Kingdom of Prussia

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theory. Under the constitution, the king and the parliament were responsible for agreeing on the budget. Bismarck argued that since they had failed to come to an agreement, there was a "hole" in the constitution, and the government had to continue to collect taxes and disburse funds in accordance with the old budget in order to keep functioning. The government thus operated without a new budget from 1862 to 1866, allowing Bismarck to implement William's military reforms.

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office of the House of Hohenzollern. Prussia also had a large plurality of seats in the Bundesrat, with 17 votes out of 58 (17 out of 61 after 1911); no other state had more than six votes. As before, it could effectively control the proceedings with the support of its allies in the secondary states. As mentioned above, Bismarck served as foreign minister of Prussia for almost his entire career, and in that role instructed the Prussian deputies to the Bundesrat. The

3981:(Federal Council) was appointed by the state governments. The Bundesrat was, in practice, the stronger chamber. Prussia had 17 of 43 votes and could easily control proceedings through alliances with the other states. For all intents and purposes, Bismarck dominated the new grouping. He served as his own foreign minister for virtually his entire tenure as prime minister of Prussia, and in that capacity was able to instruct the Prussian delegates to the Bundesrat. 1680: 933: 1675: 1103: 1145: 3794:

mind, the conservative forces had to take the lead in the drive toward creating a unified nation in order to keep from being eclipsed. He also believed that the middle-class liberals wanted a unified Germany more than they wanted to break the grip of the traditional forces over society. He thus embarked on a drive to form a united Germany under Prussian leadership, and guided Prussia through three wars which ultimately achieved this goal.

4311: 1306: 1292: 1117: 5840: 2308: 1033: 3505: 3271: 2886: 2322: 5402:(The Foundation of the Empire, 1871), Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, accessed 2008-12-22. German text translated: on the wishes of Wilhelm I, on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to princely status on 18 January 1701, the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace. 3752:. However, shortly after becoming king, he faced a dispute with his parliament over the size of the army. The parliament, dominated by the liberals, balked at William's desire to increase the number of regiments and withheld approval of the budget to pay for its cost. A deadlock ensued, and William seriously considered abdicating in favour of his son, Crown Prince 4106:, in which votes were weighted by taxes paid. Since the imperial chancellor was, except for two periods (January–November 1873 and 1892–94) also prime minister of Prussia, this meant that for most of the empire's existence, the king/emperor and prime minister/chancellor had to seek majorities from legislatures elected by two completely different franchises. 4177:. William knew that he had lost his imperial crown for good, but still hoped to retain his Prussian crown; he believed that as ruler of two-thirds of Germany, he could remain a major figure in any successor regime. However, William discovered this was impossible under the imperial constitution. Although he believed he ruled the empire in 2517:. The North German Confederation was seen as more of an alliance of military strength in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War but many of its laws were later used in the German Empire. The German Empire successfully unified all of the German states aside from Austria and Switzerland under Prussian hegemony due to the defeat of 4131:. The new emperor, a decided Anglophile, planned to transform Prussia and the empire into a more liberal and democratic monarchy based on the British model. However, Frederick was already ill with inoperable throat cancer, and died after only 99 days on the throne. He was succeeded by his 29-year-old son, 4438:

The Prussian Constitution of 1850 allowed for freedom of conscience, freedom of public and private worship and freedom of association with religious bodies. It stated that all churches and other religious associations should administer everything independently and privately from the state and that no

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At the time of the empire's creation, both Prussia and Germany were roughly two-thirds rural. Within 20 years, the situation was reversed; the cities and towns accounted for two-thirds of the population. However, in both the kingdom and the empire, the constituencies were never redrawn to reflect the

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Bismarck used this opportunity to end the budget dispute with parliament. He proposed a bill of indemnity granting him retroactive approval for governing without a legal budget. He guessed, correctly as it turned out, that this would lead to a split between his liberal adversaries. While some of them

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into declaring war on Prussia. Activating the German alliances put in place after the Austro-Prussian War, the German states, aside from Austria, came together and swiftly defeated France, even managing to take Napoleon III prisoner (2 September 1870). Even before then, Bismarck was able to complete

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Although Bismarck had a reputation as an unyielding conservative, he initially inclined to seek a compromise over the budget issue. However, William refused to consider it; he viewed defence issues as the crown's personal province. Forced into a policy of confrontation, Bismarck came up with a novel

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should be the leading member of any unified Germany. Those advocating for Prussian leadership contended that Austria had far too many non-German interests to work for the greater good of Germany. They argued that Prussia, as by far the most powerful state with a majority of German-speakers, was best

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tried in 1705 to get Prussia involved in the war, stating "best Prussia has her own army and makes her own decisions." His views, however, were not considered acceptable by his father, and was not until 1713 that Frederick William ascended to the throne. Therefore, in 1715, Prussia, led by Frederick

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with Prussia (which was turned into a full union in 1876). King William initially wanted to take territory from Austria itself and annex Saxony, but Bismarck persuaded him to abandon the idea. While Bismarck wanted Austria to play no future role in German affairs, he foresaw that Austria could be a

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The liberals violently denounced Bismarck for what they saw as his disregard for the fundamental law of the kingdom. However, Bismarck's real plan was an accommodation with liberalism. Although he had opposed German unification earlier in his career, he had now come to believe it inevitable. To his

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treated as an integral part of the kingdom. Since the Hohenzollerns were nominally still subjects of the emperor within the parts of their domains that were part of the empire, they continued to use the additional title of Elector of Brandenburg until the empire was dissolved. It was not until 1772

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that the Hohenzollerns were legally kings only in their former duchy. In Brandenburg and the portions of their domains that were within the Empire, they were still legally only electors under the overlordship of the emperor. However, by this time the emperor's authority was only nominal. The rulers

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Bismarck's new empire was the most powerful state on the Continent. Prussia's dominance over the new empire was almost as absolute as it was with the North German Confederation. It included two-thirds of the empire's territory and three-fifths of its population. The imperial crown was a hereditary

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was an amended version of the 1848 Constitution. Unlike the earlier version, the 1850 revision was a cooperative effort between the new Prussian Parliament, the King and his ministers. The changes they made to the 1848 Constitution were mostly of a minor nature. The king remained in a position of

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with Prussia, the imperial constitution stipulated that the imperial crown was tied to the Prussian crown. In any event, he had lost support of the military who might have fought for him. William's abdication as both king of Prussia and German emperor was announced on 9 November 1918, and he went

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whose votes were weighted according to the amount of taxes paid. In one typical election, the first class (with those who paid the most in taxes) included 4% of voters and the third class (with those who paid the least) had 82%, yet each group chose the same number of electors. The system all but

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the crown of a united Germany. Frederick William refused the offer on the grounds that revolutionary assemblies could not grant royal titles. But he also refused for two other reasons: to do so would have done little to end the internal power-struggle between Austria and Prussia, and all Prussian

156: 4194:, moved against the strikers in Berlin. By the end of the fighting on 16 March, they had killed approximately 1,200 people, many of them unarmed and uninvolved. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the establishment in August 1919 of a republic that later became known as the 4457:

Although dominated by Protestant Lutherans (along with some Calvinist), it contained millions of Catholics in the west and in Poland. There were numerous Catholic populations in the Rhineland and parts of Westphalia. In addition, West Prussia, Warmia, Silesia, and the province of Posen had

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The Partitions were facilitated by the fact that they occurred just before the 19th-century rise of nationalism in Europe, and the national self-awareness was yet to be developed in most European peoples, especially among commoners. The Kingdom of Prussia was perceived in Poland more as a

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In spite of the constitution's liberal clauses, Prussia was still far from a democratic state. The king had an absolute veto over laws, which restricted the separation of powers. It was possible for the monarch to circumvent the judiciary, and the military could be described as a

157: 148: 153: 152: 158: 151: 150: 149: 4387:, with all males 25 and older able to vote. King Frederick William IV and his ministers presented a draft constitution in which the king retained many of his old rights. The Assembly responded with the "Charte Waldeck" which included an expanded list of fundamental rights, a 160: 159: 155: 3529:

and the Rhineland. Prussia now stretched uninterrupted from the Niemen in the east to the Elbe in the west, and possessed a chain of disconnected territories west of the Elbe. This left Prussia as the only great power with a predominantly German-speaking population.

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There were two constitutions during the kingdom's existence, those of 1848 and 1850. The first was granted by the reluctant Frederick William IV in response to demands that arose during the German revolutions of 1848–1849. Elections were called in early 1848 for a

3741:, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. The constitution nevertheless contained a number of liberal elements such as the introduction of jury courts and a catalog of fundamental rights that included freedom of religion, speech and the press. 4393:('people's guard') responsible to parliament and restrictions on feudal rights. The King declared to his ministers that "he would never accept under any conditions". On 9 November he adjourned the Assembly and on 5 December 1848 unilaterally imposed the 146: 4366:, was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the Prussian Junkers, remained unbroken, especially in the eastern provinces. 2390: 3642:

took place within the German Confederation between the formation of a single German nation and the conservation of the current collection of smaller German states and kingdoms. The main debate centered around whether Prussia or the

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river. France recaptured Prussian-occupied Hanover, including Bremen-Verden. The remainder of the kingdom was occupied by French troops (at Prussia's expense) and the king was obliged to make an alliance with France and join the

3248:, rather than a German nation-state, and any anxiety concerned predominantly freedom to practice religion rather than rights to maintain national identity. The onset of Germanisation in the following decades, later joined by the 3520:

under Russian rule (though it did retain Danzig, acquired in the Second Partition). It also did not regain several of its former towns in the south. However, as compensation it picked up some new territory, including 40% of the

4397:. It contained a significant number of liberal elements from the Charte Waldeck, including a parliament with two chambers, the introduction of jury courts, certain limitations on the monarch's powers and a mandate to ensure 3456:

were a reaction to the Prussian defeat in 1806 and the Treaties of Tilsit. It describes a series of constitutional, administrative, social and economic reforms of the kingdom of Prussia. They are sometimes known as the

4667:, with the Netze District redivided between West and South Prussia. All the acquired Polish lands remained outside of the Holy Roman Empire, and the latter three provinces were disentangled from Prussia following the 4259:, on which Prussian absolute monarchy was based, saw its interests laid in suppression of the drive for personal freedom and democratic rights. It therefore had to recourse on police methods. The "police state", as 2525:

of 1870–1871. The war united all the German states against a common enemy, and with the victory came an overwhelming wave of nationalism which changed the opinions of some of those who had been against unification.

3801:(1864), which Prussia initiated and succeeded in, and in which it gained the assistance of Austria. Denmark was soundly defeated and surrendered both Schleswig and Holstein, to Prussia and Austria respectively. 2921:

if the province were turned over to him. The offer was rejected, but Austria faced several other opponents in a desperate struggle for survival, and Frederick was eventually able to gain formal cession with the

145: 3965:), thus becoming the dominant state in this new entity, with four-fifths of its territory and population—more than the other members of the confederation combined. Its near-total control was cemented in a 3938:

valuable future ally. With these gains in territory, the Prussian possessions in the Rhineland and Westphalia became geographically connected to the rest of the kingdom for the first time. Counting the

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According to a census taken in the early or mid 1800s, around the 1830s there was a division of six religions: this was, per million inhabitants, 609,427.0 practising Protestants, 376,177.1 practising

3302:. In it, the First French Republic and Prussia had stipulated that the latter would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River 2852:. Sweden would however keep a portion of Pomerania until 1815. The Great Northern War not only marked the end of the Swedish Empire but also elevated Prussia and Russia at the expense of the declining 3564:

Frederick William III submitted Prussia to a number of administrative reforms, among others reorganising the government by way of ministries, which remained formative for the following hundred years.

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urged Prussia to occupy Hanover. In 1801, 24,000 Prussian soldiers invaded, surprising Hanover, which surrendered without a fight. In April 1801 the Prussian troops arrived in Bremen-Verden's capital

4117:. The new German Empire improved its already-strong relations with Britain. The ties between London and Berlin had already been sealed in 1858, when Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia married 2494:, with representatives from all states attempting to unify under their own constitution. Attempts to create a federation remained unsuccessful and the German Confederation collapsed in 1866 when the 3256:, quickly changed this benign picture and alienated Poles from the Prussian state, ultimately boosting their national self-awareness and eliciting their national resistance against Prussian rule. 3352:

At Napoleon's instigation, Prussia recaptured British Hanover and Bremen-Verden in early 1806. On 6 August that year the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved as a result of Napoleon's victories over

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Following the major western gains made by Prussia after the Vienna Congress, a total of ten provinces were established, each one subdivided further into smaller administrative regions known as

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The southern German states (except Austria) were forced to accept military alliances with Prussia, and Prussia began steps to merge them with the North German Confederation. Bismarck's planned

4450:. At this time the total population was 14,098,125 people, meaning there were approximately 8,591,778 practising Protestants, 5,303,392 practising Catholics, 188,193 practising Jews, 13,042 2723:, and only acknowledged the emperor's suzerainty in a formal way. In addition, the duchy was only the eastern bulk of the region of Prussia; the westernmost fragment constituted the part of 5903: 3946:

argued that there could be no compromise with the principle of constitutional government, most of the liberals decided to support the bill in hopes of winning more freedom in the future.

2680:. However, Frederick took the line that since Prussia had never been part of the empire and the Hohenzollerns were fully sovereign over it, he could elevate Prussia to a kingdom. Emperor 4421:

dominance over the three branches of government, and parliament had no control over the military, but the liberal elements introduced in the 1848 Constitution remained largely in place.

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However, the seeds for future problems lay in a gross disparity between the imperial and Prussian systems. The empire granted the vote to all men over 25, although Prussia retained its

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part of the government may affect the Church. The constitution also stated that all children should be taught their religion from people of their own religion and not by someone else.

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annexation of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prussia now stretched uninterrupted across the northern two-thirds of Germany. It would remain at this size until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918.

3737:("House of Lords"), was appointed by the king. He retained full executive authority, and ministers were responsible only to him. As a result, the grip of the landowning classes, the 2979:

This war was a desperate struggle for the Prussian Army, and the fact that it managed to fight much of Europe to a draw bears witness to Frederick's military skills. Facing Austria,

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the next day. With armed revolts, mass strikes, and street fighting in Berlin, the Prussian state government declared a state of siege and appealed for imperial military aid. The

4150:(1914–1918), Prussia supplied significant numbers of soldiers and sailors in the German military, and Prussian Junkers dominated the higher ranks. In addition, portions of the 5958: 3973:—a hereditary office of the rulers of Prussia. He was assisted by a chancellor responsible only to the president. There was also a bicameral parliament. The lower house, or 6428: 2987:(and the non-continental British) as notable allies, Frederick managed to prevent a serious invasion until October 1760, when the Russian army briefly occupied Berlin and 2760:

and poor in natural resources. Its territory was disjointed, stretching 1,200 km (750 mi) from the lands of the Duchy of Prussia on the south-east coast of the

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in 1866. Prussia entered the Confederation as a whole (including the East Prussian cradle of its statehood, as well as its share of dismembered Poland consisting of

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were fought on Prussian soil. Prussia – along with Germany as a whole – experienced increasing troubles with revolutionaries during the war. The Great War ended by

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and various northern German states, declared war on the Austrian Empire. The Austrian-led coalition was crushed, and Prussia annexed four of its smaller allies—the

3516:. It regained most of its pre-1806 territory. Notable exceptions included part of the territory annexed in the Second and Third Partitions of Poland, which became 9065: 4008:

the work of unifying Germany under Prussian leadership. The patriotic fervour aroused by the war against France overwhelmed the remaining opponents of a unified

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introduced in the Constitution of 1850, which assured dominance by the more well-to-do elements of the population. The upper house, which was later renamed the

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Horn, D. B. "The Youth of Frederick the Great 1712–30." In Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia, 9–10. 3rd ed. London: English Universities Press, 1964.

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To the surprise of many, Austria managed to renew the war successfully. In 1744 Frederick invaded again to forestall reprisals and to claim, this time, the

5873: 5052: 4135:. As a boy, William had rebelled against his parents' efforts to mould him as a liberal, and had become thoroughly Prussianized under Bismarck's tutelage. 2353: 9211: 5888: 3382:

sovereign of all of the Hohenzollern domains. Before this time, the Hohenzollern sovereign had held many titles and crowns, from Supreme Governor of the

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Bismarck realized that the rest of Europe was sceptical of his powerful new Reich, and turned his attention to preserving peace with such acts as the

9181: 6944: 5868: 4934: 3591:). The Calvinist minority, strongly supported by its co-religionist Frederick William III, and the partially reluctant Lutheran majority formed the 3113:, which was attached to West Prussia in 1775. The boundary between West Prussia and the territory previously known as the Duchy of Prussia, now the 3020:. Frederick, appalled by the near-defeat of Prussia and the economic devastation of his kingdom, lived out his days as a much more peaceable ruler. 6421: 5863: 5717: 3436:

in 1807, Prussia lost about half of its territory, including the land gained from the Second and Third Partitions of Poland (which now fell to the

2735:. While the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia legally continued until the end of the empire in 1806, from 1701 onward Brandenburg was 4458:

predominantly Catholic Polish-speaking populations. East Prussia's southern region of Masuria was mostly made up of Germanised Protestant Masurs.

4044:) of a unified Germany. However, the titles of German Emperor and King of Prussia were to be borne by the same man until the end of the monarchy. 2828:; and the fact that if she stood aside and Sweden lost, she would not get a share of the territory. Prussia only participated in one battle, the 2232: 5883: 5801: 3081:

had gradually weakened during the 18th century. Alarmed by increasing Russian influences in Polish affairs and by a possible expansion of the

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Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), p 27, p225–228

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growing population and influence of the cities and towns. This meant that rural areas were grossly overrepresented from the 1890s onward.

9176: 6414: 5502: 5445: 3334: 3090: 5192: 3748:. William pursued a considerably more moderate policy. Upon Frederick William IV's death in 1861 he succeeded to the Prussian throne as 3212:) to the south and east of East Prussia became part of Prussia. Most of the new territories (and the part of South Prussia north of the 2824:

William, joined the coalition for various reasons, including the danger of being attacked from both her rear and the sea; her claims on

9226: 6127: 4991: 9241: 7185: 3464: 3390:) to King, Elector, Grand Duke, Duke for the various regions and realms under his rule. After 1806 he was simply King of Prussia and 3194: 2439: 3397: 8010: 6967: 4371: 2841: 2626:". A full union was not possible, since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Prussia was a 2346: 1533: 9221: 8328: 4413:

that weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid significantly limited the political voice of the middle and lower classes.

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was the first major conflict in which the Kingdom of Prussia was involved. Starting in 1700, the war involved a coalition led by

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Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar

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on the continent. This result confirmed Prussia's major role within the German states and established the country as a European

9236: 7600: 3974: 3706:. These documents—moderate by the standards of the time but conservative by today's—provided for a two-chamber parliament, the 3533:

With these gains in territory, the kingdom was reorganized into 10 provinces. Most of the kingdom, aside from the provinces of

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and relying on continuing British success against France in the war's colonial theatres, Prussia was finally able to force a

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Feuchtwanger, E. J. Prussia: Myth and Reality: The Role of Prussia in German History. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1970.

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royal families (despite being closely related to them), becoming their rival and ultimately their enemy. Before and during

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Fueter, Eduard (1922). World history, 1815–1920. United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company. pp. 25–28, 36–44.

4691:, the successor of the dissolved Holy Roman Empire, as did the province of East Prussia and the province of West Prussia. 4424:

The 1850 Constitution, frequently amended, was the fundamental law of Prussia until the end of the German Empire in 1918.

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was essentially an enlarged Prussian army, and the embassies of the new empire were mostly old Prussian embassies. The

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nation, and on 18 January 1871 (the 170th anniversary of the coronation of the first Prussian king, Frederick I), the

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Aping the Great Powers: Frederick the Great and the Defence of Prussia's International Position 1763–86, Pp. 286–307.

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The German Confederation was dissolved as part of the war. In its place, Prussia cajoled the 21 states north of the

2863:, the landed aristocracy, into the kingdom's bureaucracy and military machine, giving them a vested interest in the 2466:

and establishing Prussia's dominant role among the German states, as well as establishing the country as a European

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When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, the function of prince-electors electing its emperors had lapsed.

4162: 3857: 3401: 2942: 1896: 1494: 1195: 1008: 7312: 5392: 5222: 3489: 2968:. When Frederick preemptively invaded Saxony and Bohemia over the course of a few months in 1756–1757, he began a 2442:, known as "The Great Elector". As a kingdom, Prussia continued its rise to power, especially during the reign of 1947: 8046: 7590: 5703: 3668: 3144: 2898: 2589: 2058: 1923: 6997: 5049: 8625: 8128: 7278: 6392: 6288: 5858: 5156: 4801: 4722: 4417: 4410: 4394: 4359: 4347: 4206: 4103: 3882: 3725: 3721: 3703: 3699: 3409: 2965: 2914: 2853: 2820: 2631: 1927: 1886: 1442: 712: 4655:. Following the second and third partitions (1793–1795), the new Prussian annexations became the provinces of 8462: 5781: 4343: 4242: 4155: 4128: 3757: 3753: 3596: 2685: 2681: 2657: 543: 9116: 8098: 8086: 7605: 5468:"[oktroyierte] Verfassungsurkunde für den preußischen Staat vom 5. Dezember 1848 documentArchiv.de" 4035: 3779: 3659:) in 1834, which excluded Austria, increased Prussian influence over the member states. In the wake of the 3425: 3232:. With the Polish-Lithuanian state gone Prussia now shared its eastern borders with the Habsburg monarchy ( 3167: 3007: 1919: 489: 4089: 966: 9161: 8979: 8893: 8788: 8703: 8620: 8118: 7990: 7845: 7431: 7201: 7108: 6810: 6462: 6023: 5816: 4291: 4225: 4151: 3592: 3346: 3322: 3275: 3198: 2514: 2427: 1939: 1891: 1876: 1871: 1826: 1713: 1271: 1122: 500: 7256: 6035: 4267:

run in the interests of the ruling class, but which in its rudimentary form was a constitutional state.

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Humiliated by the cession of Silesia, Austria worked to secure an alliance with France and Russia (the "

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to Poland since 1466, and the Hohenzollerns continued to pay homage after secularizing Ducal Prussia.

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assured dominance by the more well-to-do men of the population. The upper house, later renamed the

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Wilhelm, Friedrich; Robinson, James (1894). "Supplement: Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia".

3035:(1791), the latter two being acquired through purchase from branches of the Hohenzollern dynasty. 2478:) under its rule, and whether Austria would be included in such a unified German domain became an 8416: 8108: 8091: 8081: 8056: 7900: 7626: 7231: 6406: 6226: 5977: 5927: 4706: 4466: 4363: 4335: 3798: 3732: 3118: 3032: 2923: 2894: 2732: 2611: 2210: 1911: 1501: 1457: 612: 131: 84: 5532:(Supplement 8). Sage Publications Inc., American Academy of Political and Social Science: 1–54. 4904: 4401:. It also guaranteed many fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, the press and religion. 3766: 3626:

cadet branch of the House of Hohenzollern) were annexed by Prussia in 1850, later united as the

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of 39 sovereign states (including Austria and Bohemia) replacing the defunct Holy Roman Empire.

2897:(Frederick the Great) came to the throne. Using the pretext of a 1537 treaty (vetoed by Emperor 9136: 9051: 8898: 8610: 8543: 8411: 8360: 8292: 8192: 8182: 7980: 7915: 7722: 7651: 7514: 7444: 7286: 7121: 6904: 6874: 6841: 6301: 6259: 6059: 4773: 4754: 4406: 4367: 4256: 3926: 3898: 3869: 3692: 3619: 3287: 3182: 3012: 3003:

relieved the pressure on the eastern front. Sweden also exited the war at about the same time.

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Ernest John Knapton. "Revolutionary and Imperial France, 1750–1815." Scribner: 1971. Page 12.

4569: 3763:, at that time the Prussian ambassador to France. Bismarck took office on September 23, 1862. 3310:. To this end, Hanover (including Bremen-Verden) also had to provide troops for the so-called 3048: 1486: 1211: 9121: 9101: 9081: 8944: 8908: 8863: 8808: 8600: 8595: 8370: 8317: 8142: 8051: 8020: 7960: 7910: 7692: 7682: 7418: 7387: 7095: 7067: 6833: 6739: 6681: 6365: 6361: 6314: 6150: 5849: 5786: 5319: 5184: 5160: 5149: 4672: 4475: 4210: 4202: 3744:

Frederick William suffered a stroke in 1857, and his younger brother, Prince William, became

3405: 3371: 3291: 3245: 3024: 2984: 2961: 2700: 2696: 2660:, the Great Elector's son, Frederick III, was allowed to elevate Prussia to a kingdom in the 2534: 2431: 2273: 1915: 1794: 1757: 1360: 1225: 751: 531: 381: 8272: 2871:. King Frederick William I inaugurated the Prussian compulsory conscription system in 1717. 9106: 9025: 8989: 8939: 8798: 8723: 8508: 8385: 8177: 7952: 7930: 7925: 7890: 7832: 7354: 7334: 7329: 7260: 7034: 7014: 6866: 6689: 6673: 6559: 6534: 6529: 6334: 6244: 6208: 6039: 6003: 5776: 5352: 4732: 4688: 4684: 4565: 4551: 4491: 4214: 4060: 4027: 4004: 3865: 3664: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3086: 3044: 2868: 2777: 2757: 2542: 2510: 2487: 2268: 2096: 2083: 1975: 1621: 1606: 1527: 1515: 1450: 1432: 1420: 699: 297: 206: 7170: 4067:

was essentially an amended version of the constitution of the North German Confederation.

2991:. The situation became progressively grimmer, however, until the death in 1762 of Empress 8: 9131: 9076: 8913: 8903: 8888: 8878: 8843: 8773: 8688: 8658: 8605: 8322: 8076: 8071: 7970: 7965: 7732: 7687: 7646: 7551: 7498: 7282: 7239: 6697: 6513: 6292: 6272: 6254: 6028: 6019: 5761: 5356: 5271: 5038: 4791: 4784: 4765: 4743: 4621: 4601: 4319: 4315: 3996: 3918: 3906: 3890: 3809: 3660: 3611: 3421: 3190: 3186: 3131: 3000: 2992: 2973: 2672:

on 18 January 1701. Legally, no kingdoms could exist in the Holy Roman Empire except for

2642: 2623: 2600: 2567: 2522: 2495: 2447: 2443: 2435: 1745: 1731: 1505: 1482: 1461: 1243: 1038: 938: 387: 376: 341: 4760:

In 1822 the provinces of Jülich-Cleves-Berg and the Lower Rhine were merged to form the

3208:

In 1795, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist and a large area (including

2474:. Prussia made attempts to unify all the German states (excluding the German cantons in 9030: 8853: 8813: 8793: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8733: 8728: 8673: 8580: 8426: 8297: 8187: 8167: 8123: 8066: 8061: 8038: 8005: 7995: 7985: 7867: 7377: 7274: 7216: 7057: 6579: 6492: 6482: 6369: 6349: 6341: 6249: 6215: 6051: 6044: 5832: 5771: 5746: 5603: 5568: 5533: 5348: 5344: 5287: 5283: 4966: 4821: 4738: 4680: 4668: 4584:(shown in dark green) that are completely or mostly situated inside the old borders of 4561: 4351: 4114: 3914: 3878: 3707: 3695:(1848–51) between Denmark and the German Confederation, resulting in a Danish victory. 3684: 3513: 3493: 3446: 3433: 3342: 3326: 3070: 3066: 2969: 2930: 2808: 2673: 2650: 2585: 2581: 2023: 1995: 1835: 1800: 1478: 1136: 1094: 1066: 593: 336: 3970: 2653:

granted the Hohenzollerns full sovereignty over the Prussian duchy by September 1657.

1780: 1542: 9056: 9046: 9009: 8883: 8868: 8743: 8713: 8683: 8678: 8653: 8590: 8585: 8575: 8446: 8395: 8282: 8277: 8000: 7636: 7621: 7297: 7266: 6987: 6657: 6584: 6487: 6384: 6143: 6138: 6122: 6114: 6107: 6102: 5796: 5766: 5751: 5675: 5626: 5372: 5164: 5013: 4872: 4609: 4581: 4327: 3958: 3905:

The divided administration of Schleswig and Holstein then became the trigger for the

3775: 3760: 3688: 3600: 3522: 3413: 3283: 3237: 3062: 3038: 2845: 2837: 2829: 2812: 2459: 2451: 2028: 1951: 1641: 1611: 1519: 1471: 1150: 1080: 994: 899: 483: 371: 356: 346: 192: 178: 101: 5467: 5249: 4683:

in 1815, except for the western part of South Prussia, which would form part of the

9072: 9036: 8954: 8778: 8548: 8493: 8456: 8431: 8421: 8355: 8307: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8202: 7895: 7641: 6777: 6612: 6186: 6008: 5985: 5595: 5560: 5376: 4697: 4664: 4597: 4139: 3987: 3910: 3828: 3453: 3306:, including the British continental dominions of the Electorate of Hanover and the 3217: 3105:

Prussia; the annexed Royal Prussian land was organised the following year into the

2646: 2607: 2563: 2412: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1725: 1666: 1601: 1412: 889: 6644: 3428:(14 October 1806), Frederick William III was forced to temporarily flee to remote 3136:

districts) to East Prussia. The annexed territory connected East Prussia with the

8949: 8698: 8668: 8663: 8523: 8513: 8478: 8468: 8451: 8287: 8242: 8157: 7875: 7850: 7697: 7372: 7052: 6787: 6767: 6749: 6628: 6620: 6597: 6452: 6357: 5995: 5669: 5651: 5399: 5360: 5327: 5144: 5056: 4676: 4576: 4398: 4252: 4195: 4023: 3922: 3894: 3838: 3644: 3639: 3584: 3517: 3479: 3437: 3353: 3294:. When Prussian troops attempted to invade France, they were beaten back and the 3265: 3122: 2769: 2720: 2665: 2635: 2483: 2479: 2371: 2160: 1490: 1392: 1177: 1052: 1024: 869: 646: 470: 397: 331: 316: 293: 284: 68: 43: 5104:

The Salzburg transaction: expulsion and redemption in eighteenth-century Germany

4869:

Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City

3804: 9091: 8873: 8858: 8823: 8563: 8558: 8441: 8375: 8247: 7905: 7880: 7785: 7702: 7656: 7472: 7400: 7392: 7382: 7270: 7149: 7077: 7072: 7062: 6899: 6705: 6665: 6602: 6264: 5999: 5368: 5315: 5279: 4820:

Due to Brandenburg's prominence as the seat of power within the kingdom, it is

4761: 4652: 4191: 4178: 3934: 3930: 3363: 3295: 3174: 3110: 3082: 2980: 2816: 2793: 2773: 2619: 2615: 2455: 2326: 2312: 2053: 1689: 1626: 1596: 1563: 1408: 1108: 437: 402: 351: 2610:, since 1511 ruled by a younger branch of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1525, 113: 9155: 8738: 8503: 8498: 7920: 7778: 7737: 7717: 6818: 6734: 6729: 6636: 6174: 5756: 5653:

Der Commissarius und seine Bedeutung in der allgemeinen Verwaltungsgeschichte

5470:[ Constitutional Charter for the Prussian State of 5 December 1848]. 5291: 4660: 4632: 4617: 4585: 4531: 4479: 4409:. All adult male citizens regardless of class had the right to vote, but the 4229: 4169:). By late 1918, the Prussian House of Representatives was controlled by the 4053: 4015: 3861: 3853: 3677: 3604: 3558: 3307: 3160: 3094: 2918: 2910: 2880: 2864: 2724: 2715: 2618:, secularized his territory and converted it into a duchy. It was ruled in a 2573: 2506: 2471: 2404: 2140: 1739: 1701: 1636: 1591: 1553: 1404: 1356: 952: 421: 234: 8267: 4931:"German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910" 4787:, territories annexed by Prussia were reorganised into three new provinces: 3929:. Prussia also annexed Schleswig and Holstein, and also effectively annexed 3053: 2988: 2691: 266: 8828: 8350: 8312: 8212: 7795: 7530: 7521: 7410: 7290: 7235: 7087: 6296: 6162: 5131:

Shennan, Margaret. The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia. London: Routledge, 1995

4983: 4556: 4519: 4446:, 13,348.8 practising Jews, 925.1 Mennonites, 121.4 Greek Orthodox and 0.6 4000: 3962: 3950: 3538: 3534: 3303: 3233: 2785: 2661: 2518: 2501:

Prussia was subsequently the driving force behind establishing in 1866 the

2249: 2245: 2180: 2170: 2131: 2018: 1586: 1428: 1424: 1400: 1396: 859: 4768:, but the separate provinces were reformed in 1878. The principalities of 4433: 1846: 1774: 228: 214: 200: 186: 172: 9060: 8569: 8365: 8257: 8252: 8172: 7763: 7747: 7321: 7006: 6190: 5695: 5364: 4656: 4264: 4260: 4183: 4147: 3251: 3229: 3225: 3017: 2475: 2467: 2033: 1810: 1662: 651: 623: 604: 446: 6966: 4279: 3429: 2756:

The Kingdom of Prussia was still recovering from the devastation of the

2744:

Prussia" was adopted, following the acquisition of Royal Prussia in the

8615: 8553: 8472: 7712: 7677: 7464: 7141: 6539: 5607: 5572: 5537: 5257: 4539: 4483: 3680:

would mean the end of Prussia's independence within the German states.

3654: 3574: 3526: 3383: 3345:

and Russia, Britain started to capture Prussian sea vessels. After the

2945:

that restored peace and left Prussia in possession of most of Silesia.

2761: 2103: 1679: 311: 4161:

Uprisings in Berlin and other centres began the civil conflict of the

3228:, including Warsaw; a small area to the south of South Prussia became 2917:. After rapidly occupying Silesia, Frederick offered to protect Queen 1674: 8974: 8964: 8533: 7840: 7727: 4764:. In 1829, the provinces of East and West Prussia merged to form the 4503: 4487: 4451: 4443: 3909:

of 1866—also known as the Seven Weeks' War. Prussia, allied with the

3568: 3337:

first ignored Prussia's hostility, but when it joined the pro-French

3202: 3201:'s wife, was stopped by a band of Patriots who denied her passage to 2941:

led to a series of treaties and compromises, culminating in the 1748

2825: 2781: 429: 288: 5966: 5599: 5564: 4643:, while the Duchy of Prussia (along with part of Warmia) became the 4310: 3992:

unification of Germany had come considerably closer to realisation.

3977:(Diet), was elected by universal male suffrage. The upper house, or 3579:—asserted his long-cherished project (started in 1798) to unite the 3156: 9111: 8994: 8984: 8803: 8302: 7574: 4838: 4535: 4523: 4515: 3623: 3580: 2797: 2719:

of the empire's various territories acted largely as the rulers of

425: 6436: 4648: 3220:; South Prussia gained the area immediately south of the Vistula, 3152: 3039:

1772, 1793, and 1795: Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

2833: 9004: 8959: 8934: 8488: 8197: 7815: 7768: 7707: 7631: 7585: 7477: 7154: 6909: 6134: 5968: 5839: 5299: 4447: 4174: 4143: 3504: 3213: 2902: 2538: 2396: 2198: 2000: 1790: 1324: 1299: 1285: 465: 456: 392: 5248: 3349:

the coalition fell apart and Prussia again withdrew its troops.

3270: 3093:. The Kingdom of Prussia annexed most of the Polish province of 2964:"), while Prussia drifted into Great Britain's camp forming the 9086: 8999: 8262: 8162: 7805: 7661: 7227: 6069: 5275: 5080:, pp. 81–101. 3rd ed. London: English Universities Press, 1964. 4636: 4572:

in the south-west was under Prussian administration until 1848.

4499: 4470:

Ethnic structure of the eastern regions of Prussia in 1817–1823

4095:

Administrative divisions of the German Empire on 1 January 1900

3745: 3738: 3638:

During the half-century that followed the Congress of Vienna a

3488:) against the French occupation. Prussian troops under Marshal 3209: 3098: 2885: 2860: 2801: 2751: 2704: 2463: 2420: 1806: 1786: 1695: 1581: 1467: 1438: 1332: 1328: 261: 5526:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5499:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5442:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4612:, gained from Sweden in 1720 and 1815, this region formed the 4127:

died in 1888, and the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne as

2836:, as the war had already been practically decided in the 1709 7543: 7364: 7044: 5340: 4592:

The original core regions of the Kingdom of Prussia were the

4507: 4495: 4075: 4031: 3886: 3512:

Prussia's reward for its part in France's defeat came at the

3330: 3221: 2800:

in August 1710 but receded before it could reach the capital

248: 4474:

Apart from ethnic Germans the country was inhabited also by

3085:, Frederick was instrumental in initiating the first of the 2438:, predecessor of the kingdom, became a military power under 1359:(1871–1918), the Minister-President of Prussia was also the 8969: 7810: 7800: 7790: 7773: 7200: 4511: 3441: 3121:

to West Prussia (which became its capital) and Warmia (the

3089:

between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772 to maintain a

2849: 2815:

against the dominant North European power at the time, the

2627: 2399:

between 1701 and 1918. It was the driving force behind the

4138:

The new Kaiser William rapidly soured relations with the

5551:

Burgess, John (1887). "The Culturconflict" in Prussia".

4263:

described it, replaced the older system with its feudal

3720:, was elected by all males over the age of 25 using the 3683:

In 1848 actions taken by Denmark towards the Duchies of

3633: 3478:

in 1812, Prussia quit the alliance and took part in the

3023:

Other additions to Prussia in the 18th century were the

5594:(2). Wiley for the Royal Statistical Society: 154–186. 4560:

The ten provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia, after the

3370:

became meaningless, and was dropped. Nonetheless, King

2606:

In 1618 the electors of Brandenburg also inherited the

2446:. Frederick the Great was instrumental in starting the 4358:

was elected by all males over the age of 25 using the

2684:, keen to secure Frederick's support in the impending 1474:(1701–1806, all territories except those listed above) 4842:

have also been applied to the Prussia of this period.

3969:

written by Bismarck. Executive power was vested in a

3189:. The direct cause of the invasion was the arrest at 3101:, allowing Frederick to finally adopt the title King 2889:

Prussian territorial acquisitions in the 18th century

2490:, the issue of unifying the German states caused the 5405: 3274:

Prussia (orange) and its territories lost after the

2498:

ensued between its two most powerful member states.

4608:had been held by Prussia since 1653. Combined with 3244:nationality-neutral personal holding of the ruling 2983:, France, and Sweden simultaneously, and with only 2913:, Frederick invaded Silesia, thereby beginning the 5586:Hebeler, Bernard (1847). "Statistics of Prussia". 5148: 3702:by his own authority in 1848, modifying it in the 3109:; most of the rest became the originally separate 2533:, the Kingdom of Prussia was transformed into the 5339:Austrian allies in the Austro-Prussian War were: 4971:The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire 4232:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern 4205:in the Weimar Republic, gaining a new republican 9153: 5559:(2). The Academy of Political Science: 313–340. 4350:, a two-house parliament was formed, called the 3599:. However, ensuing quarrels causing a permanent 2664:of 16 November 1700. Frederick crowned himself " 2656:In return for an alliance against France in the 5523: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 3999:(1870–1871), where Bismarck maneuvered Emperor 3651:The establishment of the German Customs Union ( 2804:, which was only 80 km (50 mi) away. 2784:. In 1708 about one third of the population of 2553: 1518:(1815–1866, only territories previously in the 5225:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 5185:"History of Klaipėda (Memel) | True Lithuania" 4687:, the latter however also remained outside of 3420:But when Prussia, after it turned against the 3333:and stayed there until October that year. The 9217:States and territories disestablished in 1918 7559: 7186: 6952: 6422: 5952: 5711: 4735:(autonomous, outside of German Confederation) 3259: 3140:, uniting the kingdom's eastern territories. 2347: 9232:1701 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 7528: 7519: 5588:Journal of the Statistical Society of London 5495:"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia" 5438:"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia" 5109: 4695: 4388: 4039: 4009: 3985: 3730: 3713: 3652: 3496:of 1815 to the final victory over Napoleon. 3483: 3357: 3249: 2752:1701–1721: Plague and the Great Northern War 2215: 2101: 1557: 897: 887: 877: 867: 857: 629: 610: 591: 129: 111: 35: 5493:Robinson, James Harvey ( (September 1894). 5139: 5137: 5078:Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia 4984:"Prussia | History, Maps, & Definition" 4047: 4034:, while the French capital was still under 3335:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 2874: 2727:east of Vistula, held along with the title 9212:States and territories established in 1701 7566: 7552: 7193: 7179: 6959: 6945: 6429: 6415: 5959: 5945: 5725: 5718: 5704: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4871:. Syracuse University Press. p. 133. 3147:continued the partitions, gaining a large 2354: 2340: 227: 213: 199: 185: 171: 5436:Robinson, James Harvey (September 1894). 4973:. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. 4038:. King William became the first emperor ( 3143:After Frederick died in 1786, his nephew 2440:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 2403:in 1866 and was the leading state of the 1556:(1871–1918, as a whole, king holding the 1540:(1866–1871, as a whole, king holding the 792:348,779 km (134,664 sq mi) 9182:States of the North German Confederation 6968:States of the North German Confederation 5492: 5435: 5143: 5134: 4899: 4897: 4866: 4575: 4555: 4465: 4372:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 4332:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 4309: 4224: 3803: 3765: 3503: 3396: 3269: 3052: 2947: 2884: 2714:Prussia" was adopted to acknowledge the 2690: 204: 5585: 5550: 5517: 5106:, (Cornell University Press, 1992), 74. 5076:Horn, D. B. "The Seven Years' War." In 4949: 4454:, 1,712 Greek Orthodox, and 8 Muslims. 4081:Prussia in the German Empire, 1871–1918 3846: Austrian allies: 11 German states 3756:. Ultimately, he decided to appoint as 3499: 2952:Attack of the Prussian infantry at the 2859:The Great Elector had incorporated the 2505:, transformed in 1871 into the unified 9154: 7601:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 5667: 5620: 5411: 5251:Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia 3712:. The lower house, later known as the 3216:) were organised into the province of 3193:, where Frederick William II's sister 3077:To the east and south of Prussia, the 2470:through the victories of the powerful 1395:(former Ducal Prussia only 1701–1772; 7831: 7547: 7174: 6940: 6410: 5940: 5699: 5223:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 5220: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195:from the original on 28 November 2020 5093:. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1969. 4937:from the original on 25 December 2018 4894: 4675:in 1806, and were ultimately lost to 4374:, aided the conservative government. 3634:1848–1871: German wars of unification 2450:(1756–1763), holding his own against 2411:. Although it took its name from the 2382: 1383: 1375:Statement of Abdication of William II 5061: 4783:After Prussia's victory in the 1866 4340:Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg 4274: 3603:among the Lutherans into united and 3177:against the increasingly rebellious 3057:The three partitions of Poland (the 2999:). The accession of the Prussophile 687:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 138:"Hail to thee in the Victor's Crown" 5614: 5308:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3205:to reclaim her husband's position. 3006:Defeating the Austrian army at the 2997:Miracle of the House of Brandenburg 2909:after the extinction of its ruling 2580:in 1518. In 1529 the Hohenzollerns 1742:(Poland 1454/1466 – 1772) 13: 9177:States of the German Confederation 7596:List of current sovereign monarchs 6438:States of the German Confederation 5674:. University of California Press. 5671:The Bureaucratization of the World 5649: 5207: 4247:List of Prussian finance ministers 4188:Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division 4171:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3545:but including the formerly Polish 2790:Great Northern War plague outbreak 2395:) constituted the German state of 14: 9263: 9227:1918 disestablishments in Prussia 5505:from the original on 2 April 2023 5448:from the original on 7 April 2023 5221:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 4776:were annexed in 1850 to form the 4751:(outside of German Confederation) 4714:(outside of German Confederation) 4671:to be included in the Napoleonic 4564:. The other member states of the 4356:Prussian House of Representatives 4342:was appointed as Prussia's first 4065:Constitution of the German Empire 3774:on a black horse with his suite, 3676:) feared that the formation of a 3482:during the "Wars of Liberation" ( 3339:Second League of Armed Neutrality 2764:to the Hohenzollern heartland of 726:North German Confederation Treaty 9242:1918 disestablishments in Europe 8114:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7311: 6996: 6461: 5838: 5831: 5668:Jacoby, Henry (1 January 1973). 5151:Education: Free & Compulsory 4905:"Königreich Preußen (1701–1918)" 4377: 4278: 4201:Prussia was incorporated as the 4088: 4074: 3797:The first of these wars was the 3469:Karl August Fürst von Hardenberg 3402:Frederick William III of Prussia 3117:was also adjusted, transferring 2320: 2306: 1845: 1678: 1673: 1304: 1290: 1276: 1262: 1248: 1234: 1216: 1202: 1186: 1157: 1143: 1129: 1115: 1101: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1045: 1031: 1017: 1001: 987: 973: 959: 945: 931: 143: 77: 61: 7591:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 5579: 5544: 5486: 5460: 5429: 5417: 5386: 5333: 5264: 5241: 5177: 5125: 5096: 5091:A History of Germany, 1715–1815 5083: 5070: 5043: 5032: 5023: 5006: 4994:from the original on 8 May 2015 4969:, and Charles Grant Robertson. 4911:from the original on 2 May 2019 4845: 4545: 4334:, after which Prussia became a 3669:Frederick William IV of Prussia 3648:suited to lead the new nation. 3508:Expansion of Prussia, 1807–1871 2614:, the last grand master of the 2492:German revolutions of 1848–1849 2114:German revolutions of 1848–1849 9222:1701 establishments in Prussia 7573: 6788:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 5157:The Ludwig von Mises Institute 4976: 4923: 4885: 4860: 4814: 4802:Province of Schleswig-Holstein 4723:Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine 4718:Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 4647:. Other annexations along the 4411:Prussian three-class franchise 4360:Prussian three-class franchise 4326:The Kingdom of Prussia was an 3722:Prussian three-class franchise 3290:, Prussia declared war on the 3181:, who sought to overthrow the 3079:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3059:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2915:War of the Austrian Succession 2854:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 2634:. The Teutonic Order had paid 2531:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1704:(pre – 13th century) 1698:(983 – 12th century) 1572: 1443:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1367: 1344: 981:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 16:German state from 1701 to 1918 1: 9237:1701 establishments in Europe 5967:Territories and provinces of 5227:Deutsches Historisches Museum 4822:also sometimes referred to as 4807: 4606:A Further Pomeranian province 4243:Minister President of Prussia 4236: 3877: Prussian acquisitions: 3597:Evangelical Church in Prussia 3492:contributed crucially in the 3490:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 2686:War of the Spanish Succession 2658:War of the Spanish Succession 2384:[ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪçˈpʁɔʏsn̩] 1489:and territories ceded to the 1485:(1806–1813, without the lost 443:Majority in some territories: 7606:List of monarchy referendums 4620:led to the formation of the 4461: 4418:1850 Constitution of Prussia 4370:, formed in response to the 4348:Prussia's first constitution 4163:German Revolution of 1918–19 3995:The final act came with the 3700:Prussia's first constitution 3476:defeat of Napoleon in Russia 2622:with Brandenburg, known as " 2554:Background and establishment 2509:and considered the earliest 490:Semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 9187:States of the German Empire 9172:Former monarchies of Europe 7202:States of the German Empire 5553:Political Science Quarterly 4631:in 1772, the newly annexed 4427: 4270: 3782:, and others, watching the 3724:. Voters were divided into 3672:kings (up to and including 3440:) and all land west of the 3325:against France (1799–1802) 3323:War of the Second Coalition 3276:War of the Fourth Coalition 2937:pressure on Austria's ally 2515:Federal Republic of Germany 2511:continual legal predecessor 2486:led to the creation of the 1272:First Czechoslovak Republic 1123:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 565:A. H. von Arnim-Boitzenburg 10: 9268: 5991:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4594:Margraviate of Brandenburg 4549: 4431: 4385:Prussian National Assembly 4240: 4051: 3955:North German Confederation 3471:, their main instigators. 3314:maintaining this state of 3300:War of the First Coalition 3263: 3260:1801–1815: Napoleonic Wars 3042: 2878: 2578:Margraviate of Brandenburg 2560:Margraviate of Brandenburg 2557: 2548: 2503:North German Confederation 2417:Margraviate of Brandenburg 2119:North German Confederation 2089:Confederation of the Rhine 1736:Prince-Bishopric of Warmia 1708:Margraviate of Brandenburg 1538:North German Confederation 1369: 1353:North German Confederation 1346: 221:North German Confederation 18: 9018: 8927: 8641: 8404: 8338: 8150: 8141: 8037: 8019: 7951: 7866: 7824: 7756: 7670: 7614: 7581: 7507: 7491: 7463: 7450:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 7409: 7363: 7320: 7309: 7209: 7140: 7127:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 7086: 7043: 7005: 6994: 6975: 6923: 6892: 6865: 6832: 6758: 6725: 6718: 6656: 6611: 6575: 6568: 6522: 6506: 6470: 6459: 6445: 6381: 6312: 6232:Principality of Neuchâtel 6206: 6085: 5976: 5922: 5848: 5828: 5802:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 5731: 5324:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 4867:E. Alvis, Robert (2005). 4629:First Partition of Poland 3698:Frederick William issued 3571:Frederick William III—as 3567:As to religion, reformed 3553:, became part of the new 2943:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 2856:as new powers in Europe. 2746:First Partition of Poland 1338: 1320: 967:Principality of Neuchâtel 910: 849: 845: 835: 825: 815: 805: 801: 796: 788: 783: 779: 762: 748: 735: 722: 709: 696: 683: 664: 660: 639: 620: 601: 587: 583: 571: 557: 553: 541: 537: 525: 515:• 1701–1713 (first) 513: 509: 499: 476: 464: 413: 276: 254: 244: 168: 95: 57: 52: 30: 7743:Self-proclaimed monarchy 7257:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 5625:. Marburg: Herder-Inst. 4797:Province of Hesse-Nassau 4778:Province of Hohenzollern 4770:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 4749:Province of West Prussia 4712:Province of East Prussia 4645:Province of East Prussia 4641:Province of West Prussia 4616:. Prussian gains in the 4568:are shown in beige. The 4220: 4119:Victoria, Princess Royal 4048:1871–1918: Peak and fall 3628:Province of Hohenzollern 3616:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 3614:, the Principalities of 3610:As a consequence of the 3573:Supreme Governor of the 3547:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 3460:Stein-Hardenberg Reforms 3426:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt 3308:Duchies of Bremen-Verden 3115:Province of East Prussia 3107:Province of West Prussia 3029:Principality of Bayreuth 2954:Battle of Hohenfriedberg 2875:1740–1762: Silesian Wars 2576:were made rulers of the 2444:Frederick II "the Great" 1617:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 1524:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 1481:under occupation by the 1447:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 1441:semi-independent of the 1417:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 739:German Empire proclaimed 527:• 1888–1918 (last) 21:Prussia (disambiguation) 9197:19th century in Prussia 9192:18th century in Prussia 8011:Vatican City (Holy See) 5928:Prussian State Ministry 5621:Belzyt, Leszek (1998). 5393:Die Reichsgründung 1871 4988:Encyclopedia Britannica 4831:. The erroneous labels 4707:Province of Brandenburg 4434:Prussia § Religion 4364:Prussian House of Lords 4336:constitutional monarchy 4209:in 1920 , becoming the 4173:(SPD), which advocated 3827: Prussian allies: 3799:Second War of Schleswig 3465:Karl Freiherr vom Stein 3168:Prussia invaded Holland 3033:Principality of Ansbach 2966:Anglo-Prussian Alliance 2768:, with the exclaves of 2612:Albrecht of Brandenburg 1760:(1918 – 1947) 1754:(1701 – 1918) 1748:(1618 – 1701) 1728:(1525 – 1618) 1722:(1356 – 1806) 1716:(1224 – 1525) 132:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 8293:Islands of Refreshment 7723:Legitimacy (political) 7529: 7520: 7515:German colonial empire 7445:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 7122:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 5859:Prussian Revolutionary 5726:Governments of Prussia 5270:Prussia allies in the 5055:June 10, 2010, at the 4833:Kingdom of Brandenburg 4774:Hohenzollern-Hechingen 4755:Province of Westphalia 4702:. The provinces were: 4696: 4600:which together formed 4589: 4573: 4471: 4407:state within the state 4389: 4368:Prussian Secret Police 4354:. The lower house, or 4323: 4233: 4166: 4040: 4010: 3986: 3927:Free City of Frankfurt 3902: 3870:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 3852: Neutral states: 3786: 3731: 3714: 3693:First War of Schleswig 3653: 3620:Hohenzollern-Hechingen 3509: 3484: 3424:, was defeated in the 3417: 3358: 3288:Execution of Louis XVI 3279: 3250: 3183:House of Orange-Nassau 3149:part of western Poland 3074: 3013:status quo ante bellum 2957: 2890: 2844:Prussia gained all of 2707: 2415:, it was based in the 2401:unification of Germany 2375: 2216: 2102: 1971:Linear Pottery culture 1813:(1947–1952, from 1990) 1783:(1920–1939, from 1945) 1740:Royal (Polish) Prussia 1720:Elector of Brandenburg 1632:Province of Westphalia 1558: 1258:Second Polish Republic 1165:Free City of Frankfurt 898: 888: 878: 868: 858: 630: 611: 592: 130: 112: 36: 8104:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7693:Criticism of monarchy 7683:Abolition of monarchy 5850:Free State of Prussia 5782:Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 5320:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 5189:www.truelithuania.com 5051:The Rise of Prussia 4728:Province of Pomerania 4673:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 4614:Province of Pomerania 4588:'s Kingdom of Prussia 4579: 4559: 4469: 4316:Prussian King's Crown 4313: 4251:The joint authority, 4228: 4211:Free State of Prussia 4203:Free State of Prussia 4158:on 11 November 1918. 4104:three-class franchise 3933:by forcing it into a 3807: 3769: 3667:in 1849 offered King 3541:, and the autonomous 3507: 3412:of Austria after the 3406:Alexander I of Russia 3400: 3372:Frederick William III 3321:In the course of the 3292:French First Republic 3273: 3246:House of Hohenzollern 3195:Wilhelmina of Prussia 3138:Province of Pomerania 3056: 3025:County of East Frisia 3008:Battle of Burkersdorf 2962:Diplomatic Revolution 2951: 2888: 2740:that the title "King 2701:Charlottenburg Palace 2697:Prussian Crown Jewels 2694: 2641:In the course of the 2590:a series of conflicts 2582:secured the reversion 2535:Free State of Prussia 2432:House of Hohenzollern 2413:region called Prussia 1897:Territorial evolution 1795:Recovered Territories 1758:Free State of Prussia 1692:(965 – 983) 1361:Chancellor of Germany 1230:Free State of Prussia 752:Free State of Prussia 277:Common languages 7936:United Arab Emirates 7492:Imperial Territories 7345:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7340:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 7261:Starostwo of Draheim 7025:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7020:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6550:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 6545:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6245:Grand Duchy of Posen 5304:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 4733:Grand Duchy of Posen 4689:German Confederation 4685:Grand Duchy of Posen 4566:German Confederation 4552:Provinces of Prussia 4492:Prussian Lithuanians 4486:in West Prussia and 4395:Constitution of 1848 4061:Imperial German Army 3866:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 3831:and 14 German states 3784:Battle of Königgrätz 3704:Constitution of 1850 3665:Frankfurt Parliament 3555:German Confederation 3543:Grand Duchy of Posen 3500:1815: After Napoleon 3347:Battle of Copenhagen 3087:Partitions of Poland 3045:Partitions of Poland 2901:) by which parts of 2869:compulsory education 2488:German Confederation 2233:Expulsion of Germans 2199:Contemporary Germany 2097:German Confederation 1622:Starostwo of Draheim 1607:Grand Duchy of Posen 1528:Starostwo of Draheim 1516:German Confederation 1451:Starostwo of Draheim 1433:Grand Duchy of Posen 1421:Starostwo of Draheim 713:Constitution adopted 700:German Confederation 698:• Formation of 559:• 1848 (first) 384:(until 18th century) 207:German Confederation 19:For other uses, see 9132:Trinidad and Tobago 9019:Commonwealth realms 8904:United Baltic Duchy 8047:Antigua and Barbuda 8039:Commonwealth realms 7733:Order of succession 7455:Waldeck and Pyrmont 7132:Waldeck and Pyrmont 6750:Waldeck and Pyrmont 6315:Territorial reforms 6273:Province of Prussia 5359:(or Hesse-Cassel), 5272:Austro-Prussian War 5155:. Auburn, Alabama: 5145:Rothbard, Murray N. 4829:Brandenburg-Prussia 4825:Prussia-Brandenburg 4792:Province of Hanover 4785:Austro-Prussian War 4766:Province of Prussia 4744:Province of Silesia 4649:Noteć (Netze) River 4622:Province of Silesia 4602:Brandenburg-Prussia 4570:Canton of Neuchâtel 4494:(in East Prussia), 4478:minorities such as 4320:Hohenzollern Castle 3997:Franco-Prussian War 3919:Electorate of Hesse 3907:Austro-Prussian War 3810:Austro-Prussian War 3661:Revolutions of 1848 3612:Revolutions of 1848 3422:First French Empire 3199:William V of Orange 3197:, also stadtholder 3191:Goejanverwellesluis 3187:democratic republic 3145:Fredrick William II 3049:Kościuszko Uprising 2993:Elizabeth of Russia 2842:Treaty of Stockholm 2643:Second Northern War 2624:Brandenburg-Prussia 2601:Peace of Westphalia 2568:Brandenburg-Prussia 2523:Franco-Prussian War 2496:Austro-Prussian War 2436:Brandenburg-Prussia 2409:dissolution in 1918 2047:Early Modern period 2034:Eastward settlement 1746:Brandenburg-Prussia 1732:Malbork Voivodeship 1696:Lutician federation 1506:County of Neuchatel 1502:Swiss Confederation 1495:Free City of Danzig 1487:County of Neuchâtel 1483:First French Empire 1462:County of Neuchatel 1458:Swiss Confederation 1244:Free City of Danzig 1212:Canton of Neuchâtel 1197:Free City of Danzig 1039:Electorate of Hesse 1010:Free City of Danzig 939:Brandenburg-Prussia 573:• 1918 (last) 418:Statewide majority: 9162:Kingdom of Prussia 7279:Schleswig-Holstein 6397:Jülich-Cleves-Berg 6389: 6350:Posen-West Prussia 6289:Schleswig-Holstein 5733:Kingdom of Prussia 5398:2014-08-18 at the 4967:Marriott, J. A. R. 4739:Province of Saxony 4681:Congress of Vienna 4669:Treaties of Tilsit 4590: 4574: 4562:Congress of Vienna 4490:in East Prussia), 4472: 4344:Minister President 4324: 4290:. You can help by 4234: 4182:into exile in the 4167:Novemberrevolution 4115:Congress of Berlin 3915:Kingdom of Hanover 3903: 3887:Hessian Hinterland 3883:Schleswig-Holstein 3787: 3640:conflict of ideals 3514:Congress of Vienna 3510: 3494:Battle of Waterloo 3447:Continental System 3434:Treaties of Tilsit 3418: 3327:Napoleon Bonaparte 3280: 3075: 3071:Prussian Partition 3067:Austrian Partition 2972:and initiated the 2970:Third Silesian War 2958: 2931:Kingdom of Bohemia 2891: 2848:east of the River 2809:Great Northern War 2708: 2645:, the treaties of 2586:Duchy of Pomerania 2419:. Its capital was 2376:Königreich Preußen 2368:Kingdom of Prussia 2327:History portal 2313:Germany portal 2064:Kingdom of Prussia 2024:Kingdom of Germany 1996:Barbarian kingdoms 1801:Kaliningrad Oblast 1752:Kingdom of Prussia 1479:Continental System 1137:Duchies of Silesia 1095:Duchy of Schleswig 1067:Kingdom of Hanover 544:Minister-President 37:Königreich Preußen 32:Kingdom of Prussia 9149: 9148: 9145: 9144: 8834:Piedmont-Sardinia 8586:Sip Song Chau Tai 8396:Thirteen Colonies 8137: 8136: 7541: 7540: 7168: 7167: 7112: 7104: 6934: 6933: 6888: 6887: 6814: 6801: 6714: 6713: 6658:Ernestine duchies 6404: 6403: 6385:Province of Posen 6235:(1814–1848) 6123:Western Pomerania 6115:Minden-Ravensberg 6016:Farther Pomerania 5934: 5933: 5742:Arnim-Boitzenburg 5681:978-0-520-02083-2 5632:978-3-87969-267-5 5472:documentArchiv.de 4698:Regierungsbezirke 4610:Swedish Pomerania 4582:states of Germany 4328:absolute monarchy 4308: 4307: 4215:abolished in 1947 3959:Province of Posen 3953:into forming the 3808:Aftermath of the 3761:Otto von Bismarck 3551:Draheim territory 3523:Kingdom of Saxony 3414:Battle of Leipzig 3298:(1795) ended the 3284:French Revolution 3238:Russian partition 3069:(green), and the 3063:Russian Partition 2933:. He failed, but 2846:Swedish Pomerania 2838:Battle of Poltava 2832:on the island of 2830:Battle of Stresow 2821:Frederick William 2758:Thirty Years' War 2543:abolished in 1947 2364: 2363: 2295: 2294: 2189: 2188: 2029:Holy Roman Empire 1906:Holy Roman Empire 1819: 1818: 1656: 1655: 1612:Province of Posen 1520:Holy Roman Empire 1472:Holy Roman Empire 1456:Associate of the 1393:Sovereign kingdom 1316: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1170: 1169: 1151:County of Kladsko 1081:Duchy of Holstein 995:Swedish Pomerania 484:Absolute monarchy 451:Other minorities: 193:Holy Roman Empire 179:Holy Roman Empire 161: 119:"Song of Prussia" 9259: 9252:Christian states 9247:Former countries 9207:1910s in Prussia 9202:1900s in Prussia 9073:Irish Free State 8839:Poland–Lithuania 8148: 8147: 8099:Papua New Guinea 7829: 7828: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7545: 7544: 7534: 7525: 7440:Schaumburg-Lippe 7435: 7427: 7397: 7315: 7294: 7264: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7172: 7171: 7117:Schaumburg-Lippe 7110: 7102: 7000: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6938: 6937: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6847: 6825: 6824: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6778:Reuss-Lobenstein 6774: 6773: 6745:Schaumburg-Lippe 6723: 6722: 6702: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6649: 6641: 6633: 6625: 6613:Anhalt (Ascania) 6594: 6573: 6572: 6465: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6390: 6374: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6305: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6236: 6219: 6218: 6209:Post-Congress of 6199: 6187:New East Prussia 6183: 6171: 6155: 6147: 6131: 6119: 6111: 6099: 6056: 6048: 6032: 6012: 5986:Duchy of Prussia 5961: 5954: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5812:Bethmann Hollweg 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5637: 5636: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5433: 5427: 5425:Der Commissarius 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5390: 5384: 5377:Schaumburg-Lippe 5337: 5331: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5218: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5154: 5141: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5089:Atkinson, C. T. 5087: 5081: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5047: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5021: 5010: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4901: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4864: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4818: 4701: 4665:New East Prussia 4598:Duchy of Prussia 4586:Imperial Germany 4510:(in Schleswig), 4392: 4303: 4300: 4282: 4275: 4213:. The state was 4092: 4078: 4043: 4013: 4011:Kleindeutschland 3991: 3988:Kleindeutschland 3911:Kingdom of Italy 3876: 3851: 3845: 3836: 3826: 3817: 3736: 3719: 3716:Abgeordnetenhaus 3658: 3487: 3485:Befreiungskriege 3454:Prussian reforms 3392:summus episcopus 3388:summus episcopus 3361: 3316:armed neutrality 3312:demarcation army 3255: 3218:New East Prussia 3185:and establish a 3135: 3091:balance of power 2974:Seven Years' War 2924:Treaty of Berlin 2905:were to pass to 2788:died during the 2721:sovereign states 2710:The style "King 2608:Duchy of Prussia 2597:its eastern part 2564:Duchy of Prussia 2480:ongoing question 2448:Seven Years' War 2428:kings of Prussia 2394: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2381: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2221: 2204: 2203: 2137: 2136: 2107: 1991:Migration Period 1986:Germanic peoples 1981:Urnfield culture 1849: 1839: 1821: 1820: 1777:area (from 1918) 1726:Duchy of Prussia 1682: 1677: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1602:New East Prussia 1576: 1570: 1561: 1413:New East Prussia 1387: 1373: 1355:(1866–1871) and 1350: 1308: 1307: 1294: 1293: 1280: 1279: 1266: 1265: 1252: 1251: 1238: 1237: 1220: 1219: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1189: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1160: 1147: 1146: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1118: 1105: 1104: 1091: 1090: 1077: 1076: 1063: 1062: 1049: 1048: 1035: 1034: 1021: 1020: 1011: 1005: 1004: 991: 990: 977: 976: 963: 962: 949: 948: 935: 934: 928: 927: 912: 911: 903: 893: 883: 873: 863: 775:28 November 1918 675: 635: 632:Abgeordnetenhaus 616: 597: 567: 546: 238: 231: 224: 217: 210: 203: 196: 189: 182: 175: 163: 162: 135: 117: 81: 65: 47: 39: 28: 27: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9167:Former kingdoms 9152: 9151: 9150: 9141: 9066:princely states 9014: 8950:Kingdom of Fiji 8923: 8669:Austria-Hungary 8637: 8400: 8334: 8133: 8119:Solomon Islands 8033: 8015: 7947: 7862: 7820: 7752: 7698:Democratization 7666: 7610: 7577: 7572: 7542: 7537: 7503: 7499:Alsace–Lorraine 7487: 7459: 7433: 7425: 7405: 7395: 7359: 7355:Weimar-Eisenach 7335:Hesse-Darmstadt 7316: 7307: 7259:and the former 7255:(including the 7254: 7225: 7205: 7199: 7169: 7164: 7136: 7082: 7039: 7035:Weimar-Eisenach 7015:Hesse-Darmstadt 7001: 6992: 6971: 6965: 6935: 6930: 6919: 6884: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6845: 6844: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6804: 6803: 6791: 6790: 6781: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6768:Reuss-Ebersdorf 6754: 6710: 6700: 6692: 6690:Gotha-Altenburg 6684: 6676: 6674:Coburg-Saalfeld 6668: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6631: 6623: 6607: 6592: 6564: 6560:Weimar-Eisenach 6535:Hesse-Darmstadt 6518: 6502: 6466: 6457: 6441: 6435: 6405: 6400: 6388: 6377: 6372: 6358:Halle-Merseburg 6352: 6344: 6332: 6319: 6316: 6308: 6299: 6283: 6275: 6267: 6234: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6202: 6193: 6177: 6165: 6153: 6141: 6125: 6117: 6105: 6097: 6081: 6054: 6042: 6036:Lauenburg–Bütow 6026: 6006: 5972: 5965: 5935: 5930: 5918: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5727: 5724: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5658: 5656: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5619: 5615: 5600:10.2307/2337688 5584: 5580: 5565:10.2307/2139282 5549: 5545: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5449: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5410: 5406: 5400:Wayback Machine 5391: 5387: 5353:Hesse-Darmstadt 5338: 5334: 5328:Waldeck-Pyrmont 5269: 5265: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5219: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5183: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5057:Wayback Machine 5048: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4965: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4914: 4912: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4677:Congress Poland 4554: 4548: 4526:, Russians (in 4476:ethnolinguistic 4464: 4436: 4430: 4399:legal certainty 4380: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4288:needs expansion 4273: 4249: 4239: 4223: 4196:Weimar Republic 4190:, commanded by 4100: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4056: 4050: 4024:Hall of Mirrors 3923:Duchy of Nassau 3901: 3874: 3872: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3824: 3822: 3815: 3813: 3645:Austrian Empire 3636: 3585:Reformed Church 3518:Congress Poland 3502: 3480:Sixth Coalition 3438:Duchy of Warsaw 3356:. The title of 3296:Treaty of Basel 3278:(other colours) 3268: 3266:Napoleonic Wars 3262: 3170:to restore the 3129: 3051: 3043:Main articles: 3041: 2883: 2877: 2819:. Crown Prince 2754: 2729:King of Prussia 2666:King in Prussia 2651:Wehlau-Bromberg 2570: 2558:Main articles: 2556: 2551: 2541:as a whole was 2484:Napoleonic Wars 2388: 2387: 2379: 2360: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2296: 2278: 2257: 2224: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2161:Weimar Republic 2134: 2124: 2123: 2110: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2049: 2039: 2038: 2014: 2006: 2005: 2001:Frankish Empire 1976:Únětice culture 1966: 1958: 1957: 1902:Historic states 1857: 1837: 1830: 1781:Klaipėda Region 1652: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1642:County of Glatz 1577: 1573: 1569: 1559:Bundespräsidium 1550:Federated state 1543:Bundespräsidium 1534:Federated state 1512:Federated state 1491:Duchy of Warsaw 1388: 1384: 1379: 1364: 1331: 1327: 1305: 1291: 1277: 1263: 1249: 1235: 1229: 1217: 1203: 1196: 1187: 1182:Duchy of Warsaw 1181: 1158: 1144: 1130: 1116: 1102: 1088: 1074: 1060: 1053:Duchy of Nassau 1046: 1032: 1025:Duchy of Warsaw 1018: 1009: 1002: 988: 974: 960: 946: 932: 906: 838: 828: 818: 808: 772: 758:9 November 1918 755: 744:18 January 1871 741: 728: 718:5 December 1848 715: 702: 689: 679:18 January 1701 676: 667: 656: 647:New Imperialism 626: 607: 574: 563: 560: 542: 528: 516: 495: 452: 449: 445: 441: 434:Prussian United 420: 409: 408: 407: 306: 292: 287: 283: 272: 240: 239: 232: 225: 218: 211: 197: 190: 183: 176: 164: 144: 141: 139: 137: 127: 123: 122: 120: 118: 110: 108: 106: 100: 91: 90: 89: 87: 82: 74: 73: 71: 66: 48: 41: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9265: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9070: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9020: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8824:Ottoman Empire 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8784:Kartli-Kakheti 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8635: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8466: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8193:Central Africa 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8154: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8131: 8129:United Kingdom 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8043: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7872: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7837: 7835: 7826: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7786:Prince regnant 7783: 7782: 7781: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7703:Decolonization 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7657:Personal union 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7627:Constitutional 7624: 7618: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7571: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7548: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7526: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7469: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7429: 7421: 7415: 7413: 7411:Principalities 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7198: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7098: 7092: 7090: 7088:Principalities 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7011: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6964: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6941: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6896: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6838: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6808: 6795: 6785: 6775: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6719:Principalities 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698:Hildburghausen 6695: 6687: 6679: 6671: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6642: 6634: 6626: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6467: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6355: 6347: 6342:Greater Berlin 6339: 6322: 6320: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6265:Rhine Province 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6184: 6172: 6156: 6148: 6132: 6120: 6112: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6057: 6049: 6033: 6013: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5964: 5963: 5956: 5949: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5846: 5845: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5680: 5665: 5650:Hintze, Otto. 5639: 5638: 5631: 5613: 5578: 5543: 5516: 5485: 5459: 5428: 5416: 5404: 5385: 5369:Saxe-Meiningen 5332: 5316:Saxe-Altenburg 5263: 5240: 5206: 5176: 5169: 5133: 5124: 5108: 5102:Walker, Mack, 5095: 5082: 5069: 5060: 5042: 5031: 5022: 5005: 4975: 4948: 4922: 4893: 4884: 4877: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4844: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4762:Rhine Province 4758: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4653:Netze District 4550:Main article: 4547: 4544: 4506:(in Silesia), 4498:(in Lusatia), 4463: 4460: 4432:Main article: 4429: 4426: 4379: 4376: 4306: 4305: 4285: 4283: 4272: 4269: 4238: 4235: 4222: 4219: 4192:Waldemar Pabst 4179:personal union 4094: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4052:Main article: 4049: 4046: 3935:personal union 3931:Saxe-Lauenburg 3873: 3860:, Luxembourg, 3848: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3814: 3758:prime minister 3635: 3632: 3589:Prussian Union 3587:in 1817, (see 3501: 3498: 3364:Prince-elector 3343:Denmark–Norway 3282:Following the 3264:Main article: 3261: 3258: 3236:) and Russia ( 3175:stadtholderate 3111:Netze District 3083:Russian Empire 3040: 3037: 2879:Main article: 2876: 2873: 2817:Swedish Empire 2813:Tsarist Russia 2794:bubonic plague 2753: 2750: 2733:King of Poland 2688:, acquiesced. 2620:personal union 2616:Teutonic Order 2599:following the 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2430:were from the 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2316: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2287:Modern history 2283: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2227:1945–1949/1952 2225: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2135: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1909: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1867:Historiography 1864: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1804: 1798: 1784: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1714:Teutonic Order 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1690:Northern March 1684: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1627:Rhine Province 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1597:Netze District 1594: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1564:German Emperor 1547: 1531: 1522:, as well as 1509: 1500:Member of the 1498: 1475: 1465: 1454: 1436: 1409:Netze District 1389: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1365: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1268: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1200: 1192: 1191: 1184: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1112: 1111: 1109:Saxe-Lauenburg 1106: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1006: 998: 997: 992: 984: 983: 978: 970: 969: 964: 956: 955: 950: 942: 941: 936: 924: 923: 918: 908: 907: 905: 904: 894: 884: 874: 864: 853: 851: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 836: 833: 832: 829: 826: 823: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 794: 793: 790: 786: 785: 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 763: 760: 759: 756: 749: 746: 745: 742: 736: 733: 732: 731:18 August 1866 729: 723: 720: 719: 716: 710: 707: 706: 703: 697: 694: 693: 690: 684: 681: 680: 677: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 655: 654: 649: 643: 641: 640:Historical era 637: 636: 627: 621: 618: 617: 608: 602: 599: 598: 589: 585: 584: 581: 580: 575: 572: 569: 568: 561: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 526: 523: 522: 517: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 497: 496: 494: 493: 487: 480: 478: 474: 473: 468: 462: 461: 460: 459: 438:state religion 415: 411: 410: 406: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 307: 302: 301: 278: 274: 273: 271: 270: 264: 258: 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 226: 212: 198: 184: 170: 169: 166: 165: 142: 93: 92: 83: 76: 75: 67: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9264: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8945:Easter Island 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8484:Jabal Shammar 8482: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8464: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8042: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7976:Liechtenstein 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7779:Queen regnant 7777: 7776: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7738:Republicanism 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7718:Head of state 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7652:Non-sovereign 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7550: 7549: 7546: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7426:(Junior Line) 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7322:Grand Duchies 7319: 7314: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7184: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7103:(Junior Line) 7099: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7007:Grand Duchies 7004: 6999: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6881: 6880:Sondershausen 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6853: 6850: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6820: 6819:Reuss-Schleiz 6817: 6815: 6809: 6802: 6800:(Junior Line) 6796: 6789: 6786: 6779: 6776: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6735:Liechtenstein 6733: 6731: 6730:Hesse-Homburg 6728: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6691: 6688: 6683: 6680: 6675: 6672: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6643: 6638: 6635: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6523:Grand duchies 6521: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6464: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6398: 6394: 6386: 6380: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6351: 6348: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6330:Upper Silesia 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6282: 6279: 6274: 6271: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6175:South Prussia 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6101: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6053: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5962: 5957: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Bismarck-Roon 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414:, p. 34. 5413: 5408: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5336: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5292:Lippe-Detmold 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5172: 5170:0-945466-22-6 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5064: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5019: 5018:1-58477-077-5 5015: 5009: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4936: 4933:(in German). 4932: 4926: 4910: 4907:(in German). 4906: 4900: 4898: 4888: 4880: 4878:9780815630814 4874: 4870: 4863: 4859: 4848: 4841: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661:South Prussia 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633:Royal Prussia 4630: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618:Silesian Wars 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4578: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4378:Constitutions 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4286:This section 4284: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4231: 4230:Berlin Palace 4227: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4152:Eastern Front 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4129:Frederick III 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4091: 4077: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4054:German Empire 4045: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016:German Empire 4012: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862:Reuss-Schleiz 3859: 3855: 3854:Liechtenstein 3840: 3830: 3821: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3726:three classes 3723: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3678:German Empire 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3605:Old Lutherans 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3161:South Prussia 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095:Royal Prussia 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2939:Great Britain 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2919:Maria Theresa 2916: 2912: 2911:Piast dynasty 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893:In 1740 King 2887: 2882: 2881:Silesian Wars 2872: 2870: 2866: 2865:Prussian Army 2862: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2725:Royal Prussia 2722: 2717: 2716:legal fiction 2713: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Hohenzollerns 2569: 2565: 2561: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2507:German Empire 2504: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2472:Prussian Army 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:German Empire 2402: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2317: 2314: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:Reunification 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2142: 2141:German Empire 2139: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2084:Mediatisation 2082: 2081: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965:Early history 1962: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1702:Old Prussians 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1637:Upper Silesia 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1592:South Prussia 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554:German Empire 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1477:State of the 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:South Prussia 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1357:German Empire 1354: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321:Today part of 1319: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 986: 985: 982: 979: 972: 971: 968: 965: 958: 957: 954: 953:Royal Prussia 951: 944: 943: 940: 937: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 909: 902: 901: 895: 892: 891: 885: 882: 881: 880:Vereinsthaler 875: 872: 871: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 834: 830: 824: 820: 814: 810: 804: 800: 795: 791: 787: 782: 778: 774: 771: 767: 761: 757: 753: 747: 743: 740: 734: 730: 727: 721: 717: 714: 708: 704: 701: 695: 692:6 August 1806 691: 688: 682: 678: 674: 670: 663: 659: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 642: 638: 634: 633: 628: 625: 619: 615: 614: 609: 606: 600: 596: 595: 590: 586: 582: 579: 578:Max von Baden 576: 570: 566: 562: 556: 552: 548: 545: 540: 536: 533: 530: 524: 521: 518: 512: 508: 504: 502: 498: 491: 488: 485: 482: 481: 479: 475: 472: 469: 467: 463: 458: 455: 454: 453: 448: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:Protestantism 419: 416: 412: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 367:Lower Sorbian 365: 363: 362:Upper Sorbian 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 327:North Frisian 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 305: 300:, 1815–1848) 299: 295: 290: 286: 282: 279: 275: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 257: 253: 250: 247: 243: 236: 235:German Empire 230: 222: 216: 208: 202: 194: 188: 180: 174: 167: 134: 133: 126: 125:Royal anthem: 116: 115: 105: 104: 98: 94: 86: 80: 70: 64: 56: 51: 45: 38: 29: 26: 22: 9122:South Africa 9117:Sierra Leone 9064: 8894:Two Sicilies 8848: 8829:Papal States 8629: 8568: 8461: 8327: 8087:Cook Islands 7940: 7926:Saudi Arabia 7855: 7531:Mitteleuropa 7522:Mittelafrika 7434:(Elder Line) 7432:Reuss-Greiz 7396:(until 1876) 7388:Coburg-Gotha 7291:West Prussia 7248:Hohenzollern 7244:Hesse-Nassau 7236:East Prussia 7221: 7111:(Elder Line) 7109:Reuss-Greiz 7068:Coburg-Gotha 6982: 6856:(until 1850) 6846:(until 1850) 6834:Hohenzollern 6823:(until 1848) 6813:(Elder Line) 6811:Reuss-Greiz 6782:(until 1824) 6772:(until 1824) 6701:(until 1826) 6693:(until 1826) 6682:Coburg-Gotha 6677:(until 1826) 6648:(until 1847) 6640:(until 1863) 6632:(until 1863) 6514:Hesse-Kassel 6477: 6297:Hesse-Nassau 6281:Hohenzollern 6163:West Prussia 6086: 5777:Hohenzollern 5732: 5685:. Retrieved 5670: 5657:. Retrieved 5652: 5644:Bibliography 5643: 5642: 5622: 5616: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5498: 5488: 5476:. Retrieved 5471: 5462: 5450:. Retrieved 5441: 5431: 5424: 5419: 5407: 5388: 5357:Hesse-Kassel 5335: 5266: 5256:– via 5250: 5243: 5231:. Retrieved 5226: 5197:. Retrieved 5188: 5179: 5150: 5127: 5103: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5063: 5045: 5034: 5025: 5008: 4996:. Retrieved 4987: 4978: 4970: 4939:. Retrieved 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4887: 4868: 4862: 4847: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4782: 4759: 4693: 4626: 4591: 4546:Subdivisions 4542:and others. 4473: 4456: 4441: 4437: 4423: 4415: 4403: 4381: 4346:. Following 4325: 4296: 4292:adding to it 4287: 4257:bureaucratic 4250: 4207:constitution 4200: 4187: 4160: 4137: 4123: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4057: 4001:Napoleon III 3994: 3983: 3967:constitution 3963:West Prussia 3948: 3944: 3939: 3904: 3891:Hesse-Kassel 3819: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3743: 3708: 3697: 3682: 3650: 3637: 3622:(ruled by a 3609: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3539:West Prussia 3535:East Prussia 3532: 3525:and much of 3511: 3473: 3458: 3451: 3432:. After the 3419: 3391: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3351: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3281: 3242: 3234:West Galicia 3207: 3165: 3155:(Toruń) and 3142: 3119:Marienwerder 3102: 3097:, including 3076: 3027:(1744), the 3022: 3011: 3005: 2978: 2959: 2928: 2895:Frederick II 2892: 2858: 2806: 2786:East Prussia 2755: 2741: 2736: 2728: 2711: 2709: 2662:Crown Treaty 2655: 2640: 2605: 2571: 2528: 2519:Napoleon III 2500: 2482:. After the 2425: 2367: 2365: 2181:World War II 2171:Nazi Germany 2132:German Reich 2063: 2059:18th century 2054:Sectionalism 2019:East Francia 1751: 1587:West Prussia 1574: 1541: 1504:(1814–1848; 1460:(1707–1806, 1445:(1701–1772, 1429:West Prussia 1425:East Prussia 1401:West Prussia 1397:East Prussia 1385: 1368: 1345: 1226: 1178: 921:Succeeded by 920: 915: 860:Reichsthaler 837:• 1910 827:• 1871 817:• 1816 807:• 1756 486:(until 1848) 450: 442: 436:after 1817 ( 417: 382:Old Prussian 322:East Frisian 303: 291:(until 1806) 280: 124: 102: 96: 85:Coat of arms 25: 9061:British Raj 9033:(Sri Lanka) 8919:Württemberg 8631:South Yemen 8519:Maguindanao 8412:Afghanistan 8173:Barotseland 8109:Saint Lucia 8082:New Zealand 7991:Netherlands 7764:Chhatrapati 7748:Sovereignty 7688:Aristocracy 7465:City-states 7424:Reuss-Gera 7303:Württemberg 7232:Brandenburg 7224:as a whole 7204:(1871–1918) 7142:City-states 7101:Reuss-Gera 6970:(1866–1871) 6893:Free cities 6867:Schwarzburg 6852:Sigmaringen 6805:(from 1848) 6798:Reuss-Gera 6792:(1824-1848) 6685:(from 1826) 6669:(from 1826) 6624:(from 1863) 6593:(from 1839) 6507:Electorates 6498:Württemberg 6440:(1815–1866) 6393:Lower Rhine 6276:(1824–1878) 6227:Brandenburg 6191:New Silesia 6151:East Frisia 6024:Halberstadt 5978:Before 1701 5971:(1525–1947) 5762:Brandenburg 5474:(in German) 5412:Jacoby 1973 5381:Württemberg 5365:Reuss-Greiz 5229:(in German) 5159:. pp. 4837:Kingdom of 4657:New Silesia 4651:became the 4639:became the 4482:(including 4322:Collection) 4265:squirearchy 4261:Otto Hintze 4184:Netherlands 4148:World War I 4030:outside of 3691:led to the 3595:Protestant 3559:confederacy 3378:as well as 3368:Brandenburg 3252:Kulturkampf 3230:New Silesia 3130: [ 3065:(red), the 3031:(1791) and 3018:great power 2907:Brandenburg 2899:Ferdinand I 2766:Brandenburg 2670:Frederick I 2513:of today's 2476:Switzerland 2468:great power 2151:World War I 2077:Unification 2013:Middle Ages 1948:Württemberg 1928:Family tree 1836:History of 1811:Brandenburg 1803:(from 1945) 1797:(from 1945) 1710:(1157–1618) 1663:Brandenburg 1661:History of 1423:1795–1806; 1351:During the 916:Preceded by 754:proclaimed 705:8 June 1815 673:Frederick I 652:World War I 624:Lower house 605:Upper house 588:Legislature 520:Frederick I 492:(from 1848) 447:Catholicism 304:Minorities: 298:GD of Posen 233:Within the 219:Within the 205:Within the 191:Within the 177:Within the 140:(1795–1918) 121:(1830–1840) 114:Preußenlied 109:(1820–1830) 88:(1701–1871) 72:(1803–1892) 9156:Categories 9127:Tanganyika 9042:The Gambia 8970:Niuē-Fekai 8909:Yugoslavia 8809:Montenegro 8616:Upper Yafa 8611:Upper Asir 8248:Madagascar 7981:Luxembourg 7713:Government 7678:Abdication 7647:Hereditary 7575:Monarchies 7287:Westphalia 6875:Rudolstadt 6540:Luxembourg 6317:after 1918 6260:Westphalia 6087:After 1701 6075:St. Thomas 6065:Gold Coast 6004:Ravensberg 5904:Schleicher 5874:Stegerwald 5772:Manteuffel 5747:Camphausen 5258:Wikisource 5199:4 November 4998:2 November 4808:References 4679:after the 4627:After the 4540:Hungarians 4452:Mennonites 4330:until the 4241:See also: 4237:Government 4133:William II 4028:Versailles 4020:proclaimed 3733:Herrenhaus 3655:Zollverein 3575:Protestant 3527:Westphalia 3474:After the 3386:Churches ( 3384:Protestant 3341:alongside 3127:Braunsberg 2989:Königsberg 2778:Ravensberg 2762:Baltic Sea 2407:until its 2380:pronounced 2291:since 1990 2274:New states 2218:Ostgebiete 2211:Occupation 2104:Zollverein 1952:Mediatised 1862:Chronology 1508:1814–1857) 1435:1815–1866) 900:Papiermark 896:1914–1918 886:1873–1914 876:1857–1873 866:1750–1857 856:1701–1750 841:40,169,219 831:24,689,000 821:10,349,031 797:Population 770:Wilhelm II 766:Abdication 669:Coronation 613:Herrenhaus 532:Wilhelm II 477:Government 466:Demonym(s) 388:Kursenieki 377:Lithuanian 342:Slovincian 312:Low German 267:Königsberg 69:State flag 9097:Mauritius 8990:Rarotonga 8975:Nuku Hiva 8965:Mangareva 8940:Bora Bora 8819:Neuchâtel 8789:Lithuania 8694:Catalonia 8581:Sri Lanka 8534:Manchukuo 8509:Kurdistan 8463:Indonesia 8386:Talamanca 8346:Araucanía 8329:and other 8308:Wassoulou 8052:Australia 7728:Oligarchy 7401:Meiningen 7393:Lauenburg 7383:Altenburg 7378:Brunswick 7350:Oldenburg 7271:Rhineland 7252:Pomerania 7078:Meiningen 7073:Lauenburg 7063:Altenburg 7058:Brunswick 7030:Oldenburg 6927:partially 6905:Frankfurt 6842:Hechingen 6706:Meiningen 6666:Altenburg 6603:Lauenburg 6580:Brunswick 6555:Oldenburg 6391:From the 6366:Kurhessen 6362:Magdeburg 6240:Pomerania 6216:(1814–15) 6095:Neuchâtel 6052:Magdeburg 5923:See also: 5909:Papen III 5889:Braun III 5817:Michaelis 5797:Eulenburg 5767:Ladenberg 5752:Auerswald 5501:: 13–14. 5444:: 12–13. 5312:Oldenburg 5288:Lauenburg 5284:Brunswick 4624:in 1740. 4504:Moravians 4462:Ethnicity 4444:Catholics 4390:Volkswehr 4299:June 2008 4165:(German: 4156:armistice 4125:William I 3979:Bundesrat 3975:Reichstag 3971:president 3899:Frankfurt 3772:Wilhelm I 3754:Frederick 3750:William I 3685:Schleswig 3674:William I 3607:by 1830. 3569:Calvinist 3410:Francis I 3203:The Hague 3166:In 1787, 3151:in 1793; 3123:Heilsberg 3001:Peter III 2926:in 1742. 2840:. In the 2826:Pomerania 2782:Rhineland 2682:Leopold I 2529:With the 2260:1949–1990 2237:1944–1950 2185:1939–1945 2175:1933–1945 2165:1918–1933 2155:1914–1918 2145:1871–1918 1920:Empresses 1775:Działdowo 811:4,500,000 430:Calvinist 414:Religion 337:Kashubian 296:(only in 289:Neo-Latin 281:Official: 269:(1806–07) 107:"Prussia" 53:1701–1918 9112:Rhodesia 9107:Pakistan 9026:Barbados 8995:Rimatara 8985:Rapa Iti 8914:Valencia 8889:Tavolara 8879:Scotland 8844:Portugal 8804:Moldavia 8689:Bulgaria 8684:Brittany 8659:Asturias 8539:Mongolia 8529:Maldives 8391:Trinidad 8381:Suriname 8339:Americas 8323:Zimbabwe 8318:Zanzibar 8303:Wituland 8278:Ngazidja 8273:Ndzuwani 8208:Ethiopia 7931:Thailand 7911:Malaysia 7891:Cambodia 7841:Eswatini 7637:Elective 7622:Absolute 7210:Kingdoms 6976:Kingdoms 6629:Bernburg 6585:Holstein 6471:Kingdoms 6387:in 1848. 6103:Guelders 6060:Colonies 5899:Papen II 5879:Braun II 5822:Hertling 5503:Archived 5446:Archived 5423:Hintze, 5396:Archived 5193:Archived 5147:(1999). 5053:Archived 4992:Archived 4935:Archived 4909:Archived 4839:Nordmark 4596:and the 4580:Current 4536:Italians 4524:Walloons 4516:Frisians 4428:Religion 4271:Politics 3940:de facto 3925:and the 3812:(1866): 3776:Bismarck 3689:Holstein 3624:Catholic 3583:and the 3581:Lutheran 3577:Churches 3549:and the 3380:de facto 3374:was now 3359:Kurfürst 3286:and the 3179:Patriots 3172:Orangist 2798:Prenzlau 2796:reached 2737:de facto 2594:acquired 2253:division 1912:Monarchs 1872:Military 1827:a series 1825:Part of 890:Goldmark 850:Currency 471:Prussian 426:Lutheran 372:Polabian 357:Moravian 347:Silesian 103:Borussia 9102:Nigeria 9077:Ireland 9005:Tahuata 8980:Raiatea 8960:Huahine 8935:Abemama 8928:Oceania 8899:Tuscany 8854:Romania 8849:Prussia 8814:Navarre 8794:Majorca 8774:Ireland 8769:Imereti 8764:Iceland 8759:Hungary 8754:Hanover 8749:Granada 8739:Germany 8734:Georgia 8729:Galicia 8719:Finland 8709:Corsica 8704:Cilicia 8674:Bavaria 8664:Austria 8649:Albania 8621:Vietnam 8564:Sarawak 8554:Qu'aiti 8489:Kathiri 8452:Dapitan 8427:Bukhara 8376:Miskito 8298:Tunisia 8288:Shilluk 8198:Dahomey 8188:Burundi 8178:Bagirmi 8158:Adamawa 8077:Jamaica 8072:Grenada 8057:Bahamas 8021:Oceania 7971:Denmark 7966:Belgium 7961:Andorra 7876:Bahrain 7851:Morocco 7846:Lesotho 7825:Current 7816:Pharaoh 7769:Emperor 7708:Dynasty 7662:Regency 7642:Federal 7632:Diarchy 7586:Monarch 7478:Hamburg 7365:Duchies 7283:Silesia 7240:Hanover 7222:Prussia 7217:Bavaria 7155:Hamburg 7045:Duchies 6983:Prussia 6910:Hamburg 6590:Limburg 6569:Duchies 6493:Hanover 6483:Bavaria 6478:Prussia 6453:Austria 6446:Empires 6383:Became 6302:1866–68 6293:Hanover 6255:Silesia 6168:1772–73 6135:Silesia 6130:/ 1815) 6040:Draheim 5969:Prussia 5894:Papen I 5869:Braun I 5792:Caprivi 5687:15 June 5659:15 June 5608:2337688 5573:2139282 5538:1009032 5509:7 April 5478:6 April 5452:7 April 5349:Hanover 5345:Bavaria 5300:Hamburg 5233:3 April 4528:Wojnowo 4484:Kashubs 4448:Muslims 4352:Landtag 4175:Marxism 4144:Russian 4140:British 4022:in the 3879:Hanover 3858:Limburg 3839:Austria 3820:Prussia 3739:Junkers 3709:Landtag 3376:de jure 3354:Austria 3214:Vistula 3061:). The 2985:Hanover 2956:in 1745 2903:Silesia 2861:Junkers 2780:in the 2731:by the 2674:Bohemia 2584:of the 2549:History 2539:Prussia 2521:in the 2452:Austria 2397:Prussia 1940:Prussia 1936:Bavaria 1932:Austria 1887:Judaism 1877:Economy 1838:Germany 1793:within 1791:Masuria 1767:Present 1738:within 1667:Prussia 1582:Ermland 1562:as the 1552:of the 1536:of the 1514:of the 1493:or the 1470:of the 1325:Germany 1300:Denmark 1286:Belgium 764:• 750:• 737:• 724:• 711:• 685:• 666:• 622:• 603:• 594:Landtag 457:Judaism 393:Yiddish 255:Capital 249:Kingdom 237:in 1871 223:in 1870 209:in 1815 195:in 1797 181:in 1714 97:Anthem: 9137:Uganda 9087:Malawi 9052:Guyana 9031:Ceylon 9010:Tahiti 9000:Rurutu 8955:Hawaii 8884:Serbia 8869:Saxony 8859:Russia 8744:Greece 8724:France 8714:Cyprus 8699:Crimea 8679:Bosnia 8654:Aragon 8642:Europe 8606:Taiwan 8576:Sikkim 8559:Ryukyu 8544:Najran 8442:Chehab 8422:Bengal 8371:Mexico 8356:Brazil 8283:Rwanda 8263:Maravi 8163:Ankole 8151:Africa 8143:Former 8124:Tuvalu 8067:Canada 8062:Belize 8006:Sweden 7996:Norway 7986:Monaco 7953:Europe 7906:Kuwait 7901:Jordan 7886:Brunei 7881:Bhutan 7833:Africa 7806:Sultan 7757:Titles 7671:Topics 7483:Lübeck 7473:Bremen 7373:Anhalt 7298:Saxony 7275:Saxony 7228:Berlin 7160:Lübeck 7150:Bremen 7053:Anhalt 6988:Saxony 6915:Lübeck 6900:Bremen 6645:Köthen 6637:Dessau 6621:Anhalt 6598:Nassau 6488:Saxony 6373:(1944) 6370:Nassau 6353:(1922) 6345:(1920) 6284:(1850) 6268:(1822) 6250:Saxony 6211:Vienna 6154:(1744) 6118:(1719) 6098:(1707) 6070:Arguin 6055:(1680) 6020:Minden 5996:Cleves 5914:Göring 5864:Hirsch 5678: 5629: 5606: 5571: 5536: 5373:Saxony 5361:Nassau 5296:Lübeck 5280:Bremen 5276:Anhalt 5274:were: 5253: 5167: 5016: 4875: 4663:, and 4637:Warmia 4532:French 4500:Czechs 4488:Mazurs 4253:feudal 4041:Kaiser 4005:France 3921:, the 3917:, the 3895:Nassau 3875: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3835: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3780:Moltke 3746:regent 3663:, the 3601:schism 3593:united 3463:after 3416:, 1813 3210:Warsaw 3157:Danzig 3099:Warmia 3073:(blue) 2981:Russia 2935:French 2802:Berlin 2792:. The 2770:Cleves 2705:Berlin 2647:Labiau 2636:homage 2632:Poland 2592:, and 2588:after 2566:, and 2464:Sweden 2460:France 2456:Russia 2421:Berlin 2372:German 1944:Saxony 1916:Queens 1856:Topics 1829:on the 1807:Berlin 1787:Warmia 1468:Vassal 1439:Vassal 1333:Russia 1329:Poland 870:Thaler 549: 505: 398:French 332:Polish 317:Danish 294:Polish 285:German 262:Berlin 245:Status 99: 44:German 40: 9092:Malta 9082:Kenya 9057:India 9047:Ghana 8874:Savoy 8864:Samos 8779:Italy 8626:Yemen 8601:Tibet 8596:Syria 8549:Nepal 8524:Mahra 8504:Kumul 8499:Korea 8494:Khiva 8473:Qajar 8457:Hejaz 8447:China 8432:Burma 8361:Haiti 8351:Aztec 8268:Mwali 8258:Maore 8238:Libya 8233:Kongo 8228:Kaffa 8223:Gumma 8218:Gomma 8213:Ghana 8203:Egypt 8183:Bornu 8168:Aussa 8029:Tonga 8001:Spain 7921:Qatar 7896:Japan 7508:Other 7419:Lippe 7330:Baden 7267:Posen 7096:Lippe 6760:Reuss 6740:Lippe 6530:Baden 6326:Lower 6139:Glatz 5807:Bülow 5757:Pfuel 5604:JSTOR 5569:JSTOR 5534:JSTOR 5341:Baden 5161:24–27 4941:2 May 4915:2 May 4520:Dutch 4508:Danes 4496:Sorbs 4480:Poles 4221:State 4036:siege 4032:Paris 3829:Italy 3770:King 3430:Memel 3366:) of 3331:Stade 3222:Narew 3153:Thorn 3134:] 2834:Rügen 2678:Italy 2668:" as 1892:Women 1464:only) 1453:only) 1227:1918: 1179:1807: 403:Dutch 352:Czech 9037:Fiji 8591:Sulu 8570:Shan 8514:Laos 8479:Iraq 8469:Iran 8437:Cebu 8417:Asir 8405:Asia 8366:Inca 8313:Yeke 8253:Mali 8243:Luba 8092:Niue 7942:list 7916:Oman 7868:Asia 7857:list 7811:Shah 7801:Tsar 7796:khan 7791:Raja 7774:King 7615:Type 6395:and 6335:1919 6196:1795 6180:1793 6159:East 6144:1742 6128:1720 6108:1713 6045:1657 6029:1648 6009:1614 6000:Mark 5884:Marx 5689:2015 5676:ISBN 5661:2015 5627:ISBN 5511:2023 5480:2023 5454:2023 5235:2023 5201:2017 5165:ISBN 5014:ISBN 5000:2020 4943:2007 4917:2007 4873:ISBN 4835:and 4772:and 4635:and 4512:Jews 4502:and 4416:The 4338:and 4314:The 4255:and 4245:and 4142:and 4018:was 3961:and 3951:Main 3897:and 3687:and 3618:and 3557:, a 3467:and 3452:The 3442:Elbe 3408:and 3304:Main 3224:and 3125:and 3047:and 2867:and 2850:Oder 2807:The 2776:and 2774:Mark 2695:The 2676:and 2649:and 2628:fief 2572:The 2462:and 2426:The 2366:The 2281:1990 2250:East 2246:West 1924:1918 1882:LGBT 1809:and 1734:and 1665:and 1526:and 1449:and 1419:and 789:1871 784:Area 501:King 428:and 8799:Man 5596:doi 5561:doi 4827:or 4530:), 4294:. 4026:at 4003:of 3240:). 3226:Bug 2630:of 768:of 671:of 9158:: 9075:/ 9063:, 7289:, 7285:, 7281:, 7277:, 7273:, 7269:, 7265:, 7250:, 7246:, 7242:, 7238:, 7234:, 7230:, 6368:/ 6364:/ 6360:/ 6328:/ 6295:/ 6291:/ 6189:/ 6161:/ 6137:/ 6038:/ 6022:/ 6018:/ 6002:/ 5998:/ 5602:. 5592:10 5590:. 5567:. 5555:. 5528:. 5497:. 5440:. 5379:, 5375:, 5371:, 5367:, 5363:, 5355:, 5351:, 5347:, 5343:, 5326:, 5322:, 5318:, 5314:, 5310:, 5306:, 5302:, 5298:, 5294:, 5290:, 5286:, 5282:, 5278:, 5209:^ 5191:. 5187:. 5163:. 5136:^ 5111:^ 4990:. 4986:. 4951:^ 4896:^ 4780:. 4659:, 4604:. 4538:, 4534:, 4522:, 4518:, 4514:, 4217:. 4198:. 4121:. 3893:, 3889:, 3885:, 3881:, 3868:, 3864:, 3856:, 3778:, 3630:. 3537:, 3449:. 3404:, 3394:. 3318:. 3163:. 3132:de 3103:of 2976:. 2772:, 2748:. 2742:of 2712:in 2703:, 2699:, 2603:. 2562:, 2545:. 2537:. 2458:, 2454:, 2434:. 2423:. 2378:, 2374:: 1950:, 1946:, 1942:, 1938:, 1934:, 1930:, 1926:, 1922:, 1918:, 1789:, 1431:, 1427:, 1415:, 1411:, 1407:, 1403:, 1399:, 1370:^b 1347:^a 440:)) 432:; 9069:) 9059:( 8634:) 8628:( 8475:) 8471:( 7567:e 7560:t 7553:v 7293:) 7263:) 7226:( 7194:e 7187:t 7180:v 6960:e 6953:t 6946:v 6430:e 6423:t 6416:v 6399:. 6337:) 6333:( 6304:) 6300:( 6198:) 6194:( 6182:) 6178:( 6170:) 6166:( 6146:) 6142:( 6126:( 6110:) 6106:( 6047:) 6043:( 6031:) 6027:( 6011:) 6007:( 5960:e 5953:t 5946:v 5852:: 5735:: 5719:e 5712:t 5705:v 5691:. 5663:. 5635:. 5610:. 5598:: 5575:. 5563:: 5557:2 5540:. 5530:5 5513:. 5482:. 5456:. 5383:. 5330:. 5260:. 5237:. 5203:. 5173:. 5020:. 5002:. 4945:. 4919:. 4881:. 4318:( 4301:) 4297:( 3362:( 2995:( 2370:( 2355:e 2348:t 2341:v 2248:– 1954:) 1914:( 1908:) 1904:( 1566:) 1546:) 1530:) 1497:) 1363:. 424:( 136:" 128:" 46:) 42:( 23:.

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