1357:, "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation (
4252:
4267:
1748:. As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as
7146:
8118:
5047:
2258:
885:
602:
84:
145:
1411:
43:
4752:
4760:
1377:. It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings.
1122:
4768:
1397:
50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of
Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are more endangered than in the Netherlands.
1301:, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian.
889:
887:
893:
891:
886:
4802:
with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, can also be articulated in a neutral tone as a third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word
892:
1396:
To what degree
Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001)
2342:
Rhine) are unambiguously Low
Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the
2341:
The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into
Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the
4930:
Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of
Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both the phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and
1492:
On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and
Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political
1199:
itself is specific to the
Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low
1488:
language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition. From the
Limburgish side it has been argued that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the
1760:
have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside the area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as
Kleverlandish or Ripuarian.
1262:
From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as
Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language which politically
1029:
Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in the aforementioned region, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Limburgish shares vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both
890:
1324:
Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as
2511:
Limburgish has many varieties hence there isn't a standard written form. However the Limburgish Language Council has adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish since 2003 and it is used in its websites as well as dictionaries. This is the form presented below.
2370:) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g.
1493:
power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State.
4188:, the vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs.
1017:
and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called
1304:
The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of
888:
1086:. In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of
1381:
wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during
2109:
is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality, the language north of this region then being considered
4865:
Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for
4775:
The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single
2155:) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and the adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun
5316:
Plural and diminutive nouns based on Umlaut start to prevail east towards Germany. However, towards the west, the phonemic distinction between dragging and pushing tone will stop just before
5360:
in their masculine and feminine singular forms and always in plural, but no ending in their neuter singular form. When combined with a masculine noun in singular adjectives may also end on
1236:
The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of
1337:) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache.
6701:
Niederländische Philologie, FU Berlin: Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands: Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands; Diversiteit van het Middelnederlands, 2022
6758:"talig-erfgoedbeleid | Rob Belemans Van Hilepani tot Hasselt → Charters, conventies, taalpolitiek en immaterieel erfgoed, Faro. Tijdschrift over Cultureel Erfgoed. Jaargang 2"
7120:
6572:
8458:
1149:
refers to the varieties spoken in Dutch and Belgian Limburg. It is likewise legally defined through the Dutch recognition of Limburgish as a regional language under the
6807:
5122:
De noordewind en de zon hadde en drökke discussie euver de vraog wee vaan hunen twieje de sterkste waor, toen zjuus iemand veurbij kaom dee nen dikke, werme jas aonhad.
1313:
in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period. The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the
4889:
of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of
1913:
8309:
5103:
De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus eejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas àànhaa.
871:
1240:, although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language.
1945:
1861:
1421:
9342:
1829:
1470:
1150:
1113:(Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions.
1294:
being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian.
1993:
1961:
1869:
1815:
1791:
1845:
1767:
7611:
Boersma, Paul (2017). "The history of the Franconian tone contrast". In Wolfgang Kehrein; Björn Köhnlein; Paul Boersma; Marc van Oostendorp (eds.).
1977:
1929:
1309:) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of
6955:
6919:
De Taalpolitiek van koning Willem i in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1814-1830, de genesis der taalbesluiten en hun toepassing, door A. de Jonghe ...
8451:
8063:
10770:
8106:
6707:
6702:
5467:(Maastrichtian: "That man is crazy"). Except for neuter adjectives which sometimes get -t: "'t Eint of 't angert", though this is dying out.
1877:
1891:
1251:, especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the
9717:
8795:
8084:
6179:, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one of the earliest writers in Dutch.
2338:
language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders.
2230:
1109:", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the
6992:
9515:
7085:
612:
8076:
with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language
7813:
Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreilãndereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht
7440:
8444:
8302:
5031:
In some parts of Limburg, the tonal plural is being replaced with the Dutch forms among the younger generation, so that the plural for
2326:. The northwestern part of this triangle came under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the
864:
7116:
4914:, the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of
2287:
river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with the Cleves dialects (
10785:
7243:
4243:, "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt.
6663:
Cor Hoppenbrouwers: De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM, 2001.
5356:
According to their declension, Limburgish adjectives can be grouped into two classes. Adjectives of the first class get the ending
1437:
6581:
4858:
or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions
2245:
starts a little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of
2128:
isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the
7881:
6941:
6159:
Historically, the vocabulary of the varieties of Limburgish spoken within current Belgian territory has been more influenced by
7064:
10750:
8295:
7793:
7660:
7633:
7473:
7263:
7179:
6900:
6814:
6622:
4367:
2226:
2140:. All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect.
2103:
dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term
857:
6615:
Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts: Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives
6528:
9332:
7772:
2189:
area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists use a more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term
7543:
4057:
4022:
3928:
2271:
Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of
635:
209:
17:
10244:
8099:
4388:
4184:
Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to
4066:
181:
6603:
Frans Debrabandere: Limburgs etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van woorden uit beide Limburgen, Davidsfonds, 2011.
5025:("a yellow pear", with push tone). This tonal shift also occurs when the adjective gets an inflectional ending, as in
4859:
1286:, the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of
10765:
6372:
6347:
6315:
6260:
2327:
1105:
refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in "
1071:
1005:
spoken in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate
1001:
Although frequently misunderstood as such, Limburgish as a linguistic term does not refer to the regional variety of
246:
228:
126:
70:
8788:
5364:, under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles. To this class belong most adjectives ending on a
4198:
3976:
3935:
3829:
188:
7908:
Gussenhoven, C.; van der Vliet, P. (1999). "The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo".
4599:
4529:
4430:
4374:
3921:
3657:
3547:
3443:
3360:
3256:
3114:
2990:
2754:
1425:
625:
93:
1317:
extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to
10780:
4559:
166:
6023:
is added under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles and adjectives. Deletion of the final
1183:
In more recent linguistic publications, some linguists further narrow this traditional definition by defining
592:
10755:
10745:
10611:
8092:
7612:
7112:
6639:
4971:
means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp.
4536:
3983:
3882:
523:
493:– Statutory provincial language in Limburg Province (1996, Ratification Act, ECRML, No. 136), effective 1997.
8114:
7233:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. DBNL (Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren) (ed.).
1476:
However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on
1133:
can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of
541:
195:
10740:
10641:
9811:
9773:
9758:
8757:
8729:
8318:
8240:
4755:
Extent (orange) of the region where a pitch accent was historically used in The Benelux, France and Germany
4566:
4545:
4409:
4230:
3969:
1334:
845:
669:
9085:
7242:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. ReWo (Permanent Overlegorgaan Regionale Woordenboeken) (ed.).
4734:
4727:
4723:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4645:
4639:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4123:
4082:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
1361:) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries.
10621:
10481:
9831:
9790:
9780:
8781:
8250:
8227:
4811:, which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in
4580:
4499:
4416:
4337:
4129:
3953:
2343:
2293:). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called
1310:
1291:
499:
162:
56:
7234:
6757:
1204:. In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use
10790:
8997:
8544:
8338:
6963:
5083:
4613:
4033:
3815:
1075:
177:
10795:
6152:
due to a heavy influence from the two. However, some of the basic vocabulary is rooted in neighboring
10760:
10338:
4620:
4506:
4441:
4402:
4344:
4228:
4196:
4127:
4109:
4099:
4097:
3944:
3836:
2307:
1026:("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined.
7342:
6932:
H.K.J. Cowan: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jaargang 71, Leiden, 1953, pp. 181.
6163:
than that of the Limburgish dialects spoken on Dutch and German soil, as appears form words such as
10775:
10616:
10570:
10565:
10489:
10099:
10083:
9962:
9821:
9712:
9707:
4515:
4353:
4154:
3822:
1271:
953:
586:
419:
31:
10555:
10499:
10494:
10414:
10087:
10037:
9337:
9155:
8911:
8839:
8827:
8762:
8015:
7999:
7983:
7294:
7195:
5058:
4819:
3999:
3868:
3843:
1429:
1157:
414:
404:
155:
10677:
10397:
9795:
6864:
1141:
as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context.
10560:
10042:
10008:
9626:
9442:
9302:
9142:
9037:
8492:
7000:
3992:
3889:
3727:
995:
778:
342:
97:
7804:
7650:
7096:
6039:
no longer occurs in the dialect of Venlo and is also disappearing in the dialect of Roermond.
4807:
which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with
1200:
Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as
1038:, but has some unique features as well. Many dialects of Limburgish (and of Ripuarian) have a
10718:
10682:
9950:
9943:
9895:
9665:
9636:
9605:
9568:
9493:
9250:
9163:
9024:
8986:
8739:
8708:
8667:
8591:
8343:
8235:
7447:
6838:
4251:
4009:
3875:
3769:
3762:
2234:
2088:
1346:
1188:
1106:
1083:
987:
734:
354:
313:
10183:
9058:
7318:
10687:
10667:
10636:
10509:
10369:
10115:
9933:
9525:
9352:
9314:
9309:
9183:
9130:
8888:
8752:
8724:
8639:
8394:
8268:
8258:
8122:
7086:"Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011"
6708:"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"
6689:
Marijke van der Wal en Cor van Bree, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, Houten, 2008, p. 109.
6193:
6188:
4266:
4111:
3896:
3778:
2014:
1481:
1275:
1256:
709:
10343:
7132:
108:
8:
10626:
9862:
9816:
9750:
9503:
9150:
9063:
8861:
8734:
8562:
8536:
8425:
8384:
8374:
8202:
8174:
8058:
7805:
Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011
7247:
6176:
5458:
4866:
4827:
4085:
may not show up in the Hasselt dialect, but is common in other Limburgish dialects, e.g.
3908:
3802:
1378:
1298:
908:
840:
817:
714:
10173:
10018:
9265:
8653:
6731:
719:
330:
202:
10800:
10672:
10596:
10524:
10514:
10469:
10231:
10158:
10055:
9900:
9875:
9870:
9763:
9591:
9476:
9297:
9075:
9070:
9049:
9010:
8814:
8804:
8623:
8604:
8485:
8399:
8164:
8156:
7925:
7869:
7846:
7513:
4935:-bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters.
4932:
4874:
4851:
4839:
4812:
4746:
3785:
3722:
3704:
The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort.
2331:
2100:
1306:
1252:
810:
805:
800:
697:
409:
9826:
7014:
6477:
6476:
Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).
4826:
to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include
2132:
isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect is the only one with both forms
1749:
574:
10646:
10445:
10361:
10354:
10309:
10253:
10013:
10003:
9986:
9981:
9885:
9647:
9447:
9408:
9388:
9226:
9118:
9100:
8952:
8499:
8379:
8194:
8039:
8031:
7888:
7873:
7789:
7768:
7656:
7629:
7517:
7469:
7175:
6896:
6618:
6452:
4886:
4381:
4048:
4015:
3962:
3861:
3749:
3734:
2121:
1899:
1745:
1591:
1458:
1350:
1079:
991:
983:
783:
453:
357:
325:
8436:
7929:
7570:
7070:
5013:
The difference between push tone and dragging tone may also purely mark grammatical
2375:
1138:
631:
10601:
10392:
10326:
10282:
10277:
10237:
10226:
10218:
10023:
9991:
9938:
9927:
9840:
9549:
9488:
9278:
9260:
9095:
8856:
8848:
8660:
8630:
8583:
8569:
8409:
8217:
7950:
7917:
7861:
7621:
7505:
6678:
Sprache und Raum: Ein internationales Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch
6674:
Historisches Westdeutsch/Rheinisch (Moselfränkisch, Ripuarisch, Südniederfränkisch)
6510:
6355:
6327:
6283:
6225:
4952:
4855:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4798:
with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects
4177:
3744:
3717:
1477:
1326:
1314:
1283:
1223:
1063:
1014:
793:
729:
702:
10438:
7271:
6783:
4943:
Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the
4786:
With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as
10631:
10591:
10424:
10331:
10314:
10299:
10294:
10287:
9996:
9905:
9890:
9845:
9697:
9660:
9652:
9631:
9618:
9598:
9584:
9347:
9324:
9255:
9245:
9237:
9017:
8674:
8597:
8576:
8549:
8404:
8389:
8212:
8207:
8146:
7783:
6917:
6890:
6536:
6160:
6149:
5225:
4523:
4478:
4361:
4316:
4185:
3756:
3739:
2524:
2379:
1134:
1031:
966:
958:
945:
739:
396:
62:
7366:
5170:
is used before all masculine words. In most dialects, the indefinite article is
4910:
It has been proven by speech analysis that in the Belgian Limburgish dialect of
10712:
10606:
10586:
10538:
10430:
10304:
9974:
9741:
9680:
9459:
9416:
9373:
9290:
9285:
9174:
9124:
8975:
8926:
8881:
8874:
8688:
8681:
8555:
8479:
8364:
8332:
8287:
8141:
8136:
7683:
6153:
6145:
5194:
for neuter nouns. Without stress, these forms are most of the time realized as
4870:
4847:
4553:
4396:
3797:
2319:
2178:
2084:
2010:
1227:
1176:. His definition for Southern Low Franconian is basically by the unit word for
1169:
1165:
1035:
1010:
1002:
940:
932:
763:
724:
674:
660:
463:
424:
371:
7955:
7938:
7921:
7865:
7625:
7552:
7545:
Book Reviews: Prosody: Theory and Experiment. Studies presented to Gosta Bruce
7509:
6553:
6404:
5142:
Limburgish has three grammatical genders. In some of the Limburgish dialects,
5017:
without there being any difference in meaning, as in the dialect of Borgloon:
2322:
dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern
1390:
10734:
10662:
10504:
10260:
10211:
10028:
9967:
9880:
9785:
9723:
9670:
9554:
9481:
8698:
8515:
8043:
6784:"In de schaduw van de keizer: Hendrik van Veldeke en zijn tijd (1130-1230) /"
4699:
as . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel
4485:
4465:
4323:
4303:
3914:
3808:
2294:
2266:
2144:
2110:
2094:
2087:, i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to the North in the Dutch province of
1370:
1274:, a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the
1248:
788:
2383:
1921:
1757:
10531:
9955:
9919:
9852:
9675:
9498:
9471:
9454:
9398:
9357:
8939:
8918:
8522:
8508:
8276:
8179:
8169:
8036:'r-atics: Sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological characteristics of /r/
7490:
4894:
4882:
4878:
4823:
4780:
4674:
3852:
2143:
The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of
1237:
1173:
1039:
768:
759:
470:
367:
267:
Limburgan, Limburgian, Limburgic, East Low Franconian, South Low Franconian
10178:
6944:, Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin. neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de.
6175:("shrimp"). The language has similarities with both German and Dutch, and
5108:
1345:
Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous
1054:(and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of
558:
10348:
10321:
10139:
10047:
9729:
9690:
9273:
8968:
8932:
8867:
8646:
6426:
4625:
4604:
4585:
4571:
4493:
4460:
4331:
4298:
4255:
2335:
1466:
1279:
1244:
1231:
1067:
490:
308:
10193:
6863:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2019-11-27).
6638:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2020-07-14).
5115:
5046:
2116:
The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of
1953:
10188:
10168:
9203:
8904:
8703:
8617:
8348:
6409:
5340:
after a dental consonant. For some nouns an umlaut is also used and in
5014:
4962:
4948:
4593:
4470:
4424:
4308:
2665:
2330:
in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the
2202:
2174:
1386:
1297:
In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as
1187:
as the dialects between the Uerdingen and Benrath isoglosses marked by
1098:
1021:
7415:
6514:
10374:
10122:
9768:
9685:
9466:
9421:
9393:
9219:
8773:
8529:
8032:"The phonology of postvocalic /r/ in Brabant Dutch and Limburg Dutch"
6482:
4944:
4270:
4192:
4141:, especially in coda position. It is rare in the Montfortian dialect.
2406:; Uerdingen, Düsseldorf, Solingen, Remscheid, Mönchengladbach, Eupen)
2323:
2280:
2257:
2152:
2001:
1783:
1330:
1267:
1263:
decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government.
1006:
773:
679:
567:
551:
533:
515:
10198:
6498:
6144:
Most of the modern Limburgish vocabulary is very similar to that of
5089:
4730:
in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as
601:
144:
10163:
9511:
7860:(2). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166.
5312:(my home - your home - his home / her home - our home - their home)
5221:
4915:
4911:
4893:
in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and
2222:
2182:
1985:
1969:
1937:
1837:
1807:
1671:
1382:
1259:
is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology.
1055:
927:
916:
898:
643:
297:
291:
27:
South/Eastern branch of Low Franconian spoken in and around Limburg
8068:
7416:"Toetsebord- Limburgse taal & Limburgs dialect | Limburgs.org"
7241:
7232:
6574:
The representation of the 'tonal' accents of Limburg and Ripuarian
5096:
4722:
In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects, the rounded front vowels
2217:
in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around
1469:. As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the
10204:
9800:
9702:
8468:
8184:
8117:
7652:
Tones and Tunes: Typological studies in word and sentence prosody
6865:"Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal"
4919:
4751:
4704:
2276:
2218:
2214:
2017:
properties, such as tonal accents, the pronoun "I" translates as
1853:
1799:
1775:
1753:
1374:
1287:
639:
375:
336:
319:
5408:. The other declension class includes most adjectives ending on
2083:) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the
1369:
Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the
1321:) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants.
1243:
German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of the
9507:
8369:
8079:
7727:
6697:
6695:
6640:"Erkende talen in Nederland - Erkende talen - Rijksoverheid.nl"
5317:
4776:
4688:
2272:
2246:
2198:
2186:
1659:
1523:
1070:. More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the
822:
609:
7390:
6613:
Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor; Laks, Lior; McBride, Catherine (2022).
6475:
6307:
4191:
In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of
1744:
The Limburgish group belongs to the Continental West Germanic
1457:
In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a
104:
9425:
8074:
Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie)
7966:
Dieksjneèèr van 't (H)essels. Nederlands-Hasselts Woordenboek
6895:(in Dutch). Vereniging voor Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde.
5267:
For some nouns, there exists a separate conjugation as well:
4890:
4711:("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are
2387:
2371:
2315:
2311:
2284:
2148:
2117:
1353:. Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL (
1062:
in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the
7907:
7739:
7703:
7523:
6973:
6692:
6301:
6243:
4759:
4203:
appears at the beginning of words in the consonant clusters
2197:) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian
1506:
Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are:
6336:
6333:
2041:, all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as
1318:
1121:
8073:
7681:
7039:
6808:"Wij spreken Limburgs maar de Taalunie wil dat niet weten"
6252:
6047:
The most common demonstrative pronouns in Limburgish are:
5448:
preceded by a vowel; these adjectives only get the ending
5390:
preceded by another consonant or with one of the suffixes
4767:
4096:
Other Limburgish dialects also have the following sounds:
642:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6361:
6358:
6330:
6304:
6289:
6249:
6246:
6234:
4955:
when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard
4152:, occurring in a front-vowel environment. This is termed
2393:
Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects:
7600:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–88.
7244:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
7235:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
6612:
7463:
7305:, Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, Bonn, 1965, p. 79-94, esp.
7172:
Demographic and Socioeconomic Basis of Ethnolinguistics
5109:
Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
5082:
The sample texts are readings of the first sentence of
4165:. In some dialects, it may be the usual realization of
2378:) and Germany (stretching from the Dutch border to the
2185:, the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian
7303:
Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. Jahrgang 30 1965
7223:
Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten
2440:
West Limburgish - Central Limburgish transitional area
8466:
7715:
7066:
MAATSCHAPPELIJKE PRESENTIE EN STATUS VAN HET LIMBURGS
6373:
6364:
6348:
6339:
6316:
6261:
5116:
Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
8038:. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 113–122.
8021:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
8005:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7989:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7684:"Synchrone beperkingen op de Sittardse diftongering"
6958:[The rainbow colors of Limburgish language]
6298:
6286:
6240:
6231:
4195:—for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen—
2482:
South Brabantian - West Limburgish transitional area
2435:
westlimburgisch-zentrallimburgisches Übergangsgebiet
1400:
1090:
is first attested at the close of the 19th century.
8034:. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).
7835:
7568:
7488:
6862:
6637:
6295:
6292:
6237:
6228:
5257:(shoe – shoes): note this can also be 'sjoon' with
2205:in the Netherlands to the German border. For them,
2091:. These dialects share many features with both the
1471:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
1151:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7464:Ladefoged, Peter; Ferrari Disner, Sandra (2012) .
1195:Regardless of the exact definition used, the term
387:1.3 million in Netherlands and Belgium (2001)
8013:
7943:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7854:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7498:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6683:
6503:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
5090:Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
10732:
8317:
7844:
7733:
7152:
6755:
5462:
5449:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5365:
5307:
5301:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5258:
5252:
5246:
5238:
5232:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5143:
5120:
5101:
4966:
4956:
4815:dialects spoken to the southeast of Limburgish.
4274:
4259:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1255:varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer
1093:People from Limburg usually call their language
921:
278:
272:
8730:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
8069:Limburgish Wiktionary – De Limburgse Wiktionair
7648:
5097:Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
30:"Limburgs" redirects here. For other uses, see
8029:
7781:
7745:
7709:
7529:
7468:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178.
7083:
6979:
5148:is used before masculine words beginning with
2477:südbrabantisch-westlimburgisches Übergangsbiet
608:Limburgish is classified as Vulnerable by the
8789:
8452:
8303:
8100:
7562:
7489:Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998),
5461:, Limburgish adjectives never get an ending:
5021:("yellow", with dragging tone) as opposed to
2404:East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area
1496:
1480:than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the
1217:
1009:are also very common, which combine standard
865:
7571:"Taalvariatie in Nederland: Limburgse tonen"
7221:R. Belemans, J. Kruijsen, J. Van Keymeulen,
7174:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 313.
6942:Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands
4900:
4683:is realized as before alveolar consonants.
4648:are realised as before alveolar consonants.
2495:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2453:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2356:
2298:
2288:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1765:
1209:
7840:(in Dutch). Leuven: de Vlaamsche Drukkerij.
7441:"Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten"
7319:"veelgestelde vragen - Limburgse Dialecten"
5164:or with a vowel and in many other dialects
4687:can be realized as or . In the dialect of
2399:ostlimburgisch-ribuarisches Übergangsgebiet
2364:
2225:. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like
2104:
2092:
2077:
2069:
1731:
1725:
1717:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1665:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1606:
1597:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1517:
1510:
1247:. Sometimes it is also called a variety of
1019:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8796:
8782:
8459:
8445:
8310:
8296:
8107:
8093:
6499:"Limburgismen in het handschrift-Borgloon"
6453:"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"
6451:Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre.
6450:
4961:means "to choose" while in the dialect of
872:
858:
600:
107:. Please do not remove this message until
7954:
7845:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999).
7649:Riad, Tomas; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007).
6888:
6042:
4897:of vowels that had been distinct before.
2939:
2346:except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001).
2213:) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in
1214:) to refer to the same dialect grouping.
247:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
8080:Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)
7997:
7963:
7229:, jaargang 50, nummer 1, 1998, p. 25ff.
6781:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4707:is most of the time realized as , as in
4265:
4250:
2256:
1424:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1270:, which had evolved itself from earlier
1120:
883:
613:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
103:Relevant discussion may be found on the
8064:Map of dialects spoken in Dutch Limburg
7610:
7595:
7299:Die Gliederung des Südniederfränkischen
7210:Taal in stad en land: Belgisch-Limburgs
6956:"De regenboogkleuren van Limburgs taal"
2349:
994:, and neighbouring regions of Germany (
636:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
10733:
8803:
8025:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 233–249
8009:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 263–271
7993:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 251–262
7981:
7936:
7827:Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck
7762:
7721:
7620:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 27–97.
7541:
7169:
6915:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
5743:
2472:; Veldeke, Hasselt, St.-Truiden, Loon)
2418:; Panningen, Krefeld, Dülken, Sittard)
2163:, as in "purely" Brabantian dialects.
1333:, serves as the standard language (or
504:Veldeke Limburg, Raod veur 't Limburgs
10467:
10081:
8825:
8777:
8440:
8291:
8088:
7782:Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004).
7569:Marc van Oostendorp (November 2004),
7165:
7163:
7161:
6839:"Wij spreken Limburgs - Petitie24.nl"
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
5027:nen gieëlen appel ("a yellow apple").
4873:. Its reemergence in Limburgish (and
3029:
1501:
1373:and by many hundreds of thousands in
1364:
1125:Limburgish, using several definitions
965:
952:
939:
926:
915:
655:This article is a part of a series on
296:
290:
7367:"Limburgse Spelling - Spelling 2003"
7133:"Lowlands-L Anniversary Celebration"
5475:
5328:The diminutive suffix is most often
5041:
4965:no diphthongization takes place, so
4673:only occurs in French loanwords and
4642:only occurs in unstressed syllables.
3192:
1404:
1078:, which has been split today into a
167:adding citations to reliable sources
138:
77:
36:
9358:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6889:Wijngaard, H. H. A. van de (1996).
6732:"Littérature en langues régionales"
6570:
6554:"De Grammatica - Mestreechter Taol"
6531:[Short Limburgish Grammar]
6206:
6003:In the masculine singular forms of
4938:
4273:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
4258:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
2237:) and Dutch Brabant. The border of
24:
10717:Languages between parentheses are
10082:
7974:
7836:Grootaers, L.; Grauls, J. (1930).
7682:Ben Hermans; Marc van Oostendorp.
7158:
6391:
5454:in their masculine singular form.
5002:Verbs distinguish mood with tone:
4661:occur, as well as combinations of
2065:, all typical for Low Franconian.
897:A Limburgish speaker, recorded in
25:
10812:
8052:
7968:(in Dutch). Hasselt: de Langeman.
7838:Klankleer van het Hasselt dialect
6712:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de
4794:("dragging tone"). For example,
4624:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4598:
4584:
4579:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4544:
4535:
4528:
4514:
4505:
4498:
4440:
4429:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4352:
4343:
4336:
4065:
4056:
4032:
4021:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3952:
3943:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3851:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3784:
3777:
3768:
3761:
2328:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1489:dominance of the Dutch language.
1401:Linguistic versus societal status
1168:varieties positioned between the
52:This article has multiple issues.
10786:Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
8116:
6953:
6892:Een eeuw Limburgse dialectologie
6617:. Springer Nature. p. 220.
6354:
6326:
6282:
6224:
5817:Third person singular masculine
5578:Third person singular masculine
5220:For some nouns, Limburgish uses
5045:
4877:) was phonetically triggered by
4850:. This feature is comparable to
4822:pitch accent languages that use
4227:. The same sound is realized as
2318:area, building a large group of
2252:
1409:
1164:is defined as consisting of the
1160:, Münster, Westphalia, Germany,
143:
82:
41:
8014:van der Wijngaard, Ton (1999),
7788:(in Dutch). Lannoo Uitgeverij.
7767:. Stichting Mofers Waordebook.
7675:
7642:
7604:
7589:
7542:Shih, Chilin; Sproat, Richard,
7535:
7482:
7457:
7433:
7408:
7383:
7359:
7335:
7311:
7288:
7256:
7215:
7202:
7198:(in Dutch). taalunieversum.org.
7188:
7125:
7077:
7057:
7032:
7007:
6985:
6947:
6935:
6926:
6909:
6882:
6869:zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl
6856:
6831:
6800:
6775:
6749:
6724:
6666:
6657:
6631:
6606:
6597:
6529:"Beknopte Limburgse Grammatica"
5867:Third person singular feminine
5603:Third person singular feminine
4925:
4281:
2442:; around and southern of Genk)
2033:, the word "but" most often as
1156:According to Flemish professor
154:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
10721:of the language on their left.
8059:On Limburgish Tones (in Dutch)
7734:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
7153:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
6564:
6546:
6521:
6491:
6469:
6444:
6419:
5842:Third person singular neutral
5634:Third person singular neutral
5573:(especially in Maastrichtian)
5323:
4974:Other examples include plural
2506:
1393:in Sevenums, a local dialect.
1116:
13:
1:
10771:Subject–object–verb languages
10612:Germanic substrate hypothesis
10468:
8725:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
8030:van Oostendorp, Marc (2001).
6384:
6139:
5351:
4905:
4763:Tone contour in dragging tone
4652:
4275:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
4260:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
3707:
1389:writes most of his texts for
1359:Stiechting Limbörgse Academie
1072:Province of Limburg (1815–39)
10751:Languages of the Netherlands
10642:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
9333:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
8758:Languages of the Netherlands
8735:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
8319:Languages of the Netherlands
8241:French Belgian Sign Language
7823:Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die
7746:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7710:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7614:Segmental Structure and Tone
7530:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7491:"The Dutch dialect of Weert"
7343:"Home - Limburgse Dialecten"
7208:Rob Belemans, Ronny Keulen,
7196:"Erkenning van het Limburgs"
6813:. 2023-01-07. Archived from
5598:in the dialect of Roermond)
4869:, it was completely lost in
3699:
1045:
832:East Low Franconian dialects
751:West Low Franconian dialects
670:Languages of the Netherlands
7:
10622:High German consonant shift
7847:"The dialect of Maastricht"
6782:Janssens, Jozef D. (2007).
6182:
5470:
2944:
2515:
2344:High German consonant shift
2173:) includes the area around
1764:A few sample dialects are:
1739:
109:conditions to do so are met
10:
10817:
9160:Westlauwers–Terschellings
8813:According to contemporary
8467:Languages and dialects of
7755:
7246:(in Dutch). Archived from
6999:(in Dutch). Archived from
6980:Belemans & Keulen 2004
6962:(in Dutch). Archived from
6535:(in Dutch). Archived from
6121:(Venlo, Roermond, Weert),
5127:
5084:The North Wind and the Sun
5077:
4846:(only some speakers), and
4744:
2752:
2663:
2522:
2264:
1497:Subdivisions of Limburgish
1436:Such statements should be
1355:Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs
1266:Limburgish developed from
1221:
1218:Classification and history
1076:Kingdom of the Netherlands
29:
10704:
10655:
10579:
10548:
10480:
10476:
10463:
10412:
10385:
10339:Southern Schleswig Danish
10270:
10151:
10107:
10098:
10094:
10077:
9918:
9861:
9749:
9740:
9645:
9617:
9576:
9567:
9542:
9524:
9435:
9407:
9381:
9372:
9323:
9236:
9211:
9202:
9141:
9036:
8985:
8960:
8951:
8847:
8838:
8834:
8821:
8811:
8748:
8717:
8475:
8418:
8357:
8325:
8267:
8249:
8226:
8193:
8155:
8129:
7956:10.1017/S0025100306002428
7922:10.1017/S0022226798007324
7866:10.1017/S0025100300006526
7626:10.1515/9783110341263-003
7510:10.1017/S0025100300006307
7347:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7323:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7170:Siegel, Jacob S. (2018).
5734:
5729:
5716:
5698:
5667:
5641:
5636:
5618:
5605:
5590:
5580:
5564:
5551:
5536:
5526:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5344:for 'little brother' and
5215:
5137:
5121:
5102:
4931:dragging tone seem to be
4901:Particular local features
4854:systems as found e.g. in
4771:Tone contour in push tone
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4379:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4246:
4172:In most modern dialects,
4137:is a common allophone of
4008:
3907:
3796:
3755:
3714:
2430:; Maastricht, Vroenhoven)
622:
599:
585:
565:
549:
531:
513:
508:
498:
481:
476:
460:
446:
393:
389:unknown number in Germany
381:
363:
350:
304:
286:
271:
266:
261:
10766:Low Franconian languages
10617:West Germanic gemination
10571:Ancient Belgian language
10566:Germanic parent language
10510:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
9632:Austrian Standard German
8826:
8740:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
7939:"The dialect of Hasselt"
7829:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7815:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7802:Driessen, Geert (2012):
7371:www.limburgsespelling.nl
6199:
5132:
2283:, stretching out to the
2159:is here used instead of
1918:of northern and central
1710:Southern East Limburgish
1698:Northern East Limburgish
1693:Noordelijk Oost-Limburgs
8763:Languages of Luxembourg
7982:Bakkes, Pierre (1999),
7763:Bakkes, Pierre (2007).
7596:Harbert, Wayne (2007).
7084:Geert Driessen (2012).
7019:Jean Robert Opgenort.nl
6922:(in Dutch). Steenlandt.
6680:, Berlin, 2019, p. 528.
6558:www.mestreechtertaol.nl
6415:(subscription required)
6167:("cigarette-lighter"),
6027:in the neuter forms of
5792:Second person singular
5549:Second person singular
5332:, as in Brabantian, or
5182:for feminine nouns and
4740:
4144:and are allophones of
2310:belong to this greater
1705:Zuidelijk Oost-Limburgs
1340:
1290:, resulting in certain
1268:Old East Low Franconian
1206:Southern Low Franconian
917:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]
292:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]
10678:Preterite-present verb
10561:Proto-Germanic grammar
10515:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
9627:German Standard German
9303:East Frisian Low Saxon
8023:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
8007:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7998:Janssens, Guy (1999),
7991:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7910:Journal of Linguistics
7598:The Germanic Languages
6916:Jonghe, A. de (1943).
6756:Rob Belemans at DBNL.
6672:Jürgen Erich Schmidt:
6043:Demonstrative pronouns
5767:First person singular
5519:First person singular
5463:
5450:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5366:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5239:
5233:
5228:) to form the plural:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5144:
4967:
4957:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4278:
4263:
4158:in Dutch dialectology.
4134:in Belgian Limburgish.
2940:Limburgish orthography
2496:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2454:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2380:Bergisches Land Region
2365:
2357:
2354:South Low Franconian (
2299:
2289:
2262:
2105:
2093:
2078:
2070:
2060:
2052:
2049:, "to have" mostly as
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1732:
1727:Noord-Gelders Limburgs
1726:
1718:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1666:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1607:
1598:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1560:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1518:
1511:
1349:instead of one single
1210:
1126:
1020:
996:North Rhine-Westphalia
962:
949:
941:[ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs]
936:
922:
912:
901:
624:This article contains
343:North Rhine-Westphalia
279:
273:
10781:Verb-second languages
10683:Grammatischer Wechsel
9666:Namibian Black German
9637:Swiss Standard German
9606:Early New High German
9164:Mainland West Frisian
9025:Harlingerland Frisian
8236:Flemish Sign Language
7964:Staelens, X. (1989).
7937:Peters, Jörg (2006).
7655:. Walter de Gruyter.
7466:Vowels and Consonants
5932:Second person plural
5680:Second person plural
5176:for masculine nouns,
4998:"hole next to a road"
4770:
4762:
4754:
4745:Further information:
4728:/i,iː,ɪ,eː,ɛ~æ,ɛː,ɛi/
4269:
4254:
2334:, and was subject to
2260:
2013:properties with some
1719:Zuid-Gelders Limburgs
1222:Further information:
1158:linguist Jan Goossens
1124:
982:, is a West Germanic
896:
355:Limburg (Netherlands)
10756:Languages of Germany
10746:Languages of Belgium
10688:Indo-European ablaut
10668:Germanic strong verb
10637:Germanic spirant law
9774:Southeast Limburgish
9270:Gelders-Overijssels
8899:Irish Middle English
8889:Early Modern English
8753:Languages of Belgium
8598:Standard High German
8259:German Sign Language
8123:Languages of Belgium
7821:Frins, Jean (2006):
7811:Frins, Jean (2005):
7111:. Alternative URLs:
7040:"Limbörgse Academie"
6644:www.rijksoverheid.nl
6194:Southeast Limburgish
6189:Limburgish Knowledge
5957:Third person plural
5892:First person plural
5714:Third person plural
5649:First person plural
5243:(brother – brothers)
4783:one from the other.
4695:is realized as and
2350:South Low Franconian
2306:Both Limburgish and
2147:(i.e. in and around
1482:Dutch Language Union
1438:clarified or removed
1311:High German features
1292:High German features
1272:Weser–Rhine Germanic
1257:Heinrich von Veldeke
1145:In everyday speech,
1137:, the North-East of
954:[ˈlɪmbʊʁɡɪʃ]
846:Southeast Limburgish
420:Weser–Rhine Germanic
163:improve this article
10741:Limburgish language
10656:Synchronic features
10627:Germanic a-mutation
10580:Diachronic features
9930:in the broad sense
9863:East Central German
9817:Lorraine Franconian
9791:Transylvanian Saxon
9751:West Central German
9526:East Low Franconian
9436:West Low Franconian
8426:Dutch Sign Language
7212:, 2004, p. 9 and 29
6177:Hendrik van Veldeke
5744:Possessive pronouns
5348:for 'little shoe'.
4867:Proto Indo-European
4724:/y,yː,ø,øː,œ,œː,œy/
4454:
4292:
4161:is an allophone of
2124:and just above the
2009:The group combines
1379:Hendrik van Veldeke
1307:Ingvaeonic features
1299:West Central German
1278:since at least the
967:[lɛ̃buʁʒwa]
483:Recognised minority
96:of this article is
18:Limburgish language
10673:Germanic weak verb
10482:Language subgroups
9832:Pennsylvania Dutch
9781:Moselle Franconian
9759:Central Franconian
9592:Middle High German
9343:Central Pomeranian
9298:Northern Low Saxon
9011:Wangerooge Frisian
8805:Germanic languages
8624:Northern Low Saxon
8130:Official languages
7420:Limbörgse Academie
7397:(in Luxembourgish)
6457:unesdoc.unesco.org
6053:Singular masculine
5753:Singular masculine
5057:. You can help by
4875:Central Franconian
4813:Central Franconian
4790:("push tone") and
4781:minimal tone pairs
4773:
4765:
4757:
4747:Tone (linguistics)
4452:
4290:
4279:
4264:
3030:Monophthong vowels
2428:Central Limburgish
2423:Zentrallimburgisch
2366:Zuidnederfrankisch
2358:Südniederfränkisch
2332:Kingdom of Prussia
2263:
2171:Central Limburgish
1914:Düsseldorver Platt
1641:Centraal-Maaslands
1613:Central Limburgish
1502:Principal dialects
1365:Contemporary usage
1211:Südniederfränkisch
1127:
1101:speakers do. This
902:
698:Northern Low Saxon
689:Low Saxon dialects
10791:Limburg (Belgium)
10728:
10727:
10713:extinct languages
10700:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10647:Great Vowel Shift
10459:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10408:
10407:
10254:Greenlandic Norse
10073:
10072:
10069:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10004:Southern Bavarian
9987:Northern Bavarian
9963:Highest Alemannic
9914:
9913:
9648:standard variants
9563:
9562:
9409:Standard variants
9368:
9367:
9227:Middle Low German
9198:
9197:
9194:
9193:
8998:Saterland Frisian
8771:
8770:
8434:
8433:
8285:
8284:
7795:978-90-209-5855-3
7785:Belgisch-Limburgs
7765:Mofers Waordebook
7662:978-3-11-019057-1
7635:978-3-11-034126-3
7475:978-1-4443-3429-6
7453:on March 8, 2023.
7391:"Veldeke Limburg"
7181:978-3-319-61776-3
7073:on April 30, 2007
6902:978-2-87021-057-4
6624:978-3-030-80071-0
6509:: 298–332. 2007.
6413:(18th ed., 2015)
6137:
6136:
6056:Singular feminine
6001:
6000:
5756:Singular feminine
5741:
5740:
5476:Personal pronouns
5075:
5074:
5009:"May we conquer!"
4726:are unrounded to
4659:/iəøeɪæɪuɪɔɪaɪou/
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4488:
4481:
4448:
4447:
4326:
4319:
4079:
4078:
4051:
4018:
3965:
3917:
3864:
3811:
3697:
3696:
3611:
3610:
3477:
3476:
3403:
3402:
3311:
3310:
3193:Diphthongs vowels
3190:
3189:
3027:
3026:
2937:
2936:
2300:Rheinmaasländisch
2167:Centraal-Limburgs
2122:Horst aan de Maas
2006:, and many more.
1830:Jriefrother Platt
1746:dialect continuum
1608:Centraal-Limburgs
1531:Brabants-Limburgs
1459:regional language
1455:
1454:
984:regional language
894:
882:
881:
650:
649:
632:rendering support
628:phonetic symbols.
581:
500:Regulated by
358:Limburg (Belgium)
257:
256:
249:
239:
238:
231:
213:
137:
136:
129:
75:
16:(Redirected from
10808:
10761:Limburg (region)
10505:Elbe (Irminonic)
10478:
10477:
10465:
10464:
10393:Mainland Gutnish
10283:Swedish dialects
10245:Middle Icelandic
10219:Middle Norwegian
10108:Historical forms
10105:
10104:
10096:
10095:
10079:
10078:
10038:South Franconian
10024:Hutterite German
9992:Central Bavarian
9812:Rhine Franconian
9747:
9746:
9577:Historical forms
9574:
9573:
9489:Surinamese Dutch
9382:Historical forms
9379:
9378:
9212:Historical forms
9209:
9208:
8961:Historical forms
8958:
8957:
8845:
8844:
8836:
8835:
8823:
8822:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8775:
8774:
8691:
8684:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8649:
8642:
8633:
8626:
8607:
8600:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8438:
8437:
8312:
8305:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8121:
8120:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8086:
8085:
8047:
8026:
8020:
8010:
8004:
7994:
7988:
7969:
7960:
7958:
7933:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7893:
7887:. Archived from
7886:
7882:"Alternate text"
7877:
7851:
7841:
7832:
7818:
7808:. Nijmegen: ITS.
7799:
7778:
7774:978-90-9022294-3
7749:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7697:
7691:Vanoostendorp.nl
7688:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7646:
7640:
7639:
7619:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7578:Vanoostendorp.nl
7575:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7551:, archived from
7550:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7495:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7446:. Archived from
7445:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7412:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7387:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7353:
7339:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7329:
7315:
7309:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7276:
7270:. Archived from
7260:
7254:
7251:
7238:
7219:
7213:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7192:
7186:
7185:
7167:
7156:
7150:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7135:. Lowlands-l.net
7129:
7123:
7121:researchgate.net
7113:geertdriessen.nl
7110:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7095:. Archived from
7090:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7069:, archived from
7061:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7015:"Limburgse taal"
7011:
7005:
7004:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6961:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6924:
6923:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6886:
6880:
6879:
6877:
6876:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6843:www.petitie24.nl
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6812:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6769:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6728:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6699:
6690:
6687:
6681:
6670:
6664:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6586:
6580:, archived from
6579:
6568:
6562:
6561:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6534:
6525:
6519:
6518:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6473:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6402:
6378:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6346:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6332:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6264:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6230:
6217:
6106:(Maastrichtian:
6050:
6049:
5923:(Maastrichtian:
5913:(Maastrichtian:
5903:(Maastrichtian:
5748:
5747:
5480:
5479:
5466:
5453:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5369:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5242:
5236:
5211:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5147:
5124:
5123:
5105:
5104:
5070:
5067:
5049:
5042:
4970:
4960:
4939:Diphthongization
4736:
4729:
4725:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4647:
4641:
4628:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4602:
4588:
4583:
4574:
4569:
4562:
4548:
4539:
4532:
4518:
4509:
4502:
4484:
4477:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4433:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4356:
4347:
4340:
4322:
4315:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4235:elsewhere (e.g.
4234:
4202:
4175:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4125:
4115:
4103:
4084:
4069:
4060:
4047:
4036:
4025:
4014:
4002:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3913:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3807:
3788:
3781:
3772:
3765:
3712:
3711:
3613:
3612:
3479:
3478:
3405:
3404:
3313:
3312:
3197:
3196:
3034:
3033:
2949:
2948:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2497:Westgeteländisch
2491:
2479:
2467:
2457:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2368:
2360:
2302:
2292:
2108:
2098:
2081:
2073:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2005:
1997:
1994:Remscheder Platt
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1962:Metmannsch Platt
1957:
1949:
1946:Wülfrother Platt
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1862:Föschelner Platt
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1819:
1816:Jlabbacher Platt
1811:
1803:
1795:
1792:Breyellsch Platt
1787:
1779:
1771:
1735:
1729:
1721:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1669:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1610:
1601:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1514:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1315:Duchy of Brabant
1284:High Middle Ages
1224:History of Dutch
1213:
1064:Duchy of Limburg
1025:
969:
956:
943:
930:
928:[ˈlɛm˦-]
925:
919:
895:
874:
867:
860:
794:Surinamese Dutch
652:
651:
616:
604:
595:
579:
577:
561:
554:
545:
544:
536:
527:
526:
518:
485:language in
466:
399:
300:
298:[ˈlɛm˦-]
294:
282:
276:
259:
258:
252:
245:
234:
227:
223:
220:
214:
212:
171:
147:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
10816:
10815:
10811:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10805:
10776:Tonal languages
10731:
10730:
10729:
10724:
10692:
10651:
10632:Germanic umlaut
10597:Holtzmann's law
10575:
10544:
10472:
10451:
10404:
10381:
10315:South Jutlandic
10300:Danish dialects
10266:
10147:
10090:
10061:
10043:East Franconian
9997:Viennese German
9910:
9891:Silesian German
9857:
9846:Central Hessian
9736:
9661:Namibian German
9650:
9641:
9619:Standard German
9613:
9599:New High German
9585:Old High German
9559:
9538:
9520:
9431:
9403:
9364:
9348:East Pomeranian
9338:Brandenburgisch
9325:East Low German
9319:
9246:Dutch Low Saxon
9238:West Low German
9232:
9190:
9156:Schiermonnikoog
9137:
9032:
9018:Wursten Frisian
8981:
8947:
8830:
8817:
8807:
8802:
8772:
8767:
8744:
8713:
8687:
8680:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8629:
8622:
8603:
8596:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8471:
8465:
8435:
8430:
8414:
8353:
8321:
8316:
8286:
8281:
8263:
8245:
8222:
8189:
8151:
8125:
8115:
8113:
8055:
8050:
8018:
8002:
7986:
7977:
7975:Further reading
7972:
7897:
7895:
7891:
7884:
7880:
7849:
7830:
7816:
7796:
7775:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7720:
7716:
7708:
7704:
7695:
7693:
7686:
7680:
7676:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7617:
7609:
7605:
7594:
7590:
7582:
7580:
7573:
7567:
7563:
7555:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7528:
7524:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7425:
7423:
7422:(in Limburgish)
7414:
7413:
7409:
7400:
7398:
7395:Veldeke Limburg
7389:
7388:
7384:
7375:
7373:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7351:
7349:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7327:
7325:
7317:
7316:
7312:
7293:
7289:
7280:
7278:
7274:
7262:
7261:
7257:
7227:Taal en Tongval
7220:
7216:
7207:
7203:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7182:
7168:
7159:
7151:
7147:
7138:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7093:its-nijmegen.nl
7088:
7082:
7078:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7049:
7047:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7024:
7022:
7013:
7012:
7008:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6978:
6974:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6931:
6927:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6887:
6883:
6874:
6872:
6861:
6857:
6848:
6846:
6837:
6836:
6832:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6792:
6790:
6780:
6776:
6767:
6765:
6754:
6750:
6741:
6739:
6736:Objectif plumes
6730:
6729:
6725:
6716:
6714:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6649:
6647:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6611:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6577:
6569:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6539:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6474:
6470:
6461:
6459:
6449:
6445:
6435:
6433:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6403:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6377:, respectively.
6357:
6353:
6349:-ghee-ən
6329:
6325:
6318:
6285:
6281:
6262:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6207:
6202:
6185:
6150:Standard German
6142:
6059:Singular neuter
6045:
5759:Singular neuter
5746:
5478:
5473:
5464:Dee mins is gek
5457:When used as a
5354:
5326:
5263:(pushing tone).
5218:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5118:
5111:
5099:
5092:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5055:needs expansion
4951:vowels tend to
4941:
4928:
4908:
4903:
4862:to Limburgish.
4749:
4743:
4657:The diphthongs
4655:
4284:
4249:
4186:Peter Ladefoged
4126:is realized as
3801:
3729:
3710:
3702:
3195:
3032:
2947:
2942:
2666:Minuscule forms
2525:Majuscule forms
2518:
2509:
2489:Ostgeteländisch
2470:West Limburgish
2465:Westlimburgisch
2416:East Limburgish
2352:
2269:
2255:
2211:West Limburgish
2195:East Limburgish
1846:Viersener Platt
1823:Mönchengladbach
1768:Dremmener Platt
1750:Mönchengladbach
1742:
1686:East Limburgish
1566:West Limburgish
1504:
1499:
1478:sociolinguistic
1451:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1367:
1343:
1234:
1220:
1135:Flemish Brabant
1119:
1080:Belgian Limburg
1048:
992:Belgian Limburg
970:), also called
884:
878:
630:Without proper
618:
617:
607:
591:
573:
557:
550:
540:
539:
532:
522:
521:
514:
494:
486:
484:
477:Official status
467:
462:
456:
449:
442:
400:
397:Language family
395:
388:
384:
383:Native speakers
374:
370:
253:
242:
241:
240:
235:
224:
218:
215:
172:
170:
160:
148:
133:
122:
116:
113:
102:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10814:
10804:
10803:
10798:
10796:Liège Province
10793:
10788:
10783:
10778:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10743:
10726:
10725:
10723:
10722:
10715:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10691:
10690:
10685:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10659:
10657:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10556:Proto-Germanic
10552:
10550:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10497:
10492:
10486:
10484:
10474:
10473:
10461:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10450:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10431:Crimean Gothic
10420:
10418:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10403:
10402:
10401:
10400:
10395:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10367:
10366:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10329:
10319:
10318:
10317:
10307:
10305:Insular Danish
10302:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10288:Rinkebysvenska
10285:
10274:
10272:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10264:
10257:
10250:
10249:
10248:
10241:
10229:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10202:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10155:
10153:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10136:
10134:Old East Norse
10131:
10129:Old West Norse
10119:
10111:
10109:
10102:
10092:
10091:
10075:
10074:
10071:
10070:
10067:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10060:
10059:
10052:
10051:
10050:
10040:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10009:South Tyrolean
10001:
10000:
9999:
9989:
9979:
9978:
9977:
9972:
9971:
9970:
9960:
9959:
9958:
9951:High Alemannic
9948:
9947:
9946:
9941:
9924:
9922:
9916:
9915:
9912:
9911:
9909:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9867:
9865:
9859:
9858:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9849:
9848:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9829:
9819:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9793:
9788:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9755:
9753:
9744:
9742:Central German
9738:
9737:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9732:
9727:
9720:
9715:
9710:
9700:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9683:
9681:Barossa German
9678:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9657:
9655:
9643:
9642:
9640:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9623:
9621:
9615:
9614:
9612:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9595:
9588:
9580:
9578:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9557:
9552:
9546:
9544:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9530:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9485:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9463:
9462:
9460:French Flemish
9452:
9451:
9450:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9419:
9413:
9411:
9405:
9404:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9376:
9374:Low Franconian
9370:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9362:
9361:
9360:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9295:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9276:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9242:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9223:
9215:
9213:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9192:
9191:
9189:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9181:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9177:
9175:Westereendersk
9169:
9158:
9153:
9147:
9145:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9133:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9109:
9106:
9098:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9061:
9053:
9042:
9040:
9034:
9033:
9031:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8991:
8989:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8976:Middle Frisian
8972:
8964:
8962:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8944:
8943:
8936:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8915:
8908:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8882:Modern English
8878:
8875:Middle English
8871:
8864:
8853:
8851:
8842:
8832:
8831:
8819:
8818:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8801:
8800:
8793:
8786:
8778:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8721:
8719:
8718:Sign languages
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8695:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8685:
8678:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8615:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8601:
8589:
8588:
8587:
8580:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8556:Belgian French
8547:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8504:
8503:
8489:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8464:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8441:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8428:
8422:
8420:
8416:
8415:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8336:
8329:
8327:
8323:
8322:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8300:
8292:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8279:
8273:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8161:
8159:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8112:
8111:
8104:
8097:
8089:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8054:
8053:External links
8051:
8049:
8048:
8027:
8011:
7995:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7970:
7961:
7949:(1): 117–124.
7934:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7842:
7833:
7819:
7809:
7800:
7794:
7779:
7773:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7738:
7736:, p. 165.
7726:
7724:, p. 123.
7714:
7702:
7674:
7661:
7641:
7634:
7603:
7588:
7561:
7534:
7522:
7481:
7474:
7456:
7432:
7407:
7382:
7358:
7334:
7310:
7287:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7250:on 2019-02-13.
7239:
7214:
7201:
7187:
7180:
7157:
7145:
7124:
7076:
7056:
7031:
7006:
7003:on 2004-11-21.
6984:
6972:
6969:on 2006-12-31.
6954:Maes, Ulrich.
6946:
6934:
6925:
6908:
6901:
6881:
6855:
6830:
6799:
6774:
6748:
6723:
6691:
6682:
6665:
6656:
6630:
6623:
6605:
6596:
6571:Hermans, Ben,
6563:
6545:
6542:on 2021-02-24.
6520:
6490:
6468:
6443:
6431:Ethnologue.com
6418:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6222:is pronounced
6204:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6181:
6171:("truck") and
6154:Central German
6148:or to that of
6146:Standard Dutch
6141:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6126:
6116:
6111:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6060:
6057:
6054:
6044:
6041:
5999:
5998:
5988:
5978:
5968:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5353:
5350:
5325:
5322:
5314:
5313:
5265:
5264:
5244:
5217:
5214:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5052:
5050:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4982:
4940:
4937:
4927:
4924:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4871:Proto-Germanic
4848:Serbo-Croatian
4742:
4739:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4617:
4610:
4608:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4577:
4575:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4283:
4280:
4248:
4245:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4159:
4142:
4135:
4121:
4094:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3941:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2915:
2906:
2901:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2788:
2783:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:(Genk, Bilzen)
2455:Bilzerländisch
2451:
2447:Tongerländisch
2431:
2419:
2411:Ostlimburgisch
2407:
2376:Liège Province
2351:
2348:
2320:Low Franconian
2290:Kleverländisch
2265:Main article:
2254:
2251:
2106:Noord-Limburgs
2085:Uerdingen line
2071:Noord-Limburgs
2011:Low Franconian
1978:Solinger Platt
1930:Rotinger Platt
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1723:
1722:(around Venlo)
1715:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1663:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1538:Noorderkempens
1527:
1515:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1453:
1452:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1366:
1363:
1342:
1339:
1228:Low Franconian
1219:
1216:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1166:Low Franconian
1154:
1118:
1115:
1047:
1044:
880:
879:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
843:
835:
834:
828:
827:
826:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
776:
771:
766:
764:French Flemish
754:
753:
747:
746:
745:
744:
743:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
707:
706:
705:
692:
691:
685:
684:
683:
682:
677:
675:Dutch dialects
672:
664:
663:
657:
656:
648:
647:
634:, you may see
620:
619:
606:
605:
597:
596:
589:
583:
582:
571:
563:
562:
555:
547:
546:
537:
529:
528:
519:
511:
510:
509:Language codes
506:
505:
502:
496:
495:
489:
487:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:Writing system
461:
458:
457:
452:
450:
447:
444:
443:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
425:Low Franconian
403:
401:
394:
391:
390:
385:
382:
379:
378:
365:
361:
360:
352:
348:
347:
346:
345:
334:
333:
328:
317:
316:
306:
305:Native to
302:
301:
288:
284:
283:
269:
268:
264:
263:
255:
254:
237:
236:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10813:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10782:
10779:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10720:
10716:
10714:
10710:
10707:
10706:
10703:
10689:
10686:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10663:Germanic verb
10661:
10660:
10658:
10654:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10602:Sievers's law
10600:
10598:
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10549:Reconstructed
10547:
10541:
10540:
10536:
10534:
10533:
10529:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10521:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10466:
10462:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10432:
10427:
10426:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10411:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10390:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10376:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10368:
10364:
10363:
10362:Middle Danish
10359:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10313:
10312:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10293:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10258:
10256:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10246:
10242:
10240:
10239:
10238:Old Icelandic
10235:
10234:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10221:
10220:
10216:
10214:
10213:
10212:Old Norwegian
10209:
10206:
10203:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10150:
10142:
10141:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10125:
10124:
10120:
10118:
10117:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10093:
10089:
10085:
10080:
10076:
10058:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10030:
10029:Gottscheerish
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9995:
9994:
9993:
9990:
9988:
9985:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9976:
9973:
9969:
9968:Walser German
9966:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9952:
9949:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9936:
9935:
9934:Low Alemannic
9932:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9917:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9896:High Prussian
9894:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9881:Erzgebirgisch
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9866:
9864:
9860:
9854:
9851:
9847:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9839:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9813:
9810:
9802:
9799:
9798:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9786:Luxembourgish
9784:
9783:
9782:
9779:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9762:
9761:
9760:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9745:
9743:
9739:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9725:
9724:Klezmer-loshn
9721:
9719:
9718:Scots Yiddish
9716:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9705:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9616:
9608:
9607:
9603:
9602:
9601:
9600:
9596:
9594:
9593:
9589:
9587:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9566:
9556:
9555:Meuse-Rhenish
9553:
9551:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9541:
9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9486:
9483:
9482:Kleverlandish
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9453:
9449:
9446:
9445:
9444:
9443:Central Dutch
9441:
9440:
9438:
9434:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9371:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9251:Stellingwarfs
9249:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9222:
9221:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9201:
9185:
9182:
9176:
9173:
9172:
9171:Wood Frisian
9170:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9140:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9126:
9122:
9120:
9117:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9038:North Frisian
9035:
9027:
9026:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9015:
9013:
9012:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8966:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8942:
8941:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8909:
8907:
8906:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8891:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8879:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8840:Anglo-Frisian
8837:
8833:
8829:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8794:
8792:
8787:
8785:
8780:
8779:
8776:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8699:Luxembourgish
8697:
8690:
8686:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8672:
8669:
8668:Stellingwarfs
8665:
8662:
8658:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8606:
8602:
8599:
8595:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8585:
8581:
8578:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8516:Kleverlandish
8513:
8510:
8506:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:Central Dutch
8490:
8487:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8462:
8457:
8455:
8450:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8419:Sign language
8417:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8313:
8308:
8306:
8301:
8299:
8294:
8293:
8290:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8260:
8257:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8248:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8124:
8119:
8110:
8105:
8103:
8098:
8096:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7996:
7992:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7940:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7906:
7894:on 2011-06-12
7890:
7883:
7879:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7848:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7806:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7770:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7748:, p. 33.
7747:
7742:
7735:
7730:
7723:
7722:Peters (2006)
7718:
7712:, p. 51.
7711:
7706:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7664:
7658:
7654:
7653:
7645:
7637:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7592:
7579:
7572:
7565:
7558:on 2004-07-31
7554:
7547:
7546:
7538:
7532:, p. 34.
7531:
7526:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7503:
7499:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7471:
7467:
7460:
7449:
7442:
7436:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7396:
7392:
7386:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7324:
7320:
7314:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7277:on 2017-08-24
7273:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7249:
7245:
7240:
7236:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7211:
7205:
7197:
7191:
7183:
7177:
7173:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7154:
7149:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7102:on 2012-10-28
7098:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7045:
7041:
7035:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7002:
6998:
6997:D66limburg.nl
6994:
6988:
6982:, p. 21.
6981:
6976:
6965:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6938:
6929:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6904:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6885:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6844:
6840:
6834:
6820:on 2023-01-07
6816:
6809:
6803:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6763:
6759:
6752:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6713:
6709:
6704:
6698:
6696:
6686:
6679:
6675:
6669:
6660:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6626:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6600:
6587:on 2012-03-02
6583:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6555:
6549:
6538:
6530:
6524:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6472:
6458:
6454:
6447:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6376:
6375:
6369:
6351:
6350:
6344:
6323:
6322:
6312:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6257:
6221:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6205:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6180:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5996:
5993:(easterly) /
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:(easterly) /
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:(easterly) /
5972:
5969:
5966:
5963:(easterly) /
5962:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5481:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5213:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5125:
5113:
5106:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5069:
5060:
5056:
5053:This section
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:en gieël peer
5020:
5016:
5008:
5006:"We conquer!"
5005:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4936:
4934:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4861:
4860:when compared
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:tone contours
4821:
4820:Indo-European
4816:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4738:
4733:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4690:
4678:
4676:
4675:interjections
4644:
4638:
4637:
4627:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4291:Short vowels
4288:
4287:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4143:
4136:
4131:
4122:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3705:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2930:
2921:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2789:
2784:
2775:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2295:Meuse-Rhenish
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2267:Meuse-Rhenish
2261:Meuse-Rhenish
2259:
2253:Meuse-Rhenish
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:Oost-Limburgs
2240:
2239:West-Limburgs
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:West-Limburgs
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:Oost-Limburgs
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2145:North Brabant
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2111:Kleverlandish
2107:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2095:Kleverlandish
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:
2075:(also called
2074:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2057:, "today" as
2056:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1681:Oost-Limburgs
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:Trichterlands
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1587:Beringerlands
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:West-Limburgs
1558:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:Zuiderkempens
1542:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1449:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:This article
1416:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:Low Countries
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:standard form
1348:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:. During the
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1249:Meuse-Rhenish
1246:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:, similar as
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:Dutch Limburg
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
988:Dutch Limburg
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
955:
951:
947:
942:
938:
934:
929:
924:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
853:
852:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
836:
833:
830:
829:
824:
821:
819:
816:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
795:
792:
790:
789:Kleverlandish
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:Central Dutch
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
757:
756:
755:
752:
749:
748:
741:
738:
736:
735:Stellingwarfs
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
690:
687:
686:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
627:
621:
614:
611:
603:
598:
594:
590:
588:
584:
576:
572:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
553:
548:
543:
538:
535:
530:
525:
520:
517:
512:
507:
503:
501:
497:
492:
488:
480:
475:
472:
469:
465:
459:
455:
451:
445:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
417:
416:
415:West Germanic
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:Indo-European
402:
398:
392:
386:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
332:
329:
327:
324:
323:
322:
321:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
303:
299:
293:
289:
287:Pronunciation
285:
281:
275:
270:
265:
260:
251:
248:
233:
230:
222:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180: –
179:
175:
174:Find sources:
168:
164:
158:
157:
152:This article
150:
146:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
106:
100:
99:
95:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
10708:
10592:Verner's law
10537:
10532:Gotho-Nordic
10530:
10523:
10444:
10437:
10429:
10423:
10413:
10398:Fårö Gutnish
10360:
10353:
10259:
10252:
10243:
10236:
10217:
10210:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10121:
10114:
10054:
9956:Swiss German
9920:Upper German
9853:Amana German
9827:Volga German
9796:Hunsrückisch
9722:
9676:Unserdeutsch
9671:Berlinerisch
9604:
9597:
9590:
9583:
9543:Cover groups
9533:
9499:Mohawk Dutch
9494:Jersey Dutch
9472:East Flemish
9455:West Flemish
9399:Middle Dutch
9353:Low Prussian
9225:
9218:
9184:Terschelling
9168:Clay Frisian
9143:West Frisian
9131:Wiedingharde
9123:
9111:
9071:Heligolandic
9048:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9004:
8987:East Frisian
8974:
8967:
8940:Middle Scots
8938:
8931:
8917:
8910:
8903:
8898:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8709:West Frisian
8612:
8523:West Flemish
8509:East Flemish
8358:Non-official
8344:West Frisian
8277:Sinte Romani
8180:West Flemish
8170:East Flemish
8035:
8022:
8016:"Maastricht"
8006:
7990:
7965:
7946:
7942:
7913:
7909:
7896:. Retrieved
7889:the original
7857:
7853:
7837:
7826:
7825:plattdůtsche
7822:
7812:
7803:
7784:
7764:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7694:. Retrieved
7690:
7677:
7666:. Retrieved
7651:
7644:
7613:
7606:
7597:
7591:
7581:, retrieved
7577:
7564:
7553:the original
7544:
7537:
7525:
7504:(1–2): 109,
7501:
7497:
7484:
7465:
7459:
7448:the original
7435:
7424:. Retrieved
7419:
7410:
7399:. Retrieved
7394:
7385:
7374:. Retrieved
7370:
7361:
7350:. Retrieved
7346:
7337:
7326:. Retrieved
7322:
7313:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7295:Jan Goossens
7290:
7279:. Retrieved
7272:the original
7267:
7258:
7248:the original
7226:
7222:
7217:
7209:
7204:
7190:
7171:
7148:
7137:. Retrieved
7127:
7104:. Retrieved
7097:the original
7092:
7079:
7071:the original
7065:
7059:
7048:. Retrieved
7044:limburgs.org
7043:
7034:
7023:. Retrieved
7021:. 2003-12-01
7018:
7009:
7001:the original
6996:
6993:"Streektaal"
6987:
6975:
6964:the original
6949:
6937:
6928:
6918:
6911:
6891:
6884:
6873:. Retrieved
6868:
6858:
6847:. Retrieved
6842:
6833:
6822:. Retrieved
6815:the original
6802:
6791:. Retrieved
6788:lib.ugent.be
6787:
6777:
6766:. Retrieved
6761:
6751:
6740:. Retrieved
6735:
6726:
6715:. Retrieved
6711:
6685:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6659:
6648:. Retrieved
6643:
6633:
6614:
6608:
6599:
6589:, retrieved
6582:the original
6573:
6566:
6557:
6548:
6537:the original
6523:
6506:
6502:
6493:
6481:
6471:
6460:. Retrieved
6456:
6446:
6434:. Retrieved
6430:
6427:"Limburgish"
6421:
6408:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6219:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6143:
6128:
6125:(Maastricht)
6122:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6065:Translation
6046:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5980:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5717:
5707:
5699:
5688:
5683:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5552:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5456:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5315:
5266:
5219:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5119:
5112:
5100:
5093:
5081:
5063:
5059:adding to it
5054:
5036:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5001:
4991:and lexical
4990:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4953:diphthongize
4942:
4929:
4926:Steeper fall
4909:
4883:vowel length
4879:vowel height
4864:
4817:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4774:
4731:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4679:
4656:
4453:Long vowels
4282:Monophthongs
4256:Monophthongs
4240:
4236:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4190:
4183:
4153:
4117:
4105:
4090:
4086:
3703:
3656:
3616:
3546:
3482:
3442:
3408:
3359:
3316:
3255:
3200:
3141:/æ ~ ə ~ eː/
3113:
3037:
2989:
2952:
2753:
2664:
2523:
2510:
2481:
2469:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2392:
2386:east of the
2363:
2355:
2353:
2340:
2305:
2270:
2242:
2238:
2210:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2076:
2068:
2067:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2008:
1874:in Krefeld,
1763:
1743:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1612:
1580:Demerkempens
1565:
1505:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1443:
1430:unverifiable
1422:weasel words
1419:
1395:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1323:
1303:
1296:
1265:
1261:
1242:
1238:Middle Dutch
1235:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:pitch accent
1184:
1177:
1174:Benrath line
1161:
1146:
1130:
1128:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1040:pitch accent
1028:
1000:
979:
975:
971:
963:Limbourgeois
904:
903:
831:
769:East Flemish
760:West Flemish
750:
688:
623:
587:Linguasphere
566:
429:
335:
318:
243:
225:
216:
206:
199:
192:
185:
178:"Limburgish"
173:
161:Please help
156:verification
153:
123:
114:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
10607:Kluge's law
10587:Grimm's law
10370:Dalecarlian
10349:Perkerdansk
10322:East Danish
10140:Old Gutnish
10116:Proto-Norse
10056:Langobardic
10048:Vogtlandian
9876:Upper Saxon
9730:Lachoudisch
9691:Lotegorisch
9569:High German
9315:Westphalian
9310:Eastphalian
9274:Achterhooks
9151:Hindeloopen
9086:Bökingharde
9055:Föhr–Amrum
8969:Old Frisian
8933:Early Scots
8868:Old English
8647:Achterhoeks
8640:Westphalian
8592:High German
8395:Minangkabau
8251:Germanosign
7831:(in German)
7817:(in German)
7268:Arielis.com
7237:(in Dutch).
7155:, p. .
6738:(in French)
6560:(in Dutch).
6478:"Limburgan"
6374:-gik
6133:that/those
6098:this/these
5997:(westerly)
5514:Maastricht
5324:Diminutives
4842:, Standard
4093:) "to say".
4010:Approximant
2507:Orthography
2336:High German
2308:Low Rhenish
2079:ik-Limburgs
1882:of central
1878:Krieewelsch
1820:of central
1733:Kleverlands
1667:Tongerlands
1655:Bilzerlands
1634:Maaskempens
1573:Dommellands
1512:Truierlands
1467:Netherlands
1432:information
1391:Rowwen Hèze
1335:Dachsprache
1280:4th century
1276:Roman limes
1245:Rhenish Fan
1232:Rhenish fan
1117:Terminology
1107:High German
1068:Middle Ages
1066:during the
950:Limburgisch
715:Achterhooks
710:Westphalian
638:instead of
491:Netherlands
309:Netherlands
10735:Categories
10439:Burgundian
10355:Old Danish
10344:Gøtudanskt
10327:Bornholmsk
10189:Vestlandsk
10169:Kebabnorsk
9906:Halcnovian
9871:Thuringian
9534:Limburgish
9504:Stadsfries
9477:Brabantian
9204:Low German
9050:Eiderstedt
8905:Fingallian
8704:Papiamento
8618:Low German
8613:Limburgish
8563:Champenois
8537:Stadsfries
8486:Brabantian
8385:Limburgish
8375:Indonesian
8349:Papiamento
8335:(national)
8269:Indo-Aryan
8228:Francosign
8203:Champenois
8175:Limburgish
8165:Brabantian
8000:"Tongeren"
7984:"Roermond"
7916:: 99–135.
7898:2009-07-12
7696:2017-08-23
7668:2012-06-25
7583:2017-08-23
7426:2021-11-28
7401:2021-11-28
7376:2021-11-28
7352:2021-11-28
7328:2021-11-28
7281:2017-08-23
7139:2012-06-25
7106:2013-08-26
7050:2013-08-26
7046:(in Dutch)
7025:2012-06-25
6875:2023-06-11
6871:(in Dutch)
6849:2023-06-11
6845:(in Dutch)
6824:2023-06-11
6793:2023-06-11
6768:2023-06-11
6764:(in Dutch)
6742:2023-06-11
6717:2023-06-11
6650:2023-06-11
6646:(in Dutch)
6591:2010-07-05
6515:1887/14150
6462:2022-07-11
6410:Ethnologue
6405:Limburgish
6385:References
6274:Limburgian
6268:, whereas
6265:-bur-ghish
6220:Limburgish
6156:dialects.
6140:Vocabulary
5987:(westerly)
5977:(westerly)
5967:(westerly)
5620:häör, häöm
5502:Maastricht
5352:Adjectives
5260:sjtoettoen
5222:simulfixes
5015:declension
4963:Maasbracht
4906:Bitonality
4828:Lithuanian
4792:sjleiptoen
4788:sjtoettoen
4653:Diphthongs
4271:Diphthongs
3708:Consonants
2492:(Beringen)
2450:(Tongeren)
2384:Düsseldorf
2231:Maria Hoop
2203:Maastricht
2175:Maastricht
2101:Brabantian
1922:Düsseldorf
1758:Düsseldorf
1620:Weertlands
1599:Lonerlands
1463:streektaal
1387:Jack Poels
1202:Limburgish
1197:Limburgish
1185:Limburgish
1162:Limburgish
1147:Limburgish
1131:Limburgish
1111:platteland
1099:Low German
1088:Limburgish
1052:Limburgish
1022:tussentaal
986:spoken in
976:Limburgian
909:Limburgish
905:Limburgish
841:Limburgish
818:Stadsfries
811:Brusselian
806:Antwerpian
801:Brabantian
448:Early form
430:Limburgish
262:Limburgish
189:newspapers
94:neutrality
57:improve it
10801:Rhineland
10719:varieties
10711:indicate
10525:Northwest
10470:Philology
10375:Elfdalian
10310:Jutlandic
10232:Icelandic
10207:(written)
10201:(written)
10179:Trøndersk
10159:Norwegian
10123:Old Norse
9944:Coloniero
9928:Alemannic
9901:Wymysorys
9769:Colognian
9764:Ripuarian
9686:Rotwelsch
9516:Midslands
9467:Zeelandic
9448:Hollandic
9422:Afrikaans
9394:Old Dutch
9220:Old Saxon
9119:Karrharde
9101:Goesharde
9082:Mainland
8815:philology
8605:Ripuarian
8530:Zeelandic
8500:Hollandic
8400:Ripuarian
8390:Low Saxon
8044:0777-3692
7874:145782045
7518:145635698
6483:Glottolog
6436:23 August
6278:Limburgic
6270:Limburgan
5508:Roermond
5496:Roermond
5459:predicate
5309:tehunnest
5291:tehurrest
5285:tezennest
4840:Norwegian
4703:in Dutch
4524:Close-mid
4479:Unrounded
4362:Close-mid
4317:Unrounded
4193:Panningen
4120:, teeth).
3915:voiceless
3909:Fricative
3809:voiceless
3803:Affricate
3700:Phonology
3393:/æw ~ ɛw/
3295:/ɒːw~ɔːw/
3292:/ɒːj~ɔːj/
3135:/ɒː ~ ɔː/
2324:Rhineland
2281:Heinsberg
2201:south of
2153:Maarheeze
2138:mich/dich
2130:meej/mich
2126:meej/mich
2015:Ripuarian
2002:Remscheid
1900:Uerdingen
1784:Heinsberg
1552:Getelands
1465:) in the
1446:June 2023
1420:contains
1347:varieties
1331:Brabantic
1253:Ripuarian
1208:(German:
1170:Uerdingen
1129:The term
1050:The name
1046:Etymology
1013:with the
1007:idiolects
980:Limburgic
972:Limburgan
784:Hollandic
774:Zeelandic
730:Sallaands
680:Afrikaans
593:52-ACB-al
580:Limburgan
568:Glottolog
552:ISO 639-3
534:ISO 639-2
516:ISO 639-1
364:Ethnicity
219:June 2023
117:June 2023
105:talk page
63:talk page
10446:Vandalic
10389:Gutnish
10194:Vikværsk
10174:Sognamål
10164:Bergensk
10014:Cimbrian
9982:Bavarian
9939:Alsatian
9886:Lusatian
9822:Palatine
9512:Amelands
9389:Frankish
9279:Sallaans
9261:Gronings
9112:Southern
9105:Northern
9096:Halligen
9045:Insular
8862:dialects
8661:Sallands
8631:Gronings
8380:Javanese
8365:Ambonese
8326:Official
8157:Germanic
7930:18527758
6183:See also
6173:crevette
6075:dizze(n)
6019:, final
5965:hunne(n)
5961:häöre(n)
5871:häöre(n)
5846:ziene(n)
5821:ziene(n)
5796:diene(n)
5771:miene(n)
5615:zie, zij
5607:zie, het
5471:Pronouns
5303:toerrest
5066:May 2008
5035:becomes
4987:"stones"
4916:Tongeren
4912:Borgloon
4705:cognates
4663:/uːɔːɑː/
4646:/øːœːuː/
4554:Open-mid
4397:Open-mid
4089:(Dutch:
3730:alveolar
3723:Alveolar
3372:/æə~eːə/
3120:/ɑ ~ aː/
3069:àè/èè/ei
2945:Digraphs
2516:Alphabet
2500:(Tienen)
2235:Montfort
2223:Tongeren
2183:Roermond
1986:Solingen
1970:Mettmann
1954:Wülfrath
1938:Ratingen
1892:Ödingsch
1870:Fischeln
1838:Grefrath
1808:Nettetal
1740:Expanded
1672:Tongeren
1592:Beringen
1522:(around
1486:de facto
1461:(Dutch:
1383:Carnival
1056:Limbourg
937:Limburgs
923:Lèmburgs
913:Limburgs
899:Slovakia
703:Gronings
644:Help:IPA
575:limb1263
454:Frankish
410:Germanic
372:Belgians
280:Lèmburgs
274:Limburgs
98:disputed
10709:Italics
10332:Scanian
10278:Swedish
10227:Faroese
10205:Nynorsk
10184:Valdris
10019:Mòcheno
9975:Swabian
9841:Hessian
9801:Hunsrik
9713:Western
9708:Eastern
9703:Yiddish
9653:creoles
9550:Bergish
9266:Drèents
9256:Tweants
9108:Central
9090:Mooring
8953:Frisian
8912:Kildare
8857:English
8675:Tweants
8654:Drèents
8584:Walloon
8570:Lorrain
8545:English
8469:Benelux
8410:Yiddish
8339:English
8218:Walloon
8208:Lorrain
8195:Romance
8185:Yiddish
7756:Sources
7307:Karte 2
6165:briquet
6071:deze(n)
5936:eure(n)
5896:ooze(n)
5762:Plural
5488:Object
5485:Subject
5346:sjeunke
5342:breurke
5297:tozzest
5279:turrest
5173:eine(n)
5128:Grammar
5078:Samples
4995:"grave"
4981:"stone"
4920:Hasselt
4887:voicing
4856:Chinese
4844:Slovene
4836:Swedish
4832:Latvian
4486:Rounded
4466:Central
4324:Rounded
4304:Central
4237:sjtraot
4049:lateral
4016:central
3798:Plosive
3750:Glottal
3735:Palatal
3586:/ɔu~au/
3186:/y~yː/
2953:Letters
2277:Viersen
2219:Hasselt
2215:Belgium
2179:Sittard
2089:Limburg
1907:Krefeld
1885:Krefeld
1854:Viersen
1800:Breyell
1776:Dremmen
1754:Krefeld
1519:Lommels
1375:Germany
1327:Flemish
1288:Cologne
1074:in the
1060:Laeboer
740:Tweants
720:Drèents
640:Unicode
578:
376:Germans
337:Germany
326:Limburg
320:Belgium
314:Limburg
203:scholar
32:Limburg
10425:Gothic
10295:Danish
10199:Bokmål
9698:Yenish
9508:Bildts
9291:Veluws
9286:Urkers
9125:Strand
8849:Anglic
8689:Veluws
8682:Urkers
8577:Picard
8550:French
8405:Romani
8370:Arabic
8213:Picard
8147:German
8142:French
8042:
7928:
7872:
7792:
7771:
7659:
7632:
7516:
7472:
7301:, in:
7225:, in:
7178:
6899:
6703:(link)
6676:. In:
6621:
6169:camion
6161:French
6104:dae(n)
6062:Plural
5594:(also
5511:Weert
5499:Weert
5318:Riemst
5226:umlaut
5224:(i.e.
5216:Plural
5138:Gender
4895:merger
4885:, and
4818:Other
4777:lexeme
4735:/dʒys/
4732:dzjuus
4689:Geleen
4247:Vowels
4241:straot
4178:uvular
4155:Soft G
4091:zeggen
3963:voiced
3862:voiced
3745:Uvular
3718:Labial
3617:Letter
3483:Letter
3409:Letter
3399:/ɛːw/
3317:Letter
3201:Letter
3183:/ʏ~yː/
3168:/u~uː/
3165:/ɔ~oː/
3159:/i~iː/
3156:/ɪ~iː/
3038:Letter
3020:/tʃ~c/
2999:/dʒ~ɟ/
2273:Cleves
2247:Voeren
2199:Voeren
2187:Voeren
2061:vandag
1756:, and
1660:Bilzen
1524:Lommel
1484:, the
1426:biased
1230:, and
1082:and a
1032:German
1015:accent
959:French
946:German
823:Bildts
725:Veluws
610:UNESCO
351:Region
205:
198:
191:
184:
176:
10539:South
10490:North
10100:North
10084:North
9426:Kaaps
9417:Dutch
9064:Amrum
9005:Weser
8927:Scots
8480:Dutch
8333:Dutch
8137:Dutch
8019:(PDF)
8003:(PDF)
7987:(PDF)
7926:S2CID
7892:(PDF)
7885:(PDF)
7870:S2CID
7850:(PDF)
7687:(PDF)
7618:(PDF)
7574:(PDF)
7556:(PDF)
7549:(PDF)
7514:S2CID
7494:(PDF)
7451:(PDF)
7444:(PDF)
7275:(PNG)
7264:"Map"
7100:(PDF)
7089:(PDF)
6967:(PDF)
6960:(PDF)
6818:(PDF)
6811:(PDF)
6585:(PDF)
6578:(PDF)
6540:(PDF)
6533:(PDF)
6200:Notes
5571:diech
5561:diech
5543:miech
5505:Venlo
5493:Venlo
5451:-e(n)
5405:-isch
5273:thoos
5254:sjeun
5248:sjoon
5240:breur
5234:broor
5197:ne(n)
5133:Nouns
5019:gieël
4985:steìn
4979:steĩn
4958:keize
4891:schwa
4494:Close
4461:Front
4332:Close
4299:Front
4277::159)
4262::159)
4233:]
4229:[
4201:]
4197:[
4132:]
4128:[
4114:]
4110:[
4102:]
4098:[
4087:zègke
3757:Nasal
3740:Velar
3728:Post-
3693:/wɛ/
3687:/yːw/
3684:/yːj/
3681:/yːə/
3678:/yːɛ/
3663:/yːə/
3607:/œw/
3583:/oːw/
3580:/oːj/
3577:/oːə/
3571:/uːw/
3568:/uːj/
3565:/uːə/
3562:/uːɛ/
3559:/uːɑ/
3473:/jɛ/
3458:/iːw/
3455:/iːj/
3452:/iːə/
3449:/iːɛ/
3396:/ɛːə/
3390:/øːw/
3387:/øːj/
3384:/øːə/
3369:/eːw/
3366:/eːj/
3330:ei/ij
3307:/ɑw/
3301:/œːw/
3298:/œːi/
3289:/ɒːə/
3280:/ɛːe/
3277:/ɛːə/
3274:/æːw/
3271:/æːj/
3268:/aːw/
3265:/aːj/
3262:/aːə/
2388:Rhine
2382:near
2372:Eupen
2316:Rhine
2312:Meuse
2285:Rhine
2149:Budel
2118:Arcen
2053:hebbe
2037:awwer
1780:near
1670:(cp.
1658:(cp.
1627:Horns
1590:(cp.
1139:Liège
1036:Dutch
1011:Dutch
1003:Dutch
978:, or
933:Dutch
661:Dutch
471:Latin
368:Dutch
331:Liège
210:JSTOR
196:books
10500:West
10495:East
10415:East
10271:East
10261:Norn
10152:West
10088:East
10086:and
9651:and
9646:Non-
9076:Sylt
9059:Föhr
8994:Ems
8919:Yola
8828:West
8040:ISSN
7790:ISBN
7769:ISBN
7657:ISBN
7630:ISBN
7470:ISBN
7176:ISBN
6897:ISBN
6762:DBNL
6619:ISBN
6438:2017
6352:and
6321:-gən
6317:lim-
6280:are
6276:and
6094:dees
6080:dees
6037:zien
6033:dien
6029:mien
6015:and
6013:zien
6009:dien
6005:mien
5991:häör
5981:häör
5971:häör
5886:häör
5881:häör
5876:häör
5861:zien
5851:zien
5836:zien
5826:zien
5811:dien
5801:dien
5786:mien
5776:mien
5731:häör
5722:zeuj
5708:uuch
5696:geer
5693:gae
5689:geer
5684:geej
5665:veer
5662:vae
5658:veer
5653:weej
5628:häör
5624:heur
5611:zeuj
5592:häöm
5587:heer
5566:dich
5557:dich
5538:mich
5533:iech
5402:and
5338:-sje
5206:and
5039:().
5037:dage
5033:daag
4968:keze
4949:high
4947:and
4933:mora
4918:and
4852:tone
4800:daàg
4796:daãg
4779:and
4741:Tone
4717:naar
4715:and
4701:/aː/
4697:/oː/
4693:/eː/
4685:/eɪ/
4681:/ou/
4671:/aɪ/
4594:Open
4471:Back
4425:Open
4309:Back
4223:and
4176:is
4148:and
4104:(lan
3690:/wɑ/
3675:/œw/
3672:/œj/
3669:/œy/
3666:/yɛ/
3651:wjè
3604:/œə/
3601:/œɑ/
3598:/ow/
3595:/oj/
3592:/oə/
3589:/oɑ/
3574:/ɔj/
3556:/ɔə/
3553:/ɔɑ/
3470:/ɪw/
3467:/ɪj/
3464:/ɪə/
3461:/iɛ/
3381:/øː/
3378:/æj/
3375:/ɛi/
3304:/ɑu/
3286:/aj/
3283:/aə/
3174:/oː/
3171:/uː/
3162:/iː/
3150:/øː/
3147:/ɛː/
3144:/eː/
3138:/œː/
3132:/æː/
3129:/aː/
3126:/aː/
3023:/ʒ/
3014:/kʷ/
2927:/iː/
2918:/ks/
2899:/yː/
2871:/kʷ/
2861:/oː/
2799:/eː/
2763:/aː/
2279:and
2241:and
2233:and
2221:and
2151:and
2136:and
2120:and
2099:and
2045:tied
2029:iech
1341:Form
1329:and
1319:Genk
1178:I/me
1172:and
1103:plat
1095:plat
1034:and
182:news
91:The
7951:doi
7918:doi
7862:doi
7622:doi
7506:doi
7117:PDF
6511:hdl
6507:123
6485:4.3
6407:at
6319:BUR
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6263:LIM
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6123:dat
6119:det
6114:die
6108:dee
6089:dit
6084:dis
6017:oos
5995:hun
5985:hun
5975:hun
5951:eur
5946:eur
5941:eur
5925:eus
5921:oos
5905:eus
5901:oos
5856:zie
5831:zie
5806:die
5781:mie
5736:hun
5726:die
5718:zie
5704:uch
5700:óch
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5638:het
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5582:hae
5553:doe
5528:ich
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5367:-ch
5362:-en
5334:-je
5330:-ke
5188:or
5179:ein
5167:der
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5061:.
4945:mid
4809:biẽ
4805:biè
4709:nao
4667:/j/
4640:/ə/
4626:ɑ̃ː
4605:æ̃ː
4586:ɔ̃ː
4572:œ̃ː
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4116:(te
4108:);
4083:/ɡ/
3883:d͡ʒ
3830:t͡ʃ
3658:IPA
3645:uuw
3642:uuj
3639:uuë
3636:uuè
3548:IPA
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3517:oow
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3502:oej
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3444:IPA
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3361:IPA
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3324:eew
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3257:IPA
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3223:àèw
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3217:aew
3214:aej
3211:aaw
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3180:/œ/
3177:/o/
3153:/ɛ/
3123:/a/
3115:IPA
3108:uu
3017:/ʃ/
3011:/ɲ/
3008:/ŋ/
3005:/ʎ/
3002:/ɡ/
2996:/ç/
2991:IPA
2984:zj
2932:/z/
2923:/j/
2913:/β/
2909:/w/
2904:/v/
2895:/ʏ/
2890:/t/
2885:/s/
2880:/r/
2876:/ʁ/
2866:/p/
2857:/ɔ/
2852:/n/
2847:/m/
2842:/l/
2837:/k/
2832:/j/
2827:/ɪ/
2823:/i/
2818:/ɦ/
2814:/h/
2809:/ʝ/
2804:/f/
2795:/ə/
2793:,
2791:/æ/
2786:/d/
2781:/s/
2777:/k/
2772:/b/
2767:/ɑ/
2755:IPA
2390:).
2374:in
2303:).
2227:Ool
2161:doe
2157:gij
2025:or
2021:ech
1998:of
1982:of
1966:of
1950:of
1934:of
1904:in
1896:of
1866:of
1850:of
1834:of
1804:in
1796:of
1772:of
1730:or
1428:or
998:).
920:or
626:IPA
559:lim
542:lim
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6356:/-
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6031:,
6025:-n
6021:-n
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5915:us
5911:ós
5674:us
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