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381:
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1432:" . He hurriedly sent Baron Karl von Gravenreuth to Paris with instructions to reject a confederation which he said gave to the Protector a power "more extensive than the Emperor of Germany ever had". Von Gravenreuth was detained long enough at the French border so that when he finally arrived in Paris all the other princes had signed. He therefore found it unadvisable to deliver the King’s views on the matter. In the words of Enno E. Kraehe: "Only by such crude methods was Napoleon able at last to found the Confederation of the Rhine".
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suggested that the rulers of the
Confederation of the Rhine were made revolutionaries by Napoleon himself. Opposition to the emperor would have been possible only by renouncing the power that he had given to them. "He had not made satellites which were politically incapable of action and forced to be
1524:
at that time. They had to pay a very high price for their new status, however. The
Confederation was above all a military alliance; the member states had to maintain substantial armies for mutual defense and supply France with large numbers of military personnel. As events played out, the members
1418:
The formation of the
Confederation of the Rhine was not altogether a voluntary option for its future member states. Negotiations between France and the princes who had been selected by Napoleon to be members of the future alliance had been dragging on for the first six months of 1806 when Napoleon
1556:
After
Prussia lost to France in 1806, Napoleon cajoled most of the secondary states of Germany into the Confederation of the Rhine. Eventually, an additional 23 German states joined the Confederation. It was at its largest in 1808, when it included 36 states—four kingdoms, five grand duchies, 13
2841:
redrew the continent's political map. Napoleonic creations such as the huge
Kingdom of Westphalia, the Grand Duchy of Berg and the Duchy of Würzburg were abolished; suppressed states, including Hanover, the Brunswick duchies, Hesse-Kassel and Oldenburg, were reinstated. On the other hand, most
1700:
A third group formed the states that joined after 1806. These included the numerous smaller northern and central German territories, except for Saxony. In these, the internal changes were minimal. The reforms remained significantly limited in these states. However, there were also considerable
1423:
to sign the treaty of the new alliance, whose terms had been decided between him and
Napoleon. This caused consternation among the envoys given that the terms were far more onerous for the princes than what had been expected. They all protested that they were not empowered to sign before their
1525:
of the confederation found themselves more subordinated to
Napoleon than they had been to the Habsburgs when they were within the Holy Roman Empire. In order to add luster to his newly-founded dynasty, the French Emperor pressed hard to arrange a marriage between his step-son
2818:
opposing
Napoleon dissolved the Confederation of the Rhine on 4 November 1813. After its demise, the only attempt at political coordination in Germany until the creation on 8 June 1815 of the German Confederation was a body called the Central Administration Council (German:
1668:
until 1813. Because of the collapse of the
Napoleonic supremacy, this position could no longer justify its own existence. These new foundations were intended to serve as a model for the remaining Rhine federal states through their legal and social policies, such as the
757:. They were later joined by 19 others, altogether ruling a total of over 15 million people. This granted a significant strategic advantage to the French Empire on its eastern frontier by providing a buffer between France and the two largest German states,
1455:" was a hereditary office of the Emperor of the French, Napoleon. On 1 August, as the treaty compelled them to do, the members of the confederation formally seceded from the Holy Roman Empire, and on 6 August, following an ultimatum by Napoleon,
864:
and Berg to that of grand duchy. With French encouragement, the vestiges of small
Imperial estates in the region were annexed. This reorganisation of the right bank of the Rhine laid the groundwork for the Confederation of the Rhine.
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244:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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Both French influence and internal autonomy varied greatly throughout the confederations' existence. There was also a great variation between the power and influence of the individual states. There are three basic types:
1428:, who alone among the princes had been sent a copy of the proposed treaty, was aghast. Among other things, Bavaria would lose control of its foreign policy which would now be in the hands of Napoleon, the "
3164:
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had been annexed outright by the French Empire. Thus, as either emperor of the French or protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon was now the overlord of all of Germany except Austria,
860:. He also worked toward establishing an alliance with Baden, Bavaria and Württemberg. Francis II had to assent to the elevation of both Bavaria and Württemberg to the rank of kingdom and Baden,
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members of the Confederation of the Rhine located in central and southern Germany survived with minor border changes. They, along with the reinstated states, Prussia, and Austria, formed the
789:
territories east of the Rhine were absorbed by larger states. Over three million people were affected by this change. All ecclesiastical territories save one were secularized and most
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1692:. These were not dependent areas but in many ways Napoleon's true allies. Although these states took inspiration from the French model, they also went their own way. The historian
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princess in 1804 but it’s only in 1806, following his elevation to the status of king, that Max Joseph gave in to Napoleon’s pressure. Other royal marriages were arranged between
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According to the treaty, the confederation was to be run by common constitutional bodies, but the individual states (in particular the larger ones) wanted unlimited
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in 1805, Napoleon could significantly reassert his position in the German states. Furthermore, Austria had to concede territory and Napoleon named his brothers
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decided to rush things. On 12 July, the Paris envoys of the various princes were summoned to the ministry of Foreign Affairs to find themselves instructed by
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designed to be a parliament-like body although it never actually assembled. The President of the Council of the Princes was the Prince of Nassau-Usingen.
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The following table shows the members of the confederation, with their date of joining, as well as the number of troops provided, listed in parentheses.
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264:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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1713:, on the other hand, Minister Ernst Franz Ludwig Marshal von Bieberstein ensured moderate administrative modernization and the introduction of
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shortly afterward. The Confederation of the Rhine lasted for only seven years, from 1806 to 1813, dissolving after Napoleon's defeat in the
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became kingdoms. Several member states were also enlarged with the absorption of the territories of Imperial counts and knights who were
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822:
488:
162:
115:
70:
134:
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1398:
394:
141:
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957:
4144:
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1338:
1269:
1202:
3149:
148:
743:
537:
4114:
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933:
249:
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3333:
1304:
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272:
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masters authorized them to do so, but Talleyrand compelled them to sign then and there and so they did under duress.
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181:
84:
3032:, in The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France at the End of the Holy Roman Empire, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 102.
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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In 1810 large parts of what is now northwest Germany were quickly annexed to France in order to better monitor the
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The first group formed the "Model States", which were mostly ruled by relatives of Napoleon. These include the
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obedient through use of force, but real allies who followed in his well-understood policy reasons of state."
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991:
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The Confederation of the Rhine collapsed in 1813, in the aftermath of Napoleon's failed invasion of the
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1923:
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1170:
913:
818:
747:
3824:
3519:
3017:
2066:
1955:
4129:
4124:
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3184:
2768:
987:
983:
918:
833:
3725:
3514:
2034:
1681:
3997:
3990:
3819:
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1959:
1661:
1479:
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280:
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963:
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benefited the most from these changes. The disappearance of ecclesiastical territories meant the
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Union of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg, both co-founders; annexed by France 13 December 1810 (323)
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802:
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2744:
2217:
1582:
1128:
1022:
774:
426:
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of the confederation. As such, he was President of the College of Kings and presided over the
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on the one side and France on the other, Bavaria, Baden and Wurttemberg allied with Napoleon.
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Hans A. Schmitt. "Germany Without Prussia: A Closer Look at the Confederation of the Rhine".
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lost important political support. The end of the crippled Holy Roman Empire was foreseeable.
301:
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3328:
3308:
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2600:
2576:
1803:
1689:
1685:
1534:
1521:
1505:
1462:
1320:
1148:
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861:
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794:
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8:
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3258:
3105:
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1597:, plus previously independent Switzerland, which were not included in the Confederation.
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Napoleonische Herrschafts- und Gesellschaftspolitik im Königreich Westfalen 1807–1813
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In return for their support of Napoleon, some rulers were given higher statuses:
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occupied by France, a new order of Central European states was established. The
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English translation of the treaty establishing the Confederation of the Rhine
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French version of the treaty establishing the Confederation of the Rhine
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Metternich’s German Policy, Vol. I: The Contest With Napoleon, 1799–1814
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2018:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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in 1808, and then by Napoleon himself. The third model state was the
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The founding members of the confederation were German princes of the
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and Austria (which also controlled substantial non-German lands).
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Chart for the structure of the Confederation as projected in 1806
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On signing the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (German:
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1482:, the former Arch Chancellor, who now bore the title of a
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to this template: there are already 1,880 articles in the
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Creation of the Confederation of the Rhine, 12 July, 1806
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Von der französischen Revolution bis zum Wiener Kongress.
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Heinrich Friedrich Karl Reichsfreiherr vom und zum Stein
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om Staatenbund zum Nationalstaat: Deutschland 1806–1871
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1709:, the old structures remained almost unchanged. In the
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a machine-translated version of the German article.
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1623:, when it became apparent Napoleon would lose the
817:in 1804 to counter the loss of prestige. When the
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1834:
585:• Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine
3046:. Göttingen/Zürich: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3030:A Matter of Survival: Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom
2827:(1757–1831). It was dissolved on 20 June 1815.
2412:
1974:
1732:Member states of the Confederation of the Rhine
2340:
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2204:Co-founder; mediatized 13 December 1810 (379)
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1802:
1619:. Many of its members changed sides after the
1443:of sovereign states (the treaty called it the
279:accompanying your translation by providing an
224:Click for important translation instructions.
211:expand this article with text translated from
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3165:
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1866:
1399:
2992:, Princeton Legacy Library, 2016 , p. 48-49.
1445:
1267:
1153:
821:broke out in 1805, with Russia, Austria and
354:
340:
1676:The second group were the reform states of
781:led to a radical transformation within the
85:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4135:States and territories established in 1806
3679:
3665:
3172:
3158:
1406:
1392:
393:
3408:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
2979:Oldenbourg: Munich, 2001, pp. 83–84.
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2769:Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
2467:Annexed by France 13 December 1810 (800)
321:Learn how and when to remove this message
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
3106:"The First Treaty of Paris, 30 May 1814"
2834:declared the German states independent.
2242:Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
1631:Types of states within the Confederation
1461:
16:Napoleonic union of German client states
3041:
2866:List of French possessions and colonies
852:, respectively, and his brother-in-law
4107:
2977:Vom Ancien Regime zum Wiener Kongress.
2936:
2745:Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2218:Principality of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
1439:), 16 German states joined in a loose
399:The Confederation of the Rhine in 1812
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3153:
2094:
1581:. The west bank of the Rhine and the
4140:Client states of the Napoleonic Wars
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1721:
744:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
193:
120:adding citations to reliable sources
91:
50:
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1934:Co-founder; in personal union with
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1701:differences among these states. In
13:
3059:Liberalismus als regierende Partei
14:
4156:
3127:
1426:King Maximilian Joseph of Bavaria
742:. Its creation brought about the
66:This article has multiple issues.
4120:1813 disestablishments in Europe
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3402:
3056:
3001:For the treaty (in French), see
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2721:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
2713:
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2529:Principality of Reuss-Lobenstein
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1936:
1916:
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1882:, both formerly Duchies (5,000)
1860:
1828:
1796:
1762:
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708:Confederated States of the Rhine
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645:
379:
337:Confederated States of the Rhine
198:
96:
55:
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2793:Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont
2481:Principality of Reuss-Ebersdorf
1166:German revolutions of 1848–1849
107:needs additional citations for
74:or discuss these issues on the
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2995:
2982:
2969:
2956:
2909:
2893:
1896:Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt
1453:Protector of the Confederation
1430:Protector of the Confederation
730:some months after he defeated
289:You may also add the template
1:
4145:1806 establishments in Europe
2966:Munich, 1974, pp. 74–78.
2553:Principality of Reuss-Schleiz
2390:Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2366:Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2342:Principality of Lippe-Detmold
2318:Principality of Liechtenstein
1943:Principality of Aschaffenburg
779:Final Imperial Recess of 1803
764:
726:established at the behest of
2929:
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2797:
2773:
2749:
2725:
2701:
2677:
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2649:Duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen
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2533:
2509:
2485:
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2418:
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2222:
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2126:
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2012:
1980:
1928:
1900:
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1840:
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131:"Confederation of the Rhine"
7:
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2505:Principality of Reuss-Greiz
2443:, both co-founders (1,680)
1474:. Instead of a monarchical
291:{{Translated|de|Rheinbund}}
261:will aid in categorization.
10:
4161:
4115:Confederation of the Rhine
3689:Confederation of the Rhine
3440:Confederation of the Rhine
3144:Confederation of the Rhine
1924:Principality of Regensburg
1652:was first administered by
1625:War of the Sixth Coalition
1171:North German Confederation
1141:Confederation of the Rhine
819:War of the Third Coalition
748:War of the Sixth Coalition
712:Confederation of the Rhine
236:Machine translation, like
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2953:6, No. 4 (1983), pp 9–39.
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213:the corresponding article
3042:Berding, Helmut (1973).
2905:États confédérés du Rhin
2901:Rheinische Bundesstaaten
2881:
2266:Principality of Isenburg
2122:Duchy of Anhalt-Bernburg
1960:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
1662:Grand Duchy of Frankfurt
1551:Catharina of Württemberg
1539:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
1480:Karl Theodor von Dalberg
1447:États confédérés du Rhin
356:États confédérés du Rhin
342:Rheinische Bundesstaaten
3495:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
3018:Encyclopædia Britannica
2871:List of German monarchs
2673:Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen
2067:Grand Duchy of Würzburg
797:. Besides Prussia, the
609:• Dissolved after
300:For more guidance, see
2975:Elisabeth Fehrenbach,
2820:
2170:Duchy of Anhalt-Köthen
2146:Duchy of Anhalt-Dessau
2108:Notes and troop count
2035:Kingdom of Württemberg
1790:Notes and troop count
1757:1808 (greatest extent)
1583:Principality of Erfurt
1467:
1446:
1436:
1268:
1154:
1023:Linear Pottery culture
775:left bank of the Rhine
710:, simply known as the
355:
341:
3146:on Napoleon Guide.com
3110:www.historyhome.co.uk
2951:German Studies Review
2921:Confédération du Rhin
2823:); its president was
2821:Zentralverwaltungsrat
2290:Principality of Leyen
2082:Grand duke of Tuscany
2008:Kingdom of Westphalia
1878:Co-founder; absorbed
1642:Kingdom of Westphalia
1527:Eugène de Beauharnais
1491:of the Confederation,
1465:
949:Territorial evolution
830:victory at Austerlitz
433:Common languages
302:Knowledge:Translation
273:copyright attribution
3960:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3955:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
3185:French Revolutionary
2844:German Confederation
2697:Duchy of Saxe-Weimar
2601:Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
2577:Principality of Salm
2080:creation for former
1947:Prince-Archbishopric
1804:Grand Duchy of Baden
1285:Expulsion of Germans
1251:Contemporary Germany
1149:German Confederation
803:Duchy of Württemberg
791:free imperial cities
740:Battle of Austerlitz
666:German Confederation
116:improve this article
3390:Swiss Confederation
2861:League of the Rhine
2830:On 30 May 1814 the
2625:Duchy of Saxe-Gotha
2300:Co-founder; former
2086:Elector of Salzburg
2045:Co-founder; former
1906:Co-founder; former
1868:Grand Duchy of Berg
1846:Co-founder; former
1814:Co-founder; former
1715:religious tolerance
1650:Grand Duchy of Berg
1099:Early Modern period
1086:Eastward settlement
799:Electorate of Baden
771:Treaty of Lunéville
716:Rhine Confederation
386:Commemorative medal
33: /
3548:Lucca and Piombino
2856:History of Germany
2839:Congress of Vienna
2837:In 1814–1815, the
2457:Duchy of Oldenburg
2095:College of Princes
2021:creation (25,000)
1836:Kingdom of Bavaria
1610:Continental System
1531:Augusta of Bavaria
1468:
1379:History portal
1365:Germany portal
1116:Kingdom of Prussia
1076:Kingdom of Germany
1048:Barbarian kingdoms
858:Grand Duke of Berg
834:Peace of Pressburg
832:and the resultant
815:Emperor of Austria
813:took the title of
281:interlanguage link
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3076:. pp. 23–24.
2887:Explanatory notes
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2304:or graviate (29)
2276:Co-founder (291)
2252:Co-founder (193)
2194:Duchy of Arenberg
2092:
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1976:Kingdom of Saxony
1953:; after 1810 the
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1621:Battle of Leipzig
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611:Battle of Leipzig
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209:You can help
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172:November 2023
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133: –
132:
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127:Find sources:
121:
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105:This article
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42:50.117; 8.683
3981:Hohenzollern
3864:Pre-existing
3688:
3439:
3329:Transpadania
3113:. Retrieved
3109:
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2105:Year joined
1908:landgraviate
1787:Year joined
1725:
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1561:, seventeen
1555:
1495:
1487:
1469:
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1417:
1233:World War II
1223:Nazi Germany
1184:German Reich
1140:
1111:18th century
1106:Sectionalism
1071:East Francia
827:
768:
752:
715:
711:
707:
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635:Succeeded by
634:
629:
589:12 July 1806
545:• 1813
476:Confederated
317:
277:edit summary
268:
248:
218:
210:
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169:
159:
152:
145:
138:
126:
114:Please help
109:verification
106:
82:
75:
69:
68:Please help
65:
18:
4050:Schwarzburg
3991:Sigmaringen
3726:Württemberg
3691:(1806–1813)
3601:Netherlands
3515:Württemberg
3362:Switzerland
3344:Netherlands
3304:Parthenopea
3191:(1792–1815)
2799:11 Apr 1807
2775:11 Apr 1807
2751:11 Apr 1807
2727:11 Apr 1807
2703:15 Dec 1806
2679:15 Dec 1806
2655:15 Dec 1806
2631:15 Dec 1806
2607:15 Dec 1806
2583:25 Jul 1806
2559:11 Apr 1807
2535:11 Apr 1807
2511:11 Apr 1807
2487:11 Apr 1807
2463:14 Oct 1808
2420:12 Jul 1806
2396:18 Feb 1808
2372:22 Mar 1808
2348:11 Apr 1807
2324:12 Jul 1806
2296:12 Jul 1806
2272:12 Jul 1806
2248:12 Jul 1806
2224:12 Jul 1806
2200:12 Jul 1806
2176:11 Apr 1807
2152:11 Apr 1807
2128:11 Apr 1807
2073:23 Sep 1806
2041:12 Jul 1806
2014:15 Nov 1807
1982:11 Dec 1806
1945:; formerly
1930:12 Jul 1806
1902:12 Jul 1806
1874:12 Jul 1806
1842:12 Jul 1806
1816:margraviate
1810:12 Jul 1806
1703:Mecklenburg
1694:Lothar Gall
1682:Württemberg
1535:Wittelsbach
1514:Württemberg
1472:sovereignty
1203:World War I
1129:Unification
1065:Middle Ages
1000:Württemberg
980:Family tree
888:History of
785:. Some 112
630:Preceded by
560:Legislature
448:Catholicism
40: /
4109:Categories
4095:until 1811
4089:until 1809
4086:until 1810
4055:Rudolstadt
4028:Lobenstein
3851:Regensburg
3799:Westphalia
3563:Pontecorvo
3505:Westphalia
3480:Regensburg
3416:Napoleonic
3319:Subalpinia
3279:Cispadania
3274:Cisalpinia
2919:; French:
2903:; French:
2078:Napoleonic
2051:electorate
2019:Napoleonic
1992:electorate
1951:Electorate
1852:electorate
1820:electorate
1522:mediatized
1457:Francis II
1421:Talleyrand
1343:since 1990
1326:New states
1270:Ostgebiete
1263:Occupation
1156:Zollverein
1004:Mediatised
914:Chronology
828:After the
811:Francis II
793:underwent
769:After the
765:Background
722:of German
599:dissolved
508:Napoleon I
472:Government
463:Demonym(s)
142:newspapers
71:improve it
4092:from 1809
4083:from 1810
4018:Ebersdorf
3986:Hechingen
3965:Oldenburg
3897:Meiningen
3820:Frankfurt
3465:Frankfurt
3419:creations
3324:Tiberinia
3200:republics
3072:Siemann.
2930:Citations
2917:Rheinbund
2810:Aftermath
2425:Union of
2302:countship
2053:(12,000)
1994:(20,000)
1854:(30,000)
1589:, Danish
1569:towns of
1500:, Hesse,
1312:1949–1990
1289:1944–1950
1237:1939–1945
1227:1933–1945
1217:1918–1933
1207:1914–1918
1197:1871–1918
972:Empresses
869:Formation
844:kings of
787:immediate
489:Protector
441:Religion
427:Frankfurt
372:1806–1813
295:talk page
247:Consider
215:in German
77:talk page
3998:Isenburg
3950:Arenberg
3933:Bernburg
3907:Eisenach
3825:Würzburg
3792:Kingdoms
3709:Kingdoms
3701:Napoleon
3520:Würzburg
3380:Rauracia
3370:Helvetia
3309:Piedmont
3233:Connacht
3090:Archived
2915:German:
2899:German:
2850:See also
2635:(1,100)
2376:(1,900)
2088:(2,000)
1910:(4,000)
1822:(8,000)
1591:Holstein
1451:. The "
1305:division
964:Monarchs
924:Military
879:a series
877:Part of
801:and the
728:Napoleon
718:, was a
271:provide
4067:Waldeck
4033:Schleiz
3756:Duchies
3716:Bavaria
3607:Holland
3568:Tuscany
3538:Etruria
3510:Wetzlar
3450:Bavaria
3427:Germany
3375:Lemania
3352:Batavia
3294:Liguria
3269:Brescia
3264:Bologna
3259:Bergamo
3227:Ireland
3209:Germany
3183:of the
3014:Germany
1986:Former
1678:Bavaria
1666:Dalberg
1587:Prussia
1571:Hamburg
1559:duchies
1518:Bavaria
992:Prussia
988:Bavaria
984:Austria
939:Judaism
929:Economy
890:Germany
850:Holland
807:emperor
759:Prussia
738:at the
732:Austria
699:Austria
691:Germany
595:•
467:Rhenish
423:Capital
415:of the
293:to the
275:in the
217:.
156:scholar
25:50°07′N
3943:Köthen
3938:Dessau
3928:Anhalt
3902:Weimar
3866:states
3763:Nassau
3721:Saxony
3628:Danzig
3623:Warsaw
3615:Poland
3558:Naples
3500:Saxony
3460:Erfurt
3385:Valais
3334:Venice
3254:Ancona
3198:Sister
3115:12 May
3057:Gall.
2816:allies
2803:(400)
2779:(325)
2755:(325)
2731:(150)
2707:(800)
2683:(300)
2659:(200)
2611:(400)
2563:(125)
2539:(108)
2515:(117)
2491:(100)
2400:(400)
2352:(500)
2180:(210)
2156:(350)
2132:(240)
1962:(968)
1880:Cleves
1707:Saxony
1688:, and
1658:Naples
1648:. The
1644:under
1608:, the
1593:, and
1579:Bremen
1577:, and
1575:Lübeck
1512:, and
1504:, and
1502:Cleves
996:Saxony
968:Queens
908:Topics
881:on the
846:Naples
838:Joseph
736:Russia
523:
493:
479:French
405:Status
363:French
359:
349:German
345:
158:
151:
144:
137:
129:
28:8°41′E
4023:Greiz
4013:Reuss
3846:Leyen
3747:Hesse
3742:Baden
3644:Spain
3638:Spain
3591:Egypt
3586:Malta
3543:Italy
3530:Italy
3475:Leyen
3470:Hesse
3445:Baden
3299:Lucca
3289:Italy
3284:Crema
3241:Italy
3217:Mainz
2882:Notes
2047:duchy
1988:duchy
1848:duchy
1686:Baden
1604:with
1567:Hansa
1498:Baden
944:Women
842:Louis
238:DeepL
163:JSTOR
149:books
4040:Salm
3815:Berg
3485:Salm
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3314:Rome
3249:Alba
3187:and
3117:2021
3003:here
2814:The
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1949:and
1769:1812
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1489:Diet
1333:1990
1302:East
1298:West
976:1918
934:LGBT
848:and
840:and
734:and
706:The
564:Diet
269:must
267:You
231:View
135:news
3699:by
3016:at
714:or
411:of
240:or
118:by
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