Judaism - Knowledge

6831: 13180:

and thus obeying Him, then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community. It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come....Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem, and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King, is nothing but a surgical procedure, or worse, could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come—at which point, what good is Messiah Yeshua, the Word of HaShem to you? He would have died for nothing!...As a convert from the nations, part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant, if you are a male, is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision. Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member (that is, being made righteous before HaShem, and thus obtaining eternal life), but it is a requirement of obedience to God's commandments, because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham, whether born into the family, adopted, or converted....If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is, and that is an act of obedience, rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life, then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death, the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him, then pursue circumcision, and thus conversion into Judaism, as an act of obedience to the Messiah.

13081:

evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions. The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians. The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer. Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom. Similarly, the missions' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah. Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism, it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth. The ideology, rhetoric, and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced.

12387:

be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has gone unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time.…Members of the Society of Friends—German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries—were particularly successful in rescuing Jews.…Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.

6536: 5802: 3712: 4059:) is most common as a self-description among Israeli families of "eastern" origin (i.e., the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa). This term, as commonly used, has nothing to do with Conservative Judaism, which also names itself "Masorti" outside North America. Only a few authors, like Elliot Nelson Dorff, consider the American Conservative (masorti) movement and Israeli masorti sector to be one and the same. There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways "secular" and "traditional" are used in Israel: they often overlap, and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance. The term "Orthodox" is not popular in Israeli discourse, although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the Jewish diaspora. What would be called "Orthodox" in the diaspora includes what is commonly called 10104:

particular, marked through practice as Jew or Greek, and through anatomy as male or female, the spirit is universal. Paul did not, however, reject the body—as did, for instance, the gnostics—but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place, albeit subordinated to the spirit. Paul's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well. Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component, so also is language itself. It is composed of outer, material signs and inner, spiritual significations. When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited, the physical, fleshy signs of the Torah, of historical Judaism, are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity.

3536:(also known as Liberal or Reform Judaism) accept the child as Jewish if one of the parents is Jewish, if the parents raise the child with a Jewish identity, but not the smaller regional branches. All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts, although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud. The conversion process is evaluated by an authority, and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge. Converts are called "ben Abraham" or "bat Abraham", (son or daughter of Abraham). Conversions have on occasion been overturned. In 2008, Israel's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews, mostly from Russian immigrant families, even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi. 4809: 3491:. Consequently, in his view, Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories, such as religion, ethnicity, or culture. Boyarin suggests that this in part reflects the fact that much of Judaism's more than 3,000-year history predates the rise of Western culture and occurred outside the West (that is, Europe, particularly medieval and modern Europe). During this time, Jews experienced slavery, anarchic and theocratic self-government, conquest, occupation, and exile. In the Jewish diaspora, they were in contact with, and influenced by, ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, and Hellenic cultures, as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment (see 5593: 2976: 2352: 5954: 6589: 5868: 3170: 5192: 4912: 4404: 5225: 4465: 4170: 2170: 4899: 2390: 4669:, the weekly day of rest lasting from shortly before sundown on Friday night to nightfall on Saturday night, commemorates God's day of rest after six days of creation. It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law. At sundown on Friday, the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing. The evening meal begins with the Kiddush, a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine, and the Mohtzi, a blessing recited over the bread. It is customary to have 5756: 4709: 3540:

converted to another religion is no longer a Jew, and the Israeli Government has also taken that stance after Supreme Court cases and statutes. However, the Reform movement has indicated that this is not so cut and dried, and different situations call for consideration and differing actions. For example, Jews who have converted under duress may be permitted to return to Judaism "without any action on their part but their desire to rejoin the Jewish community" and "A proselyte who has become an apostate remains, nevertheless, a Jew".

3720: 3947: 5684: 6132: 6816: 4891: 2022: 5211: 4481: 2366: 4871:, ("Day of Atonement") is the holiest day of the Jewish year. It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one's sins. Observant Jews spend the entire day in the synagogue, sometimes with a short break in the afternoon, reciting prayers from a special holiday prayerbook called a "Machzor". Many non-religious Jews make a point of attending synagogue services and fasting on Yom Kippur. On the eve of Yom Kippur, before candles are lit, a prefast meal, the " 1892: 13681:... Rabbi Yisroel Dovid Weiss, spokesman and assistant director of a small anti-Zionist group with a foothold in this town in Rockland County, home to one of the nation's largest communities of Hasidic Jews... "we had to let the world know, especially the Arab world and the Muslim world, that we are not their enemies," he said in an interview, a Palestinian flag with the phrase "A Jew Not a Zionist," written in Hebrew, English and Arabic pinned to the lapel of his coat... 2784: 2678:(1) God is the Creator of all created beings; (2) He is premundane and has no peer or associate; (3) the whole universe is created; (4) God called Moses and the other Prophets of the Biblical canon; (5) the Law of Moses alone is true; (6) to know the language of the Bible is a religious duty; (7) the Temple at Jerusalem is the palace of the world's Ruler; (8) belief in Resurrection contemporaneous with the advent of the Messiah; (9) final judgment; (10) retribution. 4052:). The term "secular" is more popular as a self-description among Israeli families of western (European) origin, whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives, but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice. This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life, be it of the official Israeli rabbinate (Orthodox) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism (Reform, Conservative). 22726: 17745: 1614: 7179: 22736: 4770: 302: 296: 5140: 5735: – This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations. In the Reform movement, both girls and boys have their bat/bar mitzvah at age thirteen. This is often commemorated by having the new adults, male only in the Orthodox tradition, lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a "portion" of the Torah. 17759: 7165: 4649: 1311: 6449:, who used their influence to encourage others to follow the movement. Hasidism appealed to many Europeans because it was easy to learn, did not require full immediate commitment, and presented a compelling spectacle. Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe. Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States. The movement itself claims to be nothing new, but a 1815: 3825: 4330: 4865:. Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the 10-day period of atonement leading up to Yom Kippur, during which Jews are commanded to search their souls and make amends for sins committed, intentionally or not, throughout the year. Holiday customs include blowing the shofar, or ram's horn, in the synagogue, eating apples and honey, and saying blessings over a variety of symbolic foods, such as pomegranates. 6461:, (lit. "opponents"). Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the exuberance of Hasidic worship, its deviation from tradition in ascribing infallibility and miracles to their leaders, and the concern that it might become a messianic sect. Over time differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism. 6445:, which, in contrast to a traditional synagogue, could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing, eating, and socializing. Ba'al Shem Tov's disciples attracted many followers; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe. Unlike other religions, which typically expanded through word of mouth or by use of print, Hasidism spread largely owing to 3708:—both last groups are considered distinct from Ashkenazim and Sephardim) into religious movements or denominations, especially in North America and Anglophone countries. The main denominations today outside Israel (where the situation is rather different) are Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. The notion "traditional Judaism" includes the Orthodox with Conservative or solely the Orthodox Jews: 308: 6128:, and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations. However, in most Orthodox synagogues these positions are filled by laypeople on a rotating or ad-hoc basis. Although most congregations hire one or more Rabbis, the use of a professional hazzan is generally declining in American congregations, and the use of professionals for other offices is rarer still. 4448:

liturgical languages or the vernacular. In general, Orthodox and Conservative congregations adhere most closely to tradition, and Reform and Reconstructionist synagogues are more likely to incorporate translations and contemporary writings in their services. Also, in most Conservative synagogues, and all Reform and Reconstructionist congregations, women participate in prayer services on an

9132:

and kings will come from you. I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come, to be your God and the God of your descendants after you. The whole land of Canaan, where you are now an alien, I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you; and I will be their God;"

69: 11797: 11521: 11472: 10957: 9408: 8087: 7628: 3631:(1901), the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million. The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar (2005). In 2002, according to the Jewish Population Survey, there were 13.3 million Jews around the world. The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million. It is 0.25% of world population. 4680:, translated literally as "work". In fact, the activities banned on the Sabbath are not "work" in the usual sense: They include such actions as lighting a fire, writing, using money and carrying in the public domain. The prohibition of lighting a fire has been extended in the modern era to driving a car, which involves burning fuel and using electricity. 6511:. Meanwhile, in the United States, wealthy Reform Jews helped European scholars, who were Orthodox in practice but critical (and skeptical) in their study of the Bible and Talmud, to establish a seminary to train rabbis for immigrants from Eastern Europe. These left-wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right-wing Reform rabbis who felt that 6559:, in the United States' Jewish community—the world's second largest—4.3 million Jews out of 5.1 million had some sort of connection to the religion. Of that population of connected Jews, 80% participated in some sort of Jewish religious observance, but only 48% belonged to a congregation, and fewer than 16% attend regularly. 1465:. Representing the core of the Jewish spiritual and religious tradition, the Torah is a term and a set of teachings that are explicitly self-positioned as encompassing at least seventy, and potentially infinite, facets and interpretations. Judaism's texts, traditions, and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including 4875:", is eaten. Synagogue services on the eve of Yom Kippur begin with the Kol Nidre prayer. It is customary to wear white on Yom Kippur, especially for Kol Nidre, and leather shoes are not worn. The following day, prayers are held from morning to evening. The final prayer service, called "Ne'ilah", ends with a long blast of the shofar. 4253:, the final reward of the righteous. The divinely ordained penalty for violating any of the Laws of Noah is discussed in the Talmud, but in practical terms it is subject to the working legal system which is established by the society at large. Those who subscribe to the observance of the Noahic Covenant are referred to as 3495:) and the rise of nationalism, which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in their ancient homeland, the Land of Israel. Thus, Boyarin has argued that "Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension." 6441:). It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too "academic", and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy. Its adherents favored small and informal gatherings called 4804:, "Rejoicing of the Torah", a holiday which marks reaching the end of the Torah reading cycle and beginning all over again. The occasion is celebrated with singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls. Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are technically considered to be a separate holiday and not a part of Sukkot. 13643:

In the US, Palestinian rights supporters have long rejected conflations of Zionism with Judaism, noting that many Jewish Americans identify as anti-Zionist. "Opposing the policies of the government of Israel and Netanyahu's extremism is not antisemitic. Speaking up for human rights and a ceasefire to

13149:

This then is who Yeshua is: He is not just a man, and as a man, he is not from Adam, but from God. He is the Word of HaShem, the Memra, the Davar, the Righteous One, he didn't become righteous, he is righteous. He is called God's Son, he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem, and he is "HaShem" who we

3856:

is not static, but has always developed in response to changing conditions. It holds that the Torah is a divine document written by prophets inspired by God and reflecting his will, but rejects the Orthodox position that it was dictated by God to Moses. Conservative Judaism holds that the Oral Law is

3406:

were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form, and handed down from teacher to pupil (The oral revelation is in effect coextensive with the Talmud itself). When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations, they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments; some

2338:

Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews, Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple, prayer took the place of sacrifice, and worship was rebuilt around the community (represented by a minimum of ten adult men) and the establishment of the authority

13382:

ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to

13311:

Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism, but in truth is firmly

12768:

Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.…By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began

9131:

17: 3–8: Abram fell facedown, and God said to him, "As for me, this is my covenant with you: You will be the father of many nations. No longer will you be called Abram; your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations. I will make you very fruitful; I will make nations of you,

6406:

This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times. Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups. With the rise of the Churches, the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to

5893:

in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices. The priesthood is an inherited position, and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties, they are still honored in many Jewish communities. Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future

5220:

Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study. They usually contain separate rooms for prayer (the main sanctuary), smaller rooms for study, and often an area for community or educational use. There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues

4764:

on Mount Sinai. Also known as the Festival of Bikurim, or first fruits, it coincided in biblical times with the wheat harvest. Shavuot customs include all-night study marathons known as Tikkun Leil Shavuot, eating dairy foods (cheesecake and blintzes are special favorites), reading the Book of Ruth,

4702:

and the giving of the Torah, and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle. The three major festivals, Sukkot, Passover and Shavuot, are called "regalim" (derived from the Hebrew word "regel", or foot). On the three regalim, it was customary for the Israelites to

3394:

A single verse has several meanings, but no two verses hold the same meaning. It was taught in the school of R. Ishmael: 'Behold, My word is like fire—declares the Lord—and like a hammer that shatters rock' (Jer 23:29). Just as this hammer produces many sparks (when it strikes the rock), so a single

3340:

These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come; they are: honoring parents, loving deeds of kindness, and making peace between one person and another. But the study of the Torah is equal to them all.

13718:

A staunch believer in the separation of state from religion, he argued that the blend of religion and politics in Israel corrupted the faith... He taught at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem for 36 years, lecturing in biochemistry, neurophysiology, philosophy and the history of science... A volume

13344:

Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus," "Messianic Jews," and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish

12727:

The Rise of Messianic Judaism. In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative. Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians, Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent

12386:

Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would

5510:

and preserving the distinctness of the Jewish community. The various categories of dietary laws may have developed for different reasons, and some may exist for multiple reasons. For example, people are forbidden from consuming the blood of birds and mammals because, according to the Torah, this is

4196:

Haymanot (meaning "religion" in Ge'ez and Amharic) refers the Judaism practiced by Ethiopian Jews. This version of Judaism differs substantially from Rabbinic, Karaite, and Samaritan Judaisms, Ethiopian Jews having diverged from their coreligionists earlier. Sacred scriptures (the Orit) are written

3539:

Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew, whether by birth or conversion, is a Jew forever. Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish. According to some sources, the Reform movement has maintained that a Jew who has

3126:

In the text of the Torah, many words are left undefined, and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions. Such phenomena are sometimes offered to validate the viewpoint that the Written Law has always been transmitted with a parallel oral tradition, illustrating the assumption

13179:

To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech, accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah—as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God, and we love God by following his Messiah. Without first accepting Yeshua as the King

13080:

Messianic Judaism, although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts, remained the offspring of the missionary movement, and the ties would never be broken. The rise of Messianic Judaism was, in many ways, a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to

6830: 5464:

also forbids the consumption of meat and dairy products together. The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies by the order in which they are consumed and by community and can extend for up to six hours. Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother's milk,

3546:

believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent. Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish, and not only the father. They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that

3361:

The rabbi's logical and rational inquiry is not mere logic-chopping. It is a most serious and substantive effort to locate in trivialities the fundamental principles of the revealed will of God to guide and sanctify the most specific and concrete actions in the workaday world. ... Here is the

1574:

are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, and that they should be strictly followed. Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism's requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is

13584:

In the 1930s Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan recognized that many Jews were losing interest in religious observance, except perhaps for the high holidays. As a cogent philosopher and the leader of a congregation in New York, Rabbi Kaplan began to evolve a fresh approach to Jewish belief and practice... The

12971:

an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians. The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early

12890:

While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group, it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained. But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had

10103:

Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One, which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence, beyond difference and hierarchy. This universal humanity, however, was predicated (and still is) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit, such that while the body is

9218:

in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel's population worshiping other gods. For example: King Solomon's "wives turned away his heart after other gods… did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and went not fully after the

9136:

Genesis 22: 17–18: I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies, and through your offspring, all nations on earth will be blessed, because you have obeyed

7008:

is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one's savior. Some members of Messianic Judaism argue that it is a sect of Judaism. Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this, stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect, because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of

6665:

We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse.…Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they

3985:

Jewry. Historically, Sephardi and Mizrahi communities have eschewed denominations in favour of a "big tent" approach. This is particularly the case in contemporary Israel, which is home to the largest communities of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the world. (However, individual Sephardi and Mizrahi

1598:

including those born Jewish (or "ethnic Jews"), in addition to converts to Judaism. In 2021, the world Jewish population was estimated at 15.2 million, or roughly 0.195% of the total world population, although religious observance varies from strict to none. In 2021, about 45.6% of all Jews

13118:

3. We believe in the deity of the L-RD Yeshua, the Messiah, in His virgin birth, in His sinless life, in His miracles, in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood, in His bodily resurrection, in His ascension to the right hand of the Father, and in His personal return in power and

5999:

of a congregation – Jewish scholar who is charged with answering the legal questions of a congregation. This role requires ordination by the congregation's preferred authority (i.e., from a respected Orthodox rabbi or, if the congregation is Conservative or Reform, from academic seminaries). A

5016:

Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the

3601:

wives and their children. A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period. Since the

1724:

has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion. It means rather "the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean (or Jews Jewish)." Among these characteristics, to be sure, are practices and beliefs that we would today call "religious," but these practices and

6487:

or the "Jewish Enlightenment", began, especially in Central Europe and Western Europe, in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms. It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason. With the promise of political

4447:

The approach to prayer varies among the Jewish denominations. Differences can include the texts of prayers, the frequency of prayer, the number of prayers recited at various religious events, the use of musical instruments and choral music, and whether prayers are recited in the traditional

6041:

Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles, which are sometimes, but not always, filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations. In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad-hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis:

6361:

from Kerala . Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers, traditions and accepted canons; however, these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative (rabbinic) Judaism, rather than based on any doctrinal dispute.

4524:) is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying, eating, reciting blessings, or studying Jewish religious texts, and at all times by some Jewish men. In Orthodox communities, only men wear kippot; in non-Orthodox communities, some women also wear kippot. 4562:

is worn by Jewish men and some Jewish women during the prayer service. Customs vary regarding when a Jew begins wearing a tallit. In the Sephardi community, boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age. In some Ashkenazi communities, it is customary to wear one only after marriage. A

12948:, "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, an alien, hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term, one that did not arouse negative feelings. They chose 3282:

The rules about a generalization being followed or preceded by specifying particulars (rules 4 and 5) will not apply if it is apparent that the specification of the particular cases or the statement of the generalization is meant purely for achieving a greater clarity of

9219:

LORD" (elaborated in 1 Melachim 11:4–10); King Ahab "went and served Baal, and worshiped him…And Ahab made the Asherah ; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD, the God of Israel, than all the kings of Israel that were before him" (1 Melachim 16:31–33); the prophet

2400:

Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods, the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary; consequently, the Hebrew God's principal relationships are not with other gods, but with the world, and more specifically, with the people he created. Judaism thus begins with

7917:, p.40: Hebraism, like Hellenism, has been an all-important factor in the development of Western Civilization; Judaism, as the precursor of Christianity, has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era. 13585:

essence of Reconstructionism is that Judaism is not just a religion but an evolving religious civilization. Reconstructionists believe in the importance of music, art, dance, the Hebrew language, a dedication to the State of Israel and a sense of Jewish peoplehood...

4746:) are removed from the house prior to the holiday and are not consumed throughout the week. Homes are thoroughly cleaned to ensure no bread or bread by-products remain, and a symbolic burning of the last vestiges of chametz is conducted on the morning of the Seder. 6906:, a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males, and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims. Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic. For example, dhimmis in some countries were required to wear 3852:, a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts. Conservative Judaism teaches that 4197:

in Ge'ez, not Hebrew, and dietary laws are based strictly on the text of the Orit, without explication from ancillary commentaries. Holidays also differ, with some Rabbinic holidays not observed in Ethiopian Jewish communities, and some additional holidays, like

2613:, developed in the 12th century. According to Maimonides, any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic. Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides' principles. Thus, within 4020:

In Israel, as in the West, Judaism is also divided into major Orthodox, Conservative and Reform traditions. At the same time, for statistical and practical purposes, a different division of society is used there on the basis of a person's attitude to religion.

10600:

After the foundation for a scientific treatment of Jewish history and religion had been laid by Leopold Zunz and his colaborers, a number of enthusiastic young rabbis, struggling against the most violent opposition, strove to bring about a reconciliation of

12960:

as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated. It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather

3385:

first, the belief in the omni-significance of Scripture, in the meaningfulness of its every word, letter, even (according to one famous report) scribal flourish; second, the claim of the essential unity of Scripture as the expression of the single divine

2095:, suggest that during the First Temple period the people of Israel believed that each nation had its own god, but that their god was superior to other gods. Some suggest that strict monotheism developed during the Babylonian Exile, perhaps in reaction to 13748:

Smashing idols was Leibowitz's mission. And there were many idols to smash: Reform Judaism, Jewish nationalism, Kabbalah, the mystical and messianic insights of Religious Zionism's Abraham Isaac Kook, the notion that the mitzvot are grounded in moral

6093:. These roles are not mutually exclusive. The same person is often qualified to fill more than one role and often does. Often there are several people capable of filling these roles and different services (or parts of services) will be led by each. 1733:

Daniel R. Schwartz, however, argues that "Judaism", especially in the context of the Book of Maccabees, refers to the religion, as opposed to the culture and politics of the Judean state. He believes it reflected the ideological divide between the

6691:). Disabilities also included special taxes levied on Jews, exclusion from public life, restraints on the performance of religious ceremonies, and linguistic censorship. Some countries went even further and completely expelled Jews, for example, 3626:

The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of "who is a Jew" is problematic; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish, and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews. According to the

10531: 3676:

Rabbinic Judaism (or in some older sources, Rabbinism; Hebrew: "Yahadut Rabanit" – יהדות רבנית) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Talmud. It is characterised by the belief that the

2440:

The ordinary, familiar, everyday things and occurrences we have, constitute occasions for the experience of God. Such things as one's daily sustenance, the very day itself, are felt as manifestations of God's loving-kindness, calling for the

12943:

When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s, it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form. Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term

3278:

A law that begins with a generalization as to its intended applications, then continues with the specification of particular cases, and then concludes with a restatement of the generalization, can be applied only to the particular cases

5747:, or wedding canopy, which symbolizes a happy house. At the end of the ceremony, the groom breaks a glass with his foot, symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple, and the scattering of the Jewish people. An 11665:: "there was a…special dispensation…that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat "non-kosher" when no Jewish food was available; that deviation from halacha was allowed 'in order to save a human life including your own.'" 5788:

document written in Aramaic into the hand of the wife in rabbinical court, that is all. But, since the 11th century among the Ashkenazim and many Sephardim a divorce became prohibited against will of a wife, than a man had way for

7135:; a previously anti-Zionist proponent of Orthodox Haredi Judaism whom the Neturei Karta see as betrayal by the Agudat Yisrael against the Orthodoxy, in the belief that Judaism should not be conflated with the politics of Zionism. 13613:

Neturei Karta (Aramaic: "Guardians of the City") is a group of Orthodox Jews which rejects Zionism and the establishment of the State of Israel. They believe that the true Israel can only be reestablished with the coming of the

6635:

or worship of the God of Israel which is not monotheistic. Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as obsolete with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church, though a Christian belief in

6619:. The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah but eventually became irreconcilable. Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah, of 4581:), are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses, attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps. They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women. 4001:

are reflective of this, with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception. Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought; for example, the Sephardic

3213:(late 18th to early 19th century) leading to the post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers. Modern Jewish philosophy consists of both Orthodox and non-Orthodox oriented philosophy. Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are 2053:, were originally an unwritten tradition based upon what God told Moses on Mount Sinai. However, as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten, these oral laws were recorded by 5944:, performed construction, maintenance, janitorial, and guard duties, assisted the priests, and sometimes interpreted the law and Temple ritual to the public. Today, a Levite is called up second to the reading of the Torah. 13278:#Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies. #Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah. #Biblical verses "referring" to Jesus are mistranslations. #Jewish belief is based on national revelation. 6674:

in the late 18th and the 19th century, Jews in Christian lands were subject to humiliating legal restrictions and limitations. They included provisions requiring Jews to wear specific and identifying clothing such as the

4782:("Tabernacles" or "The Festival of Booths") commemorates the Israelites' forty years of wandering through the desert on their way to the Promised Land. It is celebrated through the construction of temporary booths called 3986:

Jews or some their communities may be members of or attend synagogues that do adhere to one Ashkenazi-inflected movement or another.) Among the pioneers of Reform Judaism in the 1820s there was the Sephardic congregation

2694:

In modern times, Judaism lacks a centralized authority that would dictate an exact religious dogma. Because of this, many different variations on the basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism. Even so, all

2569:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, knows all the deeds of human beings and all their thoughts, as it is written, "Who fashioned the hearts of them all, Who comprehends all their actions"

2449:, holiness, which is nothing else than the imitation of God, is concerned with daily conduct, with being gracious and merciful, with keeping oneself from defilement by idolatry, adultery, and the shedding of blood. The 13345:

Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries.

8609: 6758:. These attitudes were reinforced by Christian preaching, in art and popular teaching for two millennia which expressed contempt for Jews, as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews. The 6235:

of a yeshiva – Depending on which yeshiva, might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct, or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on

2413:

to love and worship only one God; that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate God's concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to love one another; that is, Jews are to imitate God's love for people.

5013:, there was only enough consecrated oil to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days—which was the length of time it took to press, prepare and consecrate new oil. 2425:

has characterized normative Judaism as "normal mysticism", because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews. This is played out through the observance of the

3289:

A penalty specified for a general category of wrongdoing is not to be automatically applied to a particular case that is withdrawn from the general rule to be specifically prohibited, but without any mention of the

5968:

and Talmud to the present, Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies. A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself. Some activities—reading the

2770:

was identical with the tradition understood as the interpretation of Torah, in itself being the history of the constant updates and adjustment of the Law performed by means of the creative interpretation. Finally,

11588:

It is also the most quintessentially "treif" of animals, with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher…Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals, the pig seems to stand in a class of its

6483:. The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world, thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience. A parallel Jewish movement, 3881:, as such, requires observance, but unlike Reform, Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow. It sometimes recognized as the 4th major stream of Judaism. 3286:

A particular case already covered in a generalization that is nevertheless treated separately suggests that the same particularized treatment be applied to all other cases which are covered in that generalization.

12126: 6902:. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their own religions and administer their own internal affairs, but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims. For example, they had to pay the 3293:

A general prohibition followed by a specified penalty may be followed by a particular case, normally included in the generalization, with a modification in the penalty, either toward easing it or making it more

10135: 3275:

A law that begins with specifying particular cases, and then proceeds to an all-embracing generalization, is to be applied to particulars cases not specified but logically falling into the same generalization.

9542: 1587:; today, these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, but in the sacred texts and the 13422: 3657:(6.9 million) and another 6 million Jews resided in the United States, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other groups spread throughout Canada, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 13897: 10090: 3466:

incorporated Ishmael's principles into Karaite Judaism in the 12th century. Today R. Ishmael's 13 principles are incorporated into the Jewish prayer book to be read by observant Jews on a daily basis.

2544:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, has no body, and that He is free from all the properties of matter, and that there can be no (physical) comparison to Him whatsoever.

1599:

resided in Israel and another 42.1% resided in the United States and Canada, with most of the remainder living in Europe, and other groups spread throughout Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Australia.

13571: 10527: 2775:

draws the outlines of the Reform movement in Judaism by opposing it to the strict and traditional rabbinical approach and thus comes to the conclusions similar to that of the Conservative movement.

2295:

from the 3rd century BCE, and its creation sparked widespread controversy in Jewish communities, starting "conflicts within Jewish communities about accommodating the cultures of occupying powers."

14101: 8652:"A person born Jewish who refutes Judaism may continue to assert a Jewish identity, and if he or she does not convert to another religion, even religious Jews will recognize the person as a Jew" 6703:

in 1654; they were forbidden to hold public office, open a retail shop, or establish a synagogue. When the colony was seized by the British in 1664 Jewish rights remained unchanged, but by 1671

13312:

on the Christian side.…we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community.

4792:) that represent the temporary shelters of the Israelites during their wandering. It coincides with the fruit harvest and marks the end of the agricultural cycle. Jews around the world eat in 6037:. Chosen for a good voice, knowledge of traditional tunes, understanding of the meaning of the prayers and sincerity in reciting them. A congregation does not need to have a dedicated hazzan. 4913: 4594:. It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities, and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy. Jewish males are buried in a 9790: 4071:(ultra-Orthodox) in Israel. The former term includes what is called "religious Zionism" or the "National Orthodox" community, as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as 6754:

and was reinforced by ever increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries. The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence, and murder culminating in the

4303:

traditions, by other moral principles, or by central Jewish virtues. Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice, truth, peace, loving-kindness (

2587:

I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator, Blessed be His name, and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever.

2601:

In the strict sense, in Judaism, unlike Christianity and Islam, there are no fixed universally binding articles of faith, due to their incorporation into the liturgy. Scholars throughout

2453:

evokes the consciousness of holiness at a rabbinic rite, but the objects employed in the majority of these rites are non-holy and of general character, while the several holy objects are

6311:

as divinely inspired. Consequently, a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees' belief system (which became the basis for modern Judaism), were also dismissed by the Sadducees. (The

3336:

and Talmud, and for their successors today, the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God's revelation, but an end in itself. According to the Talmud:

3332:(in its widest sense, to include both poetry, narrative, and law, and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance. For the sages of the 2541:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is One, and that there is no unity in any manner like His, and that He alone is our God, who was, and is, and will be.

1676:

in the 2nd century BCE (i.e. 2 Maccabees 2:21, 8:1 and 14:38) . In the context of the age and period it meant "seeking or forming part of a cultural entity" and it resembled its antonym

3593:

because " will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an

3297:

A case logically falling into a general law but treated separately remains outside the provisions of the general law except in those instances where it is specifically included in them.

2538:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created; He alone has made, does make, and will make all things.

4123:("simple" meaning); they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative. Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all, although most do. 4622:

Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar, which celebrate moments in Jewish history, as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world, such as

3653:

In 2022, the world Jewish population was estimated at 15.2 million, the majority live in one of only two countires: Israel and the United States. About 46.6% of all Jews resided in

3133:, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition—the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud and its commentaries. The 4734:

from Egypt. Outside Israel, Passover is celebrated for eight days. In ancient times, it coincided with the barley harvest. It is the only holiday that centers on home-service, the

2321:

and the celebration of Jewish holidays, and forcibly removed virtually all Jews from Judea. In 200 CE, however, Jews were granted Roman citizenship and Judaism was recognized as a

1749:

the earliest citation in English where the term was used to mean "the profession or practice of the Jewish religion; the religious system or polity of the Jews" is Robert Fabyan's

3558:("Who is a Jew") from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions. This is still not settled, and occasionally resurfaces in 6925:

and inconsistently enforced. Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecution—for example, many were killed, exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century, in

5680:

because of a temple's special sanctity. Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices.

11122: 10557: 5506:. However, a number of explanations have been offered, including maintaining ritual purity, teaching impulse control, encouraging obedience to God, improving health, reducing 14376: 8598: 6507:

developed in reaction to Reform Judaism, by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians while maintaining the observance of

1429:, their ancestors. Jewish religious doctrine encompasses a wide body of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Among Judaism's core texts is the 16003:– audio files of lectures for each page from an Orthodox viewpoint are provided in French, English, Yiddish and Hebrew. Reload the page for an image of a page of the Talmud. 6338:

sect. Karaites exist in small numbers today, mostly living in Israel. Rabbinical and Karaite Jews each hold that the others are Jews, but that the other faith is erroneous.

2091:, the Torah consists of inconsistent texts edited together in a way that calls attention to divergent accounts. Several of these scholars, such as Professor Martin Rose and 12237: 10210: 10148:

Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not genealogical, not religious, but all of these, in dialectical tension with one another.

8637:

Jewish Survival: The Identity Problem at the Close of the Twentieth Century; [... International Workshop at Bar-Ilan University on the 18th and 19th of March, 1997]

5484:

that would otherwise be kosher. Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food, or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products, render the food

2457:

And not only do ordinary things and occurrences bring with them the experience of God. Everything that happens to a man evokes that experience, evil as well as good, for a

1461:

can mean "teaching", "law", or "instruction", although "Torah" can also be used as a general term that refers to any Jewish text that expands or elaborates on the original

13644:

save lives should never be condemned," Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib said in a social media post on Tuesday, explaining her vote against the resolution.

2738:. Even if to restrict the problem to the most influential intellectual trends of the nineteenth and twentieth century, the matter remains complicated. Thus, for instance, 7021:(a constellation of movements which, depending on their adherence to normative Jewish tradition, receive varying degrees of recognition by the broader Jewish community). 16068: 13226: 10062: 9607: 6318:

Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah, some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the

4994:). The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival's eight nights, one on the first night, two on the second night and so on. 3483:, the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself, and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in 12675:

In the late 1960s and 1970s, both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews.

12133: 8564:, Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 55; Louis Sandy Maisel, Ira N. Forman, Donald Altschiller, Charles Walker Bassett, 6457:. Nevertheless, early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as 5432:

In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher, meat and poultry (but not fish) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as

3871:. Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular (along with Hebrew in many cases) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition. 2550:

I believe with perfect faith that to the Creator, Blessed be His Name, and to Him alone, it is right to pray, and that it is not right to pray to any being besides Him.

9520:

According to the Rambam, their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel

9241: 4567:(small tallit) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day. In some Orthodox circles, the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing. 4280:

has applied to all non-Jews as descendants of Noah. However, nowadays it's primarily used to refer specifically to those non-Jews who observe the Seven Laws of Noah.

9538: 12534: 9063: 3075:

For centuries, the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition. Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten, Rabbi

2651:

and adherence to traditional customs. Maimonides' principles were largely ignored over the next few centuries. Later, two poetic restatements of these principles ("

6535: 5979:(a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings), the prayer for mourners, the blessings for bridegroom and bride, the complete grace after meals—require a 3863:, called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries, defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms, rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the 3681:(Written Law) cannot be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law. 13399: 6984:

There are some movements in other religions that include elements of Judaism. Among Christianity these are a number of denominations of ancient and contemporary

3450:. Nevertheless, R. Ishmael's 13 principles are perhaps the ones most widely known; they constitute an important, and one of Judaism's earliest, contributions to 2103:

that most Jews came to believe that their god was the only god and that the notion of a clearly bounded Jewish nation identical with the Jewish religion formed.

1998:

for over 300 years to rally the nation against attacking enemies. As time went on, the spiritual level of the nation declined to the point that God allowed the

15306:

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

14911:

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day

5644:

for seven days. A woman whose menstruation is prolonged must continue to abstain for seven more days after bleeding has stopped. The Rabbis conflated ordinary

5465:

this rule is mostly derived from the Oral Torah, the Talmud and Rabbinic law. Chicken and other kosher birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of

3857:

divine and normative, but holds that both the Written and Oral Law may be interpreted by the rabbis to reflect modern sensibilities and suit modern conditions.

2727:, acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the 2488:

Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism. However, monotheism has not always been followed in practice. The Hebrew Bible (or

13563: 12780: 8772: 8670: 7777: 7013:, and because the conditions for Messiah to have come accordingly within traditional Jewish thought have not yet been met. Another religious movement is the 1579:

should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically,

12972:

1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage.

5801: 12558: 12438: 11575: 3362:

mystery of Talmudic Judaism: the alien and remote conviction that the intellect is an instrument not of unbelief and desacralization but of sanctification.

14611: 10248: 9223:

condemns the people who "prepare a table for Fortune, and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto Destiny" (Yeshaiahu 65:11–12). Translation: JPS (

8248: 6050:(leader—literally "agent" or "representative"—of the congregation) leads those assembled in prayer and sometimes prays on behalf of the community. When a 5723:

on their eighth day of life. The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony. A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls, named

4433: 14093: 10117: 5515:

describes sparks of holiness that are released by the act of eating kosher foods but are too tightly bound in non-kosher foods to be released by eating.

4411:

Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer, although communal prayer is preferred. Communal prayer requires a

2496:. In the Greco-Roman era, many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism, including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity. 13873: 12032: 10066: 19193: 11618: 2566:

I believe with perfect faith that this Torah will not be exchanged and that there will never be any other Torah from the Creator, Blessed be His Name.

16031: 6992:, a religious movement, which arose in the 1960s, In this, elements of the messianic traditions in Judaism, are incorporated in, and melded with the 13162: 9265: 3263:

A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form

2577:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them.

2563:

I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah that is now in our possession is the same that was given to Moses our teacher, peace be upon him.

21679: 17249: 6246:– Supervises manufacturers of kosher food, importers, caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher. Must be an expert in the laws of 5841:(literally "seven", observed for one week) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family, the second is the 5597: 12728:

of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations, even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community.

11262: 9782: 6411:, Jewish people who lived under Muslim rule generally experienced tolerance and integration, but there were occasional outbreaks of violence like 2762:

and by means of the latter term and secular translation of the core ideas, he tries to embrace as many Jewish denominations as possible. In turn,

21528: 17639: 13627: 9318: 4674: 1520:

during the early and later medieval period; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations. Some modern branches of Judaism such as

10731: 9490:

However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic, a denier, etc.

2507:. The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians. 22585: 6716: 6648: 3137:

has developed slowly, through a precedent-based system. The literature of questions to rabbis, and their considered answers, is referred to as

16051: 15812: 13132: 9657:

The JPS guide to Jewish traditions, p. 510, "The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith"

8009: 7773: 6492:

and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe. Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend.

22785: 16322: 12322: 12052: 6527:

and the creation of the state of Israel, these movements have competed for followers from among traditional Jews in or from other countries.

6160:(rabbinical court). In Israel, religious courts handle marriage and divorce cases, conversion and financial disputes in the Jewish community. 5572:

in the time of the Temple, are mostly restricted from entering grave sites and touching dead bodies. During the Temple period, such priests (

3269:

A law that clearly expresses the purpose it was meant to serve will also apply to other situations where the identical purpose may be served.

2557: 12988: 22537: 19890: 13209:

We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism, through HaDerech (The Way)(Messianic Judaism), a sect of Judaism.

12803:

Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer, 1962), pp. 52–72:'the same messianic complex which originated in Judaism and was confirmed in Christianity.' p. 53

12103: 10023:

The Koren Sacks Siddur: Hebrew/English Prayer Book: The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth

9020: 6953: 6327: 5511:

where animal souls are contained. In contrast, the Torah forbids Israelites from eating non-kosher species because "they are unclean". The

3774:

in practice by its styles of dress and more stringent practices. Subsets of Haredi Judaism along both ethnic and ideological lines include

3711: 3577:

conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200

11995:

The Sadducees disappeared when the second Temple was destroyed in the year 70 C.E and Pharisaic Judaism became the preeminent Jewish sect.

3266:

A law operating in one situation will also be operative in another situation if the text characterizes both situations in identical terms.

17599: 13694: 11982: 11014: 9104: 6789:

and the Catholic Church have "upheld the Church's acceptance of the continuing and permanent election of the Jewish people" as well as a

6781:

The attitude of Christians and Christian Churches toward the Jewish people and Judaism have changed in a mostly positive direction since

4857:"). Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year (literally, "head of the year"), although it falls on the first day of the seventh month of the 3111:

Over the next four centuries, the Mishnah underwent discussion and debate in both of the world's major Jewish communities (in Israel and

1720:

We are tempted, of course, to translate as "Judaism," but this translation is too narrow, because in this first occurrence of the term,

1504:

in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah. Historically, all or part of this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the

12625:. "This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose." 12416: 11033: 10437: 7658: 6000:

congregation does not necessarily require a rabbi. Some congregations have a rabbi but also allow members of the congregation to act as

21573: 21500: 18718: 17819: 16117: 12818: 12211: 11658: 11161:"Between 'Ashkenazi' and Sepharad: An Early Modern German Rabbinic Response to Religious Pluralism in the Spanish-Portuguese Community" 11060: 9646:

The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides' thirteen principles of faith.

9251:

The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism: papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus

7197: 6334:, and others. They soon developed oral traditions of their own, which differed from the rabbinic traditions, and eventually formed the 3185:

Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology. Major Jewish philosophers include

2499:

Moreover, some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God. For some, observance of

16034: 13719:

of his work was published in English under the title "Judaism, Human Values and the Jewish State" by Harvard University Press in 1992.

11697:…certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances, like for example eating non-kosher food 11114: 7202: 6750:. Religious prejudice was an underlying source against Jews in Europe. Christian rhetoric and antipathy towards Jews developed in the 21378: 17797: 13093: 12840:

considered 'the messianic dimensions of the Kabbalah and of rabbinic Judaism as a central feature of a Jewish philosophy of history.'

10744:

The Torah is an emanation of God…This conception does not mean, for us, that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God.

10472: 8881: 8523: 6279:. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, these sects vanished. Christianity survived, but by breaking with Judaism and 6058:

acting as an intermediary but rather as a facilitator. The entire congregation participates in the recital of such prayers by saying

3597:

man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their

2734:

Establishing the core tenets of Judaism in the modern era is even more difficult, given the number and diversity of the contemporary

21824: 10553: 6407:

religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism. During the

2605:

have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism's core tenets, all of which have met with criticism. The most popular formulation is

2014:

to be their King. When the people pressured Saul into going against a command conveyed to him by Samuel, God told Samuel to appoint

21664: 21538: 21523: 16146: 15723: 15176: 14356: 13294: 12998: 12891:

overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith.

10267: 12226: 11731: 10341: 8755: 6341:

Over a long time, Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas—amongst others, the Ashkenazi Jews (of

2072:, rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries. The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship, 17645: 13097: 11846: 10760: 10207: 6616: 6430: 5917:

were charged with performing the sacrifices. Today, a Kohen is the first one called up at the reading of the Torah, performs the

5499:

practices of using wine in rituals. Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision.

5446:. The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal. Forbidden parts of animals include the 4997:

The holiday was called Hanukkah (meaning "dedication") because it marks the re-dedication of the Temple after its desecration by

16085: 15018: 4528:

range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large, snug cap that covers the whole crown.

16745: 16199: 13290: 10940: 10587: 7983: 2699:

are, to a greater or lesser extent, based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible or various commentaries such as the Talmud and

2279:

During the early years of the Second Temple, the highest religious authority was a council known as the Great Assembly, led by

2080:. Correspondingly, two bodies of analysis developed, and two works of Talmud were created. The older compilation is called the 2073: 13222: 11684: 9694: 9603: 5666:

from touching or sharing a bed with his wife during this period. Afterwards, purification can occur in a ritual bath called a

3919:

in order to escape oppression in the Russian Empire and later mostly intermarried with other Jews, their descendants included

3770:. Haredi is less accommodating to modernity and has less interest in non-Jewish disciplines, and it may be distinguished from 21684: 16740: 15734: 15664: 15640: 15596: 15570: 15385: 15331: 15241: 15190: 15161: 15103: 15012: 14969: 14867: 14667: 14645: 14605: 14509: 14485: 14418: 14370: 14285: 14188: 14169: 14069: 14045: 13967: 13931: 13883: 13859: 13781: 13515: 13462: 13058: 13006: 12920: 12867: 12833: 12704: 12652: 12618: 12588: 12410: 12372: 12342: 12287: 12267: 12187: 12166: 12016: 11976: 11877: 11350: 11308: 11091: 11008: 10511: 10431: 10404: 10367: 10285: 10129: 10076: 9575: 9259: 9098: 9057: 9014: 8811: 8734: 8645: 7898: 7869: 7757: 7730: 7703: 7588: 7508: 7436: 7377: 7302: 6895: 6801:

released a 10,000-word document that, among other things, stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism.

5221:

vary greatly. The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples. Some traditional features of a synagogue are:

4273:). Supporting organizations have been established around the world over the past decades by both Noahides and Orthodox Jews. 3911:

ethnic origin in the 18th–20th centuries, the majority of whom belonged to Rabbinic and Karaite Judaism. Many settled in the

2284: 827: 15074: 14975: 14814: 14775:

Profiles in American Judaism: the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist traditions in historical perspective

14755: 14697: 14515: 14291: 14255: 14219: 14141: 14016: 13973: 13787: 13468: 13020: 11356: 11247: 9667: 9633: 8691: 8156: 6593: 5369:

is arguably the most well-known example of a non-kosher animal. Although it has split hooves, it does not chew its cud. For

5079:

There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples. They are the

2465:

for experiencing Him, for having a consciousness of Him, are manifold, even if we consider only those that call for Berakot.

22149: 19188: 15510: 14888: 14081:(1996). "Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the Real Israel Please Stand Up?" The 12337:

Gill, Anton (1994). An Honourable Defeat; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler. Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback

10191: 9723: 4673:, two braided loaves of bread, on the table. During Shabbat, Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under 4429: 2433: 1437:, a collection of ancient Hebrew scriptures. The Tanakh, known in English as the Hebrew Bible, is also referred to as the " 1185: 16649: 7838: 22267: 21548: 21149: 16760: 16755: 16179: 12531: 9047: 6583: 3430:

listed 32, largely used for the exegesis of narrative elements of Torah. All the hermeneutic rules scattered through the

2493: 2173: 1840: 1230: 219: 15997:) – contains Torah commentaries and studies of Tanakh, along with Jewish ethics, philosophy, holidays and other classes. 9763: 3634:

Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent, with 0.3% growth from 2000 to 2001. The overall growth rate of

3115:). The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds, the Jerusalem Talmud ( 22477: 22207: 22089: 21543: 20128: 18082: 17572: 16449: 13546: 8059: 4950:

to the poor, and a celebratory meal (Esther 9:22). Other customs include drinking wine, eating special pastries called

4590:(Yiddish: קיטל), a white knee-length overgarment, is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the 2405:: the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of mankind. According to the Hebrew Bible, God promised 13731: 9507: 8846:"He anon renouncyd his Iudaisme or Moysen Lawe, And was cristenyd, and lyued after as a Cristen Man." (Robert Fabian, 7112:, who believed that classical Orthodox Judaism is outdated as a religious belief on its own, and should represent the 6479:

In the late 18th century CE, Europe was swept by a group of intellectual, social and political movements known as the

5676:

keep menstruating women in separate huts and, similar to Karaite practice, do not allow menstruating women into their

1517: 22527: 21353: 18603: 16600: 16454: 15619: 15534: 15489: 15465: 15441: 15407: 15362: 15290: 15263: 15215: 15124: 15068: 15047: 14941: 14843: 14808: 14749: 14725: 14691: 14565: 14543: 14459: 14333: 14249: 14213: 14135: 14010: 13835: 13814: 12761: 12307: 11436: 11241: 10879: 10236: 10173: 9851: 9707:" has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely "belief" or "faith", when in actuality, it means 9477: 9378: 8150: 6556: 5921:, as well as complying with other unique laws and ceremonies, including the ceremony of redemption of the first-born. 5357:

Many of the laws apply to animal-based foods. For example, in order to be considered kosher, mammals must have split

5228: 3974: 3018:

in the Torah. Some of these laws are directed only to men or to women, some only to the ancient priestly groups, the

1858: 1341: 15955: 13263: 9175:'Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people, but love your neighbor as yourself. I am the Lord" 5708:, occur throughout a Jew's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him/her to the entire community: 5001:. Spiritually, Hanukkah commemorates the "Miracle of the Oil". According to the Talmud, at the re-dedication of the 4986:, "dedication") also known as the Festival of Lights, is an eight-day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of 3887:

is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice but does not address issues of

2666:

The oldest non-Rabbinic instance of articles of faith were formulated, under Islamic influence, by the 12th century

1481:, played a seminal role in the formation of Western civilization through its impact as a core background element of 22580: 20138: 16509: 16417: 14784: 6696: 5741: – Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event and an ideal human state. A wedding takes place under a 3068:. The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him, transmitted and taught to the sages ( 2104: 15980: 15968: 12793: 9231: 8780: 8662: 5780: – Divorce is allowed in accordance with Halakha. The divorce ceremony involves the husband giving the short 3300:

Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages

22775: 22542: 22437: 21563: 21558: 21514: 21144: 19988: 19247: 18237: 17674: 16868: 15787: 10773:

We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God's will.

5957: 4808: 3550:

The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when, in the 1950s,

2632:

argued that Maimonides' principles contained too many items that, while true, were not fundamentals of the faith

2077: 1829: 12555: 12442: 11571: 6499:

developed, relaxing legal obligations (especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews), emulating

5401:

of many of the species have not survived, and some non-kosher birds' identities are no longer certain. However,

22397: 22222: 21495: 20514: 20455: 20342: 20221: 20153: 18581: 18219: 18138: 16550: 16110: 14593: 14396: 11180: 10885: 10252: 9749: 8245: 6956:

from nearly all of the Arab countries. Most have chosen to live in Israel. Today, antisemitic themes including

6555:

Jewish religious practice varies widely through all levels of observance. According to the 2001 edition of the

6219:

who is an expert in Hebrew calligraphy and has undergone rigorous training in the laws of writing sacred texts.

6030: 5748: 4162:(Five Books of Moses), which they view as the only authoritative scripture (with a special regard also for the 3647: 3586: 3426:, thirteen (baraita at the beginning of Sifra; this collection is largely an amplification of that of Hillel). 3037:

While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were based on the written text of the Torah alone (e.g., the

2283:. Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly, the last books of the Bible were written at this time and 2092: 20634: 20509: 3053:

school of thought of ancient Judaism and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the rabbis.

2560:, was true, and that he was the chief of the prophets, both those who preceded him and those who followed him. 22547: 21962: 21699: 21363: 21212: 21134: 20556: 19598: 19151: 17790: 17651: 16972: 15850: 13323: 7808: 6579: 6322:(and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds), relying instead only upon the Tanakh. These included the 3970: 3739:

and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging. Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the

3272:

When a general rule is followed by illustrative particulars, only those particulars are to be embraced by it.

14919: 10494:

DellaPergola, Sergio (2016), "World Jewish Population, 2015", in Dashefsky, Arnold; Sheskin, Ira M. (eds.),

10231:

Heschel, Susannah (1998) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 157.

6166:(circumciser) – An expert in the laws of circumcision who has received training from a previously qualified 6066:

prayer becomes the prayer of the congregation. Any adult capable of reciting the prayers clearly may act as

22770: 22605: 22407: 19620: 18370: 17714: 17582: 17577: 16765: 16750: 16514: 16469: 16214: 14718:

Purity in Rabbinic Judaism. A Systematic Account of the Sources, Media, Effects, and Removal of Uncleanness

13360: 4307:), compassion, humility, and self-respect. Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity ( 3621: 3079:

undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the

1203: 20644: 8560:, Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 64; Ezra Mendelsohn, 5654:, and mandated that a woman may not have sexual intercourse with her husband from the time she begins her 4315:). Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews. 106: 22615: 22327: 22322: 22094: 20617: 20578: 20133: 20047: 19615: 17987: 17679: 17664: 16545: 16405: 15749: 13166: 11383: 11195: 10307: 9249: 8708: 7853: 7557:"How Antichrist Defeated Death: The Development of Christian Apocalyptic Eschatology in the Early Church" 7400: 6070:. In Orthodox congregations and some Conservative congregations, only men can be prayer leaders, but all 5214: 4155: 3112: 2313:

built a pagan idol on the Temple Mount and prohibited circumcision; these acts of ethnocide provoked the

2245: 2209: 628: 20649: 20639: 14832: 6699:

in 1492 (readmitted in 1868). The first Jewish settlers in North America arrived in the Dutch colony of

3399:

Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic, because it contains within it a host of interpretations.

21393: 21338: 21034: 19774: 19291: 17982: 17924: 17633: 17527: 17178: 17072: 16780: 16713: 16274: 16164: 12912: 12859: 12696: 12644: 11625: 10318: 9224: 8703: 8104: 6474: 5807: 4223: 4163: 3991: 3981:(Oriental) Jewish communities do not generally adhere to the "movement" framework popular in and among 3666: 2735: 2696: 2527: 2306: 2299: 1934:

and the father of the Jewish people. As a reward for his act of faith in one God, he was promised that

1882: 1788: 1533: 1489: 414: 318: 19372: 16023:. In many instances, the Hebrew versions of these projects are more fully developed than the English. 13400:"Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities" 13116:

2. We believe that there is one G-d, eternally existent in three persons, Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

12232: 10838: 9310: 8517: 8053: 7977: 5393:, are therefore considered non-kosher. Concerning birds, a list of non-kosher species is given in the 5133: 2975: 2663:") became integrated into many Jewish liturgies, leading to their eventual near-universal acceptance. 22780: 22765: 22640: 22429: 22287: 21739: 20627: 20406: 20037: 19667: 19232: 18364: 18116: 17953: 17908: 17749: 17689: 17587: 17567: 17437: 17362: 17222: 17089: 16775: 16735: 16103: 13350: 12127:"While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often" 10739: 7113: 7105: 7064: 5732: 5592: 5173:. Over the course of a year, the whole Torah is read, with the cycle starting over in the autumn, on 4493: 4003: 3941: 3874: 3639: 3529: 3427: 2755: 434: 377: 20745: 9425: 8193:

Ackerman, Ari (May 2010). "Eliezer Schweid on the Religious Dimension of a Secular Jewish Renewal".

6878:

to be prophets. The religions' adherents have interacted with each other since the 7th century when

5953: 2351: 22144: 22104: 22059: 21849: 21839: 21644: 21398: 21223: 21159: 21129: 21019: 20784: 20693: 20661: 20622: 20534: 19441: 18698: 18634: 18104: 18089: 17783: 17669: 17500: 16799: 16674: 15809: 13923:

20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs

13136: 12825: 12206: 11461:"Tefillin", "The Book of Jewish Knowledge", Nathan Ausubel, Crown Publishers, NY, 1964, p. 458 10329: 9565: 9156:

6:5 "Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength."

8005: 7781: 7005: 6969: 6684: 6573: 5845:(observed for one month) and for those who have lost one of their parents, there is a third stage, 5738: 5580:) in a state of ritual purity, which laws eventually led to more rigid laws being enacted, such as 3987: 3646:, by contrast, have low Jewish birth rates, an increasingly elderly age composition, high rates of 2478: 2140: 1886: 1399: 1295: 1193: 916: 19141: 15899: 12904: 12851: 12688: 12636: 12319: 12049: 6588: 5867: 5629:

for traditionally observant Jews, they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations.

5129:, the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism, and Israeli independence, respectively. 4946:. It is characterized by public recitation of the Book of Esther, mutual gifts of food and drink, 22595: 22532: 22482: 22442: 22387: 22022: 22017: 21907: 21854: 21744: 21674: 21470: 21281: 21196: 20401: 20379: 20178: 20000: 19525: 19183: 19110: 18794: 18165: 17965: 17874: 17622: 17611: 17205: 17126: 16831: 16730: 16669: 16555: 16528: 16075: 15764: 15305: 14910: 11823: 11810: 11543: 11494: 11345:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. pp. 33–62. 10979: 9434: 8801: 8569: 8113: 7650: 7286: 6640:

emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how their theology influenced the Nazi

6520: 6504: 6379: 3771: 3767: 3214: 2743: 2216:(in the south). The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed around 720 BCE, when it was conquered by the 1770: 1545: 444: 344: 13483: 12099: 11655: 9004: 5889:

The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the

5491:

Furthermore, all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed

4573:(Hebrew: תְפִלִּין), known in English as phylacteries (from the Greek word φυλακτήριον, meaning 4250: 3414:

called attention to seven commonly used hermeneutical principles in the interpretation of laws (

3390:

These two principles make possible a great variety of interpretations. According to the Talmud:

3123:). These have been further expounded by commentaries of various Torah scholars during the ages. 22462: 22357: 22317: 22297: 22154: 22129: 22034: 22007: 21957: 21927: 21917: 21834: 21799: 21784: 21769: 21724: 21659: 21333: 21264: 21169: 21164: 20905: 20828: 20590: 20472: 20396: 20193: 20183: 20042: 20010: 19948: 19919: 19436: 19431: 19128: 19088: 18873: 18214: 18209: 18189: 18185: 17658: 17628: 16691: 15688: 15038: 13192: 12785: 11534: 11286: 11226:

Tabory, Ephraim (2004) . "Reform and Conservative Judaism in Israel". In Goldscheider, Calvin;

10874:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 4868–74. 8605: 7492: 7412: 7361: 7101: 7014: 6790: 6775: 6637: 5820: 5783: 5581: 5204: 4998: 4226: 3998: 3817: 3754: 3238: 3218: 2798:

The following is a basic, structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought:

2739: 2610: 2221: 2160: 1900: 1795: 1370: 1285: 921: 86: 13046: 12747: 12622: 11966: 11290: 10998: 10970: 10275: 9875:

translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. 9–10

9086: 8132: 7747: 7720: 7556: 5615:

An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating

4765:

decorating homes and synagogues with greenery, and wearing white clothing, symbolizing purity.

4456:. In addition, many Reform temples use musical accompaniment such as organs and mixed choirs. 4425:; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well. 2547:

I believe with perfect faith that the Creator, Blessed be His Name, is the first and the last.

2045:

Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the law, which are called the

22703: 22648: 22565: 22517: 22492: 22292: 22114: 22109: 21977: 21967: 21789: 21465: 21408: 21228: 21174: 20595: 20573: 20492: 20433: 20099: 19538: 19399: 18561: 18160: 18072: 17684: 17605: 17387: 17094: 16977: 16718: 16708: 16701: 16686: 16572: 15696: 15322: 14433: 14409: 13830:. Translated by John Bowden (Reprint ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox. 13809:. Translated by John Bowden (Reprint ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox. 13448: 12400: 11328: 10421: 8635: 8573: 8493: 8491: 8176: 8174: 7500: 7420: 7404: 7353: 7274: 6612: 5833:

requires burial as soon as possible, even for executed criminals. Judaism has a multi-staged

5224: 5191: 4421:. In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles, only male Jews are counted toward a 4246: 3521: 3169: 2241: 2148: 1334: 1290: 1208: 75: 19419: 19367: 12813: 11056: 11029: 10394: 7693: 7484: 7354:"How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Approaches to Jesus-Devotion in Earliest Christianity" 6687:), and forbidding Jews to enter certain trades (for example selling new clothes in medieval 2461:

is said also at evil tidings. Hence, although the experience of God is like none other, the

2436:, the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled: 2409:

to make of his offspring a great nation. Many generations later, he commanded the nation of

22693: 22683: 22668: 22575: 22502: 22472: 22447: 22412: 22372: 22367: 22342: 22212: 22134: 22084: 22064: 22054: 21942: 21889: 21864: 21714: 21709: 21689: 21654: 21639: 21583: 21358: 21291: 21259: 21139: 21074: 20940: 20818: 20671: 20551: 20450: 20362: 20330: 20325: 20173: 19905: 19200: 18784: 18544: 18155: 18099: 18050: 18035: 17888: 17719: 17709: 17212: 16184: 16065: 14589: 13917: 13657: 13327: 13283: 12800: 11485: 10345: 8594: 8511: 8128: 7095: 7010: 6724: 6620: 6516: 6480: 6117: 5278:

by Sephardim), where the Torah is read (and services are conducted in Sephardi synagogues);

5080: 5030: 3833: 3724: 3685: 3366:

To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study

3303:

Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages.

3210: 3065: 3030:), some only to farmers within the Land of Israel. Many laws were only applicable when the 2767: 2746:) answer to modernity is constituted upon the identification of Judaism with following the 2253: 2144: 1963: 1595: 1549: 1513: 1478: 1265: 1198: 353: 18397: 13101: 11814: 11774: 10756: 10468: 8873: 8488: 8171: 7641: 7358:

How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus

6150: 4464: 4403: 4249:, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah to be assured of a place in the 3381:

principles. According to David Stern, all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms:

3328:

consists solely of its written contents, but of its interpretations as well. The study of

1773:), 2 Macc. ii. 21: "Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for Iudaisme." 8: 22698: 22673: 22653: 22630: 22557: 22507: 22487: 22402: 22392: 22347: 22307: 22262: 22257: 22247: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22217: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22159: 22069: 22044: 21922: 21912: 21874: 21844: 21829: 21814: 21804: 21794: 21759: 21754: 21704: 21649: 21624: 21568: 21425: 21413: 21301: 21296: 21286: 21154: 20955: 20868: 20813: 20789: 20676: 20561: 20519: 20314: 20163: 19791: 19583: 19468: 19264: 19066: 18951: 18879: 18769: 18690: 18517: 18170: 17994: 17840: 17367: 17335: 17261: 17170: 17116: 16723: 16523: 16257: 16222: 16055: 16047: 15007:. Orthodox Forum Series. New York: Michael Scharf Publ. Trust, Yeshiva University Press. 14089: 12364: 11680: 7146: 7139: 7029: 6847: 6794: 6720: 6671: 6624: 6412: 6371: 6071: 5937: 5692: 5560:, and contact with people who have become impure from any of these. In Rabbinic Judaism, 5294: 5002: 4169: 4119:. The Karaites ("Scripturalists") accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the 3950: 3582: 3488: 3190: 3031: 2807: 2704: 2288: 2217: 1563: 1509: 1501: 1462: 1381: 1220: 911: 684: 520: 128: 13538: 13114:

1. We believe the Bible is the inspired, the only infallible, authoritative Word of G-d.

6503:

decorum in prayer, and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism's Prophetic tradition.

6315:

practiced a similar religion, which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism.)

6120:

large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as

3246: 1414:, to which it is closely related, Judaism is one of the two oldest Abrahamic religions. 22678: 22658: 22625: 22522: 22512: 22457: 22452: 22382: 22362: 22352: 22337: 22332: 22312: 22282: 22277: 22252: 22242: 22174: 22139: 22124: 22029: 22002: 21992: 21952: 21937: 21932: 21884: 21879: 21819: 21774: 21734: 21629: 21616: 21403: 21328: 21201: 21024: 20698: 20656: 20497: 20465: 20440: 20367: 20347: 20168: 20116: 20104: 20082: 19674: 19632: 19505: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19161: 18945: 18921: 18300: 18224: 17972: 17918: 17699: 17694: 17505: 17227: 17104: 17099: 17084: 17054: 17007: 16930: 16836: 16696: 16269: 16174: 16141: 16038: 14853: 14581:, City University of New York Graduate Center. An article on this survey is printed in 14078: 13806:

A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy

13597: 13504: 12911:. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: 12858:. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: 12695:. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: 12643:. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 2. Westport, CN: 11735: 11428: 11172: 10218: 8545: 8226: 8218: 7890: 7667:, p. 511 quote: "Judaism, the religion, philosophy, and way of life of the Jews.". 7602: 7530: 7514: 7458: 7442: 7324: 7212: 7207: 6835: 6692: 6276: 6116:

The three preceding positions are usually voluntary and considered an honor. Since the

5641: 5507: 5196: 5132:

There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the

4898: 4230: 4015: 3997:

Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the traditional (Orthodox) and

3894: 3559: 3499: 3046: 2708: 2511: 2402: 2332: 2229: 2169: 2124: 2088: 1872: 1758: 1683: 1521: 1482: 1280: 610: 424: 387: 279: 19786: 19345: 18973: 18703: 16982: 16858: 14470:

The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran

11838: 6870:

and share many commonalities, they differ based on the fact that Jews do not consider

3897:

is a small non-theistic movement centered in North America and Israel that emphasizes

3502:

reject the religious aspects of Judaism, while retaining certain cultural traditions.

3407:

rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai.

3127:

that the reader is already familiar with the details from other, i.e., oral, sources.

2389: 22735: 22729: 22663: 22620: 22610: 22600: 22590: 22497: 22417: 22377: 22302: 22272: 22164: 22119: 22099: 22074: 22049: 22012: 21997: 21972: 21947: 21859: 21809: 21764: 21749: 21729: 21719: 21694: 21634: 21578: 21343: 21119: 20715: 20686: 20610: 20605: 20566: 20504: 20460: 20445: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20357: 20092: 19978: 19744: 19714: 19694: 19515: 19320: 19301: 19296: 19242: 19205: 18926: 18841: 18764: 18662: 18652: 18620: 18608: 18576: 18553: 18535: 18431: 18286: 18194: 18180: 18143: 18131: 17960: 17879: 17831: 17483: 17414: 17296: 17281: 17064: 16935: 16900: 16189: 16089: 16041: 15730: 15660: 15636: 15615: 15608: 15592: 15566: 15530: 15506: 15485: 15461: 15437: 15430: 15425: 15413: 15403: 15381: 15374: 15358: 15327: 15326:. Vol. 1–22 (2nd rev. ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Macmillan Reference USA. 15286: 15259: 15237: 15211: 15186: 15157: 15120: 15099: 15064: 15043: 15008: 15002: 14965: 14937: 14884: 14863: 14839: 14804: 14780: 14773: 14745: 14721: 14687: 14663: 14641: 14601: 14561: 14539: 14505: 14481: 14455: 14414: 14400: 14366: 14339: 14329: 14281: 14271: 14245: 14235: 14209: 14184: 14165: 14131: 14065: 14041: 14034: 14006: 13963: 13927: 13889: 13879: 13855: 13831: 13810: 13777: 13702: 13665: 13542: 13511: 13458: 13064: 13054: 13012: 13002: 12934: 12926: 12916: 12881: 12873: 12863: 12829: 12757: 12718: 12710: 12700: 12666: 12658: 12648: 12614: 12406: 12368: 12338: 12303: 12283: 12263: 12183: 12162: 12012: 11972: 11873: 11861: 11530: 11432: 11346: 11304: 11237: 11004: 10936: 10875: 10507: 10427: 10400: 10281: 10232: 10187: 10169: 10125: 10082: 10072: 9571: 9374: 9288: 9255: 9094: 9053: 9010: 8807: 8641: 8418: 8416: 8257: 8230: 8210: 8146: 7894: 7865: 7753: 7726: 7699: 7689: 7606: 7594: 7584: 7564: 7534: 7522: 7504: 7462: 7450: 7432: 7373: 7328: 7316: 7308: 7298: 7192: 6989: 6919: 6883: 6810: 6767: 6743: 6708: 6396: 6280: 6232: 5918: 5122: 5108: 4699: 4064: 4025: 3937: 3779: 3164: 3091: 2930: 2763: 2629: 2581: 2470: 2314: 2265: 2237: 2164: 2152: 1995: 1836: 1709: 1669: 1621: 703: 498: 406: 90: 20198: 19796: 19456: 19210: 14720:. South Florida Studies in the History of Judaism, 95. Atlanta, Ga: Scholars Press. 14577:; Kosmin, Barry; Keysar, Ariela. "The American Jewish Identity Survey", a subset of 13298: 10579: 10368:"What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish?" 7971: 7559:. In Krans, Jan; Lietaert Peerbolte, L. J.; Smit, Peter-Ben; Zwiep, Arie W. (eds.). 6627:, the status of God's commandments to Israel, and perhaps most significantly of the 3920: 3719: 3178: 22795: 22760: 22688: 22570: 22467: 22079: 22039: 21987: 21982: 21899: 21869: 21779: 21669: 21533: 21485: 21480: 21044: 21009: 20982: 20740: 20725: 20600: 20524: 20374: 20352: 20260: 20121: 19900: 19863: 19719: 19704: 19652: 19446: 19426: 19394: 19389: 19360: 19355: 19279: 19269: 19098: 19062: 19054: 19025: 18938: 18858: 18853: 18816: 18806: 18732: 18670: 18512: 18349: 18199: 17857: 17549: 17517: 17478: 17449: 17432: 17382: 17183: 16992: 16925: 16878: 16826: 16794: 16785: 16770: 16644: 16619: 16595: 16479: 16410: 16327: 16194: 15692: 15348: 15207: 14631: 14623: 14501:

Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

14451: 14424: 14113: 14055: 13988: 13444: 13414: 13248: 12984: 12743: 12202: 11676: 11420: 10966: 10922: 10499: 10109: 9698: 9366: 8590: 8202: 7576: 7572: 7424: 7290: 7124: 7083: 7037: 6993: 6957: 6544: 6288: 6182:(ritual slaughterer) – In order for meat to be kosher, it must be slaughtered by a 5705: 5683: 5633: 5610: 5439: 5290: 4537: 4270: 4234: 4042: 3994:. A part of the European Sephardim were also linked with the Judaic modernization. 3946: 3805: 3732: 3688:

of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Western Jewry (primarily, the

3551: 3517: 3411: 3317: 3230: 3101: 2935: 2905: 2883: 2862: 2724: 2515: 2340: 2233: 2213: 2081: 1825: 1699: 1657: 1537: 1493: 1327: 989: 888: 624: 585: 570: 326: 301: 187: 20337: 15630: 15091: 12580: 11083: 10371: 9766:. Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America. 12 April 2006. Archived from 8726: 8413: 6898:. Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries, including Jews, were known as 6846:

track their origins from the patriarch Abraham, and they are therefore considered

6131: 5755: 4154:

in Israel, regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age

3840:

outside North America and Israel) is characterized by a commitment to traditional

22739: 21368: 21348: 20838: 20730: 20720: 20389: 20057: 19848: 19828: 19759: 19724: 19657: 19377: 19350: 19325: 19274: 19252: 19045: 18988: 18759: 18276: 18077: 18003: 17943: 17898: 17867: 17459: 17454: 17266: 17193: 17026: 16997: 16920: 16910: 16873: 16848: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16639: 16634: 16624: 16609: 16400: 16317: 16284: 16242: 16232: 16027: 15984: 15972: 15959: 15816: 15771: 15654: 15650: 15584: 15580: 15565:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 15560: 15552: 15524: 15520: 15500: 15479: 15455: 15352: 15277: 15201: 15151: 15114: 15058: 15054: 14998: 14961:

From Mesopotamia to Modernity: Ten Introductions to Jewish History and Literature

14959: 14951: 14929: 14923: 14878: 14857: 14798: 14794: 14739: 14681: 14635: 14499: 14495: 14445: 14275: 14239: 14203: 14125: 14059: 14000: 13962:. Studies of Israeli Society, 7 (Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 13957: 13949: 13921: 13913: 13849: 13825: 13804: 13771: 13452: 12992: 12837: 12822: 12797: 12751: 12562: 12538: 12357: 12326: 12056: 11898: 11662: 11551: 11340: 11332: 11298: 11231: 11207: 10930: 10926: 10214: 10054: 9727: 9671: 9629: 9417: 9235: 9128: 8797: 8713: 8358: 8356: 8252: 8140: 8100: 8096: 7637: 7561:

Paul, John, and Apocalyptic Eschatology: Studies in Honour of Martinus C. de Boer

7369: 7184: 7109: 7071: 7045: 6652: 6631:

himself. Due to these differences, Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as

6424: 6237: 6018: 5838: 5655: 5378: 5236: 5073: 5047: 5010: 4991: 4979: 4858: 4797: 4739: 4689: 4108: 3783: 3643: 3566: 3543: 3234: 3222: 3042: 2961: 2949: 2878: 2856: 2844: 2772: 2751: 2667: 2393: 2292: 2261: 2257: 2189: 2156: 2100: 1649: 1418: 1387: 1358: 1225: 1133: 1027: 580: 372: 337: 183: 173: 118: 13532: 10826: 10503: 6815: 3749:

that largely favored Sephardic traditions) to be the definitive codification of

2639:

emphasized practices and observances rather than religious beliefs, associating

22790: 21490: 21383: 21323: 21039: 21014: 20799: 20703: 20585: 20529: 20482: 19895: 19843: 19739: 19709: 19689: 19684: 19679: 19662: 19558: 19478: 19461: 19414: 19404: 18448: 18111: 18094: 17913: 17893: 17862: 17763: 17738: 17559: 17466: 17424: 17404: 17392: 17372: 17286: 17276: 17244: 17237: 17217: 17188: 17160: 17155: 17121: 17031: 16955: 16945: 16883: 16681: 16629: 16540: 16535: 16297: 16292: 16227: 16156: 16081: 16008: 15300: 15230: 14905: 14662:. Johns Hopkins Jewish studies. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. 13869: 13354: 13317: 13033:

Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement.

11818: 11806: 11604: 11600: 11538: 11489: 11481: 10974: 9429: 9421: 9215: 9211: 9146: 8478: 8476: 8108: 7830: 7722:

Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History

7645: 7270: 7170: 7150: 7132: 7128: 7056: 6949:) beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century. 6871: 6732: 6731:

in 1871 abolished Jewish disabilities in Germany, which were reinstated in the

6628: 6496: 6342: 6192: 5673: 5659: 5553: 5282: 5244: 4943: 4890: 4872: 4735: 4731: 4617: 4449: 4441: 4365: 4048: 3898: 3884: 3860: 3763: 3741: 3705: 3693: 3689: 3533: 3511: 3480: 3152: 2911: 2812: 2653: 2621: 2614: 2602: 2384: 2323: 2269: 2225: 2128: 2021: 2003: 1987: 1939: 1782: 1687: 1553: 1541: 1422: 1390:

that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the

1315: 1089: 884: 773: 679: 575: 451: 439: 382: 365: 332: 158: 135: 19451: 18713: 10162: 9165: 9133: 8353: 7580: 7294: 7104:

to classical Orthodox Judaism, such as that of the modernized denomination of

6778:, aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the antireligious régime. 5636:, the Biblical laws are augmented by Rabbinical injunctions. For example, the 5354:. People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be "keeping kosher". 5311:

In addition to synagogues, other buildings of significance in Judaism include

5289:), a continually lit lamp or lantern used as a reminder of the constantly lit 5210: 4544:) are special knotted "fringes" or "tassels" found on the four corners of the 4480: 22754: 21418: 20972: 20853: 20245: 20240: 20188: 20025: 19963: 19858: 19749: 19647: 19578: 19510: 19500: 19473: 19409: 19306: 19284: 19222: 19118: 19081: 19000: 18908: 18359: 18310: 18015: 17532: 17377: 17304: 17111: 17045: 17018: 16967: 16915: 16888: 16863: 16853: 16614: 16560: 16494: 16474: 16464: 16459: 16432: 16378: 16307: 16252: 16020: 15744: 15556: 15475: 15451: 15273: 15251: 15225: 14955: 14735: 14713: 14677: 14553: 14531: 14199: 13953: 13706: 13669: 12938: 12885: 12722: 12670: 11946: 11801: 11525: 11476: 11424: 11336: 11303:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 385–387. 11227: 11156: 10961: 10634: 9767: 9412: 9150: 9125: 8926: 8699: 8214: 8136: 8091: 7632: 7598: 7349: 7312: 7120: 7018: 6973: 6751: 6728: 6700: 6683:, restricting Jews to certain cities and towns or in certain parts of towns ( 6657: 6641: 6597: 6524: 6354: 6346: 6136: 5890: 5763: 5455: 5252: 5174: 5156: 5118: 5104: 5088: 5084: 5069: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5026: 4935: 4842: 4829: 4801: 4708: 4657: 4623: 4591: 4453: 4380: 4324: 4294: 4131: 4112: 3678: 3463: 3459: 3403: 3310: 3056:

According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition, God gave both the Written Law (the

2980: 2939: 2899: 2728: 2683: 2671: 2584:; and even though he may tarry, nonetheless, I wait every day for his coming. 2273: 2193: 2034: 2011: 1951: 1916: 1742:

and implicitly, anti-Hasmonean and pro-Hasmonean factions in Judean society.

1505: 1438: 1141: 1056: 565: 465: 429: 295: 20: 20087: 15417: 14343: 13628:"'Anti-Zionism is antisemitism,' US House asserts in 'dangerous' resolution" 13418: 13068: 13016: 9721: 9447: 9445: 8473: 8047: 5853:

within Orthodox Judaism permited only by some leading rabbis in West Europe.

21553: 21455: 21316: 21004: 20999: 20977: 20967: 20848: 20280: 20215: 20158: 20143: 20109: 19734: 19642: 18680: 18571: 18566: 18417: 18387: 18261: 18229: 17977: 17948: 17935: 17512: 17309: 17271: 17232: 16821: 16565: 16504: 16484: 16444: 16427: 16395: 16383: 16344: 16262: 16237: 15977: 15965: 15718: 15395: 15376:

Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition and Practice

15317: 15171: 15147: 15096:

An Introduction to Karaite Judaism: History, Theology, Practice and Culture

14834:

Modern Jewish Religious Movements: A History of Emancipation and Abjustment

14655: 14404: 14392: 14351: 14321: 14157: 14121: 14036:

Living Judaism: The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief, Tradition and Practice

13845: 13405: 13259: 12320:

The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism: Interview with Pieter van der Horst

11910: 11448: 11411: 11404:"The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?" 11294: 10994: 9829: 9812: 9686: 9596: 9228: 7518: 7446: 7428: 7279:

Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

6907: 6786: 6782: 6763: 6680: 6608: 6384: 6375: 6222: 5895: 5720: 5557: 5398: 5343: 5169:, along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh, called 5114: 5065: 4954:, dressing up in masks and costumes, and organizing carnivals and parties. 4931: 3978: 3924: 3916: 3813: 3697: 3635: 3455: 3378: 3349:

can be a means of experiencing God". Reflecting on the contribution of the

3242: 3226: 3198: 3076: 2984: 2803: 2787: 2759: 2648: 2422: 2303: 2249: 2185: 2057: 2038: 2026: 1762: 1556:. Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to 1466: 1442: 1434: 1411: 1275: 1270: 1215: 1094: 999: 959: 906: 860: 664: 473: 249: 241: 94: 19781: 18468: 13051:

Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000

12088:. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. pp. 202–204. 11403: 11271:, Ch. 18 "Americans in the Israeli Reform and Conservative Denominations". 10528:"World Jewish Population Totals 15.2 Million – With Nearly Half in Israel" 9843: 9503: 9473: 7275:"At Polar Ends of the Spectrum: Early Christian Ebionites and Marcionites" 2492:) records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in 2010:

that they needed to be governed by a permanent king, and Samuel appointed

1891: 21475: 21450: 21274: 21242: 21233: 21179: 21109: 21094: 20987: 20878: 20539: 20487: 20275: 19993: 19973: 19813: 19754: 19492: 19488: 19311: 18831: 18779: 18749: 18586: 18440: 18332: 18256: 18121: 18057: 18008: 17522: 17037: 16962: 16940: 16843: 16437: 16366: 16361: 16349: 16339: 15952: 15116:

Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times

13255: 12905:"Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism" 12852:"Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism" 12756:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. p. 373. 12689:"Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism" 12637:"Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism" 11934: 11928: 10860: 9742:"Some Remarks on the Self-Images of the Modern Judaism. Textual Analysis" 9442: 9153: 7862:

Islam, Judaism, and Christianity: Theological and Historical Affiliations

6938: 6739: 6548: 6408: 6388: 6358: 6350: 6154:(judge) – An ordained rabbi with special legal training who belongs to a 5725: 5386: 5100: 5064:") is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the 4393: 4312: 4191: 4158:. Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written 4076: 3194: 3151:

are written that are based on the responsa; the most important code, the

3015: 2758:, abandons the idea of religion for the sake of identifying Judaism with 2647:

and maintaining that the requirements for conversion to Judaism included

2625: 2553:

I believe with perfect faith that all the words of the prophets are true.

2365: 2096: 1999: 1678: 1673: 1529: 901: 358: 20794: 20735: 19838: 19259: 19093: 18642: 15258:. The Brill Reference Library of Judaism. Vol. 1–5. Leiden: Brill. 14800:

Commandments and Concerns: Jewish Religious Education in Secular Society

13827:

A History of Israelite Religion. Vol. 2: From the Exile to the Maccabees

11800: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 11524: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 11475: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 11176: 10960: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 9411: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 8222: 8206: 8090: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 7631: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 6186:

who is an expert in the laws of kashrut and has been trained by another

3034:

existed, and only 369 of these commandments are still applicable today.

3014:

or the Five Books of Moses). According to rabbinic tradition, there are

307: 21441: 21436: 21311: 21306: 21269: 21247: 21104: 21084: 21079: 20920: 20910: 20873: 20477: 20255: 20203: 19943: 19588: 19568: 19146: 19071: 19010: 18774: 18754: 18675: 18327: 18295: 18266: 18045: 18040: 18025: 17616: 17323: 16905: 16499: 16247: 16169: 16072: 14574: 12790: 12260:

After the evil: Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust

11886: 11236:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. pp. 240–258. 8503: 8463: 8461: 8433: 8431: 8403: 8401: 8343: 8341: 8313: 8311: 7025: 6960:

have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as

6941:). At times, Jews were also restricted in their choice of residence—in 6934: 6867: 6759: 6704: 6676: 6500: 6312: 6300: 6296: 6172: 5876: 5714: 5640:

mandates that a woman in her normal menstrual period must abstain from

5548:

or ritually impure. Some of these circumstances are contact with human

5418: 5402: 5061: 4930:") is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the 4927: 4868: 4627: 4604: 4378:. Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith, the 4353: 4127: 4111:

defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the

3904: 3868: 3650:

and a negative balance of people leaving Judaism versus those joining.

3590: 3578: 3423: 3206: 3202: 3174: 3105: 3061: 3011: 2606: 2594: 2410: 2328: 2197: 2112: 1991: 1971: 1959: 1638: 1613: 1446: 1426: 1403: 1384: 1146: 896: 689: 484: 20285: 19166: 10498:, vol. 115, Springer International Publishing, pp. 273–364, 7907: 6723:

with the ability of Jews to sit in parliament with the passing of the

6711:

was the first country to abolish disabilities altogether, followed by

6259:

Around the 1st century CE, there were several small Jewish sects: the

5584:

which became a requisite of all Jews before consuming ordinary bread.

2783: 2750:

whereas its ultimate goal is to bring the holiness down to the world.

2711:

Abraham as well as the additional aspects of the Covenant revealed to

2260:. Later, many of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent 1660:", which is also the source of the Hebrew term for Judaism: יַהֲדוּת, 21388: 21184: 21099: 21089: 20960: 20915: 20900: 20833: 20681: 20148: 20070: 20030: 20020: 19983: 19958: 19938: 19833: 19699: 19553: 19543: 19315: 19173: 18983: 18968: 18933: 18916: 18898: 18811: 18591: 18507: 18486: 18481: 18458: 18453: 18412: 18407: 18344: 18281: 18204: 18175: 18126: 18067: 18020: 17537: 17002: 16893: 16804: 16422: 16356: 15033: 12611:

Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism

10554:"Israel's Jewish population passes 7 million on eve of Rosh Hashanah" 10280:. Mars, PA: Central Conference of American Rabbis. pp. 100–106. 9711:, which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience. 9168: 8558:

Values, interests and identity: Jews and politics in a changing world

8554:

Insecure Prosperity: Small-Town Jews in Industrial America, 1890–1940

8029: 8027: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7365: 6985: 6961: 6911: 6824: 6755: 6458: 6331: 6292: 6284: 6264: 6260: 6243: 5989: 5872: 5850: 5812: 5434: 5382: 5362: 5186: 5126: 5006: 4951: 4769: 4761: 4726:) is a week-long holiday beginning on the evening of the 14th day of 4631: 4437: 4345: 4219: 4214: 4143: 4116: 3982: 3912: 3809: 3796: 3735:

holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to

3594: 3435: 3050: 3038: 2556:

I believe with perfect faith that the prophecy of Moses our teacher,

2474: 2205: 2030: 1908: 1739: 1735: 1114: 813: 659: 636: 245: 18863: 18392: 16373: 15759: 15311: 14916: 12000: 11160: 10864: 9935:

New York: Atheneum. 95; Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in

9741: 9668:"Description of Judaism, Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance" 8803:

In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity

8458: 8428: 8398: 8338: 8308: 8145:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. pp. 461–476. 7119:

On the other hand, proponents of classical Orthodox Judaism such as

6719:

was achieved in 1858 after an almost 30-year struggle championed by

6495:

In Central Europe, followed by Great Britain and the United States,

5719: – Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of 5139: 4452:

with men, including roles traditionally filled only by men, such as

2485:

is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world.

21191: 20935: 20925: 20780: 20270: 20250: 20077: 19953: 19808: 19382: 19136: 19076: 18995: 18903: 18890: 18868: 18848: 18826: 18821: 18801: 18741: 18708: 18647: 18491: 18476: 18354: 18315: 18271: 18062: 17999: 17903: 17806: 17256: 17198: 17143: 17138: 16809: 16095: 15877: 9248:

Newman, Carey C.; Davila, James R.; Lewis, Gladys S., eds. (1999).

8556:, Princeton University Press, 1999. p. 217; Peter Y. Medding, 7178: 7143: 7079: 7049: 7033: 6937:, as well as by the Zaydi imams of Yemen in the 17th century (see: 6875: 6798: 6747: 6484: 6470: 6442: 6323: 6201: 6179: 6156: 5975: 5834: 5790: 5512: 5473: 5422: 5417:

are permitted in most communities. Other types of animals, such as

5410: 5270: 5261: 5200: 5170: 4975: 4970: 4939: 4756:("Pentecost" or "Feast of Weeks") celebrates the revelation of the 4719: 4713: 4570: 4505: 4338: 4308: 4242: 4187: 4151: 4036: 3966: 3908: 3867:

while observing moral laws, and emphasizes the ethical call of the

3787: 3604: 3492: 3474: 3431: 3138: 2944: 2919: 2823: 2791: 2640: 2636: 2481:, and whether people have free will or their lives are determined, 2418: 2378: 2120: 1766: 1608: 1580: 1474: 1407: 1171: 1156: 1119: 1109: 1104: 969: 855: 808: 794: 651: 600: 419: 392: 15804: 14660:

The Faith of the Mithnagdim: Rabbinic Responses to Hasidic Rapture

14637:

Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism

13331: 12952:, Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term 12930: 12877: 12714: 12662: 9557: 9495: 8835:

The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties

8024: 7920: 7804: 7526: 7454: 7320: 6112:, and makes certain that the synagogue is kept clean and supplied. 5259:

scrolls are kept (the ark is often closed with an ornate curtain (

4648: 4428:

In addition to prayer services, observant traditional Jews recite

3402:

According to Rabbinic tradition, all valid interpretations of the

2514:, Judaism is heavily associated with and most often thought of as 1982:

as opposed to the Oral Torah, which refers to the Mishnah and the

1445:. In addition to the original written scripture, the supplemental 21460: 21064: 21029: 20950: 20863: 20804: 20708: 20411: 20265: 20015: 19968: 19853: 19729: 19548: 19015: 18978: 18789: 18339: 18305: 18148: 17471: 17355: 17350: 17340: 17328: 17148: 17133: 17077: 17012: 16987: 16950: 16814: 16489: 16388: 16312: 16204: 16061: 15940: 15882: 15776: 11964: 10723: 10610: 8552:, University of Michigan Press, 2008, p. 303; Ewa Morawska, 7075: 7001: 6942: 6930: 6922: 6915: 6899: 6891: 6887: 6863: 6771: 6712: 6335: 6319: 6304: 6272: 6268: 6247: 6226: 6207: 5965: 5777: 5743: 5677: 5663: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5561: 5549: 5502:

The Torah does not give specific reasons for most of the laws of

5426: 5414: 5370: 5338: 5331: 5312: 5162: 4957:

Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of

4753: 4743: 4703:

make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple:

4670: 4665: 4653: 4643: 4532: 4501: 4469: 4361: 4139: 4087: 3849: 3845: 3598: 3415: 3373:

In the study of Torah, the sages formulated and followed various

3350: 3333: 3096: 2997: 2890: 2872: 2840: 2834: 2720: 2716: 2700: 2454: 2428: 2406: 2310: 2208:. After Solomon's reign, the nation split into two kingdoms, the 2201: 2116: 2068:

200 CE. The Talmud was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the

2061: 2007: 1975: 1931: 1927: 1878: 1558: 1525: 1450: 1395: 1255: 1161: 1079: 984: 974: 929: 789: 784: 755: 743: 711: 590: 557: 541: 536: 526: 489: 231: 197: 148: 82: 15656:

The New American Judaism: How Jews Practice Their Religion Today

14558:

Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice

14061:

The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities

13893: 13773:

The Origins of Judaism: An Archaeological-Historical Reappraisal

13506:

Kabbalah and the spiritual quest: the Kabbalah Centre in America

13364: 13053:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 223. 10086: 7123:

and similar groups strongly oppose the growing accommodation to

7048:, another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of 6707:

was the first Jew to serve on a jury in North America. In 1791,

6464: 4730:(the first month in the Hebrew calendar), that commemorates the 4329: 3824: 3816:(Asian and North African) Jews in Israel. "Centrist" Orthodoxy ( 3520:, a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who 2084:. It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine. 21373: 21252: 21237: 21056: 20945: 20930: 20888: 20666: 20544: 19818: 19573: 19563: 19217: 19178: 19020: 18628: 18598: 18322: 17542: 17409: 17345: 11412:

Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions

11003:. Detroit, Mi: Wayne State University Press. pp. 358–359. 10038:

Third Edition Brooklyn, NY: Mesorah Publications pp. 49–53

9220: 7568: 7496: 7416: 7282: 7149:

believed in the separation of state and religion, and regarded

7074:, which employs teachers from multiple religions, is a one of " 7060: 6946: 6926: 6851: 6820: 6688: 6632: 6601: 6540: 6455:"they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost" 6446: 6400: 6392: 6101: 6026: 5981: 5941: 5925: 5688: 5667: 5621: 5604: 5358: 5316: 5304: 4987: 4961:, which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar. 4862: 4854: 4817: 4788: 4779: 4774: 4747: 4586: 4546: 4512: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4417: 4412: 4370: 4357: 4349: 4334: 4304: 4135: 4120: 4030: 3962: 3954: 3775: 3654: 3439: 3354: 3023: 2967: 2957: 2849: 2817: 2659: 2571: 2177: 2108: 2069: 1983: 1943: 1648:, "to side with or imitate the "). Its ultimate source was the 1588: 1567: 1454: 1260: 1151: 1099: 1084: 1074: 1069: 1042: 1037: 1020: 994: 979: 964: 939: 934: 850: 803: 778: 760: 674: 669: 646: 605: 595: 531: 508: 503: 226: 169: 144: 140: 102: 19764: 15505:. State College, Pa: Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books. 14883:. State College, Pa: Journal of Buddhist Ethics Online Books. 12302:. First published 1975; this Bantam edition 1986, p. 23. 8373: 8371: 1417:

Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of observing the

21069: 20843: 20823: 20808: 20384: 20210: 20005: 19868: 19823: 19803: 19005: 18402: 18248: 18030: 17493: 17488: 17442: 17397: 17318: 17313: 16577: 16332: 16302: 14413:. Vol. 11 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. 8692: 8589: 8328: 8326: 7041: 6997: 6965: 6903: 6879: 6859: 6855: 6843: 6488:

emancipation, many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe

6308: 6196: 6163: 6082: 6013: 5996: 5970: 5933: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5650: 5637: 5625:, literally "separation", or family purity. Vital aspects of 5616: 5565: 5535: 5496: 5492: 5447: 5394: 5256: 5166: 4906: 4885: 4757: 4727: 4555: 4174: 4159: 4147: 3864: 3791: 3736: 3484: 3451: 3447: 3419: 3374: 3346: 3329: 3325: 3186: 3069: 3057: 3019: 3007: 2712: 2343:

who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities.

2318: 2317:(132–136 CE), after which the Romans banned the study of the 2054: 2015: 1967: 1955: 1947: 1935: 1896: 1643: 1497: 1496:, which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to 1470: 1430: 1166: 1064: 1013: 1006: 870: 865: 845: 840: 835: 750: 738: 733: 728: 721: 716: 641: 513: 479: 201: 14899:

The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa In Modern Times

14897:

Simon, Reeva; Laskier, Michael; Reguer, Sara (eds.) (2002).

12180:

The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture

11027: 11000:

Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe

10905: 10903: 10790: 10071:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 13–38. 9982:

New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976

9764:"Judaism 101: A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts" 9364: 9027: 8388: 8386: 7766: 6979: 6600:, Spain was converted to a church shortly after anti-Jewish 6097:

Many congregations, especially larger ones, also rely on a:

5797:

contains declaration: "You are hereby permitted to all men."

5540:

The Tanakh describes circumstances in which a person who is

4698:), celebrate landmark events in Jewish history, such as the 2417:

Thus, although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism in

2236:

continued as an independent state until it was conquered by

1907:

At its core, the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) is an account of the

20994: 20883: 18836: 17775: 17592: 16126: 15589:

Two Worlds of Judaism: The Israeli and American Experiences

15156:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 13854:(2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 12215:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 60, 133–134 10802: 10622: 9965:

New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv; Strack, Hermann 1980

9463:

Rabbi S. of Montpelier, Yad Rama, Y. Alfacher, Rosh Amanah.

8368: 5929: 5648:

with this extended menstrual period, known in the Torah as

5477: 5442:

practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered

5374: 4958: 4947: 4838:

or "Days of Awe") revolve around judgment and forgiveness:

4813: 4198: 4092: 3357:

to contemporary Judaism, Professor Jacob Neusner observed:

3321: 3027: 2280: 1391: 1250: 765: 266: 15855: 15228:; Avery-Peck, Alan J.; Green, William Scott, eds. (1999). 13658:"New York Rabbi Finds Friends in Iran and Enemies at Home" 12439:"Vatican issues new document on Christian-Jewish dialogue" 10814: 10251:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2007. Archived from 9501: 8448: 8446: 8323: 7489:

The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity

7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 6250:

and trained by a rabbi, if not a rabbi himself or herself.

5125:(Israeli Independence Day) commemorate the horrors of the 3547:

all descent in the Torah went according to the male line.

2620:

In Maimonides' time, his list of tenets was criticized by

2276:

was constructed and old religious practices were resumed.

2002:

to capture the tabernacle. The people of Israel then told

68: 20893: 20858: 19533: 18912: 15911: 12965: 11137: 10900: 10778: 10711: 10687: 10675: 10012:סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem: 1974, pp. 38–39 8867: 8865: 8383: 5451: 5390: 5366: 5144: 4902:

Jewish personnel of the US Navy light candles on Hanukkah

4400:—"Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God! The Lord is One!" 3794:

or religious teacher; their traditionalist opponents the

3612:

interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

2127:, which was centered on a pantheon of gods much like the 1912: 1729:

should be translated not as "Judaism" but as Judaeanness.

98: 16000: 15990: 15089: 14181:

The Origins of Judaism: From Canaan to the Rise of Islam

13379:

What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism?

13165:. JerusalemCouncil.org. 10 February 2009. Archived from 12907:. In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). 12854:. In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). 12691:. In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). 12639:. In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). 12050:

Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest

10469:"Data: Arab Growth Slows, Still Higher than Jewish Rate" 10423:

Birth, Death, and Femininity: Philosophies of Embodiment

10241: 9346: 8633: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7915:

An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects

6254: 3155:, largely determines Orthodox religious practice today. 2831:

Works of the Talmudic Era (classic rabbinic literature)

15821: 15004:

Religious Zionism Post Disengagement: Future Directions

13695:"Yeshayahu Leibowitz, 91, Iconoclastic Israeli Thinker" 12073:. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. 205–207. 11115:"Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational" 10208:"Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S." 8443: 7998: 7878: 7224: 6972:, and even in the newspapers and other publications of 6539:

Judaism is practiced around the world. This is an 1889

6357:

from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula and the

3965:

vary between discrete communities, it can be said that

1753:(1516). "Judaism" as a direct translation of the Latin 17818: 15928: 15872: 15860: 15838: 14100:(2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. 11762: 11371: 9927:

Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii-vix; Steinsaltz, Adin 1976

9582:

The concept of "dogma" is…not a basic idea in Judaism.

8862: 7670: 6945:, for example, Jews were confined to walled quarters ( 6738:

Jewish life in Christian lands was marked by frequent

6104:(sexton) – Calls people up to the Torah, appoints the 6074:

communities now allow women to serve in this function.

6054:

recites a prayer on behalf of the congregation, he is

4344:

Traditionally, Jews recite prayers three times daily,

4086:

lifestyle with nationalist ideology. (Some people, in

3638:

is 1.7% annually, and is consistently growing through

3585:

7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against

3225:. Well-known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include 2309:

and destroyed the Second Temple. Later, Roman emperor

1915:

from their earliest history until the building of the

15916: 15799: 15659:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 15460:. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press. 15236:. Vol. 1–3. Leiden; New York: Brill; Continuum. 14683:

A Short History of Judaism: Three Meals, Three Epochs

14538:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 14504:. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press. 14315:

Back to the Sources: Reading the Classic Jewish Texts

14208:(Reprint ed.). Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. 14162:

Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution

12402:

Jewish-Christian Relations Since the Second World War

11805: 10965: 10749: 10665: 10663: 10661: 9748:. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński. pp. 91–106. 9622: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 7937: 7778:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

7153:

as a "historical distortion of the Jewish religion".

5180: 3581:. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as 3498:

In contrast to this point of view, practices such as

2252:, which was at the center of ancient Jewish worship. 1970:—the five books of Moses. These books, together with 15562:

Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel

15256:

The Halakhah: An Encyclopaedia of the Law of Judaism

14478:

Normative Judaism? Jews, Judaism and Jewish Identity

14306:

Guttmann, Julius (1964). Trans. by David Silverman,

13959:

Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel

13947: 12033:

The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish-Arab History

11870:

Women and water: menstruation in Jewish life and law

11750: 11389: 11342:

Israeli Judaism: The Sociology of Religion in Israel

11268: 11201: 10699: 10616: 8263: 7251: 7203:

List of religious organizations#Jewish organizations

7160: 7100:

Criticism of Judaism may include those that require

7017:

group, which not to be confused with less syncretic

6666:

have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live."

4921: 4254: 3715:

Two Haredi Jewish couples at a bus stop in Jerusalem

3395:

verse has several meanings." (Talmud Sanhedrin 34a).

3142: 2432:, or Jewish law, and given verbal expression in the 1794:"Ancient Judaism" redirects here. For the book, see 1757:

first occurred in a 1611 English translation of the

1410:, likely around the 6th/5th century BCE. Along with 1375: 53: 15887: 14600:. Vol. 1. Farmington Hills, Mi: Thomson Gale. 14241:

American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective

14197: 12791:'Messianism: Its Historical Origin and Morphology,' 12025: 11610: 10646: 10047:Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, Nissen Mangel, 2003 9783:"How Many of the Torah's Commandments Still Apply?" 9593:

Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought, Menachem Kellner.

9563: 8275: 6968:, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the 4407:

An Israeli female soldier prays at the Western Wall

2703:. Judaism also universally recognizes the Biblical 1725:beliefs are not the sole content of the term. Thus 15826: 15748: 15722: 15607: 15484:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. 15429: 15373: 15229: 15175: 14831: 14772: 14744:(Reprint ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ. 14355: 14033: 13732:"Yeshayahu Leibowitz: Idol smasher or idol maker?" 13503: 13398: 13130: 12356: 12225: 12171: 12118: 12100:"National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) 2000–01" 11028:Weiss, Ruchama; Brackman, Levi (9 December 2010). 10658: 10161: 9986:New Yorki: Basic Books. 222; Strack, Hermann 1980 9692: 9373:. Vol. 2. New York: Proseworks. p. 485. 8718: 8510: 8287: 8095: 8046: 7970: 7554: 6062:at their conclusion; it is with this act that the 5658:flow until seven days after it ends. In addition, 5342:. Food prepared in accordance with them is termed 3090:, which are the basis of the Talmud. According to 2580:I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the 2220:; many people were taken captive from the capital 15987:from the 1917 Jewish Publication Society version. 15457:An Introduction to Judaism: A Textbook and Reader 14964:(Reprint ed.). London; New York: Routledge. 14934:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 14734: 14002:A Living Tree: The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law 13912: 13489: 12318:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 5 May 2009. 11674: 11281: 11279: 11277: 10935:. London; New York: Routledge. pp. 288–289. 9939:, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 132–161 9931:New York: Basic Books. 3–9; Strack, Hermann 1980 9416: 9247: 9227:) edition of the Tanakh, from 1917, available at 9201:. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 203 9188:. New York: Bloch Publishing Company. p. 194 8773:"Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees" 8467: 8407: 8347: 8033: 7931: 7884: 7078:Judaism" movements that claims to popularize the 5898:and need to remain in readiness for future duty: 5469:, but the prohibition is rabbinic, not biblical. 4796:for seven days and nights. Sukkot concludes with 4130:, a very small community located entirely around 1682:, a word that signified a people's submission to 22752: 15309:. Vol. 1–12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 14936:. Philadelphia, Pa: Jewish Publication Society. 14914:. Vol. 1–12. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 14859:Understanding Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism 13926:. Philadelphia, Pa: Jewish Publication Society. 13878:. Berkeley, Ca: University of California Press. 13875:A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity 13457:. London; New York: Continuum. pp. 98–100. 13276:Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because: 12532:"Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries" 11683:, Faculty of Jewish Studies, Rabbinical office. 11563: 10847:, pp. 416–418, "Reconstructionist Judaism". 10419: 10186:. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing. 10122:A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity 10068:A radical Jew: Paul and the politics of identity 10025:London: Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54–55 9811:Codex Judaica Kantor 2006, p. 146" (as cited on 8562:People of the city: Jews and the urban challenge 8121: 6519:. Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah formed 6108:for each prayer session if there is no standard 4204: 3475:Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism 3049:. These oral traditions were transmitted by the 2379:Defining characteristics and principles of faith 1570:. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and 15917:OHALAH Association of Rabbis for Jewish Renewal 14950: 14856:(2003). Jon Bloomberg; Samuel Kapustin (eds.). 14310:. Philadelphia, Pa: Jewish Publication Society. 14164:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 13390: 13124: 12896: 12843: 12738: 12736: 12680: 12628: 11707: 11705: 11054: 10344:. Shamash.org. 4 September 2003. Archived from 9942: 9917: 9873:The Prayer book: Weekday, Sabbath, and Festival 8996: 8580:, W.W. Norton & Company, 1997, p. 169. 7745: 5751:is prohibited, except as within Reform Judaism: 5346:, and food that is not kosher is also known as 4716:used by the Jewish community of Cairo in Arabic 4181: 3931: 3086:The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying 15526:The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide 15200:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 15060:The Modern Jewish Experience: A Reader's Guide 14838:(3rd rev. ed.). New York: Behrman House. 14444:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). 13241: 13038: 12603: 12348: 12048:Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego. " 11723: 11529: 11274: 10153: 10015: 9993: 9972: 9904: 9371:The Encyclopedia of American Religious History 9149:20:3 "You shall have no other gods before me; 9089:. In Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan (eds.). 8538: 7859: 7823: 7198:List of 21st-century religious leaders#Judaism 7044:beliefs with some Jewish religious practices; 6717:Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom 6661:(Formal Statement on the Jews), which stated: 6562: 6515:should not be entirely abandoned, to form the 6143: 4812:Jews in Mumbai break the Yom Kippur fast with 3901:and history as the sources of Jewish identity. 3891:. Men and women participate equally in prayer. 3608:movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, 17791: 16111: 15402:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14598:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices 14443: 14328:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 14280:. Bloomington, In: Indiana University Press. 12812:Michael L. Morgan, Steven Weitzman, (eds.,) 12578: 12252: 12177: 11569: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11285: 10855: 10853: 10844: 10028: 9955: 9952:, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 147. 9914:, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Autumn, 1988), p. 151. 9828:, Jerusalem 1971, p.16 (Hebrew) (as cited on 9695:"How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened?" 9604:"The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith" 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9033: 8578:American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword 8497: 8180: 8081: 8079: 8077: 7864:. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 63–112. 7052:and other Asian spirituality in their faith. 7000:is the Jewish Messiah, that he is one of the 6886:. Indeed, the years 712 to 1066 CE under the 6465:The Enlightenment and new religious movements 5576:) were required to eat their bread offering ( 5165:prayer services is the public reading of the 4683: 4440:, before eating or drinking different foods, 4392:is the recitation of a verse from the Torah ( 4333:A Yemenite Jew at morning prayers, wearing a 4233:and their traditional interpretations within 4024:Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as " 4009: 3660: 3147:). Over time, as practices develop, codes of 2617:only the first five principles are endorsed. 1751:The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce 1335: 15888:World Union for Progressive Judaism (Israel) 15851:The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism 15153:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 14588: 14054: 13995:. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ. 13851:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 13443: 12983: 12977: 12733: 12462: 12460: 12392: 12178:Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth (2010). 11965:Sara E. Karesh; Mitchell M. Hurvitz (2005). 11791: 11789: 11702: 11640: 11300:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 10921: 10717: 10493: 10342:"What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent?" 10124:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10041: 9948:Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in 9910:Stern, David "Midrash and Indeterminacy" in 9878: 9714: 9204: 8792: 8790: 8727:"Methods and Categories: Judaism and Gospel" 8127: 7965: 7963: 7719:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). 7245: 7114:Jewish culture as a progressive civilization 7032:, loosely organized sects which incorporate 6523:. After massive movements of Jews following 6349:(of Spain, Portugal, and North Africa), the 6033:) (cantor) – a trained vocalist who acts as 5824: 5781: 5712: 5518:Survival concerns supersede all the laws of 5055: 4550:(Hebrew: טַלִּית) (Ashkenazi pronunciation: 4260: 3923:, Major-General Alik Ron, and the mother of 3446:, the introduction to his commentary on the 3209:. Major changes occurred in response to the 44: 41: 17600:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 14904: 13998: 13942:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan 13047:"Chapter 20: The Rise of Messianic Judaism" 12405:. Manchester University Press. p. 87. 12292: 12182:. Cambridge University Press. p. 120. 11480: 11455: 11219: 10413: 10225: 9891: 9866: 9570:. Jewish Publication Society. p. 509. 9536: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9191: 9140: 9119: 8991:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan 7739: 7636: 7342: 6858:are descended from the two sons of Abraham— 6695:in 1290 (Jews were readmitted in 1655) and 6567: 4090:, also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as 2268:seventy years later, an event known as the 1843:of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. 1449:is represented by later texts, such as the 19:"Judeo" redirects here. For the album, see 17798: 17784: 16118: 16104: 15725:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 15591:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 15210:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. 15178:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 15053: 14803:. Philadelphia, Pa: Jewish Publ. Society. 14454:, Series Editor. New York: Facts On File. 14358:A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion 14178: 13776:. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. 12572: 12312: 12212:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 11867: 11649: 11502: 11464: 11291:"Jewish Religious Life in State of Israel" 10850: 10820: 10426:. Indiana University Press. pp. 67–. 10396:Lost Jews: The Struggle for Identity Today 10392: 10386: 10006: 9651: 9457: 9387: 9343:New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 36 9333: 9178: 8971: 8871: 8853: 8749: 8074: 7718: 7698:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 1. 7263: 6453:of original Judaism. As some have put it: 5495:products made by non-Jews, due to ancient 5315:, or institutions of Jewish learning, and 4398:Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad 4103: 3877:, like Reform Judaism, does not hold that 3532:and the larger denominations of worldwide 2327:("legitimate religion") until the rise of 2099:dualism. In this view, it was only by the 1342: 1328: 15856:Masorti (Conservative) Movement in Israel 15632:Jews and the American Religious Landscape 15436:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14852: 14183:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 14088: 13999:Dorff, Elliot N.; Rosett, Arthur (1988). 13692: 13524: 13185: 12815:Rethinking the Messianic Idea in Judaism, 12496: 12457: 12354: 11831: 11786: 11768: 11714: 11594: 11322: 11320: 11084:"Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?" 10729: 10471:. Israel National News. 14 January 2013. 10051:Kehot Publication Society. pp. 24–25 9502:Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld (9 May 2009). 9159: 8983: 8947: 8796: 8787: 8039: 7960: 7954: 7752:. Harvard University Press. p. 224. 7676: 7405:"Breaking Away: The First Christianities" 6980:Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism 6866:, respectively. While both religions are 6530: 6081:(master of the reading) reads the weekly 5988:The most common professional clergy in a 5849:, which is observed for eleven months. A 5695:. The torah is visible in the foreground. 5409:status of a few birds. For example, both 4082:), or "Hardal", which combines a largely 3907:(Sabbatarians) are a movement of Jews of 2635:Along these lines, the ancient historian 1946:). Later, the descendants of Isaac's son 1859:Learn how and when to remove this message 20313: 16147:Index of Jewish history-related articles 14928: 14829: 14494: 14156: 13823: 13802: 13295:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism 12999:Continuum International Publishing Group 12512: 12506: 12484: 12472: 12431: 12159:The God of Israel and Christian Theology 12059:." MEAH, sección Hebreo 56 (2007), 33–51 12006: 11155: 10796: 10628: 9720:M. San 10:1. Translation available here 9670:. Religioustolerance.org. Archived from 9587: 9525: 8908: 8896: 8770: 8640:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 90–. 8437: 8377: 8317: 8269: 8192: 7913:Cambridge University Historical Series, 7796: 7620: 7257: 7059:borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, 6829: 6814: 6587: 6534: 6291:(today, known simply as "Judaism"). The 6215:(bills of divorce) must be written by a 6130: 6085:portion. The requirements for being the 5952: 5866: 5837:practice. The first stage is called the 5800: 5754: 5682: 5591: 5529: 5322: 5223: 5209: 5190: 5138: 4897: 4889: 4807: 4800:, where Jews begin to pray for rain and 4768: 4707: 4647: 4479: 4463: 4402: 4328: 4168: 3945: 3823: 3753:. Orthodoxy places a high importance on 3718: 3710: 3573:definitions of matrilineal descent, and 3252: 3168: 3072:leaders) of each subsequent generation. 2974: 2782: 2388: 2168: 2033:is a remnant of the wall encircling the 2020: 1890: 1636:, a Latinized form of the Ancient Greek 1612: 21605: 17646:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 16283: 16092:(Hebrew text with English translation). 15687:Christianity originated in 1st-century 15635:. New York: Columbia University Press. 15614:. New York: Columbia University Press. 14793: 14779:. San Francisco, Ca: Harper & Row. 14770: 14712: 14676: 14475: 14120: 14098:Encyclopedia of Religion: 15-volume Set 13944:. Chippenham: Sheffield Academic Press. 13868: 13762: 13530: 13396: 13253: 13098:Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations 13086: 12398: 12363:. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 12196: 11756: 11401: 11171:(1). Amsterdam University Press: 7–22. 10932:Encyclopedia of new religious movements 10808: 10705: 10181: 10159: 10115: 10060: 9888:New York: Bloch Publishing. p. 213 9756: 9660: 9474:"Maimonides' 13 Foundations of Judaism" 9352: 9084: 9078: 8959: 8935: 8920: 8837:University of California Press. 105–106 8685: 8452: 8392: 8332: 8281: 7399: 7348: 6766:; many of them, such as the Protestant 5862: 5857: 5729:or brit bat, enjoys limited popularity. 5268:The elevated reader's platform (called 4311:) and refraining from negative speech ( 3104:after the destruction of Jerusalem, in 2715:, who is considered Judaism's greatest 1690:) cultural norms. The conflict between 1488:Within Judaism, there are a variety of 22753: 15788:Shamash's Judaism and Jewish Resources 15354:Judaism: History, Belief, and Practice 14997: 14901:, New York: Columbia University Press. 14654: 14579:The American Religious Identity Survey 14391: 14350: 14320: 14270: 14234: 14031: 13844: 13655: 13537:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 13492:, pp. 354–370, "New Age Judaism". 13288: 13266:from the original on 27 September 2016 13135:. JerusalemCouncil.org. Archived from 12742: 12227:"Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, 1st Baronet" 12124: 11971:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 444–. 11952: 11940: 11916: 11904: 11892: 11780: 11557: 11377: 11317: 11225: 11213: 11017:from the original on 10 February 2023. 10993: 10832: 10736:A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah 10652: 10640: 10001:Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud 9988:Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud 9967:Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud 9933:Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud 9739: 9510:from the original on 27 September 2019 9466: 9451: 9286: 9023:from the original on 10 February 2023. 9009:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. 9002: 8482: 8422: 8362: 8302: 7688: 7664: 7482: 7269: 6399:, expulsions, social restrictions and 5871:Jewish students with their teacher in 5307:or prayer leader stands while praying. 5017:establishment of the State of Israel. 4368:. At the heart of each service is the 3615: 21604: 20762: 20312: 17817: 17779: 16099: 16050:at the "Vayavinu Bamikra" Project in 15947:Jewish religious literature and texts 15810:The Various Types of Orthodox Judaism 15800:Orthodox Judaism – The Orthodox Union 15729:(Online ed.). Oxford Reference. 15478:; Avery-Peck, Alan J., eds. (2003) . 15112: 14876: 14738:; Avery-Peck, Alan J., eds. (2003) . 14640:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14630: 14552: 14530: 14127:Conservative Judaism: The New Century 13900:from the original on 10 February 2023 13769: 13501: 13155: 13094:"What are the Standards of the UMJC?" 13044: 13023:from the original on 10 February 2023 12902: 12849: 12686: 12634: 12530:Shumsky, Dmitry. (12 September 2012) 12518: 12502: 12490: 12478: 12466: 12419:from the original on 10 February 2023 12272: 11985:from the original on 10 February 2023 11729: 11326: 11143: 10909: 10859: 10784: 10693: 10681: 10669: 10525: 10440:from the original on 10 February 2023 10277:Contemporary American Reform Responsa 10273: 10138:from the original on 10 February 2023 10093:from the original on 10 February 2023 10021:Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks, 2006 9780: 9107:from the original on 10 February 2023 9066:from the original on 10 February 2023 9052:. Schocken Books. pp. 9–10, 14. 9045: 8806:. InterVarsity Press. pp. 39ff. 8766: 8764: 8724: 8709:An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon 8673:from the original on 10 February 2023 8615:from the original on 6 September 2023 8500:, pp. 419–422, "Reform Judaism". 7802: 7555:Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (2013). 6996:. The movement generally states that 6910:, a practice not found in either the 6896:Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain 6255:Historical Jewish groupings (to 1700) 5905:(priest) – patrilineal descendant of 5336:The Jewish dietary laws are known as 5303:, a lectern facing the Ark where the 4459: 4283: 3844:and customs, including observance of 2896:Major codes of Jewish law and custom 2503:is more important than belief in God 22786:Religion in ancient Israel and Judah 16125: 16001:The complete formatted Talmud online 13656:Santos, Fernanda (15 January 2007). 13229:from the original on 10 October 2023 12125:Taylor, Humphrey (15 October 2003). 12083: 12068: 12042: 11668: 11094:from the original on 22 October 2006 10763:from the original on 3 December 2016 10590:from the original on 10 October 2023 9752:from the original on 17 August 2021. 9504:"Maimonides, 13 Principles of Faith" 9369:; Shattuck Jr., Gardiner H. (1996). 9308: 9289:"Is There a Jewish Theology or Not?" 8848:New Chronicles of England and France 8183:, p. 221, "Humanistic Judaism". 8012:from the original on 12 January 2002 7803:Fried, Yerachmiel (18 August 2011). 6804: 6797:and the Jews. In December 2015, the 6770:and the Catholic Church, as well as 5805:The Bereavement (Yahrtzeit) Hasidic 5699: 5381:. Certain types of seafood, such as 3158: 2107:argues that the origins of biblical 1938:, his second son, would inherit the 1808: 1702:and hence the invention of the term 16:Ethnic religion of the Jewish people 16011:for links to more Judaism e-texts. 15900:Jewish Reconstructionist Federation 15743: 15279:The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism 15206:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 14686:. Minneapolis, Mn: Fortress Press. 14450:. Encyclopedia of World Religions. 12300:The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 12282:. Doubleday, Garden City, NY, 1976 12132:. HarrisInteractive. Archived from 12009:History, religion, and antisemitism 11088:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 11030:"Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi" 10475:from the original on 26 August 2018 9841: 8663:"Jewish Population by Country 2023" 8634:Ernest Krausz; Gitta Tulea (1997). 7409:A New History of Early Christianity 5373:to be kosher, the animal must have 5265:) outside or inside the ark doors); 5094: 5056: 5051: 4983: 4261: 3790:and distinguished by reliance on a 3671: 3108:3949, which corresponds to 189 CE. 2991: 2256:, in what is regarded as the first 1562:(Jewish law), the authority of the 1362: 45: 13: 21574:Religions and spiritual traditions 17820:Religious groups and denominations 17593:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 17573:American Jewish Historical Society 16054:(lists nearly 200 recordings) and 15941:World Movement for Karaite Judaism 15912:ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal 15873:The Union for Reform Judaism (USA) 15481:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 15135: 14994:. Eugene, Or: Wipf and Stock Publ. 14741:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 13693:Greenberg, Joel (19 August 1994). 13574:from the original on 24 April 2024 13561: 12769:to call themselves Messianic Jews. 12240:from the original on 27 April 2014 12011:. University of California Press. 11907:, pp. 381–2, "Intermarriage". 11578:from the original on 23 March 2010 11560:, pp. 212–14, "Dietary Laws". 11402:Feldman, Rachel Z. (August 2018). 11390:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 11329:"Demensions of Jewish Religiosity" 11269:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 11202:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 11081: 10732:"Torah MiSinai:Conservative Views" 10617:Deshen, Liebman & Shokeid 2017 10556:. Times of israel. 25 April 2022. 9567:The JPS guide to Jewish traditions 9539:"The Thirteen Principles of Faith" 9480:from the original on 23 April 2016 9321:from the original on 25 April 2019 9268:from the original on 18 April 2021 9091:The Blackwell companion to Judaism 8761: 8526:from the original on 27 April 2015 8142:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 7841:from the original on 11 March 2022 7811:from the original on 11 March 2022 6988:. The most well-known of these is 6594:Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca 6139:sofer writing a torah in the 1930s 5181:Synagogues and religious buildings 4942:them, as recorded in the biblical 4611: 3820:) is sometimes also distinguished. 3469: 2778: 2254:The Judeans were exiled to Babylon 1986:. Eventually, God led them to the 174:widespread worldwide as minorities 14: 22807: 15706: 15303:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 14908:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 14817:from the original on 31 July 2023 14758:from the original on 10 July 2023 14700:from the original on 25 June 2023 14614:from the original on 10 June 2023 14379:from the original on 13 July 2023 14258:from the original on 30 June 2023 14244:. Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publ. House. 14222:from the original on 24 June 2023 14144:from the original on 21 June 2023 14104:from the original on 16 July 2023 14019:from the original on 31 July 2023 13471:from the original on 28 June 2023 13425:from the original on 17 July 2023 13363:. Aleph.org. 2007. Archived from 13256:"Why Jews Don't Believe in Jesus" 12591:from the original on 25 June 2009 12262:. Oxford University Press, 2003. 11392:, Part 4 "Nationalist Orthodoxy". 11250:from the original on 24 June 2023 11216:, p. 166, "Chief Rabbinate". 11204:, Part 5 "The Sephardic Pattern". 11183:from the original on 16 July 2023 11112: 11063:from the original on 9 April 2014 11057:"Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah" 11055:Eichner, Itamar (11 March 2014). 10925:(2006). "Humanistic Judaism". In 10888:from the original on 7 April 2023 10605:with the modern scientific spirit 10560:from the original on 26 June 2023 10534:from the original on 26 June 2023 9854:from the original on 3 March 2016 9793:from the original on 15 June 2017 9636:from the original on 6 April 2009 9545:from the original on 3 April 2015 8737:from the original on 29 July 2020 8566:Jews in American politics: essays 8550:American Jewish Identity Politics 8159:from the original on 10 July 2023 8062:from the original on 8 March 2021 7986:from the original on 12 June 2020 7108:as established by American rabbi 6764:persecution of Christian Churches 6557:National Jewish Population Survey 5948: 5454:, and the area in and around the 5229:Congregation Emanu-El of New York 5150: 4853:, or "Day of the Sounding of the 4823: 3828:Conservative women rabbis, Israel 3569:have traditionally been based on 3324:do not believe that the revealed 2244:in 586 BCE. The Babylonians 1591:and scholars who interpret them. 22734: 22725: 22724: 22538:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21680:Democratic Republic of the Congo 17757: 17744: 17743: 15400:The Jewish Religion: A Companion 15098:. Albany, NY: Qirqisani Center. 15077:from the original on 9 June 2023 15021:from the original on 5 July 2023 14978:from the original on 8 July 2023 14862:. Jersey, NJ: KTAV Publ. House. 14518:from the original on 4 June 2023 14326:The Jewish Religion: A Companion 14294:from the original on 4 July 2023 13976:from the original on 7 July 2023 13790:from the original on 21 May 2023 13724: 13686: 13649: 13625: 13619: 13590: 13555: 13531:Dawkins, Richard (11 May 2024). 13495: 13437: 13220: 13214: 12806: 12774: 12548: 12524: 12331: 12218: 12161:, (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1996) 12151: 12106:from the original on 25 May 2017 12092: 12086:How and Why Did Hasidism Spread? 12077: 12071:How and Why Did Hasidism Spread? 12062: 11958: 11922: 11849:from the original on 23 May 2010 11827:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 11795: 11783:, "Purity and Unpurity, Ritual". 11687:from the original on 14 May 2011 11637:, YD 123:1.1985, pp. 11–15. 11547:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 11519: 11498:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 11470: 11439:from the original on 26 May 2021 11395: 11359:from the original on 7 July 2023 11149: 11125:from the original on 16 May 2018 11106: 11075: 11048: 11021: 10987: 10983:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 10955: 10949: 10915: 10572: 10546: 10519: 10487: 10461: 10452: 10360: 10334: 10323: 10312: 10301: 10200: 9835: 9818: 9805: 9774: 9733: 9610:from the original on 25 May 2017 9438:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 9406: 8117:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 8085: 7654:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 7626: 7177: 7163: 6211:(scrolls put on doorposts), and 5598:Museum of Jewish Art and History 5596:18th-century circumcision chair 5587: 5074:expulsion of the Jews from Spain 4660:at the start of the Shabbat meal 4288: 3762:Orthodoxy is often divided into 3757:as a definition of Jewish faith. 3505: 2364: 2350: 1813: 1421:, which was established between 1309: 306: 300: 294: 67: 21145:Evolutionary origin of religion 15529:. New York; London: NYU Press. 15357:. London; New York: Routledge. 15285:. New York; London: Routledge. 15119:. New York; London: NYU Press. 15063:. New York; London: NYU Press. 15042:. Glencoe, Il: The Free Press, 13757: 13397:Raphael, Melissa (April 1998). 13330:. 9 August 1999. Archived from 12909:Jewish and Christian Traditions 12856:Jewish and Christian Traditions 12693:Jewish and Christian Traditions 12641:Jewish and Christian Traditions 12556:"The truth about the expulsion" 12554:Meir, Esther. (9 October 2012) 12505:, pp. 17, 18, 52, 94, 95; 11036:from the original on 1 May 2021 10738:. Masorti World. Archived from 9901:Stipf and Son, Oregon xvii–xxii 9358: 9302: 9287:Maimes, Steven (January 2013). 9280: 9039: 8884:from the original on 3 May 2019 8850:, reprint London 1811, p. 334.) 8840: 8827: 8655: 8627: 8583: 8237: 8186: 7712: 7682: 6584:Christian–Jewish reconciliation 6433:(1700–1760), also known as the 6429:Hasidic Judaism was founded by 6391:, in the form of persecutions, 6365: 5619:. These laws are also known as 4894:Purim street scene in Jerusalem 4299:Jewish ethics may be guided by 3642:and extensive immigration. The 3259:13 Principles of Hermeneutics: 2041:is the holiest site in Judaism. 1787:For a chronological guide, see 21496:Separation of church and state 20154:Polytheistic reconstructionism 17665:Relations with other religions 16015:Wikimedia Torah study projects 15966:Parallel Hebrew-English Tanakh 15929:Society for Humanistic Judaism 15805:Rohr Jewish Learning Institute 15751:Encyclopedia of Judaism Online 15681: 15276:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (2004). 13736:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 13502:Myers, Jody Elizabeth (2007). 13254:Simmons, Shraga (9 May 2009). 13163:"Do I need to be Circumcised?" 11955:, pp. 193–4, "Cremation". 11570:Chaya Shuchat (25 June 2015). 10496:American Jewish Year Book 2015 9006:Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls 8859:The Oxford English Dictionary. 8139:; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.). 7774:"Knowledge Resources: Judaism" 7695:The Religion of Ancient Israel 7565:Novum Testamentum: Supplements 7548: 7476: 7393: 6089:are the same as those for the 6031:voiceless pharyngeal fricative 5928:) – Patrilineal descendant of 5556:, seminal flux, vaginal flux, 4276:Historically, the Hebrew term 3487:philosophy and that permeated 2521: 1566:, and the significance of the 1433:, the first five books of the 1: 19152:Traditional Sabahan religions 17652:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 15839:Union for Traditional Judaism 14992:The Mighty from Their Thrones 14205:Social Foundations of Judaism 14090:Fonrobert, Charlotte Elisheva 14058:; Geffen, Rela Mintz (2012). 13490:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 13291:"Messianic Jews Are Not Jews" 13223:"Can a Jew believe in Jesus?" 12753:Encyclopedia of Protestantism 11872:. Brandeis University Press. 11233:Social Foundations of Judaism 10971:"Subbotniki ("Sabbatarians")" 10526:Maltz, Judy (26 April 2022). 10036:The Complete Artscroll Siddur 8597:; Sheskin, Ira, eds. (2021). 8468:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 8408:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 8348:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 8133:"Secular Forms of Jewishness" 8034:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 7932:Neusner & Avery-Peck 2003 7483:Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). 6882:originated and spread in the 6791:reaffirmation of the covenant 6617:diverged in the first century 6580:Christianity and antisemitism 6225:– A Torah scholar who runs a 6017:– rabbi who is the head of a 5879: 5767: 5429:, are prohibited altogether. 5117:(Holocaust Remembrance Day), 5005:following the victory of the 4849:or "Day of Remembrance", and 3808:Judaism, which emerged among 3800:(also known as Lithuanian or 3778:("Nationalist Haredi" within 3745:(a condensed codification of 3119:) and the Babylonian Talmud ( 1920: 1492:, most of which emerged from 259: 212: 17805: 17583:Leo Baeck Institute New York 17578:American Sephardi Federation 13602:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 13361:"FAQ's About Jewish Renewal" 12569:. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. 12545:. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. 11919:, pp. 216–7, "Divorce". 10872:The Encyclopedia of Religion 10759:. Jewlicious. 16 June 2005. 9564:Ronald L. Eisenberg (2004). 9311:"Must a Jew Believe in God?" 8979:The beginnings of Jewishness 8771:Schwartz, Daniel R. (2021). 8725:Mason, Steve (August 2009). 8440:, pp. 156–185, 285–316. 8320:, pp. 218–270, 367–402. 7218: 7089: 6933:dynasty in North Africa and 6894:rulers have been called the 6287:survived but in the form of 6281:becoming a separate religion 5985:, the presence of ten Jews. 5564:, members of the hereditary 5544:or ritually pure may become 5143:A man reads a torah using a 5020: 4656:placed under an embroidered 4415:of ten adult Jews, called a 4182:Haymanot (Ethiopian Judaism) 3969:(Iberian, for example, most 3932:Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism 3622:Jewish population by country 3045:), most Jews believe in the 2611:thirteen principles of faith 2473:often debate whether God is 2174:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 2134: 1714:The Beginnings of Jewishness 1642:(Ἰουδαϊσμός) (from the verb 1602: 7: 21354:National religiosity levels 20579:Nauruan Indigenous religion 20134:Hellenism (modern religion) 16406:Constantinopolitan Karaites 15380:. New York: HarperCollins. 15232:The Encyclopedia of Judaism 15185:. Oxford University Press. 14476:Langton, Daniel R. (2011). 14365:. Oxford University Press. 14179:Goldenberg, Robert (2007). 14130:. New York: Behrman House. 14096:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 14040:. New York: HarperCollins. 13564:"Reconstructionist Judaism" 13510:. Westport, Conn: Praeger. 13193:"Jewish Conversion – Giyur" 13131:Israel b. Betzalel (2009). 13100:. June 1998. Archived from 12579:Bernard Lewis (June 1998). 11656:Jewish life in WWII England 11533:; et al. (1901–1906). 11484:; et al. (1901–1906). 10969:; Hurwitz, S. (1901–1906). 10870:. In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). 10504:10.1007/978-3-319-24505-8_7 10370:. Torah.org. Archived from 9826:Seder Ha-Kabbalah Leharavad 9454:, pp. 217–18, "Dogma". 7156: 6929:, and by the rulers of the 6752:early years of Christianity 6563:Judaism and other religions 6497:Reform (or Liberal) Judaism 6418: 6144:Specialized religious roles 5733:Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah 5215:Great Synagogue (Jerusalem) 5121:(Israeli Memorial Day) and 4964: 4922: 4436:. Prayers are recited upon 4337:skullcap, prayer shawl and 4255: 3692:, but also western part of 3143: 2123:, may be rooted in earlier 1994:was planted in the city of 1457:. The Hebrew-language word 1376: 54: 10: 22812: 20763: 17634:National Library of Israel 16275:Zionism, race and genetics 15606:Raphael, Marc Lee (2003). 15432:An Introduction to Judaism 15094:; El-Gamil, Yosef (2003). 14771:Raphael, Marc Lee (1984). 14064:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 14005:. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 13824:Albertz, Rainer (1994b) . 13803:Albertz, Rainer (1994a) . 13150:interact with and not die. 12989:"Messianic Jewish mission" 12913:Greenwood Publishing Group 12860:Greenwood Publishing Group 12697:Greenwood Publishing Group 12645:Greenwood Publishing Group 12399:Wigoder, Geoffrey (1988). 11943:, pp. 205–6, "Death". 11868:Wasserfall, Rahel (1999). 10584:www.jewishencyclopedia.com 9225:Jewish Publication Society 9216:Book of Yeshaiahu (Isaiah) 8916:The Art of Biblical Poetry 8693: 8243:Troen, Ilan (April 2016). 7885:Irving M. Zeitlin (2007). 7093: 6854:tradition, the Jewish and 6808: 6577: 6571: 6475:Jewish religious movements 6468: 6422: 6369: 5608: 5602: 5533: 5488:under certain conditions. 5329: 5319:, which are ritual baths. 5184: 5154: 5098: 5072:, and in later times, the 5024: 4968: 4934:from the plot of the evil 4883: 4827: 4750:is eaten instead of bread. 4687: 4684:Three pilgrimage festivals 4641: 4637: 4615: 4491: 4322: 4318: 4292: 4251:World to Come (Olam Ha-Ba) 4212: 4185: 4013: 4010:Jewish movements in Israel 3992:Charleston, South Carolina 3935: 3667:Jewish religious movements 3664: 3661:Jewish religious movements 3619: 3565:Historical definitions of 3509: 3370:to study the word of God. 3345:In Judaism, "the study of 3162: 2995: 2697:Jewish religious movements 2643:with a failure to observe 2528:Jewish principles of faith 2525: 2382: 2138: 2060:(Judah the Prince) in the 1883:Ancient Canaanite religion 1876: 1870: 1804: 1793: 1789:Timeline of Jewish history 1786: 1780: 1776: 1644: 1606: 1534:Jewish religious movements 18: 22720: 22639: 22556: 22428: 22173: 21898: 21615: 21611: 21600: 21509: 21434: 21210: 21118: 21055: 20773: 20769: 20758: 20321: 20308: 20233: 20056: 20038:Transcendental Meditation 19931: 19918: 19883: 19631: 19608: 19597: 19524: 19487: 19231: 19127: 19109: 19053: 19044: 18961: 18889: 18740: 18731: 18689: 18661: 18619: 18552: 18543: 18534: 18500: 18467: 18439: 18430: 18380: 18247: 17934: 17848: 17839: 17830: 17826: 17813: 17732: 17588:Yeshiva University Museum 17568:Center for Jewish History 17558: 17423: 17295: 17169: 17063: 16594: 16213: 16155: 16137: 15962:(in Hebrew, with vowels). 15113:Zohar, Zion, ed. (2005). 14830:Rudavsky, David (1979) . 14596:. In Thomas Riggs (ed.). 14560:. W. W. Norton & Co. 14094:"Purification in Judaism" 13289:Waxman, Jonathan (2006). 13045:Ariel, Yaakov S. (2000). 12613:, Rowman Altamira, 1998, 11619:"On the Use of All Wines" 10865:"Jewish Renewal Movement" 10845:Karesh & Hurvitz 2005 10458:Dosick (2007), pp. 56–57. 10420:Robin May Schott (2010). 10399:. Springer. pp. 6–. 10249:"Law of Return 5710-1950" 10184:What Makes Someone a Jew? 10003:New York: Atheneum. p. 95 9844:"Proofs for the Oral Law" 9740:Kosior, Wojciech (2015). 9298:– via ResearchGate. 9212:Books of Melachim (Kings) 9034:Karesh & Hurvitz 2005 8667:worldpopulationreview.com 8498:Karesh & Hurvitz 2005 8425:, "Conservative Judaism". 8246:Secular Judaism in Israel 8181:Karesh & Hurvitz 2005 8006:"What is the oral Torah?" 7725:. Eerdmans. p. 402. 7581:10.1163/9789004250369_016 7295:10.1017/s0009640700110273 7106:Reconstructionist Judaism 7084:Jewish esoteric tradition 7065:Native American religions 6952:In the mid-20th century, 6611:was originally a sect of 6345:and Eastern Europe), the 5161:The core of festival and 4516:(Hebrew: כִּפָּה, plural 4494:Jewish religious clothing 4265:, 'Children of Noah') or 3942:Sephardic law and customs 3875:Reconstructionist Judaism 3786:, which is rooted in the 3755:Maimonides' 13 principles 3640:natural population growth 3530:Reconstructionist Judaism 3428:Eliezer b. Jose ha-Gelili 3026:(members of the tribe of 2971:(Classical Jewish poetry) 2756:Reconstructionist Judaism 2266:Persian Achaemenid Empire 1747:Oxford English Dictionary 1363: 255: 237: 225: 208: 193: 179: 164: 154: 134: 124: 114: 66: 46: 42: 38: 33: 21665:Central African Republic 18699:Vietnamese folk religion 18090:Charismatic Christianity 16180:Ancient Israel and Judah 15971:10 February 2009 at the 15958:20 November 2018 at the 15674: 15090:Yaron, Y.; Pessah, Joe; 14583:The New York Jewish Week 14277:Orthodox Jews in America 12826:Indiana University Press 12821:10 February 2023 at the 12007:Langmuir, Gavin (1993). 11811:Lauterbach, Jacob Zallel 11734:. Ou.org. Archived from 11711:Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 15. 11425:10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115 10718:Elazar & Geffen 2012 10182:Siedman, Lauren (2007). 10168:. New York: Touchstone. 10160:Kertzer, Morris (1996). 10116:Boyarin, Daniel (1994). 10061:Boyarin, Daniel (1994). 9925:Invitation to the Talmud 9899:Invitation to the Talmud 9693:Rietti, Rabbi Jonathan. 9541:. MyJewishLearning.com. 9093:. Blackwell. p. 3. 9046:Sarna, Nahum M. (1966). 8570:Rowman & Littlefield 7746:David P Mindell (2009). 7485:"Beginning in Jerusalem" 6970:Islamic Republic of Iran 6615:, but the two religions 6574:Christianity and Judaism 6568:Christianity and Judaism 6543:published in Hebrew and 6359:Malabari and Cochin Jews 5476:, serving utensils, and 4879: 4488:pray at the Western Wall 4476:play soccer in Jerusalem 4438:waking up in the morning 4432:throughout the day when 4430:prayers and benedictions 4164:Samaritan Book of Joshua 4055:The term "traditional" ( 4046:) or "ultra-religious" ( 2826:(also see Midrash below) 2744:Modern Orthodox movement 2684:Judah ben Elijah Hadassi 2672:Judah ben Elijah Hadassi 2534:13 Principles of Faith: 2141:Ancient Israel and Judah 1887:Ancient Semitic religion 1826:believer's point of view 1400:ancient Semitic religion 204:(according to tradition) 168:Predominant religion in 21559:New religious movements 21197:Theories about religion 21150:Evolutionary psychology 20179:Modern Finnish paganism 18166:Independent Catholicism 16556:North African Sephardim 16529:Jewish tribes of Arabia 16019:Text study projects at 15833:Traditional/Conservadox 15815:3 November 2005 at the 15765:The Jewish Encyclopedia 15499:Segal, Eliezer (2008). 15203:Encyclopedia of Judaism 14922:6 December 2012 at the 14877:Segal, Eliezer (2008). 14447:Encyclopedia of Judaism 14313:Holtz, Barry W. (ed.), 14308:Philosophies of Judaism 13770:Adler, Yonatan (2022). 13419:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198 13324:"Missionary Impossible" 12561:11 October 2013 at the 12359:Heroes of the Holocaust 12355:Gottfried, Ted (2001). 12233:Encyclopædia Britannica 11968:Encyclopedia of Judaism 11824:The Jewish Encyclopedia 11661:2 February 2010 at the 11646:Vayyiqra (Leviticus) 11 11544:The Jewish Encyclopedia 11495:The Jewish Encyclopedia 11287:Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin 11059:. Israel Jewish Scene. 11032:. Israel Jewish Scene. 10980:The Jewish Encyclopedia 9744:. In Piotr Mróz (ed.). 9630:"What Do Jews Believe?" 9435:The Jewish Encyclopedia 9339:Steinberg, Milton 1947 9085:Neusner, Jacob (2003). 9003:Broshi, Maguen (2001). 8731:bibleinterp.arizona.edu 8599:World Jewish Population 8518:Encyclopædia Britannica 8114:The Jewish Encyclopedia 8054:Encyclopædia Britannica 7978:Encyclopædia Britannica 7887:The Historical Muhammad 7860:Heribert Busse (1998). 7651:The Jewish Encyclopedia 7287:Oxford University Press 6521:Haredi Orthodox Judaism 6505:Modern Orthodox Judaism 6380:History of antisemitism 6029:(note: the "h" denotes 5113:The modern holidays of 4538:Ashkenazi pronunciation 4434:performing various acts 4245:) are not obligated to 4104:Karaites and Samaritans 3915:as part of the Zionist 3772:Modern Orthodox Judaism 3768:Modern Orthodox Judaism 3648:interreligious marriage 3438:have been collected by 3215:Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler 2790:, a Tanakh produced in 2396:, a 1476 Spanish Tanakh 2335:in the fourth century. 2212:(in the north) and the 1930:is hailed as the first 1824:may be written from a 1394:. Judaism evolved from 22776:Monotheistic religions 22208:Bosnia and Herzegovina 20194:Erzyan native religion 20043:Unitarian Universalism 19432:Native American Church 18210:Oneness Pentecostalism 17659:Holocaust Encyclopedia 17629:Jewish Virtual Library 15861:United Synagogue Youth 15747:; et al. (eds.). 15372:Dosick, Wayne (2007). 14990:Walsh, J.P.M. (1987). 14854:Schiffman, Lawrence H. 14468:Khanbaghi, A. (2006). 14198:Goldscheider, Calvin; 14083:Biblical Archaeologist 14032:Dosick, Wayne (2007). 12903:Ariel, Yaakov (2006). 12850:Ariel, Yaakov (2006). 12687:Ariel, Yaakov (2006). 12635:Ariel, Yaakov (2006). 12581:"Muslim Anti-Semitism" 11821:; et al. (eds.). 11720:Bamidbar (Numbers) 19. 11677:"Weekly Pamphlet #805" 11675:Y. Lichtenshtein M.A. 11541:; et al. (eds.). 11492:; et al. (eds.). 10977:; et al. (eds.). 10835:, "Reconstructionism". 10757:"Conservative Judaism" 10274:Jacob, Walter (1987). 10049:Siddur Tehillat Hashem 9990:New York: Atheneum. 95 9969:New York: Atheneum. 95 9432:; et al. (eds.). 8904:The Religion of Israel 8833:Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 8606:Berman Jewish DataBank 8111:; et al. (eds.). 8105:"Karaites and Karaism" 7648:; et al. (eds.). 7429:10.12987/9780300166583 7362:Grand Rapids, Michigan 7015:Black Hebrew Israelite 6994:tenets of Christianity 6839: 6827: 6668: 6658:Constitutio pro Judæis 6647:Since the time of the 6638:dual-covenant theology 6605: 6552: 6531:Spectrum of observance 6413:Almohad's persecutions 6307:, relying only on the 6140: 5961: 5886: 5847:avelut yud bet chodesh 5825: 5816: 5782: 5773: 5713: 5704:Life-cycle events, or 5696: 5600: 5522:, as they do for most 5231: 5217: 5207: 5205:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5147: 5091:(the 3rd of Tishrei). 4999:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 4903: 4895: 4820: 4777: 4717: 4661: 4602:which are part of the 4489: 4477: 4454:reading from the Torah 4408: 4356:with a fourth prayer, 4341: 4178: 4100:(more liberal Jews)). 4063:(religious, including 3963:traditions and customs 3958: 3829: 3818:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 3728: 3716: 3554:requested opinions on 3397: 3388: 3364: 3343: 3341:(Talmud Shabbat 127a). 3306: 3239:Abraham Joshua Heschel 3219:Joseph B. Soloveitchik 3182: 3100:was compiled by Rabbi 2988: 2795: 2692: 2590: 2467: 2397: 2192:was established under 2181: 2161:First Jewish-Roman War 2042: 1904: 1901:Dura-Europos synagogue 1731: 1625: 216: 6th century BCE 22528:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21825:São Tomé and Príncipe 21685:Republic of the Congo 19891:Aboriginal Australian 18562:Chinese folk religion 17606:Encyclopaedia Judaica 17388:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 16573:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 16323:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 15697:Second Temple Judaism 15545:Regional contemporary 15323:Encyclopaedia Judaica 14496:Levenson, Jon Douglas 14438:A History of the Jews 14410:Encyclopaedia Judaica 12796:21 April 2021 at the 12585:Middle East Quarterly 11331:. In Deshen, Shlomo; 11327:Kedem, Peri (2017) . 10034:Nosson Scherman 2003 9999:Strack, Hermann 1980 9726:14 April 2010 at the 9701:on 18 September 2004. 9606:. Hebrew4Christians. 9365:Queen II, Edward L.; 9049:Understanding Genesis 8955:The History of Israel 8700:Liddell, Henry George 8595:Della-Pergola, Sergio 8574:Seymour Martin Lipset 8572:, 2004, p. 158; 8365:, "Orthodox Judaism". 7501:Yale University Press 7421:Yale University Press 6850:. In both Jewish and 6833: 6818: 6663: 6613:Second Temple Judaism 6591: 6538: 6517:Conservative movement 6134: 5964:From the time of the 5958:Magen David Synagogue 5956: 5913:. In the Temple, the 5870: 5804: 5758: 5686: 5595: 5530:Laws of ritual purity 5438:. Without the proper 5227: 5213: 5194: 5142: 4901: 4893: 4811: 4772: 4711: 4651: 4598:and sometimes also a 4520:; Yiddish: יאַרמלקע, 4492:Further information: 4483: 4467: 4406: 4332: 4213:Further information: 4172: 4004:Chief Rabbi of Israel 3949: 3827: 3722: 3714: 3392: 3383: 3359: 3338: 3257: 3253:Rabbinic hermeneutics 3172: 3006:and tradition is the 2978: 2786: 2754:, the founder of the 2742:(associated with the 2740:Joseph Soloveitchik's 2676: 2532: 2438: 2392: 2383:Further information: 2371:Ashkenazi style torah 2242:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2172: 2149:Second Temple Judaism 2024: 1894: 1877:Further information: 1830:neutral point of view 1718: 1668:first appears in the 1616: 1532:. Today, the largest 78:(clockwise from top): 22150:United Arab Emirates 20941:Religious experience 20315:Historical religions 18719:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 18051:Schwenkfelder Church 16185:Second Temple period 16030:(Rabbinic Bible) in 15983:12 June 2010 at the 15883:Liberal Judaism (UK) 15629:Rebhum, Uzi (2016). 15585:Cohen, Steven Martin 13993:Did God Have a Wife? 13763:Selected cited works 13334:on 28 September 2006 13328:Hebrew Union College 13197:JerusalemCouncil.org 12915:. pp. 194–195. 12801:History of Religions 12537:14 July 2013 at the 12325:26 July 2018 at the 12280:On Being a Christian 12055:3 March 2016 at the 11631:on 22 December 2009. 11165:Studia Rosenthaliana 10213:9 March 2021 at the 10206:Samuel G. Freedman, 10118:"Answering the Mail" 9984:The Essential Talmud 9978:Cohen, Abraham 1949 9961:Cohen, Abraham 1949 9929:The Essential Talmud 9923:Neusner, Jacob 2003 9897:Neusner, Jacob 2003 9781:Danzinger, Eliezer. 9770:on 19 February 2001. 9367:Prothero, Stephen R. 9317:. 70 / Faces Media. 9234:12 June 2010 at the 9197:Kadushin, Max, 1972 9184:Kadushin, Max, 1972 8251:31 July 2023 at the 7575:. pp. 238–255. 7096:Criticism of Judaism 7067:, and other faiths. 7011:Pauline Christianity 7002:Three Divine Persons 6908:distinctive clothing 6819:Muslim women in the 6727:. The newly created 6725:Jews Relief Act 1858 6709:Revolutionary France 5863:Classical priesthood 5858:Community leadership 5031:Seventeenth of Tamuz 4652:Two braided Shabbat 4468:Jewish boys wearing 4115:period, such as the 3834:Conservative Judaism 3725:Belz Great Synagogue 3686:Jewish Enlightenment 3522:converted to Judaism 3418:at the beginning of 2983:-style torah at the 2768:Conservative Judaism 2736:Jewish denominations 2707:between God and the 2357:Sephardi style torah 2204:with its capital in 2196:and continued under 2145:Babylonian captivity 1966:, they received the 1954:, and God commanded 1911:' relationship with 1596:ethnoreligious group 1550:Conservative Judaism 1514:Second Temple period 22771:Abrahamic religions 22543:Trinidad and Tobago 22438:Antigua and Barbuda 21606:Religion by country 20667:Cult of Magna Mater 19189:Philippine Dayawism 18770:Nimbarka Sampradaya 18518:Chinese Manichaeism 18190:Jehovah's Witnesses 17995:Proto-Protestantism 17623:Jewish Encyclopedia 17368:Hekhalot literature 17179:Religious movements 16714:Judeo-Tripolitanian 15878:Reform Judaism (UK) 15581:Liebman, Charles S. 15553:Liebman, Charles S. 15502:Judaism: The e-Book 14952:Visotzky, Burton L. 14880:Judaism: The e-Book 14079:Finkelstein, Israel 13950:Liebman, Charles S. 12781:Vittorio Lanternari 12748:"Messianic Judaism" 12445:on 13 November 2017 12157:R. Kendall Soulen, 11681:Bar-Ilan University 11333:Liebman, Charles S. 11146:, pp. 232–235. 10912:, pp. 123–129. 10811:, pp. 177–194. 10799:, pp. 347–366. 10787:, pp. 177–194. 10696:, pp. 121–123. 10684:, pp. 113–117. 10643:, "Rebbe, Hasidic". 10393:Emma Klein (2016). 10374:on 24 December 2008 9884:Kadushin, Max 1972 9848:The AishDas Society 9824:Abraham ben David, 9426:"Articles of Faith" 8943:A History of Israel 8902:Yehezkal Kauffman, 8878:Jewish Encyclopedia 8485:, "Reform Judaism". 8470:, pp. 291–310. 8410:, pp. 334–353. 8380:, pp. 317–346. 8350:, pp. 311–333. 8335:, pp. 125–176. 8260:, Vol. 53, Issue 2. 7289:. pp. 95–112. 7147:Yeshayahu Leibowitz 7140:public intellectual 7030:Semitic neopaganism 6848:Abrahamic religions 6776:Jehovah's Witnesses 6721:Isaac Lyon Goldsmid 6431:Yisroel ben Eliezer 6372:Persecution of Jews 6244:Mashgiach/Mashgicha 6233:Mashgiach/Mashgicha 6077:The Baal kriyah or 6046:Shaliach tzibur or 5940:, the levites sang 5938:Temple in Jerusalem 5295:Temple in Jerusalem 5003:Temple in Jerusalem 4834:The High Holidays ( 4608:(burial garments). 4536:(Hebrew: צִיציִת) ( 4442:after eating a meal 4237:. According to the 4177:at the Western Wall 3951:El Ghriba synagogue 3723:Hasids at front of 3616:Jewish demographics 3534:Progressive Judaism 3524:in accordance with 3489:Hellenistic Judaism 3191:Solomon ibn Gabirol 3187:Philo of Alexandria 3032:Temple in Jerusalem 3010:(also known as the 2938:and other works of 2927:Thought and ethics 2808:Rabbinic literature 2794:in the 10th century 2471:Jewish philosophers 2421:, Rabbinic scholar 2300:Great Jewish Revolt 2289:Hellenistic Judaism 2262:conquest of Babylon 2246:destroyed Jerusalem 2218:Neo-Assyrian Empire 1712:writes in his book 1510:Hellenistic Judaism 1490:religious movements 1463:Five Books of Moses 1221:Abrahamic religions 1120:Selichot (S'lichot) 912:Bar and bat mitzvah 415:Principles of faith 263: 15.2 million 256:Number of followers 22478:Dominican Republic 21524:Abrahamic prophets 20618:Proto-Indo-Iranian 19162:Aliran Kepercayaan 18365:Non-denominational 18287:Modernist Salafism 17973:Oriental Orthodoxy 17764:Judaism portal 17700:Jews and Halloween 17695:Jews and Christmas 17085:Rabbinic authority 16837:Judaeo-Piedmontese 16270:Xueta Christianity 16175:Origins of Judaism 16142:Outline of Judaism 15867:Reform/Progressive 15610:Judaism in America 15426:de Lange, Nicholas 14590:Mendes-Flohr, Paul 14585:, 2 November 2001. 14401:Berenbaum, Michael 14272:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 14236:Gurock, Jeffrey S. 13940:Day, John (2000). 13918:Mendes-Flohr, Paul 13699:The New York Times 13662:The New York Times 13449:"Jewish Buddhists" 13367:on 23 October 2014 13104:on 20 October 2015 12609:Feher, Shoshanah. 11531:Schechter, Solomon 11119:The Jerusalem Post 10942:9-78-0-415-26707-6 10631:, pp. 98–115. 10348:on 18 October 1996 10219:The New York Times 9674:on 5 November 2020 9315:My Jewish Learning 9309:Septimus, Daniel. 9087:"Defining Judaism" 8932:(The Anchor Bible) 8546:Deborah Dash Moore 8544:See, for example, 8395:, pp. 79–124. 8129:Mendes-Flohr, Paul 7972:"Rabbinic Judaism" 7893:. pp. 92–93. 7749:The Evolving World 7690:Miller, Patrick D. 7423:. pp. 31–46. 7372:. pp. 13–55. 7213:Outline of Judaism 7208:Judaism by country 7024:Other examples of 6954:Jews were expelled 6840: 6836:Ben Ezra Synagogue 6828: 6762:was known for its 6744:forced conversions 6672:their emancipation 6606: 6553: 6397:forced conversions 6297:divine inspiration 6141: 5962: 5887: 5821:Death and Mourning 5817: 5774: 5697: 5642:sexual intercourse 5601: 5508:cruelty to animals 5274:by Ashkenazim and 5232: 5218: 5208: 5197:Sarajevo Synagogue 5148: 4904: 4896: 4821: 4778: 4718: 4694:Jewish holy days ( 4662: 4490: 4478: 4460:Religious clothing 4409: 4342: 4284:Jewish observances 4247:convert to Judaism 4231:Seven Laws of Noah 4227:religious movement 4179: 4034:), "traditional" ( 4016:Religion in Israel 3959: 3895:Humanistic Judaism 3830: 3729: 3717: 3644:diaspora countries 3500:Humanistic Judaism 3444:Ayyelet ha-Shachar 3183: 3144:Sheelot U-Teshuvot 2989: 2796: 2512:continental Europe 2403:ethical monotheism 2398: 2333:Early Christianity 2182: 2125:Canaanite religion 2043: 1905: 1903:dating from 244 CE 1873:Origins of Judaism 1626: 1564:rabbinic tradition 1524:may be considered 1522:Humanistic Judaism 1483:Early Christianity 1316:Judaism portal 1281:Holocaust theology 87:ritual handwashing 22748: 22747: 22716: 22715: 22712: 22711: 21700:Equatorial Guinea 21596: 21595: 21592: 21591: 21135:Cognitive science 20754: 20753: 20687:Mysteries of Isis 20461:Frankish paganism 20304: 20303: 20300: 20299: 20296: 20295: 20048:White Brotherhood 19914: 19913: 19879: 19878: 19223:Sundanese Wiwitan 19040: 19039: 19036: 19035: 18765:Brahma Sampradaya 18727: 18726: 18530: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18508:Assianism/Uatsdin 18426: 18425: 18195:British Israelism 18181:Nontrinitarianism 18144:Plymouth Brethren 18139:Nondenominational 18073:Congregationalism 17961:Eastern Orthodoxy 17909:Reconstructionist 17773: 17772: 17739:extinct languages 17640:YIVO Encyclopedia 17415:Hebrew literature 17383:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 17223:Reconstructionist 16901:Judaeo-Portuguese 16590: 16589: 16546:Eastern Sephardim 16190:Synagogal Judaism 15894:Reconstructionist 15736:978-0-19-280088-6 15666:978-0-691-18129-5 15642:978-0-231-17826-6 15598:978-0-300-04726-4 15572:978-1-56000-178-2 15387:978-0-06-062179-7 15349:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 15333:978-002-865-928-2 15243:978-90-04-10583-6 15192:978-0-19-172644-6 15163:978-0-19-975927-9 15105:978-0-9700775-4-7 15014:978-1-60280-022-9 14971:978-0-8133-6717-0 14956:Fishman, David E. 14869:978-0-88125-813-4 14669:978-0-8018-6182-6 14647:978-0-19-505167-4 14632:Meyer, Michael A. 14607:978-0-7876-6611-8 14536:The Jews of Islam 14511:978-0-691-15569-2 14487:978-1-60724-161-4 14480:. Gorgias Press. 14420:978-0-02-866097-4 14372:978-0-19-172644-6 14287:978-0-253-35291-0 14190:978-0-521-84453-6 14171:978-0-8135-4450-2 14071:978-0-7914-9202-4 14056:Elazar, Daniel J. 14047:978-0-06-062179-7 13989:Dever, William G. 13969:978-1-56000-178-2 13933:978-0-8276-0892-4 13885:978-0-520-08592-3 13861:978-0-19-975927-9 13783:978-0-300-25490-7 13562:Seeman, Isadore. 13517:978-0-275-98940-8 13464:978-0-8264-3829-4 13445:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 13351:Reconstructionist 13060:978-0-8078-4880-7 13008:978-0-8264-5458-4 12994:Messianic Judaism 12985:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 12922:978-0-275-98714-5 12869:978-0-275-98714-5 12834:978-0-253-01477-1 12744:Melton, J. Gordon 12706:978-0-275-98714-5 12654:978-0-275-98714-5 12619:978-0-7619-8953-0 12509:, pp. 27, 77 12469:, pp. 10, 20 12412:978-0-7190-2639-3 12374:978-0-7613-1717-3 12343:978-0-434-29276-9 12288:978-0-385-02712-0 12268:978-0-19-926313-4 12258:Richard Harries. 12203:Burrows, Edwin G. 12189:978-0-521-86960-7 12167:978-0-8006-2883-3 12139:on 9 January 2011 12084:Stampfer, Shaul. 12069:Stampfer, Shaul. 12018:978-0-520-07728-7 11978:978-0-8160-6982-8 11879:978-0-87451-960-0 11572:"The Kosher Pig?" 11352:978-1-56000-178-2 11310:978-0-19-975927-9 11157:Ferziger, Adam S. 11010:978-0-8143-3597-0 10967:Rosenthal, Herman 10923:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 10742:on 13 July 2007. 10513:978-3-319-24503-4 10433:978-0-253-00482-6 10406:978-1-349-24319-8 10308:Deuteronomy 7:1–5 10287:978-0-88123-003-1 10255:on 6 October 2007 10222:, 6 February 2015 10131:978-0-520-08592-3 10078:978-0-520-08592-3 9980:Everyman's Talmud 9963:Everyman's Talmud 9886:The Rabbinic Mind 9746:Filozofia kultury 9577:978-0-8276-0760-6 9537:Daniel Septimus. 9355:, pp. 161–4. 9261:978-90-04-11361-9 9199:The Rabbinic Mind 9186:The Rabbinic Mind 9100:978-1-57718-059-3 9059:978-0-8052-0253-3 9016:978-1-84127-201-6 8813:978-0-8308-2670-4 8783:on 16 March 2024. 8647:978-1-4128-2689-1 8591:Dashefsky, Arnold 8207:10.1093/mj/kjq005 8036:, pp. 58–77. 7934:, pp. 78–92. 7900:978-0-7456-3999-4 7871:978-1-55876-144-5 7784:on 27 August 2011 7759:978-0-674-04108-0 7732:978-0-8028-6260-0 7705:978-0-664-22145-4 7590:978-90-04-25026-0 7567:. Vol. 149. 7510:978-0-300-11884-1 7503:. pp. 6–16. 7438:978-0-300-12581-8 7379:978-0-8028-2861-3 7350:Hurtado, Larry W. 7304:978-0-19-518249-1 7246:Mendes-Flohr 2005 7193:Heaven in Judaism 7125:political Zionism 6990:Messianic Judaism 6884:Arabian peninsula 6842:Both Judaism and 6834:The bimah of the 6811:Islam and Judaism 6805:Islam and Judaism 6768:Confessing Church 6592:The 12th century 6387:arose during the 6353:of Ethiopia, the 6170:and performs the 5960:in Kolkata, India 5919:Priestly Blessing 5762:(The Divorce) by 5700:Life-cycle events 5687:Two boys wearing 4700:Exodus from Egypt 4675:39 categories of 4156:kingdom of Israel 4065:religious zionist 3938:Sephardic Haredim 3780:Religious Zionism 3698:Italian rite Jews 3589:between Jews and 3165:Jewish philosophy 3159:Jewish philosophy 3117:Talmud Yerushalmi 3092:Abraham ben David 2979:A man holds up a 2931:Jewish philosophy 2857:Babylonian Talmud 2764:Solomon Schechter 2723:, a core text of 2558:peace be upon him 2451:Birkat Ha-Mitzwot 2315:Bar Kokhba Revolt 2238:Nebuchadnezzar II 2210:Kingdom of Israel 2184:According to the 2165:Bar Kokhba revolt 2153:Hasmonean Kingdom 2089:critical scholars 1950:were enslaved in 1869: 1868: 1861: 1771:Eastern Orthodoxy 1745:According to the 1710:Shaye J. D. Cohen 1670:Hellenistic Greek 1622:Wojciech Stattler 1374: 1352: 1351: 704:Important figures 378:Reconstructionist 273: 272: 81:Candlesticks for 22803: 22781:Ethnic religions 22766:Jews and Judaism 22738: 22728: 22727: 22606:Papua New Guinea 22581:Marshall Islands 22408:Northern Ireland 21613: 21612: 21602: 21601: 21486:Secular theology 21481:Secular humanism 20771: 20770: 20760: 20759: 20635:Ancestral Pueblo 20310: 20309: 19929: 19928: 19606: 19605: 19051: 19050: 18807:Shaiva Siddhanta 18738: 18737: 18671:Korean shamanism 18550: 18549: 18541: 18540: 18437: 18436: 18350:Mahdawi movement 18220:Swedenborgianism 18200:Christadelphians 17846: 17845: 17837: 17836: 17828: 17827: 17815: 17814: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17777: 17776: 17762: 17761: 17760: 17747: 17746: 16879:Judeo-Golpaygani 16480:Palestinian Jews 16455:Alexandrian Jews 16411:Crimean Karaites 16328:Unterlander Jews 16281: 16280: 16195:Rabbinic Judaism 16120: 16113: 16106: 16097: 16096: 15756: 15754: 15740: 15728: 15700: 15693:Jewish Christian 15685: 15670: 15651:Wertheimer, Jack 15646: 15625: 15613: 15602: 15576: 15559:, eds. (2017) . 15551:Deshen, Shlomo; 15540: 15521:Wertheimer, Jack 15516: 15512:978-09801633-1-5 15495: 15471: 15447: 15435: 15421: 15391: 15379: 15368: 15337: 15310: 15296: 15284: 15269: 15247: 15235: 15221: 15208:J. Gordon Melton 15196: 15184: 15183:(Online Version) 15181: 15167: 15130: 15109: 15086: 15084: 15082: 15055:Wertheimer, Jack 15030: 15028: 15026: 14999:Waxman, Chaim I. 14987: 14985: 14983: 14958:, eds. (2018) . 14947: 14930:Stillman, Norman 14915: 14894: 14890:978-09801633-1-5 14873: 14849: 14837: 14826: 14824: 14822: 14795:Rosenak, Michael 14790: 14778: 14767: 14765: 14763: 14731: 14709: 14707: 14705: 14673: 14651: 14627: 14624:Encyclopedia.com 14621: 14619: 14571: 14549: 14527: 14525: 14523: 14491: 14465: 14452:J. Gordon Melton 14440:. HarperCollins. 14428: 14425:Encyclopedia.com 14388: 14386: 14384: 14364: 14363:(Online Version) 14361: 14347: 14303: 14301: 14299: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14202:, eds. (2004) . 14194: 14175: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14117: 14114:Encyclopedia.com 14111: 14109: 14075: 14051: 14039: 14028: 14026: 14024: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13956:, eds. (2017) . 13948:Deshen, Shlomo; 13937: 13920:, eds. (2009) . 13914:Cohen, Arthur A. 13909: 13907: 13905: 13865: 13841: 13820: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13752: 13751: 13745: 13743: 13728: 13722: 13721: 13715: 13713: 13690: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13676: 13653: 13647: 13646: 13640: 13638: 13623: 13617: 13616: 13610: 13608: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13581: 13579: 13559: 13553: 13552: 13534:The God delusion 13528: 13522: 13521: 13509: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13441: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13402: 13394: 13388: 13385: 13374: 13372: 13347: 13341: 13339: 13314: 13308: 13306: 13297:. Archived from 13280: 13273: 13271: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13234: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13206: 13204: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13176: 13174: 13169:on 6 August 2010 13159: 13153: 13152: 13146: 13144: 13139:on 27 April 2009 13133:"Trinitarianism" 13128: 13122: 13121: 13111: 13109: 13090: 13084: 13083: 13077: 13075: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13028: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12900: 12894: 12893: 12847: 12841: 12810: 12804: 12789: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12740: 12731: 12730: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12632: 12626: 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12576: 12570: 12552: 12546: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12481:, pp. 9, 27 12476: 12470: 12464: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12441:. Archived from 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12383: 12381: 12362: 12352: 12346: 12335: 12329: 12316: 12310: 12298:Lucy Dawidowicz 12296: 12290: 12276: 12270: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12229: 12222: 12216: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12175: 12169: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12138: 12131: 12122: 12116: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12081: 12075: 12074: 12066: 12060: 12046: 12040: 12031:Cohen, Mark R. " 12029: 12023: 12022: 12004: 11998: 11997: 11992: 11990: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11883: 11865: 11859: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11843:Encyclopedia.com 11835: 11829: 11828: 11799: 11798: 11793: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11738:on 17 March 2007 11727: 11721: 11718: 11712: 11709: 11700: 11699: 11694: 11692: 11672: 11666: 11653: 11647: 11644: 11638: 11636: 11632: 11630: 11624:. Archived from 11623: 11614: 11608: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11548: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11500: 11499: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11446: 11444: 11408: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11324: 11315: 11314: 11283: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11110: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11082:Elazar, Daniel. 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11025: 11019: 11018: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10946: 10927:Clarke, Peter B. 10919: 10913: 10907: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10869: 10857: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10806: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10768: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10465: 10459: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10338: 10332: 10327: 10321: 10316: 10310: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10245: 10239: 10229: 10223: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10193:978-1-58023321-7 10179: 10167: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10145: 10143: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10100: 10098: 10058: 10052: 10045: 10039: 10032: 10026: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10004: 9997: 9991: 9976: 9970: 9959: 9953: 9950:Critical Inquiry 9946: 9940: 9937:Critical Inquiry 9921: 9915: 9912:Critical Inquiry 9908: 9902: 9895: 9889: 9882: 9876: 9870: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9839: 9833: 9822: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9737: 9731: 9718: 9712: 9702: 9697:. Archived from 9690: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9641: 9632:. Mechon Mamre. 9626: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9600: 9594: 9591: 9585: 9584: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9550: 9534: 9523: 9522: 9517: 9515: 9506:. Aish HaTorah. 9499: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9485: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9418:Kohler, Kaufmann 9410: 9409: 9404: 9385: 9384: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9245: 9239: 9208: 9202: 9195: 9189: 9182: 9176: 9174: 9163: 9157: 9144: 9138: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9043: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9024: 9000: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8872:Wilhelm Bacher. 8869: 8860: 8857: 8851: 8844: 8838: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8798:Skarsaune, Oskar 8794: 8785: 8784: 8779:. Archived from 8768: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8722: 8716: 8696: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8659: 8653: 8651: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8614: 8603: 8587: 8581: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8514: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8486: 8480: 8471: 8465: 8456: 8455:, pp. 1–78. 8450: 8441: 8435: 8426: 8420: 8411: 8405: 8396: 8390: 8381: 8375: 8366: 8360: 8351: 8345: 8336: 8330: 8321: 8315: 8306: 8300: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8101:Harkavy, Abraham 8097:Kohler, Kaufmann 8089: 8088: 8083: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8067: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7952: 7935: 7929: 7918: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7831:"Bamidbar Rabah" 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7805:"What is Torah?" 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7780:. Archived from 7770: 7764: 7763: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7638:Kohler, Kaufmann 7630: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7573:Brill Publishers 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7480: 7474: 7473: 7471: 7469: 7401:Freeman, Charles 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7249: 7243: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7138:Orthodox Jewish 7046:Jewish Buddhists 7038:Goddess movement 6958:Holocaust denial 6918:but invented in 6289:Rabbinic Judaism 6240:(Jewish ethics). 6205:(phylacteries), 5884: 5881: 5828: 5787: 5772: 5769: 5718: 5706:rites of passage 5634:Orthodox Judaism 5611:Women in Judaism 5405:exist about the 5095:Israeli holidays 5060:, "the Ninth of 5059: 5058: 5053: 4985: 4938:, who sought to 4925: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4235:Rabbinic Judaism 4096:, as opposed to 4040:), "religious" ( 3971:Jews from France 3806:Sephardic Haredi 3733:Orthodox Judaism 3672:Rabbinic Judaism 3629:Jewish Year Book 3560:Israeli politics 3552:David Ben-Gurion 3518:Rabbinic Judaism 3313: 3247:Emmanuel Lévinas 3231:Franz Rosenzweig 3146: 3016:613 commandments 2992:Legal literature 2936:Musar literature 2914:and commentaries 2908:and commentaries 2902:and commentaries 2879:Halakhic Midrash 2865:and commentaries 2863:Jerusalem Talmud 2859:and commentaries 2837:and commentaries 2822:Jewish Biblical 2725:Rabbinic Judaism 2690: 2597: 2516:Orthodox Judaism 2434:Birkat Ha-Mizvot 2368: 2354: 2307:sacked Jerusalem 2302:(66–73 CE), the 2285:the canon sealed 2234:Kingdom of Judah 2214:Kingdom of Judah 2082:Jerusalem Talmud 1980:Torah Shebikhtav 1925: 1922: 1864: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1839:to conform to a 1828:, rather than a 1817: 1816: 1809: 1700:Maccabean revolt 1647: 1646: 1538:Orthodox Judaism 1494:Rabbinic Judaism 1379: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1314: 1313: 1312: 586:Aruch HaShulchan 310: 304: 298: 275: 274: 265:(referred to as 264: 261: 217: 214: 188:Biblical Aramaic 79: 71: 62: 60: 59: 58: 57: 51: 50: 48: 31: 30: 22811: 22810: 22806: 22805: 22804: 22802: 22801: 22800: 22751: 22750: 22749: 22744: 22708: 22635: 22616:Solomon Islands 22552: 22424: 22328:North Macedonia 22169: 21894: 21607: 21588: 21549:Mass gatherings 21517: 21512: 21505: 21444: 21439: 21430: 21369:Religiocentrism 21349:National church 21217: 21214: 21206: 21121: 21114: 21051: 20973:Bodies of water 20765: 20750: 20535:Jamaican Maroon 20317: 20292: 20229: 20059: 20052: 19923: 19921: 19910: 19875: 19849:Trinidad Orisha 19634: 19627: 19600: 19593: 19520: 19483: 19234: 19227: 19123: 19105: 19032: 19006:Srilankan Vedda 18957: 18885: 18760:Sri Vaishnavism 18723: 18685: 18657: 18615: 18522: 18496: 18463: 18422: 18376: 18301:Twelver Shi'ism 18243: 18105:Neo-charismatic 18078:Presbyterianism 17930: 17822: 17809: 17804: 17774: 17769: 17758: 17756: 17728: 17554: 17419: 17291: 17165: 17059: 16874:Judeo-Borujerdi 16849:Judeo-Malayalam 16795:Judeo-Aragonese 16766:Lishanid Noshan 16598: 16586: 16318:Oberlander Jews 16279: 16209: 16151: 16133: 16124: 16028:Mikraot Gedolot 15995:Project Genesis 15993:(also known as 15985:Wayback Machine 15973:Wayback Machine 15960:Wayback Machine 15953:Complete Tanakh 15817:Wayback Machine 15794:Orthodox/Haredi 15737: 15717: 15709: 15704: 15703: 15686: 15682: 15677: 15667: 15649: 15643: 15628: 15622: 15605: 15599: 15579: 15573: 15550: 15537: 15519: 15513: 15498: 15492: 15474: 15468: 15450: 15444: 15424: 15410: 15394: 15388: 15371: 15365: 15347: 15334: 15316: 15301:Singer, Isidore 15299: 15293: 15282: 15272: 15266: 15250: 15244: 15224: 15218: 15199: 15193: 15182: 15170: 15164: 15146: 15138: 15136:Further reading 15133: 15127: 15106: 15080: 15078: 15071: 15039:Ancient Judaism 15024: 15022: 15015: 14981: 14979: 14972: 14944: 14924:Wayback Machine 14906:Singer, Isidore 14891: 14870: 14846: 14820: 14818: 14811: 14787: 14761: 14759: 14752: 14728: 14703: 14701: 14694: 14670: 14648: 14617: 14615: 14608: 14568: 14546: 14521: 14519: 14512: 14488: 14462: 14421: 14382: 14380: 14373: 14362: 14336: 14317:. Summit Books. 14297: 14295: 14288: 14261: 14259: 14252: 14225: 14223: 14216: 14191: 14172: 14147: 14145: 14138: 14107: 14105: 14072: 14048: 14022: 14020: 14013: 13979: 13977: 13970: 13934: 13903: 13901: 13886: 13870:Boyarin, Daniel 13862: 13838: 13817: 13793: 13791: 13784: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13741: 13739: 13730: 13729: 13725: 13711: 13709: 13691: 13687: 13674: 13672: 13654: 13650: 13636: 13634: 13624: 13620: 13606: 13604: 13598:"Neturei Karta" 13596: 13595: 13591: 13577: 13575: 13568:Washington Post 13560: 13556: 13549: 13529: 13525: 13518: 13500: 13496: 13488: 13484: 13474: 13472: 13465: 13442: 13438: 13428: 13426: 13395: 13391: 13370: 13368: 13359: 13337: 13335: 13322: 13304: 13302: 13301:on 28 June 2006 13277: 13269: 13267: 13246: 13242: 13232: 13230: 13219: 13215: 13202: 13200: 13191: 13190: 13186: 13172: 13170: 13161: 13160: 13156: 13142: 13140: 13129: 13125: 13117: 13115: 13107: 13105: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13073: 13071: 13061: 13043: 13039: 13026: 13024: 13009: 13001:. p. 179. 12982: 12978: 12923: 12901: 12897: 12870: 12862:. p. 191. 12848: 12844: 12838:Gershom Scholem 12823:Wayback Machine 12811: 12807: 12798:Wayback Machine 12783: 12779: 12775: 12764: 12741: 12734: 12707: 12699:. p. 194. 12685: 12681: 12655: 12647:. p. 191. 12633: 12629: 12608: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12577: 12573: 12563:Wayback Machine 12553: 12549: 12539:Wayback Machine 12529: 12525: 12517: 12513: 12501: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12477: 12473: 12465: 12458: 12448: 12446: 12437: 12436: 12432: 12422: 12420: 12413: 12397: 12393: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12353: 12349: 12336: 12332: 12327:Wayback Machine 12317: 12313: 12297: 12293: 12277: 12273: 12257: 12253: 12243: 12241: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12201: 12197: 12190: 12176: 12172: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12129: 12123: 12119: 12109: 12107: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12082: 12078: 12067: 12063: 12057:Wayback Machine 12047: 12043: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12005: 12001: 11988: 11986: 11979: 11963: 11959: 11951: 11947: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11866: 11862: 11852: 11850: 11837: 11836: 11832: 11819:Singer, Isidore 11807:Bacher, Wilhelm 11796: 11794: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11741: 11739: 11732:"Torah tidbits" 11728: 11724: 11719: 11715: 11710: 11703: 11690: 11688: 11673: 11669: 11663:Wayback Machine 11654: 11650: 11645: 11641: 11634: 11628: 11621: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11599: 11595: 11581: 11579: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11539:Singer, Isidore 11520: 11518: 11503: 11490:Singer, Isidore 11482:Hirsch, Emil G. 11471: 11469: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11442: 11440: 11406: 11400: 11396: 11388: 11384: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11353: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11284: 11275: 11267: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11244: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11208: 11200: 11196: 11186: 11184: 11159:(Spring 2001). 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11113:Jager, Elliot. 11111: 11107: 11097: 11095: 11080: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11053: 11049: 11039: 11037: 11026: 11022: 11011: 10992: 10988: 10975:Singer, Isidore 10956: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10901: 10891: 10889: 10882: 10867: 10858: 10851: 10843: 10839: 10831: 10827: 10821:Wertheimer 1993 10819: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10766: 10764: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10730:Robert Gordis. 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10668: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10611: 10593: 10591: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10552: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10492: 10488: 10478: 10476: 10467: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10443: 10441: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10375: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10340: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10324: 10319:Leviticus 24:10 10317: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10247: 10246: 10242: 10230: 10226: 10215:Wayback Machine 10205: 10201: 10194: 10176: 10158: 10154: 10141: 10139: 10132: 10114: 10110: 10096: 10094: 10079: 10059: 10055: 10046: 10042: 10033: 10029: 10020: 10016: 10011: 10007: 9998: 9994: 9977: 9973: 9960: 9956: 9947: 9943: 9922: 9918: 9909: 9905: 9896: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9867: 9857: 9855: 9840: 9836: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9794: 9779: 9775: 9762: 9761: 9757: 9738: 9734: 9728:Wayback Machine 9719: 9715: 9691: 9687: 9677: 9675: 9666: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9652: 9639: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9546: 9535: 9526: 9513: 9511: 9500: 9496: 9483: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9450: 9443: 9430:Singer, Isidore 9422:Hirsch, Emil G. 9407: 9405: 9388: 9381: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9307: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9269: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9236:Wayback Machine 9209: 9205: 9196: 9192: 9183: 9179: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9145: 9141: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9101: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9060: 9044: 9040: 9032: 9028: 9017: 9001: 8997: 8988: 8984: 8976: 8972: 8965:Ephraim Urbach 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8940: 8936: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8845: 8841: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8795: 8788: 8769: 8762: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8723: 8719: 8714:Perseus Project 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8601: 8588: 8584: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8489: 8481: 8474: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8414: 8406: 8399: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8369: 8361: 8354: 8346: 8339: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8288: 8280: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8253:Wayback Machine 8242: 8238: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8172: 8162: 8160: 8153: 8126: 8122: 8109:Singer, Isidore 8086: 8084: 8075: 8065: 8063: 8045: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8004: 8003: 7999: 7989: 7987: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7953: 7938: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7908: 7901: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7687: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7663: 7659: 7646:Singer, Isidore 7627: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7591: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7511: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7465: 7439: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7370:Wm. B. Eerdmans 7347: 7343: 7333: 7331: 7305: 7271:Ehrman, Bart D. 7268: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7244: 7225: 7221: 7185:Religion portal 7183: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7131:groups such as 7110:Mordecai Kaplan 7098: 7092: 7072:Kabbalah Centre 6982: 6838:in Cairo, Egypt 6813: 6807: 6653:Catholic Church 6586: 6576: 6570: 6565: 6547:for use by the 6533: 6477: 6469:Main articles: 6467: 6427: 6425:Hasidic Judaism 6421: 6382: 6370:Main articles: 6368: 6257: 6176:(circumcision). 6146: 5951: 5882: 5865: 5860: 5770: 5702: 5613: 5607: 5590: 5568:that served as 5538: 5532: 5334: 5328: 5299:The pulpit, or 5189: 5183: 5159: 5153: 5111: 5099:Main articles: 5097: 5041: 5025:Main articles: 5023: 5011:Seleucid Empire 4992:Hebrew calendar 4973: 4967: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4888: 4882: 4859:Hebrew calendar 4847:Yom Ha-Zikkaron 4832: 4826: 4798:Shemini Atzeret 4692: 4690:Shalosh regalim 4686: 4646: 4640: 4620: 4614: 4612:Jewish holidays 4508: 4462: 4327: 4321: 4297: 4291: 4286: 4271:/ˈnoʊ.ə.haɪdɪs/ 4217: 4211: 4194: 4184: 4109:Karaite Judaism 4106: 4018: 4012: 3975:the Netherlands 3944: 3934: 3838:Masorti Judaism 3784:Hasidic Judaism 3674: 3669: 3663: 3624: 3618: 3602:anti-religious 3567:Jewish identity 3544:Karaite Judaism 3514: 3508: 3477: 3472: 3470:Jewish identity 3320:and many other 3315: 3308: 3255: 3235:Mordecai Kaplan 3223:Yitzchok Hutner 3167: 3161: 3000: 2994: 2884:Aggadic Midrash 2845:minor tractates 2781: 2779:Religious texts 2773:David Philipson 2752:Mordecai Kaplan 2691: 2688:Eshkol ha-Kofer 2682: 2599: 2592: 2530: 2524: 2394:Kennicott Bible 2387: 2381: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2293:Ptolemaic Egypt 2281:Ezra the Scribe 2258:Jewish diaspora 2190:United Monarchy 2167: 2157:Iudaea Province 2139:Main articles: 2137: 2101:Hellenic period 1962:from Egypt. At 1923: 1889: 1875: 1865: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1841:higher standard 1834: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1797:Ancient Judaism 1792: 1785: 1779: 1698:lay behind the 1611: 1605: 1568:State of Israel 1546:Modern Orthodox 1419:Mosaic covenant 1388:ethnic religion 1348: 1310: 1308: 1301: 1300: 1246: 1245: 1236: 1235: 1226:Judeo-Christian 1189: 1188: 1186:Other religions 1177: 1176: 1137: 1136: 1125: 1124: 1060: 1059: 1048: 1047: 1002: 955: 954: 945: 944: 926: 892: 891: 876: 875: 831: 830: 828:Religious roles 819: 818: 781: 777: 707: 706: 695: 694: 656: 632: 631: 616: 615: 581:Mishnah Berurah 561: 560: 549: 548: 523: 476: 469: 468: 457: 456: 410: 409: 398: 397: 329: 322: 321: 262: 248: 244: 218: 215: 184:Biblical Hebrew 119:Ethnic religion 110: 80: 73: 52: 43: 39: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 22809: 22799: 22798: 22793: 22788: 22783: 22778: 22773: 22768: 22763: 22746: 22745: 22743: 22742: 22732: 22721: 22718: 22717: 22714: 22713: 22710: 22709: 22707: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22645: 22643: 22637: 22636: 22634: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22618: 22613: 22608: 22603: 22598: 22593: 22588: 22583: 22578: 22573: 22568: 22562: 22560: 22554: 22553: 22551: 22550: 22545: 22540: 22535: 22530: 22525: 22520: 22515: 22510: 22505: 22500: 22495: 22490: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22470: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22434: 22432: 22426: 22425: 22423: 22422: 22421: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22398:United Kingdom 22395: 22390: 22385: 22380: 22375: 22370: 22365: 22360: 22355: 22350: 22345: 22340: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22315: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22179: 22177: 22171: 22170: 22168: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22052: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22032: 22027: 22026: 22025: 22020: 22010: 22005: 22000: 21995: 21990: 21985: 21980: 21975: 21970: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21920: 21915: 21910: 21904: 21902: 21896: 21895: 21893: 21892: 21887: 21882: 21877: 21872: 21867: 21862: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21762: 21757: 21752: 21747: 21742: 21737: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21717: 21712: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21621: 21619: 21609: 21608: 21598: 21597: 21594: 21593: 21590: 21589: 21587: 21586: 21581: 21576: 21571: 21566: 21561: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21520: 21518: 21510: 21507: 21506: 21504: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21491:Secularization 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21471:Deconstruction 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21447: 21445: 21435: 21432: 21431: 21429: 21428: 21423: 21422: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21324:Fundamentalism 21321: 21320: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21278: 21277: 21272: 21267: 21257: 21256: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21231: 21226: 21220: 21218: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21205: 21204: 21199: 21194: 21189: 21188: 21187: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21126: 21124: 21116: 21115: 21113: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21061: 21059: 21053: 21052: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21027: 21022: 21017: 21012: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20992: 20991: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20965: 20964: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20897: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20802: 20800:Call to prayer 20797: 20792: 20787: 20785:Disaffiliation 20777: 20775: 20767: 20766: 20756: 20755: 20752: 20751: 20749: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20712: 20711: 20706: 20701: 20691: 20690: 20689: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20659: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20632: 20631: 20630: 20625: 20615: 20614: 20613: 20608: 20603: 20598: 20588: 20583: 20582: 20581: 20571: 20570: 20569: 20564: 20554: 20549: 20548: 20547: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20501: 20500: 20495: 20490: 20485: 20483:Greco-Buddhism 20480: 20470: 20469: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20443: 20438: 20437: 20436: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20415: 20414: 20404: 20399: 20394: 20393: 20392: 20387: 20377: 20372: 20371: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20334: 20333: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20306: 20305: 20302: 20301: 20298: 20297: 20294: 20293: 20291: 20290: 20289: 20288: 20278: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20237: 20235: 20231: 20230: 20228: 20227: 20226: 20225: 20213: 20208: 20207: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20114: 20113: 20112: 20107: 20097: 20096: 20095: 20090: 20080: 20075: 20074: 20073: 20064: 20062: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20050: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19997: 19996: 19986: 19981: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19935: 19933: 19926: 19916: 19915: 19912: 19911: 19909: 19908: 19903: 19898: 19893: 19887: 19885: 19881: 19880: 19877: 19876: 19874: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19866: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19844:Tambor de Mina 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19800: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19770: 19769: 19768: 19767: 19757: 19752: 19747: 19742: 19737: 19732: 19727: 19722: 19717: 19712: 19707: 19702: 19697: 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19671: 19670: 19665: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19639: 19637: 19629: 19628: 19626: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19621:Guanche church 19612: 19610: 19603: 19595: 19594: 19592: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19530: 19528: 19526:Tibeto-Burmese 19522: 19521: 19519: 19518: 19513: 19508: 19503: 19497: 19495: 19485: 19484: 19482: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19459: 19449: 19444: 19442:Nuu-chah-nulth 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19423: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19397: 19392: 19387: 19386: 19385: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19364: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19351:Muscogee Creek 19348: 19343: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19288: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19256: 19255: 19245: 19239: 19237: 19229: 19228: 19226: 19225: 19220: 19218:Sumbese Marapu 19215: 19214: 19213: 19208: 19198: 19197: 19196: 19186: 19181: 19176: 19171: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19156: 19155: 19154: 19149: 19139: 19137:Batak Parmalim 19133: 19131: 19125: 19124: 19122: 19121: 19115: 19113: 19107: 19106: 19104: 19103: 19102: 19101: 19096: 19086: 19085: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19059: 19057: 19048: 19042: 19041: 19038: 19037: 19034: 19033: 19031: 19030: 19029: 19028: 19023: 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18992: 18991: 18986: 18976: 18971: 18965: 18963: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18955: 18948: 18943: 18942: 18941: 18931: 18930: 18929: 18924: 18919: 18901: 18895: 18893: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18845: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18799: 18798: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18746: 18744: 18735: 18729: 18728: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18695: 18693: 18687: 18686: 18684: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18667: 18665: 18659: 18658: 18656: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18639: 18638: 18625: 18623: 18617: 18616: 18614: 18613: 18612: 18611: 18606: 18596: 18595: 18594: 18589: 18579: 18574: 18569: 18564: 18558: 18556: 18547: 18538: 18532: 18531: 18528: 18527: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18504: 18502: 18498: 18497: 18495: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18473: 18471: 18465: 18464: 18462: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18449:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 18445: 18443: 18434: 18428: 18427: 18424: 18423: 18421: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18384: 18382: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18374: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18325: 18320: 18319: 18318: 18313: 18308: 18303: 18293: 18292: 18291: 18290: 18289: 18284: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18253: 18251: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18241: 18234: 18233: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18186:Bible Students 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18156:Restorationism 18153: 18152: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18135: 18134: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18112:Evangelicalism 18109: 18108: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18087: 18086: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18065: 18060: 18055: 18054: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18038: 18033: 18023: 18013: 18012: 18011: 18006: 17992: 17991: 17990: 17985: 17975: 17970: 17969: 17968: 17958: 17957: 17956: 17951: 17940: 17938: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17928: 17921: 17916: 17911: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17885: 17884: 17883: 17882: 17872: 17871: 17870: 17854: 17852: 17843: 17834: 17824: 17823: 17811: 17810: 17803: 17802: 17795: 17788: 17780: 17771: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17753: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17725: 17724: 17723: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17706:non-Christian 17704: 17703: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17662: 17655: 17648: 17643: 17636: 17631: 17626: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17602: 17597: 17596: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17564: 17562: 17556: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17540: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17509: 17508: 17498: 17497: 17496: 17491: 17481: 17476: 17475: 17474: 17464: 17463: 17462: 17452: 17447: 17446: 17445: 17440: 17429: 17427: 17421: 17420: 17418: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17405:Shulchan Aruch 17402: 17401: 17400: 17395: 17393:Sefer Yetzirah 17390: 17385: 17380: 17375: 17373:Pardes Rimonim 17370: 17363:Kabbalah texts 17360: 17359: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17307: 17301: 17299: 17293: 17292: 17290: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17241: 17240: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17209: 17208: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17196: 17175: 17173: 17167: 17166: 17164: 17163: 17158: 17156:Land of Israel 17153: 17152: 17151: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17097: 17092: 17087: 17082: 17081: 17080: 17069: 17067: 17061: 17060: 17058: 17057: 17052: 17051: 17050: 17049: 17048: 17043: 17042: 17041: 17034: 17032:Judeo-Alsatian 17024: 17023: 17022: 17015: 17010: 17005: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16953: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16884:Judeo-Hamedani 16881: 16876: 16871: 16861: 16859:Judaeo-Occitan 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16818: 16817: 16812: 16807: 16800:Jewish English 16797: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16731:Judaeo-Aramaic 16728: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16719:Judeo-Tunisian 16716: 16711: 16709:Judeo-Moroccan 16706: 16705: 16704: 16702:Judeo-Baghdadi 16689: 16684: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16606: 16604: 16592: 16591: 16588: 16587: 16585: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16581: 16580: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16558: 16553: 16551:Livornese Jews 16548: 16538: 16533: 16532: 16531: 16521: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16502: 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16442: 16441: 16440: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16414: 16413: 16408: 16398: 16393: 16392: 16391: 16381: 16376: 16371: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16354: 16353: 16352: 16347: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16298:Afrikaner-Jode 16289: 16287: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16266: 16265: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16219: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16161: 16159: 16153: 16152: 16150: 16149: 16144: 16138: 16135: 16134: 16123: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16100: 16094: 16093: 16082:Shulchan Aruch 16079: 16059: 16045: 16017: 16016: 16009:Torah database 16005: 16004: 15998: 15988: 15978:English Tanakh 15975: 15963: 15949: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15937: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15925: 15924: 15920: 15919: 15914: 15908: 15907: 15903: 15902: 15896: 15895: 15891: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15869: 15868: 15864: 15863: 15858: 15853: 15847: 15846: 15842: 15841: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15807: 15802: 15796: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15769: 15760:Online version 15757: 15745:Neusner, Jacob 15741: 15735: 15714: 15713: 15708: 15707:External links 15705: 15702: 15701: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15672: 15671: 15665: 15647: 15641: 15626: 15620: 15603: 15597: 15577: 15571: 15557:Shokeid, Moshe 15547: 15546: 15542: 15541: 15535: 15523:, ed. (1993). 15517: 15511: 15496: 15490: 15476:Neusner, Jacob 15472: 15466: 15452:Neusner, Jacob 15448: 15442: 15422: 15408: 15392: 15386: 15369: 15363: 15344: 15343: 15339: 15338: 15332: 15320:, ed. (2007). 15314: 15312:Online version 15297: 15291: 15274:Neusner, Jacob 15270: 15264: 15252:Neusner, Jacob 15248: 15242: 15226:Neusner, Jacob 15222: 15216: 15197: 15191: 15168: 15162: 15150:, ed. (2011). 15143: 15142: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15125: 15110: 15104: 15092:Qanaï, Avraham 15087: 15069: 15057:, ed. (1993). 15051: 15031: 15013: 15001:, ed. (2008). 14995: 14988: 14970: 14948: 14942: 14926: 14917:Online version 14902: 14895: 14889: 14874: 14868: 14850: 14844: 14827: 14809: 14791: 14785: 14768: 14750: 14736:Neusner, Jacob 14732: 14726: 14714:Neusner, Jacob 14710: 14692: 14678:Neusner, Jacob 14674: 14668: 14652: 14646: 14628: 14606: 14586: 14572: 14566: 14554:Lewis, Bernard 14550: 14544: 14532:Lewis, Bernard 14528: 14510: 14492: 14486: 14473: 14466: 14460: 14441: 14430: 14429: 14419: 14389: 14371: 14348: 14334: 14318: 14311: 14304: 14286: 14268: 14250: 14232: 14214: 14200:Neusner, Jacob 14195: 14189: 14176: 14170: 14160:, ed. (2009). 14154: 14136: 14118: 14086: 14076: 14070: 14052: 14046: 14029: 14011: 13996: 13986: 13968: 13954:Shokeid, Moshe 13945: 13938: 13932: 13910: 13884: 13866: 13860: 13848:, ed. (2011). 13842: 13836: 13821: 13815: 13800: 13782: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13738:. 22 June 2019 13723: 13685: 13648: 13618: 13589: 13554: 13548:978-0618680009 13547: 13523: 13516: 13494: 13482: 13463: 13436: 13413:(2): 198–215. 13389: 13387: 13386: 13357: 13348: 13320: 13315: 13286: 13281: 13240: 13213: 13184: 13154: 13123: 13085: 13059: 13037: 13007: 12976: 12921: 12895: 12868: 12842: 12805: 12773: 12762: 12746:, ed. (2005). 12732: 12705: 12679: 12653: 12627: 12602: 12571: 12547: 12523: 12511: 12495: 12483: 12471: 12456: 12430: 12411: 12391: 12373: 12347: 12330: 12311: 12291: 12271: 12251: 12217: 12195: 12188: 12170: 12150: 12117: 12091: 12076: 12061: 12041: 12024: 12017: 11999: 11977: 11957: 11945: 11933: 11921: 11909: 11897: 11885: 11878: 11860: 11830: 11785: 11773: 11769:Fonrobert 2005 11761: 11749: 11722: 11713: 11701: 11667: 11648: 11639: 11635:(2.19 MB) 11616:Elliot Dorff, 11609: 11601:Shulchan Aruch 11593: 11562: 11550: 11535:"Dietary Laws" 11501: 11463: 11454: 11419:(1): 115–128. 11394: 11382: 11380:, p. 350. 11370: 11351: 11337:Shokeid, Moshe 11316: 11309: 11273: 11261: 11242: 11228:Neusner, Jacob 11218: 11206: 11194: 11148: 11136: 11105: 11074: 11047: 11020: 11009: 10986: 10948: 10941: 10914: 10899: 10880: 10849: 10837: 10825: 10823:, p. 169. 10813: 10801: 10789: 10777: 10748: 10722: 10710: 10698: 10686: 10674: 10657: 10645: 10633: 10621: 10609: 10571: 10545: 10518: 10512: 10486: 10460: 10451: 10432: 10412: 10405: 10385: 10359: 10333: 10322: 10311: 10300: 10286: 10266: 10240: 10224: 10199: 10192: 10174: 10164:What is a Jew? 10152: 10130: 10108: 10077: 10063:"Introduction" 10053: 10040: 10027: 10014: 10005: 9992: 9971: 9954: 9941: 9916: 9903: 9890: 9877: 9865: 9842:Student, Gil. 9834: 9817: 9804: 9773: 9755: 9732: 9713: 9685: 9659: 9650: 9621: 9595: 9586: 9576: 9556: 9524: 9494: 9465: 9456: 9441: 9386: 9379: 9357: 9345: 9332: 9301: 9279: 9260: 9240: 9203: 9190: 9177: 9158: 9139: 9118: 9099: 9077: 9058: 9038: 9036:, p. 507. 9026: 9015: 8995: 8982: 8970: 8958: 8946: 8934: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8861: 8852: 8839: 8826: 8812: 8786: 8760: 8748: 8717: 8684: 8654: 8646: 8626: 8582: 8537: 8502: 8487: 8472: 8457: 8442: 8427: 8412: 8397: 8382: 8367: 8352: 8337: 8322: 8307: 8286: 8274: 8262: 8236: 8201:(2): 209–228. 8195:Modern Judaism 8185: 8170: 8151: 8137:Neusner, Jacob 8120: 8073: 8038: 8023: 7997: 7959: 7955:Schiffman 2003 7936: 7919: 7906: 7899: 7877: 7870: 7852: 7822: 7795: 7765: 7758: 7738: 7731: 7711: 7704: 7681: 7677:Schiffman 2003 7669: 7657: 7619: 7589: 7547: 7509: 7475: 7437: 7392: 7378: 7341: 7303: 7262: 7250: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7174: 7171:Judaism portal 7158: 7155: 7151:Reform Judaism 7133:Agudat Yisrael 7094:Main article: 7091: 7088: 7082:, part of the 6981: 6978: 6920:early medieval 6809:Main article: 6806: 6803: 6742:, expulsions, 6733:Nuremberg Laws 6572:Main article: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6532: 6529: 6466: 6463: 6435:Ba'al Shem Tov 6423:Main article: 6420: 6417: 6367: 6364: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6241: 6230: 6220: 6190: 6177: 6161: 6145: 6142: 6114: 6113: 6095: 6094: 6075: 6039: 6038: 6024: 6023: 6022: 5950: 5949:Prayer leaders 5947: 5946: 5945: 5922: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5799: 5798: 5753: 5752: 5736: 5730: 5701: 5698: 5674:Ethiopian Jews 5660:Rabbinical law 5632:Especially in 5603:Main article: 5589: 5586: 5534:Main article: 5531: 5528: 5480:may make food 5363:chew their cud 5330:Main article: 5327: 5323:Dietary laws: 5321: 5309: 5308: 5297: 5279: 5266: 5241:aron ha-kodesh 5185:Main article: 5182: 5179: 5155:Main article: 5152: 5151:Torah readings 5149: 5123:Yom Ha'atzmaut 5109:Yom Ha'atzmaut 5096: 5093: 5070:Second Temples 5022: 5019: 4969:Main article: 4966: 4963: 4944:Book of Esther 4884:Main article: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873:seuda mafseket 4866: 4828:Main article: 4825: 4824:High Holy Days 4822: 4806: 4805: 4766: 4751: 4688:Main article: 4685: 4682: 4642:Main article: 4639: 4636: 4618:Jewish holiday 4616:Main article: 4613: 4610: 4461: 4458: 4376:Shemoneh Esrei 4323:Main article: 4320: 4317: 4293:Main article: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4210: 4203: 4183: 4180: 4142:region of the 4105: 4102: 4014:Main article: 4011: 4008: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3921:Alexander Zaïd 3902: 3899:Jewish culture 3892: 3885:Jewish Renewal 3882: 3872: 3861:Reform Judaism 3858: 3822: 3821: 3764:Haredi Judaism 3759: 3758: 3742:Shulchan Aruch 3706:Romaniote Jews 3673: 3670: 3665:Main article: 3662: 3659: 3636:Jews in Israel 3620:Main article: 3617: 3614: 3510:Main article: 3507: 3504: 3481:Daniel Boyarin 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3163:Main article: 3160: 3157: 3153:Shulchan Aruch 2996:Main article: 2993: 2990: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2962:Jewish liturgy 2955: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2942: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912:Shulchan Aruch 2909: 2903: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2780: 2777: 2680: 2622:Hasdai Crescas 2615:Reform Judaism 2603:Jewish history 2589: 2588: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2531: 2526:Main article: 2523: 2520: 2494:ancient Israel 2385:God in Judaism 2380: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2324:religio licita 2270:Return to Zion 2136: 2133: 2129:Greek pantheon 2018:in his stead. 1988:land of Israel 1940:Land of Israel 1924: 535 BCE 1899:decorates the 1895:A painting of 1871:Main article: 1867: 1866: 1821: 1819: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1783:Jewish history 1781:Main article: 1778: 1775: 1604: 1601: 1581:special courts 1554:Reform Judaism 1350: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1247: 1244:Related topics 1243: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1134:Major holidays 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090:Birkat Hamazon 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 956: 953:Ritual objects 952: 951: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 937: 932: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 893: 883: 882: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 832: 826: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 811: 806: 800: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 774:Rabbinic sages 769: 768: 763: 758: 753: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 725: 724: 719: 714: 708: 702: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 687: 682: 680:Chevra kadisha 677: 672: 667: 662: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 623: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 576:Shulchan Aruch 573: 568: 562: 556: 555: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 539: 534: 529: 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 482: 470: 464: 463: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 452:Musar movement 449: 448: 447: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 405: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 369: 368: 363: 362: 361: 350: 349: 348: 347: 342: 341: 340: 323: 317: 316: 315: 312: 311: 291: 290: 284: 283: 271: 270: 257: 253: 252: 239: 235: 234: 229: 227:Separated from 223: 222: 210: 206: 205: 195: 191: 190: 181: 177: 176: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 138: 132: 131: 126: 125:Classification 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 74:Collection of 72: 64: 63: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22808: 22797: 22794: 22792: 22789: 22787: 22784: 22782: 22779: 22777: 22774: 22772: 22769: 22767: 22764: 22762: 22759: 22758: 22756: 22741: 22737: 22733: 22731: 22723: 22722: 22719: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22646: 22644: 22642: 22641:South America 22638: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22622: 22619: 22617: 22614: 22612: 22609: 22607: 22604: 22602: 22599: 22597: 22594: 22592: 22589: 22587: 22584: 22582: 22579: 22577: 22574: 22572: 22569: 22567: 22564: 22563: 22561: 22559: 22555: 22549: 22548:United States 22546: 22544: 22541: 22539: 22536: 22534: 22531: 22529: 22526: 22524: 22521: 22519: 22516: 22514: 22511: 22509: 22506: 22504: 22501: 22499: 22496: 22494: 22491: 22489: 22486: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22441: 22439: 22436: 22435: 22433: 22431: 22430:North America 22427: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22400: 22399: 22396: 22394: 22391: 22389: 22386: 22384: 22381: 22379: 22376: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22366: 22364: 22361: 22359: 22356: 22354: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22344: 22341: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22288:Liechtenstein 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22180: 22178: 22176: 22172: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22056: 22053: 22051: 22048: 22046: 22043: 22041: 22038: 22036: 22033: 22031: 22028: 22024: 22021: 22019: 22016: 22015: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22004: 22001: 21999: 21996: 21994: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21981: 21979: 21976: 21974: 21971: 21969: 21966: 21964: 21961: 21959: 21956: 21954: 21951: 21949: 21946: 21944: 21941: 21939: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21919: 21916: 21914: 21911: 21909: 21906: 21905: 21903: 21901: 21897: 21891: 21888: 21886: 21883: 21881: 21878: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21761: 21758: 21756: 21753: 21751: 21748: 21746: 21743: 21741: 21740:Guinea-Bissau 21738: 21736: 21733: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21716: 21713: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21622: 21620: 21618: 21614: 21610: 21603: 21599: 21585: 21582: 21580: 21577: 21575: 21572: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21564:Organizations 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21508: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21427: 21424: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21406: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21394:Vegetarianism 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21345: 21342: 21340: 21339:Homosexuality 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21299: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21276: 21273: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21262: 21261: 21258: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21240: 21239: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21209: 21203: 21200: 21198: 21195: 21193: 21190: 21186: 21183: 21182: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21161: 21160:Neurotheology 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21127: 21125: 21123: 21117: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21062: 21060: 21058: 21054: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21032: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21016: 21013: 21011: 21008: 21006: 21003: 21001: 20998: 20996: 20993: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20970: 20969: 20966: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20948: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20881: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20854:Folk religion 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20782: 20779: 20778: 20776: 20772: 20768: 20761: 20757: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20710: 20707: 20705: 20702: 20700: 20697: 20696: 20695: 20692: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20677:Imperial cult 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20664: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20637: 20636: 20633: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20620: 20619: 20616: 20612: 20609: 20607: 20604: 20602: 20599: 20597: 20594: 20593: 20592: 20589: 20587: 20584: 20580: 20577: 20576: 20575: 20572: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20559: 20558: 20555: 20553: 20550: 20546: 20543: 20542: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20499: 20496: 20494: 20491: 20489: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20475: 20474: 20471: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20448: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20435: 20432: 20431: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20413: 20410: 20409: 20408: 20405: 20403: 20400: 20398: 20395: 20391: 20388: 20386: 20383: 20382: 20381: 20378: 20376: 20373: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20355: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20328: 20327: 20324: 20323: 20320: 20316: 20311: 20307: 20287: 20284: 20283: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20246:Discordianism 20244: 20242: 20241:Anthroposophy 20239: 20238: 20236: 20232: 20224: 20223: 20219: 20218: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20189:Mari religion 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20171: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20123: 20120: 20119: 20118: 20115: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20102: 20101: 20098: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20085: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20066: 20065: 20063: 20061: 20055: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20026:Neo-Theosophy 20024: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19995: 19992: 19991: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19964:New Acropolis 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19936: 19934: 19930: 19927: 19925: 19917: 19907: 19904: 19902: 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19888: 19886: 19882: 19870: 19867: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19784: 19783: 19780: 19779: 19778: 19776: 19772: 19771: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19756: 19753: 19751: 19748: 19746: 19743: 19741: 19738: 19736: 19733: 19731: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19721: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19711: 19708: 19706: 19703: 19701: 19698: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19660: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19640: 19638: 19636: 19630: 19622: 19619: 19618: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19611: 19609:North African 19607: 19604: 19602: 19596: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19531: 19529: 19527: 19523: 19517: 19514: 19512: 19509: 19507: 19504: 19502: 19499: 19498: 19496: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19402: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19384: 19381: 19380: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19373:Kwakwakaʼwakw 19371: 19369: 19366: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19338: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19317: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19254: 19251: 19250: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19240: 19238: 19236: 19230: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19203: 19202: 19199: 19195: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19187: 19185: 19182: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19145: 19144: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19134: 19132: 19130: 19126: 19120: 19117: 19116: 19114: 19112: 19111:Austroasiatic 19108: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19090: 19087: 19083: 19082:Vattisen Yaly 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19069: 19068: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19058: 19056: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19043: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19018: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 19001:Kirat Mundhum 18999: 18997: 18994: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18981: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18966: 18964: 18960: 18954: 18953: 18949: 18947: 18944: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18935: 18932: 18928: 18925: 18923: 18920: 18918: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18896: 18894: 18892: 18888: 18882: 18881: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18847: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18804: 18803: 18800: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18752: 18751: 18748: 18747: 18745: 18743: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18730: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18696: 18694: 18692: 18688: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18668: 18666: 18664: 18660: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18637: 18636: 18632: 18631: 18630: 18627: 18626: 18624: 18622: 18618: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18601: 18600: 18597: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18584: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18563: 18560: 18559: 18557: 18555: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18533: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18499: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18472: 18470: 18466: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18442: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18429: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18379: 18373: 18372: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18360:Milah Abraham 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18334: 18331: 18330: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18298: 18297: 18294: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18279: 18278: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18259: 18258: 18255: 18254: 18252: 18250: 18246: 18240: 18239: 18235: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18187: 18184: 18183: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18133: 18130: 18129: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18076: 18074: 18071: 18070: 18069: 18066: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18037: 18034: 18032: 18029: 18028: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18018: 18017: 18016:Protestantism 18014: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17963: 17962: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17946: 17945: 17942: 17941: 17939: 17937: 17933: 17927: 17926: 17922: 17920: 17917: 17915: 17912: 17910: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17881: 17878: 17877: 17876: 17873: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17864: 17861: 17860: 17859: 17856: 17855: 17853: 17851: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17816: 17812: 17808: 17801: 17796: 17794: 17789: 17787: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17766: 17765: 17754: 17752: 17751: 17742: 17741: 17740: 17736: 17731: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17707: 17705: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17690:Protestantism 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17672: 17671: 17668: 17667: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17656: 17654: 17653: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17641: 17637: 17635: 17632: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17607: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17566: 17565: 17563: 17561: 17557: 17551: 17548: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17507: 17504: 17503: 17502: 17499: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17486: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17473: 17470: 17469: 17468: 17465: 17461: 17458: 17457: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17435: 17434: 17431: 17430: 17428: 17426: 17422: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17381: 17379: 17378:Sefer HaBahir 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17365: 17364: 17361: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17338: 17337: 17334: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17315: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17305:Sifrei Kodesh 17303: 17302: 17300: 17298: 17294: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17204: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17190: 17187: 17186: 17185: 17182: 17181: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17172: 17168: 17162: 17161:Who is a Jew? 17159: 17157: 17154: 17150: 17147: 17146: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17096: 17093: 17091: 17090:Chosen people 17088: 17086: 17083: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17066: 17062: 17056: 17053: 17047: 17046:Scots-Yiddish 17044: 17040: 17039: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17021: 17020: 17019:Klezmer-loshn 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16996: 16995: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16989: 16986: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16957: 16954: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16889:Judeo-Shirazi 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16866: 16865: 16864:Judeo-Persian 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16854:Judeo-Marathi 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16838: 16835: 16834: 16833: 16832:Judeo-Italian 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16816: 16813: 16811: 16808: 16806: 16803: 16802: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16787: 16784: 16783: 16782: 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16733: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16703: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16687:Judeo-Amazigh 16685: 16683: 16680: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16608: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16597: 16593: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16530: 16527: 16526: 16525: 16522: 16516: 16513: 16511: 16510:Hadhrami Jews 16508: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16475:Mountain Jews 16473: 16471: 16470:Egyptian Jews 16468: 16466: 16465:Bukharan Jews 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16447: 16446: 16443: 16439: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16382: 16380: 16377: 16375: 16372: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16355: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16295: 16294: 16291: 16290: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16264: 16261: 16260: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16253:Lists of Jews 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16212: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16168: 16166: 16163: 16162: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16139: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16121: 16116: 16114: 16109: 16107: 16102: 16101: 16098: 16091: 16087: 16083: 16080: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16057: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16043: 16040: 16036: 16033: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16024: 16022: 16014: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16002: 15999: 15996: 15992: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15970: 15967: 15964: 15961: 15957: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15942: 15939: 15938: 15934: 15933: 15930: 15927: 15926: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15905: 15904: 15901: 15898: 15897: 15893: 15892: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15870: 15866: 15865: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15848: 15844: 15843: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15832: 15831: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15786: 15783: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15772:About Judaism 15770: 15767: 15766: 15761: 15758: 15753: 15752: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15732: 15727: 15726: 15720: 15719:Jacobs, Louis 15716: 15715: 15711: 15710: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15684: 15680: 15668: 15662: 15658: 15657: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15638: 15634: 15633: 15627: 15623: 15621:0-231-12060-5 15617: 15612: 15611: 15604: 15600: 15594: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15564: 15563: 15558: 15554: 15549: 15548: 15544: 15543: 15538: 15536:0-8147-9261-8 15532: 15528: 15527: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15508: 15504: 15503: 15497: 15493: 15491:1-57718-058-5 15487: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15467:0-664-25348-2 15463: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15443:0-521-46073-5 15439: 15434: 15433: 15427: 15423: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15409:0-19-826463-1 15405: 15401: 15397: 15396:Jacobs, Louis 15393: 15389: 15383: 15378: 15377: 15370: 15366: 15364:0-415-23660-6 15360: 15356: 15355: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15342:General works 15341: 15340: 15335: 15329: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15318:Skolnik, Fred 15315: 15313: 15308: 15307: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15292:0-203-63391-1 15288: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15265:90-04-11617-6 15261: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15239: 15234: 15233: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15217:0-8160-5457-6 15213: 15209: 15205: 15204: 15198: 15194: 15188: 15180: 15179: 15173: 15172:Jacobs, Louis 15169: 15165: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15149: 15148:Berlin, Adele 15145: 15144: 15141:Encyclopedias 15140: 15139: 15128: 15126:0-8147-9705-9 15122: 15118: 15117: 15111: 15107: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15088: 15076: 15072: 15070:0-8147-9261-8 15066: 15062: 15061: 15056: 15052: 15049: 15048:0-02-934130-2 15045: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15032: 15020: 15016: 15010: 15006: 15005: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14977: 14973: 14967: 14963: 14962: 14957: 14953: 14949: 14945: 14943:0-8276-0198-0 14939: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14925: 14921: 14918: 14913: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14886: 14882: 14881: 14875: 14871: 14865: 14861: 14860: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14845:0-87441-286-2 14841: 14836: 14835: 14828: 14816: 14812: 14810:0-8276-0279-0 14806: 14802: 14801: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14782: 14777: 14776: 14769: 14757: 14753: 14751:1-57718-058-5 14747: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14727:1-55540-929-6 14723: 14719: 14715: 14711: 14699: 14695: 14693:0-8006-2552-8 14689: 14685: 14684: 14679: 14675: 14671: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14656:Nadler, Allan 14653: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14573: 14569: 14567:0-393-31839-7 14563: 14559: 14555: 14551: 14547: 14545:0-691-00807-8 14541: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14517: 14513: 14507: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14493: 14489: 14483: 14479: 14474: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14461:0-8160-5457-6 14457: 14453: 14449: 14448: 14442: 14439: 14435: 14434:Johnson, Paul 14432: 14431: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14405:Skolnik, Fred 14402: 14398: 14394: 14393:Jacobs, Louis 14390: 14378: 14374: 14368: 14360: 14359: 14353: 14352:Jacobs, Louis 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14335:0-19-826463-1 14331: 14327: 14323: 14322:Jacobs, Louis 14319: 14316: 14312: 14309: 14305: 14293: 14289: 14283: 14279: 14278: 14273: 14269: 14257: 14253: 14251:0-88125-567-X 14247: 14243: 14242: 14237: 14233: 14221: 14217: 14215:1-59244-943-3 14211: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14182: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14163: 14159: 14158:Gitelman, Zvi 14155: 14143: 14139: 14137:0-87441-547-0 14133: 14129: 14128: 14123: 14122:Gillman, Neil 14119: 14115: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14077: 14073: 14067: 14063: 14062: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14038: 14037: 14030: 14018: 14014: 14012:0-88706-459-0 14008: 14004: 14003: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13975: 13971: 13965: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13951: 13946: 13943: 13939: 13935: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13846:Berlin, Adele 13843: 13839: 13837:0-664-21847-4 13833: 13829: 13828: 13822: 13818: 13816:0-664-21846-6 13812: 13808: 13807: 13801: 13789: 13785: 13779: 13775: 13774: 13768: 13767: 13750: 13737: 13733: 13727: 13720: 13708: 13704: 13700: 13696: 13689: 13682: 13671: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13652: 13645: 13633: 13629: 13622: 13615: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13586: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13558: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13535: 13527: 13519: 13513: 13508: 13507: 13498: 13491: 13486: 13470: 13466: 13460: 13456: 13455: 13454:Judaism Today 13450: 13446: 13440: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13407: 13401: 13393: 13384: 13383:call it that. 13381: 13380: 13366: 13362: 13358: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13346: 13333: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13252: 13251: 13250: 13244: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13210: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13181: 13168: 13164: 13158: 13151: 13138: 13134: 13127: 13120: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13089: 13082: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13041: 13034: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13010: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12973: 12970: 12967: 12964: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12899: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12846: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12824: 12820: 12817: 12816: 12809: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12770: 12765: 12763:0-8160-5456-8 12759: 12755: 12754: 12749: 12745: 12739: 12737: 12729: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12631: 12624: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12606: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12568: 12564: 12560: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12527: 12520: 12515: 12508: 12507:Stillman 1979 12504: 12499: 12493:, p. 131 12492: 12487: 12480: 12475: 12468: 12463: 12461: 12444: 12440: 12434: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12395: 12388: 12376: 12370: 12366: 12361: 12360: 12351: 12344: 12340: 12334: 12328: 12324: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12308:0-553-34532-X 12305: 12301: 12295: 12289: 12285: 12281: 12275: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12239: 12235: 12234: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12207:Wallace, Mike 12204: 12199: 12191: 12185: 12181: 12174: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12154: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12105: 12101: 12095: 12087: 12080: 12072: 12065: 12058: 12054: 12051: 12045: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12020: 12014: 12010: 12003: 11996: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11961: 11954: 11949: 11942: 11937: 11930: 11925: 11918: 11913: 11906: 11901: 11895:, "Marriage". 11894: 11889: 11881: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11834: 11826: 11825: 11820: 11816: 11813:(1901–1906). 11812: 11808: 11803: 11802:public domain 11792: 11790: 11782: 11777: 11770: 11765: 11758: 11753: 11737: 11733: 11726: 11717: 11708: 11706: 11698: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11652: 11643: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11602: 11597: 11590: 11577: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11554: 11546: 11545: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11527: 11526:public domain 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11506: 11497: 11496: 11491: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11477:public domain 11467: 11458: 11450: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11405: 11398: 11391: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11321: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11296: 11295:Berlin, Adele 11292: 11288: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11270: 11265: 11249: 11245: 11243:1-59244-943-3 11239: 11235: 11234: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11145: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11109: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11078: 11062: 11058: 11051: 11035: 11031: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11006: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10995:Dynner, Glenn 10990: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10962:public domain 10952: 10944: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10911: 10906: 10904: 10887: 10883: 10881:0-02-865740-3 10877: 10873: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10854: 10846: 10841: 10834: 10829: 10822: 10817: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10797:Rudavsky 1979 10793: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10762: 10758: 10752: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10707: 10702: 10695: 10690: 10683: 10678: 10671: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10629:Rudavsky 1979 10625: 10618: 10613: 10606: 10604: 10589: 10585: 10581: 10575: 10559: 10555: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10509: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10455: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10425: 10424: 10416: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10389: 10373: 10369: 10363: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10304: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10237:0-226-32959-3 10234: 10228: 10221: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10203: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10175:0-684-84298-X 10171: 10166: 10165: 10156: 10149: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10024: 10018: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9951: 9945: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9920: 9913: 9907: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9881: 9874: 9869: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9769: 9765: 9759: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9725: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9673: 9669: 9663: 9654: 9647: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9590: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9560: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9531: 9529: 9521: 9509: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9424:(1901–1906). 9423: 9419: 9414: 9413:public domain 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9382: 9380:0-8160-3545-8 9376: 9372: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9341:Basic Judaism 9336: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9290: 9283: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9200: 9194: 9187: 9181: 9170: 9167: 9162: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9143: 9135: 9134:Gen. 22:17–18 9130: 9127: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9081: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9042: 9035: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9008: 9007: 8999: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8928: 8927:E. A. Speiser 8923: 8917: 8914:Robert Alter 8911: 8905: 8899: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8866: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8836: 8830: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8767: 8765: 8757: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8704:Scott, Robert 8701: 8697: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8649: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8630: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8586: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8541: 8525: 8521: 8519: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8469: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8449: 8447: 8439: 8438:Rudavsky 1979 8434: 8432: 8424: 8419: 8417: 8409: 8404: 8402: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378:Rudavsky 1979 8374: 8372: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8344: 8342: 8334: 8329: 8327: 8319: 8318:Rudavsky 1979 8314: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8283: 8278: 8271: 8270:Rudavsky 1979 8266: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8158: 8154: 8152:1-57718-058-5 8148: 8144: 8143: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8106: 8103:(1901–1906). 8102: 8098: 8093: 8092:public domain 8082: 8080: 8078: 8061: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8028: 8011: 8008:. Torah.org. 8007: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7966: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7933: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7916: 7910: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7742: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7715: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7685: 7678: 7673: 7666: 7661: 7653: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7640:(1901–1906). 7639: 7634: 7633:public domain 7623: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7366:Cambridge, UK 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7259: 7258:Levenson 2012 7254: 7247: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7175: 7172: 7161: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7129:Haredi Jewish 7126: 7122: 7121:Neturei Karta 7117: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7020: 7019:Black Judaism 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6974:Refah Partisi 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6729:German Empire 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6701:New Amsterdam 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6630: 6629:nature of God 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6560: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6537: 6528: 6526: 6525:The Holocaust 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6481:Enlightenment 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6401:ghettoization 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6363: 6360: 6356: 6355:Yemenite Jews 6352: 6348: 6347:Sephardi Jews 6344: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6295:rejected the 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118:Enlightenment 6111: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6009: 6008:(see below). 6007: 6003: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5959: 5955: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5909:, brother of 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5892: 5891:Second Temple 5878: 5874: 5869: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5829:) – The 5827: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5765: 5764:Moshe Rynecki 5761: 5757: 5750: 5749:intermarriage 5746: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5588:Family purity 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5456:sciatic nerve 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5283:eternal light 5280: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5175:Simchat Torah 5172: 5168: 5164: 5158: 5157:Torah reading 5146: 5141: 5137: 5135: 5134:10th of Tevet 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5119:Yom Hazikaron 5116: 5110: 5106: 5105:Yom Hazikaron 5102: 5092: 5090: 5089:Tzom Gedaliah 5086: 5085:10th of Tevet 5082: 5077: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5039:Tzom Gedaliah 5036: 5035:10th of Tevet 5032: 5028: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4887: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4843:Rosh Hashanah 4841: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4830:High Holidays 4819: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4802:Simchat Torah 4799: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4659: 4658:challah cover 4655: 4650: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:High Holidays 4589: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4554:), or prayer 4553: 4549: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4444:, and so on. 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4381:Shema Yisrael 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4325:Jewish prayer 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4295:Jewish ethics 4289:Jewish ethics 4281: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229:based on the 4228: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4208: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4176: 4173:Beta Israeli 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132:Mount Gerizim 4129: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Second Temple 4110: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3679:Written Torah 3668: 3658: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3587:intermarriage 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516:According to 3513: 3512:Who is a Jew? 3506:Who is a Jew? 3503: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479:According to 3467: 3465: 3464:Judah Hadassi 3461: 3460:jurisprudence 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3404:written Torah 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3380: 3379:hermeneutical 3376: 3371: 3369: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3312: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3211:Enlightenment 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:The basis of 2999: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2940:Jewish ethics 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2900:Mishneh Torah 2898: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2729:World to Come 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:non-theurgic. 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2367: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2274:Second Temple 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087:According to 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2035:Second Temple 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1978:are known as 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942:(then called 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1918: 1917:Second Temple 1914: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1863: 1860: 1852: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1822:This article 1820: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1632:derives from 1631: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Old Testament 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Jewish people 1389: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1360: 1356: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1142:Rosh Hashanah 1140: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 949: 948: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 894: 890: 886: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 833: 829: 823: 822: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 780: 776: 775: 771: 770: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 705: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 630: 626: 620: 619: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566:Mishneh Torah 564: 563: 559: 553: 552: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 524: 522: 519: 518: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 461: 460: 453: 450: 446: 443: 442: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 402: 401: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 343: 339: 336: 335: 334: 331: 330: 328: 325: 324: 320: 314: 313: 309: 303: 297: 293: 292: 289: 286: 285: 281: 277: 276: 268: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 228: 224: 221: 211: 207: 203: 199: 196: 192: 189: 185: 182: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 139: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 108: 104: 100: 99:Torah pointer 96: 92: 88: 84: 77: 70: 65: 61: 56: 37: 32: 29: 25: 23: 22145:Turkmenistan 22105:Saudi Arabia 21850:South Africa 21840:Sierra Leone 21645:Burkina Faso 21554:Names of God 21501:Unaffiliated 21456:Antireligion 21317:Universalism 21265:Assimilation 21130:Anthropology 21005:Supernatural 21000:Spirituality 20968:Sacred space 20956:Purification 20829:Denomination 20783: / 20591:Paleo-Balkan 20557:Mesopotamian 20397:Cook Islands 20368:Old Prussian 20281:UFO religion 20220: 20216:Zalmoxianism 20144:Neoshamanism 20001:Spiritualism 19884:Other ethnic 19773: 19599:Traditional 19559:Bongthingism 19457:Acoma Pueblo 19400:Mesoamerican 19129:Austronesian 18950: 18946:Neo-Buddhism 18878: 18874:Neo-Hinduism 18795:Swaminarayan 18633: 18582:Salvationist 18567:Confucianism 18418:Samaritanism 18388:Ali-Illahism 18369: 18236: 18230:Unitarianism 18171:Old Catholic 17978:Nestorianism 17936:Christianity 17923: 17889:Conservative 17849: 17755: 17748: 17734: 17657: 17650: 17638: 17621: 17604: 17438:perspectives 17272:Samaritanism 17233:Neo-Hasidism 17213:Conservative 17127:Names of God 17036: 17017: 16827:Judaeo-Greek 16822:Judeo-Gascon 16761:Lishán Didán 16756:Lishana Deni 16724:Judeo-Yemeni 16692:Judeo-Arabic 16566:Meshuchrarim 16485:Persian Jews 16418:Kurdish Jews 16396:Kaifeng Jews 16345:Beta Abraham 16308:Galitzianers 16263:Antisemitism 16238:Israeli Jews 16223:Assimilation 16130: 16048:Cantillation 16018: 16006: 15994: 15845:Conservative 15827:Ohr Somayach 15822:Aish HaTorah 15781: 15775: 15763: 15750: 15724: 15683: 15655: 15631: 15609: 15588: 15561: 15525: 15501: 15480: 15456: 15431: 15399: 15375: 15353: 15321: 15304: 15278: 15255: 15231: 15202: 15177: 15152: 15115: 15095: 15079:. Retrieved 15059: 15037: 15023:. Retrieved 15003: 14991: 14980:. Retrieved 14960: 14933: 14909: 14898: 14879: 14858: 14833: 14819:. Retrieved 14799: 14786:0-06066801-6 14774: 14760:. Retrieved 14740: 14717: 14702:. Retrieved 14682: 14659: 14636: 14622:– via 14616:. Retrieved 14597: 14582: 14578: 14557: 14535: 14520:. Retrieved 14500: 14477: 14472:. IB Tauris. 14469: 14446: 14437: 14423:– via 14408: 14381:. Retrieved 14357: 14325: 14314: 14307: 14296:. Retrieved 14276: 14260:. Retrieved 14240: 14224:. Retrieved 14204: 14180: 14161: 14146:. Retrieved 14126: 14112:– via 14106:. Retrieved 14097: 14082: 14060: 14035: 14021:. Retrieved 14001: 13992: 13978:. Retrieved 13958: 13941: 13922: 13902:. Retrieved 13874: 13850: 13826: 13805: 13792:. Retrieved 13772: 13758:Bibliography 13747: 13740:. Retrieved 13735: 13726: 13717: 13710:. Retrieved 13698: 13688: 13680: 13673:. Retrieved 13661: 13651: 13642: 13635:. Retrieved 13631: 13621: 13612: 13605:. Retrieved 13601: 13592: 13583: 13576:. Retrieved 13567: 13557: 13533: 13526: 13505: 13497: 13485: 13473:. Retrieved 13453: 13439: 13427:. Retrieved 13410: 13406:Nova Religio 13404: 13392: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13369:. Retrieved 13365:the original 13343: 13336:. Retrieved 13332:the original 13310: 13303:. Retrieved 13299:the original 13284:Conservative 13275: 13268:. Retrieved 13260:Aish HaTorah 13243: 13233:22 September 13231:. Retrieved 13221:Moss, Aron. 13216: 13208: 13201:. Retrieved 13196: 13187: 13178: 13171:. Retrieved 13167:the original 13157: 13148: 13141:. Retrieved 13137:the original 13126: 13113: 13106:. Retrieved 13102:the original 13088: 13079: 13072:. Retrieved 13050: 13040: 13032: 13025:. Retrieved 12993: 12979: 12968: 12962: 12957: 12953: 12949: 12945: 12942: 12908: 12898: 12889: 12855: 12845: 12814: 12808: 12776: 12767: 12752: 12726: 12692: 12682: 12674: 12640: 12630: 12610: 12605: 12593:. Retrieved 12584: 12574: 12566: 12550: 12542: 12526: 12521:, p. 28 12514: 12498: 12486: 12474: 12447:. Retrieved 12443:the original 12433: 12421:. Retrieved 12401: 12394: 12385: 12378:. Retrieved 12358: 12350: 12333: 12314: 12299: 12294: 12279: 12274: 12259: 12254: 12242:. Retrieved 12231: 12220: 12210: 12198: 12179: 12173: 12158: 12153: 12141:. Retrieved 12134:the original 12120: 12108:. Retrieved 12094: 12085: 12079: 12070: 12064: 12044: 12036: 12027: 12008: 12002: 11994: 11987:. Retrieved 11967: 11960: 11948: 11936: 11924: 11912: 11900: 11888: 11869: 11863: 11851:. Retrieved 11842: 11833: 11822: 11776: 11764: 11757:Neusner 1993 11752: 11740:. Retrieved 11736:the original 11725: 11716: 11696: 11689:. Retrieved 11670: 11651: 11642: 11626:the original 11612: 11596: 11587: 11580:. Retrieved 11565: 11553: 11542: 11493: 11466: 11457: 11449:Project MUSE 11447:– via 11441:. Retrieved 11416: 11410: 11397: 11385: 11373: 11361:. Retrieved 11341: 11299: 11264: 11252:. Retrieved 11232: 11221: 11209: 11197: 11185:. Retrieved 11168: 11164: 11151: 11139: 11127:. Retrieved 11118: 11108: 11096:. Retrieved 11087: 11077: 11065:. Retrieved 11050: 11038:. Retrieved 11023: 10999: 10989: 10978: 10951: 10931: 10917: 10890:. Retrieved 10871: 10861:Magid, Shaul 10840: 10828: 10816: 10809:Raphael 1984 10804: 10792: 10780: 10772: 10765:. Retrieved 10751: 10743: 10740:the original 10735: 10725: 10713: 10706:Gillman 1993 10701: 10689: 10677: 10648: 10636: 10624: 10612: 10602: 10599: 10592:. Retrieved 10583: 10574: 10562:. Retrieved 10548: 10536:. Retrieved 10521: 10495: 10489: 10477:. Retrieved 10463: 10454: 10442:. Retrieved 10422: 10415: 10395: 10388: 10376:. Retrieved 10372:the original 10362: 10350:. Retrieved 10346:the original 10336: 10325: 10314: 10303: 10293:28 September 10291:. Retrieved 10276: 10269: 10257:. Retrieved 10253:the original 10243: 10227: 10217: 10202: 10183: 10163: 10155: 10147: 10140:. Retrieved 10121: 10111: 10102: 10095:. Retrieved 10067: 10056: 10048: 10043: 10035: 10030: 10022: 10017: 10008: 10000: 9995: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9966: 9962: 9957: 9949: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9919: 9911: 9906: 9898: 9893: 9885: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9856:. Retrieved 9847: 9837: 9830:Judah haNasi 9825: 9820: 9813:Judah haNasi 9807: 9795:. Retrieved 9786: 9776: 9768:the original 9758: 9745: 9735: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9699:the original 9688: 9676:. Retrieved 9672:the original 9662: 9653: 9645: 9638:. Retrieved 9624: 9612:. Retrieved 9598: 9589: 9581: 9566: 9559: 9547:. Retrieved 9519: 9512:. Retrieved 9497: 9489: 9482:. Retrieved 9468: 9459: 9433: 9370: 9360: 9353:Langton 2011 9348: 9340: 9335: 9323:. Retrieved 9314: 9304: 9292:. Retrieved 9282: 9270:. Retrieved 9250: 9243: 9229:Mechon Mamre 9206: 9198: 9193: 9185: 9180: 9161: 9142: 9121: 9109:. Retrieved 9090: 9080: 9068:. Retrieved 9048: 9041: 9029: 9005: 8998: 8990: 8985: 8978: 8977:Shaye Cohen 8973: 8966: 8961: 8954: 8953:Martin Noth 8949: 8942: 8941:John Bright 8937: 8929: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8903: 8898: 8888:16 September 8886:. Retrieved 8877: 8855: 8847: 8842: 8834: 8829: 8817:. Retrieved 8802: 8781:the original 8777:TheTorah.com 8776: 8751: 8739:. Retrieved 8730: 8720: 8707: 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8666: 8657: 8636: 8629: 8617:. Retrieved 8585: 8577: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8540: 8528:. Retrieved 8516: 8505: 8453:Raphael 1984 8393:Raphael 1984 8333:Raphael 1984 8282:Raphael 1984 8277: 8265: 8244: 8239: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8161:. Retrieved 8141: 8123: 8112: 8064:. Retrieved 8052: 8041: 8014:. Retrieved 8000: 7988:. Retrieved 7976: 7914: 7909: 7886: 7880: 7861: 7855: 7843:. Retrieved 7834: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7798: 7786:. Retrieved 7782:the original 7768: 7748: 7741: 7721: 7714: 7694: 7684: 7679:, p. 3. 7672: 7660: 7649: 7622: 7610:. Retrieved 7560: 7550: 7538:. Retrieved 7488: 7478: 7466:. Retrieved 7408: 7395: 7383:. Retrieved 7357: 7344: 7332:. Retrieved 7278: 7265: 7260:, p. 3. 7253: 7137: 7118: 7099: 7069: 7057:Renewal Jews 7054: 7023: 6983: 6951: 6868:monotheistic 6856:Arab peoples 6841: 6787:John Paul II 6783:World War II 6780: 6740:blood libels 6737: 6681:yellow badge 6669: 6664: 6656: 6646: 6609:Christianity 6607: 6554: 6512: 6508: 6494: 6489: 6478: 6454: 6450: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6405: 6385:Antisemitism 6383: 6376:Antisemitism 6366:Persecutions 6340: 6317: 6258: 6223:Rosh yeshiva 6216: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6187: 6183: 6171: 6167: 6155: 6149: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6105: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6012: 6005: 6001: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5963: 5914: 5896:Third Temple 5888: 5846: 5842: 5830: 5806: 5794: 5759: 5742: 5724: 5721:circumcision 5703: 5672:Traditional 5671: 5662:forbids the 5649: 5645: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5582:hand-washing 5558:menstruation 5545: 5541: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5503: 5501: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5460: 5443: 5440:slaughtering 5433: 5431: 5406: 5399:translations 5397:. The exact 5356: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5310: 5300: 5286: 5275: 5269: 5260: 5255:) where the 5248: 5240: 5219: 5160: 5131: 5115:Yom Ha-shoah 5112: 5078: 5042: 5015: 4996: 4974: 4956: 4932:Persian Jews 4905: 4850: 4846: 4836:Yamim Noraim 4835: 4833: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4723: 4695: 4693: 4676: 4664: 4663: 4621: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4565:tallit katan 4564: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4484:Men wearing 4446: 4427: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4343: 4300: 4298: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4241:, non-Jews ( 4238: 4218: 4206: 4195: 4125: 4107: 4097: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4073:haredi-leumi 4072: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4019: 3999:prayer rites 3996: 3960: 3925:Ariel Sharon 3917:First Aliyah 3888: 3878: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3801: 3795: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3704:, and Greek 3701: 3683: 3675: 3652: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3609: 3603: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3525: 3515: 3497: 3478: 3456:hermeneutics 3443: 3409: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3360: 3344: 3339: 3316: 3307: 3258: 3243:Will Herberg 3227:Martin Buber 3199:Judah Halevi 3184: 3148: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3121:Talmud Bavli 3120: 3116: 3110: 3102:Judah haNasi 3095: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3077:Judah haNasi 3074: 3064:to Moses on 3055: 3036: 3003: 3001: 2985:Western Wall 2966: 2875:literature: 2804:Hebrew Bible 2797: 2788:Aleppo Codex 2760:civilization 2747: 2733: 2693: 2687: 2677: 2665: 2658: 2652: 2649:circumcision 2644: 2634: 2619: 2600: 2591: 2533: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2479:transcendent 2468: 2462: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2427: 2423:Max Kadushin 2416: 2399: 2337: 2322: 2297: 2278: 2250:First Temple 2232:valley. The 2230:Khabur River 2186:Hebrew Bible 2183: 2086: 2065: 2058:Judah HaNasi 2050: 2046: 2044: 2039:Temple Mount 2027:Western Wall 1979: 1906: 1855: 1846: 1823: 1796: 1763:Deuterocanon 1754: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1732: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1677: 1665: 1661: 1653: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1627: 1617: 1594:Jews are an 1593: 1584: 1576: 1571: 1557: 1487: 1467:Christianity 1458: 1443:Christianity 1435:Hebrew Bible 1416: 1412:Samaritanism 1402:of the late 1385:monotheistic 1354: 1353: 1276:Anti-Judaism 1271:Antisemitism 1216:Samaritanism 1194:Christianity 1095:Shehecheyanu 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 1000:Four species 907:Pidyon haben 861:Rosh yeshiva 772: 665:Beth midrash 611:Noahide laws 354:Conservative 287: 250:Christianity 242:Samaritanism 159:Monotheistic 85:, a cup for 40: 28: 21: 22596:New Zealand 22533:Saint Lucia 22483:El Salvador 22388:Switzerland 22323:Netherlands 22095:Philippines 22023:South Korea 22018:North Korea 21908:Afghanistan 21855:South Sudan 21745:Ivory Coast 21529:Deification 21476:Objectivism 21451:Agnosticism 21409:Persecution 21399:Video games 21364:Populations 21275:Proselytism 21243:Monasticism 21234:Clericalism 21224:Agriculture 21215:and society 21180:Soteriology 21140:Comparative 21110:Transtheism 21095:Panentheism 20879:Monasticism 20672:Gallo-Roman 20574:Micronesian 20540:Manichaeism 20488:Hermeticism 20456:Continental 20451:Anglo-Saxon 20331:Paleolithic 20326:Prehistoric 20276:Scientology 20139:Italo-Roman 19994:Radha Soami 19974:New Thought 19814:Espiritismo 19755:Waaqeffanna 19695:Fon and Ewe 19633:Sub-Saharan 19516:Satsana Phi 19312:Ghost Dance 19270:Californian 19248:Anishinaabe 19179:Karo Pemena 19158:Indonesian 18832:Lingayatism 18780:Mahanubhava 18750:Vaishnavism 18681:Jeungsanism 18604:Folk Taoism 18587:Xiantiandao 18441:Zoroastrian 18100:Charismatic 18095:Pentecostal 18058:Anglicanism 18009:Waldensians 17944:Catholicism 17680:Catholicism 17262:Hellenistic 17100:Eschatology 17038:Lachoudisch 16963:Lotegorisch 16941:Lachoudisch 16931:Koiné Greek 16844:Judeo-Latin 16781:Palestinian 16675:Palestinian 16524:Mustaʿravim 16450:Afghan Jews 16438:Berber Jews 16362:Bene Israel 16350:Falash Mura 16340:Beta Israel 16258:Persecution 16200:Middle Ages 15768:(1901–1906) 14618:29 November 14575:Mayer, Egon 13749:principles. 13626:Harb, Ali. 13371:20 December 13338:14 February 13305:14 February 12784: [ 12623:p. 140 12278:Hans Küng. 11953:Berlin 2011 11941:Berlin 2011 11929:Deuteronomy 11917:Berlin 2011 11905:Berlin 2011 11893:Jacobs 2003 11781:Berlin 2011 11730:Avi Kehat. 11605:Yoreh De'ah 11558:Berlin 2011 11443:18 December 11378:Berlin 2011 11214:Berlin 2011 10833:Jacobs 2003 10653:Nadler 1997 10641:Jacobs 2003 10530:. Haaretz. 10479:6 September 10330:Ezra 10:2–3 9452:Berlin 2011 9325:19 November 9294:19 November 9154:Deuteronomy 9126:Gen. 17:3–8 8758:, AskOxford 8741:19 November 8619:4 September 8483:Jacobs 2003 8423:Jacobs 2003 8363:Jacobs 2003 8303:Jacobs 2007 7837:. sefaria. 7835:sefaria.org 7788:22 November 7665:Jacobs 2007 7612:13 February 7519:j.ctt32bd7m 7447:j.ctt1nq44w 7102:revisionism 7004:, and that 6939:Mawza Exile 6655:upheld the 6649:Middle Ages 6549:Bene Israel 6451:refreshment 6409:Middle Ages 6389:Middle Ages 6351:Beta Israel 6195:(scribe) – 6126:baal kriyah 6087:baal kriyah 6072:Progressive 6006:baal kriyah 5932:the son of 5883: 1910 5771: 1930 5726:zeved habat 5693:bar mitzvah 5472:The use of 5425:, and most 5387:crustaceans 5101:Yom Hashoah 4952:hamantashen 4940:exterminate 4450:equal basis 4394:Deuteronomy 4313:lashon hara 4278:B'nei Noach 4256:B'nei Noach 4192:Beta Israel 4077:nationalist 3988:Beth Elohim 3727:, Jerusalem 3583:Deuteronomy 3556:mihu Yehudi 3195:Saadia Gaon 3066:Mount Sinai 2987:, Jerusalem 2893:literature 2654:Ani Ma'amin 2628:. Albo and 2626:Joseph Albo 2522:Core tenets 2298:During the 2097:Zoroastrian 2093:John Bright 2064:, redacted 2000:Philistines 1964:Mount Sinai 1837:clean it up 1696:hellenismos 1679:hellenismos 1674:2 Maccabees 1664:. The term 1530:nontheistic 1512:during the 1502:Mount Sinai 960:Sefer Torah 922:Bereavement 902:Zeved habat 685:Holy Temple 625:Holy cities 359:Conservadox 238:Separations 22755:Categories 22586:Micronesia 22463:Costa Rica 22358:San Marino 22318:Montenegro 22298:Luxembourg 22155:Uzbekistan 22130:Tajikistan 22035:Kyrgyzstan 22008:Kazakhstan 21958:East Timor 21928:Bangladesh 21918:Azerbaijan 21835:Seychelles 21800:Mozambique 21785:Mauritania 21770:Madagascar 21660:Cape Verde 21442:irreligion 21437:Secularism 21344:Minorities 21312:Toleration 21307:Syncretism 21292:Fanaticism 21282:Disability 21270:Missionary 21260:Conversion 21248:Ordination 21170:Psychology 21165:Philosophy 21105:Polytheism 21085:Monotheism 21080:Henotheism 20921:Orthopraxy 20911:Ordination 20874:Meditation 20869:Indigenous 20834:Entheogens 20819:Conversion 20645:Pueblo III 20562:Babylonian 20552:Melanesian 20478:Gnosticism 20363:Lithuanian 20256:Fourth Way 20110:Circassian 20088:Dievturība 20011:Tensegrity 19944:Falun Gong 19589:Sanamahism 19569:Donyi-Polo 19201:Polynesian 19147:Kaharingan 19072:Burkhanism 19011:Ravidassia 18989:Śvetāmbara 18775:Pushtimarg 18755:Krishnaism 18691:Vietnamese 18676:Cheondoism 18609:Yao Taoism 18545:East Asian 18311:Isma'ilism 18267:Maturidism 18046:Mennonites 18041:Hutterites 18026:Anabaptism 17919:Humanistic 17675:Anabaptism 17617:Jew (word) 17484:Leadership 17297:Literature 17282:Secularism 17228:Humanistic 17095:Conversion 17065:Philosophy 16906:Judeo-Urdu 16670:Babylonian 16515:Saada Jews 16500:Adeni Jews 16293:Ashkenazim 16248:Samaritans 16215:Population 16170:Israelites 16021:Wikisource 15923:Humanistic 15780:(formerly 15034:Weber, Max 13632:Al Jazeera 13203:5 February 12997:. London: 12963: [ 12958:Meshichyim 12950:Meshichyim 12931:2006022954 12878:2006022954 12715:2006022954 12663:2006022954 12519:Lewis 1984 12503:Lewis 1984 12491:Lewis 1999 12479:Lewis 1984 12467:Lewis 1984 12449:14 January 12423:14 January 12380:14 January 12039:6.3 (1991) 11839:"Karaites" 11691:3 November 11582:1 November 11144:Meyer 1988 10910:Segal 2008 10785:Meyer 1988 10694:Segal 2008 10682:Segal 2008 10670:Zohar 2005 10259:22 October 9787:Chabad.org 9709:conviction 9703:The word " 9476:. Mesora. 9166:Lev. 19:18 9070:20 October 8694:ἰουδαΐζειν 8677:24 January 8604:(Report). 8066:7 November 8048:"Sadducee" 7990:7 November 7540:20 January 7527:2012021755 7468:20 January 7455:2009012009 7334:20 January 7321:2003053097 7026:syncretism 6935:Al-Andalus 6760:Nazi Party 6705:Asser Levy 6677:Jewish hat 6578:See also: 6501:Protestant 6328:Yudganites 6313:Samaritans 6277:Christians 6173:brit milah 6079:baal koreh 5877:Uzbekistan 5715:Brit milah 5609:See also: 5419:amphibians 5403:traditions 5245:Ashkenazim 5081:17th Tamuz 5044:Tisha B'Av 5027:Tisha B'Av 4869:Yom Kippur 4851:Yom Teruah 4762:Israelites 4742:products ( 4632:redemption 4628:revelation 4605:tachrichim 4207:B'nei Noah 4186:See also: 4128:Samaritans 3936:See also: 3905:Subbotniks 3836:(known as 3591:Canaanites 3424:R. Ishmael 3311:R. Ishmael 3279:specified. 3207:Gersonides 3203:Maimonides 3175:Maimonides 3173:Statue of 3106:anno mundi 3062:Oral Torah 3060:) and the 3041:, and the 3012:Pentateuch 2922:literature 2630:the Raavad 2607:Maimonides 2595:Maimonides 2329:Gnosticism 2291:spread to 2198:King David 2047:Oral Torah 1992:tabernacle 1990:where the 1960:the Exodus 1909:Israelites 1727:Ioudaïsmós 1722:Ioudaïsmós 1666:Ἰουδαϊσμός 1645:ἰουδαΐζειν 1639:Ioudaismos 1607:See also: 1447:Oral Torah 1427:Israelites 1404:Bronze Age 1147:Yom Kippur 690:Tabernacle 435:Chosenness 407:Philosophy 388:Humanistic 22704:Venezuela 22649:Argentina 22566:Australia 22518:Nicaragua 22493:Guatemala 22293:Lithuania 22115:Sri Lanka 22110:Singapore 22090:Palestine 21978:Indonesia 21968:Hong Kong 21790:Mauritius 21511:Overviews 21466:Criticism 21414:Terrorism 21389:Theocracy 21334:Happiness 21302:Pluralism 21287:Education 21213:Religion 21185:Salvation 21175:Sociology 21120:Religious 21100:Pantheism 21090:Nontheism 20983:Mountains 20961:Sacrifice 20916:Orthodoxy 20906:Mythology 20901:Mysticism 20790:Behaviour 20699:Canaanite 20682:Mithraism 20650:Pueblo IV 20640:Pueblo II 20545:Mazdakism 20520:Hungarian 20493:Mysteries 20402:Dravidian 20184:Hungarian 20100:Caucasian 20071:Godianism 20031:Agni Yoga 20021:Theosophy 19984:Rastafari 19959:Modekngei 19939:Brahmoism 19932:Syncretic 19924:movements 19922:religious 19834:Quimbanda 19782:Candomblé 19775:Diasporic 19554:Bathouism 19544:Benzhuism 19469:Tsimshian 19420:Purépecha 19341:Longhouse 19316:Sun Dance 19265:Blackfoot 19184:Malaysian 19174:Kapitayan 18984:Digambara 18969:Ayyavazhi 18934:Vajrayana 18899:Theravada 18812:Ganapatya 18785:Ramanandi 18714:Hoahaoism 18592:Yiguandao 18487:Yarsanism 18482:Shabakism 18469:Yazdânism 18459:Zurvanism 18454:Mazdaznan 18413:Rastafari 18408:Mandaeism 18282:Wahhabism 18262:Ash'arism 18225:Tolstoyan 18215:Spiritual 18205:Mormonism 18176:Judaizers 18149:Quakerism 18127:Methodist 18117:Irvingism 18068:Calvinism 18021:Adventism 18004:Moravians 17841:Abrahamic 17737:indicate 17685:Mormonism 17670:Christian 17550:Symbolism 17538:Synagogue 17518:Mythology 17479:Education 17450:Astronomy 17433:Astrology 17250:relations 17055:Zarphatic 17003:Galitzish 16805:Yeshivish 16682:Catalanic 16645:Samaritan 16620:Ashkenazi 16601:Diasporic 16596:Languages 16541:Sephardim 16536:Romaniote 16423:Krymchaks 16357:Desi Jews 16233:Buddhists 16007:See also 15991:Torah.org 15782:About.com 15691:from the 15428:(2002) . 14594:"Judaism" 14397:"Judaism" 13904:13 August 13707:0362-4331 13670:0362-4331 13173:18 August 13074:10 August 13027:10 August 12939:315689134 12886:315689134 12723:315689134 12671:315689134 12595:13 August 12587:: 43–49. 12143:1 January 11853:22 August 11742:22 August 11486:"Sabbath" 11433:149940089 11040:22 August 10603:rabbinism 10594:4 October 10378:9 January 10352:9 January 9678:22 August 9614:22 August 9514:13 August 9272:22 August 9254:. Brill. 9169:Leviticus 9151:Deut. 6:5 9111:22 August 8989:John Day 8967:The Sages 8819:22 August 8530:22 August 8512:"Bet Din" 8231:143106665 8215:0276-1114 8131:(2003) . 8016:22 August 7642:"Judaism" 7607:191738355 7599:0167-9732 7535:160590164 7493:New Haven 7463:170124789 7413:New Haven 7329:152458823 7313:0009-6407 7273:(2005) . 7219:Footnotes 7090:Criticism 7006:salvation 6986:Judaizers 6962:Hizbullah 6825:Essaouira 6756:Holocaust 6748:massacres 6735:in 1935. 6715:in 1848. 6642:Holocaust 6621:atonement 6551:community 6459:Misnagdim 6332:Malikites 6293:Sadducees 6285:Pharisees 6265:Sadducees 6261:Pharisees 6199:scrolls, 6011:Hassidic 5990:synagogue 5936:. In the 5873:Samarkand 5851:cremation 5813:Bnei Brak 5656:menstrual 5435:shechitah 5383:shellfish 5287:ner tamid 5253:Sephardim 5187:Synagogue 5127:Holocaust 5021:Fast days 5009:over the 5007:Maccabees 4909:(Hebrew: 4575:safeguard 4360:added on 4346:Shacharit 4259:(Hebrew: 4220:Noahidism 4215:Noahidism 4209:movement) 4205:Noahide ( 4144:West Bank 4117:Sadducees 3983:Ashkenazi 3957:, Tunisia 3913:Holy Land 3810:Sephardic 3797:Misnagdim 3700:, a.k.a. 3694:Sephardim 3690:Ashkenazi 3436:Midrashim 3283:language. 3113:Babylonia 3039:Sadducees 2873:Midrashic 2719:. In the 2709:Patriarch 2463:occasions 2206:Jerusalem 2135:Antiquity 2078:Babylonia 2074:Palestine 2031:Jerusalem 1849:June 2022 1759:apocrypha 1755:Iudaismus 1740:Sadducees 1736:Pharisees 1704:iudaismos 1692:iudaismos 1634:Iudaismus 1628:The term 1618:Maccabees 1603:Etymology 1583:enforced 1506:Sadducees 1479:Hellenism 1406:to early 1382:Abrahamic 1371:romanized 1266:Criticism 1231:Pluralism 1209:Mormonism 1115:Kol Nidre 889:education 814:Acharonim 660:Synagogue 637:Jerusalem 319:Movements 246:Mandaeism 136:Scripture 129:Abrahamic 107:etrog box 105:, and an 22730:Category 22694:Suriname 22684:Paraguay 22669:Colombia 22576:Kiribati 22503:Honduras 22473:Dominica 22448:Barbados 22413:Scotland 22373:Slovenia 22368:Slovakia 22343:Portugal 22213:Bulgaria 22135:Thailand 22085:Pakistan 22065:Mongolia 22060:Maldives 22055:Malaysia 21943:Cambodia 21890:Zimbabwe 21865:Tanzania 21715:Ethiopia 21710:Eswatini 21690:Djibouti 21655:Cameroon 21640:Botswana 21584:Timeline 21579:Scholars 21539:Founders 21404:Violence 21359:Politics 21229:Business 21192:Theology 20936:Prophecy 20926:Paganism 20814:Covenant 20781:Apostasy 20716:Scythian 20657:Rapa Nui 20611:Thracian 20606:Illyrian 20596:Albanian 20567:Sumerian 20510:Harappan 20446:Germanic 20441:Georgian 20434:Selk'nam 20419:Etruscan 20407:Egyptian 20385:Druidism 20348:Armenian 20271:Satanism 20251:Eckankar 20174:Estonian 20159:Romanian 20149:Ossetian 20129:Germanic 20078:Armenian 20067:African 20060:paganism 19989:Sant Mat 19979:Rajneesh 19954:Meivazhi 19949:Japanese 19906:Siberian 19839:Santería 19809:Convince 19675:Bushongo 19579:Kiratism 19506:Hmongism 19383:Wocekiye 19368:Jivaroan 19336:Iroquois 19331:Ho-Chunk 19292:Cherokee 19235:American 19206:Hawaiian 19119:Sarnaism 19089:Tungusic 19077:Tengrism 19067:Mongolic 18996:Sarnaism 18927:Nichiren 18904:Mahayana 18891:Buddhism 18869:Sant Mat 18859:Sauraism 18854:Smartism 18849:Shaktism 18842:Balinese 18827:Kaumaram 18822:Kapalika 18817:Kashmiri 18802:Shaivism 18742:Hinduism 18709:Caodaism 18653:Ryukyuan 18648:Tenrikyo 18643:Shugendō 18621:Japanese 18492:Yazidism 18477:Ishikism 18355:Quranism 18328:Khawarij 18277:Salafism 18272:Atharism 18161:Esoteric 18132:Holiness 18122:Lutheran 18083:Reformed 18063:Baptists 18036:Brethren 18000:Hussites 17988:Assyrian 17904:Haymanot 17858:Orthodox 17807:Religion 17750:Category 17720:Hinduism 17710:Buddhism 17612:Genetics 17528:Politics 17501:Marriage 17460:Holidays 17455:Calendar 17336:Rabbinic 17312:/Hebrew 17257:Haymanot 17184:Orthodox 17171:Branches 17144:Kabbalah 17139:Haskalah 17117:Holiness 16993:dialects 16973:Shassagh 16936:Krymchak 16916:Kayliñña 16810:Yinglish 16786:Galilean 16776:Talmudic 16771:Biblical 16746:Betanure 16665:Biblical 16660:Mishnaic 16655:Medieval 16640:Tiberian 16635:Yemenite 16625:Sephardi 16561:Paradesi 16505:Ḥabbanim 16495:Teimanim 16460:Baghdadi 16433:Maghrebi 16401:Karaites 16379:Gruzínim 16367:Kochinim 16285:Diaspora 16243:Karaites 16228:Atheists 16165:Timeline 16076:(sample) 16069:(sample) 16042:(sample) 16035:(sample) 15981:Archived 15969:Archived 15956:Archived 15813:Archived 15721:(2003). 15695:sect of 15653:(2018). 15587:(1990). 15454:(1991). 15418:31938398 15398:(1995). 15351:(2003). 15283:(e-Book) 15254:(2000). 15174:(2003). 15075:Archived 15036:(1967). 15019:Archived 14976:Archived 14932:(1979). 14920:Archived 14815:Archived 14797:(1987). 14756:Archived 14716:(1993). 14698:Archived 14680:(1992). 14658:(1997). 14634:(1988). 14612:Archived 14592:(2005). 14556:(1999). 14534:(1984). 14516:Archived 14498:(2012). 14436:(1988). 14407:(eds.). 14395:(2007). 14377:Archived 14354:(2003). 14344:31938398 14324:(1995). 14292:Archived 14274:(2009). 14256:Archived 14238:(1996). 14220:Archived 14142:Archived 14124:(1993). 14102:Archived 14092:(2005). 14085:, 59(4). 14017:Archived 13991:(2005). 13974:Archived 13898:Archived 13894:93036269 13872:(1994). 13788:Archived 13614:Messiah. 13578:23 April 13572:Archived 13469:Archived 13447:(2010). 13423:Archived 13264:Archived 13249:Orthodox 13227:Archived 13069:43708450 13021:Archived 13017:42719687 12987:(2000). 12819:Archived 12794:Archived 12589:Archived 12559:Archived 12535:Archived 12417:Archived 12323:Archived 12238:Archived 12104:Archived 12053:Archived 11983:Archived 11847:Archived 11815:"Niddah" 11685:Archived 11659:Archived 11607:, (87:3) 11576:Archived 11437:Archived 11357:Archived 11339:(eds.). 11289:(2011). 11248:Archived 11230:(eds.). 11181:Archived 11177:41482436 11123:Archived 11092:Archived 11061:Archived 11034:Archived 11015:Archived 10997:(2011). 10886:Archived 10863:(2005). 10767:13 April 10761:Archived 10588:Archived 10558:Archived 10532:Archived 10473:Archived 10438:Archived 10211:Archived 10136:Archived 10091:Archived 10087:93036269 9852:Archived 9791:Archived 9750:Archived 9724:Archived 9640:13 April 9634:Archived 9608:Archived 9549:13 April 9543:Archived 9508:Archived 9484:13 April 9478:Archived 9319:Archived 9266:Archived 9232:Archived 9105:Archived 9064:Archived 9021:Archived 8993:, p. 68. 8882:Archived 8874:"Talmud" 8800:(2002). 8735:Archived 8671:Archived 8610:Archived 8524:Archived 8249:Archived 8223:40604707 8157:Archived 8060:Archived 8010:Archived 7984:Archived 7845:11 March 7839:Archived 7815:11 March 7809:Archived 7807:. Aish. 7692:(2000). 7403:(2010). 7352:(2005). 7157:See also 7144:polymath 7080:kabbalah 7050:Buddhism 7028:include 6890:and the 6876:Muhammad 6793:between 6679:and the 6485:Haskalah 6471:Haskalah 6443:Shtiebel 6419:Hasidism 6324:Isunians 6305:Writings 6303:and the 6301:Prophets 6202:tefillin 6188:shochet. 6157:beth din 6021:dynasty. 5976:haftarah 5843:shloshim 5835:mourning 5815:, Israel 5791:polygamy 5739:Marriage 5524:halakhot 5513:Kabbalah 5423:reptiles 5411:chickens 5313:yeshivas 5262:parochet 5239:(called 5201:Sarajevo 5171:Haftarah 5052:תשעה באב 4984:חֲנֻכָּה 4976:Hanukkah 4971:Hanukkah 4965:Hanukkah 4845:, (also 4740:Leavened 4720:Passover 4714:haggadah 4677:melakhah 4624:creation 4571:Tefillin 4522:yarmulke 4506:tefillin 4486:tallitot 4366:holidays 4339:tefillin 4309:tzedakah 4301:halakhic 4267:Noahides 4243:gentiles 4188:Haymanot 4152:Tel Aviv 3967:Sephardi 3869:Prophets 3788:Kabbalah 3610:halakhic 3605:Haskalah 3595:Egyptian 3575:halakhic 3571:halakhic 3493:Haskalah 3485:Platonic 3432:Talmudim 3318:Orthodox 3290:penalty. 3141:(Hebrew 3139:responsa 3070:rabbinic 3051:Pharisee 3047:oral law 3043:Karaites 2981:Sephardi 2945:Kabbalah 2920:Responsa 2891:Halakhic 2843:and the 2824:exegesis 2802:Tanakh ( 2792:Tiberias 2705:Covenant 2681:— 2641:apostasy 2637:Josephus 2475:immanent 2469:Whereas 2447:Kedushah 2443:Berakhot 2419:Kabbalah 2248:and the 2228:and the 2105:John Day 2051:oral law 1958:to lead 1767:Catholic 1684:Hellenic 1672:book of 1609:Ioudaios 1518:Karaites 1475:Hebraism 1453:and the 1425:and the 1408:Iron Age 1380:) is an 1364:יַהֲדוּת 1296:Muhammad 1199:Hinduism 1172:Hanukkah 1110:Tachanun 1105:Havdalah 970:Tefillin 917:Marriage 809:Rishonim 795:Savoraim 652:Tiberias 601:Tzedakah 521:Rabbinic 420:Kabbalah 393:Haymanot 327:Orthodox 280:a series 278:Part of 180:Language 155:Theology 47:יַהֲדוּת 22796:Abraham 22761:Judaism 22699:Uruguay 22674:Ecuador 22654:Bolivia 22631:Vanuatu 22558:Oceania 22508:Jamaica 22488:Grenada 22443:Bahamas 22403:England 22393:Ukraine 22348:Romania 22308:Moldova 22268:Ireland 22263:Iceland 22258:Hungary 22248:Germany 22238:Finland 22233:Estonia 22228:Denmark 22223:Czechia 22218:Croatia 22203:Belgium 22198:Belarus 22193:Austria 22188:Andorra 22183:Albania 22160:Vietnam 22070:Myanmar 22045:Lebanon 21963:Georgia 21923:Bahrain 21913:Armenia 21875:Tunisia 21845:Somalia 21830:Senegal 21815:Nigeria 21805:Namibia 21795:Morocco 21760:Liberia 21755:Lesotho 21705:Eritrea 21675:Comoros 21650:Burundi 21625:Algeria 21569:Outline 21534:Deities 21461:Atheism 21379:Science 21297:Freedom 21155:History 21122:studies 21075:Dualism 21065:Animism 21030:Worship 21010:Symbols 20951:Liturgy 20864:Goddess 20824:Deities 20805:Laicism 20795:Beliefs 20774:Aspects 20746:Zapotec 20741:Vainakh 20709:Yahwism 20694:Semitic 20623:Iranian 20525:Hurrian 20515:Hittite 20505:Guanche 20498:Orphism 20429:Fuegian 20424:Finnish 20412:Atenism 20358:Latvian 20343:Arabian 20286:Raëlism 20266:Jediism 20261:Goddess 20234:De novo 20122:Druidry 20016:Thelema 19969:New Age 19854:Umbanda 19745:Tumbuka 19730:Odinala 19715:Lugbara 19635:African 19601:African 19549:Bimoism 19539:Burmese 19395:Mapuche 19361:Wyandot 19321:Guarani 19302:Choctaw 19297:Chilote 19243:Abenaki 19194:Tagalog 19167:Kejawèn 19016:Sikhism 18979:Jainism 18939:Tibetan 18922:Amidism 18790:Warkari 18704:Đạo Mẫu 18554:Chinese 18536:Eastern 18513:Roshani 18432:Iranian 18340:Alevism 18333:Ibadism 18306:Zaydism 17983:Ancient 17954:Eastern 17914:Renewal 17899:Karaite 17880:Zionist 17868:Hasidic 17850:Judaism 17832:Western 17735:Italics 17560:Studies 17506:Divorce 17472:Kashrut 17467:Cuisine 17425:Culture 17356:Midrash 17351:Tosefta 17341:Mishnah 17329:Ketuvim 17324:Nevi'im 17287:Schisms 17277:Science 17267:Karaite 17238:Renewal 17199:Litvaks 17194:Hasidic 17149:Sefirot 17134:Halakha 17105:Messiah 17078:Mitzvah 17073:Beliefs 17027:Western 17013:Poylish 17008:Litvish 16998:Eastern 16988:Yiddish 16983:Shuadit 16968:Qwareña 16956:Tetuani 16951:Haketia 16926:Knaanic 16921:Kivruli 16869:Bukhori 16815:Heblish 16751:Hulaulá 16741:Barzani 16697:Yahudic 16630:Mizrahi 16490:Urfalim 16445:Mizrahi 16389:Neofiti 16384:Italkim 16313:Lita'im 16205:Zionism 16157:History 16131:Judaism 16090:English 16073:English 16062:Mishnah 16056:English 16039:English 15935:Karaite 15906:Renewal 15777:Dotdash 15712:General 14821:31 July 14762:10 July 14704:25 June 14383:13 July 14262:30 June 14226:24 June 14148:15 June 14108:16 July 14023:31 July 13794:16 July 13675:8 April 13637:8 April 13607:8 April 13541:, 245. 13475:17 July 13429:17 July 13355:Renewal 13270:28 July 12567:Haaretz 12543:Haaretz 12345:; p. 57 12244:23 June 11989:5 April 11804:: 11528:: 11479:: 11297:(ed.). 11254:24 June 11067:9 April 10964:: 10929:(ed.). 10892:19 June 10580:"RABBI" 10564:26 June 10538:26 June 10444:6 April 10142:16 June 10097:15 June 9415:: 9171:19:18: 9129:Genesis 8930:Genesis 8756:Judaism 8712:at the 8258:Society 8163:10 July 8094:: 7635:: 7385:20 July 7076:New Age 6947:mellahs 6943:Morocco 6931:Almohad 6923:Baghdad 6916:hadiths 6914:or the 6900:dhimmis 6892:Abbasid 6888:Ummayad 6864:Ishmael 6799:Vatican 6785:. Pope 6772:Quakers 6713:Prussia 6693:England 6685:ghettos 6604:in 1391 6602:pogroms 6545:Marathi 6513:halakha 6509:halakha 6490:halakha 6447:Tzadiks 6393:pogroms 6343:central 6336:Karaite 6320:Mishnah 6299:of the 6273:Essenes 6269:Zealots 6248:kashrut 6227:yeshiva 6208:mezuzot 6184:shochet 6180:Shochet 6064:shatz's 6019:Hasidic 5966:Mishnah 5915:kohanim 5778:Divorce 5744:chuppah 5678:temples 5664:husband 5627:halakha 5578:Terumah 5574:Kohanim 5570:priests 5562:Kohanim 5550:corpses 5520:kashrut 5504:kashrut 5467:kashrut 5462:Halakha 5450:, some 5427:insects 5415:turkeys 5407:kashrut 5371:seafood 5348:treifah 5339:kashrut 5332:Kashrut 5325:kashrut 5317:mikvahs 5293:of the 5291:menorah 5163:Shabbat 4948:charity 4818:samosas 4786:(sing. 4760:to the 4754:Shavuot 4744:chametz 4696:chaggim 4671:challah 4666:Shabbat 4654:challot 4644:Shabbat 4638:Shabbat 4542:tzitzis 4533:Tzitzit 4502:tzitzit 4470:tzitzit 4388:). The 4362:Shabbat 4354:Ma'ariv 4319:Prayers 4239:halakha 4150:, near 4146:and in 4140:Shechem 4134:in the 4088:Yiddish 4057:masorti 4037:masorti 4026:secular 3979:Mizrahi 3909:Russian 3889:halakha 3879:halakha 3854:halakha 3850:kashrut 3846:Shabbat 3842:halakha 3814:Mizrahi 3804:); and 3802:Lita'im 3751:halakha 3747:halakha 3702:Italkim 3599:gentile 3526:halakha 3416:baraita 3375:logical 3351:Amoraim 3334:Mishnah 3294:severe. 3181:, Spain 3179:Córdoba 3149:halakha 3135:halakha 3131:Halakha 3097:Mishnah 3088:halakha 3081:Mishnah 3024:Leviyim 3020:Kohanim 3004:halakha 2998:Halakha 2950:Hasidic 2841:Tosefta 2835:Mishnah 2813:Mesorah 2748:halakha 2721:Mishnah 2717:prophet 2701:Midrash 2670:figure 2668:Karaite 2657:" and " 2645:halakha 2582:Messiah 2574:33:15). 2501:halakha 2483:halakha 2459:Berakah 2429:halakha 2407:Abraham 2311:Hadrian 2264:by the 2240:of the 2222:Samaria 2202:Solomon 2117:Asherah 2062:Mishnah 2008:prophet 1976:Ketuvim 1972:Nevi'im 1928:Abraham 1879:Yahwism 1835:Please 1805:Origins 1777:History 1662:Yahadut 1654:Yehudah 1652:יהודה, 1630:Judaism 1585:halakha 1577:halakha 1572:halakha 1559:halakha 1526:secular 1477:, like 1451:Midrash 1396:Yahwism 1377:Yahăḏūṯ 1373:: 1366:‎ 1355:Judaism 1256:Zionism 1162:Shavuot 1080:Kaddish 1057:Prayers 990:Menorah 985:Mezuzah 975:Tzitzit 930:Yeshiva 885:Culture 790:Amoraim 785:Tannaim 756:Rebecca 744:Solomon 712:Abraham 591:Kashrut 542:Tosefta 537:Midrash 527:Mishnah 509:Piyutim 490:Ketuvim 485:Nevi'im 425:Messiah 383:Renewal 373:Karaite 338:Hasidic 288:Judaism 232:Yahwism 198:Abraham 194:Founder 149:Midrash 91:Chumash 83:Shabbat 76:Judaica 55:Yahăḏūṯ 49:‎ 34:Judaism 24:(album) 22740:Portal 22679:Guyana 22659:Brazil 22626:Tuvalu 22523:Panama 22513:Mexico 22458:Canada 22453:Belize 22383:Sweden 22363:Serbia 22353:Russia 22338:Poland 22333:Norway 22313:Monaco 22283:Latvia 22278:Kosovo 22253:Greece 22243:France 22175:Europe 22140:Turkey 22125:Taiwan 22030:Kuwait 22003:Jordan 21993:Israel 21953:Cyprus 21938:Brunei 21933:Bhutan 21885:Zambia 21880:Uganda 21820:Rwanda 21775:Malawi 21735:Guinea 21725:Gambia 21630:Angola 21617:Africa 21426:Wealth 21374:Schism 21329:Growth 21253:Priest 21238:Clergy 21057:Theism 21040:Nature 21035:Astral 20978:Groves 20946:Ritual 20931:Prayer 20889:Novice 20839:Ethnic 20764:Topics 20736:Urartu 20731:Tongan 20726:Somali 20721:Slavic 20601:Dacian 20380:Celtic 20375:Basque 20353:Baltic 20204:Udmurt 20169:Uralic 20164:Slavic 20117:Celtic 20105:Abkhaz 20093:Romuva 20083:Baltic 20058:Modern 19901:Papuan 19864:Voodoo 19819:Kumina 19760:Yoruba 19750:Urhobo 19720:Maasai 19705:Lotuko 19653:Baluba 19643:Akamba 19616:Berber 19574:Heraka 19564:Dongba 19452:Pueblo 19447:Pawnee 19437:Navajo 19427:Muisca 19390:Lenape 19378:Lakota 19356:Seneca 19346:Mohawk 19280:Ohlone 19260:Apache 19253:Ojibwe 19233:Native 19099:Manchu 19094:Evenki 19055:Altaic 19046:Ethnic 19021:Khalsa 18974:Kalash 18864:Śrauta 18733:Indian 18663:Korean 18629:Shinto 18599:Taoism 18572:Luoism 18398:Baháʼí 18393:Bábism 18345:Ahmadi 18323:Sufism 18316:Alawis 17966:Church 17894:Reform 17875:Modern 17863:Haredi 17543:Hazzan 17533:Prayer 17410:Siddur 17346:Talmud 17310:Tanakh 17245:Neolog 17218:Reform 17206:Modern 17189:Haredi 17112:Ethics 16978:Shassi 16946:Ladino 16911:Karaim 16894:Juhuri 16736:Targum 16650:Signed 16615:Modern 16610:Hebrew 16578:Xuetes 16374:Dönmeh 16333:Yekkes 16086:Hebrew 16066:Hebrew 16052:Hebrew 16032:Hebrew 15733: 15663: 15639: 15618: 15595: 15569: 15533: 15509: 15488: 15464: 15440: 15416: 15406: 15384: 15361: 15330: 15289: 15262: 15240: 15214: 15189: 15160: 15123: 15102: 15081:9 June 15067: 15046: 15025:6 July 15011: 14982:9 July 14968: 14940: 14887: 14866: 14842: 14807: 14783: 14748: 14724: 14690: 14666: 14644: 14604: 14564: 14542: 14522:4 June 14508: 14484: 14458: 14417: 14369: 14342: 14332: 14298:5 July 14284: 14248: 14212: 14187: 14168: 14134: 14068: 14044: 14009: 13980:7 July 13966: 13930: 13892: 13882: 13858: 13834: 13813: 13780: 13742:13 May 13712:13 May 13705: 13668: 13545: 13514: 13461: 13318:Reform 13199:. 2009 13143:3 July 13119:glory. 13067: 13057: 13015: 13005: 12954:nozrim 12946:nozrim 12937: 12929: 12919: 12884: 12876: 12866: 12836:p. 1. 12832: 12760: 12721: 12713: 12703: 12669: 12661: 12651: 12617: 12409: 12371: 12341: 12306: 12286: 12266: 12205:& 12186: 12165: 12037:Tikkun 12015: 11975: 11876: 11633: 11431: 11363:7 July 11349: 11307: 11240: 11187:6 July 11175: 11129:15 May 11098:15 May 11007: 10939: 10878: 10510: 10430: 10403: 10284: 10235: 10190: 10172: 10128: 10085: 10075: 9858:5 June 9797:5 June 9705:emunah 9574: 9377: 9258: 9221:Isaiah 9147:Exodus 9097: 9056: 9013: 8810: 8644: 8520:Online 8229: 8221: 8213: 8149: 8056:Online 7980:Online 7897: 7891:Polity 7868: 7756: 7729: 7702: 7605: 7597: 7587: 7569:Leiden 7533: 7525: 7517: 7507: 7497:London 7461: 7453: 7445: 7435: 7417:London 7376: 7327: 7319: 7311: 7301: 7283:Oxford 7061:Sufism 7042:Wiccan 6927:Persia 6912:Qur'an 6852:Muslim 6821:mellah 6689:Sweden 6670:Until 6651:, the 6633:Shituf 6598:Toledo 6541:siddur 6378:, and 6330:, the 6326:, the 6283:; the 6275:, and 6238:mussar 6213:gittin 6137:Yemeni 6102:Gabbai 6027:Hazzan 5982:minyan 5942:Psalms 5926:Levite 5924:Levi ( 5826:Avelut 5793:. The 5760:Le Get 5689:tallit 5668:mikveh 5646:niddah 5622:niddah 5605:Niddah 5554:graves 5474:dishes 5389:, and 5379:scales 5365:. The 5359:hooves 5344:kosher 5305:hazzan 5249:hekhal 5107:, and 5083:, the 5057:ט׳ באב 5048:Hebrew 5037:, and 4988:Kislev 4980:Hebrew 4863:Tishri 4855:Shofar 4794:sukkot 4789:sukkah 4784:sukkot 4780:Sukkot 4775:sukkah 4732:Exodus 4724:Pesach 4630:, and 4600:kittel 4596:tallit 4587:kittel 4579:amulet 4560:tallit 4558:. The 4552:tallis 4547:tallit 4526:Kippot 4518:kippot 4513:kippah 4504:, and 4498:kippah 4474:kippot 4423:minyan 4418:minyan 4413:quorum 4396:6:4): 4371:Amidah 4358:Mussaf 4352:, and 4350:Mincha 4335:kippah 4305:chesed 4262:בני נח 4224:Jewish 4136:Nablus 4121:Peshat 4084:haredi 4080:haredi 4069:haredi 4049:haredi 4031:hiloni 3977:) and 3961:While 3955:Djerba 3776:Hardal 3655:Israel 3458:, and 3440:Malbim 3412:Hillel 3410:Thus, 3355:Tanaim 3245:, and 3221:, and 3205:, and 3094:, the 2968:Piyyut 2958:Siddur 2850:Talmud 2818:Targum 2806:) and 2660:Yigdal 2572:Psalms 2505:per se 2490:Tanakh 2411:Israel 2341:rabbis 2304:Romans 2178:900 BC 2163:, and 2119:, and 2109:Yahweh 2070:Gemara 2037:. The 2004:Samuel 1996:Shiloh 1984:Talmud 1944:Canaan 1932:Hebrew 1885:, and 1799:(book) 1650:Hebrew 1624:(1842) 1589:rabbis 1552:, and 1542:Haredi 1516:; the 1455:Talmud 1359:Hebrew 1261:Israel 1157:Pesach 1152:Sukkot 1100:Hallel 1085:Minyan 1075:Aleinu 1070:Amidah 1043:Gartel 1038:Kittel 1021:Hadass 995:Shofar 980:Kippah 965:Tallit 940:Cheder 935:Kollel 851:Hazzan 804:Geonim 779:Chazal 761:Rachel 675:Sukkah 670:Mikveh 647:Hebron 629:places 606:Niddah 596:Tzniut 532:Talmud 504:Siddur 499:Ḥumash 474:Tanakh 430:Ethics 366:Reform 345:Modern 333:Haredi 305: 299: 209:Origin 170:Israel 165:Region 145:Talmud 141:Tanakh 103:shofar 95:Tanakh 93:and a 22791:Moses 22664:Chile 22621:Tonga 22611:Samoa 22601:Palau 22591:Nauru 22498:Haiti 22418:Wales 22378:Spain 22303:Malta 22273:Italy 22165:Yemen 22120:Syria 22100:Qatar 22075:Nepal 22050:Macau 22013:Korea 21998:Japan 21973:India 21948:China 21860:Sudan 21810:Niger 21765:Libya 21750:Kenya 21730:Ghana 21720:Gabon 21695:Egypt 21635:Benin 21544:Index 21515:lists 21384:State 21202:Women 21070:Deism 21045:Place 21025:Water 21020:Truth 20988:Trees 20844:Faith 20809:Laity 20704:Punic 20662:Roman 20628:Vedic 20586:Olmec 20473:Greek 20466:Norse 20390:Irish 20211:Wicca 20006:Subud 19896:Inuit 19869:Winti 19859:Vodou 19824:Obeah 19804:Comfa 19787:Bantu 19740:Serer 19725:Mbuti 19685:Dogon 19680:Dinka 19663:Kongo 19658:Bantu 19584:Qiang 19415:Olmec 19405:Aztec 19326:Haida 19275:Miwok 19211:Māori 19142:Dayak 19063:Turko 19026:Sects 18962:Other 18917:Thiền 18501:Other 18403:Druze 18381:Other 18257:Sunni 18249:Islam 18031:Amish 17949:Latin 17715:Islam 17523:Names 17513:Music 17494:Rebbe 17489:Rabbi 17443:Monen 17398:Zohar 17319:Torah 17314:Bible 16428:Lemba 16303:Chuts 15689:Judea 15675:Notes 14399:. In 13108:3 May 12969:] 12828:2014 12788:] 12367:–25. 12137:(PDF) 12130:(PDF) 12110:8 May 11931:21:23 11817:. In 11629:(PDF) 11622:(PDF) 11537:. In 11488:. In 11429:S2CID 11407:(PDF) 11293:. In 11173:JSTOR 10973:. In 10868:(PDF) 9428:. In 8613:(PDF) 8602:(PDF) 8227:S2CID 8219:JSTOR 8135:. In 8107:. In 7644:. In 7603:S2CID 7531:S2CID 7515:JSTOR 7459:S2CID 7443:JSTOR 7325:S2CID 7055:Some 7034:pagan 6998:Jesus 6966:Hamas 6904:jizya 6880:Islam 6872:Jesus 6860:Isaac 6844:Islam 6697:Spain 6439:Besht 6309:Torah 6217:sofer 6197:Torah 6193:Sofer 6168:mohel 6164:Mohel 6151:Dayan 6122:shatz 6110:shatz 6106:shatz 6091:shatz 6083:Torah 6068:shatz 6052:shatz 6048:Shatz 6035:shatz 6014:Rebbe 6002:shatz 5997:Rabbi 5992:are: 5971:Torah 5934:Jacob 5911:Moses 5907:Aaron 5903:Kohen 5839:shiva 5831:Torah 5691:at a 5651:zavah 5638:Torah 5617:women 5566:caste 5546:tamei 5542:tahor 5536:Tumah 5497:pagan 5493:grape 5486:treif 5482:treif 5478:ovens 5448:blood 5444:treif 5395:Torah 5352:treif 5276:tebah 5271:bimah 5257:Torah 5167:Torah 5066:First 4936:Haman 4923:Pûrîm 4915:פורים 4907:Purim 4886:Purim 4880:Purim 4758:Torah 4748:Matzo 4736:Seder 4728:Nisan 4556:shawl 4390:Shema 4386:Shema 4222:is a 4175:Kahen 4160:Torah 4148:Holon 4067:) or 3865:Torah 3792:Rebbe 3737:Moses 3452:logic 3448:Sifra 3420:Sifra 3386:will. 3347:Torah 3330:Torah 3326:Torah 3058:Torah 3008:Torah 2952:works 2713:Moses 2319:Torah 2226:Media 2121:Ba'al 2066:circa 2055:Rabbi 2016:David 1968:Torah 1956:Moses 1952:Egypt 1948:Jacob 1936:Isaac 1897:Moses 1688:Greek 1658:Judah 1575:that 1498:Moses 1471:Islam 1459:torah 1441:" in 1431:Torah 1398:, an 1291:Jesus 1286:Music 1204:Islam 1167:Purim 1065:Shema 1028:Arava 1014:Lulav 1007:Etrog 871:Kohen 866:Mohel 856:Dayan 846:Posek 841:Rebbe 836:Rabbi 751:Sarah 739:David 734:Aaron 729:Moses 722:Jacob 717:Isaac 642:Safed 514:Zohar 480:Torah 466:Texts 445:Names 220:Judah 202:Moses 22:Judeo 22689:Peru 22571:Fiji 22468:Cuba 22080:Oman 22040:Laos 21988:Iraq 21983:Iran 21900:Asia 21870:Togo 21780:Mali 21670:Chad 21513:and 21440:and 21015:Text 20995:Soul 20884:Monk 20849:Fire 20530:Inca 20338:Ainu 20222:list 20199:Sámi 19829:Palo 19797:Ketu 19792:Jejé 19710:Lozi 19690:Efik 19668:Zulu 19648:Akan 19501:Ahom 19493:Miao 19491:and 19479:Zuni 19462:Hopi 19410:Maya 19307:Crow 19285:Pomo 18952:list 18909:Chan 18880:list 18837:Nath 18635:list 18371:list 18296:Shia 18238:list 17925:list 16129:and 16127:Jews 16088:and 16071:and 16037:and 15731:ISBN 15661:ISBN 15637:ISBN 15616:ISBN 15593:ISBN 15567:ISBN 15531:ISBN 15507:ISBN 15486:ISBN 15462:ISBN 15438:ISBN 15414:OCLC 15404:ISBN 15382:ISBN 15359:ISBN 15328:ISBN 15287:ISBN 15260:ISBN 15238:ISBN 15212:ISBN 15187:ISBN 15158:ISBN 15121:ISBN 15100:ISBN 15083:2023 15065:ISBN 15044:ISBN 15027:2023 15009:ISBN 14984:2023 14966:ISBN 14938:ISBN 14885:ISBN 14864:ISBN 14840:ISBN 14823:2023 14805:ISBN 14781:ISBN 14764:2023 14746:ISBN 14722:ISBN 14706:2023 14688:ISBN 14664:ISBN 14642:ISBN 14620:2020 14602:ISBN 14562:ISBN 14540:ISBN 14524:2023 14506:ISBN 14482:ISBN 14456:ISBN 14415:ISBN 14385:2023 14367:ISBN 14340:OCLC 14330:ISBN 14300:2023 14282:ISBN 14264:2023 14246:ISBN 14228:2023 14210:ISBN 14185:ISBN 14166:ISBN 14150:2023 14132:ISBN 14110:2023 14066:ISBN 14042:ISBN 14025:2023 14007:ISBN 13982:2023 13964:ISBN 13928:ISBN 13906:2009 13890:LCCN 13880:ISBN 13856:ISBN 13832:ISBN 13811:ISBN 13796:2023 13778:ISBN 13744:2024 13714:2024 13703:ISSN 13677:2024 13666:ISSN 13639:2024 13609:2024 13580:2024 13543:ISBN 13512:ISBN 13477:2023 13459:ISBN 13431:2023 13373:2007 13340:2007 13307:2007 13272:2010 13235:2023 13205:2009 13175:2010 13145:2009 13110:2015 13076:2010 13065:OCLC 13055:ISBN 13029:2010 13013:OCLC 13003:ISBN 12961:that 12935:OCLC 12927:LCCN 12917:ISBN 12882:OCLC 12874:LCCN 12864:ISBN 12830:ISBN 12758:ISBN 12719:OCLC 12711:LCCN 12701:ISBN 12667:OCLC 12659:LCCN 12649:ISBN 12615:ISBN 12597:2009 12451:2017 12425:2017 12407:ISBN 12382:2017 12369:ISBN 12339:ISBN 12304:ISBN 12284:ISBN 12264:ISBN 12246:2022 12184:ISBN 12163:ISBN 12145:2010 12112:2017 12013:ISBN 11991:2018 11973:ISBN 11874:ISBN 11855:2010 11744:2010 11693:2009 11589:own. 11584:2009 11445:2020 11365:2023 11347:ISBN 11305:ISBN 11256:2023 11238:ISBN 11189:2023 11131:2018 11100:2018 11069:2014 11042:2015 11005:ISBN 10937:ISBN 10894:2023 10876:ISBN 10769:2009 10596:2023 10566:2023 10540:2023 10508:ISBN 10481:2014 10446:2018 10428:ISBN 10401:ISBN 10380:2009 10354:2009 10295:2011 10282:ISBN 10261:2007 10233:ISBN 10188:ISBN 10180:and 10170:ISBN 10144:2006 10126:ISBN 10099:2006 10083:LCCN 10073:ISBN 9860:2017 9799:2017 9680:2010 9642:2009 9616:2010 9572:ISBN 9551:2009 9516:2009 9486:2009 9375:ISBN 9327:2018 9296:2018 9274:2010 9256:ISBN 9214:and 9210:The 9137:me." 9113:2010 9095:ISBN 9072:2020 9054:ISBN 9011:ISBN 8890:2015 8821:2010 8808:ISBN 8743:2018 8679:2023 8642:ISBN 8621:2023 8532:2010 8211:ISSN 8165:2023 8147:ISBN 8068:2020 8018:2010 7992:2020 7895:ISBN 7866:ISBN 7847:2022 7817:2022 7790:2011 7754:ISBN 7727:ISBN 7700:ISBN 7614:2021 7595:ISSN 7585:ISBN 7542:2021 7523:LCCN 7505:ISBN 7495:and 7470:2021 7451:LCCN 7433:ISBN 7415:and 7387:2021 7374:ISBN 7364:and 7336:2021 7317:LCCN 7309:ISSN 7299:ISBN 7142:and 7070:The 6964:and 6862:and 6774:and 6746:and 6623:and 6582:and 6473:and 6437:(or 6124:and 6060:amen 5973:and 5930:Levi 5808:tish 5452:fats 5413:and 5391:eels 5377:and 5375:fins 5361:and 5301:amud 5281:The 5247:and 5235:The 5195:The 5087:and 5068:and 4959:Adar 4928:lots 4816:and 4814:roti 4472:and 4384:(or 4364:and 4199:Sigd 4190:and 4126:The 4098:frei 4093:frum 4061:dati 4043:dati 3973:and 3940:and 3848:and 3812:and 3766:and 3696:and 3684:The 3434:and 3377:and 3353:and 3322:Jews 3028:Levi 3022:and 2960:and 2855:The 2624:and 2331:and 2272:. A 2200:and 2194:Saul 2188:, a 2176:map 2076:and 2025:The 2012:Saul 2006:the 1974:and 1769:and 1738:and 1694:and 1544:and 1536:are 1508:and 1469:and 1251:Jews 897:Brit 887:and 766:Leah 267:Jews 200:and 186:and 172:and 115:Type 101:, a 97:, a 89:, a 21419:War 20894:Nun 20859:God 19920:New 19765:Ifá 19735:San 19534:Bon 19489:Tai 19474:Ute 18913:Zen 18577:Nuo 17122:God 16084:in 16064:in 15774:by 15762:of 13415:doi 12966:sic 12035:." 11421:doi 10500:doi 8203:doi 7577:doi 7425:doi 7291:doi 7127:by 7116:. 7040:or 6874:or 6823:of 6795:God 6625:sin 6596:in 6056:not 6004:or 5795:get 5784:get 5552:or 5367:pig 5350:or 5251:by 5243:by 5237:ark 5199:in 5145:yad 5054:or 4577:or 4374:or 4166:). 4028:" ( 3990:in 3953:in 3782:); 3442:in 3422:); 3368:how 3177:in 2906:Tur 2766:'s 2510:In 2477:or 2339:of 2224:to 2049:or 2029:in 1926:). 1913:God 1765:in 1656:, " 1620:by 1548:), 1528:or 1500:on 1423:God 571:Tur 558:Law 440:God 22757:: 21236:/ 20807:/ 19700:Ik 19511:Mo 15583:; 15555:; 15412:. 15073:. 15017:. 14974:. 14954:; 14813:. 14754:. 14696:. 14610:. 14514:. 14403:; 14375:. 14338:. 14290:. 14254:. 14218:. 14140:. 14015:. 13972:. 13952:; 13916:; 13896:. 13888:. 13786:. 13746:. 13734:. 13716:. 13701:. 13697:. 13679:. 13664:. 13660:. 13641:. 13630:. 13611:. 13600:. 13582:. 13570:. 13566:. 13539:37 13467:. 13451:. 13421:. 13409:. 13403:. 13375:. 13342:. 13326:. 13309:. 13293:. 13274:. 13262:. 13258:. 13225:. 13207:. 13195:. 13177:. 13147:. 13112:. 13096:. 13078:. 13063:. 13049:. 13031:. 13019:. 13011:. 12991:. 12956:. 12941:. 12933:. 12925:. 12888:. 12880:. 12872:. 12786:it 12766:. 12750:. 12735:^ 12725:. 12717:. 12709:. 12673:. 12665:. 12657:. 12621:, 12583:. 12565:. 12541:. 12459:^ 12415:. 12384:. 12365:24 12236:. 12230:. 12209:. 12102:. 11993:. 11981:. 11845:. 11841:. 11809:; 11788:^ 11704:^ 11695:. 11679:. 11603:, 11586:. 11574:. 11504:^ 11435:. 11427:. 11417:22 11415:. 11409:. 11355:. 11335:; 11319:^ 11276:^ 11246:. 11179:. 11169:35 11167:. 11163:. 11121:. 11117:. 11090:. 11086:. 11013:. 10902:^ 10884:. 10852:^ 10771:. 10734:. 10660:^ 10598:. 10586:. 10582:. 10506:, 10436:. 10146:. 10134:. 10120:. 10101:. 10089:. 10081:. 10065:. 9850:. 9846:. 9789:. 9785:. 9644:. 9580:. 9527:^ 9518:. 9488:. 9444:^ 9420:; 9389:^ 9313:. 9264:. 9103:. 9062:. 9019:. 8880:. 8876:. 8864:^ 8789:^ 8775:. 8763:^ 8733:. 8729:. 8706:; 8702:; 8698:. 8669:. 8665:. 8608:. 8593:; 8576:, 8568:, 8548:, 8522:. 8515:. 8490:^ 8475:^ 8460:^ 8445:^ 8430:^ 8415:^ 8400:^ 8385:^ 8370:^ 8355:^ 8340:^ 8325:^ 8310:^ 8289:^ 8256:, 8225:. 8217:. 8209:. 8199:30 8197:. 8173:^ 8155:. 8099:; 8076:^ 8058:. 8051:. 8026:^ 7982:. 7975:. 7962:^ 7939:^ 7922:^ 7889:. 7833:. 7776:. 7601:. 7593:. 7583:. 7571:: 7563:. 7529:. 7521:. 7513:. 7499:: 7491:. 7487:. 7457:. 7449:. 7441:. 7431:. 7419:: 7411:. 7407:. 7368:: 7360:. 7356:. 7323:. 7315:. 7307:. 7297:. 7285:: 7281:. 7277:. 7226:^ 7086:. 7063:, 7036:, 6976:. 6644:. 6415:. 6403:. 6395:, 6374:, 6271:, 6267:, 6263:, 6135:A 5880:c. 5875:, 5811:, 5768:c. 5766:, 5526:. 5458:. 5421:, 5385:, 5203:, 5177:. 5136:. 5103:, 5076:. 5062:Av 5050:: 5033:, 5029:, 4982:: 4861:, 4773:A 4738:. 4712:A 4634:. 4626:, 4584:A 4540:: 4510:A 4500:, 4496:, 4348:, 4201:. 4006:. 3579:CE 3562:. 3528:. 3462:. 3454:, 3249:. 3241:, 3237:, 3233:, 3229:, 3217:, 3201:, 3197:, 3193:, 3189:, 3083:. 2852:: 2731:. 2686:, 2674:: 2609:' 2518:. 2445:. 2287:. 2159:, 2155:, 2151:, 2147:, 2143:, 2131:. 2115:, 2113:El 2111:, 1921:c. 1881:, 1716:: 1706:. 1485:. 1473:. 1368:, 1361:: 282:on 260:c. 213:c. 147:, 143:, 19777:: 19314:/ 19065:- 18915:/ 18911:/ 18188:/ 18002:/ 17799:e 17792:t 17785:v 16603:) 16599:( 16119:e 16112:t 16105:v 16078:. 16058:. 16044:. 15784:) 15755:. 15739:. 15699:. 15669:. 15645:. 15624:. 15601:. 15575:. 15539:. 15515:. 15494:. 15470:. 15446:. 15420:. 15390:. 15367:. 15336:. 15295:. 15268:. 15246:. 15220:. 15195:. 15166:. 15129:. 15108:. 15085:. 15050:. 15029:. 14986:. 14946:. 14893:. 14872:. 14848:. 14825:. 14789:. 14766:. 14730:. 14708:. 14672:. 14650:. 14626:. 14570:. 14548:. 14526:. 14490:. 14464:. 14427:. 14387:. 14346:. 14302:. 14266:. 14230:. 14193:. 14174:. 14152:. 14116:. 14074:. 14050:. 14027:. 13984:. 13936:. 13908:. 13864:. 13840:. 13819:. 13798:. 13551:. 13520:. 13479:. 13433:. 13417:: 13411:1 13353:/ 13247:; 13237:. 12599:. 12453:. 12427:. 12248:. 12192:. 12147:. 12114:. 12021:. 11882:. 11857:. 11771:. 11759:. 11746:. 11451:. 11423:: 11367:. 11313:. 11258:. 11191:. 11133:. 11102:. 11071:. 11044:. 10945:. 10896:. 10720:. 10708:. 10672:. 10655:. 10619:. 10568:. 10542:. 10502:: 10483:. 10448:. 10409:. 10382:. 10356:. 10297:. 10263:. 10196:. 10178:. 9862:. 9832:) 9815:) 9801:. 9730:. 9682:. 9618:. 9553:. 9383:. 9329:. 9276:. 9238:. 9173:" 9115:. 9074:. 8892:. 8823:. 8745:. 8681:. 8650:. 8623:. 8534:. 8305:. 8284:. 8272:. 8233:. 8205:: 8167:. 8070:. 8020:. 7994:. 7957:. 7903:. 7874:. 7849:. 7819:. 7792:. 7762:. 7735:. 7708:. 7616:. 7579:: 7544:. 7472:. 7427:: 7389:. 7338:. 7293:: 7248:. 6229:. 5885:. 5823:( 5285:( 5046:( 4990:( 4978:( 4926:" 4722:( 4269:( 4138:/ 4075:( 3927:. 3309:— 2593:— 2570:( 2180:. 1919:( 1862:) 1856:( 1851:) 1847:( 1833:. 1801:. 1791:. 1761:( 1686:( 1540:( 1357:( 1343:e 1336:t 1329:v 627:/ 269:) 109:. 26:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.