Low German - Knowledge

3017: 15059: 15163: 15110: 2495:. Within the official terminology defined in the charter, this status would not be available to a dialect of an official language (as per article 1a), and hence not to Low German in Germany if it were considered a dialect of German. Advocates of the promotion of Low German have expressed considerable hope that this political development will at once lend legitimacy to their claim that Low German is a separate language, and help mitigate the functional limits of the language that may still be cited as objective criteria for a mere dialect (such as the virtually complete absence from legal and administrative contexts, schools, the media, etc.). 15041: 663: 15139: 1109:) by approximately 1.6 million speakers. These dialects are written with an unstandardized orthography based on Standard Dutch orthography. The position of the language is, according to UNESCO, vulnerable. Between 1995 and 2011 the numbers of parent speakers dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. Numbers of child speakers dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period. According to a 2005 study 53% speak Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it in the researched area. The total number of speakers is estimated at 1.7 million speakers. There are speakers in the Dutch north and eastern provinces of 15029: 3029: 299: 14995: 15098: 2597: 15151: 286: 15431: 6119:

used on the street and in the home, but not in formal schooling. In their opinion, it simply did not match the nationally unifying power of High German. As a result, while Low German literature was deemed worthy of being taught in school, High German was chosen as the language of scholarly instruction. With High German the language of education and Low German the language of the home and daily life, a stable diglossia developed in Northern Germany. Various Low German dialects are understood by 10 million people, but many fewer are

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different written forms of what are essentially the same words. An attempt to unify the dialects in spelling was created by Reinhard Franz Hahn, a German-American linguist. He created the Algemeyne Schryvwys on etymological principles. He however restricted his spelling's focus mostly to the northern German dialects. A group of enthusiasts from both sides of the border took his principles and expanded them for the majority of the Low German dialects in both the Netherlands and Germany. This reworked version is called the

15071: 15386: 247: 15086: 15017: 15185: 3041: 15006: 221: 446: 3784: 3772: 273: 6245:. Therefore, a lot of Low German words sound similar to their English counterparts. One feature that does distinguish Low German from English generally is final devoicing of obstruents, as exemplified by the words 'good' and 'wind' below. This is a characteristic of Dutch and German as well and involves positional neutralization of voicing contrast in the coda position for obstruents (i.e. t = d at the end of a syllable.) This is not used in English except in the 312: 14950: 15127: 3796: 13847:. It is mostly used by modern official publications and internet sites, especially the Low German Knowledge. This diversity, a result of centuries of official neglect and suppression, has a very fragmenting and thus weakening effect on the language as a whole, since it has created barriers that do not exist on the spoken level. This severely hampers interregional and interdialectal written communication. Most of these systems aim at representing the 12488:

modify, as well as between the three genders, between the nominative and oblique cases and between indefinite (weak) and definite (strong) forms. However, there is a lot of variation in that respect and some or all of these distinctions may also be absent, so that a single undeclined form of the adjective can occur in all cases, as in English. This is especially common in the neuter. If the adjective is declined, the pattern tends to be as follows:

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northern Germany is occasionally viewed as part of Northern Europe, while the remaining part of Germany is less questioned as belonging to Central Europe. Close relationships also existed in the field of literature and poetry, for example the Norwegian Thidrekssaga (13th century) is based, according to its own information, on "Low German" and "Saxon" templates.

1309:, nevertheless, Pomeranian Brazilians are more often proud of their language, and particular religious traditions and culture, and not uncommonly inheriting the nationalism of their ancestors, being more likely to accept marriages of its members with Brazilians of origins other than a Germanic Central European one than to assimilate with Brazilians of 2238:. A distinguishing feature between the Low Franconian varieties and Low German varieties is the plural of the verbs. Low German varieties have a common verbal plural ending, whereas Low Franconian varieties have a different form for the second person plural. This is complicated in that in most Low Franconian varieties, including standard 14369: 14064: 14212: 12487:

The forms of Low German's adjectives are distinct from other closely related languages such as German and English. These forms fall somewhere in between these two languages. As in German, the adjectives in Low German may make a distinction between singular and plural to agree with the nouns that they

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turned into a free fall. The decision to exclude Low German in formal education was not without controversy, however. On one hand, proponents of Low German advocated that since it had a strong cultural and historical value and was the native language of students in northern Germany, it had a place in

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Linguistically, historically and culturally there are close contacts with the Netherlands, Denmark and other predominantly Protestant inhabitants of the North and Baltic Seas such as Great Britain, the rest of Scandinavia and the Baltic states. In German usage, for example on Norddeutscher Rundfunk,

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As an important identity-forming element, the Low German language has been taught in schools in northern Germany for several years. In 2023, for example, the first class in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania graduated in the subject Low German. The social position of Low German has improved significantly

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A commonly voiced idea on both sides of the border on the topic of spelling is 'Write it as you say it', which results in semi-phonetic spellings based on either German or Dutch spelling conventions. This seriously affects international legibility, as pronunciation can vary wildly, resulting in many

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Like English and Frisian, Low German is part of the North Sea Germanic languages and therefore has so-called Ingvaonisms. However, these are not distributed equally regionally everywhere. Some dialects have more and others fewer of these features, while some only occur in older forms of language and

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Initially, regional languages and dialects were thought to limit the intellectual ability of their speakers. When historical linguists illustrated the archaic character of certain features and constructions of Low German, this was seen as a sign of its "backwardness". It was not until the efforts of

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However, there are numerous other cultural and historical features that are common to the entire Low German-speaking area, such as the special architectural style of the "Low German hall house". These houses are often provided with traditional gable decorations, which are also known under the terms

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While Old Saxon has lost the Germanic reflexive pronouns such as Old English and Old Frisian and instead resorts to the relevant third-person personal pronoun, modern Low German borrows reflexive pronouns from German. In Sauerland, it is conjugated as in Proto-Germanic and Icelandic. In addition, a

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The language grouping of Low German is referred to, in the language itself as well as in its umbrella languages of German and Dutch, in several different ways, ranging from official names such as Niederdeutsche and Nederduits to more general characterisations such as "dialect". The proliferation of

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Although there are no secession efforts in northern Germany, some are making efforts to strengthen northern German identity. In the 80s a flag was designed for Lower Germany, which is more or less widespread in northern Germany and is very heavily criticized, because their design is similar to the

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are generally considered separate languages in their own right. Since Low German has strongly declined since the 18th century, the perceived similarities with High German or Dutch may often be direct adaptations from the dominating standard language, resulting in a growing inability by speakers to

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Scholarly arguments have been put forward for classifying Low German as a German dialect. As stated above, the arguments are not linguistic but rather sociopolitical and revolve mainly around the fact that Low German has no official standard form or use in sophisticated media. The situation of Low

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but Low German Sever/Sebber while German Käfer) However, since Anglo-Frisian features occur in Low German and especially in its older language stages, there is a tendency to prefer the Ingvaeonic classification instead of the Anglo-Frisian one, which also takes Low German into account. Because Old

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Since the Brothers Grimm were friends with the von Haxterhausen family, numerous fairy tales by the Grimm children and household tales come from the Westphalian and thus Low German cultural area. However, there are a remarkable number of Grimm's fairy tales that are written in Low German in their

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Through the works of advocates like Groth, both proponents and opponents of Low German in formal education saw the language's innate value as the cultural and historical language of northern Germany. Nevertheless, opponents claimed that it should simply remain a spoken and informal language to be

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The following table tries to reflect the linguistic situation of the individual dialects as diverse as possible and to name as many case forms of the respective pronouns, but it is not able to do justice to every dialect. So the pronoun of the third person singular feminine can be pronounced as

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In the early 20th century, scholars in the Netherlands argued that speaking dialects hindered language acquisition, and it was therefore strongly discouraged. As education improved, and mass communication became more widespread, the Low Saxon dialects further declined, although decline has been

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In addition, there are of course numerous other changes that are not related to Ingwaonic phenomena, but that arose in exchange with other languages or something else. The table below reflects some of these developments insofar as they affect several dialects and are therefore not exceptional

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became successful with their overt disapproval of what they experienced as "misplaced Dutch snobbery" and the Western Dutch contempt for (speakers of) Low Saxon dialects, they gained a following among the more rurally oriented inhabitants, launching Low Saxon as a sub-culture. They inspired

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The Germanic tribe of the Saxons, along with numerous other influencing factors like Slavic people, is considered one of the cultural and historical ancestors of the Northern Germans, so that there are still many points of connection to the Anglo-Saxons in folklore. The name of the city

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nicht in deutscher Sprache abgefaßt.“ – BGH-Beschluss vom 19. November 2002, Az. X ZB 23/01), ist nach dem Kommentar von Foerster/Friedersen/Rohde zu § 82a des Landesverwaltungsgesetzes Schleswig-Holstein unter Verweis auf Entscheidungen höherer Gerichte zu § 184 des

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proponents such as Klaus Groth that this impression changed. Groth's publications demonstrated that Low German was a valuable language in its own right, and he was able to convince others that Low German was suitable for literary arts and was a national treasure worth keeping.

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Synthetic subjunctive verb forms are mostly identical to the indicative forms of the past tense and the pluperfect tense - much like Dutch and English. It is thus only recognizable from the context of a sentence. It is often formed periphrastically by using the helping verbs

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region of the United States have diverged since emigration. The survival of the language is tenuous in many places, and has died out in many places where assimilation has occurred. Members and friends of the Historical Society of North German Settlements in western New York

1321:, and non-East Pomeranian-speaking German and Prussian heritage – that were much more numerous immigrants to both Brazilian regions (and whose language almost faded out in the latter, due to assimilation and internal migration), by themselves less numerous than the 16311: 14356: 1159:

There are also immigrant communities where Low German is spoken in the Western hemisphere, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. In some of these countries, the language is part of the

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Even in Schleswig-Holstein, in the former settlement area of the Angles, one finds solitude in the storytelling tradition. “Grendel” is a Schleswig-Holstein dialect expression for a monster living in swamps, as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf poem .

1213:), a community of Lutherans who trace their immigration from Pomerania in the 1840s, hold quarterly "Plattdeutsch lunch" events, where remaining speakers of the language gather to share and preserve the dialect. Mennonite colonies in Paraguay, Belize, and 14199: 14358: 14522: 14588: 14403: 14051: 2479:. Eastern Low German and Plautdietsch are classified as part of Greater East Low German, while Eastphalian, Westphalic, and the North Low Saxon languages, German Northern Low Saxon and Gronings, are classified as part of West Low German. 14707: 14550: 14569: 9119:

Besides being unsourced, the article is wrong (or at best incomplete and misleading). Also, as there are different Low German dialects with different grammar, it probably makes more sense to give the dialectal grammar in articles like

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the classroom. On the other hand, High German was considered the language of education, science, and national unity, and since schools promoted these values, High German was seen as the best candidate for the language of instruction.

13922: 14201: 14405: 13903: 13882: 2242:, the original second-person plural form has replaced the singular. Some dialects, including again standard Dutch, innovated a new second-person plural form in the last few centuries, using the other plural forms as the source. 643:

It has been estimated that Low German has approximately 2–5 million speakers in Germany, primarily Northern Germany (ranging from well to very well), and 2.15 million in the Netherlands (ranging from reasonable to very well).

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Nonetheless, the position of the language is vulnerable according to UNESCO. Low Saxon is still spoken more widely than in Northern Germany. Efforts are made in Germany and in the Netherlands to protect Low German as a

14053: 14728: 14709: 14552: 15730: 14571: 14386: 775:, and the German communities in Estonia and Latvia, most notably their Hanseatic cities. German speakers in this area fled the Red Army or were forcibly expelled after the border changes at the end of World War II. 14747: 13924: 9955:

The conjugation patterns can vary greatly depending on the dialect. The more northern dialects are strongly influenced by German, while East Westphalian and especially Vjens have retained many ancient features.

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Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence early on and therefore lost many Ingvaeonic features that were to be found much more extensively in earlier language states.

14730: 15070: 620:, and Saxony-Anhalt east of the Elbe) mostly as Low German, not being part of Low Saxon. This is because northwestern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands were the area of settlement of the 14749: 15387: 15626:

Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes seit 1927 (OLG Oldenburg, 10. Oktober 1927 – K 48, HRR 1928, 392) unter dem Begriff deutsche Sprache sowohl Hochdeutsch wie auch Niederdeutsch zu verstehen.

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This form is archaic and mostly unknown to Low German speakers. It is the same pattern as in the English example "I am making." The present participle has the same form as the infinitive:

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names or characterisations is due in part to the grouping stretching mainly across two different countries and to it being a collection of varieties rather than a standardised language.

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in plattdeutscher Sprache das Niederdeutsche einer Fremdsprache gleichstellt („Niederdeutsche (plattdeutsche) Anmeldeunterlagen sind im Sinn des § 4a Abs. 1 Satz 1

6878:, not semantic equivalents. The meanings of some of these words have shifted over time. For example, the correct equivalent term for "wife" in modern Dutch, German and Swedish is 14523: 692:

It has been estimated that Low German has approximately two to five million speakers (depending on the definition of 'native speaker') in Germany, primarily in Northern Germany.

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and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary Swedish and Icelandic shown for comparison; Eastern and Western North Germanic languages, respectively.

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and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary Swedish and Icelandic shown for comparison; Eastern and Western North Germanic languages, respectively.

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Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian); Neddersassisch; Nedderdüütsch

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There are also numerous fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, which come from northern Germany, but are not or only partially in the original version in Low German.

2506:. German offices in Schleswig-Holstein are obliged to accept and handle applications in Low German on the same footing as Standard High German applications. The 1192:

which use Low German in their religious services and communities. These Mennonites are descended from primarily Dutch settlers that had initially settled in the

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The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives by Guus Extra, Durk Gorter; Multilingual Matters, 2001 – 454; page 10.

2705: 2522:, when the applicant then had to pay the charge for a translator, because applications in Low German are considered not to be written in the German language. 2796: 782:, but in the course of urbanisation and national centralisation in that city, the language has vanished (the Berlin dialect itself is a northern outpost of 19230: 15808:

Bloemhoff, H. (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. p88. Groningen: Sasland.

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Sanders, W. (1982) Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch. Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht.

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in the 16th and 17th centuries before moving to newly acquired Russian territories in Ukraine in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and then to the

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Others have argued for the independence of today's Low German dialects, taken as continuous outflow of the Old Saxon and Middle Low German tradition.

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Bloemhoff, H., 2005, Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. Groningen: Sasland

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has been translated into Low German; this used to be coordinated via a page on SourceForge, but as of 2015, the most active project is that of KDE.

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However, compared to most other dialects, the Westphalian dialect has preserved an extremely complex conjugation of strong verbs with subjunctive:

3783: 2675: 2690: 2670: 2660: 832: 17904: 3040: 18470: 6152: 2665: 2655: 2646: 2626: 15685: 15085: 6915: 2712: 2695: 2621: 2450: 15991:"O trilinguismo no Colégio Fritz Kliewer de Witmarsum. (Paraná) [The trilingualism the College of Fritz Kliewer Witmarsum (Paraná)]" 9764:

The respective translations consist only of cognates of the same origins. The sentences do not necessarily have to correspond semantically.

6197: 19605: 18683: 18448: 2641: 2631: 18060: 17857: 19403: 17931: 6175: 6123:. Total users of Low German (nds) are approximately 2.5 million, with 300,000 native speakers in Brazil and 1,000 in Germany as of 2016. 18195: 18145: 17283: 17879: 17545: 763:

spoke a distinct Low German dialect, which has influenced the vocabulary and phonetics of both Estonian and Latvian. The historical

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which only occurs when being shortened after prepositions. This is actually the most frequently-used form in colloquial Low German.

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In the very south of the East Westphalian language area, the original gerund of the West Germanic languages has been preserved:

15843: 15818: 9880:", "I am come", means that the speaker came and he is still at the place to which he came as a result of his completed action. 18394: 17520: 17383: 16293: 15078:

Dat Wettlopen twischen den Hasen un den Swinegel up de lütje Heide bi Buxtehude“; “The race between the Hare and the hedgehog“

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follows: se(e), sey, soi, etc. Only one of these variants can be found in the table. This also applies to all other pronouns.

17504: 17267: 17039: 16614: 16157: 15708: 13463: 844: 801: 19220: 18119: 17858:"Plattdeutsch bis zum Abitur: Erster Jahrgang in MV schließt ab | Niederdeutschsekretariat und Bunnsraat för Nedderdüütsch" 15150: 2874: 15097: 12144:: "Ik woor/wöör/worr/wurr mi freuen, wenn Vader noch lang leev" (I would be glad if father still lived for a long time). 3803:

All the world's magnificence is like a flower that grows today and vanishes tomorrow; the Lord's word remains in eternity.

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because some distinctive features of that group of languages are only partially preserved in Low German, for instance the

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There is also a progressive form of verbs in present, corresponding to the same in the Dutch language. It is formed with

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Hubertus Menke: "Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache?", in: Eva Schmitsdorf et al. (edd.),

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Hubertus Menke: "Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache?", in: Eva Schmitsdorf et al. (edd.),

15184: 18463: 18247: 17546:"2.1.7.1.4 Umschreibung des Konjunktivs (der Möglichkeitsform) mit woor/schull/wull/dee - SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik" 15872: 15580: 15512: 14988:

once made there and then settled in what is now England. Modern scholars regard Hengest and Horsa as mythical figures.

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original version, which is evidence of the high level of identification that North Germans have with their language.

9154: 9080: 2583: 2210: 1859: 15028: 13312: 3721:) is an ancestor of modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600. The neighbouring languages within the 2565: 2192: 549:

is a standardized example) have historically been spoken south of those lines. Like Frisian, English, Dutch and the

20640: 18676: 15279:"Low German" is known by the following other names in other languages. It is known in the Low German of Germany as 13113: 13030: 16110: 16025:

Claudio Vereza, Espírito Santo's state assemblyman by the Workers' Party | The Pomeranian people in Espírito Santo

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The television moderator Yared Dibaba has been campaigning for the preservation of Low German languages for years.

9040: 640:, where the former Slavic influence is still visible in the names of settlements and physiogeographical features. 15618: 15456:

Almost all settlements and physiogeographical features in East Germany have a Slavic etymology, e.g. cities like

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with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too)

15671: 17662: 17308: 16748: 15206: 13566: 13559: 9018: 3022:"Altniederdeutsch" – Old Saxon; "Mittelniederdeutsch" - Middle Low German; "Niederdeutsch" – Modern Low German 2996:

Only a few texts survive, predominantly in baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of

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are traditionally Low Saxon-speaking too. Historically, Low German was also spoken in formerly German parts of

20635: 20499: 18456: 18412: 16432:"How to Deal with Non-Dominant Languages – Metalingusitic Discourses on Low German in the Nineteenth Century" 15638:

Unterschiedliche Rechtsauffassungen, ob Niederdeutsch in Deutschland insgesamt Amtssprache ist – siehe dazu:

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in recent years and enjoys a high level of prestige, especially in modern cities such as Hamburg and Bremen.

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in the 19th and 20th centuries, the slow decline which Low German had been experiencing since the end of the

2379: 813: 613: 18478: 16024: 9047: 1298: 387: 20529: 19699: 19661: 19646: 16723: 16563: 15997: 13810: 13580: 13573: 13545: 13317: 13152: 13106: 2990: 2353: 1382: 436: 18973: 13778: 13773: 13761: 13756: 13751: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13717: 13712: 6242: 6238: 20650: 20509: 20369: 19719: 19678: 19668: 18669: 18600: 17570: 16648: 16499: 16048: 15226: 13605: 13598: 13470: 13136: 13121: 9136: 9014: 6914:

for a human is considered archaic in Swedish and nowadays derogatory in Dutch and German, comparable to "

6234: 2557: 2254: 2184: 2101:, contrasted with the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, where 1888: 1837: 554: 20: 17843: 18885: 18545: 15126: 13789: 13679: 13664: 13634: 13627: 13364: 13297: 13022: 13015: 9854:

In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. There are five tenses in Low German:

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is the only remnant of East Frisian language and is surrounded by Low German, as are the few remaining

2317: 2302: 2098: 24: 20226: 16179: 16067: 13642: 13484: 13346: 13322: 13159: 13129: 9114: 6318:. The table below shows the relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this 2383: 2378:), and because other distinctive features almost do not occur in Low German at all, for instance the 1204:

in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The types of Low German spoken in these communities and in the

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greater in urban centres of the Low Saxon regions. When in 1975 dialect folk and rock bands such as

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The question of whether today's Low German should be considered a separate language or a dialect of

20645: 20504: 20458: 20453: 20377: 19987: 19971: 19850: 19709: 19600: 19595: 16044: 15682: 15610: 15380: 14961:(alternatively also: Wearldsproake) is run by the musician and language activist Martin ter Denge. 14814: 13814:/, occur mostly in the Geest dialects, while in other dialects, they may be realized as diphthongs. 13502: 6325:

The table below shows the relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this

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project supports Low German (nds) as a language for its computer desktop environment, as does the

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has been a point of contention. Although Low German is mostly regarded as an independent language

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Numbers of speakers should not be summed up per country, as they most likely overlap considerably.

662: 20443: 20387: 20382: 20302: 19975: 19925: 19225: 19043: 18799: 18727: 18715: 16204: 13651: 13588: 13065: 13058: 13040: 9007: 6226: 3726: 2966: 2890: 2550: 2385: 2349: 2324:

varieties, and the Low German dialects of those regions have influences from Frisian substrates.

2298: 2224: 2177: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1881: 1830: 1248: 797: 489: 139: 129: 20565: 20285: 19683: 18196:""Zur Herkunft der Grimmschen Märchen – insbesondere aus dem Paderbörnischen" - Kreis Paderborn" 18146:""Zur Herkunft der Grimmschen Märchen – insbesondere aus dem Paderbörnischen" - Kreis Paderborn" 16222:

Sachsensprache — Hansesprache — Plattdeutsch. Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen

789:

Today, there are still speakers outside Germany to be found in the coastal areas of present-day

20448: 19930: 19896: 19514: 19330: 19190: 19030: 18925: 18572: 18567: 18540: 18501: 17761: 16901: 15647: 14937: 13831:, though there are several locally more or less accepted orthographic guidelines. Those in the 13178: 12973: 9896: 3758: 2611: 2476: 2321: 1272: 1044: 949: 720: 704: 304: 15931: 15573:

Twents op sterven na dood? : een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek naar dialectgebruik in Borne

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distinction is made between the individual genders as well as individual and multiple people.

20606: 20570: 19838: 19831: 19783: 19553: 19524: 19493: 19456: 19381: 19138: 19051: 18912: 18874: 18221: 15348: 15201: 14904: 14794: 13670: 13355: 13340: 13254: 13231: 13202: 13195: 3738: 2937: 2246: 2102: 2089: 1884: 1377: 1283:. East Pomeranian-speaking regions of Southern Brazil are often assimilated into the general 783: 562: 542: 20071: 18946: 2065:

are seen in linguistic texts from the German and Dutch linguistic communities respectively.

20575: 20555: 20524: 20397: 20257: 20003: 19821: 19413: 19240: 19202: 19197: 19071: 19018: 18776: 18646: 18486: 17029: 15932:"Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995–2011" 15216: 13331: 13076: 9129: 9125: 6135: 2844: 2721: 1252: 1233: 1110: 836: 20231: 15895: 778:

The language was also formerly spoken in the outer areas of what is now the city-state of

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mostly follow German orthography. To the latter group belongs the orthography devised by

13243: 13086: 9888: 2286: 1237: 20061: 19906: 19153: 18278:

Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",

16400: 9054: 6169: 2316:. In Germany, Low German has replaced the Danish and Frisian languages in many regions. 2122:; this use is chiefly found in northern and Western Germany and is not considered to be 20560: 20484: 20412: 20402: 20357: 20119: 20046: 19943: 19788: 19763: 19758: 19651: 19479: 19364: 19185: 18963: 18958: 18937: 18898: 18702: 18692: 18605: 18595: 18295: 17674: 17595: 15882: 15643: 13213: 12968: 9121: 3734: 2616: 2596: 2499: 2282: 1314: 1210: 930: 768: 716: 593: 523: 252: 144: 134: 91: 19714: 16698: 16269: 16268:

Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).

2475:

classifies six varieties of Low German as distinct languages based on a low degree of

421: 20534: 20333: 20249: 20242: 20197: 20141: 19901: 19891: 19874: 19869: 19773: 19535: 19335: 19296: 19276: 19114: 19006: 18988: 18840: 18627: 18562: 18535: 18040: 17830: 17500: 17263: 17035: 16678: 16610: 16153: 15868: 15761:

Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag.

15576: 15246: 14985: 14881: 13534: 13368:/ can also be realized as fricative or affricate sounds , , in word-initial position. 13260: 13145: 13051: 12995: 12980: 9900: 9863: 9180: 9109: 6246: 6209: 3722: 3710: 3007: 2970: 2969:. It is documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into 2509: 2503: 2488: 2464: 2332: 2313: 2227: 2115: 1325:

ones (with only Venetian communities in areas of highly Venetian presence conserving

1322: 1214: 903: 821: 515: 508: 176: 17454:

Gramática da língua Westfaliana Brasiliera: expressões do cotidiano das westfalianos

17195: 16851: 16823: 16256:

Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag

16243:

Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag

15705:"El Comercio: Menonitas cumplen 85 años en Paraguay con prosperidad sin precedentes" 15605:

Die Frage, ob unter deutsch rechtlich ausschließlich die hochdeutsche oder auch die

1262: 1229: 464: 20489: 20280: 20214: 20170: 20165: 20125: 20114: 20106: 19911: 19879: 19826: 19815: 19728: 19437: 19376: 19166: 19148: 18983: 18744: 18736: 18617: 18287: 16443: 16290: 16145: 14893: 14804: 14789: 12990: 12963: 9904: 9184: 6107: 3746: 2487:

Low German has been recognized by the Netherlands and by Germany (since 1999) as a

2328: 1387: 1284: 1177: 767:

of Low German also included contemporary northern Poland, East Prussia (the modern

696: 637: 633: 519: 496: 492: 69: 53: 20326: 6939: 885:, Poland) was also a Low German-speaking city before 1945, and its former dialect 20519: 20479: 20312: 20219: 20202: 20187: 20182: 20175: 19884: 19793: 19778: 19733: 19585: 19548: 19540: 19519: 19506: 19486: 19472: 19235: 19212: 19143: 19133: 19125: 18905: 18557: 18530: 18505: 17647:

Platt and Old Saxon: Plattdeutsch (Low German) in its Modern and Historical Forms

17494: 17358: 17284:"2.4.1 Personale Pronomen (persönliche Fürwörter) - SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik" 17257: 16604: 16315: 16297: 16031: 15850: 15689: 15614: 15595: 15531: 15438: 15344: 15334: 15241: 14965: 14888: 13724: 13510: 13223: 13189: 12985: 9871: 9208: 6157: 6120: 2865: 2858: 2434: 2309: 2294: 2119: 1363: 1347: 1318: 1310: 1154: 1106: 856: 558: 546: 196: 121: 111: 57: 17749:. The Dialects of Modern German: A Linguistic Survey: Routledge. pp. 31–58. 17424: 17231: 17055: 16951: 16487: 3765:, a standardized written language was developing, though it was never codified. 20600: 20494: 20474: 20426: 20318: 20192: 19862: 19629: 19568: 19347: 19304: 19261: 19178: 19173: 19062: 19012: 18863: 18814: 18769: 18762: 18634: 18622: 18590: 17411:

Die Mundart des Dorfes Vriezenveen - in der niederländischen Provinz Overijssel

17218:

Die Mundart des Dorfes Vriezenveen - in der niederländischen Provinz Overijssel

16926: 16876: 16309:

Sprachenchartabericht of the regional government of Schleswig-Holstein for 2016

16137: 16071:(Concise Edition): " situated far above ground, sea level, etc; upper, inland, 15425: 15397: 14862: 14826: 14799: 13836: 13824: 13746: 13553: 13002: 9930: 9884: 9188: 9176: 2438: 2250: 2239: 2235: 1911: 1343: 1326: 1105:

Dialects of Low German are spoken in the northeastern area of the Netherlands (

1006: 760: 612:) as either Low German or Low Saxon, and those spoken in northeastern Germany ( 601: 535: 527: 18093: 16976: 16902:"Suche nach uns(de>frs) - Ōstfräisk wōrdenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch" 16798: 16773: 16149: 15600: 9874:

which signifies a remaining effect from a past finished action. For example, "

6202: 20624: 20550: 20392: 20148: 20099: 19916: 19855: 19768: 19673: 19611: 19558: 19442: 19369: 18382: 18352: 16207:: "Niederdeutsche Sprache. Versuch einer Definition", in: J. Goossens (ed.), 15231: 15005: 14984:("Bund": German for alliance) is said to allude to the alliance the brothers 14921: 14854: 14849: 13844: 13387: 13359:/ can be articulated as uvular among Northern dialects and younger speakers. 13092: 13008: 9855: 3742: 2978: 2767: 2757: 1193: 1118: 1063: 886: 794: 724: 666:

City limit sign in Lower Saxony showing that Low German is closer to English:

605: 291: 16564:"Westmünsterländische Dialekte :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin" 16375: 3789:

Reyneke de Vos is the most important Middle Low German animal epic in verse.

865: 580:

The Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands are mostly referred to as

20419: 19843: 19807: 19740: 19563: 19386: 19359: 19342: 19286: 19245: 18827: 18806: 18612: 15251: 14840: 12738:

The Westphalian and Eastphalian dialects have also preserved the so-called

6180: 3730: 2974: 2916: 2902: 2258: 1169: 1150: 968: 890: 874: 860: 748: 700: 585: 531: 504: 278: 79: 20066: 17620: 17333: 16463: 15555: 14368: 1217:, Mexico, have made Low German a "co-official language" of the community. 445: 404: 20236: 20209: 20027: 19935: 19617: 19578: 19161: 18856: 18820: 18755: 17521:"2.1.7.1.3 Konjunktiv mit Indikativformen - SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik" 16225: 15270:

2.2–5 million in northern Germany and 2.15 million in eastern Netherlands

14911: 14898: 14820: 13832: 13828: 13707: 13695: 13457: 13406: 13399: 13382: 6326: 6319: 6091: 2997: 2986: 2982: 2835: 2829: 2811: 2801: 2772: 2442: 2289:) and, since the expulsion of nearly all Germans from the Polish part of 2123: 1290: 1025: 870: 728: 629: 617: 574: 570: 500: 317: 226: 65: 20081: 17095: 15609:

subsumiert wird, wird juristisch uneinheitlich beantwortet: Während der

14964:

In 2020 the film "The Marriage Escape" was released, which is mostly in

14949: 12742:-e, adding a final -e to masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case. 2348:

languages. However, most exclude Low German from the group often called

1278: 20076: 20056: 19421: 18792: 18639: 18328: 16999: 16448: 16431: 15211: 14916: 14063: 13768: 13700: 13613: 13392: 9941: 9926: 9914: 9867: 3754: 2445:

offers no simple, generally accepted criterion to decide the question.

2344: 1844: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1130: 1126: 764: 625: 589: 18323: 18299: 16228:: "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen", in: J. Göschel et al. (edd.), 15660: 2514:

ruled in a case that this was even to be done at the patent office in

1356:

Table includes varieties with disputed statuses as separate language.

812:

region of Denmark there may still be some Low German speakers in some

20262: 20010: 19656: 19573: 19354: 19309: 19281: 19107: 18661: 16274: 14211: 13852: 9859: 3750: 2948: 2922: 2605: 2460: 2337: 2290: 2130: 1220: 1189: 1161: 1138: 1122: 772: 736: 566: 414: 397: 379: 191: 171: 20086: 18370: 18346: 15473: 9891:, the northern dialects form the past participle without the prefix 8996: 6946: 3801:

Inscription in Middle Low German on a house at Hameln. Translation:

3762: 3761:

and other languages around the Baltic Sea. Based on the language of

2535: 2162: 1819: 882: 20051: 19399: 18430: 18291: 17880:"Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl" 17384:"Die 5 wichtigsten sauerländischen grammatikalischen Erscheinungen" 16258:, Waxmann, Münster et al. 1998, pp. 171–184, in particular p. 183f. 15485: 15477: 13848: 6875: 2806: 2651: 2275: 2035:(Nether or Low German) in Low German by the German authorities and 1201: 1181: 852: 805: 685: 538: 476: 348: 87: 17763:

Vowel quantity and the fortis-lenis distinction in North Low Saxon

16245:, Waxmann, Münster et al. 1998, pp. 171–184, in particular p. 180. 14534: 1906:

unaffected by the High German consonant shift, nor classifying as

1329:, and other Italian languages and dialects fading out elsewhere). 20092: 19688: 19590: 18481: 18406: 18376: 17571:"Ravensberger Platt - Wörterverzeichnis Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsch" 16649:"Ravensberger Platt - Wörterverzeichnis Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsch" 16643: 16641: 16429: 15757:

Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache?

15672:

Bundesrat für niederdeutsche Sprache, Neuigkeiten aus Brandenburg

15489: 15469: 15465: 15461: 14872: 13856: 13840: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9172: 9168: 6950:"woman, lady" rather being a borrowing of the Middle Dutch word). 6148: 6103: 6087: 3046: 3002: 2519: 2327:

Most linguists classify the dialects of Low German together with

2017:(Nether or Low German) in High German by the German authorities, 1972:. In the Netherlands, native speakers refer to their language as 1205: 1197: 1173: 1165: 1134: 1114: 987: 817: 809: 752: 744: 708: 597: 472: 332: 265: 238: 83: 60: 18418: 18388: 17200:. PIMS - University of Toronto. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter. 6937: 19395: 18436: 17731:. Syllable and word languages; Chapter: Low German: de Gruyter. 15457: 9204: 2824: 2817: 2779: 2762: 2515: 1185: 790: 779: 756: 740: 712: 621: 363: 96: 18357: 18318: 17800:

Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft

16638: 16503: 16267: 16138:"48. Frisian and the Grouping of the Older Germanic Languages" 15968: 15811: 3049:– fragment, one of the most important testimonies of Old Saxon 1918:

In Germany, native speakers of Low German call their language

1267:, being official in five municipalities, and spoken among its 839:

in 1945. Low German-speaking provinces of Germany east of the

827: 19313: 18442: 18313: 17663:

SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik 2.5.2. Deklination der Adjektive

15534:, A. Adler, C. Ehlers, R. Goltz, A. Kleene, A. Plewnia (2016) 15091:“Von den Fischer und siine Fru“, “The Fisherman and his wife" 13311:

A common feature of the Low German speaking dialects, is the

6131: 732: 18340: 17957: 17467: 14783: 17456:(in Portuguese). Brazil: Ahlert, Lucildo. pp. 125–183. 16525: 15735:

Beauftragte für Aussiedlerfragen und nationale Minderheiten

15481: 15236: 840: 628:), while Low German spread to northeastern Germany through 609: 16675:

Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wörterbuch - Zweiter Band F bis J

15601:§ 23 Absatz 1 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Bund) 13839:

orthography and may vary per dialect region, and those in

1352:(according to Ethnologue 2016 unless referenced otherwise) 475:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

12706:

As mentioned above, alternative undeclined forms such as

6127: 1164:

religion and culture. There are Mennonite communities in

17815: 17425:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 17232:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16952:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16927:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16877:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16852:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16824:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16799:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 16774:"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland" 15144:“Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten“, “Town musicians of Bremen“ 2097:"Low" refers to the flat plains and coastal area of the 18424: 18061:"Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus Bauernhaus des Jahres 2023" 15518: 2361: 833:

expulsion of almost all Low German- and German-speakers

17447: 17445: 16142:

Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies

6797:

Wiew, Wiewer; Wief, Wiewer; Wief, Wiever; Wief, Wieber

5137:»Waorhen, kînnerken mien,« zaau sproik hei doar, 2973:. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany by 17796:

Niederdeutsche Grammatik – Phonologie und Morphologie

17031:

A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages

16724:"2.2.2.1.2 Zwei Fälle - SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik" 16291:

Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache – Sprachenpolitik

8486:

Loss reflexive pronoun in 3rd person singular plural

8223:

Assibilization or palatalization of velar consonants

6163:

contemporary dialect artists and rock bands, such as

2502:, the German government has declared Low German as a 632:

of Low German speakers into areas with an originally

408:(Dutch varieties and Westphalian have separate codes) 15996:(in Portuguese). Elvine Siemens Dück. Archived from 6000:

Vnde sprack »horet, kynder! Ick gaff deme syn leer.

2449:

German may thus be considered a "pseudo-dialectized

1902:

A broader term for the closely related, continental

1295:, and there can even be a language shift from it to 1287:

population and culture, for example celebrating the

1144: 18222:"En Kontinentåle Grendel? / A Continental Grendel?" 17442: 16592:(in German). Berlin: GoltzReinhard. pp. 74–75. 16043:Shin, Hyon B.; Kominski, Robert A. (1 April 2010). 14936:Numerous formats in Low German are also offered on 9021:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6215: 6021:On sproik »Hêöret, kînner! Ik gaaif dêm zien lêêr. 5241:Aal voart sproik de vaoder » Tuiwet gie hier! 5189:»Lêiwe vader,« hêw hei tou aantwoort krieëgen 2493:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1876:There are different uses of the term "Low German": 695:Variants of Low German are spoken in most parts of 17905:"Plattdeutsch in Radio und Fernsehen im Überblick" 17745:Goltz, Reinhard H.; Walker, Alastair G.H. (1990). 17167:"Frisians and their North Sea Germanic Neighbours" 17145:"Frisians and their North Sea Germanic Neighbours" 17123:"Frisians and their North Sea Germanic Neighbours" 9875: 6821: 6766: 6712: 6663: 6610: 6557: 6503: 6449: 6394: 5995:Wao de kînnerken tuiw’den, êlk stîl as eein moes, 5735:Zien moout weurde driester, sien vluiken grîmmer. 2914: 2395: 2087: 1990:, or the name of their village, town or district. 15913:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" 15661:Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachen in Brandenburg 2468:speak correctly what was once Low German proper. 1259:Brazil, in the latter especially in the state of 684:meaning "old bog/swamp" (incorporated village of 20622: 17985:"7 remarkable new Low Saxon initiatives of 2020" 15838: 15836: 15338: 15328: 15322: 15316: 15310: 15304: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15280: 9908: 7716: 7710: 7676: 7645: 7639: 7611: 7581: 7560: 7511: 7482: 7456: 7423: 7394: 7365: 7336: 7307: 7282: 7250: 7217: 7192: 7155: 7122: 7093: 7060: 7031: 7002: 6795: 6742: 6639: 6586: 6532: 6479: 6419: 6370: 5709:Doar weurde dat kêrlken zien torn naau slîmmer. 2407: 2401: 2263: 2041:(Nether or Low Saxon) by the Dutch authorities. 2030: 2024: 2018: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1304: 1276: 1260: 18379:, an introductory grammar in English and German 18373:International resources in and about Low German 16553:, pages 366–7, Cambridge University Press, 1981 14859:Augustin Wibbelt (Westphalian: Münsterländisch) 6836: 6780: 6727: 6677: 6624: 6571: 6517: 6464: 5974:War de kyndere wachten, elk styl alze eyn muß, 1271:migrants elsewhere, primarily in the states of 530:, it has historically been spoken north of the 17211: 17209: 17207: 16846: 16844: 16634:(in German). Germany: BerensFranz. p. 28. 15774:"Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016" 6220: 5917:»Doach daon dê ik et – God mogte mie vriêken: 5527:Asse weur den löwwen zien kraft weeinig wêrt. 5007:»Lêiwe vaoder,« roipen ze, »heuëret Jie! 3599:so forð an iro uuileon, so uui uuirðige sind, 3407:Gef us dag gehuuilikes rad, drohtin the godo, 3318:Warr dien Wille över düsse Werld allerwegens, 2925:Low German, used also in many other countries) 1899:; this is the scope discussed in this article. 450:Present-day Low German language area in Europe 18677: 18464: 18286:(2), Linguistic Society of America: 282–292, 18011:"Schloss Güstrow: Renaissance in Mecklenburg" 17649:. Wales: Cyhoeddwr JOSEPH BIDDULPH Publisher. 17496:A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian 17259:A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian 16632:Wey witt dät Plattdöütske nich vermuten loten 16606:A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian 16488:http://l10n.kde.org/stats/gui/trunk-kde4/nds/ 15833: 6936:has survived in English (compare Old English 6931: 6909: 6891: 6828: 6773: 6719: 6670: 6617: 6564: 6510: 6457: 6401: 5553:Hei vloig op den löwwen zien rugge met hast, 5116:»Wanne, kyndere myn,« sus sprack he do, 2114:denotes both Low German dialects and any non- 17468:"Plattmakers – Das Plattdeutsche Wörterbuch" 16042: 15844:Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016 15636: 15549: 15525:Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016 15442: 15370: 15364: 15358: 15352: 9917: 6919: 6903: 6885: 6863: 6854: 6813: 6759: 6705: 6656: 6603: 6550: 6496: 6441: 6387: 6233:, Low German has not been influenced by the 5896:»Nochtan dede ick yd – god möthe my wreken: 5839:Is et eein misdaaut, deei doe dois toulest. 5714:Syn moth worde dryster, syn vlöken grymmer. 5267:Ziët gie schuîn stîlle! Bewiezet vien sier! 5168:»Leue vader,« he do tho antwort krech, 4851:Mên wiel ze oetvloeögen weuren tou tweeine, 3716: 3638:man hölp us twingen tegen alle öveln Daden. 3311:UUerða thin uuilleo oƀar thesa werold alla, 2960: 2954: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2872: 2863: 2848: 2749: 2740: 2725: 2507: 2454: 2419: 2400:to non-palatalized forms such as Low German 2367: 2293:following the Second World War, also by the 2269: 2138: 2109: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2048: 2042: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1296: 1288: 816:communities, but the Low German dialects of 17802:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag 1983, p.239. 17744: 17204: 17164: 17142: 17120: 16841: 15419: 15413: 15407: 15401: 15396:and refer to non-Low German varieties); in 15190:Noordlandflagg “Flag of the Northern Lands“ 15115:“Van den Machandelboom“, “The Juniper Tree“ 6925: 6897: 6879: 6869: 6802: 6749: 6695: 6646: 6593: 6540: 6486: 6431: 6377: 5662:Vnde ghynck synen wech gantz stylle wyder. 5657:Mên de löwwe hêörde nich den lutken rieder 5636:Men de laue horde nicht den luttyken ryder 5397:De niëtelkuönînk is op den wiêge vloeögen, 5376:De thunkonnynck is vp den wech ghevloghen, 5272:Ick wyl en volgen vnde sal en wol kryghen. 5085:Ziene aaugen gloepkeden kwaaud on met grîm 2564:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2413: 2390:(compare palatalized forms such as English 2373: 2191:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2144: 2060: 2054: 2036: 786:, though it has some Low German features). 526:group of the West Germanic languages. Like 18684: 18670: 18471: 18457: 17705: 16430:Langer, Nils and Robert Langhanke (2013). 5787:Miene kînners vervêren verluiwe ik nicht! 5683:On göng zienen wiêge gaans stille wieder. 5631:Asse loet eein vuagel aauk schênnen kaan. 5163:»Waor is de onwicht bliewen? Zegget tou!« 5142:»War is de vnwycht ghebleuen? Secht tho!« 4955:Doa sproik he »Worumme dat, kînners mien, 4591:Doar bowweden vuëgel, graaute on kleeine, 4539:Un mank de kruder viêle schuine blooumen, 3606:jümehr Willen to doon, as wi würdig sind, 2832:(partly classified as Gelders-Overijssels) 2525: 1141:, in several dialect groups per province. 444: 339: 18377:Building Blocks of Low Saxon (Low German) 18248:"Der Flaggenstreit 1: Die Noordlandflagg" 18245: 17982: 17700:German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology 16447: 15575:. Münster New York: Waxmann. p. 19. 15178:official flag of the Vepsians in Russia. 14784:Notable Low German writers and performers 13329:The sound can occur as an allophone of / 10604:Northern Low German conjugation examples 9155:Learn how and when to remove this message 9081:Learn how and when to remove this message 7636:No "t" in 3rd person singular of "to be" 5969:Zaau vloig hei tourugge tou zienen hoes, 5943:Met mienen beeîn dien rugge toubriêken.« 5818:Is yd eyn myßdat, dat du doest tho lest. 5688:Do worde des kerlkens torn noch slymmer. 5319:Doarumme muëtet gie schoelen on swiegen. 5298:Dar vmme möthen gy schulen vnde swyghen. 5293:Ik wil em volgen on zal em woal kriegen. 4518:Vnde manck de krüder vele schone blomen, 3247:geuuihid si thin namo uuordo gehuuilico, 2584:Learn how and when to remove this message 2308:To the North and Northwest, it abuts the 2245:To the South, Low German blends into the 2211:Learn how and when to remove this message 1860:Learn how and when to remove this message 323: 18443:Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V. 18419:Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte 18409:(Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands) 18117: 17798:. In: Gerhard Cordes & Dieter Möhn: 17729:Low German. A profile of a word language 17644: 16136:Nielsen, Hans Frede (31 December 2001), 15929: 15862: 15004: 14745: 14726: 14705: 14586: 14567: 14548: 14533: 14520: 14401: 14382: 14367: 14354: 14225: 14210: 14197: 14062: 14049: 13920: 13901: 13880: 6967:only leave relics in modern Low German. 5891:On hei luftede aan eein van zien beeîn, 5766:Myne kynder vorveren vorloue ick nicht! 5111:Woe konnen wi doar aaune aangste zien?« 4986:»Leue vader,« repen se, »horet gy! 4825:Dat ze gout iêten on wassen op’t beste. 4804:Dat se gud ethen vnde wassen vpt beste. 4643:Eein niëtelkuönînk woeönde wul touvriêr 4617:Nester, op dat ze nich liêwen alleeîne. 3757:. It had a significant influence on the 3542:ust so as wi doot mit anneren Minschen. 3000:. The only literary texts preserved are 2595: 2223:Low German is a part of the continental 1219: 826: 661: 584:, those spoken in northwestern Germany ( 354: 18383:Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen 18353:Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary 18219: 17658: 17656: 17408: 17023: 17021: 16672: 16135: 16045:Language Use in the United States: 2007 15542: 15540: 15447:; plus, other dialectal variants exist. 15156:“König Drosselbart“, “King Thrushbeard“ 5844:Ick wyl yd nicht gherne doen. O neyn!« 5605:On vöng eein zêêr loetet schênnen aan, 5246:Syd gy schon stylle! Bewyset fyn tzyr! 5033:Eein groawe onwicht kwam hier veurbie. 4981:Wêr dêe joe aan sokke laiden on pien?« 4934:Was doar eein arget geloete aan gaang. 4929:Was doar eein arget geloete aan gaang. 4799:Veur iêre jongen touhoes în dên neste, 4622:Eyn thunkonnynck wonede wol tho vreden 3631:ac help us uuiðar allun uƀilon dadiun. 3222:Du bist an den hogen himmlischen Riek, 2257:. The division is usually drawn at the 469:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 20623: 18691: 18334: 17932:"Platt Schnack Mucke mit Yared Dibaba" 17779: 17740: 17738: 17722: 17720: 17492: 17451: 17255: 17215: 17193: 16677:(in German). Neumünster: MensingOtto. 16629: 16602: 16590:Plattdeutsch -Vom Klönen und Schnacken 16224:, Göttingen 1982, p. 32, paraphrasing 15168:“Die goldene Gans“, “The golden Goose“ 12416:(to do) to make to present continuous. 9960:East-Westphalian conjugation examples 7742: 5948:Sus vloch he tho rugge tho synem huß, 5792:Vnde kumpst du wedder tho mynem nest, 5610:Alze luth eyn voghel ok schelden kan. 5584:Vnde vunck eyn seer luth schelden an, 5579:Hei zett’de de klaauen doar înne vast 5532:He vloch vp des lauen rugge myt hast, 5506:Alze sy des lauen kraft weynich werd. 5220:Alzo sprack de vader »Wachtet gy hyr! 4908:Is dar eyn gantz arg gheluth ghewest. 4903:As dên de vaoder toun nest wier kwam, 4778:Vor ere yungen tho huß in deme neste, 4648:Myt wyff vnde kyndere in eyner steden 4596:Nester vp dat se nicht leuen alleyne. 4513:Asse gruinen mên buime on hagen saoch 4492:Alze grone men bomen vnde haghen sach 3574:Laat lege Wichten nich us verschünnen 3350:so up de Eerd, as dat it is dor baven 2428: 2133:language code for Low German has been 1335:Speakers of low German outside Europe 647: 514:Low German is most closely related to 20355: 19969: 18713: 18665: 18452: 18277: 17759: 17726: 17711: 17499:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 17262:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 17189: 17187: 17185: 17183: 17079: 16609:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 16587: 16425: 16423: 16421: 15907: 15905: 15424: 15379: 14927: 13391: 13386: 12153: 11850:East Pomeranian conjugation examples 11762: 11154: 10510: 8383: 8222: 8100: 7999: 7596: 7553: 7278: 6998: 5922:Myt mynem beyn dyn rugge thobreken.« 5870:Vnde he lüftede an eyn van syn beyn, 5865:Ik wîl et nich gêren doun. O neeîn!« 5480:Men de luttyke voghel was vnvorverd, 5423:On as hei kwaim ümme eeinen boeögen, 5402:Vnde alze he quam vmme eynen boghen, 5215:»Hei göng van hier op dênne wiêgen.« 5059:Zêêr greeslik saoch hei oet on slim. 5038:Seer greselyk sach he vth vnde slym. 4882:Alzo de vader quam wedder thom nest, 4830:Men do se vth ghevloghen tho tweyne, 4695:În ’ne waogenschoer woal afgeliêgen, 4669:Met wiew un kînners în eeine stiehe, 4570:Do boeden voghelen grote vnde kleyne 3215:thu bist an them hohon himila rikea, 18329:https://www.deutsch-plattdeutsch.de/ 17983:ter Denge, Matn (29 December 2020). 17653: 17027: 17018: 16699:"Netzwörterbuch (SASS Plattdeutsch)" 16526:"Hartlich willkamen bi KDE op Platt" 16401:"Lowlands-L Anniversary Celebration" 16327:Cf. the German Knowledge article on 16209:Niederdeutsch. Sprache und Literatur 15983: 15570: 15537: 13683:/ to may also occur among dialects. 9214: 9092: 9019:adding citations to reliable sources 8990: 7673:No "r" in 1st person plural pronoun 6249:, where there is a process known as 5454:Myt breydem rugge vnde langer maen. 5345:Gie druëwet noe nich vruchten mêêr. 5194:»He ghynck van hyr vp dennen wech.« 4726:Eyns weren vth ghevloghen de olden, 4721:Dar balken vogheles nester dreghen. 4700:Dar balken vogheles nester dreghen. 4565:Men horde ghesangen wyde van bomen, 4544:Men horde ghesangen wyde van bomen, 4487:Et geschooich up eenen vruijaorsdag 3704: 3414:Giff us elk Dag Raad, Herr de Gode, 3254:Hiligt wees dien naam in elk Woord, 2600:Low German dialects around the world 2562:adding citations to reliable sources 2529: 2189:adding citations to reliable sources 2156: 1887:that neither have taken part in the 1842:adding citations to reliable sources 1813: 831:Low German-speaking area before the 800:speakers who were not expelled from 19246:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German 18324:http://www.niederdeutschzentrum.de/ 17735: 17717: 17165:John, Hines; Ijssenagger, Nelleke. 17143:John, Hines; Ijssenagger, Nelleke. 17121:John, Hines; Ijssenagger, Nelleke. 6086:There is a distinction between the 5501:Mên de lutke voagel was onvervêrt, 5475:Met breeiden rugge on laanke maon. 5064:Syne oghen glvpeden quad vnde grym 5012:Eyn groue vnwycht quam hyr vor by. 4960:We dede yw an solke wee vnde pyn?« 4747:Eeins wören oetvloeögen de aaulen, 4466:Yd gheschach vp eynen voryarsdach, 3737:in the South, later substituted by 3446:Dine hilige Hölp, un laat us free, 2456:scheindialektisierte Abstandsprache 569:, which is most closely related to 553:, Low German has not undergone the 13: 20605:Languages between parentheses are 19970: 18358:Dictionary in the Sass Orthography 18220:Sterken, Arjan (10 October 2020). 18118:Militzer, Von Jörg (27 May 2009). 17679:www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net 17638: 17600:www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net 17575:www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net 17180: 16653:www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net 16418: 15923: 15902: 13870: 9870:, and in Mennonite Low German the 5813:On kümps du wier tou mienen nest, 5761:»Ik zegge die, slompe buizewicht, 5324:Gy dorven nu nicht vruchten meer. 3439:thina helaga helpa, endi alat us, 3343:so sama an erðo, so thar uppa ist 2989:), partially participating in the 2637:North Hanoverian (Nordhannoversch) 2230:. To the West, it blends into the 1100: 898:Self-reported Low German speakers 855:, Poland), where east of the Oder 636:population. This area is known as 14: 20662: 18307: 17784:. Leer: Schuster. pp. 25–45. 17493:Postma, Gertjan (15 March 2019). 17309:"Sassen | Sassisk voot voer voot" 17256:Postma, Gertjan (15 March 2019). 17028:Fulk, R. D. (15 September 2018). 16749:"Sassen | Sassisk voot vôer voot" 16603:Postma, Gertjan (15 March 2019). 16568:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de 16351:"Sassen | Sassisk voot vôer voot" 15759:In: Schmitsdorf et al. (Hrsgg.): 13855:) output rather than underlying ( 13818: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13788: 13787:can be heard as an allophone of / 13678: 13669: 13663: 13662:and can occur as allophones of / 13650: 13641: 13633: 13626: 13604: 13597: 13587: 13579: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13544: 13533: 13526: 13517: 13501: 13494: 13483: 13476: 13469: 13462: 13363: 13354: 13345: 13339: 13330: 13321: 13316: 13296: 13268: 13242: 13230: 13212: 13201: 13194: 13177: 13166: 13158: 13151: 13135: 13128: 13120: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13075: 13064: 13057: 13039: 13029: 13021: 13014: 5740:»Ick segge dy, slumpe bözewycht, 5558:He sette de klouen dar ynne vast 5371:Ik wîl gawwe koeömen wier hiêr.« 5350:Ik wyl drade komen wedder heer.« 5090:Wo kvnden wy dar ane anxte syn?« 3034:Old Saxon speaking area (purple) 2959:), also known as Old Low German ( 2152: 2086:. Mennonite Low German is called 2023:(Nether or Low German language), 2005:(Nether or Low German language), 1993:Officially, Low German is called 1145:Outside Europe and the Mennonites 751:and the Baltic provinces (modern 18480: 18437:Diesel – dat oostfreeske Bladdje 18400: 18347:Dictionary of the Drents dialect 18239: 18213: 18188: 18163: 18138: 18111: 18079: 18053: 18029: 18002: 17976: 17950: 17923: 17897: 17872: 17850: 17805: 17788: 17773: 17753: 17692: 16144:, DE GRUYTER, pp. 512–523, 15819:"Gechattet wird auf Plattdeusch" 15183: 15161: 15149: 15137: 15125: 15108: 15096: 15084: 15069: 15057: 15039: 15027: 15015: 14993: 14948: 13827:. There is no official standard 13823:Low German is written using the 12437:is either "to make" or "making". 9948:or in a few oft-used words like 9199:share some features (especially 9097: 8995: 8584: 7706:with the auxiliary verb "shall" 6978:Low German (different dialects) 6692:Schipp, Schepp, Schüpp and Skipp 6216:Phonetic and grammatical changes 6094:Low Saxon/Low German situation. 4877:Weuren de jongen gaans aleeine. 4674:Waghenschune wol aff gheleghen, 3794: 3782: 3770: 3715:The Middle Low German language ( 3567:Ne lat us farledean leða uuihti 3039: 3027: 3015: 2534: 2161: 1818: 1759: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1608: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1499: 1488: 1485: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1448: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1408: 1405: 1399: 804:, as well as the regions around 699:, for instance in the states of 652: 356: 341: 325: 310: 297: 284: 271: 258: 245: 231: 219: 18270: 18008: 17929: 17667: 17613: 17588: 17563: 17538: 17513: 17486: 17460: 17417: 17413:(in German). Sasland Groningen. 17402: 17376: 17351: 17326: 17301: 17276: 17249: 17224: 17220:(in German). Sasland Groningen. 17158: 17136: 17114: 17088: 17073: 17048: 16992: 16969: 16944: 16919: 16894: 16869: 16816: 16791: 16766: 16741: 16716: 16691: 16666: 16623: 16596: 16581: 16556: 16543: 16518: 16492: 16481: 16456: 16393: 16368: 16343: 16334: 16321: 16302: 16283: 16261: 16248: 16235: 16214: 16198: 16172: 16129: 16103: 16078: 16055: 16036: 16015: 15961: 15952: 15856: 15802: 15766: 15749: 15731:"Regionalsprache Niederdeutsch" 15723: 15697: 15676: 15665: 15619:Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt 15450: 15273: 15022:Low German House in Insernhagen 13350:/ can have allophones as and . 9167:Generally speaking, Low German 9006:needs additional citations for 8384:Palatalization of Germanic "a" 6961: 6081: 4856:Weren de yungen gantz alleyne. 4773:Wieldat ze voder vînnen wollen 4752:Wente se vödynge vynden wolden 3382:in den hogen himmlischen Riek. 2977:. It is closely related to Old 2482: 2253:that have been affected by the 1829:needs additional citations for 1809: 20609:of the language on their left. 18364: 18252:Nordstaat -- Wer bist denn Du? 17082:Mittelniederdeutsche Grammatik 16232:, Wiesbaden 1976, pp. 301–322. 16184:www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org 15763:Münster 1998, S. 171–184. 15654: 15630: 15589: 15564: 15506: 15264: 15207:Bible translations into German 15103:“Oll Rinkrank“, “Old Rinkrank“ 15064:“Dat Erdmänneken“, „The Gnome“ 14843:(Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch) 9907:. Compare northern Low German 8000:Using other personal pronouns 6859:is a loanword from Low German. 6141: 5449:Sach he dar eynen lauen ghaen 5428:Sach he dar eynen lauen ghaen 2105:(Highland German) is spoken. 1082:Entire Low German dialect area 771:of Russia), a part of western 1: 20500:Germanic substrate hypothesis 20356: 18415:(Achterhoek, the Netherlands) 16502:. 1 July 2012. Archived from 15499: 15222:The Juniper Tree (fairy tale) 15046:Low German House in Rastede 12953: 12482: 10630:willen, "to want/ to become" 9986:willen, "to want/ to become" 9792:He washes himself the hands. 8557:( for example in Vriezenveen) 3535:al so uue oðrum mannum doan. 2814:(partly classified as Veluws) 2366:for "us" whereas others have 2146:nedersaksisch, neddersassisch 731:. Small portions of northern 614:Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania 20530:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 19221:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 18439:(Eastern Friesland, Germany) 18433:(Eastern Friesland, Germany) 18421:(Friesland, the Netherlands) 18087:"Die Welt der Giebelzeichen" 17675:"Merkmale des Westfälischen" 17596:"Merkmale des Westfälischen" 16090:www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de 15783:. p. 40. Archived from 15515:, H. Bloemhoff. (2005). p88. 15335:Low Saxon of the Netherlands 15132:“Sneewittchen“, “Snow White“ 14817:(Westphalian: Sauerländisch) 13766: 12948: 12293:he söchte (he would search) 11268:wilen, "to want; to become" 9171:shows similarities with the 8527:(for example in Vriezenveen) 8497:(for example in Vriezenveen) 7554:Loss of persons distincions 6097: 3741:. Middle Low German was the 3375:an them hohon himilo rikea. 2991:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 2942: 2875:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch 2647:Oldenburgish (Oldenburgisch) 2354:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law 2305:are dialects of Low German. 1342:Approximate distribution of 1331: 7: 20510:High German consonant shift 18319:http://www.platt-online.de/ 18037:Der Nibelungen Tod in Soest 17390:(in German). 1 October 2016 16111:"Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch" 15939:Radboud University Nijmegen 15227:Low German (school subject) 15195: 15009:Spread of Low German Houses 14834:Johann Meyer (Dithmarsisch) 12426:as an old dative ending of 12282:he krüäpe (he would crawl) 11873:raupa, "to call/ to shout" 11864:wila, "to want/ to become" 11248:Vjens conjugation examples 10645:beschrieven, "to describe" 10001:beskriieben, "to describe" 9117:. The specific problem is: 6235:High German consonant shift 6221:High German consonant shift 2627:Schleswigian (Schleswigsch) 2255:High German consonant shift 1889:High German consonant shift 1251:is also spoken in parts of 555:High German consonant shift 108:Estimated 4.35–7.15 million 21:Low German (disambiguation) 10: 20667: 19048:Westlauwers–Terschellings 18701:According to contemporary 18427:(General, the Netherlands) 18314:http://www.plattmaster.de/ 18246:elbsegler (1 March 2015). 16211:, vol. 1, Neumünster 1973. 15842:Based on figures cited in 15615:Gebrauchsmustereinreichung 15437:(in a stricter sense); in 12271:he bliewe (he would stay) 12190:deed ik ju en Pony köpen, 12154:Low German subjunctive 1/ 9798:Hai wäsket sey dei hänne. 8986: 6187:Jovink en de Voederbietels 6026:He kumpt nu nicht wedder. 3708: 2946: 2935: 2931: 2622:Holsteinian (Holsteinisch) 2281:To the East, it abuts the 2099:northern European lowlands 1348:German or a German variety 1299:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch 1148: 859:dialects were spoken, and 657: 567:Old Saxon (Old Low German) 565:. Low German evolved from 522:, with which it forms the 25:Low Saxon (disambiguation) 18: 20592: 20543: 20467: 20436: 20368: 20364: 20351: 20300: 20273: 20227:Southern Schleswig Danish 20158: 20039: 19995: 19986: 19982: 19965: 19806: 19749: 19637: 19628: 19533: 19505: 19464: 19455: 19430: 19412: 19323: 19295: 19269: 19260: 19211: 19124: 19099: 19090: 19029: 18924: 18873: 18848: 18839: 18735: 18726: 18722: 18709: 18699: 18583: 18523: 18514: 18493: 18039:. Walter Böckmann. 1991. 17964:(in Dutch). 9 August 2021 17860:(in German). 19 July 2023 17780:Lindow, Wolfgang (1998). 17645:Biddulph, Joseph (2003). 17096:"Sebber auf Plattdeutsch" 16150:10.1515/9783110946925.512 16068:Oxford English Dictionary 15865:Taaltelling Nedersaksisch 15640:Amtssprache (Deutschland) 15613:in einer Entscheidung zu 15513:Taaltelling Nedersaksisch 15369:(in a stricter sense) or 14717: 14532: 14366: 14209: 13892: 13772: 13711: 13694: 13405: 13398: 13381: 13379: 13372: 13253: 13222: 13188: 13085: 13001: 12960: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12314:(to be), the preposition 12304:he wüsse (he would know) 12225:I would have helped you. 12160:Low German subjunctive 2 12159: 12151: 12102: 12030: 12027: 12004: 11932: 11929: 11926: 11903: 11877: 11854: 11806: 11765: 11721: 11595: 11592: 11551: 11425: 11422: 11419: 11378: 11337: 11334: 11293: 11252: 11201: 11157: 11110: 10975: 10972: 10928: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10743: 10699: 10696: 10652: 10608: 10557: 10513: 10466: 10331: 10328: 10284: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10099: 10055: 10052: 10008: 9964: 9801:Hei wasket um de handen. 9795:He wasket sük de hannen. 9784: 9779: 9774: 9672: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9645: 9439: 9437: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9422: 9419: 9309:he (just in Twente used) 9257: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9228: 8786:intervocalic /d/ cluster 8785: 8781: 8620: 8578: 8571: 8541: 8511: 8485: 8481: 8472: 8438: 8404: 8379: 8371: 8345: 8313: 8287: 8252: 8218: 8210: 8187: 8164: 8141: 8118: 8096: 8089: 8063: 8044: 8014: 7995: 7738: 7731: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7672: 7668: 7660: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7590: 7587: 7580: 7575: 7556:in plural forms of verbs 7549: 7540: 7501: 7473: 7446: 7413: 7384: 7355: 7326: 7297: 7274: 7265: 7240: 7207: 7182: 7145: 7112: 7083: 7050: 7021: 6994: 6989: 6974: 6944:"lady"; the English word 6047:Heei kump noe nich wier. 3478:Beschermer van de Heven, 2632:Dithmarsch (Dithmarsisch) 2285:(the only remnant of the 910: 907: 902: 575:Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 455: 443: 429: 412: 395: 377: 372: 209: 204: 185: 164: 118: 102: 75: 49: 42: 37: 32: 20505:West Germanic gemination 20459:Ancient Belgian language 20454:Germanic parent language 20398:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) 19520:Austrian Standard German 18714: 17782:Niederdeutsche Grammatik 17452:Ahlert, Lucildo (2021). 17084:. Halle/Saale: Niemeyer. 17000:"lesen auf Plattdeutsch" 16588:Goltz, Reinhard (2022). 16230:Zur Theorie des Dialekts 16030:21 December 2012 at the 15930:Driessen, Geert (2012). 15821:. Noz.de. 21 August 2013 15683:Los Menonitas en Bolivia 15257: 14815:Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme 12733: 12290:he sochte (he searched) 12219:I would buy you a Pony. 12156:English reported speech 9849: 6231:North Germanic languages 6102:After mass education in 3749:, spoken all around the 3286:Kaam dien mächtig Riek. 3279:Cuma thin craftag riki. 3183:Fadar usa firiho barno, 2642:Emslandish (Emsländisch) 2232:Low Franconian languages 551:North Germanic languages 112:second-language speakers 20641:West Germanic languages 18171:"bibliotheca Augustana" 18120:"Legendärer Händedruck" 17727:Höder, Steffen (2013). 17197:Plattdeutsche Mundarten 17194:Grimme, Hubert (1922). 17056:"Ostfalenpost - Archiv" 16978:Tweants Learn 5 - Verbs 16376:"Reynke de Vos, Book 1" 16314:11 October 2017 at the 16296:11 October 2017 at the 15863:Bloemhof, Henk (2005). 15688:3 December 2013 at the 15530:16 January 2021 at the 15339: 15329: 15323: 15317: 15311: 15305: 15299: 15293: 15287: 15281: 14409:East Frisian Low German 14390:East Frisian Low German 14362:East Frisian Low German 12700:'the little countries' 12223:If I had had the time, 9940:"to be". When the past 9909: 9876: 7743:No distinction between 7717: 7711: 7704:Future tense formation 7677: 7646: 7640: 7612: 7582: 7561: 7512: 7483: 7457: 7424: 7395: 7366: 7337: 7308: 7283: 7251: 7218: 7193: 7156: 7123: 7094: 7061: 7032: 7003: 6938: 6796: 6743: 6640: 6587: 6533: 6480: 6420: 6371: 3727:West Germanic languages 2915: 2526:Varieties of Low German 2408: 2402: 2362: 2350:Anglo-Frisian languages 2264: 2088: 2068:In Danish it is called 2031: 2025: 2019: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1904:West Germanic languages 1880:A specific name of any 20566:Preterite-present verb 20449:Proto-Germanic grammar 20403:North Sea (Ingvaeonic) 19515:German Standard German 19191:East Frisian Low Saxon 18573:Lower Sorbian language 18568:Upper Sorbian language 18391:, by Klaus-Werner Kahl 18341:Plattmakers dictionary 18200:www.kreis-paderborn.de 18150:www.kreis-paderborn.de 17388:WOLL-Magazin Sauerland 17080:Lasch, Agathe (1914). 16673:Mensing, Otto (1929). 16630:Berens, Franz (1986). 16329:Niederdeutsche Sprache 16061:Cf. the definition of 15867:. Groningen: Sasland. 15648:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 15637: 15607:niederdeutsche Sprache 15599: 15443: 15426:[ˈneːdərdœyts] 15420: 15414: 15408: 15402: 15371: 15365: 15359: 15353: 15010: 14957:The internet magazine 14938:Norddeutscher Rundfunk 14837:Martha Müller-Grählert 14754: 14735: 14714: 14595: 14576: 14557: 14538: 14529: 14410: 14391: 14372: 14363: 14234: 14215: 14206: 14067: 14058: 13929: 13910: 13889: 13867:(New Saxon Spelling). 12279:he kraup (he crawled) 12213:he had already eaten. 12168:English Conditional 3 12165:English Conditional 2 9918: 9897:Scandinavian languages 9834:They wash themselves. 9374:Dative (Assinghausen) 7752:(East Frisian dialect) 7745:dative and accusative 6975:Ingvaonic development 6957:since the 17th century 6932: 6926: 6920: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6870: 6864: 6855: 6837: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6803: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6750: 6728: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6696: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6647: 6625: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6594: 6572: 6565: 6558: 6551: 6541: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6497: 6487: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6432: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6378: 6252:Yorkshire assimilation 4365:Van dên niëtelkuönînk 4344:Van deme thunkonnynck 3759:Scandinavian languages 3717: 2967:West Germanic language 2961: 2955: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2873: 2864: 2849: 2750: 2741: 2726: 2701:Midden-Westerkwartiers 2612:East Frisian Low Saxon 2601: 2508: 2477:mutual intelligibility 2455: 2420: 2414: 2396: 2374: 2368: 2270: 2145: 2139: 2110: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1996:niederdeutsche Sprache 1995: 1305: 1297: 1289: 1277: 1261: 1245: 1045:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 950:North Rhine-Westphalia 894: 889:is also classified as 877:dialects were spoken. 721:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 705:North Rhine-Westphalia 689: 507:is also spoken in the 457:This article contains 305:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 16:West Germanic language 20571:Grammatischer Wechsel 19554:Namibian Black German 19525:Swiss Standard German 19494:Early New High German 19052:Mainland West Frisian 18913:Harlingerland Frisian 17816:https://skryvwyse.eu/ 17760:Prehn, Maike (2012). 15849:13 March 2018 at the 15571:Maas, Sabine (2014). 15392:(which can also mean 15309:(South-Westphalian), 15202:1614 Low German Bible 15008: 15000:Coat of Arms of Bünde 14976:"Hengst" and "Hors". 14868:Hans-Jürgen Massaquoi 14795:Hans-Friedrich Blunck 14752: 14733: 14712: 14593: 14574: 14555: 14537: 14527: 14408: 14389: 14371: 14361: 14232: 14214: 14204: 14066: 14056: 13927: 13908: 13887: 12684:'the little country' 12519:en(en) starke(n) Kerl 12380:Ik ben aan het maken. 12348:Ik ben aan het maken. 12260:ik wöre (I would be) 12194:Harr ik de tied hat, 11280:baigen, "to salvage" 10642:schellen, "to scold" 10639:schre'en, "to shout" 9995:skräggen, "to shout" 9782:Southern Westphalian 9521:3. Singular, Masculin 9430:Southern Westphalian 9321:Accusative/Objective 3739:Early New High German 3503:managoro mensculdio, 3190:Vadder van us, (...) 2938:History of Low German 2599: 2520:non–Low German region 2020:nedderdüütsche Spraak 2002:plattdeutsche Sprache 1954:(South-Westphalian), 1910:, and thus including 1223: 908:'Well' or 'very well' 830: 743:(e.g., Pomerania and 665: 499:and the northeastern 20636:Languages of Germany 20576:Indo-European ablaut 20556:Germanic strong verb 20525:Germanic spirant law 19662:Southeast Limburgish 19158:Gelders-Overijssels 18787:Irish Middle English 18777:Early Modern English 18647:German Sign Language 18506:Standard High German 18487:Languages of Germany 18371:Nu is de Welt platt! 17794:Dieter Stellmacher: 17409:Entjes., H. (1970). 15642:; zumindest aber in 15217:Hamborger Veermaster 14057:Southern Westphalian 13928:Holsteinisch dialect 13909:Holsteinisch dialect 13888:Holsteinisch dialect 13865:Nysassiske Skryvwyse 13835:are mostly based on 13793:/ within diphthongs. 12473:schniggen (to snow) 12268:he blaiw (I stayed) 11286:biieven, "to quake" 10627:snacken, "to speak" 9998:skäilen, "to scold" 9968:briäken, "to break" 9806:She washes herself. 9605:3. Singular, Neutral 9563:3. Singular, Feminin 9137:improve this article 9130:Westphalian language 9126:Low Prussian dialect 9113:to meet Knowledge's 9015:improve this article 8323:Northern Low German: 6896:respectively; using 6341:Northern Low German 6136:Open-source software 6073:Neei, nummer mêêr!« 6052:Neyn, nummer meer!« 3510:us männje Schullen, 2881:Central Pomeranian ( 2706:Zuid-Westerkwartiers 2558:improve this section 2382:and assibilation of 2356:(some dialects have 2185:improve this section 2108:The colloquial term 1838:improve this article 1369:Hunsrik/Hunsrückisch 843:, before 1945, were 563:High German dialects 561:, which is based on 559:Standard High German 511:diaspora worldwide. 19:For other uses, see 20544:Synchronic features 20515:Germanic a-mutation 20468:Diachronic features 19818:in the broad sense 19751:East Central German 19705:Lorraine Franconian 19679:Transylvanian Saxon 19639:West Central German 19414:East Low Franconian 19324:West Low Franconian 18335:Online dictionaries 17621:"Atlaskarten – DMW" 17359:"Suche nach "Euch"" 17334:"Atlaskarten – DMW" 17216:Entjes, H. (1970). 17060:www.ostfalenpost.de 16981:, 18 September 2011 15321:(Low Prussian), or 13859:) representations. 13689: 13677:Vowel backness of / 12753:Proto-westgermanic 12746: 12668:'little countries' 12652:'a little country' 12643:indefinite singular 12635:'the pretty girls' 12578:indefinite singular 12513:indefinite singular 12445: 12412:(to be) Saxon uses 12388:Alternative form 2 12287:soöken (to search) 12276:kriupen (to crawl) 12236: 12196:harr ik ju hulpen. 12148: 11851: 11277:biiten, " to bite" 11271:hoolen, "to carry" 11256:bräken, "to break" 11249: 10648:waschen, "to wash" 10612:breken, "to break" 10605: 9989:kwuomen, "to come" 9961: 9913:to the German past 9889:southern Low German 9887:, High German, and 9820:He washes himself. 9768: 9225: 8594: 8027:he (only in Twente) 6971: 3810: 3777:Hanseatic main area 3718:Mittelniederdeutsch 2797:Gelders-Overijssels 2739:South Westphalian ( 2733:Westmünsterländisch 2608:or West Low German 2429:Language or dialect 2287:Pomeranian language 2118:Western variety of 1966:(Low Prussian), or 1376: & 1357: 1269:ethnically European 1238:Portuguese language 1224:A public school in 899: 808:). In the Southern 648:Geographical extent 211:Recognised minority 20651:North Sea Germanic 20561:Germanic weak verb 20370:Language subgroups 19720:Pennsylvania Dutch 19669:Moselle Franconian 19647:Central Franconian 19480:Middle High German 19231:Central Pomeranian 19186:Northern Low Saxon 18899:Wangerooge Frisian 18693:Germanic languages 18601:Moselle Franconian 18445:(General, Germany) 18395:Plattdeutsch heute 18389:Mönsterlänner Plat 18385:, by Olaf Bordasch 18175:www.hs-augsburg.de 18099:on 6 December 2015 17625:www.dmw-projekt.de 17338:www.dmw-projekt.de 17034:. John Benjamins. 16703:netz.sass-platt.de 16551:Accents of English 16449:10.13092/lo.58.240 16405:www.lowlands-l.net 15790:on 16 January 2021 15644:Schleswig-Holstein 15488:, or islands like 15480:, rivers like the 15011: 14928:Low German culture 14755: 14736: 14715: 14596: 14577: 14558: 14539: 14530: 14528:East - Pomeranian 14411: 14392: 14373: 14364: 14235: 14216: 14207: 14068: 14059: 13930: 13911: 13890: 13687: 12745: 12649:en lütt((e)t) Land 12646:en lütt((e)t) Land 12619:'the pretty girl' 12584:en(e) smucke Deern 12581:en(e) smucke Deern 12444: 12377:Ik bün an'n Maken. 12345:Ik bün an't Maken. 12265:bluiven (to stay) 12235: 12147: 11870:bruuka, "to need" 11858:breeka, to break" 11849: 11289:visken, "to fish" 11283:waiken, "to work" 11274:wasken, "to wash" 11265:helpen, "to help" 11247: 10636:holen, "to carry" 10624:helpen, "to help" 10603: 10004:wasken, "to wash" 9992:haulen, "to hold" 9983:küren, "to speak" 9980:helpen, "to help" 9959: 9826:Hai wasket siëck. 9767: 9406:Reflexive pronouns 9224:Personal pronouns 9223: 9122:Northern Low Saxon 8593: 6999:Nasal-Spirant-Law 6970: 6241:having shifted to 4243:Modern Low German 4222:Middle Low German 3809: 3735:Middle High German 2785:Twents-Graafschaps 2748:East Westphalian ( 2617:Northern Low Saxon 2602: 2500:Schleswig-Holstein 2498:At the request of 2303:Central Pomeranian 2283:Kashubian language 2149:) since May 2000. 1383:Pennsylvania Dutch 1341: 1303:in some areas. In 1246: 1211:Bergholz, New York 931:Schleswig-Holstein 897: 895: 820:can be considered 769:Kaliningrad Oblast 717:Schleswig-Holstein 690: 630:eastward migration 594:Schleswig-Holstein 524:North Sea Germanic 253:Schleswig-Holstein 145:North Sea Germanic 92:Russian Mennonites 20616: 20615: 20601:extinct languages 20588: 20587: 20584: 20583: 20535:Great Vowel Shift 20347: 20346: 20343: 20342: 20296: 20295: 20142:Greenlandic Norse 19961: 19960: 19957: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19892:Southern Bavarian 19875:Northern Bavarian 19851:Highest Alemannic 19802: 19801: 19536:standard variants 19451: 19450: 19297:Standard variants 19256: 19255: 19115:Middle Low German 19086: 19085: 19082: 19081: 18886:Saterland Frisian 18659: 18658: 18655: 18654: 18515:Regional/minority 18494:Official language 18413:Staring Instituut 18124:Neue Westfälische 17838:Missing or empty 17769:. Amsterdam: LOT. 17702:, Manchester 1960 17506:978-90-272-6353-7 17269:978-90-272-6353-7 17174:The Boydell Press 17152:The Boydell Press 17130:The Boydell Press 17041:978-90-272-6313-1 16616:978-90-272-6353-7 16436:Linguistik Online 16159:978-3-484-73048-9 15971:. 27 January 2008 15247:Masurian dialects 14986:Hengest and Horsa 14882:Middle Low German 14781: 14780: 14750: 14731: 14710: 14591: 14572: 14553: 14525: 14406: 14387: 14359: 14230: 14202: 14054: 13925: 13906: 13885: 13784: 13783: 13659: 13658: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13409: 13402: 13335:/ among dialects. 13308: 13307: 13287: 13263: 13148: 13095: 13054: 13011: 12946: 12945: 12756:East Westphalian 12704: 12703: 12675:definite singular 12659:indefinite plural 12632:de smucken Deerns 12629:de smucken Deerns 12610:definite singular 12594:indefinite plural 12570:'the strong men' 12554:'the strong man' 12545:definite singular 12529:indefinite plural 12516:en starke(n) Kerl 12480: 12479: 12465:kuoken (to cook) 12405: 12404: 12374:Alternative form 12308: 12307: 12301:he wus (he knew) 12298:wieten (to know) 12230: 12229: 12184:he harr al eten. 12125: 12124: 11847: 11846: 11245: 11244: 10633:kamen, "to come" 10601: 10600: 9929:is used with the 9847: 9846: 9840:Sei wasket iärk. 9812:Sei wasket iärk. 9759: 9758: 9402: 9401: 9365:(h)er/(h)ör/ se/ 9215:Personal pronouns 9165: 9164: 9157: 9115:quality standards 9106:This article may 9091: 9090: 9083: 9065: 8984: 8983: 8649: 8582: 8581: 8558: 8528: 8498: 8458: 8450: 8424: 8416: 8395: 8389: 8356: 8330: 8324: 8298: 8269: 8263: 8234: 8228: 8028: 7753: 7524: 6918:". No cognate to 6844: 6843: 6636:-tz-, -z- (/t͡s/) 6534:eten (ȩten, äten) 6247:Yorkshire dialect 6210:regional language 6134:Desktop Project. 6077: 6076: 3723:dialect continuum 3711:Middle Low German 3705:Middle Low German 3702: 3701: 3137:Modern Low German 3008:Old Saxon Genesis 2971:Middle Low German 2686:Kollumerpompsters 2594: 2593: 2586: 2510:Bundesgerichtshof 2504:regional language 2491:according to the 2489:regional language 2465:Middle Low German 2459:"). In contrast, 2318:Saterland Frisian 2314:Frisian languages 2228:dialect continuum 2221: 2220: 2213: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1236:) teaches in the 1098: 1097: 911:'Very well' only 873:, Russia), where 863:with its capital 847:with its capital 835:from east of the 747:), as well as in 674:(Standard German) 541:, while forms of 509:Russian Mennonite 503:. The dialect of 495:spoken mainly in 483: 482: 465:rendering support 461:phonetic symbols. 425: Low German 177:Middle Low German 110:Up to 10 million 20658: 20393:Elbe (Irminonic) 20366: 20365: 20353: 20352: 20281:Mainland Gutnish 20171:Swedish dialects 20133:Middle Icelandic 20107:Middle Norwegian 19996:Historical forms 19993: 19992: 19984: 19983: 19967: 19966: 19926:South Franconian 19912:Hutterite German 19880:Central Bavarian 19700:Rhine Franconian 19635: 19634: 19465:Historical forms 19462: 19461: 19377:Surinamese Dutch 19270:Historical forms 19267: 19266: 19100:Historical forms 19097: 19096: 18849:Historical forms 18846: 18845: 18733: 18732: 18724: 18723: 18711: 18710: 18686: 18679: 18672: 18663: 18662: 18521: 18520: 18485: 18484: 18473: 18466: 18459: 18450: 18449: 18431:Oostfreeske Taal 18302: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18259: 18243: 18237: 18236: 18234: 18232: 18217: 18211: 18210: 18208: 18206: 18192: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18181: 18167: 18161: 18160: 18158: 18156: 18142: 18136: 18135: 18133: 18131: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18104: 18098: 18092:. Archived from 18091: 18083: 18077: 18076: 18074: 18072: 18057: 18051: 18050: 18033: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18006: 18000: 17999: 17997: 17995: 17980: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17969: 17954: 17948: 17947: 17945: 17943: 17927: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17916: 17901: 17895: 17894: 17892: 17890: 17876: 17870: 17869: 17867: 17865: 17854: 17848: 17847: 17841: 17836: 17834: 17826: 17824: 17822: 17809: 17803: 17792: 17786: 17785: 17777: 17771: 17770: 17768: 17757: 17751: 17750: 17742: 17733: 17732: 17724: 17715: 17709: 17703: 17696: 17690: 17689: 17687: 17685: 17671: 17665: 17660: 17651: 17650: 17642: 17636: 17635: 17633: 17631: 17617: 17611: 17610: 17608: 17606: 17592: 17586: 17585: 17583: 17581: 17567: 17561: 17560: 17558: 17556: 17542: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17531: 17517: 17511: 17510: 17490: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17479: 17464: 17458: 17457: 17449: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17435: 17421: 17415: 17414: 17406: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17395: 17380: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17369: 17355: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17344: 17330: 17324: 17323: 17321: 17319: 17305: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17294: 17280: 17274: 17273: 17253: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17242: 17228: 17222: 17221: 17213: 17202: 17201: 17191: 17178: 17177: 17171: 17162: 17156: 17155: 17149: 17140: 17134: 17133: 17127: 17118: 17112: 17111: 17109: 17107: 17092: 17086: 17085: 17077: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17066: 17052: 17046: 17045: 17025: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17011: 16996: 16990: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16973: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16948: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16937: 16923: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16898: 16892: 16891: 16889: 16887: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16864: 16862: 16848: 16839: 16838: 16836: 16834: 16820: 16814: 16813: 16811: 16809: 16795: 16789: 16788: 16786: 16784: 16770: 16764: 16763: 16761: 16759: 16745: 16739: 16738: 16736: 16734: 16720: 16714: 16713: 16711: 16709: 16695: 16689: 16688: 16670: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16659: 16645: 16636: 16635: 16627: 16621: 16620: 16600: 16594: 16593: 16585: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16560: 16554: 16549:See John Wells, 16547: 16541: 16540: 16538: 16536: 16530:nds.i18n.kde.org 16522: 16516: 16515: 16513: 16511: 16500:"Linux op Platt" 16496: 16490: 16485: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16474: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16451: 16427: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16397: 16391: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16380:www.dodedans.com 16372: 16366: 16365: 16363: 16361: 16347: 16341: 16338: 16332: 16325: 16319: 16306: 16300: 16287: 16281: 16280: 16265: 16259: 16252: 16246: 16239: 16233: 16218: 16212: 16202: 16196: 16195: 16193: 16191: 16176: 16170: 16169: 16168: 16166: 16133: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16107: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16082: 16076: 16059: 16053: 16052: 16040: 16034: 16023: 16019: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16008: 16002: 15995: 15987: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15976: 15965: 15959: 15956: 15950: 15949: 15947: 15945: 15936: 15927: 15921: 15920: 15909: 15900: 15899: 15893: 15888: 15886: 15878: 15860: 15854: 15840: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15826: 15815: 15809: 15806: 15800: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15789: 15778: 15770: 15764: 15755:Hubertus Menke: 15753: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15727: 15721: 15720: 15718: 15716: 15711:on 10 April 2013 15707:. Archived from 15701: 15695: 15680: 15674: 15669: 15663: 15658: 15652: 15651: 15634: 15628: 15593: 15587: 15586: 15568: 15562: 15553: 15547: 15544: 15535: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15493: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15436: 15435: 15434: 15428: 15423: 15417: 15411: 15405: 15391: 15390: 15389: 15383: 15378: 15374: 15368: 15362: 15356: 15342: 15332: 15326: 15320: 15314: 15308: 15302: 15296: 15290: 15284: 15277: 15271: 15268: 15187: 15165: 15153: 15141: 15129: 15112: 15100: 15088: 15073: 15061: 15043: 15031: 15019: 14997: 14952: 14894:Balthasar Russow 14805:De fofftig Penns 14790:Heinrich Bandlow 14751: 14732: 14711: 14592: 14573: 14554: 14526: 14407: 14388: 14360: 14233:East Westphalian 14231: 14205:East Westphalian 14203: 14055: 13926: 13907: 13886: 13875: 13874: 13813: 13807: 13801: 13792: 13780: 13775: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13719: 13714: 13690: 13686: 13682: 13673: 13667: 13654: 13645: 13637: 13630: 13608: 13601: 13591: 13583: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13548: 13537: 13530: 13521: 13505: 13498: 13487: 13480: 13473: 13466: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13407: 13400: 13377: 13376: 13367: 13358: 13349: 13343: 13334: 13325: 13320: 13300: 13285: 13272: 13259: 13246: 13234: 13216: 13205: 13198: 13181: 13170: 13162: 13155: 13144: 13139: 13132: 13124: 13116: 13109: 13102: 13091: 13079: 13068: 13061: 13050: 13043: 13033: 13025: 13018: 13007: 12958: 12957: 12747: 12744: 12730:etc. can occur. 12697:de lütten Lannen 12694:de lütten Lannen 12587:'a pretty girl' 12567:de starken Kerls 12564:de starken Kerls 12551:den starken Kerl 12491: 12490: 12457:maken (to make) 12446: 12443: 12423: 12325: 12324: 12237: 12234: 12217:If I were rich, 12149: 12146: 11867:måka, "to male" 11861:häwa, "to have" 11852: 11848: 11250: 11246: 10606: 10602: 9962: 9958: 9924: 9912: 9879: 9843:Zei wasket eer. 9815:Zei wasket eer. 9777:East Frisian LG 9769: 9766: 9425:East Frisian LG 9417: 9416: 9226: 9222: 9160: 9153: 9149: 9146: 9140: 9101: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9023: 8999: 8991: 8853:kallt - kallare 8647: 8595: 8592: 8556: 8526: 8496: 8456: 8448: 8422: 8414: 8393: 8387: 8354: 8328: 8322: 8296: 8267: 8261: 8232: 8226: 8026: 7751: 7720: 7714: 7680: 7649: 7643: 7615: 7585: 7564: 7522: 7515: 7486: 7460: 7427: 7398: 7369: 7340: 7311: 7286: 7254: 7221: 7196: 7159: 7126: 7097: 7064: 7035: 7006: 6972: 6969: 6943: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6913: 6907: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6873: 6867: 6858: 6840: 6832: 6825: 6817: 6806: 6799: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6753: 6746: 6731: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6699: 6681: 6674: 6667: 6660: 6650: 6643: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6607: 6597: 6590: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6544: 6536: 6521: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6490: 6483: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6435: 6423: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6381: 6374: 6332: 6331: 6244: 6240: 6206: 6195: 6184: 6173: 6161: 6108:Hanseatic League 3811: 3808: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3747:Hanseatic League 3733:in the West and 3720: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3031: 3019: 2964: 2962:Altniederdeutsch 2958: 2920: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2878: 2869: 2852: 2753: 2744: 2729: 2589: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2538: 2530: 2513: 2458: 2451:abstand language 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2389: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2273: 2267: 2261:that traces the 2216: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2165: 2157: 2148: 2142: 2113: 2093: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1935: 1929: 1923: 1891:nor classify as 1865: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1822: 1814: 1358: 1340: 1332: 1308: 1302: 1294: 1285:German Brazilian 1282: 1266: 1226:Witmarsum Colony 1178:British Columbia 900: 896: 837:Oder–Neisse line 697:Northern Germany 638:Germania Slavica 557:, as opposed to 497:Northern Germany 448: 439: 424: 407: 400: 391: 390: 382: 366: 362: 360: 359: 351: 347: 345: 344: 335: 331: 329: 328: 316: 314: 313: 303: 301: 300: 290: 288: 287: 277: 275: 274: 264: 262: 261: 251: 249: 248: 237: 235: 234: 225: 223: 222: 213:language in 124: 70:Southern Denmark 30: 29: 20666: 20665: 20661: 20660: 20659: 20657: 20656: 20655: 20646:German dialects 20621: 20620: 20617: 20612: 20580: 20539: 20520:Germanic umlaut 20485:Holtzmann's law 20463: 20432: 20360: 20339: 20292: 20269: 20203:South Jutlandic 20188:Danish dialects 20154: 20035: 19978: 19949: 19931:East Franconian 19885:Viennese German 19798: 19779:Silesian German 19745: 19734:Central Hessian 19624: 19549:Namibian German 19538: 19529: 19507:Standard German 19501: 19487:New High German 19473:Old High German 19447: 19426: 19408: 19319: 19291: 19252: 19236:East Pomeranian 19226:Brandenburgisch 19213:East Low German 19207: 19134:Dutch Low Saxon 19126:West Low German 19120: 19078: 19044:Schiermonnikoog 19025: 18920: 18906:Wursten Frisian 18869: 18835: 18718: 18705: 18695: 18690: 18660: 18651: 18579: 18516: 18510: 18489: 18479: 18477: 18403: 18367: 18337: 18310: 18305: 18273: 18268: 18267: 18257: 18255: 18244: 18240: 18230: 18228: 18218: 18214: 18204: 18202: 18194: 18193: 18189: 18179: 18177: 18169: 18168: 18164: 18154: 18152: 18144: 18143: 18139: 18129: 18127: 18116: 18112: 18102: 18100: 18096: 18089: 18085: 18084: 18080: 18070: 18068: 18065:igbauernhaus.de 18059: 18058: 18054: 18047: 18035: 18034: 18030: 18020: 18018: 18007: 18003: 17993: 17991: 17981: 17977: 17967: 17965: 17956: 17955: 17951: 17941: 17939: 17928: 17924: 17914: 17912: 17903: 17902: 17898: 17888: 17886: 17878: 17877: 17873: 17863: 17861: 17856: 17855: 17851: 17839: 17837: 17828: 17827: 17820: 17818: 17811: 17810: 17806: 17793: 17789: 17778: 17774: 17766: 17758: 17754: 17743: 17736: 17725: 17718: 17710: 17706: 17697: 17693: 17683: 17681: 17673: 17672: 17668: 17661: 17654: 17643: 17639: 17629: 17627: 17619: 17618: 17614: 17604: 17602: 17594: 17593: 17589: 17579: 17577: 17569: 17568: 17564: 17554: 17552: 17544: 17543: 17539: 17529: 17527: 17519: 17518: 17514: 17507: 17491: 17487: 17477: 17475: 17466: 17465: 17461: 17450: 17443: 17433: 17431: 17429:www.platt-wb.de 17423: 17422: 17418: 17407: 17403: 17393: 17391: 17382: 17381: 17377: 17367: 17365: 17357: 17356: 17352: 17342: 17340: 17332: 17331: 17327: 17317: 17315: 17313:www.sassen.land 17307: 17306: 17302: 17292: 17290: 17282: 17281: 17277: 17270: 17254: 17250: 17240: 17238: 17236:www.platt-wb.de 17230: 17229: 17225: 17214: 17205: 17192: 17181: 17169: 17163: 17159: 17147: 17141: 17137: 17125: 17119: 17115: 17105: 17103: 17094: 17093: 17089: 17078: 17074: 17064: 17062: 17054: 17053: 17049: 17042: 17026: 17019: 17009: 17007: 16998: 16997: 16993: 16984: 16982: 16975: 16974: 16970: 16960: 16958: 16956:www.platt-wb.de 16950: 16949: 16945: 16935: 16933: 16931:www.platt-wb.de 16925: 16924: 16920: 16910: 16908: 16906:oostfraeisk.org 16900: 16899: 16895: 16885: 16883: 16881:www.platt-wb.de 16875: 16874: 16870: 16860: 16858: 16856:www.platt-wb.de 16850: 16849: 16842: 16832: 16830: 16828:www.platt-wb.de 16822: 16821: 16817: 16807: 16805: 16803:www.platt-wb.de 16797: 16796: 16792: 16782: 16780: 16778:www.platt-wb.de 16772: 16771: 16767: 16757: 16755: 16753:www.sassen.land 16747: 16746: 16742: 16732: 16730: 16722: 16721: 16717: 16707: 16705: 16697: 16696: 16692: 16685: 16671: 16667: 16657: 16655: 16647: 16646: 16639: 16628: 16624: 16617: 16601: 16597: 16586: 16582: 16572: 16570: 16562: 16561: 16557: 16548: 16544: 16534: 16532: 16524: 16523: 16519: 16509: 16507: 16498: 16497: 16493: 16486: 16482: 16472: 16470: 16462: 16461: 16457: 16428: 16419: 16409: 16407: 16399: 16398: 16394: 16384: 16382: 16374: 16373: 16369: 16359: 16357: 16349: 16348: 16344: 16339: 16335: 16326: 16322: 16316:Wayback Machine 16307: 16303: 16298:Wayback Machine 16288: 16284: 16266: 16262: 16253: 16249: 16240: 16236: 16219: 16215: 16203: 16199: 16189: 16187: 16180:"Niederdeutsch" 16178: 16177: 16173: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16134: 16130: 16120: 16118: 16109: 16108: 16104: 16094: 16092: 16086:"Mundart/Platt" 16084: 16083: 16079: 16073:as High German 16060: 16056: 16041: 16037: 16032:Wayback Machine 16022:(in Portuguese) 16021: 16020: 16016: 16006: 16004: 16000: 15993: 15989: 15988: 15984: 15974: 15972: 15967: 15966: 15962: 15957: 15953: 15943: 15941: 15934: 15928: 15924: 15911: 15910: 15903: 15894:value: length ( 15891: 15889: 15880: 15879: 15875: 15861: 15857: 15851:Wayback Machine 15841: 15834: 15824: 15822: 15817: 15816: 15812: 15807: 15803: 15793: 15791: 15787: 15776: 15772: 15771: 15767: 15754: 15750: 15740: 15738: 15729: 15728: 15724: 15714: 15712: 15703: 15702: 15698: 15690:Wayback Machine 15681: 15677: 15670: 15666: 15659: 15655: 15635: 15631: 15604: 15594: 15590: 15583: 15569: 15565: 15554: 15550: 15545: 15538: 15532:Wayback Machine 15523: 15519: 15511: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15496: 15455: 15451: 15430: 15429: 15385: 15384: 15376: 15360:Niedersächsisch 15315:(Eastphalian), 15278: 15274: 15269: 15265: 15260: 15242:Ohnsorg-Theater 15198: 15191: 15188: 15169: 15166: 15157: 15154: 15145: 15142: 15133: 15130: 15116: 15113: 15104: 15101: 15092: 15089: 15080: 15074: 15065: 15062: 15047: 15044: 15035: 15032: 15023: 15020: 15001: 14998: 14953: 14930: 14889:Eggerik Beninga 14846:Willem Schröder 14786: 14746: 14727: 14706: 14594:East Pomeranian 14587: 14575:East Pomeranian 14568: 14556:East Pomeranian 14549: 14521: 14402: 14383: 14355: 14226: 14198: 14050: 13921: 13902: 13881: 13873: 13871:Spoken examples 13821: 13796:Long phonemes / 13375: 12989: 12975: 12956: 12951: 12736: 12691:definite plural 12626:definite plural 12616:de smucke Deern 12613:de smucke Deern 12603:'pretty girls' 12561:definite plural 12522:'a strong man' 12485: 12449:Infinitiv form 12421: 12394:Ik ben makende. 12257:Ik was (I was) 12211:He said to me, 12205:He said to me, 9971:täin "to pull" 9931:auxiliary verbs 9877:Ekj sie jekomen 9872:present perfect 9852: 9837:Se wasken sük. 9829:Hei wasket um. 9823:He wasket sük. 9809:Se wasket sük. 9408: 9217: 9207:features) with 9161: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9134: 9102: 9098: 9087: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9024: 9022: 9012: 9000: 8989: 8587: 6964: 6953:*** Pronounced 6537: 6335:Proto-Germanic 6237:except for old 6223: 6218: 6200: 6189: 6178: 6167: 6155: 6144: 6121:native speakers 6100: 6084: 3805: 3799: 3790: 3787: 3778: 3775: 3713: 3707: 3471:heƀenes uuard, 3050: 3044: 3035: 3032: 3023: 3020: 2951: 2945: 2940: 2934: 2908:Niederpreußisch 2891:East Pomeranian 2884:Mittelpommersch 2866:Brandenburgisch 2859:East Low German 2736:Münsterländisch 2681:Westerkwartiers 2590: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2555: 2539: 2528: 2485: 2431: 2299:East Pomeranian 2295:Polish language 2217: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2182: 2166: 2155: 2140:niedersächsisch 1960:(Eastphalian), 1866: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1835: 1823: 1812: 1364:Standard German 1355: 1353: 1351: 1344:native speakers 1249:East Pomeranian 1234:Southern Brazil 1157: 1155:East Low German 1149:Main articles: 1147: 1107:Dutch Low Saxon 1103: 1101:The Netherlands 857:East Pomeranian 814:German minority 798:East Pomeranian 683: 681: 675: 673: 667: 660: 655: 650: 634:Slavic-speaking 547:Standard German 463:Without proper 451: 435: 420: 403: 396: 386: 385: 378: 368: 357: 355: 342: 340: 326: 324: 311: 309: 298: 296: 285: 283: 272: 270: 259: 257: 246: 244: 232: 230: 220: 218: 214: 212: 205:Official status 197:East Low German 181: 167: 160: 125: 122:Language family 120: 109: 105: 104:Native speakers 94: 90: 86: 82: 68: 63: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20664: 20654: 20653: 20648: 20643: 20638: 20633: 20614: 20613: 20611: 20610: 20603: 20593: 20590: 20589: 20586: 20585: 20582: 20581: 20579: 20578: 20573: 20568: 20563: 20558: 20553: 20547: 20545: 20541: 20540: 20538: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20471: 20469: 20465: 20464: 20462: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20444:Proto-Germanic 20440: 20438: 20434: 20433: 20431: 20430: 20423: 20416: 20408: 20407: 20406: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20385: 20380: 20374: 20372: 20362: 20361: 20349: 20348: 20345: 20344: 20341: 20340: 20338: 20337: 20330: 20323: 20319:Crimean Gothic 20308: 20306: 20298: 20297: 20294: 20293: 20291: 20290: 20289: 20288: 20283: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20268: 20267: 20266: 20265: 20255: 20254: 20253: 20246: 20239: 20234: 20229: 20224: 20223: 20222: 20217: 20207: 20206: 20205: 20195: 20193:Insular Danish 20190: 20180: 20179: 20178: 20176:Rinkebysvenska 20173: 20162: 20160: 20156: 20155: 20153: 20152: 20145: 20138: 20137: 20136: 20129: 20117: 20112: 20111: 20110: 20103: 20096: 20090: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20043: 20041: 20037: 20036: 20034: 20033: 20032: 20031: 20024: 20022:Old East Norse 20019: 20017:Old West Norse 20007: 19999: 19997: 19990: 19980: 19979: 19963: 19962: 19959: 19958: 19955: 19954: 19951: 19950: 19948: 19947: 19940: 19939: 19938: 19928: 19923: 19922: 19921: 19920: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19899: 19897:South Tyrolean 19889: 19888: 19887: 19877: 19867: 19866: 19865: 19860: 19859: 19858: 19848: 19847: 19846: 19839:High Alemannic 19836: 19835: 19834: 19829: 19812: 19810: 19804: 19803: 19800: 19799: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19755: 19753: 19747: 19746: 19744: 19743: 19738: 19737: 19736: 19726: 19725: 19724: 19723: 19722: 19717: 19707: 19697: 19696: 19695: 19694: 19693: 19692: 19691: 19681: 19676: 19666: 19665: 19664: 19659: 19643: 19641: 19632: 19630:Central German 19626: 19625: 19623: 19622: 19621: 19620: 19615: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19588: 19583: 19582: 19581: 19571: 19569:Barossa German 19566: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19545: 19543: 19531: 19530: 19528: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19511: 19509: 19503: 19502: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19497: 19483: 19476: 19468: 19466: 19459: 19453: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19434: 19432: 19428: 19427: 19425: 19424: 19418: 19416: 19410: 19409: 19407: 19406: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19373: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19351: 19350: 19348:French Flemish 19340: 19339: 19338: 19327: 19325: 19321: 19320: 19318: 19317: 19307: 19301: 19299: 19293: 19292: 19290: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19273: 19271: 19264: 19262:Low Franconian 19258: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19251: 19250: 19249: 19248: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19217: 19215: 19209: 19208: 19206: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19194: 19193: 19183: 19182: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19130: 19128: 19122: 19121: 19119: 19118: 19111: 19103: 19101: 19094: 19088: 19087: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19079: 19077: 19076: 19075: 19074: 19069: 19068: 19067: 19066: 19065: 19063:Westereendersk 19057: 19046: 19041: 19035: 19033: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19023: 19022: 19021: 19016: 19009: 19004: 19003: 19002: 18997: 18994: 18986: 18981: 18980: 18979: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18941: 18930: 18928: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18918: 18917: 18916: 18909: 18902: 18890: 18889: 18888: 18879: 18877: 18871: 18870: 18868: 18867: 18864:Middle Frisian 18860: 18852: 18850: 18843: 18837: 18836: 18834: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18824: 18812: 18811: 18810: 18803: 18796: 18784: 18783: 18782: 18781: 18780: 18770:Modern English 18766: 18763:Middle English 18759: 18752: 18741: 18739: 18730: 18720: 18719: 18707: 18706: 18700: 18697: 18696: 18689: 18688: 18681: 18674: 18666: 18657: 18656: 18653: 18652: 18650: 18649: 18644: 18643: 18642: 18635:Low Franconian 18632: 18631: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18610: 18609: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18591:Central German 18587: 18585: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18577: 18576: 18575: 18570: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18549: 18548: 18543: 18533: 18527: 18525: 18518: 18512: 18511: 18509: 18508: 18497: 18495: 18491: 18490: 18476: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18453: 18447: 18446: 18440: 18434: 18428: 18422: 18416: 18410: 18407:IJsselacademie 18402: 18399: 18398: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18380: 18374: 18366: 18363: 18362: 18361: 18355: 18350: 18344: 18336: 18333: 18332: 18331: 18326: 18321: 18316: 18309: 18308:External links 18306: 18304: 18303: 18292:10.2307/412855 18274: 18272: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18238: 18212: 18187: 18162: 18137: 18110: 18078: 18052: 18045: 18028: 18001: 17975: 17949: 17922: 17896: 17871: 17849: 17804: 17787: 17772: 17752: 17734: 17716: 17704: 17691: 17666: 17652: 17637: 17612: 17587: 17562: 17537: 17512: 17505: 17485: 17459: 17441: 17416: 17401: 17375: 17363:plattmakers.de 17350: 17325: 17300: 17275: 17268: 17248: 17223: 17203: 17179: 17157: 17135: 17113: 17087: 17072: 17047: 17040: 17017: 16991: 16968: 16943: 16918: 16893: 16868: 16840: 16815: 16790: 16765: 16740: 16715: 16690: 16683: 16665: 16637: 16622: 16615: 16595: 16580: 16555: 16542: 16517: 16506:on 1 July 2012 16491: 16480: 16455: 16417: 16392: 16367: 16342: 16333: 16320: 16301: 16282: 16260: 16247: 16234: 16213: 16197: 16171: 16158: 16128: 16102: 16077: 16054: 16035: 16014: 16003:on 6 June 2013 15982: 15960: 15951: 15922: 15917:www.unesco.org 15901: 15874:90646613242006 15873: 15855: 15832: 15810: 15801: 15765: 15748: 15722: 15696: 15693:CNN en Español 15675: 15664: 15653: 15629: 15588: 15582:978-3830980339 15581: 15563: 15548: 15536: 15517: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15449: 15381:[plat] 15324:Neddersassisch 15272: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15192: 15189: 15182: 15171: 15170: 15167: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15124: 15118: 15117: 15114: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15083: 15081: 15075: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15056: 15049: 15048: 15045: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15014: 15003: 15002: 14999: 14992: 14955: 14954: 14947: 14929: 14926: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14879: 14878: 14875: 14870: 14865: 14863:Wilhelm Wieben 14860: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14844: 14838: 14835: 14832: 14829: 14827:August Hermann 14824: 14823:(Dithmarsisch) 14818: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14800:John Brinckman 14797: 14792: 14785: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14758: 14756: 14743: 14740: 14739: 14737: 14724: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14703: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14659: 14657: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14637: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14619: 14617: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14578: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14531: 14518: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14484: 14482: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14380: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14365: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14308: 14306: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14268: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14259: 14258: 14256: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14223: 14220: 14219: 14217: 14208: 14195: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14159: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14151: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14111: 14109: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14091: 14089: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14071: 14069: 14060: 14047: 14044: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13933: 13931: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13893: 13891: 13878: 13872: 13869: 13825:Latin alphabet 13820: 13819:Writing system 13817: 13816: 13815: 13794: 13782: 13781: 13776: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13685: 13684: 13675: 13657: 13656: 13647: 13638: 13631: 13624: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13610: 13609: 13602: 13595: 13593: 13584: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13556: 13550: 13549: 13542: 13540: 13538: 13531: 13524: 13522: 13515: 13513: 13507: 13506: 13499: 13492: 13490: 13488: 13481: 13474: 13467: 13460: 13454: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13404: 13396: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13369: 13360: 13351: 13336: 13327: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13275: 13273: 13266: 13264: 13257: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13228: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13199: 13192: 13186: 13185: 13183: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13156: 13149: 13141: 13140: 13133: 13126: 13117: 13110: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13073: 13071: 13069: 13062: 13055: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13037: 13035: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13005: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12983: 12978: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12940: 12937: 12934: 12931: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12911: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12896: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12860: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12841: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12824: 12821: 12818: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12783: 12777: 12773: 12772: 12769: 12766: 12763: 12757: 12754: 12751: 12735: 12732: 12728:de stark Kerls 12712:de lütt Lannen 12702: 12701: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12681:dat lütte Land 12679: 12678:dat lütte Land 12676: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12647: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12620: 12617: 12614: 12611: 12608: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12598: 12595: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12585: 12582: 12579: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12552: 12549: 12548:de starke Kerl 12546: 12543: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12527: 12524: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12484: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12476:to schniggene 12474: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12439: 12438: 12431: 12417: 12403: 12402: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12367: 12364: 12357: 12353: 12352: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12332: 12329: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12299: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12288: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12262: 12261: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12248:subjunctive 2 12244: 12241: 12228: 12227: 12221: 12215: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12192: 12188:Weer ik riek, 12186: 12182:He see to mi, 12180: 12176:He see to mi, 12174: 12170: 12169: 12166: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12152: 12123: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12100: 12099: 12096: 12093: 12090: 12087: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12061: 12058: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12038: 12035: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12012: 12009: 12006: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11975: 11972: 11969: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11917: 11914: 11911: 11908: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11897: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11865: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11823: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11803: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11759: 11756: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11744: 11741: 11738: 11735: 11732: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11709: 11706: 11703: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11691: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11671: 11668: 11665: 11662: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11647: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11624: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11589: 11586: 11583: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11530: 11527: 11524: 11521: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11467: 11466: 11463: 11460: 11457: 11454: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11439: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11383: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11348: 11345: 11342: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11307: 11304: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11291: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11262:góón, "to go" 11260: 11259:dòůn, "to do" 11257: 11254: 11243: 11242: 11239: 11236: 11233: 11230: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11192: 11189: 11186: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11104: 11101: 11098: 11095: 11092: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11077: 11074: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10980: 10977: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10954: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10904: 10901: 10898: 10895: 10892: 10889: 10886: 10882: 10881: 10878: 10875: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10834: 10831: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10766: 10763: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10660: 10657: 10654: 10650: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10621:gahn, "to go" 10619: 10618:doon, "to do" 10616: 10615:tehn"to pull" 10613: 10610: 10599: 10598: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10586: 10583: 10580: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10548: 10545: 10542: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10530: 10527: 10524: 10521: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10480: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10451: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10439: 10436: 10433: 10430: 10427: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10386: 10383: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10345: 10342: 10339: 10336: 10333: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10266: 10263: 10260: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10172: 10169: 10166: 10163: 10160: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10122: 10119: 10116: 10113: 10110: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10084: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10046: 10043: 10040: 10037: 10034: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10002: 9999: 9996: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9981: 9978: 9977:gaun, "to go" 9975: 9974:doun, "to do" 9972: 9969: 9966: 9938:wesen/sin/sien 9936:"to have" and 9851: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9722: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9472: 9469: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9449: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9370: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9347:(h)em/hüm/him 9343: 9339:(j)u(ch)/jük/ 9337: 9331: 9328: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9216: 9213: 9163: 9162: 9105: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9088: 9003: 9001: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8941: 8934: 8927: 8924: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8886:wild - willer 8884: 8877: 8870: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8851: 8850:kold - koller 8848: 8841: 8834: 8826: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8808: 8801: 8794: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8754: 8747: 8746: 8740: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8718: 8717: 8711: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8691: 8683: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8625: 8622: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8490: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8461: 8452: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8427: 8418: 8411: 8410: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8370: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8351: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8319: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8293: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8265: 8258: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8196:lääsen, leest 8193: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7984: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7786: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7747: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7721: 7708: 7701: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7516: 7508: 7507: 7500: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7479: 7478: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7420: 7419: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7399: 7391: 7390: 7383: 7380: 7373: 7370: 7362: 7361: 7354: 7351: 7344: 7341: 7333: 7332: 7325: 7322: 7315: 7312: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7247: 7246: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7222: 7214: 7213: 7206: 7203: 7200: 7197: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7152: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7127: 7119: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7101: 7098: 7090: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7065: 7057: 7056: 7049: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7028: 7027: 7020: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6951: 6862:** The series 6860: 6853:* High German 6842: 6841: 6834: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6808: 6800: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6778: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6717: 6710: 6703: 6700: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6651: 6644: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6591: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6545: 6538: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6436: 6429: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6399: 6392: 6385: 6382: 6375: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6258:For instance: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6143: 6140: 6099: 6096: 6083: 6080: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3769: 3709:Main article: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3014: 2947:Main article: 2944: 2941: 2936:Main article: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2804: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2760: 2755: 2751:Ostwestfälisch 2746: 2742:Südwestfälisch 2737: 2734: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2678: 2676:Veenkoloniaals 2673: 2668: 2663: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2614: 2592: 2591: 2542: 2540: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2484: 2481: 2430: 2427: 2380:palatalization 2251:Central German 2219: 2218: 2169: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2153:Classification 2151: 2124:linguistically 1916: 1915: 1912:Low Franconian 1900: 1893:Low Franconian 1868: 1867: 1826: 1824: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1350:outside Europe 1337: 1336: 1306:Espírito Santo 1273:Rio de Janeiro 1263:Espírito Santo 1146: 1143: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 984: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 927: 926: 923: 920: 917: 913: 912: 909: 906: 824:at this time. 761:Baltic Germans 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 481: 480: 467:, you may see 453: 452: 449: 441: 440: 433: 427: 426: 418: 410: 409: 401: 393: 392: 383: 375: 374: 373:Language codes 370: 369: 321: 320: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 217: 215: 210: 207: 206: 202: 201: 200: 199: 194: 187: 183: 182: 180: 179: 170: 168: 165: 162: 161: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 154: 153: 152: 128: 126: 119: 116: 115: 106: 103: 100: 99: 77: 73: 72: 51: 50:Native to 47: 46: 40: 39: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20663: 20652: 20649: 20647: 20644: 20642: 20639: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20628: 20626: 20619: 20608: 20604: 20602: 20598: 20595: 20594: 20591: 20577: 20574: 20572: 20569: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20551:Germanic verb 20549: 20548: 20546: 20542: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20490:Sievers's law 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20472: 20470: 20466: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20441: 20439: 20437:Reconstructed 20435: 20429: 20428: 20424: 20422: 20421: 20417: 20415: 20414: 20410: 20409: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20390: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20375: 20373: 20371: 20367: 20363: 20359: 20354: 20350: 20336: 20335: 20331: 20329: 20328: 20324: 20321: 20320: 20315: 20314: 20310: 20309: 20307: 20305: 20304: 20299: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20278: 20276: 20275: 20272: 20264: 20261: 20260: 20259: 20256: 20252: 20251: 20250:Middle Danish 20247: 20245: 20244: 20240: 20238: 20235: 20233: 20230: 20228: 20225: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20212: 20211: 20208: 20204: 20201: 20200: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20191: 20189: 20186: 20185: 20184: 20181: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20168: 20167: 20164: 20163: 20161: 20157: 20151: 20150: 20146: 20144: 20143: 20139: 20135: 20134: 20130: 20128: 20127: 20126:Old Icelandic 20123: 20122: 20121: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20109: 20108: 20104: 20102: 20101: 20100:Old Norwegian 20097: 20094: 20091: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20042: 20038: 20030: 20029: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20014: 20013: 20012: 20008: 20006: 20005: 20001: 20000: 19998: 19994: 19991: 19989: 19985: 19981: 19977: 19973: 19968: 19964: 19946: 19945: 19941: 19937: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19918: 19917:Gottscheerish 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19898: 19895: 19894: 19893: 19890: 19886: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19868: 19864: 19861: 19857: 19856:Walser German 19854: 19853: 19852: 19849: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19840: 19837: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19822:Low Alemannic 19820: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19813: 19811: 19809: 19805: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19784:High Prussian 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19769:Erzgebirgisch 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19756: 19754: 19752: 19748: 19742: 19739: 19735: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19727: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19702: 19701: 19698: 19690: 19687: 19686: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19674:Luxembourgish 19672: 19671: 19670: 19667: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19654: 19653: 19650: 19649: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19642: 19640: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19627: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19613: 19612:Klezmer-loshn 19609: 19607: 19606:Scots Yiddish 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19593: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19580: 19577: 19576: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19546: 19544: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19508: 19504: 19496: 19495: 19491: 19490: 19489: 19488: 19484: 19482: 19481: 19477: 19475: 19474: 19470: 19469: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19454: 19444: 19443:Meuse-Rhenish 19441: 19439: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19429: 19423: 19420: 19419: 19417: 19415: 19411: 19405: 19401: 19397: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19374: 19371: 19370:Kleverlandish 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19349: 19346: 19345: 19344: 19341: 19337: 19334: 19333: 19332: 19331:Central Dutch 19329: 19328: 19326: 19322: 19315: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19302: 19300: 19298: 19294: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19259: 19247: 19244: 19243: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19218: 19216: 19214: 19210: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19192: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19184: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19139:Stellingwarfs 19137: 19136: 19135: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19127: 19123: 19117: 19116: 19112: 19110: 19109: 19105: 19104: 19102: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19089: 19073: 19070: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19059:Wood Frisian 19058: 19055: 19054: 19053: 19050: 19049: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19036: 19034: 19032: 19028: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19014: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19001: 18998: 18995: 18992: 18991: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18977: 18976: 18975: 18972: 18971: 18969: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18953: 18950: 18948: 18945: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18939: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18929: 18927: 18926:North Frisian 18923: 18915: 18914: 18910: 18908: 18907: 18903: 18901: 18900: 18896: 18895: 18894: 18891: 18887: 18884: 18883: 18881: 18880: 18878: 18876: 18872: 18866: 18865: 18861: 18859: 18858: 18854: 18853: 18851: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18838: 18830: 18829: 18825: 18823: 18822: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18813: 18809: 18808: 18804: 18802: 18801: 18797: 18795: 18794: 18790: 18789: 18788: 18785: 18779: 18778: 18774: 18773: 18772: 18771: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18760: 18758: 18757: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18740: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18728:Anglo-Frisian 18725: 18721: 18717: 18712: 18708: 18704: 18698: 18694: 18687: 18682: 18680: 18675: 18673: 18668: 18667: 18664: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18638: 18637: 18636: 18633: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18615: 18614: 18611: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18594: 18593: 18592: 18589: 18588: 18586: 18582: 18574: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18565: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18538: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18522: 18519: 18513: 18507: 18503: 18499: 18498: 18496: 18492: 18488: 18483: 18474: 18469: 18467: 18462: 18460: 18455: 18454: 18451: 18444: 18441: 18438: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18426: 18423: 18420: 18417: 18414: 18411: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18401:Organisations 18396: 18393: 18390: 18387: 18384: 18381: 18378: 18375: 18372: 18369: 18368: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18348: 18345: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18330: 18327: 18325: 18322: 18320: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18301: 18297: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18281: 18276: 18275: 18253: 18249: 18242: 18227: 18223: 18216: 18201: 18197: 18191: 18176: 18172: 18166: 18151: 18147: 18141: 18125: 18121: 18114: 18095: 18088: 18082: 18066: 18062: 18056: 18048: 18046:3-430-11378-4 18042: 18038: 18032: 18016: 18012: 18005: 17990: 17986: 17979: 17963: 17959: 17958:"Werldspråke" 17953: 17937: 17933: 17926: 17910: 17906: 17900: 17885: 17881: 17875: 17859: 17853: 17845: 17832: 17817: 17814: 17808: 17801: 17797: 17791: 17783: 17776: 17765: 17764: 17756: 17748: 17741: 17739: 17730: 17723: 17721: 17713: 17708: 17701: 17698:R.E. Keller, 17695: 17680: 17676: 17670: 17664: 17659: 17657: 17648: 17641: 17626: 17622: 17616: 17601: 17597: 17591: 17576: 17572: 17566: 17551: 17550:sass-platt.de 17547: 17541: 17526: 17525:sass-platt.de 17522: 17516: 17508: 17502: 17498: 17497: 17489: 17473: 17469: 17463: 17455: 17448: 17446: 17430: 17426: 17420: 17412: 17405: 17389: 17385: 17379: 17364: 17360: 17354: 17339: 17335: 17329: 17314: 17310: 17304: 17289: 17288:sass-platt.de 17285: 17279: 17271: 17265: 17261: 17260: 17252: 17237: 17233: 17227: 17219: 17212: 17210: 17208: 17199: 17198: 17190: 17188: 17186: 17184: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17153: 17146: 17139: 17131: 17124: 17117: 17101: 17097: 17091: 17083: 17076: 17061: 17057: 17051: 17043: 17037: 17033: 17032: 17024: 17022: 17005: 17001: 16995: 16980: 16979: 16972: 16957: 16953: 16947: 16932: 16928: 16922: 16907: 16903: 16897: 16882: 16878: 16872: 16857: 16853: 16847: 16845: 16829: 16825: 16819: 16804: 16800: 16794: 16779: 16775: 16769: 16754: 16750: 16744: 16729: 16728:sass-platt.de 16725: 16719: 16704: 16700: 16694: 16686: 16684:3-500-25770-4 16680: 16676: 16669: 16654: 16650: 16644: 16642: 16633: 16626: 16618: 16612: 16608: 16607: 16599: 16591: 16584: 16569: 16565: 16559: 16552: 16546: 16531: 16527: 16521: 16505: 16501: 16495: 16489: 16484: 16469: 16465: 16459: 16450: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16406: 16402: 16396: 16381: 16377: 16371: 16356: 16352: 16346: 16337: 16330: 16324: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16305: 16299: 16295: 16292: 16286: 16278: 16276: 16271: 16264: 16257: 16251: 16244: 16238: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16217: 16210: 16206: 16201: 16185: 16181: 16175: 16161: 16155: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16132: 16116: 16112: 16106: 16091: 16087: 16081: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16064: 16058: 16050: 16046: 16039: 16033: 16029: 16026: 16018: 15999: 15992: 15986: 15970: 15969:"Platdietsch" 15964: 15955: 15940: 15933: 15926: 15918: 15914: 15908: 15906: 15897: 15884: 15876: 15870: 15866: 15859: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15839: 15837: 15820: 15814: 15805: 15786: 15782: 15781:ins-bremen.de 15775: 15769: 15762: 15758: 15752: 15736: 15732: 15726: 15710: 15706: 15700: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15679: 15673: 15668: 15662: 15657: 15650: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15633: 15627: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15612: 15608: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15584: 15578: 15574: 15567: 15560: 15557: 15552: 15543: 15541: 15533: 15529: 15526: 15521: 15514: 15509: 15505: 15491: 15487: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15453: 15445: 15440: 15433: 15427: 15422: 15416: 15410: 15409:Nedersaksisch 15404: 15399: 15395: 15388: 15382: 15373: 15367: 15366:Niederdeutsch 15361: 15355: 15350: 15346: 15341: 15340:Nedersaksisch 15336: 15331: 15330:Nedderdüütsch 15325: 15319: 15313: 15307: 15301: 15295: 15289: 15283: 15276: 15267: 15263: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15232:Meuse-Rhenish 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15199: 15186: 15181: 15180: 15179: 15175: 15164: 15159: 15152: 15147: 15140: 15135: 15128: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15111: 15106: 15099: 15094: 15087: 15082: 15079: 15072: 15067: 15060: 15055: 15054: 15053: 15042: 15037: 15034:Gable jewelry 15030: 15025: 15018: 15013: 15012: 15007: 14996: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14983: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14967: 14962: 14960: 14951: 14946: 14945: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14934: 14923: 14922:Jack Thiessen 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14877:Daniël Lohues 14876: 14874: 14871: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14855:Rudolf Tarnow 14853: 14851: 14850:Julius Stinde 14848: 14845: 14842: 14839: 14836: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14822: 14819: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14787: 14777: 14775: 14773: 14771: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14761: 14760: 14757: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14738: 14725: 14723: 14722: 14719: 14704: 14702: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14674: 14672: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14662: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14652: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14624: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14598: 14585: 14583: 14582: 14579: 14566: 14564: 14563: 14560: 14547: 14545: 14544: 14541: 14536: 14519: 14517: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14497: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14479: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14467: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14427: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14413: 14400: 14398: 14397: 14394: 14381: 14379: 14378: 14375: 14370: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14281: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14273: 14271: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14253: 14251: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14237: 14224: 14222: 14221: 14218: 14213: 14196: 14194: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14186: 14184: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14136: 14134: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14084: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14070: 14065: 14061: 14048: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14008: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13932: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13913: 13900: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13879: 13877: 13876: 13868: 13866: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13846: 13845:Johannes Sass 13842: 13838: 13834: 13830: 13826: 13812: 13806: 13800: 13795: 13791: 13786: 13785: 13777: 13770: 13767: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13744: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13716: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13692: 13691: 13681: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13661: 13660: 13653: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13636: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13623: 13621: 13619: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13585: 13582: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13482: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13403: 13397: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13378: 13366: 13361: 13357: 13352: 13348: 13342: 13337: 13333: 13328: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13284: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13249: 13245: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13193: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13180: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13142: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13118: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13104: 13101: 13097: 13094: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13048: 13045: 13042: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13004: 13000: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12941: 12938: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12912: 12909: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12897: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12871: 12869: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12758: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12743: 12741: 12731: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12720:de stark Kerl 12717: 12716:en stark Kerl 12713: 12709: 12708:dat lütt Land 12699: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12634: 12631: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12602: 12600:smucke Deerns 12599: 12597:smucke Deerns 12596: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12538:'strong men' 12537: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12489: 12475: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12464: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12425: 12419:Many see the 12418: 12415: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12400: 12396: 12393: 12391:Ik bün maken. 12390: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12351:I am making. 12350: 12347: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12303: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254:suin (to be) 12253: 12252: 12249: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12226: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12208: 12207:he came now. 12204: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12193: 12191: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12179: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12157: 12150: 12145: 12143: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12111: 12108: 12105: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12039: 12036: 12033: 12026: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11993: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11970: 11967: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11947: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11935: 11925: 11921: 11918: 11915: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11857: 11853: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11833: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11792: 11789: 11786: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11751: 11748: 11745: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11710: 11707: 11704: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11669: 11666: 11663: 11660: 11657: 11654: 11651: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11631: 11628: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11499: 11496: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11452: 11449: 11446: 11443: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11428: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11399: 11396: 11393: 11390: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11355: 11352: 11349: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11251: 11240: 11237: 11234: 11231: 11228: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11207: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10955: 10952: 10949: 10946: 10943: 10940: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10893: 10890: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10873: 10870: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10849: 10846: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10817: 10814: 10811: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10786: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10764: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10714: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10702: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10685: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10607: 10596: 10593: 10590: 10587: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10569: 10566: 10563: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10490: 10487: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10327: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10311: 10308: 10305: 10302: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10223: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10208: 10205: 10202: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10088: 10085: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10023: 10020: 10017: 10014: 10011: 10007: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9957: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9934:hewwen/hebben 9932: 9928: 9923: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9881: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9856:present tense 9842: 9839: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9762: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9677: 9674: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9650: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9434: 9424: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9397: 9394: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9360: 9357:(h)er/(h)ör/ 9356: 9354: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9342: 9341:ink/ jem/jüm 9338: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9241: 9227: 9221: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9159: 9156: 9148: 9138: 9133: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9111: 9104: 9095: 9094: 9085: 9082: 9074: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: – 9031: 9027: 9026:Find sources: 9020: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9004:This article 9002: 8998: 8993: 8992: 8979: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8955: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8795: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8771: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8745: 8741: 8739: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8716: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8598:Sound change 8597: 8596: 8591: 8585:Other changes 8577: 8574: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8524: 8521: 8519:3rd p. s. f. 8518: 8517: 8514: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8489:3rd p. s. m. 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8408: 8401: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8327: 8325:Sebber/Sever 8321: 8320: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8284: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8101:No ge-prefix 8099: 8095: 8092: 8087: 8084: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8017: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7856: 7853: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7748: 7746: 7741: 7737: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7620: 7618:OE: hīe dōþ 7617: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7593: 7588:OE: ġē dōþ 7584: 7579: 7572: 7569: 7566: 7563: 7559: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7279:R-Metathesis 7277: 7273: 7269: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 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6499: 6495: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353:West Frisian 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6248: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6227:Anglo-Frisian 6213: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6171: 6166: 6165:Daniël Lohues 6159: 6154: 6150: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 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3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979:Anglo-Frisian 2976: 2975:Saxon peoples 2972: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2950: 2939: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2768:Midden-Drents 2766: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758:Stellingwerfs 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2691:Kollumerlands 2689: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671:Stadsgronings 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2661:Hogelandsters 2659: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2588: 2585: 2577: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2543:This section 2541: 2537: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2322:North Frisian 2319: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2225:West Germanic 2215: 2212: 2204: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2170:This section 2168: 2164: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2062:Nedersaksisch 2057: 2051: 2050:Niederdeutsch 2045: 2039: 2038:Nedersaksisch 2033: 2027: 2026:Nedderdüütsch 2021: 2015: 2009: 2008:Niederdeutsch 2003: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1987:Nedersaksisch 1982: 1976: 1970: 1969:Nedderdüütsch 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1913: 1909: 1908:Anglo-Frisian 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897:Anglo-Frisian 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882:West Germanic 1879: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1864: 1861: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1827:This section 1825: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1754:United States 1753: 1752: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1542: 1533: 1532: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1338: 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746: 742: 738: 735:and northern 734: 730: 726: 725:Saxony-Anhalt 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 687: 682:(Low German), 679: 671: 664: 653:Inside Europe 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 606:Saxony-Anhalt 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 491: 490:West Germanic 487: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 454: 447: 442: 438: 434: 432: 428: 423: 419: 417: 416: 411: 406: 402: 399: 394: 389: 384: 381: 376: 371: 365: 353: 350: 337: 334: 319: 308: 306: 295: 293: 292:Saxony-Anhalt 282: 280: 269: 267: 256: 254: 243: 242: 241: 240: 228: 216: 208: 203: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 188: 184: 178: 175: 174: 173: 169: 163: 151: 148: 147: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140:West Germanic 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 131: 130:Indo-European 127: 123: 117: 113: 107: 101: 98: 95:Historically 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: 67: 62: 59: 55: 52: 48: 45: 41: 36: 31: 26: 22: 20618: 20596: 20480:Verner's law 20425: 20420:Gotho-Nordic 20418: 20411: 20332: 20325: 20317: 20311: 20301: 20286:Fårö Gutnish 20248: 20241: 20147: 20140: 20131: 20124: 20105: 20098: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20009: 20002: 19942: 19844:Swiss German 19808:Upper German 19741:Amana German 19715:Volga German 19684:Hunsrückisch 19610: 19564:Unserdeutsch 19559:Berlinerisch 19492: 19485: 19478: 19471: 19431:Cover groups 19387:Mohawk Dutch 19382:Jersey Dutch 19360:East Flemish 19343:West Flemish 19287:Middle Dutch 19241:Low Prussian 19113: 19106: 19091: 19072:Terschelling 19056:Clay Frisian 19031:West Frisian 19019:Wiedingharde 19011: 18999: 18959:Heligolandic 18936: 18911: 18904: 18897: 18892: 18875:East Frisian 18862: 18855: 18828:Middle Scots 18826: 18819: 18805: 18798: 18791: 18786: 18775: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18613:Upper German 18584:Unrecognized 18552: 18283: 18279: 18271:Bibliography 18256:. Retrieved 18251: 18241: 18229:. Retrieved 18225: 18215: 18203:. Retrieved 18199: 18190: 18178:. Retrieved 18174: 18165: 18153:. Retrieved 18149: 18140: 18128:. Retrieved 18123: 18113: 18101:. Retrieved 18094:the original 18081: 18069:. Retrieved 18064: 18055: 18036: 18031: 18019:. Retrieved 18014: 18004: 17992:. Retrieved 17988: 17978: 17968:26 September 17966:. Retrieved 17961: 17952: 17940:. Retrieved 17935: 17925: 17913:. Retrieved 17908: 17899: 17887:. Retrieved 17883: 17874: 17862:. Retrieved 17852: 17840:|title= 17821:11 September 17819:. Retrieved 17813:Skryvwyse.eu 17812: 17807: 17799: 17795: 17790: 17781: 17775: 17762: 17755: 17746: 17728: 17707: 17699: 17694: 17682:. Retrieved 17678: 17669: 17646: 17640: 17628:. Retrieved 17624: 17615: 17605:27 September 17603:. Retrieved 17599: 17590: 17580:27 September 17578:. Retrieved 17574: 17565: 17553:. Retrieved 17549: 17540: 17530:28 September 17528:. Retrieved 17524: 17515: 17495: 17488: 17476:. 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Retrieved 15709:the original 15699: 15692: 15678: 15667: 15656: 15632: 15591: 15572: 15566: 15558: 15551: 15520: 15508: 15452: 15393: 15354:Plattdeutsch 15318:Plattdietsch 15312:Plattduitsch 15288:Plattdüütsch 15275: 15266: 15252:Low Valyrian 15176: 15172: 15119: 15077: 15050: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14963: 14959:Wearldspråke 14958: 14956: 14942: 14935: 14931: 14905:Plautdietsch 14903: 14880: 14841:Fritz Reuter 14831:Joachim Mähl 14753:Plautdietsch 14734:Plautdietsch 14713:Plautdietsch 13864: 13861: 13822: 12928: 12922: 12913:dem Schwein 12899: 12873: 12867: 12844: 12838: 12815: 12809: 12786: 12780: 12765:Westfrisian 12761:Westphalian 12760: 12739: 12737: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12705: 12535:starke Kerls 12532:starke Kerls 12486: 12452:Gerund form 12440: 12434: 12427: 12420: 12413: 12409: 12398: 12360: 12356:Main form 2 12319: 12315: 12311: 12309: 12247: 12246:Westphalian 12243:Simple Past 12231: 12224: 12218: 12212: 12206: 12195: 12189: 12183: 12178:he kaam nu. 12177: 12155: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12126: 10736:beschrieven 10594:beskriiewet 10092:beskriieben 9954: 9949: 9945: 9937: 9933: 9925:. This past 9919: 9892: 9882: 9853: 9763: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9719: 9714: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9494:2. Singular 9468:1. Singular 9435:Vriezenveen 9414: 9410: 9405: 9403: 9367: 9364: 9358: 9352: 9351:it/(h)et/öt 9346: 9340: 9335:dik/dek/ ju 9334: 9325: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9301:it/(h)et/öt 9293: 9287: 9278: 9218: 9195:of Northern 9166: 9151: 9145:October 2017 9142: 9135:Please help 9118: 9107: 9077: 9068: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9037: 9030:"Low German" 9025: 9013:Please help 9008:verification 9005: 8977: 8970: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8937: 8930: 8920: 8913: 8906: 8897: 8890: 8880: 8873: 8866: 8857: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8821: 8814: 8810:old - oller 8804: 8797: 8790: 8775: 8769: 8757: 8751: 8743: 8737: 8722: 8714: 8707: 8694: 8687: 8679: 8673: 8661: 8655: 8641: 8628: 8588: 8572: 8567: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8522: 8512: 8507: 8492: 8474: 8467: 8455: 8440: 8433: 8421: 8406: 8372: 8366: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8314: 8308: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8211: 8205: 8188: 8182: 8165: 8159: 8142: 8136: 8119: 8113: 8090: 8085: 8079: 8071: 8064: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8022: 8015: 7989: 7967: 7945: 7923: 7901: 7879: 7857: 7835: 7813: 7791: 7769: 7750: 7744: 7732: 7705: 7693: 7662: 7604: 7597: 7567:OE: wē dōþ 7555: 7542: 7535: 7528: 7519: 7503: 7496: 7474: 7469: 7448: 7438: 7431: 7415: 7402: 7386: 7376: 7357: 7347: 7328: 7318: 7299: 7267: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7209: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7140: 7133: 7114: 7107: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7052: 7045: 7023: 7016: 6984:Westfrisian 6965: 6962:Ingvaeonisms 6954: 6945: 6846: 6845: 6815:Weib, Weiber 6804:wijf, wijven 6588:teihn (tein) 6425: 6421:Keerl (Kerl) 6350:High German 6338:High German 6324: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6257: 6250: 6225:As with the 6224: 6153:Boh Foi Toch 6145: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6101: 6085: 6082:Contemporary 6078: 3802: 3731:Middle Dutch 3714: 3136: 3127: 3001: 2995: 2956:Altsächsisch 2952: 2917:Plautdietsch 2903:Low Prussian 2896:Ostpommersch 2789: 2666:Oldambtsters 2656:Noord-Drents 2580: 2574:October 2021 2571: 2556:Please help 2544: 2497: 2486: 2483:Legal status 2472: 2470: 2447: 2432: 2391: 2357: 2343: 2336: 2326: 2307: 2280: 2262: 2259:Benrath line 2249:dialects of 2244: 2234:, including 2222: 2207: 2198: 2183:Please help 2171: 2134: 2128: 2107: 2096: 2090:Plautdietsch 2080:or, rarely, 2067: 2044:Plattdeutsch 2032:Plattdüütsch 2014:Plattdeutsch 1992: 1963:Plattdietsch 1957:Plattduitsch 1933:Plattdüütsch 1917: 1875: 1871: 1856: 1847: 1836:Please help 1831:verification 1828: 1810:Nomenclature 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1714:South Africa 1378:Plautdietsch 1373: 1257:southeastern 1247: 1242:Plautdietsch 1241: 1170:Saskatchewan 1158: 1151:Plautdietsch 1119:Stellingwerf 1104: 969:Lower Saxony 891:Low Prussian 878: 875:Low Prussian 864: 861:East Prussia 848: 788: 777: 749:East Prussia 701:Lower Saxony 694: 691: 677: 669: 642: 608:west of the 586:Lower Saxony 581: 579: 513: 505:Plautdietsch 485: 484: 456: 431:Linguasphere 413: 338: 322: 279:Lower Saxony 229: 149: 114: (2001) 43: 20495:Kluge's law 20475:Grimm's law 20258:Dalecarlian 20237:Perkerdansk 20210:East Danish 20028:Old Gutnish 20004:Proto-Norse 19944:Langobardic 19936:Vogtlandian 19764:Upper Saxon 19618:Lachoudisch 19579:Lotegorisch 19457:High German 19203:Westphalian 19198:Eastphalian 19162:Achterhooks 19039:Hindeloopen 18974:Bökingharde 18943:Föhr–Amrum 18857:Old Frisian 18821:Early Scots 18756:Old English 18606:Upper Saxon 18365:Information 18258:26 December 18254:(in German) 18231:7 September 18226:Saxon Sagas 18205:23 November 18180:23 November 18155:23 November 18130:7 September 18126:(in German) 18103:6 September 18071:6 September 18067:(in German) 18021:6 September 18017:(in German) 17994:6 September 17962:Werldspråke 17938:(in German) 17915:6 September 17911:(in German) 17889:6 September 17884:www.zeit.de 17864:6 September 17747:North Saxon 17712:Adams (1975 17474:(in German) 17472:Plattmakers 17368:5 September 17343:5 September 17318:5 September 17293:5 September 17102:(in German) 17100:Plattmakers 17006:(in German) 17004:Plattmakers 16464:"Low Saxon" 16355:sassen.land 16226:Heinz Kloss 16205:J. Goossens 16186:(in German) 16117:(in German) 15975:29 February 15892:|isbn= 15737:(in German) 15349:High German 15306:Plattduitsk 15300:Plattdüütsk 15282:Plattdütsch 14912:Arnold Dyck 14899:Albert Suho 14821:Klaus Groth 13833:Netherlands 13829:orthography 13688:Diphthongs 13362:The sound / 13255:Approximant 12942:dem Wasser 12878:den market 12863:the market 12829:dem Sommer 12820:den summer 12805:the summer 12724:stark Kerls 12665:lütt Lannen 12662:lütt Lannen 12468:to kuokene 12410:wesen, sien 12408:Instead of 12240:Infinitive 12173:Low German 12080:3rd Person 12057:2nd person 12034:1st person 11982:3rd person 11959:2nd person 11936:1st person 11927:Indicative 11901:Participle 11878:Infinitive 11763:Imperative 11681:3rd person 11640:2nd person 11599:1st person 11511:3rd person 11470:2nd person 11429:1st person 11420:Indicative 11335:Participle 11294:Infinitive 11238:beschrievt 11155:Imperative 11067:3rd person 11059:beschreevst 11023:2nd person 10979:1st person 10885:3rd person 10877:beschriffst 10841:2nd person 10797:1st person 10788:Indicative 10780:beschreven 10697:Participle 10689:beschrieven 10653:Infinitive 10511:Imperative 10497:skräggeden 10423:3rd person 10409:skräggedes 10379:2nd person 10335:1st person 10321:beskriiewet 10241:3rd person 10197:2nd person 10153:1st person 10144:Indicative 10053:Participle 10045:beskriieben 10009:Infinitive 9895:, like the 9457:Accusative 9448:Accusative 9345:iänne/öne/ 9274:Nominative 9238:3rd person 9235:2nd person 9232:1st person 9139:if you can. 8813:gammal - äl 8610:Low German 8590:phenomena. 7845:you (thee) 7766:accusative 7594:julie doen 7523:(dialectal) 7263:zus (obj.) 6916:wicked girl 6874:, etc. are 6823:wiif, wiven 6810:wife, wives 6327:chain shift 6320:chain shift 6201: [ 6190: [ 6179: [ 6168: [ 6156: [ 6142:Netherlands 2998:Charlemagne 2987:Old English 2983:Old Frisian 2953:Old Saxon ( 2845:Eastphalian 2836:West-Veluws 2830:Oost-Veluws 2812:Oost-Veluws 2802:Achterhoeks 2773:Zuid-Drents 2727:Westfälisch 2722:Westphalian 2713:Westerwolds 2696:Middaglands 2443:linguistics 2247:High German 2103:High German 1951:Plattduitsk 1945:Plattdüütsk 1927:Plattdütsch 1634:New Zealand 1291:Oktoberfest 1026:Brandenburg 871:Kaliningrad 784:High German 729:Brandenburg 618:Brandenburg 571:Old Frisian 543:High German 501:Netherlands 471:instead of 318:Brandenburg 227:Netherlands 166:Early forms 66:Netherlands 20631:Low German 20625:Categories 20327:Burgundian 20243:Old Danish 20232:Gøtudanskt 20215:Bornholmsk 20077:Vestlandsk 20057:Kebabnorsk 19794:Halcnovian 19759:Thuringian 19422:Limburgish 19392:Stadsfries 19365:Brabantian 19092:Low German 18938:Eiderstedt 18793:Fingallian 18640:Limburgish 18553:Low German 18524:Recognized 18015:www.ndr.de 17936:www.ndr.de 17909:www.ndr.de 17478:3 November 17434:2 November 17394:2 November 17241:7 November 16758:6 November 16468:Ethnologue 16410:25 October 16385:25 October 16360:25 October 16318:, p. 14 f. 16115:www.ndr.de 16047:(Report). 15853:, page 15. 15559:Ethnologue 15556:Saxon, Low 15500:References 15421:Nederduits 15377:pronounced 15294:Plattdütsk 15212:Friar Rush 14917:Reuben Epp 14810:Gorch Fock 13853:allophonic 13762:ɔʊ,ɔˑi,ɔˑy 13313:retraction 12954:Consonants 12939:het water 12936:it wetter 12933:dat water 12918:the water 12910:het zwijn 12904:dat swien 12892:the swine 12887:dem Markt 12872:den marked 12814:den summer 12800:dem Tisch 12499:Nominative 12483:Adjectives 12460:to makene 12342:Main form 12331:Low German 12322:(the/it). 11676:viskedest 11673:biievdest 11194:beschriev 11147:beschreven 11103:beschreev 10965:beschrievt 10921:beschrifft 10550:beskriiew 10503:beskreiwen 10453:skräggede 10365:skräggede 10189:beskriiewe 10136:beskriben 9944:ends with 9942:participle 9927:participle 9915:participle 9868:pluperfect 9761:Examples: 9686:2. Plural 9652:1. Plural 9454:Objektive 9445:Objective 9330:u(n)s/üsk 9263:Masculine 9211:dialects. 9191:, but the 9041:newspapers 8889:vild - vil 8879:wild - wil 8872:wyld - wyl 8865:wild - wil 8856:cold - col 8843:koud - kou 8836:kâld - kâl 8829:kalt - käl 8549:3rd p. p. 7983:hen ~ hun 7763:objective 7760:objective 7757:objective 7749:objective 7591:jim dogge 7124:wy stödden 6583:z- (/t͡s/) 6359:Icelandic 3755:Baltic Sea 2850:Ostfälisch 2394:, Frisian 2345:Ingvaeonic 1939:Plattdütsk 1914:varieties. 1574:Kazakhstan 1534:Costa Rica 1374:Low German 1196:region of 1131:Gelderland 1127:Overijssel 1094:2,197,205 866:Königsberg 765:sprachraum 670:Altenbruch 626:Old Saxony 590:Westphalia 545:(of which 539:isoglosses 486:Low German 150:Low German 33:Low German 20607:varieties 20599:indicate 20413:Northwest 20358:Philology 20263:Elfdalian 20198:Jutlandic 20120:Icelandic 20095:(written) 20089:(written) 20067:Trøndersk 20047:Norwegian 20011:Old Norse 19832:Coloniero 19816:Alemannic 19789:Wymysorys 19657:Colognian 19652:Ripuarian 19574:Rotwelsch 19404:Midslands 19355:Zeelandic 19336:Hollandic 19310:Afrikaans 19282:Old Dutch 19108:Old Saxon 19007:Karrharde 18989:Goesharde 18970:Mainland 18703:philology 18618:Alemannic 18596:Ripuarian 18546:Saterland 18517:languages 17684:5 October 17630:5 October 17555:27 August 16275:Glottolog 15883:cite book 15741:25 August 15415:Platduits 15333:; in the 14907:authors: 14884:authors: 13725:Close-mid 13511:Close-mid 13401:unrounded 13093:voiceless 13087:Fricative 13009:voiceless 12949:Phonology 12927:den water 12898:den swien 12826:de zomer 12823:de simer 12791:den disk 12776:the desk 12510:Masculine 12318:(at) and 12031:Singular 11933:Singular 11766:Singular 11758:viskeden 11755:biievden 11670:waikenst 11596:Singular 11426:Singular 11412:ebiievet 11406:ebjörgen 11371:biievend 11158:Singular 11144:schellen 11056:schellst 11053:schreest 11015:beschreev 10976:Singular 10874:schellst 10871:schreest 10833:beschriev 10794:Singular 10777:schlellt 10733:schellen 10730:schre'en 10686:schellen 10683:schre'en 10588:skrägget 10514:Singular 10506:waskeden 10459:beskreif 10418:waskedes 10415:beskreifs 10332:Singular 10315:skrägget 10271:skrägget 10227:skrägges 10150:Singular 10130:skrägget 10086:skräggen 10039:skräggen 9860:preterite 9715:3. Plural 9463:Genetive 9440:Islandic 9363:jem/jüm/ 9269:Feminine 9255:Singular 9249:Singular 9243:Singular 9205:syntactic 8966:schuller 8896:wild- wil 8648:(to grow) 8561:themself 8396:: thearf 8264:: kiesur 8031:OE: hēo 7624:zij doen 7621:sy dogge 7573:wij doen 7570:wy dogge 7343:thirteen 7129:we stood 6176:Mooi Wark 3751:North Sea 3128:Old Saxon 2949:Old Saxon 2943:Old Saxon 2923:Mennonite 2606:Low Saxon 2545:does not 2473:Glottolog 2461:Old Saxon 2418:, German 2338:North Sea 2291:Pomerania 2201:June 2019 2172:does not 2131:ISO 639-2 2126:correct. 2077:Nedertysk 2056:Platduits 1885:varieties 1850:June 2019 1783:3,000,000 1778:4,599,392 1757:1,104,354 1480:3,000,000 1477:1,500,000 1414:Australia 1394:Argentina 1388:Hutterite 1215:Chihuahua 1190:Minnesota 1162:Mennonite 1139:Flevoland 1123:Friesland 1121:(part of 1111:Groningen 1088:4,987,308 976:1,218,756 957:2,103,940 922:% of pop. 916:% of pop. 845:Pomerania 802:Pomerania 773:Lithuania 737:Thuringia 678:Olenbrook 582:Low Saxon 536:Uerdingen 415:Glottolog 398:ISO 639-3 380:ISO 639-2 352:(30,000) 336:(70,000) 192:Low Saxon 172:Old Saxon 76:Ethnicity 38:Low Saxon 20334:Vandalic 20277:Gutnish 20082:Vikværsk 20062:Sognamål 20052:Bergensk 19902:Cimbrian 19870:Bavarian 19827:Alsatian 19774:Lusatian 19710:Palatine 19400:Amelands 19277:Frankish 19167:Sallaans 19149:Gronings 19000:Southern 18993:Northern 18984:Halligen 18933:Insular 18750:dialects 18628:Bavarian 18360:(German) 18280:Language 17942:14 March 17831:cite web 16473:28 April 16312:Archived 16294:Archived 16190:5 August 16165:5 August 16121:5 August 16028:Archived 15944:29 April 15847:Archived 15825:14 March 15794:13 March 15715:27 March 15686:Archived 15528:Archived 15486:Recknitz 15478:Schwerin 15444:Plattysk 15403:Saksisch 15345:Standard 15196:See also 13857:phonemic 13849:phonetic 13747:Open-mid 13735:øˑi,(øa) 13718:ua,uɛ,uɔ 13713:ia,iɛ,iə 13554:Open-mid 12976:alveolar 12969:Alveolar 12907:it swyn 12884:de mark 12881:de merk 12858:dem Tag 12849:den dag 12834:the day 12785:den disk 12759:Münster 12750:English 12575:Feminine 12401:making. 12337:English 12202:English 12072:brüükst 12060:braikst 11974:bruukst 11962:breekst 11930:Present 11749:björgen 11725:brakken 11717:viskede 11714:biievde 11667:björgst 11661:wöskest 11635:viskede 11632:biievde 11506:viskest 11503:biievst 11491:waskest 11423:Present 11415:evisket 11409:ewaiket 11403:ebjiten 11400:ewösken 11397:ehoolen 11391:ehölpen 11382:ebräken 11374:viskend 11368:waikend 11365:baigend 11362:biitend 11359:waskend 11356:hoolend 11350:helpend 11341:bräkend 11338:Present 11327:biieven 11235:schellt 11232:schreet 11150:wüschen 11141:schreen 11129:snacken 11062:wüschst 11041:snackst 11026:bröökst 10962:schellt 10959:schreet 10918:schellt 10915:schreet 10880:waschst 10859:snackst 10844:brickst 10791:Present 10783:wuschen 10774:schreet 10739:waschen 10718:snacken 10700:Present 10692:waschen 10671:snacken 10582:kwuomet 10561:briäket 10544:skrägge 10500:skoilen 10491:kweimen 10485:küreden 10470:broiken 10462:waskede 10403:kweimps 10397:küredes 10374:waskede 10371:beskreif 10309:kwuomet 10288:briäket 10233:beskrifs 10183:skrägge 10147:Present 10133:skuolen 10103:bruoken 10089:skäilen 10080:kwuomen 10059:briäken 10056:Present 10042:skäilen 10033:kwuomen 10012:briäken 9952:(been). 9922:schlafen 9772:English 9578:sey/iärk 9353:dat/det 9326:mik/mek 9303:dat/det 9193:dialects 9173:grammars 9108:require 9071:May 2016 8820:old - ol 8803:oud - ou 8789:alt - äl 8624:wachsen 8621:ks → ss 8616:English 8613:Swedish 8604:Frisian 8553:sik/ierk 8531:herself 8523:sik/ierk 8501:himself 8390:: therf 8229:kiennan 8076:OE: hīe 7712:schallen 7627:sie tun 7605:jij doet 7576:wir tun 7444:kikvors 7353:dertien 7157:toeggede 7067:to wish 6981:English 6876:cognates 6356:Swedish 6347:English 6198:Hádiejan 6090:and the 3753:and the 3006:and the 2965:), is a 2807:Sallands 2652:Gronings 2437:or even 2412:, Dutch 2340:Germanic 2312:and the 2276:isogloss 2116:standard 2071:Plattysk 1654:Paraguay 1315:Austrian 1279:Rondônia 1253:southern 1202:Americas 1182:Manitoba 982:371,958 963:927,160 944:467,445 925:Numbers 853:Szczecin 822:moribund 806:Braniewo 686:Cuxhaven 493:language 477:Help:IPA 422:lowg1239 349:Paraguay 186:Dialects 135:Germanic 88:Frisians 64:Eastern 54:Northern 20597:Italics 20220:Scanian 20166:Swedish 20115:Faroese 20093:Nynorsk 20072:Valdris 19907:Mòcheno 19863:Swabian 19729:Hessian 19689:Hunsrik 19601:Western 19596:Eastern 19591:Yiddish 19541:creoles 19438:Bergish 19154:Drèents 19144:Tweants 18996:Central 18978:Mooring 18841:Frisian 18800:Kildare 18745:English 18623:Swabian 18563:Sorbian 18536:Frisian 18349:(Dutch) 16065:in the 15490:Fehmarn 15484:or the 15470:Rostock 15466:Dresden 15462:Leipzig 15394:dialect 14966:Tweants 14873:Normaal 13841:Germany 13779:aˑʊ,aˑu 13774:aˑɪ,aˑi 13668:/ and / 13408:rounded 13388:Central 13344:/ and / 13261:lateral 12996:Glottal 12981:Palatal 12855:de dag 12852:de dei 12843:den dag 12771:German 12502:Oblique 12118:brüüka 12106:braika 12103:Plural 12095:brüükt 12075:raipst 12069:maikst 12049:brüükt 12020:bruuka 12008:breeka 12005:Plural 11997:bruukt 11985:breekt 11977:raupst 11919:bruukt 11907:brooka 11893:bruuka 11881:breeka 11843:visket 11840:biievt 11831:biitet 11828:wasket 11807:Plural 11799:biieve 11752:waiken 11746:bjeten 11743:wösken 11734:hölpen 11731:göngen 11722:Plural 11711:waiken 11708:bjrörg 11664:bjetst 11652:hölpst 11649:göngst 11643:brakst 11629:waiken 11588:visket 11585:biievt 11573:wasket 11552:Plural 11547:visket 11544:biievt 11532:wasket 11500:waikst 11497:baigst 11482:helpst 11473:brekst 11462:biieve 11353:wilend 11330:visken 11324:waiken 11321:baigen 11318:biiten 11315:wasken 11306:helpen 11297:bräken 11241:wascht 11220:snackt 11205:breekt 11202:Plural 11191:schell 11188:schree 11132:wullen 11126:hölpen 11123:güngen 11114:bröken 11111:Plural 11100:schell 11097:schree 11050:höölst 11047:keemst 11044:wullst 11038:hölpst 11035:güngst 11012:schell 11009:schree 11006:höölen 10968:wascht 10947:snackt 10932:breekt 10929:Plural 10924:wascht 10903:snackt 10888:brickt 10868:höllst 10865:kummst 10862:willst 10856:helpst 10853:geihst 10830:schell 10827:schree 10762:snackt 10759:hulpen 10747:braken 10721:willen 10715:helpen 10703:breken 10674:willen 10668:helpen 10656:breken 10597:wasket 10591:skäilt 10573:helpet 10558:Plural 10494:hoilen 10488:wollen 10482:hölpen 10479:göngen 10467:Plural 10456:skoilt 10447:kweimp 10441:kürede 10412:skoils 10406:hoilts 10394:hölpes 10382:broiks 10368:skoilt 10359:kweimp 10353:kürede 10324:wasket 10318:skäilt 10300:helpet 10285:Plural 10280:wasket 10277:beskrif 10274:skäilt 10256:helpet 10236:waskes 10230:skäils 10186:skäile 10177:kwuome 10156:briäke 10139:wasken 10127:haulen 10115:holpen 10106:tuogen 10095:wasken 10083:haulen 10077:willen 10071:helpen 10048:wasken 10036:haulen 10030:willen 10024:helpen 9905:English 9901:Frisian 9883:Unlike 9864:perfect 9460:Dative 9451:Dative 9420:Person 9279:ek(ke) 9277:ik(ke) 9266:Neuter 9258:Plural 9252:Plural 9246:Plural 9201:lexical 9197:Germany 9185:English 9181:Frisian 9169:grammar 9110:cleanup 9055:scholar 8987:Grammar 8796:âld- âl 8637:wassen 8634:wassen 8601:German 8564:harren 8493:sik/sey 8459:: glæs 8451:: gles 8357:ieldan 8331:ċeafor 8299:: zint 8191:gangen 8061:jullie 7980:harren 7961:jullie 7810:diesen 7798:dessen 7729:zullen 7613:se doot 7598:ihr tut 7583:ji doot 7562:wi doot 7513:dröwwen 7492:boarne 7408:boarst 7382:dertig 7372:thirty 7338:dartehn 7146:wir sta 7132:wy stie 7062:wöösken 6990:German 6761:Pfeffer 6689:-f, -ff 6454:(arch.) 6406:(arch.) 6396:meitsje 6149:Normaal 6104:Germany 6098:Germany 3745:of the 3725:of the 3047:Heliand 3003:Heliand 2932:History 2566:removed 2551:sources 2518:, in a 2335:as the 2333:Frisian 2329:English 2193:removed 2178:sources 2083:Lavtysk 1975:dialect 1793:133,000 1788:362,360 1769:10,800 1766:118,000 1734:Uruguay 1657:166,000 1614:Namibia 1583:100,000 1557:200,000 1509:23,200 1497:430,000 1457:160,000 1454:Bolivia 1397:400,000 1323:Italian 1240:and in 1206:Midwest 1198:Prussia 1174:Alberta 1166:Ontario 1135:Utrecht 1115:Drenthe 1077:51,282 1071:275,058 1058:96,701 1052:339,273 1039:65,000 1020:65,439 1014:116,336 1001:57,216 995:169,860 988:Hamburg 938:694,085 919:Numbers 849:Stettin 818:Denmark 810:Jutland 753:Estonia 745:Silesia 709:Hamburg 658:Germany 598:Hamburg 532:Benrath 520:English 516:Frisian 473:Unicode 367:(8,000) 333:Bolivia 266:Hamburg 239:Germany 84:Germans 61:Germany 58:western 20313:Gothic 20183:Danish 20087:Bokmål 19586:Yenish 19396:Bildts 19179:Veluws 19174:Urkers 19013:Strand 18737:Anglic 18558:Romani 18531:Danish 18502:German 18300:412855 18298: 18043: 17989:Medium 17503: 17266: 17038: 16681: 16613: 16535:6 June 16510:6 June 16156: 16095:6 June 15890:Check 15871: 15623:GebrMG 15596:German 15579: 15474:Lübeck 15458:Berlin 15439:Danish 15343:; in ( 13740:oˑu,oa 13730:eˑi,ea 13373:Vowels 13326:/ to . 13146:voiced 13052:voiced 12991:Uvular 12964:Labial 12895:swīnē 12866:markat 12768:Dutch 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