 11369: 9346: 6394: 6766: 6435:"Conflict and economic downturn cause global increase in reported child labour violations – 40% of countries now rated 'extreme risk' by Maplecroft" 4166:

Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the

12619: 9260: 6094:

Linda Lobao; Katherine Meyer (2001). "The Great Agricultural Transition: Crisis, Change, and Social Consequences of Twentieth Century US Farming".

5251: 4182: 2573: 79:, were passed in the UK in the 19th century. Children younger than 9 were not allowed to work, those aged 9–16 could work 12 hours per day per the 11846: 10796:

Humphries, Jane; Horrell, Sara (1995). "'The Exploitation of Little Children': Child Labour and the Family Economy in the Industrial Revolution".

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where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their "holiday work", as well as their teacher, who was supervising them.

1349:. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers. 12669: 12142: 11686: 4811: 10665: 4005:, children as young as six years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including 1262:

income. Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion.

12835: 12229: 11794: 11691: 10683:

Ravallion, Martin, and Quentin Wodon (2000) 'Does child labour displace schooling? Evidence on behavioural responses to an enrollment subsidy'

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For examples see Bourdillon et al pp 1-6, 180-194. Pp 195-200 offer an alternative and more effective approach to protecting working children.

2928: 1010: 9389: 7692: 6165: 9328: 9198: 2018:

The United States has passed a law that allows Amish children older than 14 to work in traditional wood enterprises with proper supervision.

1893: 12789: 11008: 9902:

Cunningham, Hugh (August 2000). "The decline of child labour: labour markets and family economies in Europe and North America since 1830".

9008: 5201: 4174:

footage was not authentic." BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.

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As of 2023, in the world's poorest countries, around one in five children are engaged in child labour, the highest number of whom live in

11681: 11032: 10981: 9769: 8628: 5991:

Child Labour in the South: Essays and Links to photographs from the Lewis Hine Collection at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County

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by providing alternative opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn from the worst forms of child labour.

2955: 1838:(literally: "contract children" or "indentured child laborers") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or 1020:. Improved technology, automation and further legislation significantly reduced child labour particularly in western Europe and the U.S. 10503: 10420: 8499: 8477: 7745: 6412: 4213:

Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in

12520: 11485: 10455: 4923: 4887: 3701: 2453: 711: 8948: 7015: 6453: 4851:

used photography to help bring attention to child labour in America. He created this poster in 1914 with an appeal about child labour.

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Between 2000 and 2012, progress was made against child labour but the elimination of its worst forms was not accomplished. Under the

2903: 901:

The early 20th century witnessed many home-based enterprises involving child labour. An example is shown above from New York in 1912.

384: 10577:

Basu, Kaushik, and Homa Zarghamee (2009) 'Is product boycott a good idea for controlling child labour? A theoretical investigation'

10033: 8719:"CHILD WAGES IN THE COTTON MILLS: OUR MODERN FEUDALISM (Originally published: Child labour bulletin, volume 2, number 1 (May 1913))" 7904: 6434: 3960:, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of 10886:

Meerkerk, E. v. N.; Schmidt, A. (1 March 2008). "Between Wage Labor and Vocation: Child Labor in Dutch Urban Industry, 1600-1800".

6129:

Friedmann, Harriet (1978). "World Market, State, and Family Farm: Social Bases of Household Production in the Era of Wage Labour".

3674: 3494: 2667: 1149:(ILO) that these home-based operations offered "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions". 10150: 6066: 3997:

group estimates that about 12 per cent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as

12503: 10587: 9089: 8566: 7211: 4249: 3832: 796:, there is rarely a concept of childhood in the modern sense. Children often begin to actively participate in activities such as 392: 10089: 8982: 7016:"Theorizing the Chinese: The MUI TSAI controversy and construction of transnational chineseness in Hong Kong and British Malaya" 12783: 12343: 12225: 12195: 7965:[Admission of 319 working children in Isfahan: preparation of database of working children with iris scanning device]. 5816: 4001:– the third largest exporter of gold in Africa – between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as 2938: 2356: 1984: 1293: 353: 10578: 10449: 10437: 10431: 10415: 10072: 9140: 7726: 12483: 12288: 11913: 11819: 10991: 10547: 10528: 10497: 10473: 10351: 10218: 10180: 9859: 9467: 7472: 7359: 6836: 6630: 6346: 6248: 5872: 5576: 5457: 5296: 5264: 3922:, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by 3516: 3193: 2965: 1961: 1619: 9204:. Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer, Tulane University. 30 September 2010. pp. 26–27. 8444: 11651: 11550: 10234:

Invernizzi, Antonella (August 2003). "Street-Working Children and Adolescents in Lima: Work as an Agent of Socialization".

9334:. Payson Center for International Development and Technology Transfer, Tulane University. 30 September 2010. pp. 7–12. 8160: 6731:

Child Labour: Theory, Evidence, and Policy (Chapter 3, International Labour Standards: History, Theory, and Policy Options)

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in 1990, which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries. Article 32 of the convention addressed child labour, as follows:

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Wells, Karen (Fall 2008). "Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe by Beverly Grier (a review)".

6362: 12135: 11813: 10851: 8758: 5990: 5973: 4043: 3750: 3387: 3047: 2898: 2694: 2603: 1700:

As of July 2023 %15 of children are child labour, 8% do not have a residence. 10 per cent of children are not in school.

1509: 818: 379: 154: 10114: 10058: 5858:

Hugh Cunningham (1996). "Combating Child Labour: The British Experience". In Hugh Cunningham; Pier Paolo Viazzo (eds.).

5363: 5003: 4998: 12516: 12467: 11858: 11787: 10702:"Policy Entrepreneurs and the Origins of the Regulatory Welfare State: Child Labor Reform in Nineteenth-Century Europe" 9995: 9018: 8741: 8281: 7064: 6861: 6811: 6655: 6049: 5912: 5234: 3770: 3464: 3218: 59: 8524: 8363: 7891:

Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran

7580:

Harari, R.; Harari, H. (1 September 2006). "Children's Environment and Health in Latin America: The Ecuadorian Case".

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labour on the family farm. Irish parents felt that it was the children's duty to carry out chores on the family farm.

733:—some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of 44: 12233: 11505: 11490: 10661: 10326: 9711: 9587: 8978: 8075: 6750: 6024: 5632: 5517: 3592: 3469: 2893: 2662: 2529: 1924: 1146: 1142: 263: 34: 11808: 9983: 9787: 9473: 9283: 7516:"'Best Practice' in the Regulation of International Labor Standards: Lessons of the U.S.-Cambodia Textile Agreement" 6879:"Child labour in the Gold Coast: the economics of work, education and the family in late-colonial Africa, c.1940-57" 6878: 1530: 12248: 12100: 11646: 11636: 11540: 11465: 10367:

Qvortrup, Jens (2001), "School-Work, Paid Work and the Changing Obligations of Childhood", in Mizen, Philip (ed.),

8884:

Saqib Jafareya; Sajal Lahiri (June 2002). "Will trade sanctions reduce child labour?: The role of credit markets".

4949: 4088: 3723: 2933: 2918: 2864: 2549: 2539: 2534: 2363: 2219: 2023: 1888: 1298: 525: 397: 248: 9830: 9372: 9243: 6267: 3439: 1434:

attend school until a minimum leaving age, 15 years of age in all states except Tasmania and Queensland where the

12479: 12475: 12457: 12386: 12203: 11399: 11247: 8552: 5721: 3718: 3489: 2295: 1804:

continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of

1758: 1753: 1623:

place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.

677: 600: 9969: 9505: 7764: 5878: 4294:

operated a program through IPEC entitled "Combating Abusive Child Labour (CACL-II)". The project, funded by the

12772: 12729: 12724: 12217: 12128: 12050: 11869:"United States Child Labour, 1908–1920: As Seen Through the Lens of Sociologist and Photographer Lewis W. Hine" 11257: 11212: 10970: 10677: 10644:

uses data from Brazil to show very strong negative effects—boys who work before age 14 earn much less as adults

5432: 4975: 4902: 3188: 3176: 2756: 2568: 2214: 1988: 1976:

As of 2024, 196 countries are party to the convention; the only nation that has not ratified the treaty is the

1600: 1452: 1121: 298: 293: 12825: 10426: 8307: 6332: 5932: 12719: 12333: 11780: 11530: 10073:"Digital Information Systems for collaborative work to end child labour, forced labour and human trafficking" 10059:"IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labour, Buenos Aires, 14-16 November 2017 (IPEC)" 7814: 6318: 5196: 4897: 4330: 3760: 3543: 2404: 1615: 585: 9542: 6729: 12664: 12151: 11824: 11470: 11324: 11284: 10941:

Hard at Work in Factories And Mines: The Economics of Child Labour During The British Industrial Revolution

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Child Workers in England, 1780-1820: Parish Apprentices and the Making of the Early Industrial Labour Force

6398: 4892: 3851: 3765: 3609: 3479: 3140: 2908: 2888: 2448: 2416: 2093: 1953: 937:, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, 779:

acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide were involved in child labour in 2013.

560: 11852: 8216: 4566:

Numbers and percentage of children aged 5 to 17 years in child labour and hazardous work in 2016 and 2020

4229:

was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in

2135: 889: 12694: 12587: 12550: 12524: 12427: 12055: 11950: 11875: 11460: 11020: 9568: 3825: 3775: 3499: 3417: 2544: 2325: 2145: 1875: 1823: 1817: 1778:

by schoolchildren on Saturdays and holidays. The students were used as a cheap, unqualified workforce on

771:

Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the

80: 9264: 7488: 5270: 1957:

not interfere with his or her attendance at school. This convention has been ratified by 171 countries.

1573: 706:

include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, and some forms of work undertaken by

12634: 12578: 12512: 12412: 12391: 12075: 12060: 11990: 11930: 11641: 11545: 11252: 10976: 8920: 8197:Школьников заставляют работать в школьном участке в каникулах. 21 дней. Не платят. Нарушаются ли права? 4867: 4226: 4084: 3684: 3536: 3521: 3412: 2608: 2278: 2067: 1843: 1109:

An estimated 1.7 million children under the age of fifteen were employed in American industry by 1900.

634: 570: 53: 12820: 12659: 12508: 12372: 12105: 12015: 11960: 11935: 11906: 11631: 11525: 11430: 11124: 10483: 9094: 5548: 3919: 3855: 3780: 3679: 3210: 3198: 2788: 2761: 2266: 1534:

A little girl making money for her family by posing with a snake in a water village of Tonle Sap Lake

590: 318: 258: 11880: 9996:

IV Global Conference on the Sustained Eradication of Child Labour, Buenos Aires, 14-16 November 2017

9930: 12689: 12597: 12560: 12529: 12442: 12396: 12199: 12155: 11975: 11835: 11568: 11222: 11097: 10996: 4768: 3560: 3429: 2982: 2771: 2256: 2157: 1912: 1742: 1525: 1341: 1212: 986: 565: 540: 268: 169: 7057:

Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History)

6854:

Masters, Servants, and Magistrates in Britain and the Empire, 1562-1955 (Studies in Legal History)

6174: 5316:"In the world's poorest countries, slightly more than 1 in 5 children are engaged in child labour" 2436: 941:, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as 12744: 12734: 12684: 12328: 12323: 12080: 12070: 12045: 11820:

A UNICEF web resource with tables of % children who work for a living, by country and gender

11626: 11495: 11379: 10870: 10666:

Investing in every child: An economic Study of the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labour

9684: 8130: 6377: 5788: 5182:. International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), International Labour Office. 4970: 4954: 4837: 4804: 3885: 3745: 3484: 3434: 3362: 3135: 2913: 2857: 2840: 2271: 1680: 580: 109: 8285: 7836: 2014: 1508:

In 1933 Britain adopted legislation restricting the use of children under 14 in employment. The

12738: 12709: 12471: 12278: 12040: 12030: 12025: 12010: 12005: 11940: 11515: 11274: 11144: 10986: 9879:

Cunningham, Hugh (1990). "The Employment and Unemployment of Children in England c.1680–1851".

8857:

Anker, Richard (September 2000). "The economics of child labour: A framework for measurement".

5338: 5315: 4928: 4862: 4299: 3970: 3818: 3787: 3292: 3033: 2945: 2793: 2517: 2483: 2478: 1852: 1669: 1547: 1456: 1447: 1361: 1328: 793: 725:

alike. These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories,

702: 545: 515: 507: 278: 9773: 8791:"Preventing Child Labour in Home-based Crafts Production - A Practical Toolkit for Businesses" 8111: 6004: 1697:

Only Tehran as of June 2023 has seventy thousand working children they also collect recycles.

12830: 12810: 12699: 12498: 12417: 12308: 12273: 12110: 12095: 12090: 12020: 11995: 11945: 11755: 11197: 10487: 10206: 9851:

Information Technology and the Ethics of Globalization: Transnational Issues and Implications

8925: 6803: 6796: 6420: 5904: 5897: 5842: 4944: 4872: 4800: 4268: 4118: 3974: 3966: 3654: 3509: 3422: 3407: 3089: 3077: 2823: 2808: 2593: 2368: 2290: 2261: 1996: 1568: 1489: 906: 575: 535: 520: 243: 149: 6465: 2045:

Labor Standards Act in 1938 that federal regulation of child labor finally became a reality.

12704: 12639: 12213: 12065: 12035: 12000: 11980: 11970: 11965: 11955: 11899: 11588: 11583: 11294: 11232: 11182: 11092: 10384:"Agriculture and the Generation Problem: Rural Youth, Employment and the Future of Farming" 10383: 9689: 8952: 8393: 7589: 7030: 6954:

Guyer, Jane (1980). "Head Tax, Social Structure and Rural Incomes in Cameroun, 1922-1937".

4912: 4214: 4155: 3792: 3696: 3659: 3587: 3531: 3400: 3357: 3171: 3101: 2776: 2556: 2458: 2342: 2249: 1999:, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey. 1648: 1253:

Agriculture deploys 70% of the world's child labour. Above, child worker on a rice farm in

1158: 1017: 624: 555: 374: 209: 179: 12120: 11863: 9733: 9644: 9171: 8394:"Child Labor Provision for Nonagricultural Occupations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act" 8076:"SHONENKO - the Taiwanese boys who built Mitsubishi aircraft as Japan's defences crumbled" 6438: 5946: 1386: 852:

Two girls protesting child labour (by calling it child slavery) in the 1909 New York City

8: 12674: 12624: 12583: 12318: 12191: 12085: 11985: 11721: 11706: 11520: 11500: 11384: 11339: 11242: 11038: 11002: 10443: 9413: 9148: 7444: 4907: 3889: 3280: 3260: 3145: 3130: 2999: 2970: 2960: 2850: 2798: 2766: 2563: 2421: 2389: 2384: 2337: 2194: 1856:, etc. – and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour. 1180:

have more than half of all children aged 5–14 at work to help provide for their families.

670: 550: 204: 7593: 5227:

The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century

1785:

as well as in industry and forestry. The practice was formally called "work education".

980:

Child wages were often low, the wages were as little as 10–20% of an adult male's wage.

12815: 12762: 12534: 12462: 12367: 12313: 11829: 11578: 11480: 11394: 11349: 11309: 11129: 11102: 11014: 10921: 10913: 10749: 10635: 10597: 10251: 9523: 8870: 8839: 8699: 8691: 8674:

Jean-Marie Baland and James A. Robinson (August 2000). "Is Child Labour Inefficient?".

8063:

Children and childhood in rural Ireland: a consideration of the ethnographic literature

7962:پذیرش ۳۱۹ کودک کار در اصفهان/تهیه بانک اطلاعاتی کودکان کار با دستگاه اسکن عنبیه - ایمنا 7613: 7562: 7554: 6981: 6936: 6901: 6703: 6603: 6582:"Child Labour and Cultural Relativism: From 19th Century America to 21st Century Nepal" 6492: 6146: 6111: 6072: 6012: 5071: 5046: 4882: 3994: 3526: 3372: 3347: 3337: 3302: 3297: 3265: 3230: 3223: 3164: 3157: 3014: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2588: 2441: 2399: 2394: 2347: 2315: 2305: 2242: 1435: 1340:(妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The 1101:

In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries.

1006: 974: 741: 453: 313: 64: 9099: 9048: 8897: 8570: 6511: 6238: 6214: 5777:

Douglas A. Galbi. Centre for History and Economics, King's College, Cambridge CB2 1ST.

5677:

Pal, Jadab Kumar; Chakraborty, Sonali; Tewari, Hare Ram; Chandra, Vinod (March 2016).

5652: 5197:"Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work" 2463: 2409: 12758: 12714: 12452: 12382: 12352: 12298: 12177: 11510: 11319: 11149: 10925: 10865: 10753: 10627: 10543: 10524: 10493: 10469: 10399: 10347: 10322: 10255: 10214: 10176: 9855: 9658: 9626: 9463: 9044: 9014: 8737: 7907:[Iran's Interior Minister: 80% of street children in Tehran are foreigners]. 7700: 7605: 7566: 7515: 7468: 7355: 7060: 6985: 6940: 6905: 6857: 6832: 6807: 6746: 6695: 6651: 6626: 6607: 6342: 6312: 6244: 6150: 6045: 6020: 5908: 5868: 5794: 5698: 5628: 5572: 5513: 5453: 5292: 5260: 5230: 5076: 4939: 4338: 4006: 3614: 3332: 3327: 3270: 3255: 3235: 3057: 3052: 2987: 2950: 2783: 2749: 2578: 2431: 2320: 2199: 1946: 1905: 1594: 1346: 970: 897: 644: 595: 530: 473: 283: 139: 10684: 10639: 9952:"About the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) (IPEC)" 8843: 8718: 8703: 7617: 7145: 6581: 6239:

Yacouba Diallo; Frank Hagemann; Alex Etienne; Yonca Gurbuzer; Farhad Mehran (2010).

5592: 5028: 1249: 12263: 11666: 11455: 11329: 11289: 11187: 11087: 10903: 10895: 10875: 10805: 10741: 10724:

comparison France and Germany, with a bibliography of primary and secondary sources

10713: 10617: 10609: 10569: 10395: 10243: 9911: 9884: 9618: 8916:"Slaves feed world's taste for chocolate: Captives common in cocoa farms of Africa" 8893: 8866: 8831: 8683: 8567:"Exemptions from Child Labour Rules in Non-Agriculture (see FLSA Section 13(c)(7))" 7853: 7848: 7794: 7597: 7546: 7460: 7452: 7414: 7080: 6971: 6963: 6928: 6893: 6738: 6707: 6687: 6593: 6138: 6103: 5947:"Teaching With Documents: Photographs of Lewis Hine: Documentation of Child Labour" 5690: 5401: 5094: 5066: 5058: 3989: 3961: 3804: 3382: 3377: 3367: 3342: 3307: 3275: 3245: 3118: 3106: 3084: 3062: 3009: 2845: 2813: 2115: 1940: 1828: 1721:(child labourers) were a feature of the Imperial era until its end in 1945. During 1687: 1403: 1163: 1138: 1102: 946: 938: 868: 734: 730: 629: 619: 174: 11855:

An India-based non-profit organisation working towards elimination of child labour

10598:"Is Child Labour Harmful? The Impact of Working Earlier in Life on Adult Earnings" 9751: 9607:"Corporate responsibility management in fast fashion companies: the Gap Inc. case" 9152: 6199: 4067:

report concluded that the system was being abused by unscrupulous subcontractors.

1238: 775:. Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and 12432: 12362: 12268: 12238: 12187: 12182: 12166: 11573: 11207: 11202: 11154: 11072: 10540:

Childhood and Child Labour in Industrial England: Diversity and Agency, 1750–1914

9849: 9168:"Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend" 6107: 5744: 4960: 4877: 4793: 4350:

Number of children involved in ILO categories of work, by age and gender in 2002

4237: 4096: 4039: 3869: 3713: 3604: 3599: 3352: 3322: 3317: 3040: 3004: 2803: 2721: 2426: 2172: 1673: 1665: 1655: 966: 922: 876: 805: 649: 463: 421: 343: 129: 9770:"Primark's Investigation findings of BBC's fake reporting on child labour, 2011" 9067: 8259: 8047:["Child labor" is a problem for about 15% of children in the country!]. 12303: 12158: 11767: 11701: 11696: 11671: 11535: 11389: 11364: 11299: 11227: 11192: 11159: 11139: 10841: 10568:

Baland, Jean-Marie and James A. Robinson (2000) 'Is child labour inefficient?'

10271: 9218: 9117: 8240: 5481: 5180:

Indigenous and tribal children: assessing child labour and education challenges

4989:

Pilot project on Delivery of water to households far from sources of safe water

4295: 4276: 4272: 4244: 4028: 3923: 3797: 3691: 2583: 2224: 2182: 1901: 1865: 1847: 1730: 1586: 1488:

Many factors played a role in Britain's long-term economic growth, such as the

1324: 825: 663: 488: 483: 468: 431: 253: 99: 11886: 11868: 10848:

The welfare of children in bituminous coal mining communities in West Virginia

10745: 10247: 9951: 9622: 8765: 8759:"The Economics of Consumer Actions against Products with Child Labour Content" 8695: 6742: 6722: 6191: 6142: 12804: 12649: 11840: 11656: 11598: 11422: 11057: 11026: 10718: 10701: 10008: 9888: 9630: 8538: 8337: 7704: 5702: 5679:"The working hours of unpaid child workers in the handloom industry in India" 5406: 5389: 4126: 3881: 3735: 3664: 3111: 3094: 2869: 2699: 2689: 2473: 2123: 1834: 1805: 1661: 1169: 929: 757: 718: 413: 348: 308: 273: 199: 10879: 9915: 9606: 8418: 7601: 6598: 5062: 4027:

Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that

1379:

poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial

1319:

Beyond laws, new taxes were imposed on colonies. One of these taxes was the

12243: 11711: 11603: 11440: 11304: 11279: 11237: 11114: 11082: 10955: 10809: 10729: 10672: 10631: 9605:

Arrigo, Elisa (1 January 2013). Barnes, Liz; Lea-Greenwood, Gaynor (eds.).

8093: 7609: 6699: 6673:"Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills" 5718:"Child Labour and the Division of Labour in the Early English Cotton Mills" 5121: 5080: 4788: 4319: 4263:

raise questions about its role in any economy, whether national or global.

3942: 3904: 3740: 3577: 3553: 3459: 3452: 3183: 2711: 2684: 2647: 2625: 2512: 2229: 2209: 2187: 2177: 2167: 2162: 1797: 1771: 1722: 1472: 1366: 1320: 997: 993: 809: 493: 458: 441: 338: 323: 288: 233: 225: 159: 76: 26: 10899: 9456:

A Poisonous Mix - Child Labour, Mercury, and Artisanal Gold Mining in Mali

8731: 7925:[Rahmani Fazli: 80% of street children in Tehran are foreigners]. 7674: 7456: 6967: 6897: 6691: 2992: 840:

Children working in home-based assembly operations in United States (1923)

12253: 12208: 11661: 11450: 11354: 11334: 11269: 11164: 11134: 11109: 10730:"Ideas in Action: The Politics of Prussian Child Labor Reform, 1817–1839" 8195: 4857: 4816: 4201: 4035: 3877: 3865: 3582: 3570: 2923: 2726: 2716: 2674: 2488: 2063: 1775: 1498: 1334:

In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the

958: 954: 367: 194: 164: 144: 30: 21: 10917: 10831: 10821: 10776: 9807:"BBC to apologise over 'faked footage' in Panorama report about Primark" 8835: 8816: 8648: 7799: 7558: 7550: 6720: 5678: 5160: 4315: 1770:

Although formally banned since 1922, child labour was widespread in the

1635:, there are still substantial areas of concern in the country of India. 12593: 12377: 11716: 11608: 11374: 10765: 10622: 10319:

Growing Up Global: Economic Restructuring and Children's Everyday Lives

10272:

Bourdillon, Michael; Deborah Levison; William Myers; Ben White (2010).

8673: 7464: 6932: 6275: 6115: 5694: 4934: 4848: 4230: 4194: 4130: 3730: 3027: 2731: 2598: 1801: 1632: 1628: 1399: 1395: 1380: 1117: 1116:

in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries.

1081: 962: 942: 914: 910: 772: 761: 639: 333: 328: 10908: 10369:

Hidden Hands: International Perspectives on Children's Work and Labour

10095:. International Labour Organization and United Nations Children's Fund 9543:"Former Manager of Iowa Slaughterhouse Is Acquitted of Labour Charges" 9010:

Naked Chocolate: The Astonishing Truth about the World's Greatest Food

8175: 6976: 6672: 6496: 6480: 5717: 1409: 1394:

What industries children work in depends on whether they grew up in a

12679: 12603: 12493: 12488: 12407: 12402: 12283: 11731: 11726: 11077: 10211:

African Children at Work: Working and Learning in Growing Up for Life

9390:"Exposed: Child labour behind smart phone and electric car batteries" 9366:"Strengthening the Civil society Perspective: China's African impact" 6016: 4965: 4311: 4171: 4167: 4122: 3873: 2975: 2640: 2502: 2077: 1605: 1390:

Little girl carrying heavy items. Katanga region, DRC; Congo, Africa.

1233: 1001: 981: 961:

were described as children. A high number of children also worked as

934: 918: 853: 797: 792:

Child labour forms an intrinsic part of pre-industrial economies. In

448: 189: 184: 9437:"Mining giant Glencore accused in child labour and acid dumping row" 8274: 6241:

Global child labour developments: Measuring trends from 2004 to 2008

3934: 2657: 1196: 12654: 12644: 11676: 11593: 11476:

International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International

11344: 11119: 11062: 10613: 10586:

Bhukuth, Augendra. "Defining child labour: a controversial debate"

10151:"Child labour rises to 160 million – first increase in two decades" 10090:"Child Labour | Global Estimates 2020, Trends and the Road Forward" 9984:

III Global Conference on Child Labour - Brasilia, 8–10 October 2013

8687: 8629:"In the playtime of others - child labor in the early 20th century" 8539:"International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)" 8222: 7923:"رحمانی فضلی: ۸۰ درصد کودکان خیابانی در تهران از اتباع خارجی هستند" 5452:(in Swedish). Stockholm: Government Offices of Sweden. p. 58. 4206: 4108:, the owner of Zara, said its code of conduct banned child labour. 3981: 3565: 3123: 3067: 3019: 2679: 2524: 2379: 2285: 1904:

inspecting child labourers in 1906 in an image drawn by journalist

1897: 1336: 1177: 893:

Children going to a 12-hour night shift in the United States (1908)

303: 38: 11762: 10838:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

10463: 10344:

Arenas of Comfort in Adolescence: A Study of Adjustment in Context

10128: 9962: 9344: 8913: 8311: 7822:

The 8th International Conferences on Economics and Social Sciences

5155: 5153: 4773: 119: 11887:

The ILO Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)

11816:— Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor 11736: 7656: 7654: 7629: 7627: 5478:"To eliminate child labour, "attack it at its roots" UNICEF says" 5029:"The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England" 4218: 4146: 4105: 3956:

mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are

3548: 2630: 2310: 2127: 1790: 1672:, while emphasizing the fact that most of the children labour in 1552: 1371: 1254: 1242: 921:

rapidly grew from small villages into large cities and improving

478: 10783:

Invisible Hands: Child Labour and the State in Colonial Zimbabwe

10673:

Child Labor in America: History, Policy, and Legislative Issues.

9347:"China Lets Child Workers Die Digging in Congo Mines for Copper" 8555:. IPEC, International Labour Organization, United Nations. 2013. 8445:"Ratifications of C138 - Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)" 8226: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7283: 7281: 7279: 7266: 7264: 7227: 7225: 5844:

Inaugural Address of the International Working Men's Association

5249: 4796:

that was later adapted into films and into a theater production.

2050:

Smithsonian, on child labour in early 20th century United States

12422: 12293: 11264: 11067: 10818:

Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution

10656:

Childhood and Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution

10129:"Home - International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour" 9662: 9659:"Indian silk industry employs child labour: Human Rights Watch" 9409:"Cobalt mining for lithium ion batteries has a high human cost" 8245:

Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty

7727:"Iran needs more help to support Afghan refugees – UNHCR chief" 7675:"Afghan Child Workers in Iran: Registered but still Trafficked" 5625:

Childhood And Child Labour in the British Industrial Revolution

5593:

The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England

5320: 5150: 4341:

the number of children in child labour increased by 9 million.

4323: 4222: 4092: 4032: 3953: 3949: 3861: 3250: 3072: 2652: 2635: 2497: 2332: 2300: 1779: 1726: 1464: 1201: 1113: 765: 726: 722: 690: 426: 87: 11891: 10773:

Trade, Reputation, and Child Labour in Twentieth-Century Egypt

10762:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

10115:"2021: International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour" 8419:"State child labor laws applicable to agricultural employment" 7905:"وزیر کشور ایران: ۸۰ درصد کودکان خیابانی در تهران خارجی هستند" 7651: 7639: 7624: 4831: 2097:, a book published by "World Research, Inc." in 1974, stated: 12570: 9506:"Artisanal Gold Mining: Unglamorous Practices at High Prices" 8399:. U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. July 2010 8338:"Switzerland's shame: The children used as cheap farm labour" 7995:[70 thousand working and street children in Tehran]. 7876:

7th International Conference on Economics and Social Sciences

7326: 7305: 7293: 7276: 7261: 7249: 7237: 7222: 6042:

Kids at Work: Lewis Hine and the Crusade Against Child Labour

5899:

Kids at work: Lewis Hine and the crusade against child labour

5333: 5331: 4815:, a film by Shoaib Sultan based on the child labour activist 4267:

According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the

4217:

with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that

3893: 2507: 2493: 2468: 2081: 2027: 1590: 1414: 749: 707: 436: 49: 9831:"BBC hands back RTS award for Panorama programme on Primark" 8300: 6767:"Working children out of school vs Hours worked by children" 6564:"Child Labour in Latin America: Poverty as Cause and Effect" 3973:

was produced by child labour, and that it was being used in

1463:

Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in

12258: 12150: 8817:"Does Child Labour Decline with Improving Economic Status?" 8569:. Department of Labour, United States. 2012. Archived from 8021:[Iran has more than 70 thousand working children]. 5676: 5387: 4307: 4059: 4024: 3998: 3908: 3899: 2374: 2204: 1668:

and winner of the Literature and Humanities award from the

1352:

Proposals to regulate child labour began as early as 1786.

1173: 1009:

limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days.

753: 745: 11825:

Rare child labour photos from the U.S. Library of Congress

10519:

Lieten, Kristoffel; Meerkerk, Elise van Nederveen (2011).

10450:

Forced Labour: Definition, Indicators and Measurement 2004

10432:

Operational Indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009

10416:

ILO Minimum Estimate of Forced Labour in the World. (2005)

10009:"5th Global Conference on the Elimination of Child Labour" 9090:"Chocolate Firms Launch Fight Against 'Slave Free' Labels" 8883: 8541:. International Labour Organization, United Nations. 2011. 8527:. International Labour Organization, United Nations. 1999. 8239: 7945:[Rahmani Fazli's solution about street children]. 7373: 7371: 6338:

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

6093: 5328: 5009:

ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)

4918:

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

4285:

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

4054: 4019:

Packers Sanitation Services illegal employment of children

2004:

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour

1842:– usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of 1302:

Working children out of school vs hours worked by children

1189:

work outside their household, or away from their parents.

71: 12555: 4999:

ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)

4291: 4150: 1991:

implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.

1585:

On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated

776: 11883:

ILO sponsored website on the elimination of child labour

11841:

International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour

10173:

Every child counts: new global estimates on child labour

9788:"BBC's Primark apology over 'fake' child labour footage" 8734:

The Policy Analysis of Child Labour: A Comparative Study

7059:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 203–207. 6998: 6648:

The Policy Analysis of Child Labour: A Comparative Study

10438:

Lists of indicators of Trafficking in Human Beings 2009

9345:

Simon Clark; Michael Smith; Franz Wild (22 July 2008).

8045:""کار کودک" گریبان‌گیر حدود ۱۵درصد از کودکان کشور است!" 7744:

Mousavi, Sahar; Bozorgmehr, Ghazaal (11 October 2021).

7415:"Children's Rights: United Kingdom (England and Wales)" 7395: 7383: 7368: 6646:

Grootaert, Christiaan; Patrinos, Harry Anthony (1999).

6413:"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor" 5144:"International and national legislation - Child Labour" 9263:. International Cocoa Initiative. 2012. Archived from 9242:. International Cocoa Initiative. 2001. Archived from 9141:"Chocolate and Slavery: Child Labour in Cote d'Ivoire" 8310:(in German). wiedergutmachung.ch. 2014. Archived from 6856:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 38–46. 6623:

Asian Informal Workers: Global Risks, Local Protection

2022:

In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the

2002:

Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the

1459:, leaving after collecting recyclables from a landfill 1013:

was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

11446:

Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth

9712:"India: Freeing the Small Hands of the Silk Industry" 9569:"Child sweatshop shame threatens GAP's ethical image" 9039: 9037: 8914:

Sudarsan Raghavan; Sumana Chatterjee (24 June 2001).

8732:

Christiaan Grootaert; Harry Anthony Patrinos (1999).

8525:"C182 - Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999" 7182: 7180: 7178: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7096: 7094: 6721:

Brown, D. K.; Deardorff, A. V.; Stern, R. M. (2003).

6397:. Human Rights Watch. 4 December 2007. Archived from 5951:

The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

3977:

powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.

1614:

A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the

1218:

List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

11418:

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

10595: 9083: 9081: 5810:"The Political Economy of the Dead: Marx's Vampires" 5229:. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–31, 50–59. 4827: 4256:

Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500

3505:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

1765: 10301: 10287:Bourdillon, Michael (2013). Asher Ben-Arieh (ed.). 10267: 10265: 7787:

Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research

6512:"The Relationship between Education and Child Work" 4771:addresses this issue in scathing terms in her poem 11864:The State of the World's Children – a UNICEF study 11427:Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions 10836:Lovejoy, Owen R. "Child labor in the coal mines." 10649:The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law 10596:Emerson, Patrick M.; Portela Souza, André (2011). 10465:Children and Youth in the Labour Process in Africa 10209:. In Spittler, Gerd; Bourdillon, M. F. C. (eds.). 9805: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9059: 9034: 9006: 8425:. United States Department of Labor. 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Other media followed by reporting widespread 1725:labour recruiting efforts targeted youths from 11692:Legal status of tattooing in the United States 10518: 10321:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 9734:"Embroidered T-shirt. Price: £4. Cost: Misery" 9159: 8716: 8381: 8173: 7660: 7645: 7633: 7337: 7320: 7299: 7287: 7270: 7255: 7243: 7231: 5310: 5308: 945:to respectable trades, such as building or as 12136: 11907: 11809:Child Labor, Child Bondage, Why Children Work 11788: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8909: 8907: 8159:. International Labour Office. Archived from 7693:"A report card: Iran and its Afghan children" 6307:. Archived from the original on 17 July 2007. 6009:Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography 5792:, Part II: "Proletariats and Communists" and 5503: 5501: 5499: 5388:Eric V. 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Archived from 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5305: 4994:ILO Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29) 4145:In 2008, the BBC reported that the company 3948:In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in 1690:, the Iranian Department of State Welfare ( 1654:children in Tehran province are related to 12143: 12129: 11914: 11900: 11795: 11781: 10286: 10276:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 10233: 9901: 9878: 9087: 8959: 8904: 8607:"Eenderde van de 12-jarigen heeft bijbaan" 8282:"Prof. Dr. Roger Sablonier, Publikationen" 8154: 7969:(in Persian). 12 June 2022. Archived from 7582:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 7442: 7146:"Urban Outcasts: Children of Agbogbloshie" 7079: 6621:Biggeri, Mario; Mehrotra, Santosh (2007). 6395:"China: End Child Labour in State Schools" 6131:Comparative Studies in Society and History 5627:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. 5591:Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, " 5496: 5146:. International Labour Organization. 2011. 5097:. 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(13 June 1994). 5177: 5161:"Labour laws - An Amish exception" 4042:which had recently been raided by 3939:Children engaged in diamond mining 3702:last survivors of American slavery 1747: 14: 12847: 11874:Child Labour in Chile, 1880–1950 11506:Students for a Democratic Society 11491:National Youth Rights Association 10947: 10790:Child Labour: An American History 9139:Chanthavong, Samlanchith (2002). 9066:Hawksley, Humphrey (4 May 2001). 8979:International Labour Organization 8449:International Labour Organisation 8364:"Slavery's Shadow on Switzerland" 8247:. pp. loc. 6515–6529 (MOBI). 8177:Среднее и высшее самообслуживание 8174:Евгений Жирнов (27 August 2007). 8128: 6999:Hugh Lyttleton Haslewood (1930). 6831:. M.E. 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Drexel Furniture Co. 10760:"Child Employing Industries," 10678:Congressional Research Service 10492:. London: Diderot Publishing. 9541:Preston, Julia (7 June 2010). 8951:. ABC Ballarat. Archived from 7949:(in Persian). 24 October 2017. 7854:10.24018/ejsocial.2023.3.4.464 5480:. UNICEF. 2013. Archived from 5171: 5136: 5087: 5039: 5020: 4976:World Day Against Child Labour 4903:Concerned for Working Children 4177: 4012: 3896:is used in the cocoa harvest. 3189:Slave raiding in Easter Island 2084:girls working in brick factory 1989:international labour standards 1811: 1616:non-governmental organisations 1122:National Child Labor Committee 973:factory, with his family in a 299:Occupational safety and health 294:Occupational safety and health 1: 12720:Socially responsible business 11832:Photographs from 1908 to 1912 11531:Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor 10768:, articles by experts in 1910 10421:The Cost of Coercion ILO 2009 10409: 9685:"Child Labour: Blood on silk" 9504:Garcia, Sandra (April 2010). 9491:"Child labour in gold mining" 9280:"The Human Cost of Chocolate" 9118:"The bitter taste of slavery" 9007:David Wolfe; Shazzie (2005). 8898:10.1016/S0304-3878(02)00009-3 8815:Edmonds, Eric (Winter 2005). 8308:"Wiedergutmachungsinitiative" 7421:. 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Critical Publishing. 5508:Diamond, Jared (2012). 5446:Norberg, Johan (2007). 5429:"Child labour - causes" 5095:"What is child labour?" 5063:10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 4971:Trafficking of children 4955:Newsboys strike of 1899 4838:Organised labour portal 4805:Hans Christian Andersen 4290:From 2008 to 2013, the 3485:1926 Slavery Convention 3241:Germany in World War II 2858:North and South America 2380:Contract of manumission 1681:Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli 1642: 1141:– then Director of the 788:Preindustrial societies 729:, and services such as 694:Child labour in Nigeria 380:Trade union federations 375:Trade unions by country 12710:SDG Publishers Compact 12472:Environmental conflict 12279:Organizational justice 11275:Emancipation of minors 11145:Youth detention center 10987:Kids Online Safety Act 10810:10.1006/exeh.1995.1021 9889:10.1093/past/126.1.115 8981:. 2005. Archived from 8649:"Sickness or symptom?" 8423:Wage and hour division 8288:, Historisches Seminar 7763:Naghsh Nejad, Maryam. 6794:Bass, Loretta (2004). 6650:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5287:Hindman, Hugh (2009). 5057:(2139): 1871–2. 1901. 4929:Kinder der Landstrasse 4863:Child labour in Africa 4852: 4782:Tis an accursed thing! 4300:Government of Pakistan 4265: 4210: 4198: 4063: 4049: 4023:In early August 2008, 3980:BBC, in 2012, accused 3945: 2966:British Virgin Islands 2518:Circassian slave trade 2484:Safavid imperial harem 2479:Ottoman Imperial Harem 2104: 2085: 2070: 2053: 2019: 1970: 1908: 1853:Kinder der Landstrasse 1670:World Peace Foundation 1611: 1578: 1555: 1535: 1460: 1457:Child labour in Brazil 1448:Child labour in Brazil 1417: 1391: 1375: 1362:Child labour in Africa 1303: 1258: 1246: 1204: 1181: 905:With the onset of the 902: 894: 712:by Indigenous children 695: 279:Freedom of association 150:Exploitation of labour 92: 84: 68: 56: 41: 12700:Product certification 12499:Life-cycle assessment 12418:Performance indicator 12309:Social responsibility 12274:Organizational ethics 12204:social responsibility 11814:Combating Child Labor 11198:Age of consent reform 10900:10.1353/jsh.2008.0041 9776:on 11 September 2012. 9282:. CNN. Archived from 8163:on 22 September 2006. 7893:. Avaye Buf, Denmark. 7457:10.1596/0-8213-4553-2 7212:"Minimum working age" 7055:Hay, Douglas (2007). 6968:10.3406/cea.1980.2338 6898:10.1353/hcy.2011.0005 6852:Hay, Douglas (2007). 6692:10.1007/s001480050048 5657:Hidden Lives Revealed 4945:List of global issues 4873:Child labour in India 4847: 4801:The Little Match Girl 4318:, 8–10 October 2013; 4310:(1997), followed by: 4298:, contributed to the 4269:University of Houston 4260: 4204: 4185: 4119:child labour in India 4057: 3975:lithium-ion batteries 3971:Congo Dongfang Mining 3967:Amnesty International 3937: 3920:Harkin–Engel Protocol 3856:Harkin–Engel Protocol 3205:Europe and North Asia 3165:Australia and Oceania 2865:Pre-Columbian America 2437:Slave raid of Suðuroy 2369:Slavery in al-Andalus 2291:Black Sea slave trade 2220:21st-century jihadism 2099: 2080: 2066: 2042: 2017: 1966: 1896: 1731:Mitsubishi J2M Raiden 1603: 1577:Working girl in India 1576: 1569:Child labour in India 1550: 1533: 1490:Industrial Revolution 1455: 1412: 1389: 1369: 1301: 1252: 1236: 1199: 1166: 1128:Household enterprises 907:Industrial Revolution 900: 892: 885:Industrial Revolution 812:by competent adults. 710:children, as well as 693: 264:Employment protection 244:Collective bargaining 90: 74: 63:Child coal miners in 62: 47: 24: 12705:Public participation 12640:Conflict of interest 12230:inequality in the UK 12222:in the United States 12214:Environmental racism 11295:Juvenile delinquency 11233:Compulsory education 11183:Adolescent sexuality 11093:Free-range parenting 10871:Labour and Childhood 10840:27.2 (1906): 35–41. 10647:Humbert, Franziska. 10462:Agbu, Osita (2009). 10317:Katz, Cindi (2004). 10306:. London: Zed Books. 9261:"Annual Report 2011" 9225:. 29 September 2000. 9155:on 10 February 2012. 8928:on 17 September 2006 8286:University of Zürich 6737:. pp. 194–247. 5884:on 23 November 2015. 5689:(219–220): 197–204. 5276:on 23 November 2015. 4913:History of childhood 4803:", a short story by 4215:developing countries 3924:ILO's Convention 182 3660:Indentured servitude 3588:Underground Railroad 3388:United Arab Emirates 2777:Zanzibar slave trade 2744:By country or region 2557:Atlantic slave trade 2459:Ma malakat aymanukum 2343:Venetian slave trade 1935:Laws and initiatives 1649:Child labour in Iran 1018:compulsory schooling 625:Industrial relations 614:Academic disciplines 210:National-syndicalism 180:Democratic socialism 48:A child labourer in 12675:Ethical consumerism 12625:Benefit corporation 12517:metrics and indices 12319:Sullivan principles 12234:injustice in Europe 11722:Liberation theology 11707:Youth Olympic Games 11521:UK Youth Parliament 11516:Three O'Clock Lobby 11501:Queer Youth Network 11385:Youth participation 11340:Minors and abortion 11325:Minimum driving age 11243:Corporal punishment 11039:Wild in the Streets 11003:Hammer v. Dagenhart 10764:Vol. 35, Mar. 1910 10371:, London: Routledge 9414:The Washington Post 9353:on 12 January 2015. 9149:American University 8836:10.3368/jhr.XL.1.77 8617:on 6 February 2016. 8480:on 11 February 2014 8314:on 11 February 2020 8135:Netherlands Tourism 8116:www.quietsummer.com 8023:farsi.alarabiya.net 7800:10.51847/blnsUHGGhq 7594:2006NYASA1076..660H 7551:10.1057/thr.2008.10 7216:Fair Work Ombudsman 7085:Journal of Commerce 6877:Lord, Jack (2011). 6441:on 11 January 2012. 6401:on 11 January 2015. 6003:Warren, L. (2005). 5841:Marx, Karl (1864). 5747:. The Victorian Web 5484:on 25 February 2021 5466:on 6 February 2016. 5370:. 20 December 2005. 4908:Ethical consumerism 4742:Potential positives 4567: 4351: 3890:US State Department 3746:Slave Route Project 2877:Americas indigenous 2767:Red Sea slave trade 2757:Contemporary Africa 2620:Topics and practice 2390:Crimean slave trade 2385:Bukhara slave trade 2338:Genoese slave trade 2215:Contemporary Africa 2195:Forced prostitution 1512:, defined the term 1030: 1007:another act in 1847 205:Anarcho-syndicalism 67:, late 19th century 12763:Environment portal 12535:Triple bottom line 12463:Emission inventory 12368:Double bottom line 12314:Stakeholder theory 11768:Society portal 11395:Youth unemployment 11350:School leaving age 11310:Legal drinking age 11130:Universal suffrage 11103:Future generations 11015:Morse v. Frederick 10857:McIntosh, Robert. 10734:Theory and Society 10676:Washington, D.C.: 10592:(2008) 18, 385–394 10175:. ILO/IPEC. 2002. 10117:. 15 January 2021. 10061:. 28 January 2024. 9592:The New York Times 9547:The New York Times 9528:The New York Times 9511:. Mining Magazine. 9396:. 19 January 2016. 9378:on 4 January 2011. 9307:"The bitter truth" 9045:Hawksley, Humphrey 8955:on 22 August 2012. 8368:The New York Times 8243:, James Robinson. 6933:10.1353/hcy.0.0025 6305:info.worldbank.org 6192:"Child Statistics" 6180:on 10 August 2013. 6013:Abingdon-on-Thames 5978:userpages.umbc.edu 5695:10.1111/issj.12121 5167:. 5 February 2004. 4883:Child prostitution 4853: 4723:World total (2020) 4672:World total (2016) 4565: 4349: 4211: 4199: 4121:, easy to find in 4064: 3995:Human Rights Watch 3946: 3527:Blockade of Africa 2834:Somali slave trade 2750:Sub-Saharan Africa 2442:Turkish Abductions 2400:Khivan slave trade 2395:Khazar slave trade 2348:Balkan slave trade 2306:Prague slave trade 2086: 2071: 2020: 2010:Exceptions granted 1909: 1850:origin, so-called 1783:(collective farms) 1612: 1593:of Bengal, in the 1579: 1556: 1536: 1461: 1418: 1392: 1376: 1304: 1259: 1247: 1205: 1182: 1028: 1024:Early 20th century 903: 895: 742:sub-saharan Africa 696: 314:Professional abuse 93: 85: 69: 57: 42: 12826:Children's rights 12798: 12797: 12715:Social enterprise 12620:Bangladesh Accord 12480:management system 12476:impact assessment 12453:Carbon accounting 12383:Impact assessment 12334:UN Global Compact 12226:in Western Europe 12178:Aarhus Convention 12118: 12117: 11805: 11804: 11511:Freechild Project 11320:Legal working age 11150:Youth empowerment 10939:Tuttle, Carolyn. 10932:Mofford, Juliet. 10866:Margaret McMillan 10816:Humphries, Jane. 10788:Hindman, Hugh D. 10771:Goldberg, Ellis. 10654:Humphries, Jane. 10549:978-1-317-16792-1 10530:978-3-0343-0517-4 10499:978-90-77932-03-2 10475:978-2-86978-251-8 10353:978-1-135-68216-3 10220:978-3-643-90205-4 10182:978-92-2-113113-7 9861:978-1-60566-923-6 9665:. 23 January 2003 9479:on 17 April 2012. 9469:978-1-56432-831-1 9317:on 15 April 2012. 9047:(12 April 2001). 8655:. 5 February 2004 8229:on 21 April 2012. 7793:(4–2023): 57–64. 7474:978-0-8213-4553-5 7361:978-0-7546-6272-3 7081:Charnovitz, Steve 6838:978-0-7656-1707-1 6771:Our World in Data 6632:978-0-415-38275-5 6468:on 15 April 2012. 6348:978-92-2-126374-6 6250:978-92-2-123522-4 5972:Vreatt, Matthew. 5935:on 4 August 2008. 5874:978-88-85401-27-3 5808:Neocleous, Mark. 5795:Capital, Volume I 5768:, pp. 23–24. 5578:978-1-913453-84-8 5568:Children Forsaken 5459:978-91-85935-00-0 5435:on 11 April 2009. 5298:978-0-7656-1707-1 5266:978-88-85401-27-3 5124:on 3 October 2006 4940:Legal working age 4739: 4738: 4563: 4562: 4339:COVID-19 pandemic 4058:Working child in 3886:child trafficking 3843: 3842: 3793:Freedmen's Bureau 3615:Third Servile War 3610:International law 3177:Human trafficking 2939:Human trafficking 2614:Thirteen colonies 2432:Sack of Baltimore 2200:Human trafficking 1947:Legal working age 1906:Marguerite Martyn 1666:social researcher 1595:Battle of Plassey 1347:secular education 1159:Children's rights 1099: 1098: 1095: 1085: 1037:% boys aged 10–14 947:domestic servants 939:crossing sweepers 824:Child labourers, 735:child labour laws 714:in the Americas. 688: 687: 645:Post-work society 474:Solidarity action 284:Legal working age 140:Conflict theories 12843: 12821:History of youth 12781: 12780: 12771: 12770: 12761: 12346: 12264:Little Eichmanns 12145: 12138: 12131: 12122: 12121: 11916: 11909: 11902: 11893: 11892: 11797: 11790: 11783: 11766: 11765: 11754: 11753: 11702:Students' rights 11667:Direct democracy 11456:Future Coalition 11330:Marriageable age 11290:In loco parentis 11188:Age of candidacy 11088:Fear of children 10952: 10951: 10929: 10911: 10882: 10813: 10781:Grier, Beverly. 10757: 10723: 10721: 10686:Economic Journal 10643: 10625: 10553: 10534: 10515: 10513: 10511: 10479: 10404: 10403: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10269: 10260: 10259: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10094: 10086: 10077: 10076: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10044: 10038: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10005: 9999: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9948: 9939: 9938: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9883:(126): 115–150. 9881:Past and Present 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867:agriculture(...) 9845: 9839: 9838: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9814:. 16 June 2011. 9809: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9772:. Archived from 9766: 9760: 9759: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9564: 9558: 9557: 9555: 9553: 9538: 9532: 9531: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9501: 9495: 9494: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9472:. Archived from 9461: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9370: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9313:. Archived from 9302: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9286:on 22 March 2012 9275: 9269: 9268: 9267:on 25 June 2012. 9257: 9251: 9250: 9249:on 24 July 2008. 9248: 9241: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9195: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9179: 9170:. Archived from 9163: 9157: 9156: 9151:. Archived from 9136: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9102:on 8 March 2012. 9098:. Archived from 9085: 9076: 9075: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9041: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8987: 8976: 8968: 8957: 8956: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8924:. Archived from 8911: 8902: 8901: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8821: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8795: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8771:on 9 August 2017 8770: 8764:. Archived from 8763: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8645: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8476:. Archived from 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8398: 8390: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8333: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8319: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8262:(in German). HDS 8255: 8249: 8248: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8225:. Archived from 8212: 8206: 8205: 8192: 8186: 8185: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8094:"Shoneko (2006)" 8090: 8084: 8083: 8072: 8066: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7989: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7886: 7880: 7879: 7873: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7534: 7528: 7527: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7324: 7318: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7285: 7274: 7268: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7184: 7173: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7141: 7135: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7104: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7036:on 5 August 2020 7035: 7020: 7011: 7005: 7004: 7003:. Sheldon Press. 6996: 6990: 6989: 6979: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6883: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6801: 6791: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6736: 6727: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6677: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6601: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6543:. The World Bank 6542: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6476: 6470: 6469: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6419:. Archived from 6409: 6403: 6402: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6316: 6308: 6302: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6278:on 9 August 2011 6274:. Archived from 6264: 6255: 6254: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6202:on 30 June 2012. 6198:. Archived from 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6172: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5981: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5953:. 15 August 2016 5943: 5937: 5936: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5902: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5877:. Archived from 5866: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5822:on 12 April 2015 5821: 5815:. Archived from 5814: 5805: 5799: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5648: 5639: 5638: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5505: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5462:. Archived from 5449:Världens välfärd 5443: 5437: 5436: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5385: 5372: 5371: 5360: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5335: 5326: 5325: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5269:. Archived from 5258: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5222: 5211: 5210: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5157: 5148: 5147: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5120:. Archived from 5110: 5099: 5098: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5024: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4776: 4568: 4564: 4371:Child Labour (%) 4352: 4348: 4193:. Photograph by 4192: 4189: 4079:H&M and Zara 3990:artisanal mining 3930:Mining in Africa 3846:Cocoa production 3835: 3828: 3821: 3805:Emancipation Day 3638: 3605:Slave Trade Acts 2296:Byzantine Empire 2138: 2111: 2110: 2051: 1941:Child labour law 1859:There were even 1829:Kaminfegerkinder 1727:Taiwan (Formosa) 1688:Isfahan province 1307:Colonial empires 1270:Cultural factors 1139:Frieda S. Miller 1090: 1076: 1039:as child labour 1031: 1027: 1011:Lord Shaftesbury 869:Arthur Rothstein 865: 849: 837: 821: 680: 673: 666: 630:Labour economics 620:Critique of work 464:Pen-down strikes 175:Social democracy 122: 112: 111:Organised labour 102: 95: 94: 81:Cotton Mills Act 12851: 12850: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12840: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12749: 12608: 12565: 12539: 12444: 12437: 12433:Whole-life cost 12363:Corporate crime 12354: 12347: 12338: 12269:Loss and damage 12239:Ethical banking 12183:Climate justice 12170: 12161: 12149: 12119: 12114: 11923: 11920: 11801: 11772: 11760: 11751: 11742: 11741: 11622: 11614: 11613: 11589:Koroknay-Palicz 11564: 11556: 11555: 11413: 11405: 11404: 11208:Age of marriage 11203:Age of majority 11178: 11170: 11169: 11155:Youth exclusion 11073:Criminalization 11053: 11052:Theory/concepts 11045: 11044: 10965: 10950: 10696: 10670:Mayer, Gerald. 10565: 10560: 10558:Further reading 10550: 10531: 10509: 10507: 10500: 10476: 10412: 10407: 10380: 10376: 10365: 10361: 10354: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10315: 10311: 10300: 10296: 10285: 10281: 10270: 10263: 10232: 10228: 10221: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10183: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10113: 10112: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10080: 10075:. 16 June 2021. 10071: 10070: 10066: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9972:. 1 April 2008. 9968: 9967: 9963: 9950: 9949: 9942: 9927: 9923: 9900: 9896: 9877: 9873: 9862: 9846: 9842: 9827: 9823: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9794:. 16 June 2011. 9786: 9785: 9781: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9758:. 16 June 2008. 9750: 9749: 9745: 9740:. 23 June 2008. 9732: 9731: 9727: 9717: 9715: 9710: 9709: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9657: 9656: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9603: 9599: 9584: 9580: 9565: 9561: 9551: 9549: 9539: 9535: 9520: 9516: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9470: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9448: 9433: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9405: 9401: 9394:www.amnesty.org 9388: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9368: 9362: 9358: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9322: 9303: 9299: 9289: 9287: 9276: 9272: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9246: 9239: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9217: 9216: 9209: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9187: 9177: 9175: 9164: 9160: 9137: 9133: 9123: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9086: 9079: 9064: 9060: 9042: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8974: 8970: 8969: 8960: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8912: 8905: 8882: 8878: 8855: 8851: 8819: 8813: 8809: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8788: 8784: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8744: 8730: 8726: 8715: 8711: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8639: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8595:. Europa. 2004. 8591: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8508: 8506: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8483: 8481: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8428: 8426: 8417: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8334: 8327: 8317: 8315: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8256: 8252: 8238: 8234: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8189: 8178: 8172: 8168: 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8127: 8123: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8082:. 18 June 2008. 8074: 8073: 8069: 8060: 8056: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7990: 7986: 7976: 7974: 7973:on 12 June 2022 7963: 7959: 7958: 7954: 7943: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7903: 7902: 7898: 7887: 7883: 7871: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7833: 7829: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7779: 7775: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7742: 7738: 7723: 7719: 7709: 7707: 7699:. 1 June 2015. 7691: 7690: 7686: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7625: 7578: 7574: 7535: 7531: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7441: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7369: 7362: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7327: 7319: 7306: 7298: 7294: 7286: 7277: 7269: 7262: 7254: 7250: 7242: 7238: 7230: 7223: 7210: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7185: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7154: 7152: 7142: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7118: 7107: 7099: 7092: 7078: 7074: 7067: 7053: 7049: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7018: 7012: 7008: 6997: 6993: 6962:(79): 305–329. 6952: 6948: 6917: 6913: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6864: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6792: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6734: 6725: 6719: 6715: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6619: 6615: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6477: 6473: 6458:Africa Recovery 6450: 6446: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6423:on 8 July 2014. 6411: 6410: 6406: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6370: 6361: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6331: 6330: 6326: 6310: 6309: 6300: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6237: 6233: 6223: 6221: 6211: 6207: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6127: 6123: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6019:. p. 699. 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5875: 5864: 5856: 5852: 5839: 5835: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5802: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5714: 5710: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5621: 5617: 5606: 5599: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5506: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5415: 5386: 5375: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5314: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5291:. M.E. Sharpe. 5285: 5281: 5273: 5267: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5223: 5214: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5176: 5172: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5027:Laura Del Col. 5025: 5021: 5017: 4980: 4961:Street children 4878:Child migration 4836: 4829: 4826: 4794:Charles Dickens 4765: 4744: 4576:Child labour(%) 4358: 4347: 4238:Milton Friedman 4190: 4180: 4143: 4114: 4081: 4052: 4021: 4015: 3932: 3858: 3850:Main articles: 3848: 3839: 3810: 3809: 3714:Slave narrative 3670:Fugitive slaves 3650: 3642: 3641: 3632: 3600:Slave rebellion 3455: 3445: 3444: 3403: 3393: 3392: 3215:United Kingdom 3151:Yankee princess 2745: 2737: 2736: 2464:Avret Pazarları 2410:Avret Pazarları 2279:Medieval Europe 2245: 2235: 2234: 2173:Forced marriage 2148: 2109: 2052: 2049: 2041: 2012: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1891: 1885: 1820: 1814: 1768: 1756: 1750: 1748:The Netherlands 1745: 1739: 1715: 1706: 1674:Tehran province 1656:Afghan children 1651: 1645: 1609: 1571: 1565: 1545: 1528: 1522: 1486: 1450: 1444: 1427: 1364: 1358: 1309: 1296: 1290: 1281: 1272: 1231: 1161: 1155: 1130: 1038: 1026: 975:debtor's prison 967:Charles Dickens 923:child mortality 887: 880: 877:Brooklyn Museum 866: 857: 850: 841: 838: 829: 822: 806:life expectancy 790: 785: 719:Western nations 684: 655: 654: 650:Refusal of work 615: 607: 606: 605: 510: 500: 499: 498: 489:Wildcat strikes 484:Whipsaw strikes 469:Sitdown strikes 416: 406: 405: 402: 370: 360: 359: 358: 344:Toxic workplace 228: 218: 217: 214: 132: 130:Labour movement 110: 100: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12849: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12775: 12765: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12616: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12591: 12581: 12575: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12563: 12558: 12556:GxP guidelines 12553: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12394: 12389: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12359: 12357: 12349: 12348: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12304:Social justice 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12211: 12206: 12200:responsibility 12185: 12180: 12174: 12172: 12163: 12162: 12159:accountability 12148: 12147: 12140: 12133: 12125: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11919: 11918: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11850: 11844: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11811: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11758: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11697:Libertarianism 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11672:Egalitarianism 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11536:The Youth Cafe 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11411: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11390:Youth politics 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11365:Status offense 11362: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11307: 11302: 11300:Juvenile court 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11228:Child marriage 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11193:Age of consent 11190: 11185: 11179: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11160:Youth suffrage 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11140:Youth activism 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11035: 11030: 11023: 11018: 11011: 11006: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10949: 10948:External links 10946: 10945: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10894:(3): 717–736. 10883: 10862: 10855: 10844: 10834: 10826:Kirby, Peter. 10824: 10814: 10804:(4): 485–516. 10793: 10786: 10779: 10769: 10758: 10725: 10712:(1): 173–211. 10695: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10689:110, C158-C175 10681: 10668: 10659: 10652: 10645: 10614:10.1086/657125 10608:(2): 345–385. 10593: 10584: 10575: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10548: 10535: 10529: 10523:. Peter Lang. 10516: 10498: 10480: 10474: 10459: 10453: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10429: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405: 10374: 10359: 10352: 10334: 10327: 10309: 10294: 10279: 10261: 10242:(3): 319–341. 10226: 10219: 10197: 10188: 10181: 10164: 10142: 10120: 10106: 10078: 10064: 10050: 10025: 10000: 9987: 9975: 9961: 9940: 9935:Cato Institute 9921: 9910:(3): 409–428. 9894: 9871: 9860: 9854:. IGI Global. 9840: 9821: 9797: 9792:Channel 4 News 9779: 9761: 9743: 9725: 9703: 9676: 9650: 9636: 9617:(2): 175–189. 9597: 9578: 9559: 9533: 9514: 9496: 9482: 9468: 9446: 9427: 9399: 9381: 9356: 9337: 9320: 9297: 9270: 9252: 9228: 9207: 9185: 9158: 9131: 9105: 9077: 9058: 9033: 9020:978-1556437311 9019: 8999: 8988:on 25 May 2005 8958: 8939: 8903: 8892:(1): 137–156. 8876: 8865:(3): 257–280. 8849: 8807: 8782: 8749: 8743:978-0312221225 8742: 8724: 8709: 8696:10.1086/316097 8688:10.1086/316097 8682:(4): 663–679. 8666: 8637: 8620: 8598: 8584: 8573:on 3 July 2012 8558: 8544: 8530: 8516: 8491: 8461: 8436: 8410: 8380: 8354: 8325: 8299: 8273: 8250: 8241:Daron Acemoglu 8232: 8221:(in Russian). 8207: 8187: 8166: 8147: 8121: 8103: 8085: 8067: 8054: 8036: 8010: 7984: 7952: 7932: 7914: 7896: 7881: 7860: 7827: 7806: 7773: 7755: 7750:Open Democracy 7736: 7717: 7684: 7665: 7663:, p. 422. 7650: 7648:, p. 426. 7638: 7636:, p. 425. 7623: 7588:(1): 660–677. 7572: 7529: 7506: 7480: 7473: 7432: 7406: 7404:, p. 169. 7394: 7392:, p. 163. 7382: 7380:, p. 157. 7367: 7360: 7342: 7340:, p. 121. 7325: 7323:, p. 421. 7304: 7302:, p. 429. 7292: 7290:, p. 428. 7275: 7273:, p. 424. 7260: 7258:, p. 418. 7248: 7246:, p. 417. 7236: 7234:, p. 419. 7221: 7203: 7191: 7174: 7162: 7136: 7124: 7105: 7090: 7072: 7066:978-0807828779 7065: 7047: 7006: 6991: 6946: 6927:(3): 481–483. 6911: 6869: 6863:978-0807828779 6862: 6844: 6837: 6819: 6813:978-1588262868 6812: 6783: 6758: 6751: 6713: 6686:(4): 357–375. 6663: 6657:978-0312221225 6656: 6638: 6631: 6613: 6592:(1): 109–145. 6572: 6554: 6528: 6502: 6491:(3): 412–427. 6471: 6444: 6426: 6404: 6386: 6368: 6354: 6347: 6324: 6289: 6256: 6249: 6231: 6205: 6183: 6156: 6137:(4): 545–586. 6121: 6086: 6075:on 15 May 2013 6057: 6051:978-0395797266 6050: 6032: 6025: 5995: 5983: 5964: 5938: 5920: 5914:978-0395587034 5913: 5887: 5873: 5850: 5833: 5800: 5779: 5770: 5758: 5745:"Child Labour" 5735: 5708: 5669: 5640: 5633: 5615: 5597: 5584: 5577: 5557: 5540: 5525: 5518: 5495: 5469: 5458: 5438: 5413: 5400:(1): 199–220. 5373: 5364:"Child Labour" 5352: 5341:. UNICEF. 2017 5327: 5304: 5297: 5279: 5265: 5242: 5236:978-0231115612 5235: 5212: 5185: 5170: 5149: 5135: 5118:United Nations 5100: 5086: 5038: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4842: 4841: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4820: 4819:tragic murder. 4808: 4797: 4785: 4764: 4761: 4743: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4346: 4343: 4296:European Union 4273:Cato Institute 4258:, notes that: 4245:E. P. Thompson 4179: 4176: 4142: 4139: 4113: 4110: 4091:(EJF) accused 4080: 4077: 4051: 4048: 4029:Agriprocessors 4014: 4011: 3931: 3928: 3864:reported that 3847: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3721: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3692:List of slaves 3689: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3236:Dutch Republic 3233: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2886: 2885: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2695:Child soldiers 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2604:Spanish Empire 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2584:Middle Passage 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2405:Ottoman Empire 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2225:Sexual slavery 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2183:Child marriage 2180: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2158:Child soldiers 2155: 2149: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2120: 2119: 2108: 2105: 2047: 2040: 2037: 2011: 2008: 1939:Main article: 1936: 1933: 1902:Joseph W. Folk 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1866:Canton of Bern 1816:Main article: 1813: 1810: 1796:Out of former 1767: 1764: 1752:Main article: 1749: 1746: 1741:Main article: 1738: 1735: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1702: 1647:Main article: 1644: 1641: 1587:Siraj-ud-Daula 1567:Main article: 1564: 1561: 1544: 1541: 1524:Main article: 1521: 1518: 1485: 1482: 1446:Main article: 1443: 1440: 1426: 1423: 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1308: 1305: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1279:Macroeconomics 1277: 1271: 1268: 1230: 1227: 1154: 1151: 1129: 1126: 1097: 1096: 1087: 1086: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1022: 886: 883: 882: 881: 867: 860: 858: 851: 844: 842: 839: 832: 830: 826:Macon, Georgia 823: 816: 789: 786: 784: 781: 686: 685: 683: 682: 675: 668: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 647: 642: 637: 635:Labour history 632: 627: 622: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 604: 603: 598: 596:United Kingdom 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 512: 511: 508:Labour parties 506: 505: 502: 501: 497: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 445: 444: 439: 432:General strike 429: 424: 418: 417: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 401: 400: 395: 389: 387: 382: 377: 371: 366: 365: 362: 361: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Eight-hour day 251: 246: 241: 236: 230: 229: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 136: 133: 128: 127: 124: 123: 115: 114: 106: 105: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12848: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12791: 12790:Organizations 12788: 12786: 12785: 12776: 12774: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12756: 12755: 12752: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12650:Disinvestment 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12598:certification 12595: 12592: 12589: 12588:certification 12585: 12584:Environmental 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12443:Environmental 12440: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12387:environmental 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12350: 12345: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12157: 12156:environmental 12153: 12146: 12141: 12139: 12134: 12132: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12101:United States 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11926: 11917: 11912: 11910: 11905: 11903: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11854: 11851: 11848: 11845: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11831: 11830:History Place 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11798: 11793: 11791: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11757: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11745: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11657:Animal rights 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11412:Organizations 11409: 11408: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11315: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11058:Adultcentrism 11056: 11055: 11049: 11048: 11041: 11040: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10953: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10799: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10740:(1): 81–119. 10739: 10735: 10731: 10726: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10698: 10697: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10585: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10567: 10566: 10551: 10545: 10542:. Routledge. 10541: 10536: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10517: 10505: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10484:Forster, John 10481: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10378: 10370: 10363: 10355: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10330: 10328:0-8166-4209-5 10324: 10320: 10313: 10305: 10298: 10290: 10283: 10275: 10268: 10266: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10230: 10222: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10201: 10192: 10184: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10152: 10146: 10130: 10124: 10116: 10110: 10091: 10085: 10083: 10074: 10068: 10060: 10054: 10035: 10029: 10014: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9971: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9945: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9868: 9863: 9857: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9812:The Telegraph 9808: 9801: 9793: 9789: 9783: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9713: 9707: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9654: 9646: 9640: 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9563: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9518: 9507: 9500: 9492: 9486: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9431: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9385: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9330: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9311:Khaleej Times 9308: 9301: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9245: 9238: 9232: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9200: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9174:on 9 May 2012 9173: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9135: 9119: 9112: 9110: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9084: 9082: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9022: 9016: 9012: 9011: 9003: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8954: 8950: 8943: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8792: 8786: 8767: 8760: 8753: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8720: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8654: 8653:The Economist 8650: 8644: 8642: 8630: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8594: 8588: 8572: 8568: 8562: 8554: 8548: 8540: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8450: 8446: 8440: 8424: 8420: 8414: 8395: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8330: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8287: 8284:(in German). 8283: 8277: 8261: 8260:"Kinderabeit" 8254: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8211: 8203: 8202:otvet.mail.ru 8199: 8191: 8184:(in Russian). 8183: 8179: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8064: 8058: 8051:(in Persian). 8050: 8046: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7948: 7947:Mashregh News 7944: 7936: 7929:(in Persian). 7928: 7924: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7892: 7885: 7877: 7870: 7864: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7721: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7628: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7545:(2): 98–115. 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7403: 7402:Honeyman 2016 7398: 7391: 7390:Honeyman 2016 7386: 7379: 7378:Honeyman 2016 7374: 7372: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7332: 7330: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7284: 7282: 7280: 7272: 7267: 7265: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7233: 7228: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7201:, p. 18. 7200: 7195: 7189:, p. 17. 7188: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7172:, p. 12. 7171: 7166: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7134:, p. 16. 7133: 7128: 7122:, p. 15. 7121: 7116: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7103:, p. 11. 7102: 7097: 7095: 7086: 7082: 7076: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7010: 7002: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892:(1): 88–115. 6891: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6800: 6799: 6790: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6754: 6752:9781405105552 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6717: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6642: 6634: 6628: 6625:. Routledge. 6624: 6617: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6576: 6565: 6558: 6539: 6532: 6513: 6506: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6341:. ILO. 2012. 6340: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6176: 6169: 6168: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6061: 6053: 6047: 6044:. Sandpiper. 6043: 6036: 6028: 6026:9781135205430 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6005:"Hine, Lewis" 5999: 5992: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5900: 5891: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5746: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5634:9780521847568 5630: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5561: 5550: 5544: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5519:9780670024810 5515: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5369: 5368:The Economist 5365: 5359: 5357: 5340: 5334: 5332: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5255: 5254: 5246: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5198: 5192: 5190: 5181: 5178:Larsen, P.B. 5174: 5166: 5165:The Economist 5162: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5139: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5096: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5033:Victorian Web 5030: 5023: 5019: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931:, Switzerland 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4833: 4828: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792:, a novel by 4791: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4632: 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4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3882:child slavery 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3836: 3831: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736:Slave catcher 3734: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3665:Forced labour 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510:Abolitionists 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3112:comfort women 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3095:Chukri System 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2983:Latin America 2981: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2934:interregional 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2919:prison labour 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889:United States 2887: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2700:White slavery 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2690:Slave raiding 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2658:Corvée labour 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2474:Abbasid harem 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2417:Barbary Coast 2415: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2238: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124:Forced labour 2122: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2046: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1978:United States 1974: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1932: 1928: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1883:United States 1880: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871:Verdingkinder 1867: 1862: 1861:Verdingkinder 1857: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840:moral reasons 1837: 1836: 1835:Verdingkinder 1831: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1806:Islam Karimov 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1760: 1755: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1710: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:Kameel Ahmady 1659: 1657: 1650: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1575: 1570: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1532: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1431: 1422: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1300: 1295: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1251: 1245:, in May 2008 1244: 1240: 1239:Aït Benhaddou 1235: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1211:In 2014, the 1209: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Guinea-Bissau 1165: 1160: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 965:. The author 964: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 930:Victorian era 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 899: 891: 878: 874: 870: 864: 859: 855: 848: 843: 836: 831: 827: 820: 815: 814: 813: 811: 807: 801: 799: 798:child rearing 795: 780: 778: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 758:Guinea-Bissau 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 715: 713: 709: 704: 700: 692: 681: 676: 674: 669: 667: 662: 661: 659: 658: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 611: 610: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 561:New Caledonia 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 509: 504: 503: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459:Overtime bans 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 415: 414:Strike action 410: 409: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 369: 364: 363: 355: 352: 350: 349:Unfree labour 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 309:Paid time off 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Four-day week 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 227: 226:Labour rights 222: 221: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 200:Union busting 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 135: 134: 131: 126: 125: 121: 117: 116: 113: 108: 107: 103: 97: 96: 89: 82: 78: 73: 66: 61: 55: 51: 46: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 12831:Labor rights 12811:Child labour 12782: 12655:Eco-labeling 12630:Child labour 12629: 12525:supply chain 12523: / 12519: / 12515: / 12511: / 12482: / 12478: / 12474: / 12470: / 12244:Ethical code 12232: / 12228: / 12224: / 12220: / 12216: / 12202: / 12198: / 12194: / 12190: / 12056:Saudi Arabia 11951:Burkina Faso 11756:Youth rights 11712:Youth sports 11441:Common Cents 11400:Youth voting 11359:U.S. history 11314:U.S. history 11305:Juvenile law 11280:Gambling age 11238:Conscription 11218:Child labour 11217: 11115:Social class 11083:Ephebiphobia 11037: 11025: 11013: 11001: 10969: 10956:Youth rights 10940: 10933: 10891: 10887: 10869: 10858: 10847: 10837: 10827: 10817: 10801: 10797: 10789: 10782: 10772: 10761: 10737: 10733: 10709: 10705: 10685: 10671: 10655: 10648: 10605: 10601: 10588: 10579: 10574:108, 663–679 10570: 10539: 10520: 10508:. Retrieved 10488: 10464: 10391: 10388:IDS Bulletin 10387: 10377: 10368: 10362: 10343: 10337: 10318: 10312: 10303: 10297: 10288: 10282: 10273: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10210: 10200: 10191: 10172: 10167: 10155:. Retrieved 10153:. Unicef.org 10145: 10133:. Retrieved 10123: 10109: 10097:. Retrieved 10067: 10053: 10041:. Retrieved 10028: 10016:. Retrieved 10012: 10003: 9990: 9978: 9964: 9955: 9934: 9924: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9880: 9874: 9865: 9850: 9843: 9835:The Guardian 9834: 9824: 9811: 9800: 9791: 9782: 9774:the original 9764: 9755: 9746: 9737: 9728: 9716:. Retrieved 9706: 9694:. Retrieved 9688: 9679: 9667:. Retrieved 9653: 9639: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9591: 9581: 9573:The Observer 9572: 9562: 9550:. Retrieved 9546: 9536: 9527: 9517: 9499: 9485: 9474:the original 9455: 9449: 9441:The Guardian 9440: 9430: 9418:. Retrieved 9412: 9402: 9393: 9384: 9373:the original 9359: 9351:the original 9340: 9323: 9315:the original 9310: 9300: 9288:. 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