1722:("prince's regent's time"), as the regency of Luitpold is often called, was an era of the gradual transfer of Bavarian interests behind those of the German Empire. In connection with the unhappy end of the preceding rule of King Ludwig II this break in the Bavarian monarchy looked even stronger. Finally, the constitutional amendment of 1913 brought the determining break in the continuity of the king's rule in the opinion of historians, particularly as this change had been granted by the Landtag as a House of Representatives and meant therefore indirectly the first step toward full parliamentary government. Today the connection of these two developments is regarded as a main cause for the unspectacular end of the Bavarian kingdom without opposition in the course of the November revolution of 1918. However the course of his 26-year regency Luitpold knew to overcome, by modesty, ability and popularity, the initial uneasiness of his subjects. These prince regent's years were transfigured, finally—above all in the retrospect – to a golden age of Bavaria, even if one mourned the "fairy tale king" Ludwig II, which happens in a folkloric-nostalgic manner till this day.
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1941:). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers: Altmühl-, Eisack-, Etsch-, Iller-, Inn-, Isar-, Lech-, Main-, Naab-, Oberdonau-, Pegnitz-, Regen-, Rezat-, Salzach- and Unterdonaukreis. Because of the numerous territorial changes in 1810 and 1815, the divisions needed to be adjusted and the number of Kreise was reduced to 8: Isar-, Unterdonau-, Oberdonau-, Regen-, Rezat-, Untermain-, Obermain- and Rheinkreis.
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outside the
Prussian order of battle. The Bavarian infantry and cavalry regiments retained their historic light blue and green uniforms, distinctive from the Prussian model adopted throughout most of the army. The individual Bavarian soldier swore an oath of loyalty to King Ludwig, though in wartime this pledge of obedience was extended to Kaiser Wilhelm as supreme commander. In July 1914, the Bavarian Army numbered 92,400 or 11 percent of the total
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1347:, which was put down with the support of Prussian forces. However Maximilian II stood alongside Bavaria's ally, the Austrian Empire, in opposition to Austria's enemy, Prussia. This position was resented by many Bavarian citizens, who wanted a united Germany. In the end Prussia declined the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament as the proposed constitution of a German state was perceived to be too liberal and not in Prussia's interests.
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1711:("The Prince Regent Years"). In 1912, Luitpold died, and his son, Prince Regent Ludwig, took over as regent. By then, it had long been apparent that Otto would never be able to reign, and sentiment grew for Ludwig to become king in his own right. On 6 November, a day after the Landtag passed a law allowing him to do so, Ludwig ended the regency, deposed Otto and declared himself King of Bavaria as
1306:, came to power in the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of reform to the constitution, which removed civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing censorship and forbidding the free discussion of internal politics. This regime was short-lived due to the demand by the Ultramontanes of the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish mistress,
1614:. Ludwig used his personal wealth to finance these projects, and not state funds, and the construction projects landed him deeply in debt. These debts caused much concern among Bavaria's political elite, who sought to persuade Ludwig to cease his building; he refused, and relations between the government's ministers and the crown deteriorated.
1067:. In view of the scarcely disguised ambitions and intrigues of the Austrian court, Montgelas now believed that the interests of Bavaria lay in a frank alliance with the French Republic; he succeeded in overcoming the reluctance of Maximilian Joseph; and, on 24 August, a separate treaty of peace and alliance with France was signed at Paris.
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With the establishment of the German Empire, a series of conventions brought the bulk of the various state military forces directly under the administration of the
Prussian War Ministry. Bavaria however maintained a degree of autonomy in peacetime, with its own two (later three) army corps remaining
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as part of its territorial claims. Ludwig II joined an alliance with
Prussia in 1870 against France, which was seen by Germans as the greatest enemy to a united Germany. At the same time, Bavaria increased its political, legal, and trade ties with the North German Confederation. In 1870, war erupted
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was used by
Austria and its allies (including Bavaria) to promote the isolation of Prussia in German political affairs. This diplomatic insult almost led to war when Austria, Bavaria, and other allies moved troops through Bavaria towards Hesse-Kassel in 1850. However, Prussia backed down to Austria,
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Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister Count
Montgelas followed a strict policy of modernisation and laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived even the monarchy and are (in their core) valid until today. On 1 February 1817, Montgelas was dismissed and Bavaria entered a new
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declared war on
Germany. Initially, in Bavaria and all across Germany, many recruits flocked enthusiastically to the Army. At the outbreak of the war, King Ludwig III sent an official dispatch to Berlin, to express Bavaria's solidarity. Later Ludwig even claimed annexations for Bavaria (Alsace and
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were safeguarded in the constitution with articles supporting the equality of all religions, despite opposition by supporters of the Roman
Catholic Church. The initial constitution almost proved disastrous for the monarchy, with controversies such as the army having to swear allegiance to the new
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became the new Prime
Minister of Bavaria. Accused of showing blind loyalty to Prussia, Ludwig III became increasingly unpopular during the war. In 1918, the kingdom attempted to negotiate a separate peace with the allies but failed. By 1918, civil unrest was spreading across Bavaria and Germany,
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Within the
Kingdom of Bavaria, the Palatinate enjoyed a special legal and administrative position, as the Bavarian government maintained substantial achievements of the French period. The German historian Heiner Haan described the special status of the Palatinate within Bavaria as a relation of
1790:, to receive access to the sea). His hidden agenda was to maintain the balance of power between Prussia and Bavaria within the German Empire after a victory. Over time, with a stalemated and bloody war on the western front, Bavarians, like many Germans, grew weary of the conflict.
1214:, meaning "House of Representatives"), would include representatives of landowners, the three universities, clergy (Catholic and Protestant), the towns and the peasants. Without the consent of both houses, no law could be passed and no tax could be levied. The rights of
1331:. The revolutions also brought amendments to the constitution, including changes to the lower house of the Landtag with equal suffrage for every male who paid a direct tax. Maximilian II responded to the demands of the people for a united German state by attending the
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but also known as the "Humiliation of Olmütz" by
Prussia. This event solidified the Bavarian kingdom's alliance with Austria against Prussia. When the project to unite the German middle-sized powers under Bavarian leadership against Prussia and Austria (the so-called
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1629:(then called Lake Würm). Ludwig and the psychiatrist were found dead, floating in the lake. The official autopsy listed cause of death as suicide by drowning, but some sources claim that no water was found in Ludwig's lungs. While these claims could be explained by
1605:
After Bavaria's entry into the empire, Ludwig II became increasingly detached from Bavaria's political affairs and spent vast amounts of money on personal projects, such as the construction of a number of fairytale castles and palaces, the most famous being the
1673:, in 1900, by forbidding the flying of any other flag other than the Bavarian flag on public buildings for the emperor's birthday, but this was swiftly modified afterwards, allowing the German imperial flag to be hung beside the Bavarian flag.
1825:. He was the first of the monarchs in the German Empire to be deposed; only days later, the Kaiser abdicated the German throne. Ludwig took up residence in Austria for what was intended to be a temporary stay. On 12 November, he issued the
1649:. However, Otto had a long history of mental illness and had been placed under medical supervision three years earlier. The duties of head of state actually rested in the hands of Prince Luitpold, who continued to serve as regent for Otto.
1829:, declaring that under the circumstances, he was "in no position to lead the government." Accordingly, he released his soldiers and officials from their oath to him. Although he never formally abdicated, the socialist-led government of
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2007:. Ludwig's plan to acquire also the former eastern part could not be realized. The electorate, a former dominion of the Bavarian Wittelsbach dynasty, had been split up in 1815, the eastern bank of the Rhine with the former capital
1431:(3 July 1866) against Austria, which sued for peace shortly afterward. The states of the German Confederation had not agreed on a common strategy in the war. Their separate armies were therefore defeated in succession by Prussia.
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against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of her continued sovereign and independent status. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France. The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince
1848:. Despite the abolition of the monarchy, the former king was laid to rest in front of the former royal family, the Bavarian government, military personnel, and an estimated 100,000 spectators, in the style of royal funerals.
1111:. In 1808, all relics of serfdom were abolished. In the same year, Maximilian promulgated Bavaria's first written constitution. Over the next five years, it was amended numerous times in accordance with Paris' wishes.
1074:
allowed Maximilian to raise Bavaria to the status of a kingdom. Accordingly, Maximilian proclaimed himself king on 1 January 1806 as Maximilian I. The king still served as an elector until Bavaria seceded from the
1362:
In the aftermath of the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia and Austria continued to debate over which monarchy had the inherent right to rule Germany. A dispute between Austria and the Elector of
1219:
constitution. The monarchy appealed to Prussia and the Austria for advice; the two refused to take action on Bavaria's behalf, but the disturbances lessened and the state stabilized with the accession of
1247:
buildings and architecture across Bavaria. Ludwig also increased Bavaria's pace towards industrialization under his reign. In foreign affairs under Ludwig's rule, Bavaria supported the Greeks during the
1023:, Bavaria was now in a bad situation. Before the death of Charles Theodore (16 February 1799), the Austrians had again occupied the country, in preparation for renewing the war with France.
1019:, leaving a regency, the members of which signed a convention with Moreau, by which he granted an armistice in return for a heavy contribution (7 September 1796). Between the French and the
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with the Coalition nations as the victors, in a complete failure for the French, although they achieved a minor victory when a Bavarian army attempted to block the retreat of the French
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With the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814, Bavaria lost the territories it had gained from Austria, but was compensated for some of its losses, receiving new territories such as the
1663:
During the regency of Prince-Regent Luitpold, from 1886 to 1912, relations between Bavaria and Prussia remained cold, with Bavarians remembering the anti-Catholic agenda of Bismarck's
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1489:, with the Prussian king leading the state. Bavaria's previous inhibitions towards Prussia changed, along with those of many of the south German states, after French Emperor
1416:, recognizing the immediate likelihood of war, tried to keep Bavaria neutral. Ludwig II refused Bismarck's offers and continued Bavaria's alliance with Austria. In 1866, the
1243:
In 1825, Ludwig I ascended the throne of Bavaria. Under Ludwig, the arts flourished in Bavaria, and Ludwig personally ordered and financially assisted the creation of many
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were opposed by Bavaria and Austria, with Bavaria taking part in its own discussions with Austria and other allies in 1863, in Frankfurt, without Prussia attending.
1617:
At last, in 1886, the crisis came to a head. A medical commission appointed by the cabinet declared Ludwig insane and thus incapable of reigning. His uncle, Prince
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Bavaria's entry into the German Empire changed from jubilation over France's defeat to dismay shortly afterward because of the direction Germany took under the new
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were declared, which included the states of the North German Confederation and all of the south German states, with the major exception of Austria. The empire also
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After the Austro-Prussian War (1866) in which Bavaria had sided with defeated Austria, it had to cede several Lower Franconian districts to Prussia. The Duchy of
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did not wish to use the occasion of the passing of his father to attempt to re-establish the monarchy by force, preferring to do so by legal means. Cardinal
1669:, as well as Prussia's strategic dominance over the empire. Bavaria protested Prussian dominance over Germany and snubbed the Prussian-born German Emperor,
1602:). The Kingdom of Bavaria was even able to retain its own diplomatic body and its own army, which would fall under Prussian command only in times of war.
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was scattered and disorganized, left him helpless in the hands of Austria; on 2 December 1800, the Bavarian Army was involved in the Austrian defeat at
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As of 1838, at the instigation of King Ludwig I, the Kreise were renamed after the former historical tribes and territories of the respective area in:
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1625:. A day after Ludwig's deposition, the king died mysteriously after asking the commission's chief psychiatrist to go on a walk with him along
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in 1806. The crown continued to be held by the Wittelsbachs until the kingdom came to an end in 1918. Most of the border of modern Germany's
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Austria was defeated, and the German Confederation was dissolved, ending Austria's influence over the lesser German states. Bavaria lost
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1900:(1810–1816) were temporarily united with Bavaria but then returned (Tyrol) or ceded (Salzburg) to Habsburg/Austrian rule. In return the
1860:, in his funeral speech, made a clear commitment to the monarchy while Rupprecht only declared that he had stepped into his birthright.
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This article is about the 19th and early-20th century state. For the medieval state briefly known as the Kingdom of Bavaria, see
1992:. The town names of Neuburg, Regensburg and Aschaffenburg were later dropped. Accordingly, the king changed his royal titles to
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was ceded to Napoleon only in 1806. The new kingdom faced challenges from the outset of its creation, relying on the support of
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deposed. With this, the 700-year rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty came to an end, and the former Kingdom of Bavaria became the
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began. Bavaria and most of the south German states allied with Austria, but contributed far less to the war against Prussia.
1043:), the new elector, succeeded to a difficult inheritance. Though his own sympathies, and those of his all-powerful minister,
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Luitpold's years as regent were marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Bavaria where they are known as the
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1582:. This castle was designed and constructed during the reign of Ludwig II and remains a major tourist attraction in Bavaria.
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the Prince Regent appointed a government headed by a representative of the Landtag's majority for the first time in 1912.
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With France's defeat and humiliation against the combined German forces, it was Ludwig II who proposed that Prussian King
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in 1832. As for politics, initial reforms advocated by Ludwig were both liberal and reform-oriented. However, after the
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Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte über ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung
1202:, meaning "House of Councillors") comprised the aristocracy and noblemen, including the royal princes, holders of the
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On 26 May 1818, Bavaria's second constitution was proclaimed. The constitution established a bicameral Parliament (
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After the founding of the kingdom the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative
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militant. Germany went to the side of its former rival-turned-ally, Austria-Hungary, and declared war on
1310:, a notorious courtesan and dancer, which was resented by Ludwig, and the Ultramontanes were pushed out.
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With Austria's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, the northern German states quickly unified into the
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in 1832 showed the discontent of the population with high taxes and censorship. Bavaria joined the
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Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel (1983). Wilhelm Volkert, ed.
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Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism
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1015:. Charles Theodore, who had done nothing to prevent the war or to resist the invasion, fled to
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2019:. The western bank was granted to Bavaria as compensation for the loss of Tyrol and Salzburg.
1409:, became King of Bavaria as tensions between Austria and Prussia escalated steadily. Prussian
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The Catholic, conservative Patriotic Party founded in 1868 became the leading party in the
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of the new empire and was second in size, power, and wealth only to the leading state, the
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was never part of the Kingdom of Bavaria since it was annexed to Bavaria only in 1920.
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were elected to the parliament. From 1903, university education was also possible for
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Bavarian defiance to Prussian hegemony and Bavarian separatism being key motivators.
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had secured a privileged status for the Kingdom of Bavaria within the German Empire (
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of 8 October 1813 Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine and agreed to join the
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On 30 December 1777, the Bavarian line of the Wittelsbachs became extinct, and the
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1477:. From this time, Bavaria steadily progressed into Prussia's sphere of influence.
1335:, which intended to create such a state. However, when Maximilian II rejected the
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in Bavaria and hereditary and lifelong nominees of the crown. The lower house (
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and accepted its political leadership of Germany. This event was known as the
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Historisches Lexikon Bayerns – Funeral of Ludwig III... accessed: 1 July 2011
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2661:"16 Bizarre Facts About King Ludwig II, The Most Extreme Fanboy of All Time"
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3925:
3870:
2114:: 3,707,966 (1818) / 4,370,977 (1840) / 6,176,057 (1900) / 6,524,372 (1910)
1762:
1630:
1490:
1175:
256:
5695:
5204:
5000:
4892:
4887:
4807:
4398:
4382:
3956:
3072:
1830:
1665:
1515:
1307:
550:
282:
140:
2857:
2374:
1174:. It was the second largest and second most powerful state south of the
5250:
5188:
5107:
4347:
4312:
4099:
3408:
2326:
2230:
2224:
2177:
2171:
2012:
1670:
1575:
1560:
1521:
1350:
1269:
1215:
1118:
in 1812 about 30,000 Bavarian soldiers were killed in action. With the
1012:
926:
1313:
5609:
5599:
5168:
4475:
4362:
2687:"Be careful what you wish for…especially if you wish you were a king"
2206:
2144:
2003:
which Bavaria had acquired was mainly the western part of the former
1905:
1607:
1532:
1406:
1281:
1178:, behind only Austria. In Germany as a whole, it ranked third behind
287:
1793:
5746:
5629:
5619:
5438:
4937:
4209:
3120:
2871:
2358:
2310:
2294:
2033:
In the first half of the 20th. century, the initial terminology of
2008:
1885:
1863:
1458:
3305:
1405:
In 1864, Maximilian II died early, and his eighteen-year-old son,
1277:
1059:(9 February 1801), Bavaria lost the Palatinate and the duchies of
5639:
5594:
5569:
5123:
4832:
4450:
4403:
4342:
4266:
4220:
4112:
3778:
2425:
2342:
2089:
2027:
1844:
The funeral of Ludwig III in 1921 was feared or hoped to spark a
1787:
1783:
1774:
1692:. Electoral reforms changed the elections of the parliament from
1462:
1327:, Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son,
1179:
1026:
832:
292:
2538:
Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980
1798:
5721:
5634:
4897:
4797:
4440:
4296:
3862:
2806:
2584:"Constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Bavaria | bavarikon"
2390:
2278:
1994:
Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and
1892:, and Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806, its land area doubled.
1622:
1401:, who left office following Bavaria's defeat in the war in 1866
1008:
898:
242:
1381:
resigned in 1859. Attempts by Prussia to reorganize the loose
1238:
960:
4178:
3999:
1302:
In 1837, the Roman Catholic-supported clerical movement, the
1091:. The kingdom was forced to give Napoleon conscripts for the
995:
had been added, was thus reunited with Bavaria. In 1793, the
2711:
2583:
178:
The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1914, as part of the German Empire
5604:
4445:
4435:
4425:
4408:
3835:
1450:
took command, but the Bavarians were decisively beaten at
1744:
1223:
to the throne following the death of Maximilian in 1825.
874:
until 1825) was a German state that succeeded the former
1809:
became German Chancellor and Prime Minister of Prussia;
1510:
was sent under the command of the Prussian Crown Prince
1880:
The Electorate (1778) and the Kingdom of Bavaria (1815)
983:. After a separation of four and a half centuries, the
901:'s foundation dates back to the ascension of Elector
2712:"Foundation of the German Reich in 1871 | bavarikon"
948:, and the kingdom was thus succeeded by the current
878:
in 1806 and continued to exist until 1918. With the
1833:took Ludwig's declaration as such and declared the
1640:
2787:Beisetzung Ludwigs III., München, 5. November 1921
1480:
1276:was constructed in Bavaria, between the cities of
1551:), which occurred in 1871 at the German-occupied
5820:
1864:Geography, administrative regions and population
1103:in 1809 and from 1810 to 1814 lost territory to
1999:and these were retained by his successors. The
1872:The Kingdom of Bavaria in 1808, including Tyrol
1680:(Parliament). In 1887, its name was changed to
1055:, and Moreau once more occupied Munich. By the
1700:elections in 1906. With the Centre politician
1469:to Prussia; former two became part of the new
1264:, Ludwig turned to conservative reaction. The
68:
48:
5874:States and territories disestablished in 1918
4194:
3821:
3291:
2843:
2818:Catholic Encyclopedia: The Kingdom of Bavaria
2684:
944:In 1918, Bavaria became a republic after the
4163:
4154:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2288:
2272:
2260:
2198:
2121:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1749:In 1914, a clash of alliances occurred over
1544:
138:
121:
60:
40:
2183:Salzachkreis (1810–1816 / ceded to Austria)
1821:with his family due to the outbreak of the
1773:. Following the German invasion of neutral
1239:Ludwig I, Maximilian II and the Revolutions
961:Foundation and expansion under Maximilian I
5869:States and territories established in 1806
4201:
4187:
3828:
3814:
3298:
3284:
2850:
2836:
2516:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
172:
2524:
2097:in 1816, including the Rhenish Palatinate
1817:On 7 November 1918, Ludwig fled from the
5854:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
2823:Guide to Bavaria: The Kingdom of Bavaria
2741:. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 24 & 26.
2132:Eisackkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)
2088:
2076:
2064:
1875:
1867:
1792:
1757:following the assassination of Austrian
1656:Statue of Prince Regent Luitpold at the
1651:
1569:
1520:
1392:
1349:
1312:
1286:
1235:(alongside state, i.e. the Palatinate).
1025:
921:, in which the Kingdom of Bavaria ceded
2739:The Army of the German Empire 1870-1888
2141:Innkreis (1808–1814 / ceded to Austria)
2135:Etschkreis (1808–1810 / ceded to Italy)
663:75,865 km (29,292 sq mi)
5821:
4236:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
2761:
2736:
2421:List of minister-presidents of Bavaria
1745:World War I and the end of the kingdom
1388:
1007:, invaded Bavaria itself, advanced to
4466:
4182:
3809:
3279:
2831:
2491:
1805:In 1917, the Bavarian Prime Minister
1645:The crown passed to Ludwig's brother
999:overran the Palatinate; in 1795, the
917:were established after 1814 with the
865:
852:
2610:"Forschung – Universität Regensburg"
2441:Aftermath of World War II in Bavaria
2168:Pegnitzkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
2129:Altmühlkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
1725:
2612:. Uni-regensburg.de. Archived from
2233:(transformed into Middle Franconia)
2227:(transformed into Upper Palatinate)
1341:uprising in the Bavarian Palatinate
565:• Proclamation of the kingdom
16:1806–1918 kingdom in Central Europe
13:
5849:States of the German Confederation
4231:List of current sovereign monarchs
3307:States of the German Confederation
2685:portiabridget (11 December 2010).
2245:(transformed into Lower Franconia)
2215:(transformed into Upper Franconia)
2138:Illerkreis (1808–1817 / dissolved)
2093:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
2081:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
2069:The Kingdom of Bavaria within the
1850:Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
1801:(Lemberg), 1915 during World War I
1502:between France and Prussia in the
1473:whereas the latter became part of
14:
5895:
5864:1918 disestablishments in Germany
2799:
2159:Naabkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
2150:Lechkreis (1808–1810 / dissolved)
1977:Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg
1908:were annexed to Bavaria in 1815.
1563:the formerly French territory of
1555:, France. The territories of the
1041:Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken
5884:1918 disestablishments in Europe
4749:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3946:
3330:
2946:
2805:
2762:Thomas, Nigel (20 August 2003).
2474:Joost Augusteijn, Storm. H. J.,
2239:(transformed into Lower Bavaria)
2209:(transformed into Upper Bavaria)
1641:Regency and institutional reform
1594:. The Bavarian delegation under
812:
798:
773:
759:
745:
157:
101:
87:
4226:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
2780:
2755:
2737:Seaton, Albert (15 June 1973).
2730:
2704:
1965:Upper Palatinate and Regensburg
1481:Ludwig II and the German Empire
1231:(main state, i.e. Bavaria) and
1189:
854:[ˈkøːnɪkˌʁaɪ̯çˈbajɛɐ̯n]
5859:1806 establishments in Bavaria
4208:
3657:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
2764:The German Army in World War I
2678:
2653:
2636:"The Royal Drama of Ludwig II"
2628:
2602:
2576:
2551:
2485:
2468:
2030:was added to Bavaria in 1945.
1535:be proclaimed German Emperor (
1448:Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria
1206:, archbishops, members of the
1186:era of constitutional reform.
1079:on 1 August 1806, joining the
886:in 1871, the kingdom became a
867:[ˈkɪnəˌraɪ̯xˈb̥ajɛɐ̯n]
1:
5879:1806 establishments in Europe
2766:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 3.
2492:Boehm, König Schwein (1901).
2461:
2251:(transformed into Palatinate)
2060:
1596:Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg
1590:and Prussian Prime Minister,
1423:Prussia quickly defeated the
1377:) failed, Minister-President
4241:List of monarchy referendums
2478:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012,
1637:of political assassination.
1272:in 1834. In 1835, the first
1170:was given to Bavaria by the
781:Imperial County of Ortenburg
767:Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg
7:
5844:States of the German Empire
3837:States of the German Empire
2691:portable pieces of thoughts
2559:"Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom"
2399:
2085:in 1812, including Salzburg
1996:Count Palatine of the Rhine
1846:restoration of the monarchy
10:
5900:
2860:Confederation of the Rhine
2083:Confederation of the Rhine
2071:Confederation of the Rhine
1890:Confederation of the Rhine
1729:
1487:North German Confederation
1139:in October 1813 ended the
1081:Confederation of the Rhine
987:, to which the duchies of
964:
955:
203:Confederation of the Rhine
18:
5653:
5562:
5276:
5039:
4973:
4785:
4776:
4672:
4654:
4586:
4501:
4459:
4391:
4305:
4249:
4216:
4142:
4126:
4098:
4085:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
4044:
3998:
3955:
3944:
3844:
3792:
3761:
3734:
3701:
3627:
3594:
3587:
3525:
3480:
3444:
3437:
3391:
3375:
3339:
3328:
3314:
3250:
3144:
3091:
3043:
3034:
3004:
2978:
2962:
2955:
2944:
2926:
2905:
2879:
2867:
2221:(transformed into Swabia)
1839:People's State of Bavaria
1250:Greek War of Independence
1116:French invasion of Russia
997:French Revolutionary Army
828:
794:People's State of Bavaria
724:
692:
688:
678:
674:
667:
659:
652:
648:
635:
622:
609:
596:
583:
573:
563:
559:
533:
521:
509:
499:
495:
483:
471:
459:
455:
445:
441:
429:
417:
413:
403:
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
323:
313:
301:
263:
248:
235:
183:
171:
133:
117:
83:
78:
30:
4378:Self-proclaimed monarchy
3892:Lauenburg and Bütow Land
2446:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2073:in 1806, including Tyrol
1759:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
1633:, they have also led to
1471:Province of Hesse-Nassau
1318:King Ludwig I of Bavaria
1160:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
1045:Maximilian von Montgelas
1031:Maximilian von Montgelas
808:Bavarian Soviet Republic
528:House of Representatives
466:Maximilian von Montgelas
129:("Steadfast in loyalty")
4646:Vatican City (Holy See)
2108:: 75,865 km (1900)
1399:Ludwig von der Pfordten
1212:Kammer der Abgeordneten
1156:Grand Duchy of Würzburg
862:
308:Constitutional monarchy
69:
49:
4928:Islands of Refreshment
4358:Legitimacy (political)
4164:
4155:
4150:German colonial empire
4080:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2537:
2385:
2369:
2353:
2337:
2321:
2305:
2289:
2273:
2261:
2199:
2122:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1881:
1873:
1802:
1660:
1583:
1545:
1528:
1402:
1359:
1345:Joseph Martin Reichard
1339:in 1849, there was an
1337:Frankfurt Constitution
1320:
1299:
1133:Karl Philipp von Wrede
1033:
880:unification of Germany
849:
613:Unification of Germany
141:Bayerische Königshymne
139:
122:
61:
41:
4739:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4328:Criticism of monarchy
4318:Abolition of monarchy
2411:Electorate of Bavaria
2092:
2080:
2068:
2024:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
1879:
1871:
1854:Michael von Faulhaber
1811:Otto Ritter von Dandl
1796:
1655:
1612:Neuschwanstein Castle
1580:Castle Neuschwanstein
1573:
1524:
1396:
1353:
1316:
1290:
1252:with his second son,
1200:Kammer der Reichsräte
1029:
973:Electorate of Bavaria
950:Free State of Bavaria
915:Free State of Bavaria
876:Electorate of Bavaria
753:Electorate of Bavaria
490:Otto Ritter von Dandl
249:Common languages
154:"Bavarian Royal Hymn"
4571:United Arab Emirates
4127:Imperial Territories
3980:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3975:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3896:Starostwo of Draheim
3419:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3414:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3131:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3126:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2814:at Wikimedia Commons
2498:. Wismar. p. 38
2456:Bavarian nationalism
2257:Government districts
2195:Government districts
2118:Government districts
2095:German Confederation
2017:Grand Duchy of Baden
2005:Electoral Palatinate
1929:) in Bavaria called
1913:government districts
1858:Archbishop of Munich
1835:House of Wittelsbach
1739:Imperial German Army
1553:Palace of Versailles
1429:Battle of Königgrätz
1383:German Confederation
1370:Punctation of Olmütz
1333:Frankfurt Parliament
1198:). The upper house (
1164:Grand Duchy of Hesse
985:Electoral Palatinate
907:House of Wittelsbach
903:Maximilian IV Joseph
523:• Lower Chamber
516:House of Councillors
511:• Upper Chamber
214:German Confederation
5805:48.1333°N 11.5667°E
5801: /
5767:Trinidad and Tobago
5654:Commonwealth realms
5539:United Baltic Duchy
4682:Antigua and Barbuda
4674:Commonwealth realms
4368:Order of succession
4090:Waldeck and Pyrmont
3619:Waldeck and Pyrmont
2616:on 21 February 2008
1797:King Ludwig III in
1635:conspiracy theories
1621:, was appointed as
1504:Franco-Prussian War
1444:Battle of Kissingen
1418:Austro-Prussian War
1397:Minister-President
1389:Austro-Prussian War
1354:Aerial view of the
1325:Revolutions of 1848
1262:Revolutions of 1830
1057:Treaty of Lunéville
575:• Established
546:Franco-Prussian War
334:Maximilian I Joseph
5834:History of Bavaria
5829:Kingdom of Bavaria
3914:Schleswig-Holstein
2812:Kingdom of Bavaria
2431:History of Bavaria
2099:
2087:
2075:
1959:Swabia and Neuburg
1902:Rhenish Palatinate
1882:
1874:
1807:Georg von Hertling
1803:
1755:invasion of Serbia
1709:Prinzregentenjahre
1702:Georg von Hertling
1661:
1584:
1529:
1493:began speaking of
1475:Province of Saxony
1425:Kingdom of Hanover
1411:Minister-President
1403:
1360:
1321:
1300:
1168:Rhenish Palatinate
1072:Peace of Pressburg
1034:
967:History of Bavaria
892:Kingdom of Prussia
842:Kingdom of Bavaria
478:Georg von Hertling
447:Minister-President
32:Kingdom of Bavaria
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5469:Piedmont-Sardinia
5221:Sip Song Chau Tai
5031:Thirteen Colonies
4772:
4771:
4176:
4175:
3803:
3802:
3757:
3756:
3683:
3670:
3583:
3582:
3527:Ernestine duchies
3273:
3272:
3246:
3245:
3030:
3029:
2942:
2941:
2810:Media related to
2640:www.museum.bayern
2563:www.museum.bayern
2203:) (1816/17–1838)
2015:was given to the
1918:Regierungsbezirke
1823:German Revolution
1726:Military autonomy
1720:Prinzregentenzeit
1592:Otto von Bismarck
1588:German Chancellor
1414:Otto von Bismarck
1356:Walhalla memorial
1208:Mediatized Houses
1162:and parts of the
1137:Battle of Leipzig
1089:Napoleonic France
1077:Holy Roman Empire
946:German Revolution
850:Königreich Bayern
838:
837:
824:
823:
820:
819:
786:
785:
714:German Papiermark
626:German Revolution
485:• 1917–1918
473:• 1912–1917
461:• 1806–1817
431:• 1912–1913
419:• 1886–1912
389:• 1913–1918
377:• 1886-1913
365:• 1864–1886
353:• 1848–1864
341:• 1825–1848
329:• 1806–1825
272:Roman Catholicism
195:Holy Roman Empire
164:
62:Königreich Bayern
56:(1825–1918)
42:Königreich Baiern
36:(1806–1825)
5891:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5810:48.1333; 11.5667
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5708:Irish Free State
5474:Poland–Lithuania
4783:
4782:
4734:Papua New Guinea
4464:
4463:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4160:
4075:Schaumburg-Lippe
4070:
4062:
4032:
3950:
3929:
3899:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3727:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3647:Reuss-Lobenstein
3643:
3642:
3614:Schaumburg-Lippe
3592:
3591:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3482:Anhalt (Ascania)
3463:
3442:
3441:
3334:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3216:Schaumburg-Lippe
3041:
3040:
2960:
2959:
2950:
2877:
2876:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2809:
2793:
2791:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2716:www.bavarikon.de
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2588:www.bavarikon.de
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2472:
2416:Duchy of Bavaria
2388:
2372:
2356:
2340:
2333:Middle Franconia
2324:
2317:Upper Palatinate
2308:
2292:
2276:
2264:
2202:
2125:
2056:
2050:
2048:Regierungsbezirk
2044:
2038:
1971:Middle Franconia
1940:
1934:
1928:
1925:Regierungsbezirk
1920:
1896:(1806–1814) and
1888:established the
1827:Anif declaration
1686:Social Democrats
1678:Bavarian Landtag
1550:
1454:(26 July 1866).
1446:(10 July 1866).
1438:was defeated in
1379:von der Pfordten
1297:Munich Residence
1293:Crown of Bavaria
1172:Treaty of Munich
981:Elector Palatine
977:Charles Theodore
933:while receiving
869:
863:Kinereich Bayern
856:
816:
815:
802:
801:
790:
789:
777:
776:
763:
762:
749:
748:
742:
741:
726:
725:
707:German gold mark
644:12 November 1918
639:Anif declaration
579:26 December 1806
238:and largest city
176:
166:
165:
152:
144:
127:
105:
91:
73:
72:
70:Kinereich Bayern
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
50:Kinereich Baiern
45:
44:
37:
28:
27:
21:Duchy of Bavaria
5899:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5839:Former kingdoms
5819:
5818:
5809:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5776:
5701:princely states
5649:
5585:Kingdom of Fiji
5558:
5304:Austria-Hungary
5272:
5035:
4969:
4768:
4754:Solomon Islands
4668:
4650:
4582:
4497:
4455:
4387:
4333:Democratization
4301:
4245:
4212:
4207:
4177:
4172:
4138:
4134:Alsace–Lorraine
4122:
4094:
4068:
4060:
4040:
4030:
3994:
3990:Weimar-Eisenach
3970:Hesse-Darmstadt
3951:
3942:
3894:and the former
3890:(including the
3889:
3860:
3840:
3834:
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3799:
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3640:
3639:
3637:Reuss-Ebersdorf
3623:
3579:
3569:
3561:
3559:Gotha-Altenburg
3553:
3545:
3543:Coburg-Saalfeld
3537:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3476:
3461:
3433:
3429:Weimar-Eisenach
3404:Hesse-Darmstadt
3387:
3371:
3335:
3326:
3310:
3304:
3274:
3269:
3242:
3140:
3087:
3083:Weimar-Eisenach
3058:Gotha-Altenburg
3053:Coburg-Saalfeld
3036:
3026:
3000:
2974:
2951:
2938:
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2869:
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2406:King of Bavaria
2402:
2365:Lower Franconia
2285:Upper Franconia
2265:) (1838–1918):
2237:Unterdonaukreis
2187:Unterdonaukreis
2126:) (1808–1817):
2063:
1983:Upper Franconia
1866:
1819:Munich Residenz
1751:Austria-Hungary
1747:
1734:
1728:
1690:female students
1684:. In 1893, the
1682:Bavarian Centre
1643:
1565:Alsace-Lorraine
1547:Deutsches Reich
1483:
1440:Lower Franconia
1427:, then won the
1391:
1241:
1192:
1166:. Finally, the
1141:German Campaign
1131:and by Marshal
1124:Sixth Coalition
969:
963:
958:
931:Austrian Empire
919:Treaty of Paris
911:King of Bavaria
888:federated state
813:
799:
774:
760:
746:
720:
716:
709:
702:
700:Bavarian gulden
681:
641:
631:9 November 1918
628:
618:18 January 1871
615:
602:
600:Treaty of Paris
589:
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566:
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541:Napoleonic Wars
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5459:Ottoman Empire
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4421:Prince regnant
4418:
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4338:Decolonization
4335:
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4309:
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4294:
4292:Personal union
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4262:Constitutional
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4046:Principalities
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3595:
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3588:Principalities
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:Hildburghausen
3564:
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3148:
3146:
3145:Principalities
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
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3106:
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3063:Hildburghausen
3060:
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3049:
3047:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
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3008:
3006:
3005:Principalities
3002:
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2999:
2998:
2993:
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2982:
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2957:
2956:States created
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2865:
2864:
2858:States of the
2855:
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2801:
2800:External links
2798:
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2243:Untermainkreis
2240:
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2222:
2219:Oberdonaukreis
2216:
2210:
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2184:
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2163:Oberdonaukreis
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1779:United Kingdom
1746:
1743:
1730:Main article:
1727:
1724:
1642:
1639:
1627:Lake Starnberg
1600:Reservatrechte
1526:King Ludwig II
1482:
1479:
1390:
1387:
1274:German railway
1266:Hambacher Fest
1258:King of Greece
1256:being elected
1240:
1237:
1191:
1188:
1120:Treaty of Ried
1093:Peninsular War
965:Main article:
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592:8 October 1813
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569:1 January 1806
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534:Historical era
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5580:Easter Island
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5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Liechtenstein
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4414:Queen regnant
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4373:Republicanism
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4353:Head of state
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4287:Non-sovereign
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4061:(Junior Line)
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3957:Grand Duchies
3954:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3749:Sondershausen
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3689:
3688:Reuss-Schleiz
3686:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3669:(Junior Line)
3665:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Liechtenstein
3602:
3600:
3599:Hesse-Homburg
3597:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3573:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:Grand duchies
3390:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3231:Sondershausen
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Lippe-Detmold
3177:
3175:
3174:Liechtenstein
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:Other duchies
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3045:Saxon duchies
3042:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Aschaffenburg
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:Grand Duchies
2977:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:Grand Duchies
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2868:Rank elevated
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2783:
2775:
2773:1-84176-565-1
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2748:0-85045-150-7
2744:
2740:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:3-406-09669-7
2544:
2539:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2513:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Bavarian Army
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:Lower Bavaria
2347:
2344:
2339:
2338:Mittelfranken
2334:
2331:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:Upper Bavaria
2267:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:Obermainkreis
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:Lower Bavaria
1949:
1948:
1947:Upper Bavaria
1942:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1732:Bavarian Army
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:German Empire
1554:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:German Empire
1539:) of the new
1538:
1534:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Bavarian Army
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Bavarian Army
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Maximilian II
1326:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:Ultramontanes
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:crown offices
1201:
1197:
1187:
1183:
1182:and Austria.
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Duchy of Berg
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Bavarian Army
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Maximilian IV
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
968:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
935:Aschaffenburg
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:German Empire
881:
877:
873:
868:
864:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
834:
831:
829:Today part of
827:
811:
809:
806:
805:
797:
795:
792:
791:
788:
782:
779:
772:
771:
768:
765:
758:
757:
754:
751:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
715:
712:
708:
705:
701:
698:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
634:
630:
627:
621:
617:
614:
608:
604:
601:
595:
591:
588:
582:
578:
572:
568:
562:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
536:
532:
529:
526:
520:
517:
514:
508:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
488:
482:
479:
476:
470:
467:
464:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
437:
434:
428:
425:
422:
416:
412:
408:
406:
405:Prince Regent
402:
398:
395:
392:
386:
383:
380:
374:
371:
368:
362:
359:
358:Maximilian II
356:
350:
347:
344:
338:
335:
332:
326:
322:
318:
316:
312:
309:
306:
304:
300:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
273:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
234:
226:
225:German Empire
222:
221:Federal State
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:State of the
200:
196:
192:
189:
188:
186:
182:
175:
170:
150:
143:
142:
136:
132:
126:
125:
124:In Treue fest
120:
116:
110:
104:
96:
90:
82:
77:
71:
63:
51:
43:
29:
26:
22:
5786:
5757:South Africa
5752:Sierra Leone
5699:
5529:Two Sicilies
5464:Papal States
5308:
5264:
5203:
5096:
4962:
4722:Cook Islands
4575:
4561:Saudi Arabia
4490:
4166:Mitteleuropa
4157:Mittelafrika
4069:(Elder Line)
4067:Reuss-Greiz
4031:(until 1876)
4023:Coburg-Gotha
3926:West Prussia
3883:Hohenzollern
3879:Hesse-Nassau
3871:East Prussia
3851:
3725:(until 1850)
3715:(until 1850)
3703:Hohenzollern
3692:(until 1848)
3682:(Elder Line)
3680:Reuss-Greiz
3651:(until 1824)
3641:(until 1824)
3570:(until 1826)
3562:(until 1826)
3551:Coburg-Gotha
3546:(until 1826)
3517:(until 1847)
3509:(until 1863)
3501:(until 1863)
3383:Hesse-Kassel
3351:
3152:Hohenzollern
3035:Pre-existing
2886:
2782:
2763:
2757:
2738:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2715:
2706:
2694:. Retrieved
2690:
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:the original
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2500:. Retrieved
2494:
2487:
2475:
2470:
2436:Bayernpartei
2389:) (Capital:
2373:) (Capital:
2370:Unterfranken
2357:) (Capital:
2354:Niederbayern
2341:) (Capital:
2325:) (Capital:
2309:) (Capital:
2293:) (Capital:
2277:) (Capital:
2256:
2194:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2045:gave way to
2032:
2021:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1910:
1883:
1843:
1816:
1804:
1782:the city of
1763:Bosnian Serb
1748:
1735:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1675:
1664:
1662:
1658:Justizpalast
1644:
1631:dry drowning
1616:
1604:
1599:
1585:
1536:
1530:
1514:against the
1491:Napoleon III
1484:
1456:
1433:
1422:
1404:
1374:
1365:Hesse-Kassel
1361:
1322:
1301:
1245:neoclassical
1242:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1193:
1190:Constitution
1184:
1153:
1145:Grande Armée
1113:
1069:
1035:
970:
943:
896:
871:
841:
839:
735:Succeeded by
734:
729:
680:• 1910
267:
257:Upper German
134:
119:Motto:
118:
109:Coat of arms
25:
5808: /
5696:British Raj
5668:(Sri Lanka)
5554:Württemberg
5266:South Yemen
5154:Maguindanao
5047:Afghanistan
4808:Barotseland
4744:Saint Lucia
4717:New Zealand
4626:Netherlands
4399:Chhatrapati
4383:Sovereignty
4323:Aristocracy
4100:City-states
4059:Reuss-Gera
3938:Württemberg
3867:Brandenburg
3859:as a whole
3839:(1871–1918)
3762:Free cities
3736:Schwarzburg
3721:Sigmaringen
3674:(from 1848)
3667:Reuss-Gera
3661:(1824-1848)
3554:(from 1826)
3538:(from 1826)
3493:(from 1863)
3462:(from 1839)
3376:Electorates
3367:Württemberg
3309:(1815–1866)
3221:Schwarzburg
3162:Sigmaringen
2897:Württemberg
2862:(1806–1813)
2790:(in German)
2722:26 November
2718:(in German)
2696:26 November
2670:26 November
2645:26 November
2620:9 September
2594:26 November
2590:(in German)
2568:26 November
2290:Oberfranken
2189:(1808–1838)
2180:(1808–1838)
2174:(1808–1838)
2165:(1808–1838)
2156:(1808–1838)
2147:(1808–1838)
1921:, singular
1831:Kurt Eisner
1666:Kulturkampf
1516:French Army
1358:of Ludwig I
1323:During the
1308:Lola Montez
1216:Protestants
1135:. With the
1114:During the
1105:Württemberg
1061:Zweibrücken
1053:Hohenlinden
1039:Joseph (of
730:Preceded by
717:(1914–1918)
710:(1873–1914)
703:(1806–1873)
605:30 May 1814
551:World War I
500:Legislature
283:Lutheranism
277:Minorities:
228:(1871–1918)
217:(1815–1866)
206:(1806–1813)
5823:Categories
5796:11°34′00″E
5793:48°08′00″N
5762:Tanganyika
5677:The Gambia
5605:Niuē-Fekai
5544:Yugoslavia
5444:Montenegro
5251:Upper Yafa
5246:Upper Asir
4883:Madagascar
4616:Luxembourg
4348:Government
4313:Abdication
4282:Hereditary
4210:Monarchies
3922:Westphalia
3744:Rudolstadt
3409:Luxembourg
3266:until 1811
3260:until 1809
3257:until 1810
3226:Rudolstadt
3199:Lobenstein
3022:Regensburg
2970:Westphalia
2541:, Munich.
2462:References
2381:Palatinate
2327:Regensburg
2274:Oberbayern
2249:Rheinkreis
2231:Rezatkreis
2225:Regenkreis
2178:Rezatkreis
2172:Regenkreis
2112:Population
2061:Statistics
2013:Heidelberg
2001:Palatinate
1989:Palatinate
1935:(singular
1713:Ludwig III
1671:Wilhelm II
1576:photochrom
1499:Palatinate
1270:Zollverein
1233:Nebenstaat
1229:Hauptstaat
1013:Ingolstadt
975:passed to
927:Vorarlberg
870:; spelled
669:Population
394:Ludwig III
303:Government
191:Electorate
5732:Mauritius
5625:Rarotonga
5610:Nuku Hiva
5600:Mangareva
5575:Bora Bora
5454:Neuchâtel
5424:Lithuania
5329:Catalonia
5216:Sri Lanka
5169:Manchukuo
5144:Kurdistan
5098:Indonesia
5021:Talamanca
4981:Araucanía
4964:and other
4943:Wassoulou
4687:Australia
4363:Oligarchy
4036:Meiningen
4028:Lauenburg
4018:Altenburg
4013:Brunswick
3985:Oldenburg
3906:Rhineland
3887:Pomerania
3796:partially
3774:Frankfurt
3711:Hechingen
3575:Meiningen
3535:Altenburg
3472:Lauenburg
3449:Brunswick
3424:Oldenburg
3263:from 1809
3254:from 1810
3189:Ebersdorf
3157:Hechingen
3136:Oldenburg
3068:Meiningen
2991:Frankfurt
2512:cite book
2322:Oberpfalz
2207:Isarkreis
2154:Mainkreis
2145:Isarkreis
2054:Landkreis
1906:Franconia
1608:Wagnerian
1578:print of
1574:An 1890s
1533:Wilhelm I
1512:Frederick
1467:Kaulsdorf
1407:Ludwig II
1282:Nuremberg
1097:faced war
1070:The 1805
1021:Austrians
882:into the
684:6,524,372
370:Ludwig II
288:Calvinism
268:Majority:
264:Religion
79:1806–1918
5747:Rhodesia
5742:Pakistan
5661:Barbados
5630:Rimatara
5620:Rapa Iti
5549:Valencia
5524:Tavolara
5514:Scotland
5479:Portugal
5439:Moldavia
5324:Bulgaria
5319:Brittany
5294:Asturias
5174:Mongolia
5164:Maldives
5026:Trinidad
5016:Suriname
4974:Americas
4958:Zimbabwe
4953:Zanzibar
4938:Wituland
4913:Ngazidja
4908:Ndzuwani
4843:Ethiopia
4566:Thailand
4546:Malaysia
4526:Cambodia
4476:Eswatini
4272:Elective
4257:Absolute
3845:Kingdoms
3498:Bernburg
3454:Holstein
3340:Kingdoms
3169:Isenburg
3121:Arenberg
3104:Bernburg
3078:Eisenach
2996:Würzburg
2963:Kingdoms
2880:Kingdoms
2872:Napoleon
2400:See also
2375:Würzburg
2359:Landshut
2311:Augsburg
2306:Schwaben
2295:Bayreuth
2101:Source:
2009:Mannheim
1898:Salzburg
1886:Napoleon
1694:indirect
1619:Luitpold
1459:Gersfeld
1452:Roßbrunn
1221:Ludwig I
1003:, under
939:Würzburg
859:Bavarian
693:Currency
424:Luitpold
346:Ludwig I
259:dialects
253:Bavarian
5737:Nigeria
5712:Ireland
5640:Tahuata
5615:Raiatea
5595:Huahine
5570:Abemama
5563:Oceania
5534:Tuscany
5489:Romania
5484:Prussia
5449:Navarre
5429:Majorca
5409:Ireland
5404:Imereti
5399:Iceland
5394:Hungary
5389:Hanover
5384:Granada
5374:Germany
5369:Georgia
5364:Galicia
5354:Finland
5344:Corsica
5339:Cilicia
5309:Bavaria
5299:Austria
5284:Albania
5256:Vietnam
5199:Sarawak
5189:Qu'aiti
5124:Kathiri
5087:Dapitan
5062:Bukhara
5011:Miskito
4933:Tunisia
4923:Shilluk
4833:Dahomey
4823:Burundi
4813:Bagirmi
4793:Adamawa
4712:Jamaica
4707:Grenada
4692:Bahamas
4656:Oceania
4606:Denmark
4601:Belgium
4596:Andorra
4511:Bahrain
4486:Morocco
4481:Lesotho
4460:Current
4451:Pharaoh
4404:Emperor
4343:Dynasty
4297:Regency
4277:Federal
4267:Diarchy
4221:Monarch
4113:Hamburg
4000:Duchies
3918:Silesia
3875:Hanover
3857:Prussia
3852:Bavaria
3779:Hamburg
3459:Limburg
3438:Duchies
3362:Hanover
3352:Bavaria
3347:Prussia
3322:Austria
3315:Empires
3238:Waldeck
3204:Schleiz
2927:Duchies
2887:Bavaria
2502:15 July
2426:Bavaria
2343:Ansbach
2028:Ostheim
1788:Belgium
1784:Antwerp
1775:Belgium
1610:-style
1561:annexed
1463:Bad Orb
1442:at the
1196:Landtag
1180:Prussia
1101:Austria
956:History
929:to the
905:of the
833:Germany
637:•
624:•
611:•
598:•
585:•
504:Landtag
293:Judaism
236:Capital
223:of the
212:of the
193:of the
135:Anthem:
5772:Uganda
5722:Malawi
5687:Guyana
5666:Ceylon
5645:Tahiti
5635:Rurutu
5590:Hawaii
5519:Serbia
5504:Saxony
5494:Russia
5379:Greece
5359:France
5349:Cyprus
5334:Crimea
5314:Bosnia
5289:Aragon
5277:Europe
5241:Taiwan
5211:Sikkim
5194:Ryukyu
5179:Najran
5077:Chehab
5057:Bengal
5006:Mexico
4991:Brazil
4918:Rwanda
4898:Maravi
4798:Ankole
4786:Africa
4778:Former
4759:Tuvalu
4702:Canada
4697:Belize
4641:Sweden
4631:Norway
4621:Monaco
4588:Europe
4541:Kuwait
4536:Jordan
4521:Brunei
4516:Bhutan
4468:Africa
4441:Sultan
4392:Titles
4306:Topics
4118:Lübeck
4108:Bremen
4008:Anhalt
3933:Saxony
3910:Saxony
3863:Berlin
3784:Lübeck
3769:Bremen
3514:Köthen
3506:Dessau
3490:Anhalt
3467:Nassau
3357:Saxony
3114:Köthen
3109:Dessau
3099:Anhalt
3073:Weimar
3037:states
2934:Nassau
2892:Saxony
2770:
2745:
2665:Ranker
2545:
2480:p. 102
2391:Speyer
2301:Swabia
2279:Munich
2262:Kreise
2200:Kreise
2123:Kreise
2042:Bezirk
1932:Kreise
1771:Russia
1767:France
1698:direct
1623:regent
1537:Kaiser
1506:. The
1495:France
1343:under
1158:, the
1129:Ludwig
1083:. The
1065:Jülich
1017:Saxony
1009:Munich
1005:Moreau
1001:French
989:Jülich
979:, the
899:polity
872:Baiern
846:German
451:
436:Ludwig
409:
319:
243:Munich
198:(1806)
184:Status
149:German
145:
137:
5727:Malta
5717:Kenya
5692:India
5682:Ghana
5509:Savoy
5499:Samos
5414:Italy
5261:Yemen
5236:Tibet
5231:Syria
5184:Nepal
5159:Mahra
5139:Kumul
5134:Korea
5129:Khiva
5108:Qajar
5092:Hejaz
5082:China
5067:Burma
4996:Haiti
4986:Aztec
4903:Mwali
4893:Maore
4873:Libya
4868:Kongo
4863:Kaffa
4858:Gumma
4853:Gomma
4848:Ghana
4838:Egypt
4818:Bornu
4803:Aussa
4664:Tonga
4636:Spain
4556:Qatar
4531:Japan
4143:Other
4054:Lippe
3965:Baden
3902:Posen
3629:Reuss
3609:Lippe
3399:Baden
3194:Greiz
3184:Reuss
3017:Leyen
2918:Hesse
2913:Baden
2386:Pfalz
2036:Kreis
1938:Kreis
1894:Tyrol
1884:When
1761:by a
1375:Trias
1278:Fürth
1149:Hanau
1109:Italy
1099:with
923:Tyrol
654:Area
210:State
5672:Fiji
5226:Sulu
5205:Shan
5149:Laos
5114:Iraq
5104:Iran
5072:Cebu
5052:Asir
5040:Asia
5001:Inca
4948:Yeke
4888:Mali
4878:Luba
4727:Niue
4577:list
4551:Oman
4503:Asia
4492:list
4446:Shah
4436:Tsar
4431:khan
4426:Raja
4409:King
4250:Type
3211:Salm
2986:Berg
2768:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2724:2023
2698:2023
2672:2023
2647:2023
2622:2012
2596:2023
2570:2023
2543:ISBN
2518:link
2504:2022
2106:Area
2051:and
2039:and
2011:and
1986:and
1904:and
1799:Lwów
1777:the
1769:and
1718:The
1647:Otto
1465:and
1434:The
1291:The
1280:and
1254:Otto
1176:Main
1107:and
1063:and
993:Berg
991:and
937:and
925:and
897:The
840:The
660:1910
382:Otto
315:King
95:Flag
5434:Man
2870:by
1786:in
1753:'s
1696:to
1147:at
909:as
5825::
5710:/
5698:,
3924:,
3920:,
3916:,
3912:,
3908:,
3904:,
3900:,
3885:,
3881:,
3877:,
3873:,
3869:,
3865:,
2714:.
2689:.
2663:.
2638:.
2586:.
2561:.
2526:^
2514:}}
2510:{{
2057:.
1980:,
1974:,
1968:,
1962:,
1956:,
1950:,
1856:,
1841:.
1741:.
1715:.
1518:.
1461:,
1295:,
1284:.
1151:.
1095:,
952:.
941:.
894:.
861::
857:;
848::
255:,
5704:)
5694:(
5269:)
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5110:)
5106:(
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4195:t
4188:v
3928:)
3898:)
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3829:e
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3815:v
3299:e
3292:t
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2851:e
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2837:v
2776:.
2751:.
2726:.
2700:.
2674:.
2649:.
2624:.
2598:.
2572:.
2520:)
2506:.
2482:.
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2383:(
2377:)
2367:(
2361:)
2351:(
2345:)
2335:(
2329:)
2319:(
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2303:(
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