German Confederation

4672:. Increasingly after 1815, a centralized Prussian government based in Berlin took over the powers of the nobles, which in terms of control over the peasantry had been almost absolute. They retained control of the judicial system on their estates until 1848, as well as control of hunting and game laws. They paid no land tax until 1861 and kept their police authority until 1872, and controlled church affairs into the early 20th century. To help the nobility avoid indebtedness, Berlin set up a credit institution to provide capital loans in 1809, and extended the loan network to peasants in 1849. When the German Empire was established in 1871, the nobility controlled the army and the Navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court; they generally set governmental policies. 1748: 462: 4681:

who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord, who was typically a nobleman. Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the family, the patriarch made all the decisions and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered around church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.

1373: 715: 1201: 1664: 907:, including Prussia and especially Austria, did not want it to become a nation-state. However, the Confederation was not a 'loose' tie between the German states, as it was impossible to leave the Confederation, and as Confederation law stood above the law of the aligned states. The constitutional weakness of the Confederation lay in the principle of unanimity in the Diet and the limits of the Confederation's scope: it was essentially a military alliance to defend Germany against external attacks and internal riots. Ironically, the War of 1866 proved its ineffectiveness, as it was unable to combine the federal troops in order to fight the Prussian secession. 1600: 1582: 1963: 1555: 490: 1766: 476: 1408: 757: 1237: 1500: 1482: 1354: 1335: 1293: 771: 613: 588: 1537: 4985: 1820: 1802: 1618: 1856: 1784: 1730: 1518: 885: 701: 659: 627: 560: 5000: 107: 1929: 1892: 896: 5722: 2766:. Money for the fortresses were determined by an act of the Confederate Diet in that year. By 1846, Luxemburg still had not formed its own contingent, and Prussia was rebuffed for offering to supply 1,450 men to garrison the Luxemburg fortress that should have been supplied by Waldeck and the two Lippes. In that same year, it was decided that a common symbol for the Federal Army should be the old Imperial two-headed eagle, but without crown, scepter, or sword, as any of those devices encroached on the individual sovereignty of the states. King 2755:) was supposed to collectively defend the German Confederation from external enemies, primarily France. Successive laws passed by the Confederate Diet set the form and function of the army, as well as contribution limits of the member states. The Diet had the power to declare war and was responsible for appointing a supreme commander of the army and commanders of the individual army corps. This made mobilization extremely slow and added a political dimension to the army. In addition, the Diet oversaw the construction and maintenance of several 5104:, who refused to "pick up a crown from the gutter". As the monarchist forces marched their armies to crush rebellions in cities and towns throughout Austria and Germany the Frankfurt Assembly was forced to flee, first to Stuttgart and then to Württemberg, where, reduced to so few deputies that it could no longer form a quorum, its final meeting was forcibly dispersed on 18 June 1849 by the Württemberg army. With the complete triumph of monarchist reaction rampaging across all of Europe, thousands of German middle class liberals and "red" 1641: 1219: 1134: 687: 673: 546: 4143: 1445: 1838: 729: 532: 1426: 4902:, exemplifying Germany's successful application of technology to weaponry. Germany's security was greatly enhanced, leaving the Prussian state and the landowning aristocracy secure from outside threat. German manufacturers also produced heavily for the civilian sector. No longer would Britain supply half of Germany's needs for manufactured goods, as it did beforehand. However, by developing a strong industrial base, the Prussian state strengthened the middle class and thus the nationalist movement. 5293: 4559: 1255: 53: 4832: 119: 1089: 2143: 6784: 1107: 1066: 641: 574: 1463: 743: 1687: 4087: 1911: 1874: 1312: 518: 504: 7783: 5646: 2604: 4642:, plus periodic epidemics and harvest failures. After 1815, increased agricultural productivity meant a larger food supply, and a decline in famines, epidemics, and malnutrition. This allowed couples to marry earlier, and have more children. Arranged marriages became uncommon as young people were now allowed to choose their own marriage partners, subject to a veto by the parents. The upper and middle classes began to practice 1274: 2618: 4276:) and stratified by rigid hierarchical lines, had been surpassed militarily and economically by France. After 1807, Prussia's defeats by Napoleonic France highlighted the need for administrative, economic, and social reforms to improve the efficiency of the bureaucracy and encourage practical merit-based education. Inspired by the Napoleonic organization of German and Italian principalities, the 826:

the Confederation was weakened by its very structure and member states, partly because the most important decisions in the Federal Convention required unanimity and the purpose of the Confederation was limited to only security matters. On top of that, the functioning of the Confederation depended on the cooperation of the two most populous member states, Austria and

818:(also Federal Assembly or Confederate Diet). The Convention consisted of the representatives of the member states. The most important issues had to be decided on unanimously. The Convention was presided over by the representative of Austria. This was a formality, however, as the Confederation did not have a head of state, since it was not a state. 4194:, where freedom of the individual and nation was asserted against privilege and custom. Representing a great variety of types and theories, they were largely a response to the disintegration of previous cultural patterns, coupled with new patterns of production, specifically the rise of industrial capitalism. 1396:; on 28 November 1863, the Federal Assembly removed the Danish delegate pending resolution of the succession issue and the naming of a new delegate from a government recognized by the Assembly; Denmark subsequently ceded it and Sleswig jointly to Austria and Prussia on 30 October 1864 as a result of the 5081:

In May to August, the Assembly installed a provisional German Central Government, while conservatives swiftly moved against the reformers. As in Austria and Russia, this middle-class assertion increased authoritarian and reactionary sentiments among the landed upper class, whose economic position was

4680:

Peasants continued to center their lives in the village, where they were members of a corporate body and helped manage community resources and monitor community life. In the East, they were serfs who were bound prominently to parcels of land. In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers

4637:

take place in Germany. It was a transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth and death rates as the country developed from a pre-industrial to a modernized agriculture and supported a fast-growing industrialized urban economic system. In previous centuries, the shortage of land

4344:

Although the forces unleashed by the French Revolution were seemingly under control after the Vienna Congress, the conflict between conservative forces and liberal nationalists was only deferred at best. The era until the failed 1848 revolution, in which these tensions built up, is commonly referred

2773:

The German Federal Army was divided into ten Army Corps (later expanded to include a Reserve Corps). However, the Army Corps were not exclusive to the German Confederation but composed from the national armies of the member states, and did not include all of the armed forces of a state. For example,

1978:

were the largest and by far the most powerful members of the Confederation. Large parts of both countries were not included in the Confederation, because they had not been part of the former Holy Roman Empire, nor were the greater parts of their armed forces incorporated in the federal army. Austria

4872:

Inadvertently, these reforms sparked the unification movement and augmented a middle class demanding further political rights, but at the time backwardness and Prussia's fears of its stronger neighbors were greater concerns. The customs union opened up a common market, ended tariffs between states,

2730:

In June 1866, the Federal Convention decided to takes measures against Prussia. This decision was technically not a federal execution for a lack of time to observe the actual procedure. Prussia had violated, according to the majority of the convention, federal law by sending its troops to Holstein.

5316:

Still, the discussions and ideas of the period 1815–66 had a huge influence on the constitution of the North German Confederation. Most notably may be the Federal Council, the organ representing the member states. It is a certain copy of the 1815 Federal Convention of the German Confederation. The

825:

were binding for the member states). Additionally, the Confederation had been established for eternity and was impossible to dissolve (legally), with no member states being able to leave it and no new member being able to join without universal consent in the Federal Convention. On the other hand,

5633:

proper has never been a member state, but its king was at the same time the duke of the member states Holstein and Lauenburg. The Duchy of Schleswig (which nowadays partially belongs to Denmark) was never a part of the Confederation although it was mentioned in the 1849 Frankfurt Constitution and

2715:

There are several examples for federal executions and especially federal interventions. In 1863, the Confederation ordered a federal execution against the duke of Holstein (the Danish king). Federal troops occupied Holstein which was a member state. After this, Austria and Prussia declared war on

5156:, who resisted Wilhelm's autocratic militarism. Bismarck told the Diet, "The great questions of the day are not decided by speeches and majority votes ... but by blood and iron" – that is, by warfare and industrial might. Prussia already had a great army; it was now augmented by rapid growth of 5324:

The German Confederation does not play a very prominent role in German historiography and national culture. It is mainly seen negatively as an instrument to oppress the liberal, democratic and national movements of the period. On the contrary, the March revolution (1849/49) with its events and

4868:

less than two decades earlier. Historians have seen three Prussian goals: as a political tool to eliminate Austrian influence in Germany; as a way to improve the economies; and to strengthen Germany against potential French aggression while reducing the economic independence of smaller states.

1958:

was created and became a member of the German Confederation (held by the Netherlands jointly with Luxembourg) until the dissolution of 1866. In 1867 the duchy was declared to be an "integral part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands". The cities of Maastricht and Venlo were not included in the

5304:

The modern German nation state known as the Federal Republic is the continuation of the North German Confederation of 1867. This North German Confederation, a federal state, was a totally new creation: the law of the German Confederation ended, and new law came into existence. The German

5163:

Gradually, Bismarck subdued the more restive elements of the middle class with a combination of threats and reforms, reacting to the revolutionary sentiments expressed in 1848 by providing them with the economic opportunities for which the urban middle sectors had been fighting.

5143:

A new generation of statesmen responded to popular demands for national unity for their own ends, continuing Prussia's tradition of autocracy and reform from above. Germany found an able leader to accomplish the seemingly paradoxical task of conservative modernization. In 1851,

4304:

Outside Prussia, industrialization progressed slowly, and was held back because of political disunity, conflicts of interest between the nobility and merchants, and the continued existence of the guild system, which discouraged competition and innovation. While this kept the

4309:

at bay, affording the old order a measure of stability not seen in France, Prussia's vulnerability to Napoleon's military proved to many among the old order that a fragile, divided, and traditionalist Germany would be easy prey for its cohesive and industrializing neighbor.

4570:. At the universities, high-powered professors developed international reputations, especially in the humanities led by history and philology, which brought a new historical perspective to the study of political history, theology, philosophy, language, and literature. With 4402:

considered nationalism, especially the nationalist youth movement, the most pressing danger: German nationalism might not only repudiate Austrian dominance of the Confederation, but also stimulate nationalist sentiment within the Austrian Empire itself. In a multi-national

4013:. After crushing the revolution and illegally disbanding the National Assembly, the Prussian King failed to create a German nation state by himself. The Federal Assembly was revived in 1850 on Austrian initiative, but only fully reinstalled in the Summer of 1851. 3983:), which consisted of the delegates of the states' governments. There was no head of state, but the Austrian delegate presided over the Assembly (according to the Bundesakte). Austria did not have extra powers, but consequently the Austrian delegate was called 1400:; the duchy technically remained in the Confederation pending final resolution of its status; Sleswig did not become a member in the short time between this war and the dissolution of the Confederation; both duchies were annexed by Prussia on 24 December 1866 94: 95: 868:

under Prussian leadership in 1867, to which the eastern portions of the Kingdom of Prussia were added. A number of South German states remained independent until they joined the North German Confederation, which was renamed and proclaimed as the

4946:

brought economic progress and helped to keep the bourgeoisie at bay for a while, it increased the ranks of the middle class swiftly – the very social base for the nationalism and liberalism that the Prussian state sought to stem.

4493:

as a proto-German nationalist, linking Lutheranism to German nationalism, and helping arouse religious sentiments for the cause of German nationhood. The festival culminated in the burning of several books and other items that symbolized

2046:

were members of the German Confederation. Each of them had a vote in the Federal Assembly. At its foundation in 1815, four member states were ruled by foreign monarchs, as the King of Denmark was Duke of both Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg.

2704:). The conflict became a federal war when the Bundestag demanded from Denmark to withdraw its troops from Schleswig (April 12) and recognized the revolutionary of Schleswig-Holstein (April 22). The confederation was transformed into the 4407:

state in which Slavs and Magyars outnumbered the Germans, the prospects of Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Polish, Serb, or Croatian sentiment along with middle class liberalism was certainly horrifying to the monarchist landed aristocracy.

4956:

was a move toward economic integration, modern industrial capitalism, and the victory of centralism over localism, quickly bringing to an end the era of guilds in the small German princely states. This led to the 1844 revolt of the

4395:

Meanwhile, demands for change from below had been fomenting due to the influence of the French Revolution. Throughout the German Confederation, Austrian influence was paramount, drawing the ire of the nationalist movements.

1046:. This treaty was not concluded and signed by the parties until 15 May 1820. States joined the German Confederation by becoming parties to the second treaty. The states designated for inclusion in the Confederation were: 93: 4882:

included most German states. Within the next twenty years, the output of German furnaces increased fourfold. Coal production grew rapidly as well. In turn, German industry (especially the works established by the

5089: 4646:, and a little later so too did the peasants. The population in 1800 was heavily rural, with only 8% of the people living in communities of 5,000 to 100,000 and another 2% living in cities of more than 100,000. 5723: 4919:

and the emerging commercial and manufacturing interests. Even if the commercial and industrial element is weak, it must be strong enough (or soon become strong enough) to become worthy of co-optation, and the

5335: 4731:) from 55,000 to 112,000. Offsetting this growth, there was extensive emigration, especially to the United States. Emigration totaled 480,000 in the 1840s, 1,200,000 in the 1850s, and 780,000 in the 1860s. 4233:

empire would serve as a barrier to contain the emergence of Italian and German nation-states as well, in addition to containing France. But this reactionary balance of power, aimed at blocking German and

5188:, on 23 August 1866, Austria had to accept that the Confederation was dissolved. The following day, the remaining member states confirmed the dissolution. The treaty allowed Prussia to create a new 4481:'s gymnastic associations exposed middle class German youth to nationalist and democratic ideas, which took the form of the nationalistic and liberal democratic college fraternities known as the 91: 5831: 5117:

proposed his own constitution. His document concentrated real power in the hands of the King and the upper classes, and called for a confederation of North German states – the

4604:, for example, professionalized history and set the world standard for historiography. By the 1830s, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by 903:

Most historians have judged the Confederation to have been weak and ineffective, as well as an obstacle to the creation of a German nation-state. This weakness was part of its design, as the

5121:. Austria and Russia, fearing a strong, Prussian-dominated Germany, responded by pressuring Saxony and Hanover to withdraw, and forced Prussia to abandon the scheme in a treaty dubbed the " 5634:

governed briefly by a government installed by the German Central Government. However, Holstein, Lauenburg and Schleswig were combined under an Austrian-Prussian condominium in 1864–1866.

4906:, especially increased national consciousness among the German states, made political unity a far likelier scenario. Germany finally began exhibiting all the features of a proto-nation. 5977: 5893: 4356:

This conflict pitted the forces of the old order against those inspired by the French Revolution and the Rights of Man. The breakdown of the competition was, roughly, the emerging

2777:

The strength of the mobilized German Federal Army was projected to total 303,484 men in 1835 and 391,634 men in 1860, with the individual states providing the following figures:

92: 5074:(greater German) solution. The former favored offering the imperial crown to Prussia. The latter favored the Habsburg crown in Vienna, which would integrate Austria proper and 4055:

on 18 January 1871, which united the North German Federation with the southern German states. All the constituent states of the former German Confederation became part of the

4024:. Unlike the German Confederation, the North German Confederation was in fact a true state. Its territory comprised the parts of the German Confederation north of the river 6749: 849:

in English). The Federal Convention was dissolved on 12 July 1848, but was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia, and other states.

5256:

was persuaded to ask King Wilhelm to assume the crown of the new German Empire. On 1 January 1871, the Empire was declared by the presiding princes and generals in the

4317:. In order to industrialize Prussia, working within the framework provided by the old aristocratic institutions, land reforms were enacted to break the monopoly of the 5016:

in Paris quickly reached discontented bourgeois liberals, republicans and more radical working-men. The first revolutionary uprisings in Germany began in the state of

3998:

The Confederation was enabled to accept and deploy ambassadors. It allowed ambassadors of the European powers to the Assembly, but rarely deployed ambassadors itself.

2697:). An example is Austria's oppression of the uprising in Northern Italy in 1848 and 1849, as these Austrian territories lay outside of the confederation's borders. 7893: 5024:

in March 1848. Within a few days, there were revolutionary uprisings in other states including Austria, and finally in Prussia. On 15 March 1848, the subjects of

7908: 4856:. In 1834, the Prussian regime sought to stimulate wider trade advantages and industrialism by decree – a logical continuation of the program of 7878: 7868: 2700:

During the existence of the Confederation, there was only one federal war: the war against Denmark beginning with the Schleswig-Holstein uprising in 1848 (the

4739:

Despite its name and intention, the German Confederation was not entirely populated by Germans; many people of other ethnic groups lived within its borders:

5296:

In Frankfurt at the Paulskirche, June 14, 2008: The German navy commemorates the 160th anniversary of the decision of the Frankfurt Parliament to create the

2105:

Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Liechtenstein, Reuss (Elder Branch), Reuss (Younger Branch), Schaumburg-Lippe, Lippe and Waldeck (8 states)

2649: 2039: 7888: 7873: 7863: 7235: 6053:

Williamson, George S. (2000). "What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789–1819".

821:

The Confederation, on the one hand, was a strong alliance between its member states because federal law was superior to state law (the decisions of the

5032:

of Prussia vented their long-repressed political aspirations in violent rioting in Berlin, while barricades were erected in the streets of Paris. King

4940:

elements still content to exchange the "right to rule for the right to make money", the landed upper class found its economic base sinking. While the

4620:(1777–1855) in mathematics. Young intellectuals often turned to politics, but their support for the failed Revolution of 1848 forced many into exile. 1028: 4266:

rulers forged a centralized state. By the time of the Napoleonic Wars, Prussia, grounded in the virtues of its established military aristocracy (the

2720:

in German). As Schleswig and Denmark were not member states, this war was foreign to the Confederation. The Confederation took no part in this war.

7279: 6742: 4289: 3904:, but this collapsed after his defeats in 1812 to 1815. The German Confederation had roughly the same boundaries as the Empire at the time of the 2528: 2762:

Projections of army strength were published in 1835, but the work of forming the Army Corps did not commence until 1840 as a consequence of the

5495:

were admitted into the Confederation on 11 April 1848, but the terms of the restored Confederate Diet removed these territories on 30 May 1851)

5342:

The remnants of the federal fortifications are certain tourists attractions at least regionally or for people interested in military history.

5058:(Frankfurt Assembly) opened its first session, with delegates from various German states. It was immediately divided between those favoring a 5277: 4241:

After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, the surviving member states of the defunct Holy Roman Empire joined to form the German Confederation (

4873:

and standardized weights, measures, and currencies within member states (excluding Austria), forming the basis of a proto-national economy.

3748: 5082:

declining. They turned to political levers to preserve their rule. As the Prussian army proved loyal, and the peasants were uninterested,

4633:

The population of the German Confederation (excluding Austria) grew 60% from 1815 to 1865, from 21,000,000 to 34,000,000. The era saw the

6735: 5890: 873:" in 1871, as the unified Germany (aside from Austria) with the Prussian king as emperor (Kaiser) after the victory over French Emperor 7913: 5350:

The current countries whose territory were partly or entirely located inside the boundaries of the German Confederation 1815–1866 are:

3913: 864:

in 1866. The dispute over which had the inherent right to rule German lands ended in favour of Prussia, leading to the creation of the

7903: 7799: 7569: 5684: 4414: 1002: 822: 815: 259: 4970:

also weakened Austrian domination of the Confederation as economic unity increased the desire for political unity and nationalism.

3968: 2642: 58: 7898: 5326: 4638:

meant that not everyone could marry, and marriages took place after age 25. The high birthrate was offset by a very high rate of

4016:

Rivalry between Prussia and Austria grew more and more, especially after 1859. The Confederation was dissolved in 1866 after the

2201: 5774: 5069: 1966:

Monarchs of the member states of the German Confederation (with the exception of the Prussian king) meeting at Frankfurt in 1863

7883: 3929: 2756: 1917: 4313:

The reforms laid the foundation for Prussia's future military might by professionalizing the military and decreeing universal

6656: 6610: 5679: 2582: 2513: 2446: 983:, various other German states, including Saxony and Westphalia, also joined the Confederation. Only Austria, Prussia, Danish 198: 5914:

Lee, Loyd E. (1985). "The German Confederation and the Consolidation of State Power in the South German States, 1815–1848".

118: 7272: 4654:

In a heavily agrarian society, land ownership played a central role. Germany's nobles, especially those in the East called

1001:

from 1812 to winter 1814 saw the defeat of Napoleon and the liberation of Germany. In June 1814, the famous German patriot

841:, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist, and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a 280: 7463: 6870: 6865: 5790:

The monasteries of Bavaria, which controlled 56% of the land, were broken up by the government, and sold off around 1803.

4979: 2635: 2409: 2177: 2102:

Oldenburg, Anhalt-Dessau, Anhalt-Bernburg, Anhalt-Köthen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (6 states)

1488: 838: 537: 7339: 6758: 5659: 2548: 2342: 2197: 1022: 123: 106: 6582: 6555: 6201: 6119: 5013: 4129: 2031: 1032: 371: 332: 319: 7858: 7853: 7843: 7599: 7065: 6910: 3752: 2192: 2035: 1432: 1190: 722: 2243: 7762: 7604: 7265: 5092:; a constitution was drawn up (excluding Austria, which openly rejected the Assembly), and the leadership of the 5027: 4689:

After 1815, the urban population grew rapidly, due primarily to the influx of young people from the rural areas.

4096: 2767: 2354: 2219: 5510: 1044:

Final Act of the Ministerial Conference to Complete and Consolidate the Organization of the German Confederation

7589: 7484: 6409: 5406: 4757: 4066: 2223: 2182: 1955: 944: 221: 7838: 7614: 7372: 5339:(a museum and memorial site for the freedom movements in the German history, not only the March revolution). 4595: 4573: 4367:(engaged mostly in commerce, trade, and industry), and the growing (and increasingly radicalized) industrial 2705: 1880: 1506: 1009:) in Frankfurt to replace the defunct Confederation of the Rhine. However, plenipotentiaries gathered at the 750: 606: 593: 5325:

institutions attract much more attention and partially devotion. The most important memorial sites are the

2215: 971: 6334:

Mattheisen, Donald J. (1983). "History as Current Events: Recent Works on the German Revolution of 1848".

2093:

Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Hildburghausen (5 states)

7609: 7553: 7131: 6783: 5901: 5754: 5313:, and the North German Confederation was a federal state with some elements of an association of states. 5184:

and its allies on the other. The Confederation had 33 members immediately before its dissolution. In the

4778: 4010: 4004: 2235: 2187: 2172: 2167: 2122: 2027: 1146: 980: 831: 7574: 509: 7644: 7382: 7355: 7118: 6336: 6166: 5674: 5454: 5207: 5195: 4283: 4021: 3901: 3840:

Troops were attached to the Danish army until 1864, as the King of Denmark was also Duke of both lands.

2414: 2384: 2157: 998: 961: 927: 865: 648: 481: 5981: 1962: 7679: 7594: 7504: 7200: 6055: 5799:

For details on the life of a representative peasant farmer who migrated in 1710 to Pennsylvania, see

5467: 5253: 5194:(a new kind of federation) in the North of Germany. The South German states were allowed to create a 4001:

During the revolution of 1848/49 the Federal Assembly was inactive. It transferred its powers to the

3912:). It also kept intact most of Confederation's reconstituted member states and their boundaries. The 2231: 2227: 2162: 1826: 1707: 952: 736: 245: 7334: 6818: 1991: 1862: 694: 7757: 7634: 7172: 7080: 6875: 5716: 5506:); the larger province of Luxembourg had left the Confederation at its accession to Belgium in 1839 5264:. The Diet of the North German Confederation moved to rename the North German Confederation as the 5215: 5108:

were forced to flee into exile (primarily to the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia).

5033: 4581: 4277: 2774:

Prussia's army consisted of nine Army Corps but contributed only three to the German Federal Army.

2239: 1543: 1360: 4197:

However, the defeat of Napoleon enabled conservative and reactionary regimes such as those of the

1706:

abdicated as duke of Saxe-Lauenburg and ceded the duchy to Prussia and Austria; In September 1865

7700: 7579: 7513: 7455: 6727: 6622:

The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

6107: 5801:

Kratz, Bernd (2008). "Hans Stauffer: A Farmer in Germany Before his Emigration to Pennsylvania".

4804: 2731:

The decision led to the war in summer 1866 that ended with the dissolution of the confederation (

2506: 2207: 2015: 1703: 1699: 293: 7493: 6193: 5122: 964:

in July 1806, joining sixteen of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and

345: 52: 7848: 7649: 7624: 7535: 7288: 7225: 7195: 7162: 6547: 6170: 5955: 5244:, the four southern states joined the North German Confederation by treaties in November 1870. 5185: 4634: 4607: 4224: 4158:

The late 18th century was a period of political, economic, intellectual, and cultural reforms,

4149: 4100: 2372: 2266: 2065: 1898: 1808: 1341: 1182: 1154: 1036: 994: 846: 842: 620: 565: 384: 233: 135: 73: 6111: 6100: 5959: 5240:

remained separate from the rest of Germany. However, due to the successful prosecution of the

2089:

The 23 remaining states (at its formation in 1815) shared five votes in the Federal Assembly:

2081: 1935: 7629: 7154: 7060: 7002: 5737:

The German Confederation did not include German-speaking lands in the eastern portion of the

5582: 5550: 4899: 4314: 4247:) – a rather loose organization, especially because the two great rivals, the 4169: 2667:

The rules of the Confederation provided for three different types of military interventions:

2569: 2211: 1630: 904: 6419: 4221:'s position on the continent now intact and ostensibly secure under its reactionary premier 3928:, were recognized as fully sovereign. The members pledged themselves to mutual defense, and 884: 7752: 7674: 7654: 7639: 7522: 7475: 7187: 7010: 6994: 6880: 6855: 6850: 6640:

The German Peasantry: Conflict and Community from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries

5689: 5492: 5055: 4903: 4814: 4750: 4615: 4050: 2564: 2379: 2271: 2008: 2004: 1946: 1754: 1647: 1624: 1571: 1397: 1324: 1299: 1207: 1162: 931: 764: 708: 523: 7731: 5051:, a parliament, and support for German unification, safeguarding his own rule and regime. 4111: 8: 7695: 7619: 7544: 7531: 7018: 6834: 6268: 5528: 5524: 5480: 5241: 5173: 4999: 4984: 4566:

German artists and intellectuals, heavily influenced by the French Revolution, turned to

4501: 4371:; and the other side associated with landowning aristocracy or military aristocracy (the 4235: 4040: 4017: 2748: 2732: 2701: 2000: 1844: 1670: 1567: 1280: 878: 857: 358: 173: 7720: 7407: 7324: 7319: 7314: 6900: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6353: 6281: 6186: 6080: 6072: 5778: 5758: 5738: 5664: 5370: 5359: 5181: 5153: 4916: 4844:

Further efforts to improve the confederation began in 1834 with the establishment of a

4521: 4252: 4210: 4198: 2359: 2319: 2291: 2131: 2051: 1983: 1975: 1715: 1561: 1261: 1243: 1225: 1166: 1150: 1010: 889: 853: 800: 680: 495: 6160: 7664: 7584: 7427: 7329: 6978: 6905: 6808: 6652: 6606: 6578: 6551: 6522: 6403: 6387:

Bismarck and the Development of Germany, Vol. 1: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871

6197: 6115: 6084: 5923: 5750: 5588: 5458: 5379: 5355: 5145: 4921: 4800: 4589: 4462: 4364: 4214: 4191: 4159: 3937: 3925: 3905: 3801: 2324: 2247: 2019: 1987: 1772: 1606: 1393: 1379: 1174: 1170: 990: 948: 895: 804: 467: 417: 306: 5503: 5280:, effectively transformed the Diet of the Confederation into the German Parliament ( 4213:

and the alliance that strove to oppose radical demands for change ushered in by the

7445: 7436: 7098: 6933: 6345: 6277: 6064: 5471: 5318: 5149: 5061: 4639: 4547: 4537: 4515: 2724: 2286: 2281: 2276: 1790: 1588: 1158: 1013:

were determined to create a weaker union of German states than envisaged by Stein.

163: 6965: 6447:

Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd ed., W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, p. 747.

4446: 4107: 1113: 7747: 7726: 7713: 7307: 7302: 7108: 7088: 7070: 6949: 6941: 6918: 6773: 6561: 6530: 5897: 5708: 5330: 5273: 5257: 5177: 4743: 4248: 4218: 4202: 4142: 2456: 2043: 1971: 1524: 1140: 1072: 921: 861: 808: 792: 666: 551: 168: 148: 4454: 2770:

was among those who derided the "disarmed imperial eagle" as a national symbol.

7787: 7742: 7706: 7220: 7026: 6986: 6923: 5651: 5269: 5157: 5105: 4665: 4484: 4476: 4438: 4385: 4076: 3933: 3919: 2622: 2608: 2349: 2057: 2023: 1736: 1711: 1693: 1676: 1653: 1389: 1186: 796: 634: 579: 158: 6631:

German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich

5292: 4961:

Weavers, who saw their livelihood destroyed by the flood of new manufactures.

4558: 4512:

was accused of spying for Russia, and then murdered by a theological student,

4333: 7832: 7814: 7801: 7738: 7387: 7139: 7055: 7050: 6957: 6526: 5927: 5669: 5603: 5499: 5399: 5265: 4845: 4792: 4669: 4643: 4490: 4430: 4422: 4070: 4044: 2436: 1451: 1414: 1318: 1123: 1119: 1095: 1078: 870: 427: 6565: 5305:

Confederation was, according to historian Kotulla, an association of states

4722: 7659: 7377: 6534: 5942:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich.

5746: 5742: 5488: 5484: 5329:

in Frankfurt, which is now a cultural hall of national importance, and the

5211: 5152:

of Prussia (the future Kaiser Wilhelm I) to circumvent the liberals in the

5118: 5048: 4991: 4831: 4782: 4761: 4306: 4261: 4025: 3813:

Inherited by the Duke of Anhalt-Dessau in 1847 and formally merged in 1853.

3797: 3793: 3729:

The matriculation class determined the percentage of expenditures for 1835.

2763: 2545: 2541: 2476: 2466: 2427: 2314: 874: 407: 5961:

A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies

2142: 7669: 7257: 5336:

Erinnerungsstätte für die Freiheitsbewegungen in der deutschen Geschichte

4937: 4909:

The crucial factor enabling Prussia's conservative regime to survive the

4728: 4567: 4495: 4368: 4360: 4298: 4187: 2329: 1719: 6266:

Murphy, David T. (1991). "Prussian aims for the Zollverein, 1828–1833".

5210:

in 1867, a federal state combining all German states north of the river

7366: 6860: 6357: 5574: 5534: 5393: 5385: 4851: 4771: 4389: 4357: 4183: 4163: 4062: 2689:) supporting a government that is under pressure of a popular uprising. 2399: 1469: 496:

Kingdom of Prussia (territories in HRE until 1806 or listed below only)

191: 153: 7417: 6458:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte. Vom Alten Reich bis Weimar (1495–1934)

6076: 5984:: 29 vols., 1910–1911, vol. 16 'L to Lord Advocate', p. 280. 4710: 4524:

for the crime. Sand belonged to a militant nationalist faction of the

4348: 3900:

organized the German states, aside from Prussia and Austria, into the

2759:

and collected funds annually from the member states for this purpose.

1982:

Six other major states had one vote each in the Federal Assembly: the

7768: 5421: 4327: 4031: 2682:) against the government of a member state that violates federal law, 6349: 4353:("pre-March"), in reference to the outbreak of riots in March 1848. 4326:

on land ownership, thereby also abolishing, among other things, the

552:

Austrian Empire (territories in HRE until 1806 or listed below only)

6068: 5770: 5623: 5566: 5558: 5542: 5415: 4767: 4746: 4404: 4381: 4230: 4177: 3897: 3760: 3756: 1031:

of the Congress of Vienna on 8 June 1815 after being alluded to in

940: 187: 6757: 7230: 5630: 5609: 5075: 4958: 4808: 4788: 4716: 4694: 3943: 3909: 3764: 2494: 2296: 2073: 1385: 1285:

Also known as Hesse-Kassel; annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866

852:

The Confederation was finally dissolved after the victory of the

827: 4936:

While relative stability was maintained until 1848, with enough

4384:

monarchy in Austria, and the conservative notables of the small

2712:

the most important member state conducting the war for Germany.

5766: 5762: 5617: 5219: 4698: 4690: 4658: 4270: 3959: 1178: 1042:

The Confederation was formally created by a second treaty, the

6140: 6041:

Beilage zum Militaer-Wochenblatt fuer das deutsche Bundesheer.

5881:. 2nd ed., Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1967, pp. 594/595. 5864:. 2nd ed., Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1967, pp. 601/602. 4546:, cracked down on the liberal press, and seriously restricted 5597: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5261: 5019: 4892: 4886: 4796: 4036:, but excluded Austria and the other southern German states. 6603:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918

6001:

2nd ed., W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1967, pp. 607–609.

4077:

Impact of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic invasions

2693:

Other military conflicts were foreign to the confederation (

5088:

regained his confidence. The Assembly belatedly issued its

4895: 4206: 3858:

Partitioned between Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Meiningen in 1826.

5916:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850: Proceedings

4598:, founded in 1810, became the world's leading university. 2675:) against an external enemy who attacks federal territory, 6475:

Die Erfurter Union und das Erfurter Unionsparlament 1850.

6162:

The Economic Development of France and Germany: 1815–1914

5409:, was a member of the Confederation from 1839 until 1866) 4915:

era was a rough coalition between leading sectors of the

3951: 3822:

Figures for 1835; merged with Anhalt-Dessau army in 1847.

6501:

Cyclopedia of Classified Dates: With an Exhaustive Index

5317:

successor of that Federal Council of 1867 is the modern

4154:

dominated the German Confederation from 1815 until 1848.

2099:

Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz (2 states)

930:

lasted from about 1803 to 1806. Following defeat at the

6425: 6222: 6128: 5973: 5971: 2109:

There were therefore 17 votes in the Federal Assembly.

1979:

and Prussia each had one vote in the Federal Assembly.

4028:, plus Prussia's eastern territories and the Duchy of 4020:, and was succeeded in 1866 by the Prussian-dominated 807:, which had been dissolved in 1806 as a result of the 6031:. Jarrold & Sons, London, 1919. Vol. VII, p. 519. 4693:

grew from 172,000 people in 1800 to 826,000 in 1870;

4009:, the revolutionary German Central Government of the 3063:

Grand Duchy of Luxemburg (with the Duchy of Limburg)

1945:

In 1839, as compensation for the loss of part of the

6670:. Vol. 1: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871. 5968: 5944:

3rd ed., W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 559/560.

5641: 5222:. Besides Austria, the South German states Bavaria, 3916:, drastically reduced to 39 from more than 300 (see 3876:

Figures for 1835; merged with Prussian army in 1850.

1327:

in March 1866; annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866

1005:

created the Central Managing Authority for Germany (

6018:

W. Kohlhammer: Stuttgart et al., 1960, pp. 669–671.

5133: 4821: 997:stayed outside the Confederation of the Rhine. The 6477:Böhlau: Köln 2000, pp. 417–431, here pp. 429/430. 6185: 6099: 5947: 5172:The German Confederation ended as a result of the 4924:terrified enough perceptive elements of Prussia's 4664:, dominated not only the localities, but also the 3995:(presiding power). The Assembly met in Frankfurt. 2723:A federal intervention confronted for example the 4760:(a member between 1839 and 1866) had an entirely 4209:Russia to survive, laying the groundwork for the 7830: 6016:Der Kampf um Einheit und Freiheit 1830 bis 1850. 5884: 4933:for the state to be sufficiently accommodating. 4334:Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism in the 2014:Three foreign monarchs ruled member states: the 845:with a liberal constitution (usually called the 7894:1815 establishments in the German Confederation 5832:"Wer sind wir, und was wollen wir dazu singen?" 1323:Joined in 1817; inherited by the grand-duke of 7909:1860s disestablishments in the Austrian Empire 6619: 6488:The Founding of the German Empire by William I 5829: 5615: 5607: 5595: 5483:– overwhelmingly German speaking at the time; 5090:Declaration of the Rights of the German People 951:was dissolved on 6 August 1806. The resulting 899:Chart: functioning of the German Confederation 7879:States and territories disestablished in 1866 7869:States and territories disestablished in 1848 7273: 6743: 6720:Bavaria in the German Confederation 1820–1848 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5511: 5443: 5435: 5427: 5419: 5201: 3763:, Croatia and upper Italian lands apart from 2643: 6705: 6649:Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 6638:Evans, Richard J.; Lee, W. R., eds. (1986). 6254:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 6029:History of Germany in the Nineteenth Century 5517: 5472: 5459: 5383: 5368: 5361: 5252:As the Franco-Prussian War drew to a close, 5235: 5229: 5223: 5189: 5124: 5112: 5099: 5093: 5083: 5067: 5059: 5047:gave in to the popular fury, and promised a 5042: 5034: 5025: 5017: 5004: 4989: 4965: 4951: 4941: 4926: 4910: 4884: 4877: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4835: 4822: 4720: 4708: 4702: 4656: 4613: 4605: 4599: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4541: 4531: 4525: 4513: 4507: 4499: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4436: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4397: 4373: 4346: 4335: 4319: 4291: 4281: 4268: 4259: 4242: 4222: 4175: 4167: 4147: 4056: 4048: 4029: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3967:The only organ of the Confederation was the 3957: 3949: 3941: 3917: 2511: 2397: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2055: 1993: 1948: 1027:The German Confederation was created by the 984: 973: 965: 954: 933: 425: 415: 405: 71: 28: 6402:Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd ed., 5823: 5757:(including a third of majority francophone 5258:Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles 4489:. The Wartburg Festival in 1817 celebrated 1675:Duchy partitioned and ruler became Duke of 7889:1815 establishments in the Austrian Empire 7874:States and territories established in 1850 7864:States and territories established in 1815 7287: 7280: 7266: 6750: 6736: 6686:Introduction to Nineteenth Century Germany 6600: 6333: 6052: 4536:used the murder as a pretext to issue the 4301:privilege while modernizing institutions. 4110:. Please do not remove this message until 3569:Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 2650: 2636: 814:The Confederation had only one organ, the 117: 105: 6577:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 6572: 6445:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 6400:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 6298:(1959) is the standard history in English 6228: 6146: 6134: 6012:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 5995:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 5875:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 5858:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. 5276:. The new constitution of the state, the 4684: 4628: 4415:August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben 4146:Austrian chancellor and foreign minister 4130:Learn how and when to remove this message 3362:Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2086:shared one vote in the Federal Assembly. 1574:were only federal territory in 1848–1850 1474:With the Dutch King being the Grand Duke 1039:, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition. 16:19th-century association of German states 6637: 5291: 5278:Constitution of the German Confederation 5078:(but not Hungary) into the new Germany. 4998: 4983: 4830: 4557: 4141: 4106:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1961: 894: 883: 6692: 6683: 6668:Bismarck and the Development of Germany 6665: 6620:Blackbourn, David; Eley, Geoff (1984). 6541: 6370: 6240: 6216: 6158: 6097: 5498:Belgium (nine of the eleven cantons of 4891:family) introduced the steel gun, cast- 4255:, each feared domination by the other. 4039:Prussia's influence was widened by the 3891: 3523:Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 3385:Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen 3224:Duchies of Holstein and Saxe-Lauenburg 803:in 1815 as a replacement of the former 791:was an association of 39 predominantly 510:Lauenburg-Bütow (Province of Pomerania) 124:States part of the German Confederation 7831: 6717: 6544:A Social History of Germany: 1648–1914 6373:A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 6265: 5999:Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830. 5964:, London: H. G. Bohn, pp. 480–481 5954:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1873), 5953: 5755:German-speaking cantons of Switzerland 5309:with some elements of a federal state 5198:but this did not come into existence. 4973: 4297:was conservative, enacted to preserve 3885:Merged with Grand Ducal Hesse in 1866. 2716:Denmark, the Second Schleswig War (or 307:Collapse of Confederation of the Rhine 7261: 6731: 6701: 6646: 6628: 6183: 5879:Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830 5862:Reform und Restauration 1789 bis 1830 5800: 5715: 5680:Former countries in Europe after 1815 5345: 4817:was inhabited by a majority of Poles. 4774:lived in south and southeast Austria; 4043:resulting in the proclamation of the 3867:No figures reported before partition. 3779: 3777: 3775: 3773: 1903:Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 1529:Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 1266:Annexed by Prussia 20 September 1866 943:in December 1805, Holy Roman Emperor 6674: 6516: 6431: 6415: 5830:Winfried Klein (14 September 2012). 5773:in France, and southern portions of 4734: 4080: 3849:Gotha passed to Saxe-Coburg in 1826. 3017:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2994:Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2725:raid of the revolutionaries in Baden 1392:since 15th century as a fief of the 281:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 5913: 5539:enclave, and the municipalities of 5180:and its allies on one side and the 5167: 5138: 4612:(1769–1859) in natural science and 3930:joint maintenance of the fortresses 1698:Held by Denmark since 1815; by the 1437:With the Dutch King being the Duke 13: 7340:States of the German Confederation 6759:States of the German Confederation 6593: 6521:. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. 6282:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1991.tb00808.x 5660:States of the German Confederation 4498:attitudes. One item was a book by 4238:on the continent, was precarious. 3831:Merged with Anhalt-Dessau in 1863. 3770: 3500:Principality of Reuß younger line 1023:States of the German Confederation 14: 7925: 7914:1866 disestablishments in Germany 6575:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck 5412:Czech Republic (entire territory) 3431:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 1193:, were also members in 1818–1850 372:North German Confederation Treaty 7904:1866 disestablishments in Europe 7781: 6782: 6460:. Springer, Berlin 2008, p. 505. 5838:. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 5644: 5247: 5134:Dissolution of the Confederation 4781:were inhabited by a majority of 4562:The University of Berlin in 1850 4162:(represented by figures such as 4085: 3755:(but with Auschwitz and Zator), 3477:Principality of Reuß elder line 2616: 2602: 2141: 1927: 1909: 1890: 1872: 1854: 1836: 1818: 1800: 1782: 1764: 1746: 1728: 1685: 1662: 1639: 1616: 1598: 1580: 1553: 1535: 1516: 1498: 1480: 1461: 1443: 1424: 1406: 1371: 1352: 1333: 1310: 1291: 1272: 1253: 1235: 1217: 1199: 1191:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 1132: 1105: 1087: 1064: 1016: 888:Frontispiece of the Acts of the 769: 755: 741: 727: 713: 699: 685: 671: 657: 639: 625: 611: 586: 572: 558: 544: 530: 516: 502: 488: 474: 460: 111:The German Confederation in 1815 89: 51: 6707:Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte 6647:Moore, Barrington Jr. (1993) . 6546:. Holmes & Meier. pp. 6519:European Constitutional History 6493: 6480: 6463: 6450: 6437: 6406:, Stuttgart 1988, pp. 571, 576. 6392: 6379: 6364: 6327: 6314: 6301: 6288: 6259: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6177: 6152: 6091: 6046: 6034: 6021: 6004: 5987: 5793: 5784: 4980:German revolutions of 1848–1849 4553: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3807: 3786: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3592:Landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg 2971:Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt 2768:Frederick William IV of Prussia 2742: 2410:German revolutions of 1848–1849 2096:Brunswick and Nassau (2 states) 1365:Became part of Prussia in 1850 1346:Became part of Prussia in 1850 839:German revolutions of 1848–1849 830:which in reality were often in 538:Province of Limburg (1815–1839) 524:Draheim (Province of Pomerania) 7899:1815 establishments in Prussia 7109:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 6509: 5993:Following Ernst Rudolf Huber: 5934: 5907: 5867: 5850: 5731: 5702: 5606:and the coastal strip between 4753:prior to its division in 1839; 4697:grew from 130,000 to 290,000; 3454:Principality of Liechtenstein 3408:Principality of Lippe-Detmold 1304:Also known as Hesse-Darmstadt 1145:Only a part that included the 621:Duchy of Oświęcim (after 1850) 566:Duchy of Oświęcim (after 1818) 1: 7884:1815 establishments in Europe 7615:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust 5817: 5769:and a north-eastern strip of 4799:were present in the parts of 4795:and Czech inhabitants, while 4623: 4574:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 4540:of 1819, which dissolved the 3316:Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen 2662: 915: 751:Principality of Liechtenstein 6309:The Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968 6192:. New York: Norton. p. 5509:Italy (autonomous region of 4777:Bohemia and Moravia, of the 4675: 4594:(1795–1886) in history, the 4586:(1768–1834) in theology and 4186:), but also involving early 1925: 1907: 1888: 1870: 1852: 1834: 1816: 1798: 1780: 1762: 1744: 1726: 1683: 1660: 1637: 1614: 1596: 1578: 1551: 1533: 1514: 1496: 1478: 1459: 1441: 1422: 1404: 1369: 1350: 1331: 1308: 1289: 1270: 1251: 1233: 1215: 1197: 1130: 1103: 1085: 1062: 843:unified German federal state 723:Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) 7: 7763:Schleswig–Holstein question 7610:Friedrich Daniel Bassermann 6605:. Oxford University Press. 5902:Meyers Konversationslexikon 5891:Deutsche Geschichte 1848/49 5637: 4779:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 4649: 4578:(1770–1831) in philosophy, 4112:conditions to do so are met 4011:Frankfurt National Assembly 4005:Provisorische Zentralgewalt 3293:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 3086:Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar 2112: 981:War of the Fourth Coalition 635:Duchy of Zator (after 1850) 580:Duchy of Zator (after 1818) 10: 7930: 7645:Karl August von Hardenberg 7383:North German Confederation 7356:Confederation of the Rhine 6714:(in German, detailed maps) 6702:Stier, Hans-Erich (1976). 6601:Blackbourn, David (1998). 6573:Nipperdey, Thomas (1996). 6337:American Historical Review 6188:A Modern History of Europe 6167:Cambridge University Press 6098:Sheehan, James J. (1989). 5675:North German Confederation 5455:West Pomeranian Voivodship 5426:and the municipalities of 5321:of the Federal Republic. 5208:North German Confederation 5202:North German Confederation 5196:South German Confederation 4977: 4715:) from 60,000 to 208,000; 4328:feudal practice of serfdom 4284:Karl August von Hardenberg 4022:North German Confederation 3902:Confederation of the Rhine 2685:the federal intervention ( 2415:North German Confederation 2385:Confederation of the Rhine 2040:King of the United Kingdom 1020: 999:War of the Sixth Coalition 993:, and the French-occupied 962:Confederation of the Rhine 928:War of the Third Coalition 919: 910: 866:North German Confederation 667:Austrian Empire as a whole 653:North German Confederation 482:Confederation of the Rhine 7778: 7688: 7562: 7396: 7373:German Empire (1848–1849) 7348: 7295: 7244: 7213: 7186: 7153: 7079: 7046: 7039: 6977: 6932: 6896: 6889: 6843: 6827: 6791: 6780: 6766: 6718:Werner, George S (1977). 6695:German History, 1770–1866 6693:Sheehan, James J (1993). 6629:Brose, Eric Dorn (1997). 6473:. In: Gunther Mai (ed.): 6471:Erfurter Unionsverfassung 6322:German History, 1770–1866 6219:, pp. 37–55, 183–202 6102:German History: 1770–1866 6056:Journal of Modern History 5616: 5608: 5596: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5518: 5512: 5473: 5468:Lower Silesian Voivodship 5460: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5384: 5369: 5362: 5287: 5254:King Ludwig II of Bavaria 5236: 5230: 5224: 5125: 5113: 5100: 5084: 5043: 5035: 5026: 5018: 4885: 4864: 4858: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4614: 4606: 4600: 4588: 4580: 4572: 4532: 4514: 4508: 4500: 4475: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4421: 4413: 4398: 4292: 4282: 4260: 4223: 4190:, and climaxing with the 4176: 4168: 4148: 4061:in 1871, except Austria, 4049: 4030: 4003: 3958: 3950: 3942: 3178:Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg 3040:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg 2757:German Federal Fortresses 2080: 2072: 2064: 2056: 1994: 1949: 1827:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 1118:Inherited by the Duke of 1077:Inherited by the Duke of 1007:Zentralverwaltungsbehörde 985: 974: 966: 955: 934: 607:German Empire (1848–1849) 594:German Empire (1848–1849) 439: 398: 394: 381: 368: 355: 342: 329: 316: 303: 290: 277: 273: 265: 255: 251: 239: 227: 215: 211: 197: 183: 141: 131: 116: 104: 79:"The Song of the Germans" 66: 48: 37: 23: 7758:Greater Austria proposal 6371:Kitchen, Martin (2006). 5695: 4719:from 60,000 to 177,000; 4701:from 40,000 to 269,000; 4582:Friedrich Schleiermacher 4278:Prussian Reform Movement 3546:Principality of Waldeck 3339:Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen 3270:Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg 2034:and (from 1839) Duke of 2032:Grand Duke of Luxembourg 1361:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 799:. It was created by the 7859:19th century in Prussia 7854:19th century in Germany 7844:19th century in Austria 7701:Austro-Prussian rivalry 7514:"Blood and Iron" speech 7485:Greater Poland uprising 7456:Frankfurter Wachensturm 6499:Charles Eugene Little, 6490:. 1890. Vol. 1, p. 182. 6159:Clapham, J. H. (1936). 6108:Oxford University Press 5982:Encyclopædia Britannica 5956:Talboys, David Alphonso 5896:18 October 2007 at the 5041:fled to Great Britain. 4805:province of Brandenburg 3896:Between 1806 and 1815, 3684:Free City of Frankfurt 3155:Duchy of Anhalt-Cöthen 3132:Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau 2902:Kingdom of Württemberg 2718:Deutsch-Dänischer Krieg 2678:the federal execution ( 2028:King of the Netherlands 1704:Christian IX of Denmark 1700:Treaty of Vienna (1864) 1652:Partitioned and became 1161:– and Austrian lands – 979:of October 1806 in the 737:Gr. Duchy of Luxembourg 7714:Das Lied der Deutschen 7650:Klemens von Metternich 7625:Johann Gottlieb Fichte 7335:Kingdom of Württemberg 7289:Unification of Germany 6706: 6666:Pflanze, Otto (1971). 6027:Treitschke, Heinrich. 5717:[ˌdɔʏtʃɐˈbʊnt] 5712: 5301: 5268:and gave the title of 5190: 5148:was appointed by King 5094: 5068: 5060: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4966: 4952: 4942: 4927: 4911: 4878: 4850: 4841: 4840:and German unification 4836: 4827:: economic integration 4823: 4685:Rapidly growing cities 4657: 4635:demographic transition 4629:Demographic transition 4608:Alexander von Humboldt 4563: 4542: 4526: 4483: 4469: 4374: 4347: 4336: 4320: 4269: 4243: 4225:Klemens von Metternich 4155: 4150:Klemens von Metternich 4057: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3918: 3747:Not included Hungary, 3400:VIII (3rd Div., part) 3377:VIII (3rd Div., part) 2986:VIII (3rd Div., part) 2794:(proportion of total) 2512: 2398: 2267:Linear Pottery culture 1967: 1809:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 1342:Hohenzollern-Hechingen 995:Principality of Erfurt 900: 892: 847:Frankfurt Constitution 695:Kingdom of Württemberg 650:Following dissolution: 426: 416: 406: 74:Das Lied der Deutschen 72: 29: 7630:Johann Gustav Droysen 7600:Frederick William III 6684:Sagarra, Eda (1980). 6675:Ramm, Agatha (1967). 6542:Sagarra, Eda (1977). 6517:Case, Nelson (1902). 6184:Weber, Eugen (1971). 6149:, pp. 87–92, 99. 5551:Malborghetto Valbruna 5295: 5002: 4987: 4834: 4813:Prussian part of the 4668:, and especially the 4561: 4315:military conscription 4145: 3638:Free City of Hamburg 2948:Grand Duchy of Baden 2799:(in Austrian Gulden) 2706:German Empire of 1848 2193:Territorial evolution 1965: 1631:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1122:in 1847; merged with 920:Further information: 905:European Great Powers 898: 887: 142:Common languages 7839:German Confederation 7753:German reunification 7675:Wilhelm von Humboldt 7640:John, King of Saxony 7605:Frederick William IV 7554:Treaty of Versailles 7523:Second Schleswig War 7494:Punctation of Olmütz 7476:Frankfurt Parliament 7361:German Confederation 6871:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 6866:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 6443:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 6398:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 6307:William Manchester, 6010:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 5940:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 5873:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 5856:Ernst Rudolf Huber: 5690:Frankfurt Parliament 5493:Grand Duchy of Posen 5206:Prussia created the 5176:of 1866 between the 5056:Frankfurt Parliament 5028:Friedrich Wilhelm IV 4904:Economic integration 4900:breech-loading rifle 4815:partitions of Poland 4616:Carl Friedrich Gauss 4596:University of Berlin 3892:Situation in history 3661:Free City of Bremen 3615:Free City of Lübeck 3518:see Reuß elder line 3262:IX (2nd Div., part) 3124:IX (2nd Div., part) 3078:IX (2nd Div., part) 2879:Kingdom of Hannover 2797:Annual expenditures 2753:Deutsches Bundesheer 2529:Expulsion of Germans 2495:Contemporary Germany 2393:German Confederation 2009:Grand Duchy of Hesse 2005:Grand Duchy of Baden 1755:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1708:William I of Prussia 1648:Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 1625:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 1572:Grand Duchy of Posen 1507:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 1489:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1398:Second Schleswig War 1300:Grand Duchy of Hesse 939:by the French under 795:sovereign states in 789:German Confederation 765:Grand Duchy of Hesse 709:Grand Duchy of Baden 346:Punctation of Olmütz 320:Constitution adopted 25:German Confederation 7811: / 7620:Heinrich von Gagern 7545:Franco-Prussian War 7532:Austro-Prussian War 7071:Waldeck and Pyrmont 6434:, pp. 139–140. 6324:(1993), pp. 656–710 5529:Province of Gorizia 5525:Province of Trieste 5513:Trentino-Alto Adige 5242:Franco-Prussian War 5186:Prague peace treaty 5174:Austro-Prussian War 4974:Revolutions of 1848 4502:August von Kotzebue 4236:Italian nationalism 4099:of this section is 4041:Franco-Prussian War 4018:Austro-Prussian War 3986:Präsidialgesandther 3676:X (2nd Div., part) 3653:X (2nd Div., part) 3630:X (2nd Div., part) 3239:X (2nd Div., part) 3216:X (1st Div., part) 3201:Duchy of Brunswick 3055:X (2nd Div., part) 3032:X (2nd Div., part) 3009:X (2nd Div., part) 2894:X (1st Div., part) 2856:Kingdom of Bavaria 2833:Kingdom of Prussia 2792:Matriculation class 2749:German Federal Army 2702:First Schleswig War 2343:Early Modern period 2330:Eastward settlement 2001:Electorate of Hesse 1845:Waldeck and Pyrmont 1710:acceded as duke in 1671:Saxe-Hildburghausen 1568:Province of Prussia 1281:Electorate of Hesse 947:abdicated, and the 879:Franco-Prussian War 359:Austro-Prussian War 7788:Germany portal 7721:Die Wacht am Rhein 7505:Dresden Conference 7408:Congress of Vienna 7325:Kingdom of Prussia 7320:Kingdom of Hanover 7315:Kingdom of Bavaria 6712:(Map). Westermann. 6677:Germany, 1789–1919 6320:James J. Sheehan, 6243:, pp. 140–154 5779:Kingdom of Denmark 5739:Kingdom of Prussia 5685:Federal Convention 5665:History of Germany 5491:, and much of the 5402:(entire territory) 5396:(entire territory) 5371:Schleswig-Holstein 5346:Territorial legacy 5302: 5182:Kingdom of Prussia 5154:Landtag of Prussia 5066:(small German) or 5010: 5003:Naval jack of the 4997: 4988:War ensign of the 4917:landed upper class 4842: 4751:western Luxembourg 4564: 4380:) in Prussia, the 4253:Kingdom of Prussia 4211:Congress of Vienna 4199:Kingdom of Prussia 4156: 3908:(less what is now 3738:For the year 1860. 3720:For the year 1835. 2925:Kingdom of Saxony 2687:Bundesintervention 2623:History portal 2609:Germany portal 2360:Kingdom of Prussia 2320:Kingdom of Germany 2292:Barbarian kingdoms 1984:Kingdom of Bavaria 1976:Kingdom of Prussia 1968: 1716:Gastein Convention 1607:Reuss, junior line 1011:Congress of Vienna 1003:Heinrich vom Stein 901: 893: 890:Congress of Vienna 854:Kingdom of Prussia 823:Federal Convention 816:Federal Convention 801:Congress of Vienna 681:Kingdom of Bavaria 333:German Revolutions 260:Federal Convention 7794: 7793: 7732:Lützow Free Corps 7665:Otto von Bismarck 7585:Eduard von Simson 7428:Wartburg Festival 7330:Kingdom of Saxony 7255: 7254: 7209: 7208: 7135: 7122: 7035: 7034: 6979:Ernestine duchies 6658:978-0-1405-5086-3 6651:. Penguin Books. 6612:978-0-1950-7671-4 6456:Michael Kotulla: 6404:Kohlhammer Verlag 6294:W. O. Henderson, 5589:Province of Udine 5114:Friedrich Wilhelm 5101:Friedrich Wilhelm 5085:Friedrich Wilhelm 5044:Friedrich Wilhelm 4922:French Revolution 4803:and the Prussian 4735:Ethnic minorities 4590:Leopold von Ranke 4463:Bettina von Arnim 4365:petit-bourgeoisie 4215:French Revolution 4192:French Revolution 4160:the Enlightenment 4140: 4139: 4132: 3974:Bundesversammlung 3926:Holy Roman Empire 3906:French Revolution 3706: 3705: 2737:or by other names 2671:the federal war ( 2660: 2659: 2591: 2590: 2485: 2484: 2325:Holy Roman Empire 2202:Holy Roman Empire 1988:Kingdom of Saxony 1943: 1942: 1589:Reuss, elder line 1394:Holy Roman Empire 1181:; the Duchies of 991:Swedish Pomerania 805:Holy Roman Empire 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776: 599: 598: 468:Holy Roman Empire 418:Conventionsthaler 241:• 1850–1866 229:• 1835–1848 217:• 1815–1835 96: 7921: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7816: 7815:50.108°N 8.675°E 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7786: 7785: 7784: 7735: 7551: 7542: 7529: 7520: 7511: 7502: 7491: 7482: 7473: 7466: 7452: 7446:Hambach Festival 7443: 7437:Carlsbad Decrees 7434: 7425: 7414: 7405: 7311: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7258: 7179: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7146: 7145: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7099:Reuss-Lobenstein 7095: 7094: 7066:Schaumburg-Lippe 7044: 7043: 7023: 7015: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6970: 6962: 6954: 6946: 6934:Anhalt (Ascania) 6915: 6894: 6893: 6786: 6752: 6745: 6738: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6713: 6709: 6698: 6689: 6680: 6671: 6662: 6643: 6634: 6625: 6616: 6588: 6569: 6538: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6486:Heinrich Sybel, 6484: 6478: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6413: 6407: 6396: 6390: 6383: 6377: 6376: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6344:(5): 1219–1237. 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6191: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6112:324–371, 802–820 6105: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6019: 6008: 6002: 5991: 5985: 5975: 5966: 5965: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5911: 5905: 5888: 5882: 5871: 5865: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5827: 5811: 5810: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5706: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5612: 5601: 5600: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5577: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5561: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5537: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5476: 5475: 5463: 5462: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5432: 5425: 5424: 5407:Duchy of Limburg 5389: 5388: 5374: 5373: 5367:in the north of 5365: 5364: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5227: 5226: 5193: 5191:Bundesverhältnis 5168:Seven Weeks' War 5139:Rise of Bismarck 5128: 5127: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5086: 5073: 5065: 5046: 5045: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5022: 5008: 4995: 4969: 4955: 4945: 4930: 4914: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4839: 4826: 4758:Duchy of Limburg 4726: 4725: 4714: 4713: 4706: 4705: 4662: 4640:infant mortality 4619: 4618: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4548:academic freedom 4545: 4543:Burschenschaften 4538:Carlsbad Decrees 4535: 4534: 4529: 4527:Burschenschaften 4519: 4518: 4516:Karl Ludwig Sand 4511: 4510: 4505: 4504: 4488: 4485:Burschenschaften 4480: 4479: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4458: 4457: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4433: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4401: 4400: 4377: 4352: 4339: 4323: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4286: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4246: 4228: 4227: 4181: 4180: 4173: 4172: 4153: 4152: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4067:Duchy of Limburg 4060: 4054: 4053: 4035: 4034: 4008: 4007: 3994: 3989:and Austria the 3988: 3982: 3976: 3969:Federal Assembly 3963: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3946: 3923: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3805: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3247:Duchy of Nassau 3109:Electoral Hesse 2963:VIII (2nd Div.) 2917:VIII (1st Div.) 2810:Austrian Empire 2780: 2779: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2517: 2500: 2499: 2433: 2432: 2403: 2287:Migration Period 2282:Germanic peoples 2277:Urnfield culture 2145: 2135: 2117: 2116: 2085: 2084: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2042:(until 1837) as 1997: 1996: 1956:Duchy of Limburg 1954:to Belgium, the 1952: 1951: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1791:Schaumburg-Lippe 1787: 1786: 1785: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1714:, following the 1690: 1689: 1688: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1485: 1484: 1483: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1159:Austrian Silesia 1147:Crown of Bohemia 1137: 1136: 1135: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1049: 1048: 988: 987: 977: 976: 969: 968: 960:established the 958: 957: 937: 936: 858:Seven Weeks' War 773: 772: 759: 758: 745: 744: 731: 730: 717: 716: 703: 702: 689: 688: 675: 674: 661: 660: 643: 642: 629: 628: 615: 614: 603: 602: 590: 589: 576: 575: 562: 561: 548: 547: 534: 533: 520: 519: 506: 505: 492: 491: 478: 477: 464: 463: 457: 456: 441: 440: 431: 421: 411: 351:29 November 1850 121: 109: 98: 97: 77: 55: 32: 21: 20: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7829: 7828: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7790: 7782: 7780: 7774: 7748:German question 7729: 7727:Flag of Germany 7696:Alsace–Lorraine 7684: 7570:Baron von Stein 7558: 7549: 7540: 7536:Peace of Prague 7527: 7518: 7509: 7500: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7464: 7450: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7412: 7403: 7392: 7344: 7308:Austria-Hungary 7305: 7303:Austrian Empire 7291: 7286: 7256: 7251: 7240: 7205: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7125: 7124: 7112: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7092: 7091: 7089:Reuss-Ebersdorf 7075: 7031: 7021: 7013: 7011:Gotha-Altenburg 7005: 6997: 6995:Coburg-Saalfeld 6989: 6973: 6968: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6928: 6913: 6885: 6881:Weimar-Eisenach 6856:Hesse-Darmstadt 6839: 6823: 6787: 6778: 6762: 6756: 6726: 6659: 6613: 6596: 6594:Further reading 6591: 6585: 6558: 6512: 6507: 6503:, 1900, p. 819. 6498: 6494: 6485: 6481: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6414: 6410: 6397: 6393: 6384: 6380: 6369: 6365: 6350:10.2307/1904890 6332: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6302: 6293: 6289: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6182: 6178: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6096: 6092: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6026: 6022: 6009: 6005: 5992: 5988: 5976: 5969: 5952: 5948: 5939: 5935: 5912: 5908: 5898:Wayback Machine 5889: 5885: 5872: 5868: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5736: 5732: 5721: 5720: 5707: 5703: 5698: 5650: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5348: 5290: 5274:King of Prussia 5250: 5218:territories in 5204: 5178:Austrian Empire 5170: 5141: 5136: 5123:humiliation of 5098:was offered to 5054:On 18 May, the 5014:1848 Revolution 4982: 4976: 4829: 4744:French-speaking 4737: 4687: 4678: 4652: 4631: 4626: 4556: 4386:princely states 4342: 4258:In Prussia the 4249:Austrian Empire 4203:Austrian Empire 4136: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4079: 3977:, often called 3894: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3771: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3699:Reserve (part) 3607:Reserve (part) 3584:Reserve (part) 3561:Reserve (part) 3538:Reserve (part) 3515:Reserve (part) 3492:Reserve (part) 3469:Reserve (part) 3446:Reserve (part) 3423:Reserve (part) 3354:Reserve (part) 3331:Reserve (part) 3308:Reserve (part) 3285:Reserve (part) 3193:Reserve (part) 3170:Reserve (part) 3147:Reserve (part) 3101:Reserve (part) 2798: 2793: 2745: 2735:Seven Weeks War 2727:in April 1848. 2680:Bundesexekution 2665: 2656: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2592: 2574: 2553: 2520: 2497: 2487: 2486: 2457:Weimar Republic 2430: 2420: 2419: 2406: 2375: 2365: 2364: 2345: 2335: 2334: 2310: 2302: 2301: 2297:Frankish Empire 2272:Únětice culture 2262: 2254: 2253: 2198:Historic states 2153: 2133: 2126: 2115: 2044:King of Hanover 2016:King of Denmark 1972:Austrian Empire 1959:Confederation. 1928: 1926: 1910: 1908: 1891: 1889: 1873: 1871: 1855: 1853: 1837: 1835: 1819: 1817: 1801: 1799: 1783: 1781: 1765: 1763: 1747: 1745: 1729: 1727: 1686: 1684: 1663: 1661: 1640: 1638: 1617: 1615: 1599: 1597: 1581: 1579: 1554: 1552: 1536: 1534: 1517: 1515: 1499: 1497: 1481: 1479: 1462: 1460: 1444: 1442: 1425: 1423: 1407: 1405: 1372: 1370: 1353: 1351: 1334: 1332: 1325:Hesse-Darmstadt 1311: 1309: 1292: 1290: 1273: 1271: 1254: 1252: 1236: 1234: 1218: 1216: 1200: 1198: 1141:Austrian Empire 1133: 1131: 1106: 1104: 1088: 1086: 1073:Anhalt-Bernburg 1065: 1063: 1037:Treaty of Paris 1025: 1019: 924: 922:Napoleonic Wars 918: 913: 862:Austrian Empire 809:Napoleonic Wars 793:German-speaking 770: 756: 742: 728: 714: 700: 686: 672: 658: 652: 640: 626: 612: 587: 573: 559: 545: 531: 517: 503: 489: 475: 461: 435: 387: 385:Peace of Prague 374: 361: 348: 335: 322: 312:18 October 1813 309: 296: 294:German campaign 283: 242: 230: 218: 179: 127: 112: 100: 99: 90: 86: 80: 78: 62: 61: 56: 44: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7927: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7792: 7791: 7779: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7743:Lesser Germany 7736: 7724: 7717: 7710: 7707:Burschenschaft 7703: 7698: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7595:Franz Joseph I 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7525: 7516: 7507: 7498: 7497: 7496: 7487: 7478: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7448: 7439: 7430: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7170: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7129: 7116: 7106: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7040:Principalities 7037: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7019:Hildburghausen 7016: 7008: 7000: 6992: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6955: 6947: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6755: 6754: 6747: 6740: 6732: 6725: 6724: 6715: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6657: 6644: 6635: 6626: 6617: 6611: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6556: 6548:37–55, 183–202 6539: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6492: 6479: 6462: 6449: 6436: 6424: 6408: 6391: 6385:Otto Pflanze, 6378: 6375:. p. 105. 6363: 6326: 6313: 6300: 6296:The Zollverein 6287: 6276:(2): 285–302. 6258: 6245: 6233: 6229:Nipperdey 1996 6221: 6209: 6202: 6176: 6151: 6147:Nipperdey 1996 6139: 6135:Nipperdey 1996 6127: 6120: 6090: 6069:10.1086/318549 6063:(4): 890–943. 6045: 6033: 6020: 6003: 5986: 5967: 5946: 5933: 5906: 5883: 5866: 5849: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5792: 5783: 5730: 5713:Deutscher Bund 5700: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5652:Germany portal 5639: 5636: 5628: 5627: 5592: 5527:, most of the 5507: 5504:Liège Province 5496: 5451: 5413: 5410: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5376: 5347: 5344: 5331:Rastatt castle 5289: 5286: 5270:German Emperor 5249: 5246: 5203: 5200: 5169: 5166: 5158:economic power 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5106:Forty-eighters 5036:Louis-Philippe 4978:Main article: 4975: 4972: 4828: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4786: 4775: 4765: 4754: 4736: 4733: 4686: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4666:Prussian court 4651: 4648: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4555: 4552: 4477:Friedrich Jahn 4439:Heinrich Heine 4341: 4332: 4244:Deutscher Bund 4138: 4137: 4093: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4075: 3992:Präsidialmacht 3936:, the city of 3920:Kleinstaaterei 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3785: 3783:federal share. 3769: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940:IX (1st Div.) 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2744: 2741: 2708:. Prussia was 2691: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2612: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2588: 2585: 2583:Modern history 2579: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2523:1945–1949/1952 2521: 2519: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2346: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2205: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2163:Historiography 2160: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2024:Saxe-Lauenburg 1941: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1860: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737:Saxe-Meiningen 1734: 1724: 1723: 1718:and a vote of 1712:personal union 1696: 1694:Saxe-Lauenburg 1691: 1681: 1680: 1677:Saxe-Altenburg 1673: 1668: 1658: 1657: 1654:Saxe-Altenburg 1650: 1645: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1612: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1576: 1575: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1430: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1402: 1401: 1390:personal union 1382: 1377: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1278: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1195: 1194: 1189:, part of the 1143: 1138: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1111: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1093: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1018: 1015: 975:Jena–Auerstedt 917: 914: 912: 909: 797:Central Europe 783: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 767: 761: 760: 753: 747: 746: 739: 733: 732: 725: 719: 718: 711: 705: 704: 697: 691: 690: 683: 677: 676: 669: 663: 662: 655: 645: 644: 637: 631: 630: 623: 617: 616: 609: 600: 597: 596: 591: 583: 582: 577: 569: 568: 563: 555: 554: 549: 541: 540: 535: 527: 526: 521: 513: 512: 507: 499: 498: 493: 485: 484: 479: 471: 470: 465: 453: 452: 447: 437: 436: 434: 433: 423: 413: 402: 400: 396: 395: 392: 391: 390:23 August 1866 388: 382: 379: 378: 377:18 August 1866 375: 369: 366: 365: 362: 356: 353: 352: 349: 343: 340: 339: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 317: 314: 313: 310: 304: 301: 300: 297: 291: 288: 287: 284: 278: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 249: 248: 246:Franz Joseph I 243: 240: 237: 236: 231: 228: 225: 224: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 201:Präsidialmacht 195: 194: 185: 181: 180: 178: 177: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 145: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 122: 114: 113: 110: 102: 101: 88: 87: 64: 63: 57: 50: 49: 46: 45: 43: 42: 38: 35: 34: 30:Deutscher Bund 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7926: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7849:Pan-Germanism 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7827: 7824: 7820:50.108; 8.675 7789: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7739:Pan-Germanism 7737: 7733: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Archduke John 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7546: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7524: 7517: 7515: 7508: 7506: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7486: 7479: 7477: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7449: 7447: 7440: 7438: 7431: 7429: 7422: 7421: 7420: 7419: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7388:German Empire 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7212: 7202: 7201:Sondershausen 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7174: 7171: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7141: 7140:Reuss-Schleiz 7138: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7121:(Junior Line) 7117: 7110: 7107: 7100: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7056:Liechtenstein 7054: 7052: 7051:Hesse-Homburg 7049: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7009: 7004: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6967: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6951: 6948: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844:Grand duchies 6842: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6730: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6660: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6586: 6584:0-6910-2636-X 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6557:0-8419-0332-8 6553: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6502: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6388: 6382: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6231:, p. 59. 6230: 6225: 6218: 6213: 6205: 6203:0-3930-9981-4 6199: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6137:, p. 86. 6136: 6131: 6123: 6121:0-1982-2120-7 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6103: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5972: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5822: 5809:(2): 131–169. 5808: 5804: 5796: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5745:and parts of 5744: 5740: 5734: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:German Empire 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5642: 5635: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5604:Istria county 5602:territory in 5599: 5594:Croatia (the 5593: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5500:Eupen-Malmedy 5497: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5469: 5465: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5439: 5431: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405:Netherlands ( 5404: 5401: 5400:Liechtenstein 5398: 5395: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5378:Austria (all 5377: 5372: 5366: 5357: 5354:Germany (all 5353: 5352: 5351: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5311:(Bundesstaat) 5308: 5307:(Staatenbund) 5299: 5294: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5266:German Empire 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248:German Empire 5245: 5243: 5221: 5217: 5214:and also the 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5109: 5107: 5096: 5091: 5079: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070:grossdeutsche 5064: 5063: 5062:kleindeutsche 5057: 5052: 5050: 5040: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5007: 5001: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4846:customs union 4838: 4833: 4825: 4816: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4673: 4671: 4670:Prussian army 4667: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4647: 4645: 4644:birth control 4641: 4636: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4503: 4497: 4492: 4491:Martin Luther 4487: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4448: 4447:Georg Büchner 4440: 4432: 4431:Georg Herwegh 4424: 4423:Ludwig Uhland 4416: 4411:Figures like 4409: 4406: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4369:working class 4366: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4338: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4144: 4134: 4131: 4123: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4074: 4072: 4071:Liechtenstein 4068: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4045:German Empire 4042: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3921: 3915: 3914:member states 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3810: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3726: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3307: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2805:Troop Totals 2804: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2624: 2613: 2610: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2565:Reunification 2563: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2437:German Empire 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2380:Mediatisation 2378: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261:Early history 2258: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1725: 1722:of Lauenburg 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1532: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1452:Lippe-Detmold 1450: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415:Liechtenstein 1413: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1349: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1320: 1319:Hesse-Homburg 1317: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1129: 1125: 1124:Anhalt-Dessau 1121: 1120:Anhalt-Dessau 1117: 1115: 1114:Anhalt-Köthen 1112: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1096:Anhalt-Dessau 1094: 1084: 1080: 1079:Anhalt-Dessau 1076: 1074: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1055:Member State 1054: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1017:Establishment 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 982: 978: 970:). After the 963: 959: 950: 946: 942: 938: 929: 923: 908: 906: 897: 891: 886: 882: 880: 876: 872: 871:German Empire 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 829: 824: 819: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 768: 766: 763: 762: 754: 752: 749: 748: 740: 738: 735: 734: 726: 724: 721: 720: 712: 710: 707: 706: 698: 696: 693: 692: 684: 682: 679: 678: 670: 668: 665: 664: 656: 654: 651: 647: 646: 638: 636: 633: 632: 624: 622: 619: 618: 610: 608: 605: 604: 601: 595: 592: 585: 584: 581: 578: 571: 570: 567: 564: 557: 556: 553: 550: 543: 542: 539: 536: 529: 528: 525: 522: 515: 514: 511: 508: 501: 500: 497: 494: 487: 486: 483: 480: 473: 472: 469: 466: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 438: 430: 429: 428:Vereinsthaler 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 409: 404: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 380: 376: 373: 367: 363: 360: 354: 350: 347: 341: 338:13 March 1848 337: 334: 328: 324: 321: 315: 311: 308: 302: 299:17 March 1813 298: 295: 289: 286:6 August 1806 285: 282: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 250: 247: 244: 238: 235: 232: 226: 223: 220: 214: 210: 206: 204: 202: 196: 193: 189: 186: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 146: 144: 140: 137: 134: 130: 125: 120: 115: 108: 103: 84: 76: 75: 69: 65: 60: 54: 47: 40: 39: 36: 31: 22: 19: 7796: 7767: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7660:Napoleon III 7580:Christian IX 7534: / 7454: 7416: 7378:Erfurt Union 7365: 7360: 7177:(until 1850) 7167:(until 1850) 7155:Hohenzollern 7144:(until 1848) 7134:(Elder Line) 7132:Reuss-Greiz 7103:(until 1824) 7093:(until 1824) 7022:(until 1826) 7014:(until 1826) 7003:Coburg-Gotha 6998:(until 1826) 6969:(until 1847) 6961:(until 1863) 6953:(until 1863) 6835:Hesse-Kassel 6719: 6710: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6676: 6667: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6621: 6602: 6574: 6543: 6518: 6500: 6495: 6487: 6482: 6474: 6470: 6469:Hans Boldt: 6465: 6457: 6452: 6444: 6439: 6427: 6411: 6399: 6394: 6386: 6381: 6372: 6366: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6295: 6290: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6241:Sagarra 1977 6236: 6224: 6217:Sagarra 1977 6212: 6187: 6179: 6161: 6154: 6142: 6130: 6106:. New York: 6101: 6093: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6043:No. 3, 1860. 6040: 6036: 6028: 6023: 6015: 6011: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5960: 5949: 5941: 5936: 5919: 5915: 5909: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5835: 5825: 5806: 5802: 5795: 5786: 5747:West Prussia 5743:East Prussia 5733: 5704: 5629: 5489:West Prussia 5485:East Prussia 5418:(except for 5349: 5341: 5334: 5323: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5298:Reichsflotte 5297: 5281: 5251: 5234:, and Hesse- 5216:Hohenzollern 5205: 5171: 5162: 5142: 5119:Erfurt Union 5110: 5080: 5053: 5049:constitution 5012:News of the 5011: 5006:Reichsflotte 4992:Reichsflotte 4963: 4949: 4935: 4925: 4908: 4876:By 1842 the 4875: 4871: 4843: 4738: 4688: 4679: 4655: 4653: 4632: 4565: 4554:High culture 4473:era. Father 4467:rose in the 4455:Ludwig Börne 4410: 4394: 4392:in Germany. 4372: 4355: 4343: 4318: 4312: 4307:middle class 4303: 4299:aristocratic 4267: 4262:Hohenzollern 4257: 4240: 4196: 4157: 4126: 4120:January 2016 4117: 4095: 4038: 4015: 4000: 3997: 3971:(officially 3966: 3924:) under the 3895: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3798:West Prussia 3794:East Prussia 3788: 3749:Transylvania 3743: 3734: 3725: 3716: 2776: 2772: 2764:Rhine Crisis 2761: 2752: 2746: 2743:Armed forces 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2666: 2477:World War II 2467:Nazi Germany 2428:German Reich 2392: 2355:18th century 2350:Sectionalism 2315:East Francia 2108: 2088: 2049: 2022:and Duke of 2013: 1981: 1969: 1947:province of 1944: 1386:Danish kings 1043: 1041: 1035:of the 1814 1026: 1006: 925: 902: 875:Napoleon III 851: 836: 820: 813: 788: 786: 649: 450:Succeeded by 449: 444: 408:Reichsthaler 364:14 June 1866 200: 199:Head of the 82: 67: 59:Coat of arms 18: 7818: / 7670:Robert Blum 7467:Revolutions 7214:Free cities 7188:Schwarzburg 7173:Sigmaringen 7126:(from 1848) 7119:Reuss-Gera 7113:(1824-1848) 7006:(from 1826) 6990:(from 1826) 6945:(from 1863) 6914:(from 1839) 6828:Electorates 6819:Württemberg 6761:(1815–1866) 6510:Works cited 6252:Nipperdey, 6169:. pp. 6110:. pp. 5978:"Lauenburg" 5922:: 332–346. 5803:Genealogist 5531:except the 5327:Paulskirche 5225:Württemberg 4791:had also a 4764:population; 4729:Kaliningrad 4568:Romanticism 4506:. In 1819, 4496:reactionary 4390:city-states 4361:bourgeoisie 4188:Romanticism 4058:Kaiserreich 2825:I, II, III 2816:10,086,900 2802:Army Corps 2789:Population 2695:bundesfremd 2673:Bundeskrieg 2447:World War I 2373:Unification 2309:Middle Ages 2244:Württemberg 2224:Family tree 2132:History of 2052:free cities 2018:as Duke of 1995:Württemberg 1992:Kingdom of 1863:Württemberg 1720:the Estates 967:Württemberg 445:Preceded by 432:(from 1857) 325:8 June 1815 256:Legislature 234:Ferdinand I 126:, 1815–1866 7833:Categories 7803:50°06′29″N 7367:Zollverein 7196:Rudolstadt 6861:Luxembourg 6418:, p. 5818:References 5583:Cervignano 5575:Fiumicello 5535:Monfalcone 5479:, part of 5477:Voivodship 5464:Voivodship 5394:Luxembourg 5386:Burgenland 4967:Zollverein 4953:Zollverein 4943:Zollverein 4879:Zollverein 4865:Hardenberg 4852:Zollverein 4837:Zollverein 4824:Zollverein 4772:Slovenians 4723:Königsberg 4624:Population 4533:Metternich 4520:, who was 4399:Metternich 4358:capitalist 4184:Adam Smith 4097:neutrality 4063:Luxembourg 4051:Versailles 3938:Luxembourg 2954:1,175,000 2937:1,194,000 2931:1,480,000 2914:1,389,000 2908:1,547,400 2891:1,299,000 2885:1,549,000 2868:3,540,000 2862:4,120,000 2848:IV, V, VI 2845:7,956,000 2839:9,957,000 2822:9,432,000 2663:Activities 2587:since 1990 2570:New states 2514:Ostgebiete 2507:Occupation 2400:Zollverein 2248:Mediatised 2158:Chronology 2038:; and the 2007:, and the 1470:Luxembourg 1021:See also: 972:Battle of 953:Treaty of 945:Francis II 935:Austerlitz 932:Battle of 916:Background 832:opposition 192:Protestant 176:and others 174:Limburgish 154:Low German 83:unofficial 7806:8°40′30″E 7769:Sonderweg 7680:Wilhelm I 7655:Ludwig II 7575:Charles I 7541:1870–1871 7501:1850-1851 7472:1848–1849 7413:1815–1848 7404:1814–1815 7248:partially 7226:Frankfurt 7163:Hechingen 7027:Meiningen 6987:Altenburg 6924:Lauenburg 6901:Brunswick 6876:Oldenburg 6566:21299230M 6527:608806061 6432:Case 1902 6416:Case 1902 6269:Historian 6256:pp. 96–97 6085:144652797 5928:0093-2574 5904:1885–1892 5775:Schleswig 5422:Prekmurje 5363:Schleswig 5360:Southern 5333:with the 5319:Bundesrat 5282:Reichstag 5237:Darmstadt 5150:Wilhelm I 5111:In 1849, 5039:of France 4938:bourgeois 4807:known as 4749:lived in 4676:Peasantry 4601:Von Ranke 4108:talk page 4032:Schleswig 3980:Bundestag 2733:known as 2556:1949–1990 2533:1944–1950 2481:1939–1945 2471:1933–1945 2461:1918–1933 2451:1914–1918 2441:1871–1918 2216:Empresses 2066:Frankfurt 2050:The four 1950:Luxemburg 1899:Frankfurt 1544:Oldenburg 1244:Brunswick 1183:Auschwitz 1167:Carinthia 1033:Article 6 956:Pressburg 881:of 1870. 860:over the 422:(to 1857) 412:(to 1857) 222:Francis I 184:Religion 136:Frankfurt 41:1815–1866 6950:Bernburg 6906:Holstein 6792:Kingdoms 6535:6918961M 6014:vol. 2: 5997:vol. I: 5894:Archived 5877:Vol. I: 5860:Vol. I: 5842:4 August 5771:Lorraine 5759:Fribourg 5638:See also 5624:Liburnia 5567:Aquileia 5559:Pontebba 5543:Tarvisio 5519:Südtirol 5453:Poland ( 5416:Slovenia 5146:Bismarck 4959:Silesian 4898:, and a 4768:Italians 4747:Walloons 4650:Nobility 4522:executed 4509:Kotzebue 4405:polyglot 4382:Habsburg 4251:and the 4231:Habsburg 4178:Voltaire 4170:Rousseau 4101:disputed 3898:Napoleon 3792:Without 3761:Slavonia 3757:Dalmatia 3650:129,000 3644:154,000 3374:420,000 3351:114,000 3345:136,000 3305:111,000 3299:156,639 3276:114,048 3259:300,000 3253:360,000 3230:450,000 3207:245,783 3121:564,000 3115:629,000 3098:201,000 3092:233,814 3075:120,000 3069:259,500 3052:219,000 3046:250,000 3006:357,000 3000:455,000 2983:615,000 2977:720,000 2960:993,000 2851:133,769 2836:185,496 2828:158,037 2813:197,573 2710:de facto 2549:division 2208:Monarchs 2168:Military 2123:a series 2121:Part of 2113:Military 2020:Holstein 1974:and the 1679:in 1826 1656:in 1826 1633:in 1826 1570:and the 1384:Held by 1380:Holstein 1175:Littoral 1171:Carniola 1126:in 1853 1081:in 1863 986:Holstein 941:Napoleon 399:Currency 188:Catholic 7689:Related 7590:Franz I 7418:Vormärz 7306:(later 7231:Hamburg 6911:Limburg 6890:Duchies 6814:Hanover 6804:Bavaria 6799:Prussia 6774:Austria 6767:Empires 6358:1904890 5958:(ed.), 5836:FAZ.NET 5753:), the 5631:Denmark 5626:region) 5622:in the 5610:Opatija 5587:in the 5481:Silesia 5382:except 5358:except 5272:to the 5260:, near 5076:Bohemia 4912:Vormärz 4809:Lusatia 4789:Silesia 4717:Dresden 4711:Wrocław 4704:Breslau 4695:Hamburg 4659:Junkers 4470:Vormärz 4349:Vormärz 4337:Vormärz 4280:led by 4271:Junkers 4219:Austria 4217:. With 4207:Tsarist 3944:Rastatt 3910:Belgium 3765:Trieste 3753:Galicia 3696:48,000 3690:54,000 3673:48,000 3667:52,000 3627:39,000 3621:45,600 3604:21,000 3598:23,000 3581:45,000 3575:51,767 3558:51,000 3552:56,000 3535:54,000 3529:60,000 3512:51,000 3506:59,000 3489:21,000 3483:24,500 3443:21,000 3437:23,128 3420:69,000 3414:77,500 3397:15,000 3391:17,000 3368:42,341 3282:99,000 3236:35,000 3213:20,000 3190:36,000 3184:43,325 3167:30,000 3161:36,000 3144:57,000 3138:57,629 3029:72,000 3023:85,000 2997:13,304 2989:10,325 2966:16,667 2951:15,269 2943:20,000 2928:14,993 2920:23,259 2905:19,504 2897:21,757 2882:38,452 2874:59,334 2859:76,258 2236:Prussia 2232:Bavaria 2228:Austria 2183:Judaism 2173:Economy 2134:Germany 2074:Hamburg 2036:Limburg 1918:Hamburg 1702:, King 1629:Became 1562:Prussia 1433:Limburg 1262:Hanover 1226:Bavaria 1177:except 1163:Austria 1155:Moravia 1151:Bohemia 1029:9th Act 911:History 877:in the 856:in the 828:Prussia 383:• 370:• 357:• 344:• 331:• 318:• 305:• 292:• 279:• 266:History 203:Austria 164:Slovene 132:Capital 68:Anthem: 7563:People 7552: 7543: 7530: 7521: 7512: 7503: 7492: 7483: 7474: 7453: 7444: 7435: 7426: 7415: 7406: 7397:Events 7349:Unions 7296:States 7236:Lübeck 7221:Bremen 6966:Köthen 6958:Dessau 6942:Anhalt 6919:Nassau 6809:Saxony 6655: 6609: 6581: 6564: 6554: 6533: 6525: 6389:(1971) 6356: 6311:(1968) 6200: 6118: 6083: 6077:318549 6075: 5980:, in: 5926: 5767:Alsace 5763:Valais 5709:German 5618:Plomin 5579:, and 5523:, the 5461:Lubusz 5380:states 5356:states 5288:Legacy 5220:Swabia 5126:Olmütz 4928:Junker 4848:, the 4801:Saxony 4793:Polish 4783:Czechs 4699:Munich 4691:Berlin 4459:, and 4375:Junker 4345:to as 4321:Junker 4290:Count 4229:, the 4205:, and 4201:, the 4182:, and 4069:, and 4065:, the 3960:Landau 3956:, and 3800:, and 3702:1,119 3656:2,163 3549:1,121 3495:1,241 3466:6,000 3460:5,800 3426:1,202 3411:1,133 3357:1,918 3342:2,293 3311:1,860 3296:2,688 3288:1,638 3273:1,287 3265:6,109 3250:4,700 3242:6,000 3227:9,580 3219:3,493 3204:3,690 3150:1,422 3127:9,466 3112:9,581 3104:3,350 3089:3,593 3081:2,706 3066:2,586 3058:3,740 3043:6,420 3035:1,197 3020:2,929 3012:5,967 2974:7,680 2865:11.8% 2842:26.5% 2819:31.4% 2786:Area 2783:State 2240:Saxony 2212:Queens 2152:Topics 2125:on the 2082:Lübeck 2078:, and 2058:Bremen 2026:; the 2003:, the 1999:, the 1990:, the 1986:, the 1936:Lübeck 1881:Bremen 1773:Saxony 1525:Nassau 1179:Istria 1173:, the 1058:Notes 949:Empire 269: 207: 169:Polish 149:German 70: 7081:Reuss 7061:Lippe 6851:Baden 6354:JSTOR 6081:S2CID 6073:JSTOR 5751:Posen 5696:Notes 5598:Pazin 5474:Opole 5446:Piran 5438:Izola 5430:Koper 5262:Paris 5231:Baden 5095:Reich 5020:Baden 4893:steel 4887:Krupp 4859:Stein 4797:Sorbs 4762:Dutch 4727:(now 4707:(now 4293:Stein 4164:Locke 3934:Mainz 3802:Posen 3709:Notes 3693:0.2% 3670:0.2% 3647:0.4% 3624:0.1% 3601:0.-% 3578:0.2% 3555:0.2% 3532:0.2% 3509:0.2% 3486:0.1% 3463:nil% 3440:0.1% 3417:0.2% 3394:0.1% 3371:1.4% 3348:0.4% 3325:nil% 3302:0.4% 3279:0.3% 3256:1.0% 3233:0.1% 3210:0.7% 3187:0.1% 3164:0.1% 3141:0.2% 3118:1.9% 3095:0.7% 3072:0.4% 3049:0.7% 3026:0.2% 3003:1.2% 2980:2.2% 2957:3.3% 2934:4.0% 2911:4.6% 2888:4.3% 2188:Women 1208:Baden 1187:Zator 1052:Flag 159:Czech 7550:1871 7528:1866 7519:1864 7510:1862 7490:1850 7481:1848 7465:1848 7451:1833 7442:1832 7433:1819 7424:1817 6653:ISBN 6607:ISBN 6579:ISBN 6552:ISBN 6523:OCLC 6198:ISBN 6173:–28. 6116:ISBN 5924:ISSN 5844:2022 5761:and 5749:and 5614:and 5442:and 5212:Main 4964:The 4950:The 4896:axle 4862:and 4770:and 4756:the 4388:and 4363:and 4288:and 4094:The 4026:Main 3687:101 3679:748 3664:256 3641:410 3633:669 3618:298 3610:333 3595:275 3587:751 3572:862 3564:866 3541:899 3526:940 3503:826 3480:316 3457:159 3449:350 3434:536 3403:155 3388:236 3380:356 3365:906 3196:616 3181:780 3173:325 3158:727 3135:840 2871:VII 2747:The 2577:1990 2546:East 2542:West 2220:1918 2178:LGBT 1970:The 1566:The 1185:and 1157:and 926:The 837:The 787:The 6420:139 6346:doi 6278:doi 6194:586 6065:doi 5765:), 5284:). 5130:". 4340:era 4047:at 3952:Ulm 3932:at 3472:91 2739:). 2054:of 2030:as 1388:in 7835:: 7741:/ 6562:OL 6560:. 6550:. 6531:OL 6529:. 6352:. 6342:88 6340:. 6274:53 6272:. 6196:. 6165:. 6114:. 6079:. 6071:. 6061:72 6059:. 5970:^ 5920:15 5918:. 5900:, 5834:. 5807:22 5805:. 5781:). 5711:: 5571:, 5563:, 5555:, 5547:, 5502:, 5487:, 5470:, 5466:, 5457:, 5434:, 5228:, 5160:. 4550:. 4530:. 4451:, 4443:, 4435:, 4427:, 4419:, 4330:. 4174:, 4166:, 4073:. 3964:. 3948:, 3940:, 3796:, 3772:^ 3759:, 3751:, 3334:0 3328:0 3322:0 3319:0 2246:, 2242:, 2238:, 2234:, 2230:, 2226:, 2222:, 2218:, 2214:, 2070:, 2062:, 2011:. 1169:, 1165:, 1153:, 1149:– 989:, 834:. 811:. 190:, 7734:) 7730:( 7310:) 7281:e 7274:t 7267:v 6751:e 6744:t 6737:v 6722:. 6697:. 6688:. 6679:. 6661:. 6642:. 6633:. 6624:. 6615:. 6587:. 6568:. 6537:. 6422:. 6360:. 6348:: 6284:. 6280:: 6206:. 6171:6 6124:. 6087:. 6067:: 5930:. 5846:. 5777:( 5741:( 5728:. 5591:) 5516:/ 5450:) 5390:) 5375:) 5300:. 4931:s 4785:; 4378:s 4324:s 4133:) 4127:( 4122:) 4118:( 4114:. 4104:. 3804:. 3767:. 2751:( 2651:e 2644:t 2637:v 2544:– 2250:) 2210:( 2204:) 2200:( 869:" 85:) 81:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.