Battle of Waterloo

3364: 3111:, who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery, rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire, but some 300 fell from the first volley, including Colonel Mallet and General Michel, and both battalion commanders. A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke the leaderless squares, which fell back onto the following column. The 4th Chasseurs battalion, 800 strong, now came up onto the exposed battalions of British Foot Guards, who lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit. At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs. They opened fire and swept away the gunners. The left flank of their square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers, which the chasseurs drove back. But the skirmishers were replaced by the 1947:

key to winning the battle. Hougoumont was a part of the battlefield that Napoleon could see clearly, and he continued to direct resources towards it and its surroundings all afternoon (33 battalions in all, 14,000 troops). Similarly, though the house never contained a large number of troops, Wellington devoted 21 battalions (12,000 troops) over the course of the afternoon in keeping the hollow way open to allow fresh troops and ammunition to reach the buildings. He moved several artillery batteries from his hard-pressed centre to support Hougoumont, and later stated that "the success of the battle turned upon closing the gates at Hougoumont". Much like the fight for Little Round Top during the Battle of Gettysburg in the US Civil War some fifty years later, the struggle for Hougoumont became the key battle within the battle. Hougoumont proved to be decisive terrain.

1190: 3814:(Belgium) and Robin Schäfer (Germany), assisted by Belgian archaeologist Dominique Bosquet, discovered and recovered the largest assembly of remains of Waterloo battlefield casualties found in recent times. In the aftermath of the historian's research into the fate of the fallen once buried on the Waterloo battlefield (see below), several local individuals had come forward who were in the possession of human remains recovered on it. Forensic examination has shown that these remains belonged to at least four soldiers, some of whom are likely to be Prussian. Another set of human remains, initially discovered on the central battlefield by illegal metal detecting and consisting of the remains of six British soldiers, was also recovered by the team. Objects found with the casualties on the central battlefield point to the fact that at least one of them served in the First Foot Guards. 2632: 264: 253: 1333:, commander of one of the Dutch divisions, disobeyed Wellington's orders to march to his previous chosen concentration area around Nivelles, and decided to hold the crossroads and send urgent messages to the prince and Perponcher. This fact shows how little Wellington believed in a fast French advance towards Brussels. He did not believe in recent intelligence given to him by General Dörnberg, one of his intelligence officials warning him of numerous French outposts south of Charleroi as well as some reports sent by the intelligence of the Prussian 1st corps. Had these two generals obeyed his orders, Quatre-Bras in all probability would have fallen to the French giving them time to support Napoleon's attack on the Prussians in the Sombreffe area via the fast, cobbled road, and the history of the campaign would have been significantly different. 155: 3347: 1762: 1964: 3053: 3029:, next the 2nd/3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion. Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares. Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney, mounted on his 5th horse of the day, led the advance. Behind them, in reserve, were the three battalions of the Old Guard, right to left 1st/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/2nd Chasseurs and 1st/2nd Chasseurs. Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault; however, Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Anglo-allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre. Napoleon sent Ney's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust, but Crabbé was unable to get there in time. 3715:

away, and history, disconcerted, no longer finds her bearings there. It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it. Wellington, when he beheld Waterloo once more, two years later, exclaimed, "They have altered my field of battle!" Where the great pyramid of earth, surmounted by the lion, rises to-day, there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road, but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe. The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels: one, the English tomb, is on the left; the other, the German tomb, is on the right. There is no French tomb. The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France.

4179:, pp. 14–30, 131–198; De Jongh, W.A.: Veldtocht van den Jare 1815, Historisch verhaal; in De Nieuwe Militaire Spectator (Nijmegen 1866), pp. 13–27.(This is the original account of Colonel de Jongh, commander of the Dutch 8th Militia. It can be downloaded at the site of Marco Bijl above.); Löben Sels, Ernst van Bijdragen tot de krijgsgeschiedenis van Napoleon Bonaparte / door E. van Löben Sels Part 4; Veldtogten van 1814 in Frankrijk, en van 1815 in de Nederlanden (Battles). 1842. 's-Gravenhage : de Erven Doorman, pp. 601–682; Allebrandi, Sebastian. Herinneringen uit mijne tienjarige militaire loopbaan. 1835. Amsterdam : Van Kesteren, pp. 21–30; (Allebrandi was a soldier in the Dutch 7th Militia, so his account is therefore important). 3199: 3191: 3790: 3503: 2357: 4110:, Chapter: King-making Waterloo). "...watches had to be set by solar time, this meant that it was rare for two watches to agree... For example, on 9 June, ... the French I Corps had been at Lille, while the IV Corps was at Metz. Assuming an officer had set his watch at noon and then meticulously wound it twice a day but not reset it during the approach march, by the time the two corps reached the vicinity of Waterloo, the I Corps officer's watch would have read 12:40 p.m. at a time when the IV Corps officer's read 11:20 a.m., and it was noon at Waterloo. This is an extreme example, and unlikely to have actually been the case, but it demonstrates the problem quite well" ( 3523:, who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Middle Guard, were mistakenly thought to have defeated the Grenadiers of the Old Guard. They were thus awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers. Britain's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts. The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816, their uniforms, of Polish origin, were based on those of the 3037:'s brigade. Halkett's front line, consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd, traded fire with the 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments, Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade having been ordered to pull back, retreated in a mob. Other Anglo-allied troops began to give way as well. A counterattack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge's brigade from the Anglo-allied second line, led by the Prince of Orange, was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded. The survivors of Halkett's brigade were reformed, and engaged the French in a firefight. 2269: 475: 301: 435: 4106:"The hour at which Waterloo began, though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy, was long a matter of dispute. The Duke of Wellington puts it at 10:00. General Alava says half-past eleven, Napoleon and Drouet say noon, and Ney 13:00. Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired, and this evidence is now accepted as proving that the first flash of red flame which marked the opening of the world-shaking tragedy of Waterloo took place at exactly ten minutes to twelve" ( 1643: 2956: 182: 3168: 230: 2678: 1206: 2365:

French lines. Their horses were blown, and they were still in disorder without any idea of what their next collective objective was. Some attacked nearby gun batteries of the Grande Battery. Although the Greys had neither the time nor means to disable the cannon or carry them off, they put very many out of action as the gun crews were killed or fled the battlefield. Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Greys stated that his regiment was rallied before going on to attack the French artillery: Hamilton, the regimental commander, rather than holding them back cried out to his men "Charge, charge the guns!"

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comparable losses. Other historians, such as Clark-Kennedy and Wood, citing British eyewitness accounts, describe the continuing role of the heavy cavalry after their charge. The heavy brigades, far from being ineffective, continued to provide valuable services. They countercharged French cavalry numerous times (both brigades), halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack (Household Brigade only), were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis, and filled gaps in the Anglo-allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations (both brigades).

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to his cause and call upon conscripts to hold off invading forces until General Grouchy's army could reinforce him in Paris. However, following defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon's support from the French public and his own army waned, including by General Ney, who believed that Paris would fall if Napoleon remained in power. Napoleon's brother Lucien and Marshal Louis-Nicolas Davout advised him to continue fighting, dissolve the Chamber of Deputies from Louis XVIII's constitutional government, and for Napoleon to rule France as a military dictator, which Napoleon had been under the guise of

1181: 3041: 218: 1816:, of some gossip overheard by a waiter between British officers at lunch at the King of Spain inn in Genappe that the Prussians were to march over from Wavre, Napoleon declared that the Prussians would need at least two days to recover and would be dealt with by Grouchy. Surprisingly, Jerome's overheard gossip aside, the French commanders present at the pre-battle conference at Le Caillou had no information about the alarming proximity of the Prussians and did not suspect that Blücher's men would start erupting onto the field of battle in great numbers just five hours later. 2552: 3099: 3238: 2983: 2385: 4331:. The sunken lane acted as a trap, funnelling the flight of the French cavalry to their own right and away from the British cavalry. Some of the cuirassiers then found themselves hemmed in by the steep sides of the sunken lane, with a confused mass of their own infantry in front of them, the 95th Rifles firing at them from the north side of the lane, and Somerset's heavy cavalry still pressing them from behind. The novelty of fighting armoured foes impressed the British cavalrymen, as was recorded by the commander of the Household Brigade. 3677: 2536:

moving line, which, ever advancing, glittered like a stormy wave of the sea when it catches the sunlight. On they came until they got near enough, whilst the very earth seemed to vibrate beneath the thundering tramp of the mounted host. One might suppose that nothing could have resisted the shock of this terrible moving mass. They were the famous cuirassiers, almost all old soldiers, who had distinguished themselves on most of the battlefields of Europe. In an almost incredibly short period they were within twenty yards of us, shouting

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all committed, the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact. ... Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon, but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat". Steele (2014) writes: "Blücher's arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements, but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington. The tide of battle had been turned by the hard-driving Blücher. As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon's flank, Wellington was able to shift to the offensive".

1220: 411: 290: 2037:. Bernard Cornwell writes " suggests an elongated formation with its narrow end aimed like a spear at the enemy line, while in truth it was much more like a brick advancing sideways and d'Erlon's assault was made up of four such bricks, each one a division of French infantry". Each division, with one exception, was drawn up in huge masses, consisting of the eight or nine battalions of which they were formed, deployed, and placed in a column one behind the other, with only five paces interval between the battalions. 423: 2911:'s), but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade (Laurens'). These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat, was starting to move away from Wellington's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit. Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow, which Zieten obeyed, starting to march to Bülow's aid. 2321:, who led the charge of the heavy brigade, was at one time surrounded by several of the cuirassiers; but, being a tall and uncommonly powerful man, completely master of his sword and horse, he cut his way out, leaving several of his assailants on the ground, marked with wounds, indicating the unusual strength of the arm which inflicted them. Indeed, had not the ghastly evidence remained on the field, many of the blows dealt upon this occasion would have seemed borrowed from the annals of knight-errantry 2465: 1754: 1858: 206: 937: 3396: 2075: 170: 194: 875: 903: 851: 2972:... I saw four regiments of the middle guard, conducted by the Emperor, arriving. With these troops, he wished to renew the attack, and penetrate the centre of the enemy. He ordered me to lead them on; generals, officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity; but this body of troops was too weak to resist, for a long time, the forces opposed to it by the enemy, and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had, for a few moments, inspired. 891: 11320: 3007: 46: 920: 2423:

DG, killed). However, the 1st Life Guards, on the extreme right of the charge, and the Blues, who formed a reserve, had kept their cohesion and consequently suffered significantly fewer casualties. On the rolls the official, or paper strength, for both Brigades is given as 2,651 while Barbero and others estimate the actual strength at around 2,000 and the official recorded losses for the two heavy cavalry brigades during the battle was 1,205 troopers and 1,303 horses.

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roll up his line away from the Prussians. Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history, it had been unclear which units actually participated. It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard, and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard. Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack's second line, though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the Anglo-allied line.

1729: 2885: 813: 820: 1435: 1956: 2241: 2180: 7361: 1417: 11415: 1802: 3314:. The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm, which was visible from every side. It was there that Napoleon was during the battle; it was thence that he gave his orders, that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory; and it was there that his ruin was decided. There, too, it was that, by happy chance, Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark, and mutually saluted each other as victors. 2010:, 4 to 5 miles (6.4 to 8.0 km) away from his right flank—about three hours march for an army. Napoleon's reaction was to have Marshal Soult send a message to Grouchy telling him to come towards the battlefield and attack the arriving Prussians. Grouchy, however, had been executing Napoleon's previous orders to follow the Prussians "with your sword against his back" towards Wavre, and was by then too far away to reach Waterloo. 1602: 2086:. The farmhouse was defended by the King's German Legion. While one French battalion engaged the defenders from the front, the following battalions fanned out to either side and, with the support of several squadrons of cuirassiers, succeeded in isolating the farmhouse. The King's German Legion resolutely defended the farmhouse. Each time the French tried to scale the walls, the outnumbered Germans somehow held them off. The 3886: 827: 11334: 7359: 1931:'s abandoned guns, I stood near them for about a minute to contemplate the scene: it was grand beyond description. Hougoumont and its wood sent up a broad flame through the dark masses of smoke that overhung the field; beneath this cloud the French were indistinctly visible. Here a waving mass of long red feathers could be seen; there, gleams as from a sheet of steel showed that the 2149:

advanced in more linear formation. Now, fully deployed into line, they returned fire and successfully pressed the British troops; although the attack faltered at the centre, the line in front of d'Erlon's right started to crumble. Picton was killed shortly after ordering a counter-attack, and the British and Hanoverian troops also began to give way under the pressure of numbers.

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British Major General (H. T. Siborne). Parts of William Siborne's account were, and are, highly controversial. The very negative light shed by Siborne on the conduct of the Dutch–Belgian troops during the battle, which it should be said was a reasonably accurate reflection of the opinions of his British informants, prompted a semi-official rebuttal by Dutch historian Captain

1916:'s brigade of Guards, which was in position in its rear; and it was some time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel MacDonald, and afterwards of Colonel Home; and I am happy to add that it was maintained, throughout the day, with the utmost gallantry by these brave troops, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of large bodies of the enemy to obtain possession of it. 4454:

and everything ..." as he wrote in a letter of 21 December 1815 to the Master-General of the Ordnance, Lord Mulgrave. The incident even justified the denial of pensions to members of the Artillery Corps in his view. So, where Mercer claimed heroism, Wellington saw the opposite. See for the full text of Wellington's letter, and an attempted rebuttal

4385:, p. 69). Clark-Kennedy does not, however, explain how his estimate was arrived at. The shortfall of 432 men (the equivalent of a whole regiment) from the paper strength of the brigade is large. However, another officer of the brigade, John Mills of the 2nd Dragoons, says that the effective strength of the brigade did not "exceed 1,200" ( 1571:. These officers came from four schools developed for this purpose and thus worked to a common standard of training. This system was in marked contrast to the conflicting, vague orders issued by the French army. This staff system ensured that before Ligny, three-quarters of the Prussian army had concentrated for battle with 24 hours' notice. 4269:. A moment later, the Prince of Orange ordered a counterattack, which actually occurred around 10 minutes later. The following letters are used: the accounts of General Kempt, Calvert of the 32nd Infantry, Cruikshank of the 79th, Winchester & Hope of the 92nd, Evans (Ponsonby Cavalry brigade) and Clark Kennedy of the Royal Dragoons ( 3622:

confidence, that complete success was but a hair's breadth away, when treachery, accident, or even fate, as they sometimes call it, ruined everything. He and his supporters do not want to admit that huge mistakes, sheer recklessness, and, above all, overreaching ambition that exceeded all realistic possibilities, were the true causes.

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deployed in support of the Young Guard, virtually all of which was now committed to the defence, along with remnants of Lobau's corps. The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south. Pirch's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps, advancing through the woods.

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chiefs; the third, was the horrible weather, that had softened the ground, and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome, and retarded till one o'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning; the fourth, was the inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.

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of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move, and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger, as the Allies were, of course, obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them, formed a spectacle I shall never forget. The wounded, both of the Allies and the French, remain in an equally deplorable state.

1722:, and at the extreme right, the Bois de Paris wood. Napoleon initially commanded the battle from Rossomme farm, where he could see the entire battlefield, but moved to a position near La Belle Alliance early in the afternoon. Command on the battlefield (which was largely hidden from his view) was delegated to Ney. 2044:, the commander of the 1st Brigade). Its two brigades were formed in a similar manner, but side by side instead of behind one another. This was done because, being on the left of the four divisions, it was ordered to send one (Quiot's brigade) against the south and west of La Haye Sainte, while the other ( 4694:, p. 420) Recovering, after Waterloo, from six decades of abnormal obstacles to transatlantic commerce (from the Seven Years' War onwards), increasingly industrialized Europe and North America, by 1914, accounted for over 90% of global coal, iron and steel production and 76% of international trade.( 3805:

After the battle, the bodies of the tens of thousands who died were hastily buried in mass graves across the battlefield – a process that took at least ten days, according to accounts by those who visited the battlefield just after the battle. Remarkably, there is no record of any such

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I should not do justice to my own feelings, or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army, if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them. The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy's flank was a most decisive one; and, even

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There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat. These brave grenadiers, the choice of the army, forced successively to retire, yielded ground foot by foot, till, overwhelmed by numbers, they were almost entirely annihilated. From that moment, a retrograde movement was

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and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont. Durutte's division, finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten's I Corps cavalry reserve, retreated from the battlefield. The rest of d'Erlon's I Corps also broke and fled in panic, while to the west the French Middle Guard

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Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks, but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment (Laurens') as it retook both. The 24th advanced against the new French position, was repulsed, and returned to the attack supported by Silesian

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The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre, and when Prussian I Corps (Zieten's) appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy, "the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale" and "the sight of Zieten's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon's army". I Corps proceeded

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area, with the brigade's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support. Napoleon sent Lobau's corps to stop the rest of Bülow's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit. The 15th Brigade threw Lobau's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge, then

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The banks on the road side, the garden wall, the knoll and sandpit swarmed with skirmishers, who seemed determined to keep down our fire in front; those behind the artificial bank seemed more intent upon destroying the 27th, who at this time, it may literally be said, were lying dead in square; their

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Although the French cavalry caused few direct casualties to Wellington's centre, artillery fire onto his infantry squares caused many. Wellington's cavalry, except for Sir John Vandeleur's and Sir Hussey Vivian's brigades on the far left, had all been committed to the fight, and had taken significant

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division and Tissot's regiment of Foy's division from Reille's II Corps (about 6,500 infantrymen) plus those French cavalry that remained in a fit state to fight. This assault was directed along much the same route as the previous heavy cavalry attacks (between Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte). It

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other Anglo-allied guns while they were in French possession. In line with Wellington's orders, gunners were able to return to their pieces and fire into the French cavalry as they withdrew after each attack. After numerous costly but fruitless attacks on the Mont-Saint-Jean ridge, the French cavalry

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Witnesses in the British infantry recorded 12 assaults. However, due to the wide frontage of cavalry formations and the 950m space between Hougoumont and La Haie Sainte, any massed cavalry advance would, in reality, consist of a number of successive waves. Kellermann, recognising the futility of the

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Fourteen thousand French troops of d'Erlon's I Corps had been committed to this attack. The I Corps had been driven in rout back across the valley, costing Napoleon 3,000 casualties including over 2,000 prisoners taken. Also some valuable time was lost, as the charge had dispersed numerous units

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On the right of the French advance was Marcognet's division, led by Grenier's brigade, consisting of the 45e Régiment de Ligne and followed by the 25e Régiment de Ligne, somewhat less than 2,000 men, and behind them, Nogue's brigade of the 21e and 45e regiments. Opposing them on the other side of the

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As 17 June drew to a close, Wellington's army had arrived at its position at Waterloo, with the main body of Napoleon's army in pursuit. Blücher's army was gathering in and around Wavre, around 8 miles (13 km) to the east of the town. Early the next morning, Wellington received an assurance from

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Napoleon, with the reserves, made a late start on 17 June and joined Ney at Quatre Bras at 13:00 to attack Wellington's army but found the position empty. The French pursued Wellington's retreating army to Waterloo; however, due to bad weather, mud and the head start that Napoleon's tardy advance had

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Most would have agreed with the French writer's statement: 'On that day, the perspective of the human race was altered. Waterloo is the hinge of the Nineteenth Century.' Later, the twentieth century swept away the illusions of unlimited progress and perpetual peace that had become widespread after

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This "false movement" was the detachment of Grouchy's force in pursuit of the Prussians: Napoleon had overestimated the extent of his victory at Ligny and underestimated the resilience of the Prussians. He also seems to have discounted the presence of Bülow's substantial corps, which had not been in

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This qualification may have been self-serving on Mercer's part. Wellington himself sought refuge in the "shaky" Brunswick squares at the time and observed what he interpreted as acts of cowardice by British artillerymen, who "... ran off the field entirely, taking with them limbers, ammunition,

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Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled. This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances. The British troops of the 1/95th Battalion, also under great pressure from the French, did the same at the time. This flight did not involve all of the Dutch battalions, as has been asserted by some

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Parkinson (2000) adds: "Neither army beat Napoleon alone. But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed, it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat, when his centre had been almost shattered, his reserves were almost

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Despite their great courage and stamina, the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering. The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows, aisles and doors. In the village itself—still the scene of bitter house-to-house fighting—everything

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Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard. On the left infantry from Reille's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced. On the right all the now rallied elements of D'Érlon's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the Anglo-allied line. French artillery

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Meanwhile, with Wellington's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised, Napoleon committed his last reserve, the hitherto-undefeated Imperial Guard infantry. This attack, mounted at around 19:30, was intended to break through Wellington's centre and

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Wellington, noticing the slackening of fire from La Haye Sainte, with his staff rode closer to it. French skirmishers appeared around the building and fired on the British command as it struggled to get away through the hedgerow along the road. The Prince of Orange then ordered a single battalion of

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About four p.m., the enemy's artillery in front of us ceased firing all of a sudden, and we saw large masses of cavalry advance: not a man present who survived could have forgotten in after life the awful grandeur of that charge. You discovered at a distance what appeared to be an overwhelming, long

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that stood their ground were deadly to cavalry, as cavalry could not engage with soldiers behind a hedge of bayonets, but were themselves vulnerable to fire from the squares. Horses would not charge a square, nor could they be outflanked, but they were vulnerable to artillery or infantry. Wellington

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The two brigades had a combined field strength of about 2,000 (2,651 official strength); they charged with the 47-year-old Uxbridge leading them and a very inadequate number of squadrons held in reserve. There is evidence that Uxbridge gave an order, the morning of the battle, to all cavalry brigade

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saw that La Haye Sainte had been cut off and tried to reinforce it by sending forward the Hanoverian Lüneburg Battalion in line. Cuirassiers concealed in a fold in the ground caught and destroyed it in minutes and then rode on past La Haye Sainte, almost to the crest of the ridge, where they covered

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From 06:00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces. At Wavre, the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape, not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny. Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had

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Ney's orders were to secure the crossroads of Quatre Bras so that he could later swing east and reinforce Napoleon if necessary. Ney found the crossroads lightly held by the Prince of Orange, who repelled Ney's initial attacks but was gradually driven back by overwhelming numbers of French troops in

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Apart from the Lion's Mound, there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield. A cluster of monuments at the Brussels–Charleroi and Braine L'Alleud–Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British, Dutch, Hanoverian and King's German Legion troops. A monument

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In his famous study of the Campaign of 1815, the Prussian Clausewitz does not agree with Wellington on this assessment. Indeed, he claims that if Bonaparte had attacked in the morning, the battle would probably have been decided by the time the Prussians arrived, and an attack by Blücher, while not

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After his troops fell back, Napoleon fled to Paris following his defeat, arriving at 5:30 am on 21 June. Napoleon wrote to his brother and regent in Paris, Joseph, believing that he could still raise an army to fight back the Anglo-Prussian forces. Napoleon believed he could rally French supporters

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22 June. This morning I went to visit the field of battle, which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo, on the plateau of Mont-Saint-Jean; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold. I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return. The multitude of carcasses, the heaps

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At about the same time, the Prussian 5th, 14th, and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit, in the third assault of the day. The church was by now on fire, while its graveyard—the French centre of resistance—had corpses strewn about "as if by a whirlwind". Five Guard battalions were

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The rapidity and precision of this fire was quite appalling. Every shot almost took effect, and I certainly expected we should all be annihilated. ... The saddle-bags, in many instances were torn from horses' backs ... One shell I saw explode under the two finest wheel-horses in the troop down they

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occupied the dominant positions behind La Haye Sainte and poured an effective fire into the squares. The situation for the Anglo-allies was now so dire that the 33rd Regiment's colours and all of Halkett's brigade's colours were sent to the rear for safety, described by historian Alessandro Barbero

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I thus allowed them to advance unmolested until the head of the column might have been about fifty or sixty yards from us, and then gave the word, "Fire!" The effect was terrible. Nearly the whole leading rank fell at once; and the round shot, penetrating the column carried confusion throughout its

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The Union Brigade lost heavily in both officers and men killed (including its commander, William Ponsonby, and Colonel Hamilton of the Scots Greys) and wounded. The 2nd Life Guards and the King's Dragoon Guards of the Household Brigade also lost heavily (with Colonel Fuller, commander of the King's

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As Ponsonby tried to rally his men against the French cuirassers, he was attacked by Jaquinot's lancers and captured. A nearby party of Scots Greys saw the capture and attempted to rescue their brigade commander. The French lancer who had captured Ponsonby killed him and then used his lance to kill

2252:

The Scots Greys, for example, had not been in action since 1795. According to Wellington, though they were superior individual horsemen, they were inflexible and lacked tactical ability. "I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and

2152:

Pack's regiments, all four ranks deep, advanced to attack the French in the road but faltered and began to fire on the French instead of charging. The 42nd Black Watch halted at the hedge and the resulting fire-fight drove back the British 92nd Foot, while the leading French 45e Ligne burst through

2106:

At the moment these skirmishers were rejoining their parent battalions, the brigade was ordered to its feet and started to return fire. On the left of the brigade, where the 7th Dutch Militia stood, a "few files were shot down and an opening in the line thus occurred". The battalion had no reserves

1946:

The fighting at Hougoumont has often been characterised as a diversionary attack to draw in Wellington's reserves which escalated into an all-day battle and drew in French reserves instead. In fact there is a good case to believe that both Napoleon and Wellington thought that holding Hougoumont was

1887:

The initial attack by Bauduin's brigade emptied the wood and park, but was driven back by heavy British artillery fire, and cost Bauduin his life. As the British guns were distracted by a duel with French artillery, a second attack by Soye's brigade and what had been Bauduin's succeeded in reaching

3701:

Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance. Tourism began the day after the battle, with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June "a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels, the inmates of which, alighting, proceeded to examine the field". In 1820,

3602:

In my opinion, four principal causes led to this disaster: The first, and most influential, was the arrival, skilfully combined, of Blücher, and the false movement that favoured this arrival; the second, was the admirable firmness of the British infantry, joined to the sang-froid and aplomb of its

3265:

As dusk fell, both squares withdrew in relatively good order, but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the Prussian and Anglo-allied armies. The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing, broken French troops. Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until

3090:

jumped over the hedge, reformed the line of about fifty men and the murderous fire he inflicted caused death and confusion among the enemy's lines. He took advantage of their confusion and advanced with the bayonet against them. I had the unspeakable joy to witness 300 Cuirassiers run away from 50

2914:

Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington's left flank. Müffling warned Zieten that "The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army." Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly, and the arrival of his

2875:

Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau, who was now seriously pressed. The Young Guard counter-attacked and, after very hard fighting, secured Plancenoit, but were themselves counter-attacked and driven out. Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle/Old

2745:

A French battery advanced to within 300 yards of the 1/1st Nassau square causing heavy casualties. When the Nassauers attempted to attack the battery they were ridden down by a squadron of cuirassiers. Yet another battery deployed on the flank of Mercer's battery and shot up its horses and limbers

2741:

A Dutch–Belgian cavalry regiment ordered to charge retreated from the field instead, fired on by their own infantry. Merlen's Light Cavalry Brigade charged the French artillery taking position near La Haye Sainte but were shot to pieces and the brigade fell apart. The Netherlands Cavalry Division,

2451:

This service was rendered at a very high cost, as close combat with French cavalry, carbine fire, infantry musketry, and—more deadly than all of these—artillery fire steadily eroded the number of effectives in the two brigades. At 6 o'clock in the afternoon the whole Union Brigade could field only

2418:

All figures quoted for the losses of the cavalry brigades as a result of this charge are estimates, as casualties were only noted down after the day of the battle and were for the battle as a whole. Some historians, Barbero for example, believe the official rolls tend to overestimate the number of

2396:

By the time Ponsonby died, the momentum had entirely returned in favour of the French. Milhaud's and Jaquinot's cavalrymen drove the Union Brigade from the valley. The result was very heavy losses for the British cavalry. A countercharge, by British light dragoons under Major-General Vandeleur and

2124:

D'Erlon's men ascended the slope and advanced on the sunken road, Chemin d'Ohain, that ran from behind La Haye Sainte and continued east. It was lined on both sides by thick hedges, with Bylandt's brigade just across the road, while the British brigades had been lying down some 100 yards back from

1516:

Many of the troops in the Coalition armies were inexperienced. The Dutch army had been re-established in 1815, following the earlier defeat of Napoleon. With the exception of the British and some men from Hanover and Brunswick who had fought with the British army in Spain, many of the professional

1472:

However, as the army took shape, French officers were allocated to units as they presented themselves for duty, so that many units were commanded by officers the soldiers did not know, and often did not trust. Crucially, some of these officers had little experience in working together as a unified

1096:

to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians. The Anglo-allied army held their ground at Quatre Bras, and on the 17th, the Prussians withdrew from Ligny in good order, while Wellington then withdrew in parallel with the Prussians northward to Waterloo on 17 June. Napoleon sent a

4479:

Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders, so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been impossible for any ranker. Each British cannon had a number of headless nails for spiking stored in a box on the gun carriage, so the French would have had the means to disable the

3714:

Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains, where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place, are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815. By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it, its real relief has been taken

3530:

Teeth of tens of thousands of dead soldiers were removed by surviving troops, locals or even scavengers who had travelled there from Britain, then used for making denture replacements in Britain and elsewhere. The so-called "Waterloo teeth" were in demand because they came from relatively healthy

3182:

The 25th Regiment's musketeer battalions threw the 1/2e Grenadiers (Old Guard) out of the Chantelet woods, outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat. The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic, and became part of that rout. The Prussian IV Corps

2618:

Their casualties cannot easily be estimated. Senior French cavalry officers, in particular the generals, experienced heavy losses. Four divisional commanders were wounded, nine brigadiers wounded, and one killed—testament to their courage and their habit of leading from the front. Illustratively,

2563:

In essence this type of massed cavalry attack relied almost entirely on psychological shock for effect. Close artillery support could disrupt infantry squares and allow cavalry to penetrate; at Waterloo, however, co-operation between the French cavalry and artillery was not impressive. The French

2447:

Some historians, such as Chandler, Weller, Uffindell, and Corum, assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable force following their first, epic charge. Barbero states that the Scots Greys were practically wiped out and that the other two regiments of the Union Brigade suffered

2364:

As with the Household Cavalry, the officers of the Royals and Inniskillings found it very difficult to rein back their troops, who lost all cohesion. Having taken casualties, and still trying to reorder themselves, the Scots Greys and the rest of the Union Brigade found themselves before the main

2148:

The French advance drove in the British skirmishers and reached the sunken road. As they did so, Pack's men stood up, formed into a four-deep line formation for fear of the French cavalry, advanced, and opened fire. However, a firefight had been anticipated and the French infantry had accordingly

1873:

Historian Andrew Roberts notes that "It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began". Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at "about ten o'clock commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont". Other sources state that the

1785:

The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy rain, and Bülow's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces. Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre, blocking several streets along Bülow's intended route. As a result, the last

3853:

coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle. France officially protested against this issue of coins, while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo. After 180,000 coins were minted but not released, the issue was melted. Instead,

2707:

The possession of La Haye Sainte by the French was a very dangerous incident. It uncovered the very centre of the Anglo-allied army, and established the enemy within 60 yards of that centre. The French lost no time in taking advantage of this, by pushing forward infantry supported by guns, which

2484:

A little before 16:00, Ney noted an apparent exodus from Wellington's centre. He mistook the movement of casualties to the rear for the beginnings of a retreat, and sought to exploit it. Following the defeat of d'Erlon's Corps, Ney had few infantry reserves left, as most of the infantry had been

2248:

More than 20 years of warfare had eroded the numbers of suitable cavalry mounts available on the European continent; this resulted in the British heavy cavalry entering the 1815 campaign with the finest horses of any contemporary cavalry arm. British cavalry troopers also received excellent

1997:

The bombardment caused a large number of casualties. Although some projectiles buried themselves in the soft soil, most found their marks on the reverse slope of the ridge. The bombardment forced the cavalry of the Union Brigade (in third line) to move to its left, to reduce their casualty rate.

1935:

were moving; 400 cannon were belching forth fire and death on every side; the roaring and shouting were indistinguishably commixed—together they gave me an idea of a labouring volcano. Bodies of infantry and cavalry were pouring down on us, and it was time to leave contemplation, so I moved

1827:

At 11:00, Napoleon drafted his general order: Reille's Corps on the left and d'Erlon's Corps to the right were to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean and keep abreast of one another. This order assumed Wellington's battle-line was in the village, rather than at the more forward position on the

1773:

Wellington rose at around 02:00 or 03:00 on 18 June, and wrote letters until dawn. He had earlier written to Blücher confirming that he would give battle at Mont-Saint-Jean if Blücher could provide him with at least one corps; otherwise he would retreat towards Brussels. At a late-night council,

1574:

After Ligny, the Prussian army, although defeated, was able to realign its supply train, reorganise itself, and intervene decisively on the Waterloo battlefield within 48 hours. Two-and-a-half Prussian army corps, or 48,000 men, were engaged at Waterloo; two brigades under Bülow, commander of IV

1392:

Before leaving Ligny, Napoleon had ordered Grouchy, who commanded the right wing, to follow the retreating Prussians with 33,000 men. A late start, uncertainty about the direction the Prussians had taken, and the vagueness of the orders given to him meant that Grouchy was too late to prevent the

4557:

The commander of the Cumberland Hussars, who was later court-martialled and cashiered, claimed that as his troopers (all well-to-do young Hanoverians) owned their own horses he could not order them to remain on the field. Following the battle the regiment was broken up and the troopers assigned

4264:

being one of the wounded who had to be evacuated; he transferred command of the brigade to Lt. Kol. De Jongh. D'Erlon's troops pushed through this gap in the line and the remaining battalions in the Bylandt brigade (8th Dutch Militia and Belgian 7th Line Battalion) were forced to retreat to the

3621:

Bonaparte and the authors who support him have always attempted to portray the great catastrophes that befell him as the result of chance. They seek to make their readers believe that through his great wisdom and extraordinary energy the whole project had already moved forward with the greatest

2567:

If infantry being attacked held firm in their square defensive formations, and were not panicked, cavalry on their own could do very little damage to them. The French cavalry attacks were repeatedly repelled by the steadfast infantry squares, the harrying fire of British artillery as the French

1834:

of the reserve artillery of I, II, and VI Corps was to then bombard the centre of Wellington's position from about 13:00. D'Erlon's corps would then attack Wellington's left, break through, and roll up his line from east to west. In his memoirs, Napoleon wrote that his intention was to separate

4401:

was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry cornets and infantry ensigns. This makes his history particularly useful (though only from the British and KGL perspective); some of these eyewitness letters were later published by his son, a

3106:

To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st/ and 2nd/3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers. But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead. Suddenly 1,500

1899:

Fighting continued around Hougoumont all afternoon. Its surroundings were heavily invested by French light infantry, and coordinated attacks were made against the troops behind Hougoumont. Wellington's army defended the house and the hollow way running north from it. In the afternoon, Napoleon

1263:

Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the existing coalition forces south of Brussels before they were reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea and knock the Prussians out of the war. Crucially, this would have bought him time to recruit and train more men before

3221:

formed the rearguard. The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush, leaving large masses of artillery, equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat. The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to

2664:

on 19 June 1815 that General Trip had "conducted himself much to my satisfaction". Uxbridge then ordered a charge by three squadrons of the 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion. They broke through the French cavalry, but became hemmed in, were cut off and suffered severe losses. Meanwhile,

1460:

The French army of around 74,500 consisted of 54,014 infantry, 15,830 cavalry, and 8,775 artilleries with 254 guns. Napoleon had used conscription to fill the ranks of the French army throughout his rule, but he did not conscript men for the 1815 campaign. His troops were mainly veterans with

1108:

escarpment across the Brussels Road, near the village of Waterloo. Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of 18 June, and was eventually aided by the progressively arriving 50,000 Prussians who attacked the French flank and inflicted heavy casualties. In the

1797:

Napoleon's seemingly dismissive remark may have been strategic, given his maxim "in war, morale is everything". He had acted similarly in the past, and on the morning of the battle of Waterloo may have been responding to the pessimism and objections of his chief of staff and senior generals.

3809:

The remains of a soldier thought to be 23-year-old Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012. He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman, 1.60 metres (5 ft 3 in) tall, and was hit in the chest by a French bullet. His coins, rifle and position on the battlefield identified him as an

1823:

well to the south of La Belle Alliance. At 10:00, in response to a dispatch he had received from Grouchy six hours earlier, he sent a reply telling Grouchy to "head for Wavre in order to draw near to us " and then "push before him" the Prussians to arrive at Waterloo "as soon as possible".

1793:

suggested that Grouchy should be recalled to join the main force, Napoleon said, "Just because you have all been beaten by Wellington, you think he's a good general. I tell you Wellington is a bad general, the English are bad troops, and this affair is nothing more than eating breakfast".

1900:

personally ordered the house to be shelled to set it on fire, resulting in the destruction of all but the chapel. Du Plat's brigade of the King's German Legion was brought forward to defend the hollow way, which they had to do without senior officers. Eventually they were relieved by the

4429:

Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses lost – 672. Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332,

4145:"Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight, one a stop-watch, and he marked with it the sound of the first shot fired ... At ten minutes to twelve the first heavy gun rang sullenly from the French ridge" ( 2742:

Wellington's last cavalry reserve behind the centre having lost half their strength was now useless and the French cavalry, despite its losses, were masters of the field, compelling the Anglo-allied infantry to remain in square. More and more French artillery was brought forward.

2759:

occupied the dominant positions, especially one on a knoll overlooking the square of the 27th. Unable to break square to drive off the French infantry because of the presence of French cavalry and artillery, the 27th had to remain in that formation and endure the fire of the

2456:

and it would take until 16:00 for d'Erlon's shaken corps to reform. And although elements of the Prussians now began to appear on the field to his right, Napoleon had already ordered Lobau's VI corps to move to the right flank to hold them back before d'Erlon's attack began.

1356:

Crucially, the Prussians did not retreat to the east, along their own lines of communication. Instead, they, too, fell back northwards parallel to Wellington's line of march, still within supporting distance and in communication with him throughout. The Prussians rallied on

2103:, who were lying down in dead ground behind the ridge. All had suffered badly at Quatre Bras. In addition, Bylandt's brigade had been ordered to deploy its skirmishers in the hollow road and on the forward slope. The rest of the brigade was lying down just behind the road. 2094:

At about 13:30, d'Erlon started to advance his three other divisions, some 14,000 men over a front of about 1,000 metres (1,100 yards), against Wellington's left wing. At the point they aimed for, they faced 6,000 men: the first line consisted of the 1st brigade

2848:

using the Bois de Paris road. Blücher and Wellington had been exchanging communications since 10:00 and had agreed to this advance on Frichermont if Wellington's centre was under attack. General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16:30.

3637:

if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded

3422:

from 1804 until 1814. To circumvent Napoleon overthrowing the Chamber of Deputies and a possible French Civil War, the Chamber of Deputies voted to become permanent on 21 June after persuasion from Lafayette. On 22 June, Napoleon wished to abdicate in favour of his son,

2564:

artillery did not get close enough to the Anglo-allied infantry in sufficient numbers to be decisive. Artillery fire between charges did produce mounting casualties, but most of this fire was at relatively long range and was often indirect, at targets beyond the ridge.

1681:

Wellington's forces positioning presented a formidable challenge to any attacking force. Any attempt to turn Wellington's right would entail taking the entrenched Hougoumont position. Any attack on his right centre would mean the attackers would have to march between

1480:

In December 1814, the British Army had been reduced by 47,000 men. This was largely achieved by the disbandment of the second battalion of 22 infantry regiments. Wellington later said that he had "an infamous army, very weak and ill-equipped, and a very inexperienced

1289:

By June, Napoleon had raised a total army strength of about 300,000 men. The force at his disposal at Waterloo was less than one third that size, but the rank and file were mostly loyal and experienced soldiers. Napoleon divided his army into a left wing commanded by

3737:

Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle. These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels–Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont, La Haye Sainte, and La Belle Alliance.

9812: 2325:

Continuing their attack, the squadrons on the left of the Household Brigade then destroyed Aulard's brigade. Despite attempts to recall them, they continued past La Haye Sainte and found themselves at the bottom of the hill on blown horses facing Schmitz's brigade

1686:

from Hougoumont and La Haye Sainte. On the left, any attack would also be enfiladed by fire from La Haye Sainte and its adjoining sandpit, and any attempt at turning the left flank would entail fighting through the lanes and hedgerows surrounding Papelotte and the

2514:

Wellington's infantry responded by forming squares (hollow box-formations four ranks deep). Squares were much smaller than usually depicted in paintings of the battle—a 500-man battalion square would have been no more than 60 feet (18 m) in length on a side.

3873:

euros. Legally valid only within the issuing country it was minted in brass, packaged, and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 euros. A ten-euro coin, showing Wellington, Blücher, their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon, was also available in silver for 42 euros.

3222:

Charleroi. The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou. Unlike other parts of the battlefield, there were no cries of "Sauve qui peut!" here. Instead, the cry "Sauvons nos aigles!" ("Let's save our eagles!") could be heard.

3186:

French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated, neither side asking for nor offering quarter. The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties, and two-thirds of Lobau's Corps ceased to exist.

3262:, in square as protection against Coalition cavalry. Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave, Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn. Adam's Brigade charged and forced back this square, while the Prussians engaged the other. 2692:, renewed the attack on La Haye Sainte and this time were successful, partly because the King's German Legion's ammunition ran out. However, the Germans had held the centre of the battlefield for almost the entire day, and this had stalled the French advance. 4571:

Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch would take the poorer road to "Froidmont" (Frichermont), while Zieten would take the longer northern, but better made, road via Ohain

1563:

were mostly untrained and unequipped when they arrived in Belgium. The Prussian cavalry were in a similar state. Its artillery was also reorganising and did not give its best performance—guns and equipment continued to arrive during and after the battle.

3077:

The Dutch divisional commander Chassé, on his own initiative, decided at this critical moment to advance with his relatively fresh Dutch division. Chassé first ordered his artillery forward; led by a battery of Dutch horse-artillery commanded by Captain

1658:. This was a large and well-built country house, initially hidden in trees. The house faced north along a sunken, covered lane (usually described by the British as "the hollow-way") along which it could be supplied. On the extreme left was the hamlet of 2660:, to renew the attack and that they refused to follow him. Other members of the British cavalry staff also commented on this occurrence. However, there is no support for this incident in Dutch or Belgian sources, and Wellington wrote in his Dispatch to 4612:"'The Guard dies, but it does not surrender!' is another of these fictitious historical sayings. General Cambronne, to whom it is attributed, never uttered. Victor Hugo, in Les Misérables, has restored the true text. It is composed of a single word ".( 3123:, which wheeled in line onto the chasseurs' flank and poured a devastating fire into them. The chasseurs returned a very sharp fire which killed or wounded some 150 men of the 52nd. The 52nd then charged, and under this onslaught, the chasseurs broke. 1476:

The French were forced to march through rain and black coal-dust mud to reach Waterloo, and then to contend with mud and rain as they slept in the open. Little food was available, but nevertheless the veteran soldiers were fiercely loyal to Napoleon.

1669:

securely. Papelotte also commanded the road to Wavre that the Prussians would use to send reinforcements to Wellington's position. On the western side of the main road, and in front of the rest of Wellington's line, was the farmhouse and orchard of

4443:

In a cavalry unit an "effective" was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse. The military term "effective" describes a soldier, piece of equipment (e.g. a tank or aircraft) or military unit capable of fighting or carrying out its intended

3258:; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat. He hoped to rally the French army behind them, but as retreat turned into rout, they too were forced to withdraw, one on either side of 3082:. The battery opened a destructive fire into the 1st/3rd Grenadiers' flank. This still did not stop the Guard's advance, so Chassé, who was affectionately called "Generaal Bajonet" by his soldiers, ordered his first brigade, commanded by Colonel 4419:

Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more than 360 horses. The text of this memorandum from Torrens to Wellington Barbero refers to is available in Hamilton-Williams,

2265:, and the Dutch cavalry to provide support to the British heavies. Uxbridge later regretted leading the charge in person, saying "I committed a great mistake", when he should have been organising an adequate reserve to move forward in support. 1634:

and artillery. The length of front of the battlefield was also relatively short at 2.5 miles (4 km). This allowed Wellington to draw up his forces in depth, which he did in the centre and on the right, all the way towards the village of

3375:

Waterloo cost Wellington around 17,000 dead or wounded, and Blücher some 7,000 (810 of which were suffered by just one unit: the 18th Regiment, which served in Bülow's 15th Brigade, had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit, and won 33

4717:

action at Ligny. Had Napoleon retained Grouchy's 30,000 men as a guard for his right flank, it is likely that these troops could have held off the Prussians and allowed the rest of Napoleon's army to attack Wellington's army unmolested.

3183:

advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit. The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington's units. This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands.

4410:. Breda 1846; 2nd printing 1847. Knoop based his rebuttal on the official Dutch after-battle reports, drawn up within days of the battle, not on twenty-year-old recollections of veterans, as Siborne did. Siborne rejected the rebuttal. 3710:, a giant artificial hill, was constructed here using 300,000 cubic metres (390,000 cu yd) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line, effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington's sunken road. 3403:

At 10:30 on 19 June, General Grouchy, still following his orders, defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order—though at the cost of 33,000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield. Wellington sent

2919:

to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19:30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape. The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left, Plancenoit on the right, and the centre on La Haie.

3932:

at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon. The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death. There is also a second leg on display at his house, Plas Newydd, on

1778:, had been distrustful of Wellington's strategy, but Blücher persuaded him that they should march to join Wellington's army. In the morning Wellington duly received a reply from Blücher, promising to support him with three corps. 3086:, to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet. As the Guard wavered Chassé galloped among his men and found Captain De Haan with a few soldiers of the 19th Militia, whom he ordered into a flank attack. According to Chassé: 1393:

Prussian army reaching Wavre, from where it could march to support Wellington. More importantly, the heavily outnumbered Prussian rearguard was able to use the River Dyle to fight a savage and prolonged action to delay Grouchy.

4357:

Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,319, killed – 95, wounded – 248, missing – 250, totals – 593, horses

2290:

The Household Brigade crossed the crest of the Anglo-allied position and charged downhill. The cuirassiers guarding d'Erlon's left flank were still dispersed, and so were swept over the deeply sunken main road and then routed.

9143:

The Battle of Waterloo: Containing the Accounts Published by Authority, British and Foreign, and Other Relevant Documents, with Circumstantial Details, Previous and After the Battle, from a Variety of Authentic and Original

2125:

the road, Pack's to Bylandt's left and Kempt's to Bylandt's right. Kempt's 1,900 men were engaged by Bourgeois' brigade of 1,900 men of Quiot's division. In the centre, Donzelot's division had pushed back Bylandt's brigade.

2865:

proceeded up the Frichermont heights, battering French Chasseurs with 12-pounder artillery fire, and pushed on to Plancenoit. This sent Lobau's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area, driving Lobau past the rear of the

1352:

went uninterrupted and seemingly unnoticed by the French. The bulk of their rearguard units held their positions until about midnight, and some elements did not move out until the following morning, ignored by the French.

4598:

The attacking battalions were 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st/3rd, 2nd/3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard; those remaining in reserve were the 2nd/2nd Grenadiers, 2nd/1st and 2nd/2nd Chasseurs of the Old Guard

2844:(Bülow's) was the first to arrive in strength. Bülow's objective was Plancenoit, which the Prussians intended to use as a springboard into the rear of the French positions. Blücher intended to secure his right upon the 2485:

committed either to the futile Hougoumont attack or to the defence of the French right. Ney therefore tried to break Wellington's centre with cavalry alone. Initially, Milhaud's reserve cavalry corps of cuirassiers and

3217:

was burning, adding to the confusion. However, once Major von Witzleben's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened, they began to withdraw. The Guard Chasseurs under General

2257:

commanders to commit their commands on their own initiative, as direct orders from himself might not always be forthcoming, and to "support movements to their front". It appears that Uxbridge expected the brigades of

11308: 4685:

Napoleon's last escapade was important politically because it "compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remaining differences in order to achieve a peace which would enshrine the principles of the balance of

3552:, an era characterised by relative peace, material prosperity and technological progress. The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe—and involved other regions of the world—since the 8745: 2376:

division. Disorganized and milling about the bottom of the valley between Hougoumont and La Belle Alliance, the Scots Greys and the rest of the British heavy cavalry were taken by surprise by the countercharge of

1184:

The strategic situation in Western Europe in 1815: 250,000 Frenchmen faced about 850,000 allied soldiers on four fronts. In addition, Napoleon was forced to leave 20,000 men in Western France to reduce a royalist

1622:

that was roughly in the centre of Wellington's position and served as his command post for much of the day. Wellington deployed his infantry in a line just behind the crest of the ridge following the Ohain road.

1828:

ridge. To enable this, Jerome's division would make an initial attack on Hougoumont, which Napoleon expected would draw in Wellington's reserves, since its loss would threaten his communications with the sea. A

1782:

been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow.

3427:, after realizing that he lacked military, public, and governmental support for his claim to continue to rule France. Napoleon's proposal for the instatement of his son was swiftly rejected by the legislature. 1698:

The French army formed on the slopes of another ridge to the south. Napoleon could not see Wellington's positions, so he drew his forces up symmetrically about the Brussels road. On the right was I Corps under

1128:

four days later, and coalition forces entered Paris on 7 July. The defeat at Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days return from exile. It precipitated Napoleon's second and definitive abdication as

1306:, securing Napoleon's "central position" between Wellington's and Blücher's armies. He hoped this would prevent them from combining, and he would be able to destroy first the Prussian army, then Wellington's. 2249:

mounted swordsmanship training. They were, however, inferior to the French in manoeuvring in large formations, were cavalier in attitude, and, unlike the infantry, some units had scant experience of warfare.

1609:

The Waterloo position chosen by Wellington was a strong one. It consisted of a long ridge running east–west, perpendicular to, and bisected by, the main road to Brussels. Along the crest of the ridge ran the

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cavalry recoiled down the slopes to regroup, and the decisive countercharges of Wellington's light cavalry regiments, the Dutch heavy cavalry brigade, and the remaining effectives of the Household Cavalry.

2153:

the hedge cheering. Along the sunken road, the French were forcing the Anglo-allies back, the British line was dispersing, and at two o'clock in the afternoon Napoleon was winning the Battle of Waterloo.

1485:". His troops consisted of 74,326 men: 53,607 infantry, 13,400 cavalry, and 5,596 artillery with 156 guns plus engineers and staff. Of these, 27,985 (38%) were British, with another 7,686 (10%) from the 2540:

The word of command, "Prepare to receive cavalry", had been given, every man in the front ranks knelt, and a wall bristling with steel, held together by steady hands, presented itself to the infuriated

1368:

With the Prussian retreat from Ligny, Wellington's position at Quatre Bras was untenable. The next day he withdrew northwards, to a defensive position that he had reconnoitred the previous year—the low

1341:. First reinforcements, and then Wellington arrived. He took command and drove Ney back, securing the crossroads by early evening, too late to send help to the Prussians, who had already been defeated. 2931:. The French initially fell back before the renewed assault, but now began seriously to contest ground, attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte. 2623:

numbered 796 of all ranks on 15 June, but just 462 on 19 June, while the Empress Dragoons lost 416 of 816 over the same period. Overall, Guyot's Guard heavy cavalry division lost 47% of its strength.

2452:

three squadrons, though these countercharged French cavalry, losing half their number in the process. At the end of the fighting, the two brigades, by this time combined, could muster one squadron.

4158:

The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division, that had been on the forward slope during the night, withdrew to a position behind the ridge between the regiments of Kempt and Pack around 12:00 (

3810:

Hanoverian fighting in the King's German Legion. In 2022 a second skeleton was found in a ditch near a former field hospital by the Waterloo Uncovered charity. In December 2022, the historians Dr.

3102:

British 10th Hussars of Vivian's Brigade (red shakos – blue uniforms) attacking mixed French troops, including a square of Guard grenadiers (left, middle distance) in the final stages of the battle

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Through the finality of Napoleon's defeat, "met his/her Waterloo" has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describe someone's circumstances when they have met with absolute and final defeat.

4188:

De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen's 'History of the 2nd division'. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of the 2nd Division and located right behind the Bylandt brigade the whole day (

3017:

Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard. The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares, each about 550 men strong, with the 1st/3rd Grenadiers, led by Generals

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Our officers of cavalry have acquired a trick of galloping at everything. They never consider the situation, never think of manoeuvring before an enemy, and never keep back or provide a reserve.

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and Robin Schäfer, supported by the British archaeologist Tony Pollard, concluded that in the aftermath of the conflict, local farmers dug up the corpses of horses and men and sold them to the

10205: 4408:"Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden" en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger 2653:

was halted by a charge of the Household Brigade cavalry led by Uxbridge. The British cavalry were unable, however, to break the French infantry, and fell back with losses from musketry fire.

1896:

arrived to support the defence. There was a fierce melee, and the British managed to close the gate on the French troops streaming in. The Frenchmen trapped in the courtyard were all killed.

9410:"Dissertation sur la participation des troupes des Pays-Bas a la campagne de 1815 en Belgique", in: Societé royale des beaux arts et de littérature de Gand, Messager des Sciences Historiques 5694: 4297:). The total may have been 18 squadrons as there is an uncertainty in the sources as to whether the King's Dragoon Guards fielded three or four squadrons. Uxbridge implies 4 squadrons ( 2809: 1493:

troops were regular soldiers, and the majority of them had served in the Peninsula. Of the 23 British line infantry regiments in action, only four (the 14th, 33rd, 69th, and 73rd Foot) had

8560: 2795:. The situation was now critical and Wellington, trapped in an infantry square and ignorant of events beyond it, was desperate for the arrival of help from the Prussians. He later wrote, 2738:

obeyed and led the battalion down the slope, chasing off some French skirmishers until French cuirassiers fell on his open flank, killed him, destroyed his battalion and took its colour.

4585:

Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle, so while five Imperial Guard formations went forward, they may have comprised six battalions (

3380:). Napoleon's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded, including 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days. 10933: 2497:'s heavy cavalry of the Guard were added to the massed assault, a total of around 9,000 cavalry in 67 squadrons. When Napoleon saw the charge he said it was an hour too soon. 2160:, the Prussian liaison officer attached to Wellington's army, relate that, "After 3 o'clock the Duke's situation became critical, unless the succour of the Prussian army arrived soon". 11208: 10584:

a history of the 8th Dutch Militia battalion and the Bylandt Brigade, of which it was a part, in the 1815 campaign (using original sources from the Dutch and Belgian national archives)

4260:

The brigade's losses were very heavy: one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia, who had most of their officers killed or wounded, the brigade commander

2635: 3488:) of the British people. I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws, and throw myself upon the most powerful, the most constant, and the most generous of my enemies. 3405: 3095:

The French grenadiers then faltered and broke. The 4th Grenadiers, seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves, now wheeled right about and retired.

10907:

Evans, Mark, et al. "Waterloo Uncovered: From discoveries in conflict archaeology to military veteran collaboration and recovery on one of the world's most famous battlefields", in

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Waterloo letters: a selection from original and hitherto unpublished letters bearing on the operations of the 16th, 17th, and 18th June, 1815, by officers who served in the campaign

3649:

It has also been noted that Wellington's maps of the battlefield were based on a recent reconnaissance and therefore more up to date than those used by Napoleon, who had to rely on

3149:

Osnabrück Battalion, plus Vivian's and Vandeleur's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right, threw them into confusion. Those left in semi-cohesive units retreated towards

13820: 2439:(1824). Duke of Wellington, centre, flanked on his left by Lord Uxbridge in hussar uniform. On the image's far left, Cpl. Styles of the Royal Dragoons flourishes the eagle of the 1786:

part of the corps left at 10:00, six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo. Bülow's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps.

3586:

The bicentenary of Waterloo prompted renewed attention to the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and to the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed.

1819:

Napoleon had delayed the start of the battle owing to the sodden ground, which would have made manoeuvring cavalry and artillery difficult. In addition, many of his forces had

1329:

were by all accounts better informed of the French advance than other allied officials and their later initiatives to hold the crossroads proved vital for the outcome. General

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losses. The situation appeared so desperate that the Cumberland Hussars, the only Hanoverian cavalry regiment present, fled the field spreading alarm all the way to Brussels.

2419:

cavalrymen present in their squadrons on the field of battle and that the proportionate losses were, as a result, considerably higher than the numbers on paper might suggest.

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duties they, no doubt, considered ignominious. Four were posted to Captain Mercer's horse artillery troop, where he found them "amazingly sulky and snappish with every one".(

3280:, and diamonds left behind in the rush to escape. These diamonds became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia's crown jewels; one Major Keller of the F/15th received the 2769:

loss after La Haye Sainte had fallen was awful, without the satisfaction of having scarcely fired a shot, and many of our troops in rear of the ridge were similarly situated.

2078:

La Haye Sainte – one of Wellington's advanced defensible positions. As the battle progressed it became clear that its defence and control was of greatest tactical importance.

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served in the Peninsula, and a similar level of experience was to be found in the British cavalry and artillery. Chandler asserts that most of the British veterans of the

3480:

Royal Highness, – Exposed to the factions which divide my country, and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe, I have terminated my political career; and I come, like

4216:, pp. 37–43; The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke. The total casualties for the whole brigade for the day was around 800 killed and wounded ( 2193:

At this crucial juncture, Uxbridge ordered his two brigades of British heavy cavalry—formed unseen behind the ridge—to charge in support of the hard-pressed infantry. The

8776: 8737: 3777:

Had the French won the Battle of Waterloo, Napoleon planned to commemorate the victory by building a pyramid of white stones, akin to the pyramids he had seen during his

2345:, as it was still reforming after having crossed the sunken road and broken through the hedge row in pursuit of the British infantry. The Greys captured the eagle of the 1138: 781: 8738:"Tote Preußen auf dem Dachboden Seit Jahrzehnten suchen Forscher Überreste der Gefallenen von Waterloo. Nun ist ein deutsch-belgisches Team auf eine Sensation gestoßen" 1461:

considerable experience and a fierce devotion to their Emperor. The cavalry in particular was both numerous and formidable, and included fourteen regiments of armoured

2688:

At approximately the same time as Ney's combined-arms assault on the centre-right of Wellington's line, rallied elements of D'Erlon's I Corps, spearheaded by the 13th

2591:, thought the Brunswick troops on either side of him so shaky that he kept his battery of six nine-pounders in action against the cavalry throughout, to great effect. 2337:

clung onto their stirrups and accompanied them into the charge. From the centre leftwards, the Royal Dragoons destroyed Bourgeois' brigade, capturing the eagle of the

5075: 2099:) of the 2nd Netherlands Division, flanked by the British brigades of Kempt and Pack on either side. The second line consisted of British and Hanoverian troops under 14031: 11143: 4360:

Union Brigade, initial strength 1,332, killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 (

1286:. In order to delay Wellington's deployment, Napoleon spread false intelligence which suggested that Wellington's supply chain from the channel ports would be cut. 1888:

the north gate of the house. Sous-Lieutenant Legros, a French officer, broke the gate open with an axe, and some French troops managed to enter the courtyard. The

2665:

Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Adam's infantry brigade, and they eventually fell back.

2555:"The artillery officers had the range so accurately, that every shot and shell fell into the very centre of their masses" (Original inscription and drawing after 3524: 1688: 1546:. They were placed as a guard against a wide flanking movement and also to act as a rearguard if Wellington was forced to retreat towards Antwerp and the coast. 1274:

The initial dispositions of Wellington, the British commander, were intended to counter the threat of Napoleon enveloping the Coalition armies by moving through

1166:, a large artificial hill constructed from earth taken from the battlefield itself, but the topography of the battlefield near the mound has not been preserved. 6131:

Voices from the Past: Waterloo 1815: History's most famous battle told through eyewitness accounts, newspaper reports, parliamentary debate, memoirs and diaries

4707:

Jomini was Swiss, but was an officer, eventually a general, in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ney. He later served in the Russian army.

4192:, pp. 134–136(vol.2)). He wrote a 32-page report, right after the battle. This report forms the basis of most of the other literature mentioned here: see 10917:

Francois, Pieter. "'The Best Way to See Waterloo is with your Eyes Shut' British 'Histourism,' Authenticity and Commercialism in the Mid-Nineteenth Century".

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The Royal Horse Guards (2 squadrons) were in reserve for the Household Brigade (9 or 10 squadrons strong) but the Union Brigade (9 squadrons) had no reserve (

4265:

square of the 5th Dutch Militia, which was in reserve between Picton's troops, about 100 paces to the rear. There they regrouped under the command of Colonel

3134:'s stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance. His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French. 776: 10624: 10595: 3548:

looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history, seeing it in retrospect as the event that ushered in the

3025:, on the right along the road, to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers, then the 1st/3rd Chasseurs under General 11872: 3511: 2017:, to "march to the sound of the guns", but stuck to his orders and engaged the Prussian III Corps rearguard, under the command of Lieutenant-General Baron 1908:'s 3rd Hanoverian Brigade, and successfully repulsed further infantry and cavalry attacks sent by Reille. Hougoumont held out until the end of the battle. 11106: 1309:

Only very late on the night of 15 June was Wellington certain that the Charleroi attack was the main French thrust. In the early hours of 16 June, at the

3751:("The Wounded Eagle"), marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle. 2853: 2520:

ordered his artillery crews to take shelter within the squares as the cavalry approached, and to return to their guns and resume fire as they retreated.

1077:), many states that had previously opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition and hurriedly mobilised their armies. Wellington's and Blücher's armies were 786: 10995:

Reynolds, Luke Alexander Lewis. "Who Owned Waterloo? Wellington's Veterans and the Battle for Relevance" (PhD. Diss. City University of New York, 2019)

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about 23:00, with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt. There, Napoleon's abandoned carriage was captured, still containing

2935: 2904: 2253:

as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers."

1348:, using part of the reserve and the right wing of his army. The Prussian centre gave way under heavy French assaults, but the flanks held their ground. 8686: 5207: 3617:, who as a young colonel had served as chief-of-staff to Thielmann's Prussian III Corps during the Waterloo campaign, expressed the following opinion: 3337: 2531:

A British eyewitness of the first French cavalry attack, an officer in the Foot Guards, recorded his impressions very lucidly and somewhat poetically:

1349: 771: 11068: 4093:

The straight-line distance from Halle to Braine-l'Alleud, Wellington's far right flank is nearly the same as the straight-line distance from Wavre to

13946: 10978:

Keirstead, Christopher and Marysa Demoor, eds. "Special Issue: Waterloo and Its Afterlife in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical and Newspaper Press".

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were assaulting Wellington's centre. The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road, the only line of retreat available to the French.

2841: 1303: 1268: 761: 10961: 10533: 3254:

The French right, left, and centre had all now failed. The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around

2893: 1113:. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, the Anglo-allied army repulsed the Imperial Guard, and the French army was routed. 13429: 9257: 5690: 3837:. There, the ground-down bones were fired in kilns to make bone-char, which was then used to filter sugar syrup as part of the production process. 2872:

s right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat. Hiller's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit.

2353:

captured by the British during the battle. On Wellington's extreme left, Durutte's division had time to form squares and fend off groups of Greys.

8576: 5552: 4243:

historians. Van Zuylen rallied 400 men, according to his estimate, who were ready to join the counterattack and even captured two French fanions (

3817:

A possible reason for the absence of human remains in any quantity is that European battlefields of the time were often scoured for bones to make

2025:. Moreover, Soult's letter ordering Grouchy to move quickly to join Napoleon and attack Bülow would not actually reach Grouchy until after 20:00. 1674:, which was garrisoned with 400 light infantry of the King's German Legion. On the opposite side of the road was a disused sand quarry, where the 100: 13881: 13753: 13726: 9261: 5982: 3758:

mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen. It is located at the side of Saint Martin's Church in Ways, a hamlet in the municipality of

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to launch a friendly revolution. Also, coalition troops in Belgium were largely second line, as many units were of dubious quality and loyalty.

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A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position. The

3531:

young men. Despite the efforts of scavengers both human and otherwise, human remains could still be seen at Waterloo a year after the battle.

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soldiers in the Coalition armies had spent some of their time in the French army or in armies allied to the Napoleonic regime. The historian

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Eventually it became obvious, even to Ney, that cavalry alone were achieving little. Belatedly, he organised a combined-arms attack, using

1256:

mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon. Critically outnumbered, Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more members of the

51: 11165:– "For records of medals awarded for service before 1914, search by name on the Ancestry website. There are separate search pages for the 9421: 5428: 3567:

of 1853–1856. Changes to the configuration of European states, as refashioned in the aftermath of Waterloo, included the formation of the

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Clausewitz, Carl von; Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of (2010), Bassford, Christopher; Moran, Daniel; Pedlow, Gregory W. (eds.),

5716: 1654:

In front of the ridge, there were three positions that could be fortified. On the extreme right were the château, garden, and orchard of

1241: 1011: 398: 282: 174: 5121: 2764:. That fire nearly annihilated the 27th Foot, the Inniskillings, who lost two thirds of their strength within that three or four hours. 2631: 1162:, and about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the town of Waterloo. The site of the battlefield today is dominated by the monument of the 13976: 11286: 11279: 4123:

That is, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Among Prussian regiments, "F/12th" denoted the fusilier battalion of the 12th Regiment.

3598:, one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war, had a number of theories to explain Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. 2876:

Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting—they did not deign to fire their muskets—this force recaptured the village.

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and a reserve under his command (although all three elements remained close enough to support one another). Crossing the frontier near

766: 736: 11669: 2145:, and the 92nd Gordons, totalling something over 2,000 men. A very even fight between British and French infantry was about to occur. 1990:

was too far back to aim accurately, and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack, and

11689: 11549: 11214: 10741: 4690:, p. 37) "No international disturbance comparable in magnitude...has ever been followed by such a protracted period of peace". ( 1525: 8458: 13334: 11480: 10506: 9005:, vol. I: Quatre-Bras. II: Waterloo. III: Annexes and notes. IV: supplement: maps and plans, Brussels: Librairie Albert de Wit 3346: 3052: 1406: 1237: 1209: 294: 3137:

The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions (some sources say four) just south of La Haye Sainte for a

2596:

extent ... the discharge of every gun was followed by a fall of men and horses like that of grass before the mower's scythe.

13986: 13830: 13696: 13354: 11731: 10716:

and Wellington's lengthy 1842 essay written in response to Clausewitz, as well as supporting documents and essays by the editors.

4304:, pp. 7–10), however, Capt. Naylor of the King's implies 3 when he states he commanded the centre squadron of the regiment ( 2908: 2735: 2222: 1991: 1542:, 8 miles (13 km) away to the west. They were mostly composed of Dutch troops under the Prince of Orange's younger brother, 1326: 3563:

There followed almost four decades of international peace in Europe. No further major international conflict occurred until the

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with oak leaves for the feat. By this time 78 guns and 2,000 prisoners had also been taken, including more generals.

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states that in this heterogeneous army the difference between British and foreign troops did not prove significant under fire.

4430:

killed – 264, wounded – 310, missing – 38, totals – 612, horses lost – 631 (

2722:

The success Napoleon needed to continue his offensive had occurred. Ney was on the verge of breaking the Anglo-allied centre.

2067:'s) on the right. They were led by Ney to the assault, each column having a front of about a hundred and sixty to two hundred 1963: 13554: 13454: 13374: 10868: 10833: 10812: 10794: 10776: 10731: 10706: 10674: 10647: 10497: 10479: 10461: 10413: 10383: 10365: 10322: 10298: 10278: 10225: 10128: 9978: 9957: 9926: 9803: 9785: 9752: 9730: 9708: 9690: 9667: 9649: 9620: 9525: 9507: 9469: 9451: 9396: 9374: 9345: 9323: 9297: 9278: 9094: 9054: 9028: 8987: 8965: 8947: 8908: 8890: 6684: 6472: 6139: 5594: 5465: 5362: 5332: 4493:

A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie and Tauris (

4132:

Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the cost (

3734:

The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented, however.

3153:. It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender, eliciting the famous, if apocryphal, retort " 2368:

Napoleon promptly responded by ordering a counter-attack by the cuirassier brigades of Farine and Travers and Jaquinot's two

1529: 1322: 10985:

Mongin, Philippe. "A game-theoretic analysis of the Waterloo campaign and some comments on the analytic narrative project".

10206:"Only full skeleton retrieved from Battle of Waterloo in 200 years identified by historian after being found under car park" 10045: 3763: 3126:

The last of the Guard retreated headlong. A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread: "

850: 687: 13259: 11128: 10893:

Bridoux, Jeff. "'Next to a battle lost, the greatest misery is a battle gained': the Battle of Waterloo-myth and reality".

5296: 5067: 3155: 2657: 2412: 2218: 2194: 2041: 1928: 9913:

Kincaid, Captain J. (2006), "The Final Attack The Rifle Brigade Advance 7 pm 18 June 1815", in Lewis-Stemple, John (ed.),

2341:. The Inniskillings routed the other brigade of Quoit's division, and the Scots Greys came upon the lead French regiment, 1728: 1147:. In popular culture, the phrase "meeting one's Waterloo" has become an expression for someone suffering a final defeat. 14021: 13349: 11791: 11338: 10581: 7358:

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley duke of (1838). The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington. Vol. 12. p. 484. at

3112: 2792: 2490: 1543: 20: 12987: 10181: 8294: 4377:'s book, he makes an estimate of around 900 men actually in line within the Union Brigade before its first charge ( 2579:

At least one artillery officer disobeyed Wellington's order to seek shelter in the adjacent squares during the charges.

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To their left, the Union Brigade suddenly swept through the infantry lines, giving rise to the legend that some of the

1707:

with 13,000 infantry, and 1,300 cavalry, and a cavalry reserve of 4,600. In the centre about the road south of the inn

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This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in

3560:

and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history.

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volunteer formations from the wars of 1813–1814 were in the process of being absorbed into the line, along with many

1260:

from invading France had failed, his only chance of remaining in power was to attack before the coalition mobilised.

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Letters from the Battle of Waterloo: the unpublished correspondence by Anglo-allied officers from the Siborne papers

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of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas, and the reshaping of the former

2064: 13941: 13876: 13559: 13414: 13394: 11903: 10553: 9584: 6481: 3351: 3079: 3045: 2045: 1913: 1901: 1580: 1510: 1330: 672: 13419: 11674: 8513: 6272: 2489:' light cavalry division of the Imperial Guard, some 4,800 sabres, were committed. When these were repulsed, 2378: 1279: 1223: 1047: 305: 13851: 13783: 13635: 13464: 13339: 12695: 12100: 11359: 11174: 10601: 4063:, thought the Brunswickers "...perfect children. None of the privates, perhaps were over eighteen years of age" ( 3494: 3242: 2262: 2060: 1983: 9936: 3502: 3289:

declared, and the army formed nothing but a confused mass. There was not, however, a total rout, nor the cry of

1630:, as he had many times previously, Wellington concealed his strength from the French, with the exception of his 1109:

evening, Napoleon assaulted the Anglo-allied line with his last reserves, the senior infantry battalions of the

13675: 13359: 13304: 13299: 12655: 12533: 12176: 12054: 11877: 11465: 11069:

Map of the battlefield on modern Google map and satellite photographs showing main locations of the battlefield

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mass grave being discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries; only two complete human skeletons have been found.

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An additional consideration for Napoleon was that a French victory might cause French-speaking sympathisers in

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Hoorebeeke, C. van (September–October 2007), "Blackman, John-Lucie: pourquoi sa tombe est-elle à Hougomont?",

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requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had never yet fired a shot (

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Waterloo proved a decisive battle in more than one sense. Each generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the

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describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a

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Kennaway, James. "Military surgery as national romance: the memory of British heroic fortitude at Waterloo".

5200: 4527:(1847) , "Beschouwingen over Siborne's Geschiedenis van den oorlog van 1815 in Frankrijk en de Nederlanden", 2699:

up towards Wellington's centre. French artillery began to pulverise the infantry squares at short range with

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Wellington was also acutely short of heavy cavalry, having only seven British and three Dutch regiments. The

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The battle of Waterloo, containing the series of accounts published by authority, British and foreign pp.=45

4273:, p. ). These are the only letters that actually state some details about the Dutch and Belgian troops. 3304:

In the middle of the position occupied by the French army, and exactly upon the height, is a farm [

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The time they occupied in approaching seemed interminable. Both they and my watch seemed to have stuck fast.

2356: 2157: 13721: 13459: 12634: 12382: 12297: 12009: 11721: 10900:

Esdaile. Charles J. "Napoleon at Waterloo: The events of 18 June 1815 analyzed via historical simulation".

9888: 7232: 3703: 3431: 3248: 2703:. The 30th and 73rd Regiments suffered such heavy losses that they had to combine to form a viable square. 2486: 2214: 2007: 1549:

The Prussian army was in the throes of reorganisation. In 1815, the former Reserve regiments, Legions, and

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with the Prussian rear-guard on 18–19 June and prevented that French force from participating at Waterloo.

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Letters from the battle of Waterloo: unpublished correspondence by Allied officers from the Siborne papers

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from Wellington to commit these forces at his discretion. Wellington stationed a further 17,000 troops at

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attack began around 11:30. The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of

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the KGL, the Fifth, to recapture the farm despite the obvious presence of enemy cavalry. Their Colonel,

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with 16,000 infantry and 1,500 cavalry, plus a cavalry reserve of 4,700. On the left was II Corps under

1104:

Upon learning that the Prussian Army was able to support him, Wellington decided to offer battle on the

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to the south-west of Brussels. This would have pushed Wellington closer to the Prussian forces, led by

812: 13439: 13264: 12831: 10096: 10033: 5974: 1325:, was holding a tenuous position against the soldiers of Ney's left wing. Prince Bernhard and General 1120:

and Napoleon's last. It was also the second bloodiest single day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, after

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The Prussian 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the

2258: 12856: 12487: 12467: 12277: 11963: 11699: 10973: 9479: 8635:"These spots of excavation tell: using early visitor accounts to map the missing graves of waterloo" 2955: 13996: 13595: 13379: 13219: 13037: 12836: 12780: 12775: 12710: 12639: 12507: 12407: 12246: 12186: 12034: 11535: 10912: 10787:

1815: The Waterloo Campaign: Wellington, His German Allies and the Battles of Ligny and Quatre Bras

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Cowards at Waterloo?: A Re-Examination of Bijlandt's Dutch-Belgian Brigade in the Campaign of 1815

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Napoleon breakfasted off silver plate at Le Caillou, the house where he had spent the night. When

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and was shocked by the speed of Napoleon's advance. He hastily ordered his army to concentrate on

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Blücher that the Prussian army would support him. He decided to hold his ground and give battle.

1212:, commander of the Anglo-allied army, who had gained notable successes against the French in the 726: 719: 13620: 12906: 12871: 11958: 10924:

Heffernan, Julian Jimenez. "Lying Epitaphs: 'Vanity Fair', Waterloo, and the Cult of the Dead".

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Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015

8901:

One Leg: The Life and Letters of Henry William Paget, First Marquess of Anglesey, K.G. 1768–1854

3203: 3070: 3011: 2845: 2494: 1642: 1505:. In addition, there were 21,035 (28.3%) Dutch-Belgian and Nassauer troops, 11,496 (15.5%) from 1426:, who exercised tactical control of the greater part of the French forces for most of the battle 13680: 13640: 13625: 13605: 13580: 13434: 13178: 13093: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13027: 13017: 12921: 12876: 12861: 12392: 12110: 12014: 11989: 11948: 11898: 11882: 11439: 10821: 10088: 9427: 5432: 3925: 3834: 3473: 3454: 3341: 2825: 2784: 2571: 2556: 2226: 1655: 1567:

Offsetting these handicaps, the Prussian army had excellent and professional leadership in its

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Waterloo: The Campaign of 1815, Volume II: From Waterloo to the Restoration of Peace in Europe

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Masson, David; et al. (1869), "Historical Forgeries and Kosciuszko's "Finis Poloniae"",

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troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left.

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en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger

2896:(Zieten's) had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie. General 2528:

brigade from joining in, but eventually Ney spotted them and insisted on their involvement.

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Both Hougoumont and Papelotte were fortified and garrisoned, and thus anchored Wellington's

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24,000 to 26,000 dead and wounded including 6,000 to 7,000 captured (according to Barbero).

3936: 3595: 3576: 3447: 3368: 2788: 2551: 2198: 2018: 1568: 340: 13289: 12543: 12412: 12352: 12251: 12181: 10934:"A Negotiated Truce: The Battle of Waterloo in European Memory since the Second World War" 10747: 10428:

Histoire du consulat et de l'empire, faisant suite à l'Histoire de la révolution française

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Belgians at Waterloo: With Translations of the Reports of the Dutch and Belgian Commanders

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Waterloo Campaign § Invasion of France and the occupation of Paris (18 June – 7 July)

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During this time many of Wellington's generals and aides were killed or wounded including

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and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions. Further attacks by the 13th

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Napoleon & Wellington: The Battle of Waterloo and the Great Commanders Who Fought It

9147:(2nd ed.), London: printed for J. Booth and T. Ergeton; Military Library, Whitehall 4543: 3000: 2708:

enabled them to maintain a most destructive fire upon Alten's left and Kempt's right ...

1880: 707: 13913: 13716: 13711: 13655: 13610: 13539: 13409: 13254: 13244: 13239: 13098: 12946: 12866: 12826: 12810: 12800: 12770: 12755: 12745: 12705: 12675: 12629: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12357: 12292: 12064: 12029: 12004: 11806: 11756: 11706: 11684: 11664: 11659: 11117: 10953: 10874: 10846: 10695:; Wellesley, Arthur (2010), Christopher Bassford; Daniel Moran; Gregory Pedlow (eds.), 10625:

The real fate of the Waterloo Fallen. The exploitation of bones in 19th century Belgium

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From Corunna to Waterloo: the Letters and Journals of Two Napoleonic Hussars, 1801–1816

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H.A.L. Howell (1924). "The British Medical Arrangements during the Waterloo Campaign".

5861: 3650: 3410: 3237: 3131: 3108: 2990: 2982: 2960: 2860:) was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington's left flank in the Frichermont- 2210: 2187: 2034: 1959:

Map of the battle: Napoleon's units are in blue, Wellington's in red, Blücher's in grey

1790: 1692: 1646:

A view of the battlefield from the Lion's Mound. At the top right are the buildings of

1636: 1528:

imposed many of his staff officers on Wellington, including his second-in-command, the

1518: 1506: 1361:'s IV Corps, which had not been engaged at Ligny and was in a strong position south of 1253: 1234: 1226:

commanded the Prussian army, one of the Coalition armies that defeated Napoleon at the

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Earliest report of the battle in a London newspaper from The Morning Post 22 June 1815

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I saw the Garde Impériale advancing while the English troops were leaving the plateau

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also moved forward in support; Duchand's battery, in particular, inflicting losses on

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England: The Autobiography: 2,000 Years of English History by Those Who Saw it Happen

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Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15

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stronghold, the British and Hanoverian losses were only 847 men out of 2,200 engaged.

4548:– written in 1816 on the basis of eyewitness accounts does not mention the incident). 3943: 3767: 3572: 3553: 3549: 3048:(on horseback), place a gun in position against the French Guard (on the right side). 2230: 2110: 2100: 1889: 1711:

were a reserve including Lobau's VI Corps with 6,000 men, the 13,000 infantry of the

1708: 1666: 1386: 1374: 1257: 1227: 1175: 1117: 1067: 1007: 987: 805: 653: 627: 540: 510: 89: 37: 12523: 10696: 10564:, Osprey Campaign Series, vol. 15, London: Reed International Books, p. 42 10056: 9232: 8153: 7340: 5201:"The campaign of 1815: a study – A fundamental choice: a defensive or offensive war" 5143: 4327: 4057: 3725: 3281: 2602: 2580: 1849: 1457:, a multinational army under Wellington, and a Prussian army under General Blücher. 13590: 13474: 13274: 13113: 13012: 12997: 12846: 12795: 12715: 12624: 12579: 12528: 12442: 12327: 12236: 12226: 12120: 12059: 11821: 10945: 10805:

Wellington's Smallest Victory: The Duke, the Model Maker and the Secret of Waterloo

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Correspondance de Napoléon Ier; publiée par ordre de l'empereur Napoléon III (1858)

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Uxbridge recorded that he tried to lead the Dutch Carabiniers, under Major-General

2068: 1482: 1198: 1085:, before they could link up and invade France with other members of the coalition. 1082: 506: 13364: 11195: 9108: 8651: 8634: 8222: 3130:!" ("The Guard is retreating. Every man for himself!") Wellington now stood up in 2500: 2006:

At about 13:15, Napoleon saw the first columns of Prussians around the village of

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They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions

9000: 8345: 8318: 8298: 7622: 7365: 6924:, pp. 329, 349 (composition of brigades); pp. 422–424 (actions of brigades). 5746: 5742: 5611: 5322: 4792:(including 4,500 killed or wounded by the Prussians; 19,500–21,500 by Wellington) 4398: 3948: 3707: 3689: 3676: 3545: 3356: 3172: 3083: 2696: 2649: 2516: 2327: 2284: 2022: 1820: 1639:, in the expectation that the Prussians would reinforce his left during the day. 1345: 1249: 1163: 1098: 1089: 1051: 1023: 999: 936: 890: 882: 874: 866: 677: 666: 647: 634: 516: 446: 222: 13736: 11194:

French, Prussian and Anglo-allied uniforms during the Battle of Waterloo :

11134: 10853: 10591:. Study of the campaign of 1815, based on sources from all participating armies. 5292: 5097: 4655:, so the retort, if ever given, or in whatever form it took, may have come from 3460:

on 15 July. There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out;

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was blockading French ports to forestall such a move. He finally surrendered to

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on 22 June. Wellington, Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris.

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On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian army at the

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Private of the Chevau-légers of the line (lancers) who routed the Union Brigade

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on 3 July 1815. Allegedly, Napoleon tried to escape to North America, but the

2381:'s cuirassiers, joined by lancers from Baron Jaquinot's 1st Cavalry Division. 1857: 1385:

allowed Wellington, there was no substantial engagement, apart from a cavalry

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An Illustrated Introduction to the Battle of Waterloo – Quatre Bras and Ligny

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49,608 infantry, 12,408 cavalry, and 5,645 artillery according to Clodfelter.

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Bonaparte, Napoleon (1995), Chandler, David G.; Cairnes, William E. (eds.),

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A Desperate Business: Wellington, The British Army and the Waterloo Campaign

8160: 4629:, originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison de Rougemont in 4514:

On the contrary, many contradicted this British account vehemently. See e.g.

3854:

Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non-standard value of

1233:

On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the

1137:. It set a historical milestone between serial European wars and decades of 1097:

third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, which resulted in the separate

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with his main force, while a small portion of the French army contested the

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La campagne de 1815 aux Pays-Bas d'après les rapports officiels néerlandais

8352:. Translated by Cullen, John. London: Atlantic Books Ltd (published 2013). 4652: 3481: 3469: 3194:

The first meeting of Dutch and Prussian troops in Plancenoit in the evening

3018: 2575:

A British square puts up dogged resistance against attacking French cavalry

2443:. The wounded Prince of Orange is carried from the field in the foreground. 2306: 1905: 1893: 1619: 1533: 1490: 1074: 919: 800: 615: 336: 135: 9502:, vol. 52 of Elite Series (illustrated ed.), Osprey Publishing, 7132: 7130: 3006: 45: 13564: 13534: 13522: 13479: 13234: 10842: 10315:[https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&pg=PA128 128] 9845: 9483: 4322: 4094: 3720: 3564: 3465: 3424: 3271: 3207:

cuirass holed by a cannonball at Waterloo, belonging to Antoine Fauveau (

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Major Macready, Light Division, 30th British Regiment, Halkett's brigade.

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Albert Smith, Charles Dickens, William Harrison Ainsworth (eds.) (1851)

1904:, a British infantry regiment. Adam's brigade was further reinforced by 1835:

Wellington's army from the Prussians and drive it back towards the sea.

1718:

In the right rear of the French position was the substantial village of

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Dickinson of the Scots Greys, the last British survivor of the charge (

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awarded to those soldiers of the British Army who fought at the battle.

3822: 3443: 3434:

on 24 June 1815. In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal

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Other sources agree that the meeting of the commanders took place near

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The blows of the sabres on the cuirasses sounded like braziers at work.

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Journal of the Waterloo Campaign: Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815

10062:

Journal of the Waterloo Campaign: Kept Throughout the Campaign of 1815

9224:

Attack the Colour! The Royal Dragoons in the Peninsula and at Waterloo

4801:

French artillery inflicted 13,300 casualties with 20,760 rounds fired.

4783:

Allied artillery inflicted 14,000 casualties with 21,500 rounds fired.

11002:

Rigney, Ann. "Reframing Waterloo: Memory, mediation, experience", in

10358:

The Longest Afternoon: The 400 Men Who Decided the Battle of Waterloo

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impossible or useless, would have been much less certain of success.

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Meanwhile, on 16 June, Napoleon attacked and defeated Blücher at the

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The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World: from Marathon to Waterloo

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Bowden, in Armies at Waterloo gives 74,500 men and 254 guns. Pag 134

5494: 5379: 5169: 2179: 1801: 1197:'s strategy was to isolate the Anglo-allied and Prussian armies and 13214: 11414: 11073: 10588: 8236: 3245:

invites the last remnants of the French Imperial Guard to surrender

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Waterloo: The History of Four Days, Three Armies and Three Battles

8919:

Wellington's Hidden Heroes: The Dutch and the Belgians at Waterloo

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stronghold alone, the French lost 5,000 men out of 12,700 engaged.

3065:

and moving in the direction of Waterloo; the battle seemed lost...

1605:

An 1816 map of the local topography and the location of the battle

1282:, but might have cut Wellington's communications with his base at 11181: 9813:"Die Toten von Waterloo: Aus dem Massengrab in die Zuckerfabrik?" 9590: 8958:

The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (translated by John Cullen)

8800:"Die Toten von Waterloo: Aus dem Massengrab in die Zuckerfabrik?" 7995: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7076: 6788: 6415: 6403: 5849:"British Army establishments during the Napoleonic Wars (Part 1)" 4229:

Van Zuylen report; he refers to himself as "the chief-of-staff" (

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from the left at a distance of 400 paces apart—the 2nd Division (

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This on-line text contains Clausewitz's 58-chapter study of the

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A voice from Waterloo. A history of the battle, on 18 June 1815.

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Napoleon and Grouchy: The Last Great Waterloo Mystery Unravelled

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was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to

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The leftmost division advanced on the walled farmhouse compound

1982:

drew up in the centre. These opened fire at 11:50, according to

1081:

close to the northeastern border of France. Napoleon planned to

11344: 11333: 10627:, Brussels, Journal of Belgian History, Cegesoma, December 2023 8561:"Rescuing the farm where Wellington won the battle of Waterloo" 5157: 3845:

As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle, in 2015

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and overwhelmed Grenier's brigade. These would be the only two

1765:

Morning of the battle, initial disposition of opposing forces (

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The Royal Waggon Train: Maintaining the British Army 1803–1833

9878:

The Political and Military History of the Campaign of Waterloo

9234:

On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815.

8798:

Homann, Arne; Wilkin, Bernard; Schäfer, Robin (January 2023).

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On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815

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On The Fields Of Glory: The Battlefields of the 1815 Campaign

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On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815

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The dentures made from the teeth of dead soldiers at Waterloo

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With La Haye Sainte captured, Ney then moved skirmishers and

2197:, known as the Household Brigade, commanded by Major-General 2186:, the charge of the Royal Scots Greys at Waterloo painted by 1370: 1362: 1155: 1073:

Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815 (beginning the

1039: 11234: 9134:, vol. 28, Paris H. Plon, J. Dumaine, pp. 292, 293 7950: 7181: 7103: 6992: 6367: 6343: 5381:

The Road to Waterloo: a concise history of the 1815 campaign

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as it prepares to attack the Anglo-allied centre at Waterloo

1473:

force, so that support for other units was often not given.

1150:

The battlefield is located in the Belgian municipalities of

1054:

on the same day. The battle was known contemporarily as the

10250: 10246:

Le soldat retrouvé sur le site de Waterloo serait Hanovrien

9087:[https://books.google.com/books?id=NCOEYJ0q-DUC 12] 8591: 8419: 7962: 7921: 7818: 7743: 7512: 7497: 7272: 7248: 7154: 6900: 6875: 6851: 6764: 6728: 6604: 6553: 6288: 6087: 6051: 6002: 6000: 5950: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4172: 4097:, Wellington's far left flank, around 8 miles (13 km). 3952: 3850: 3762:. Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the 2900:, the Prussian liaison to Wellington, rode to meet Zieten. 1950: 1010:. One of these was a British-led force with units from the 10188:, vol. 1, London: Cassell and Company, archived from 10035:

Prussian Reserve Infantry 1813–1815: Part II: Organisation

9565:

After Waterloo: Reminiscences of European Travel 1815–1819

8053: 8041: 8029: 7873: 7719: 7704: 7689: 7646: 7631: 7602: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7536: 7475: 7473: 7455: 7260: 7193: 6160: 5517: 5457:

Why the Germans Lost: The Rise and Fall of the Black Eagle

5181: 4851: 4651:

in June 1932, Cambronne was already a prisoner of Colonel

3399:

Invasion of France by the Seventh Coalition armies in 1815

2059:'s) on the right of Bourgeois' brigade, the 3rd Division ( 11009:

Seaton, A.V. "War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815–1914".

10515:

Wellington's Dispatches Peninsular and Waterloo 1808–1815

8221: 7837: 7779: 7590: 7004: 6863: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6236: 6104: 6102: 6029: 6027: 5406:

Clayton, Tim. Waterloo(2014)e-book edition. Pags 137-140

5025: 5023: 5021: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4940: 4759:

Bodart's older estimate of 288 guns total for the Allies.

4077: 3438:, Napoleon's minister of war, was defeated by Blücher at 3306: 1321:, where the Prince of Orange, with the brigade of Prince 9938:

France's new Waterloo? Euro coin marks Napoleon's defeat

9719:

Waterloo, New Perspectives, The Great Battle Reappraised

9701:

Waterloo. New Perspectives. The Great Battle Reappraised

8687:"Archaeologists Uncover Rare Human Skeleton at Waterloo" 8101: 7767: 7371: 7318: 7316: 7301: 7222: 7220: 7171: 7169: 7064: 7040: 7028: 6827: 6740: 6660: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6184: 6063: 5997: 5938: 5893: 5827: 5620: 4916: 4863: 2610:

For reasons that remain unclear, no attempt was made to

1912:

I had occupied that post with a detachment from General

1501:

were being transported to North America to fight in the

10522:

White, John (14 December 2011), Burnham, Robert (ed.),

10313:(illustrated ed.), Yale University Press, p. 9387:(illustrated ed.), Yale University Press, p. 8528: 8260: 8005: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7560: 7548: 7524: 7485: 7470: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7383: 7289: 7142: 7093: 7091: 6951: 6815: 6776: 6752: 6672: 6580: 6439: 6427: 6391: 6355: 6196: 6148: 5872: 5529: 5409: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 2393:

three of the Scots Greys who had attempted the rescue.

1691:

on that flank, and some very wet ground in the Smohain

1264:

turning his armies against the Austrians and Russians.

1066:

in Prussia ("the Beautiful Alliance"; after the inn of

10861:

To War with Wellington, From the Peninsula to Waterloo

10768:

The Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History, 1792–1815

9310:(2015), "Those terrible grey horses, how they fight", 9292:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 9177:

Armies at Waterloo: A detailed analysis of the armies.

8845: 8485: 8089: 7115: 7016: 6927: 6695:

Letter 16: Frederick Stovin (ADC to Sir Thomas Picton)

6497: 6379: 6329: 6327: 6300: 6260: 6099: 6024: 5791: 5474: 5237: 5018: 5006: 4987: 4637:, p. 128) although Cambronne claimed he replied " 2163: 1936:

towards our columns, which were standing up in square.

1050:; a fourth corps (the 3rd) of this army fought at the 11209:

Records and images from the UK Parliament Collections

11074:

1816 Map of the battlefield with initial dispositions

9586:

Le costume et les armes des soldats de tous les temps

9547:. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. 9423:

Drouet's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament

7909: 7897: 7885: 7755: 7313: 7217: 7166: 6803: 6621: 6248: 6172: 6075: 6012: 5914: 5249: 4975: 3464:

capitulated on 13 September 1815, the last to do so.

3044:

Soldiers of the Dutch artillery, under leadership of

2730:

as, "... a measure that was without precedent".

2725:

Along with this artillery fire a multitude of French

2033:

A little after 13:00, I Corps' attack began in large

10888:

A Model Victory: Waterloo and the Battle for History

10746:, London: George Routledge & Co., archived from 10290:

Waterloo: 18 June 1815, the Battle for Modern Europe

10160:

Hussar General: The Life of Blücher, Man of Waterloo

10046:"When Napoleon Met His Waterloo, He Was Out of Town" 9230: 9183: 8899:

Anglesey, Marquess of (George C.H.V. Paget) (1990),

8248: 8077: 8065: 7933: 7205: 7088: 6648: 6516: 6312: 5670: 5149: 5131: 4963: 4828: 4200:; Boulger has an English translation of the report ( 3881: 3512:

The Chelsea Pensioners reading the Waterloo Dispatch

2048:') was to attack the eastern side of the same post. 1453:

Three armies participated in the battle: Napoleon's

10220:, Men at Arms nr 98. 1815, Osprey, pp. 37–43, 9444:

A Military History and Atlas of the Napoleonic Wars

9426:, Napoleon Bonaparte Internet Guide, archived from 9016: 8797: 8437: 8113: 6039: 5854:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

5815: 5803: 5492: 2672: 2225:, was so called as it consisted of an English (the 10431:(in French), vol. 20, Paris: Lheureux et Cie. 10406:Who was who at Waterloo: a biography of the battle 10116: 9767:, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, pp. 9385:Wellington's Wars: The Making of a Military Genius 9214:Waterloo Lectures: A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815 9107: 8833: 8821:Schäfer, Robin; Wilkin, Bernard (1 January 2023). 8506:"The importance of maps at the Battle of Waterloo" 8451:"Part 5 of Clautwitz: On Waterloo, Chapters 40–49" 8181: 8179: 7974: 5847: 5638: 5609: 5574: 5572: 5570: 3579:increasingly marked by the political dominance of 3293:, as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin. 10392:Steele, Charles (2014), Zabecki, David T. (ed.), 9716: 9698: 9545:A History of the British Army, Vol. 10: 1814-1815 9485:Deeds that Won the Empire. Historic Battle Scenes 9416: 9271:Waterloo, Four days that changed Europe's destiny 8874:Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 19 8717: 8705: 8023: 6845: 6797: 6574: 6534: 6421: 6409: 5932: 5163: 4934: 4910: 4248: 4217: 3162: 1618:. Near the crossroads with the Brussels road was 1469:who were armed with lances, sabres and firearms. 14032:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving Prussia 13928: 11298:"Rethinking Waterloo from Multiple Perspectives" 9017:Bassford, C.; Moran, D.; Pedlow, G. W. (2015) . 2626: 13727:England expects that every man will do his duty 11278:George Nafgizer collection Waterloo ORBATs for 11060:from the 1911 edition is also available online. 11020:edited by Paul O'Keeffe. (Vintage Books, 2015). 10852:; A study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme 10107:, vol. 19, Macmillan and Company, p. 10065:, vol. 1, Edinburgh / London: W. Blackwood 9811:Homann, Arne; Wilkin, Bernard; Schäfer, Robin. 9778:1815: The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory 9442:Esposito, Vincent Joseph; Elting, John (1999), 9110:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) 8176: 5567: 4645:, p. 12) However, according to letters in 4540:An historical account of the battle of Waterloo 4171:Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl: 3367:"The morning after the battle of Waterloo", by 2950: 2746:and pushed Mercer back. Mercer later recalled, 2040:The one exception was the 1st Division (led by 2028: 2001: 10447: 9582: 9441: 9075:Boller, Paul F. Jr.; George Jr., John (1989), 8278: 7737: 7683: 7671: 7136: 6945: 6598: 5057:, Volume 30, Publisher, Richard Bentley, p. 57 3613:The Prussian soldier, historian, and theorist 3227:Official History of the 25th Regiment, 4 Corps 3159:" ("The Guard dies, it does not surrender!"). 2275:of the Scots Greys capturing the eagle of the 2091:d'Erlon's left flank as his attack developed. 13784: 11543: 11360: 11145:Book review of the "Waterloo Medal Roll Call" 10394:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 9829:Bulletin de l'Association Belge Napoléonienne 9221: 8820: 8503: 8131: 7082: 6986: 5453: 5346: 5344: 1313:in Brussels, he received a dispatch from the 1158:, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of 599: 11239:Official guides of the Waterloo battlefield. 11175:Empire and Sea Power: The Battle of Waterloo 11160:British military campaign and service medals 11032:Courage, Blood & Luck: Poems of Waterloo 10919:Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 10880: 9256:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 8995: 8960:(paperback ed.), Walker & Company, 8312:How were Napoleonic battlefields cleaned up? 8134:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 7867: 7855: 7614: 6547: 6456: 6454: 5429:"The Battle of Quatre Bras (June 16th 1815)" 4750:246 guns according to Bodart and Clodfelter. 4625:The reply is commonly attributed to General 4244: 4230: 4193: 4189: 4159: 3706:ordered the construction of a monument. The 3682: 3632:Wellington wrote in his dispatch to London: 2804:Arrival of the Prussian IV Corps: Plancenoit 2459: 2415:in the centre, repelled the French cavalry. 1861:The gate on the north side assaulted by the 1373:of Mont-Saint-Jean, south of the village of 1116:Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the 10403: 8916: 7831: 6127: 5578: 5350: 5320: 5098:"Battle of Waterloo | National Army Museum" 4494: 13791: 13777: 11550: 11536: 11367: 11353: 11130:Eye witness accounts of Napoleonic warfare 10902:JAMS: Journal of Advanced Military Studies 10562:Waterloo, 1815: The Birth Of Modern Europe 10448:Uffindell, Andrew; Corum, Michael (2002), 10005:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9949:Jérôme Bonaparte: The War Years, 1800–1815 9917:(reprint ed.), UK: Penguin, pp. 9826: 9793: 9775: 9287: 9260:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 9166:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8867: 8600: 8242: 8059: 8047: 8035: 7999: 7879: 7725: 7713: 7698: 7659: 7640: 7608: 7596: 7584: 7464: 6869: 6492:Those terrible grey horses, how they fight 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 5961: 5944: 5911:Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag 272 5890:Bowden, Scott. Armies at Waterloo. pag.272 5688: 5655: 5626: 5377: 5341: 5267: 5041: 4957: 4898: 4886: 4857: 4458:History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery 3692:") overlooking the battlefield of Waterloo 3590:Views on the reasons for Napoleon's defeat 1967:Detailed map of the crisis of the battle ( 1738:Panorama of the Waterloo battlefield, 2012 986:) was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near 606: 592: 11305:European Association of History Education 10909:Historic Landscapes and Mental Well-Being 10505: 10351:(4th ed.), Westminster: A. Constable 10157: 10095:, London: Cassell & Company, p. 9934: 9881:(3rd ed.), New York; D. Van Nostrand 9764:The campaign of 1815, chiefly in Flanders 9583:Funcken, Fred; Funcken, Lilianne (1967), 9542: 9125: 8999:; Wommersom, J. De T'Serclaes de (1909), 8851: 8769:"Battle of Waterloo Bones found in Attic" 8766: 8729: 8680: 8678: 8650: 8479: 6451: 6278: 6214: 5845: 5833: 5316: 5314: 4589:, ). Similarly, Lewis, 2013, pp. 188–190. 4466:– The letter was originally published in 2810:Prussians attack out of the Wood of Paris 1532:. Uxbridge commanded the cavalry and had 13947:19th century in the Southern Netherlands 11481:Order of battle of the Waterloo Campaign 11111: 10789:, vol. 1, London: Greenhill Books, 10162:, Wordsworth Military Library, pp. 10136: 10043: 9965: 9835: 9780:, vol. 2, London: Greenhill Books, 9533: 9515: 9497: 9477: 9464:, Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books, 9331: 9306: 9201: 9049:, Dallington: Naval and Military Press, 9023:(online scan ed.). Clausewitz.com. 8898: 8735: 8549:, Chapter VII: Napoleon in a Good Humor. 8185: 8107: 7307: 7109: 7070: 7034: 6998: 6833: 6746: 6666: 6642: 6487: 6467:. Pen & Sword Books. pp. 309–. 6349: 6283:To Earl Bathurst. Waterloo, 19 June 1815 6226: 6202: 6154: 6093: 5899: 5878: 5642:A short detail of the battle of Waterloo 5632: 5535: 5447: 5415: 5243: 5231: 5175: 5137: 4741:7,232 gunners (according to Clodfelter). 4480:guns readily available, had they known ( 4146: 4107: 4081: 3788: 3675: 3665: 3539: 3501: 3484:, to throw myself upon the hospitality ( 3394: 3362: 3345: 3236: 3232: 3197: 3189: 3166: 3097: 3056:Chassé leads the advance of his division 3051: 3039: 3005: 2981: 2954: 2883: 2824: 2676: 2630: 2570: 2550: 2546:Captain Rees Howell Gronow, Foot Guards. 2499: 2471:leading the French cavalry charge, from 2463: 2425: 2383: 2355: 2267: 2239: 2178: 2109: 2073: 2013:Grouchy was advised by his subordinate, 1962: 1954: 1951:The Grand Battery starts its bombardment 1856: 1848: 1800: 1760: 1752: 1641: 1600: 1407:Order of battle of the Waterloo campaign 1218: 1210:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 1204: 1188: 1179: 295:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 13831:European School of Bruxelles-Argenteuil 11148:, The National Archive, archived from 10376:The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book 10341: 10330: 10306: 10286: 10268: 10256: 10069: 10055: 9912: 9903: 9886: 9850:"Chapter VII: Napoleon in a Good Humor" 9268: 9217:(3rd ed.), Longmans, Green, and Co 9210: 9151: 9130:, in Polon, Henri; Dumaine, J. (eds.), 9044: 8973: 8955: 8934: 8632: 8615:Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows 8534: 8414: 8392: 8340: 8266: 8011: 7968: 7956: 7927: 7749: 7620: 7569: 7554: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7491: 7479: 7449: 7437: 7425: 7413: 7389: 7377: 7346: 7334: 7295: 7283: 7187: 7160: 7148: 7121: 7058: 7022: 6969: 6957: 6921: 6909: 6881: 6857: 6821: 6782: 6770: 6758: 6734: 6722: 6706: 6678: 6615: 6586: 6562: 6445: 6433: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6294: 6266: 6242: 6190: 6178: 6166: 6114: 6108: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6033: 6018: 6006: 5920: 5797: 5741: 5523: 5480: 5255: 5187: 5029: 5012: 5000: 4969: 4922: 4687: 4634: 4586: 4573: 4559: 4378: 4340:The tale was related, in old age, by a 4309: 4301: 4287: 4201: 4133: 3328:, with this occurring at around 21:00. 2903:Zieten had by this time brought up the 2879: 2736:Christian Friedrich Wilhelm von Ompteda 274:Empire|flag icon/core|variant=|size=}} 13929: 11873:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 11004:The Varieties of Historical Experience 10559: 10511:"Wellington's Dispatches 19 June 1815" 10487: 10469: 10421: 10391: 10233: 10148: 10102: 10082: 10031: 10017:What was the name of Napoleon's horse? 10013: 9871: 9760: 9738: 9675: 9637: 9628: 9610: 9404: 9382: 9362: 9353: 9174: 9102: 9074: 8675: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8491: 8425: 8119: 8095: 7542: 7254: 7238: 7046: 6933: 6809: 6690: 6510: 6460: 6333: 6306: 5760: 5758: 5676: 5555:from the original on 24 September 2020 5311: 5279: 4981: 4845: 4695: 4691: 4642: 4613: 4515: 4502: 4481: 4455: 4386: 4294: 4270: 4176: 4064: 3672:List of Waterloo Battlefield locations 3556:of the early 1790s. It also ended the 3493:Napoleon. (letter of surrender to the 1878:, and the wood and park by Hanoverian 1597:List of Waterloo Battlefield locations 13967:Battles involving the Duchy of Nassau 13844: 13798: 13772: 13555:Spanish American wars of independence 11531: 11348: 11025:Waterloo and the Romantic Imagination 10521: 10435: 10373: 10355: 10243:Peel, Hugues Van (11 December 2012), 10215: 10179: 10137:Oman, Charles; Hall, John A. (1902), 9945: 9838:Waterloo (translated from the French) 9657: 9459: 9369:, London: Richard Bentley & Son, 9139: 9062: 8976:The Battle: A New History of Waterloo 8940:The Battle: A New History of Waterloo 8880: 8839: 8612: 8558: 8403: 8350:The Battle: A new history of Waterloo 8254: 8205: 8083: 8071: 7980: 7944: 7915: 7903: 7891: 7870:, pp. 252–253, 271–284, 419–424. 7843: 7785: 7773: 7761: 7401: 7322: 7266: 7226: 7199: 7175: 6894: 6654: 6630: 6522: 6318: 6254: 6045: 5821: 5809: 5697:from the original on 15 February 2020 5603: 5582:The Napoleonic Wars: A Global History 4901:, p. 61 cites Siborne's numbers. 4664: 4660: 4600: 4534: 4523: 4431: 4361: 4213: 2388:Dutch Belgian carabiniers at Waterloo 2201:, consisted of guards regiments: the 1812:Later on, being told by his brother, 1002:. A French army under the command of 973: 587: 567: • 1,305–1,400 missing 564: • 4,155–4,400 wounded 13982:Battles involving the United Kingdom 11314:from the original on 9 October 2022. 11064:Battle of Waterloo maps and diagrams 10623:Wilkin, Bernard and Schäfer, Robin. 10547: 10242: 10238:, Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 10203: 10123:, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, 10114: 9860:from the original on 12 October 2007 9844: 9796:Waterloo 1815: Quatre Bras and Ligny 9561: 8779:from the original on 26 January 2023 8748:from the original on 26 January 2023 8736:Hemicker, Lorenz (24 January 2023). 8723: 8711: 8693:from the original on 26 January 2023 8684: 8546: 8166: 7858:, pp. 249–251, 258–259. (vol.2) 7243:The Duke of Wellington in our square 7211: 7097: 7010: 5985:from the original on 9 December 2019 5764: 5493:Stephen Summerfield (January 2018). 5293:"Battle of Waterloo – Opening moves" 5078:from the original on 1 December 2022 4111: 3156:La Garde meurt, elle ne se rend pas! 2524:attacks, tried to reserve the elite 2405:on the left wing, and Dutch–Belgian 1587:'s II Corps engaged at about 18:00. 1042:(the 1st, 2nd and 4th corps) of the 561: • 1,144–1,200 killed 13952:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade 13540:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 11557: 11006:(Routledge, 2019) pp. 121–139. 10723:The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815 10536:from the original on 25 August 2007 10404:Summerville, Christopher J (2007), 9986: 9703:, London: Arms & Armour Press, 9418:Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet 9152:Boulger, Demetrius C. deK. (1901), 9047:History of the King's German Legion 8767:Blackburn, Jack (25 January 2023). 8621: 7349:, pp. 14–15 and letters 6, 7 and 9. 5779:from the original on 9 October 2022 5755: 5735: 5505:from the original on 22 August 2021 5388:from the original on 22 August 2021 5213:from the original on 9 October 2022 4542:, translated by Gore, A., pp. 4345: 3840: 2892:Throughout the late afternoon, the 2164:Charge of the British heavy cavalry 1969:Atlas to Alison's history of Europe 1767:Atlas to Alison's history of Europe 1544:Prince Frederick of the Netherlands 1302:before dawn on 15 June, the French 390:Wellington's army: 68,000 soldiers 384: • at least 282 guns 21:Battle of Waterloo (disambiguation) 13: 11121:. 8 July 1815. pp. 1359–1362. 11093: 11055:, New York: Henry Holt and Company 10895:Intelligence and National Security 10828:, London: Phoenix/Windrush Press, 10740:Gleig, George Robert, ed. (1845), 10569: 9971:Wellington: the Years of the Sword 9063:Black, Jeremy (24 February 2015), 8868:Van der Aa, Abraham Jacob (1858). 8516:from the original on 6 August 2022 8461:from the original on 24 March 2022 8301:, BBC News Magazine (16 June 2015) 6134:. Frontline Books. pp. 105–. 4470:, vol. XIV (1858 ed.), pp. 618–620 4321:An episode famously used later by 2478:Panorama of the Battle of Waterloo 2372:(lancer) regiments in the I Corps 2244:British Household Cavalry charging 2137:and three Scottish regiments: the 2133:'s 9th Brigade, consisting of the 1715:, and a cavalry reserve of 2,000. 1304:rapidly overran Coalition outposts 1006:was defeated by two armies of the 737:Reduction of the French fortresses 16:1815 battle of the Napoleonic Wars 14: 14043: 13977:Battles involving the Netherlands 11227:Interview with Andrew Roberts on 11221:. 12 January 2003. Archived from 11202: 9935:Kottasova, Ivana (10 June 2015), 9906:The Rise and Fall of Great Powers 9717:Hamilton-Williams, David (1994), 9699:Hamilton-Williams, David (1993), 9543:Fortescue, John William (2004) . 9226:, London: Research Publishing Co. 8504:Van den Bosch, Glenn (May 2008). 8438:Bassford, Moran & Pedlow 2015 5299:from the original on 4 April 2020 4456:Duncan, F. (1879), "Appendix A", 4149:, Chapter: King-making Waterloo). 2815:Night or the Prussians must come. 2397:Dutch–Belgian light dragoons and 2107:and was unable to close the gap. 2051:The divisions were to advance in 992:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 94:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 13877:Church of Saint Joseph, Waterloo 13415:Frederick William III of Prussia 13395:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 11413: 11383:Waterloo Campaign – Main battles 11374: 11332: 11318: 10926:Victorian Literature and Culture 10554:Sampson Low, Marston and Company 10550:Cavalry in the Waterloo Campaign 10436:Torfs, Michaël (12 March 2015), 10331:Siborne, Herbert Taylor (1891), 10186:Battle of the nineteenth century 10119:The Waterloo campaign, June 1815 10044:Marcelis, David (10 June 2015), 10032:Mantle, Robert (December 2000), 9952:, Greenwood Press, p. 119, 9721:(Paperback ed.), New York: 8814: 8791: 8760: 8606: 8552: 8497: 8443: 8408: 8397: 8386: 8377: 8333: 8324: 8304: 8284: 8214: 8199: 8125: 7861: 7849: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7352: 6915: 6887: 6540: 5357:. Pen and Sword. pp. 178–. 4710: 4701: 4679: 4670: 4619: 4606: 4592: 4579: 4565: 4551: 4508: 4501:) Lozier states it was Désirée ( 4487: 4473: 4447: 4437: 4423: 4413: 4392: 4367: 4351: 4334: 4315: 4276: 4254: 4236: 4223: 4207: 4182: 4165: 4152: 4139: 4126: 4117: 4100: 3884: 3821:, which was much in demand as a 3797:with her dead Dutch husband, by 3476:was signed on 20 November 1815. 2673:French capture of La Haye Sainte 2313:, described the following scene: 2063:'s) next, and the 4th Division ( 1853:Nassau troops at Hougoumont farm 1727: 1465:, and seven of highly versatile 1443:, commander of the Anglo-allied 1433: 1415: 935: 918: 901: 889: 873: 849: 825: 818: 811: 613: 549: • 10,200 wounded 473: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 299: 288: 281: 262: 251: 228: 216: 204: 192: 180: 168: 153: 44: 13882:Statue of Khurshidbanu Natavan 13852:Scandinavian School of Brussels 13836:St. John's International School 13535:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 13465:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 11034:(Pen and Sword Military, 2013). 10640:The Military Maxims of Napoleon 10139:A History of the Peninsular War 9739:Herold, J. Christopher (1967), 9682:Reminiscences of Captain Gronow 9660:Royal Scots Greys (Men-at-Arms) 9520:, Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 9480:"Chapter: King-making Waterloo" 9462:Waterloo The French Perspective 8639:Journal of Conflict Archaeology 5967: 5905: 5884: 5839: 5709: 5689:T.S. Allen (14 February 2020). 5682: 5661: 5649: 5579:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2020). 5541: 5486: 5460:. Pen and Sword. pp. 51–. 5421: 5400: 5371: 5327:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 5285: 5193: 5115: 5090: 5060: 5047: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4771: 4762: 4087: 4070: 4050: 4034: 4025: 4009: 3993: 3980: 3128:La Garde recule. Sauve qui peut 1350:The Prussian retreat from Ligny 1058:in France (after the hamlet of 552: • 3,300 missing 13987:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars 13450:Prince Regent John of Portugal 13360:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 13305:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 13300:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 11466:Timeline of the Napoleonic era 11250:. 10 June 2015. Archived from 10771:, New York: Hippocrene Books, 10683:Chilcott, Christopher (2015), 10525:Cambronne's Words, Letters to 10307:Shapiro, Fred R., ed. (2006), 8917:Baker-Smith, Veronica (2016), 8861: 8633:Pollard, Tony (17 June 2022). 4904: 4892: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4076:On 13 June, the commandant at 3964: 3921:Battle of Waterloo reenactment 3905:Timeline of the Napoleonic era 3171:The storming of Plancenoit by 3163:Prussian capture of Plancenoit 3145:'s Brigade and the Hanoverian 2717:, Chief of Staff 3rd Division. 2682:The storming of La Haye Sainte 2311:Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk 2237:) regiment of heavy dragoons. 1776:August Neidhardt von Gneisenau 1757:A map of the Waterloo campaign 1748: 1678:were posted as sharpshooters. 1590: 1199:annihilate each one separately 546: • 3,500 killed 1: 13475:Prince Charles John of Sweden 11323:The dictionary definition of 11045:Shepherd, William R. (1923), 10807:, London: Faber & Faber, 10589:The campaign of 1815: a study 10257:Rapport, Mike (13 May 2015), 10151:A History of the Modern World 10014:Lozier, J.F. (18 June 2010), 9887:Keeling, Drew (27 May 2015), 9831:, no. 118, pp. 6–21 9761:Haweis, James Walter (1908), 9538:, Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount 8870:"David Hendrik, Baron Chasse" 8652:10.1080/15740773.2021.2051895 8195:. 22 June 1815. p. 1213. 5719:. web archive. Archived from 5431:. Archive Org. Archived from 4723: 3747:to the French dead, entitled 3472:, where he died in 1821. The 2888:Situation from 17:30 to 20:00 2627:Second French infantry attack 2335:92nd Gordon Highland Regiment 1838: 1280:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1224:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1038:). The other comprised three 959: Napoleon not in command 306:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 272:{{country data First French 11248:National Army Museum, London 11103:(Casemate Publishers, 2018). 10980:Victorian Periodicals Review 10687:, RLC Association Trust Fund 10452:, Frontline Books, pp. 10204:Dunn, James (5 April 2015), 9314:, Lulu Press, Inc, p. ~ 9222:Clark-Kennedy, A.E. (1975), 9211:Chesney, Charles C. (1874), 9126:Bonaparte, Napoleon (1869), 9045:Beamish, N. Ludlow (1995) , 8974:Barbero, Alessandro (2013), 8956:Barbero, Alessandro (2006), 8685:Kuta, Sarah (21 July 2021). 8559:Shute, Joe (2 August 2013). 5846:MacArthur, Roderick (2009). 5495:"Becke's Waterloo Logistics" 5178:, pp. 1016, 1017, 1093. 4247:, pp. 338–341(vol. 3); 4233:, pp. 338–339(vol. 3)). 3741: 3696: 3411:London Gazette Extraordinary 3331: 3249:Robert Alexander Hillingford 2951:Attack of the Imperial Guard 2774:Edward Cotton, 7th Hussars, 2029:First French infantry attack 2008:Lasne-Chapelle-Saint-Lambert 2002:Napoleon spots the Prussians 1294:, a right wing commanded by 557:Blücher's army: 6,604–7,000 351: • up to 252 7: 13826:Den norske skolen i Brussel 11188: 10726:, Oxford University Press, 10663:Chandler, David G. (1973), 10574: 10474:, London: Greenhill Books, 10348:The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 10337:, London: Cassell & Co. 10310:The Yale Book of Quotations 10293:, New York: HarperCollins, 10218:Wellington's Belgian Allies 10141:, Clarendon Press, p. 9363:Creasy, Sir Edward (1877), 8383:Barbero (2005), pp. 422–423 7624:The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 5748:The Waterloo Campaign, 1815 5639:Battle of Waterloo (1815). 5610:Battle of Waterloo (1815). 4913:, p. 256 gives 68,000. 4633:published on 24 June 1815,( 4196:, pp. 289–352(vol.3). 3900:Military career of Napoleon 3877: 3596:Antoine-Henri, Baron Jomini 3534: 2493:'s heavy cavalry corps and 2215:1st (King's) Dragoon Guards 1141:, often referred to as the 1026:, under the command of the 539:17,000 killed, wounded, or 519:(including 6–7,000 wounded) 10: 14048: 14022:History of Walloon Brabant 13310:Frederick I of Württemberg 11680:Confederation of the Rhine 11184:, Retrieved on 9 June 2006 11011:Annals of Tourism Research 10803:Hofschröer, Peter (2004), 10785:Hofschröer, Peter (1998), 10657:Waterloo Battlefield Guide 10236:Europe in the 20th Century 10234:Paxton, Robert O. (1985), 9883:(translated by Benet S.V.) 9856:, The Literature Network, 9817:Archäologie in Deutschland 9794:Hofschröer, Peter (2005), 9776:Hofschröer, Peter (1999), 9641:Waterloo: Myth and Reality 8978:, Atlantic Books, p. 8827:Journal of Belgian History 8804:Archäologie in Deutschland 8279:Funcken & Funcken 1967 8146:10.1177/003591572401701703 7738:Uffindell & Corum 2002 7684:Uffindell & Corum 2002 7672:Uffindell & Corum 2002 7137:Esposito & Elting 1999 6946:Uffindell & Corum 2002 6599:Uffindell & Corum 2002 6550:, pp. 338–339(vol. 3) 5658:, p. 68 gives 73,000. 4821: 3986:(25,000 British and 6,000 3910:List of Napoleonic battles 3784: 3669: 3335: 3107:British Foot Guards under 2807: 2662:Secretary for War Bathurst 2619:Houssaye reports that the 2281:The Fight For The Standard 1842: 1774:Blücher's chief of staff, 1689:other garrisoned buildings 1594: 1404: 1311:Duchess of Richmond's ball 1173: 1169: 998:), marking the end of the 488: • 126 guns 461: • 156 guns 18: 13972:Battles involving Prussia 13962:Battles involving Hanover 13906: 13890: 13864: 13821:Athénée Royal de Waterloo 13813: 13806: 13689: 13573: 13488: 13470:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 13460:William, Prince of Orange 13323: 13270:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 13203: 13196: 13076: 12955: 12819: 12648: 12562: 12516: 12265: 12159: 12083: 11977: 11891: 11843: 11834: 11730: 11631: 11622: 11599:French Invasion of Russia 11565: 11453: 11422: 11411: 11382: 11169:(sourced from WO 100)..." 10890:(Harper Perennial, 2006). 10881:Historiography and memory 10826:Waterloo a Near Run Thing 10756:Walking Waterloo: A Guide 10720:Cookson, John E. (1996), 10560:Wooten, Geoffrey (1993), 10273:, London: Phoenix Press, 10158:Parkinson, Roger (2000), 10115:Nofi, Albert A. (1998) , 9993:With Napoleon at Waterloo 9991:, in MacBride, M. (ed.), 9890:The Dividends of Waterloo 9633:, London: Greenhill Books 9460:Field, Andrew W. (2013), 9332:Corrigan, Gordon (2006), 9204:The Campaigns of Napoleon 8210:. New York: Random House. 7621:Siborne, William (1848). 3799:Jacobus Josephus Eeckhout 3779:invasion of Egypt in 1798 3660: 2927:(riflemen) and the F/1st 2460:The French cavalry attack 2259:Sir John Ormsby Vandeleur 1807:Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean 1743: 1559:(militia) regiments. The 1441:William, Prince of Orange 1400: 1056:Battle of Mont Saint-Jean 1046:army under Field Marshal 953: Napoleon in command 623: 574: 505: • 25,000 495: 311: 243: 146: 62: 43: 35: 30: 13957:Battles involving France 13872:Waterloo railway station 13808:This list is incomplete. 13380:Archduke John of Austria 13375:Prince von Schwarzenberg 13220:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 11289:30 December 2016 at the 11178:Retrieved on 9 June 2006 11047:"Map of the battlefield" 10950:10.2979/histmemo.26.1.39 10932:Heinzen, Jasper (2014), 10765:Glover, Michael (1973), 10631: 10287:Roberts, Andrew (2005), 10269:Roberts, Andrew (2001), 10038:, Napoleonic Association 9946:Lamar, Glenn J. (2000), 9908:, New York: Random House 9836:Houssaye, Henri (1900), 9500:Wellington's Foot Guards 9478:Fitchett, W.H. (2006) , 9202:Chandler, David (1966), 9189:Brown University Library 8689:. Smithsonian Magazine. 8245:, pp. 274–276, 320. 8229:The Nuttall Encyclopædia 8140:. SAGE Journals: 39–50. 7868:Bas & Wommersom 1909 7856:Bas & Wommersom 1909 7627:. E. Arber. p. 495. 7404:, pp. 59–60, 63–64. 6548:Bas & Wommersom 1909 6461:Dawson, Paul L. (2017). 5295:. National Army Museum. 5206:. Waterloo Campaign NL. 5151:Brown University Library 4245:Bas & Wommersom 1909 4231:Bas & Wommersom 1909 4194:Bas & Wommersom 1909 4190:Bas & Wommersom 1909 4160:Bas & Wommersom 1909 3958: 3825:before the discovery of 2852:At about this time, the 2119:Clément-Auguste Andrieux 1583:'s I Corps and parts of 515: • 8,000 13942:1815 in the Netherlands 13315:Frederick VI of Denmark 13265:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 12055:Greater Poland uprising 11878:Duc d'Enghien Execution 11430:Battle of Rocheserviere 11163:, The National Archive 11038: 10863:, London: John Murray, 10597:The Cowards at Waterloo 10532:, the Napoleon Series, 10356:Simms, Brendan (2014), 10271:Napoleon and Wellington 10089:Siborne, Herbert Taylor 10085:"No 89:Royal Artillery" 10050:The Wall Street Journal 9823:(3 (Juni-Juli)): 44–45. 9658:Grant, Charles (1972), 9638:Glover, Gareth (2014), 9629:Glover, Gareth (2007), 9354:Cotton, Edward (1849), 9288:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 9083:Oxford University Press 8810:(3 (Juni-Juli)): 44–45. 8321:"; accessed 2019.06.18. 7139:, p. 354, Map 166. 6972:, Letters: 18, 26, 104. 6893:For initial strengths ( 6725:, p. 426, note 18. 5751:. E. Arber. p. 55. 5587:Oxford University Press 5282:, pp. 53, 58, 110. 4267:Van Zuylen van Nijevelt 3430:Napoleon announced his 2959:Napoleon addresses the 2829:The Prussian attack on 1323:Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar 1240:. Four days later, the 72:; 209 years ago 13435:Ferdinand VII of Spain 11883:Coronation of Napoleon 11440:Battle of Rocquencourt 11265:Archaeology @ Waterloo 10989:12.3 (2018): 451–480. 10669:, New York: Scribner, 10659:(Pen and Sword, 2018). 10615:Dellevoet, A. (2001), 10490:Wellington at Waterloo 10472:Wellington at Waterloo 10216:Pawly, Ronald (2001), 10070:Mercer, A.C. (1870b), 9987:Low, E. Bruce (1911), 9904:Kennedy, Paul (1987), 9798:, London: Leo Cooper, 9741:The Battle of Waterloo 9534:Fletcher, Ian (2001), 9516:Fletcher, Ian (1999), 9498:Fletcher, Ian (1994), 9269:Clayton, Tim. (2014). 9175:Bowden, Scott (1983), 8883:The Waterloo Companion 8617:. Vintage. p. 78. 8330:Barbero (2005), p. 422 8208:The Battle of Waterloo 8206:Black, Jeremy (2010). 6846:Hamilton-Williams 1994 6798:Hamilton-Williams 1994 6575:Hamilton-Williams 1993 6535:Hamilton-Williams 1993 6422:Hamilton-Williams 1993 6410:Hamilton-Williams 1993 5933:Hamilton-Williams 1993 5499:Ken Trotman Publishing 5454:Bryan Perrett (2013). 5234:, pp. 1016, 1017. 5164:Hamilton-Williams 1993 4935:Hamilton-Williams 1994 4911:Hamilton-Williams 1994 4249:Hamilton-Williams 1993 4218:Hamilton-Williams 1993 3835:Waterloo sugar factory 3802: 3732: 3702:the Netherlands' King 3693: 3683: 3639: 3630: 3611: 3525:Imperial Guard lancers 3516: 3500: 3486:m'asseoir sur le foyer 3400: 3393: 3372: 3360: 3342:Treaty of Paris (1815) 3322: 3301: 3251: 3230: 3212: 3195: 3175: 3103: 3093: 3075: 3057: 3049: 3014: 3003: 2980: 2964: 2889: 2837: 2823: 2801: 2777: 2753: 2720: 2685: 2645: 2608: 2576: 2560: 2549: 2511: 2481: 2444: 2436:The Battle of Waterloo 2389: 2361: 2323: 2303: 2287: 2245: 2190: 2177: 2121: 2115:The Battle of Waterloo 2079: 1972: 1960: 1944: 1924: 1884:and the 1/2nd Nassau. 1870: 1854: 1809: 1770: 1758: 1651: 1606: 1509:and 6,124 (8.2%) from 1238:declared him an outlaw 1230: 1216: 1202: 1186: 1083:attack them separately 1030:(often referred to as 244:Commanders and leaders 52:The Battle of Waterloo 13912:took place in nearby 13722:Conference of Dresden 13631:Paris (February 1812) 13560:Swedish–Norwegian War 13385:Alexander I of Russia 11476:Military mobilisation 11395:Battle of Quatre Bras 11157:Staff (9 July 2013), 11078:Willem Benjamin Craan 11013:26#1 (1999): 130–158. 10904:12#2 (2021) pp. 11–44 10897:36.5 (2021): 754–770. 10666:Campaigns of Napoleon 10548:Wood, Evelyn (1895), 10408:, Pearson Education, 10374:Smith, Digby (1998), 10149:Palmer, R.R. (1956), 10083:Mercer, A.C. (1891), 10020:, The Napoleon Series 9989:"The Waterloo Papers" 9873:Jomini, Antoine-Henri 9615:, London: Greenhill, 9488:, London: John Murray 9206:, New York: Macmillan 7337:, pp. 14, 38–39. 5693:. National Interest. 4728: 4531:(2nd ed.), Breda 4358:lost – 672. 4348:, pp. 137, 143). 3792: 3712: 3679: 3670:Further information: 3666:The battlefield today 3634: 3619: 3600: 3540:Historical importance 3519:Peregrine Maitland's 3505: 3478: 3420:Emperor of the French 3406:his official dispatch 3398: 3382: 3366: 3352:The Field of Waterloo 3349: 3302: 3286: 3240: 3233:French disintegration 3214: 3201: 3193: 3170: 3101: 3088: 3059: 3055: 3043: 3009: 2985: 2970: 2958: 2887: 2854:Prussian 15th Brigade 2828: 2813: 2797: 2766: 2748: 2705: 2680: 2634: 2593: 2589:Royal Horse Artillery 2574: 2554: 2533: 2503: 2467: 2429: 2387: 2359: 2315: 2300:Lord Edward Somerset. 2293: 2271: 2243: 2213:(the Blues), and the 2182: 2167: 2113: 2097:Van Bylandt's brigade 2077: 1966: 1958: 1925: 1910: 1860: 1852: 1804: 1764: 1756: 1645: 1604: 1595:Further information: 1339:Battle of Quatre Bras 1222: 1208: 1192: 1183: 1131:Emperor of the French 1094:Battle of Quatre Bras 1032:the Anglo-allied army 990:(at that time in the 496:Casualties and losses 96:(present-day Belgium) 13676:Fontainebleau (1814) 13230:Louis-Nicolas Davout 12151:Invasion of Portugal 11341:at Wikimedia Commons 11261:"Farm of Hougoumont" 11254:on 28 December 2008. 11225:on 16 November 2010. 11182:BBC History Waterloo 11099:Glover, Gareth, ed. 10972:39.2 (2020): 77–92. 10938:History & Memory 10859:Snow, Peter (2010), 10754:Esdaile, Charles J. 10693:Clausewitz, Carl von 10396:, ABC-CLIO, p. 10334:The Waterloo Letters 10180:Parry, D.H. (1900), 10105:Macmillan's Magazine 9562:Frye, W.E. (2004) , 9412:, Gand: Vanderhaegen 9383:Davies, Huw (2012), 9358:, London: B.L. Green 9185:"Napoleonic Satires" 9140:Booth, John (1815), 8881:Adkin, Mark (2001), 8613:Scurr, Ruth (2022). 8428:, pp. 223, 224. 8317:20 June 2019 at the 8297:23 June 2018 at the 7959:, pp. 192, 225. 7815:Barbero, pp. 358–361 7269:, pp. 252, 361. 7257:, pp. 211, 212. 7202:, pp. 273, 414. 7190:, pp. 444, 447. 7061:, Letters 9, 18, 36. 7013:, pp. 164, 171. 6667:Oman & Hall 1902 6376:, pp. 305, 306. 6128:John Grehan (2015). 6060:, pp. 141, 235. 5979:Waterloo Association 5975:"The Prussian March" 5351:John Hussey (2017). 5321:Mark Simner (2015). 5122:Wikiquote:Wellington 5055:Bentley's Miscellany 4576:, pp. 173–178). 4518:, pp. 131–198. 4251:, pp. 293–295). 4220:, pp. 310–311). 4162:, pp. 332–333). 3988:King's German Legion 3949:Waterloo (1974 song) 3608:Antoine-Henri Jomini 3577:German Confederation 3369:John Heaviside Clark 3071:David Hendrik Chassé 3012:David Hendrik Chassé 2905:Prussian 1st Brigade 2880:Zieten's flank march 2846:Châteaux Frichermont 2713:Captain James Shaw, 2411:under Major-General 2401:under Major-General 2223:Sir William Ponsonby 2199:Lord Edward Somerset 1487:King's German Legion 975:[ˈʋaːtərloː] 116:50.67806°N 4.41222°E 19:For other uses, see 13702:Bourbon Restoration 13445:Maria I of Portugal 13430:Prince of Hohenlohe 13420:Gebhard von Blücher 12363:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 11670:Swiss Confederation 11513:Battle of Waterloo 11435:Battle of La Suffel 11326:meet one's Waterloo 11137:on 3 September 2012 11127:Cook, Christopher, 10928:40#1 (2012): 25–45. 10921:22#1 (2013): 25–41. 10604:on 23 December 2015 10517:, War Times Journal 10492:, Frontline Books, 10488:Weller, J. (2010), 10470:Weller, J. (1992), 10192:on 16 December 2008 9973:, London: Panther, 9967:Longford, Elizabeth 9723:John Wiley and Sons 9611:Glover, G. (2004), 8936:Barbero, Alessandro 8482:, pp. 240–241. 8342:Barbero, Alessandro 8002:, pp. 144–145. 7971:, pp. 553–559. 7930:, pp. 214–215. 7846:, pp. 196–199. 7806:Adkin, pp. 394, 397 7797:Adkin, pp. 391, 393 7788:, pp. 191–192. 7752:, pp. 187–190. 7740:, pp. 232–233. 7545:, pp. 106–107. 7521:, pp. 325–326. 7509:, pp. 235–236. 7364:12 May 2023 at the 7286:, pp. 313–315. 7163:, pp. 443–449. 7112:, pp. 270–271. 7085:, pp. 110–111. 7001:, pp. 142–143. 6912:, pp. 142–143. 6884:, pp. 219–223. 6860:, pp. 425–426. 6848:, pp. 303–304. 6773:, pp. 198–204. 6737:, pp. 410–411. 6618:, pp. 140–142. 6577:, pp. 296–297. 6565:, pp. 134–138. 6537:, pp. 289–293. 6352:, pp. 552–554. 6297:, pp. 113–114. 6217:, pp. 292–293. 6169:, pp. 163–166. 6096:, pp. 535–536. 5935:, pp. 239–240. 5772:. Emory Endeavors. 5526:, pp. 144–145. 5435:on 25 November 2006 5270:, pp. 136–160. 5190:, pp. 320–323. 5044:, pp. 169–170. 4001:45,000 with 44 guns 3928:was shattered by a 3926:Lord Uxbridge's leg 3627:Carl von Clausewitz 3615:Carl von Clausewitz 3558:First French Empire 3204:Carabinier-à-Cheval 3113:52nd Light Infantry 2641:Grenadiers à Cheval 2621:Grenadiers à Cheval 2510:, by Louis Dumoulin 2487:Lefebvre-Desnoëttes 2431:Jan Willem Pieneman 2235:6th or Inniskilling 1331:Constant de Rebeque 1135:First French Empire 1014:, the Netherlands, 860:: Waterloo 578:7,000 horses killed 112: / 13937:Battle of Waterloo 13910:Battle of Waterloo 13717:Continental System 13712:Congress of Erfurt 13636:Paris (March 1812) 13410:Peter Wittgenstein 13335:Duke of Wellington 13290:Prince Poniatowski 13255:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 13240:Auguste de Marmont 12635:Arroyo dos Molinos 12483:Walcheren Campaign 12473:Armistice of Znaim 12368:Dalmatian Campaign 12293:Tyrolean Rebellion 11400:Battle of Waterloo 11339:Battle of Waterloo 11215:"Booknotes: Watch" 11152:on 4 December 2009 11118:The London Gazette 11085:Battle of Waterloo 10848:The face of battle 10750:on 12 January 2012 10701:, Clausewitz.com, 10263:The New York Times 9237:, Clausewitz.com, 8942:, Atlantic Books, 8192:The London Gazette 8024:Comte d'Erlon 1815 7776:, pp. 73, 74. 7083:Clark-Kennedy 1975 6987:Clark-Kennedy 1975 6546:Van Zuylen report 5072:www.britannica.com 4312:, pp. 46–47). 3803: 3694: 3517: 3451:Frederick Maitland 3401: 3373: 3361: 3319:General Gneisenau. 3252: 3213: 3196: 3176: 3109:Peregrine Maitland 3104: 3058: 3050: 3015: 3004: 2965: 2890: 2838: 2686: 2646: 2577: 2561: 2538:"Vive l'Empereur!" 2512: 2482: 2445: 2390: 2362: 2288: 2246: 2211:Royal Horse Guards 2191: 2188:Elizabeth Thompson 2158:Baron von Müffling 2122: 2080: 1973: 1961: 1871: 1855: 1810: 1771: 1759: 1652: 1607: 1519:Alessandro Barbero 1489:(KGL). All of the 1235:Congress of Vienna 1231: 1217: 1203: 1187: 1126:Napoleon abdicated 1028:Duke of Wellington 967:Battle of Waterloo 537:Wellington's army: 369:91,000 infantrymen 366:: 118,000–120,000 276:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 31:Battle of Waterloo 14027:Waterloo, Belgium 14017:Waterloo campaign 14002:Conflicts in 1815 13924: 13923: 13860: 13859: 13800:Waterloo, Belgium 13766: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13754:Types of military 13550:Russo-Turkish War 13545:Russo-Persian War 13513:Anglo-Turkish War 13508:Anglo-Swedish War 13503:Anglo-Spanish War 13498:Anglo-Russian War 13425:Duke of Brunswick 13328:political leaders 13208:political leaders 13192: 13191: 12197:Medina de Rioseco 11919:Haslach-Jungingen 11853:French Revolution 11830: 11829: 11613:Seventh Coalition 11526: 11525: 11516:Succeeded by 11494: 11493: 11337:Media related to 11123:Casualty returns. 11027:(Palgrave, 2002). 11018:Scott on Waterloo 10970:War & Society 10911:(2019): 253–265. 10870:978-1-84854-103-0 10835:978-1-84212-719-3 10814:978-0-571-21769-4 10796:978-1-85367-304-7 10778:978-0-88254-473-1 10743:The Light Dragoon 10733:978-0-19-820658-3 10708:978-1-4537-0150-8 10676:978-0-02-523660-8 10649:978-0-306-80618-6 10642:, Da Capo Press, 10619:, Stackpole books 10582:8th Dutch Militia 10507:Wellesley, Arthur 10499:978-1-84832-5-869 10481:978-1-85367-109-8 10463:978-1-85367-514-0 10415:978-0-582-78405-5 10385:978-1-85367-276-7 10367:978-0-241-00460-9 10324:978-0-300-10798-2 10300:978-0-06-008866-8 10280:978-1-84212-480-2 10227:978-1-84176-158-9 10153:, New York: Knopf 10130:978-0-938289-29-6 9980:978-0-586-03548-1 9959:978-0-313-30997-7 9928:978-0-14-192869-2 9805:978-1-84415-168-4 9787:978-1-85367-368-9 9754:978-0-304-91603-0 9732:978-0-471-14571-4 9710:978-0-471-05225-8 9692:978-1-4043-2792-4 9669:978-0-85045-059-0 9651:978-1-78159-356-1 9644:, Pen and Sword, 9622:978-1-85367-597-3 9570:Project Gutenberg 9527:978-1-86227-016-9 9509:978-1-85532-392-6 9492:Project Gutenberg 9471:978-1-78159-043-0 9453:978-1-85367-346-7 9430:on 8 October 2007 9398:978-0-300-16417-6 9376:978-0-306-80559-2 9347:978-0-8264-2590-4 9325:978-1-312-92522-9 9308:Cornwell, Bernard 9299:978-0-7864-7470-7 9280:978-0-7481-3412-0 9096:978-0-19-505541-2 9056:978-0-9522011-0-6 9030:978-1-4537-0150-8 8989:978-1-78239-138-8 8967:978-0-8027-1500-5 8949:978-1-84354-310-7 8910:978-0-85052-518-2 8903:, Pen and Sword, 8892:978-1-85410-764-0 7049:, pp. 90–91. 6474:978-1-5267-0069-8 6245:, pp. 95–98. 6141:978-1-78383-199-9 6072:, pp. 83–85. 6009:, pp. 78–79. 5964:, pp. 60–62. 5717:"L'Armée du Nord" 5596:978-0-19-939406-7 5589:. pp. 608–. 5467:978-1-78159-197-0 5364:978-1-78438-202-5 5334:978-1-4456-4667-1 4925:, pp. 75–76. 4860:, pp. 68–69. 4290:, pp. 7–10; 3944:Sergei Bondarchuk 3768:Brussels Cemetery 3573:Holy Roman Empire 3554:French Revolution 3550:Concert of Europe 3432:second abdication 3390:Major W. E. Frye. 3326:La Belle Alliance 3312:La Belle Alliance 3268:an annotated copy 3260:La Belle Alliance 3256:La Belle Alliance 3151:La Belle Alliance 3080:Krahmer de Bichin 3046:Krahmer de Bichin 2842:Prussian IV Corps 2636:2nd Guard Lancers 2328:formed in squares 2233:), and an Irish ( 2227:1st or The Royals 2184:Scotland Forever! 2101:Sir Thomas Picton 1890:Coldstream Guards 1709:La Belle Alliance 1387:action at Genappe 1258:Seventh Coalition 1228:Battle of Leipzig 1176:Waterloo Campaign 1118:Waterloo campaign 1068:La Belle Alliance 1064:La Belle Alliance 1036:Wellington's army 1008:Seventh Coalition 806:Waterloo campaign 795: 794: 688:Villers-Cotterêts 628:Waterloo campaign 582: 581: 372:21,500 cavalrymen 329:14,390 to 15,765 323:48,950 to 50,600 142: 141: 121:50.67806; 4.41222 70:18 June 1815 57:William Sadler II 38:Waterloo campaign 14039: 14007:June 1815 events 13842: 13841: 13793: 13786: 13779: 13770: 13769: 13530:Dano-Swedish War 13518:Anglo-Danish War 13370:Archduke Charles 13285:Jérôme Bonaparte 13201: 13200: 13134:Castel di Sangro 13043:Fère-Champenoise 12696:García Hernández 12610:Fuentes de Oñoro 12126:Guttstadt-Deppen 11863:Second Coalition 11841: 11840: 11822:French Royalists 11629: 11628: 11578:Fourth Coalition 11552: 11545: 11538: 11529: 11528: 11500:Preceded by 11497: 11496: 11454:Related articles 11417: 11369: 11362: 11355: 11346: 11345: 11336: 11322: 11315: 11313: 11302: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11255: 11238: 11226: 11164: 11153: 11138: 11133:, archived from 11122: 11089: 11056: 11052:Historical Atlas 10965: 10960:, archived from 10886:Balen, Malcolm. 10873: 10851: 10838: 10817: 10799: 10781: 10751: 10736: 10714:Campaign of 1815 10711: 10688: 10679: 10655:Buttery, David. 10652: 10620: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10600:, archived from 10587:de Wit, Pierre. 10565: 10556: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10529:(June 1932) 10518: 10502: 10484: 10466: 10444: 10432: 10418: 10400: 10388: 10370: 10352: 10343:Siborne, William 10338: 10327: 10303: 10283: 10265: 10253: 10239: 10230: 10212: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10176: 10154: 10145: 10133: 10122: 10111: 10099: 10079: 10066: 10052: 10039: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10010: 10004: 9996: 9983: 9962: 9942: 9931: 9909: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9882: 9868: 9867: 9865: 9841: 9832: 9808: 9790: 9772: 9757: 9745:Harper & Row 9735: 9713: 9695: 9672: 9654: 9634: 9625: 9607: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9558: 9539: 9530: 9512: 9489: 9474: 9456: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9413: 9401: 9379: 9359: 9350: 9328: 9303: 9284: 9273:. Little Brown. 9265: 9255: 9247: 9227: 9218: 9207: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9180: 9171: 9165: 9157: 9148: 9135: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9113: 9099: 9071: 9065:"Legacy of 1815" 9059: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9013: 9012: 9010: 8992: 8970: 8952: 8931: 8913: 8895: 8877: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8764: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8682: 8673: 8672: 8654: 8630: 8619: 8618: 8610: 8604: 8603:, pp. 6–21. 8598: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8579:on 4 August 2013 8575:. Archived from 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8510:BIMCC Newsletter 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8417: 8412: 8406: 8401: 8395: 8390: 8384: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8366: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8310:Shannon Selin, " 8308: 8302: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8183: 8174: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7832:Baker-Smith 2016 7829: 7816: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7798: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7702: 7696: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7644: 7638: 7629: 7628: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7573: 7567: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7477: 7468: 7462: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7173: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7140: 7134: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6619: 6613: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6551: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6495: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6331: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193:, p. xxxii. 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6125: 6112: 6106: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5860:(350): 150–172. 5851: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5752: 5743:Siborne, William 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5576: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5378:Alasdair White. 5375: 5369: 5368: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5064: 5058: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4627:Pierre Cambronne 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4596: 4590: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4532: 4512: 4506: 4495:Summerville 2007 4491: 4485: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4404:Willem Jan Knoop 4396: 4390: 4371: 4365: 4355: 4349: 4338: 4332: 4319: 4313: 4280: 4274: 4258: 4252: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4211: 4205: 4186: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4054: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4013: 4007: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3968: 3894: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3841:Coin controversy 3764:British Monument 3730: 3686: 3628: 3609: 3507:Sir David Wilkie 3498: 3391: 3320: 3299: 3228: 3209:Musée de l'Armée 3141:. A charge from 3073: 3001:Édouard Detaille 2978: 2894:Prussian I Corps 2871: 2821: 2781:FitzRoy Somerset 2775: 2718: 2606: 2583:, who commanded 2547: 2517:Infantry squares 2301: 2175: 2088:Prince of Orange 1942: 1922: 1902:71st Highlanders 1865:who were led by 1731: 1620:a large elm tree 1579:at 16:30, while 1575:Corps, attacked 1530:Earl of Uxbridge 1437: 1419: 1315:Prince of Orange 1133:, and ended the 985: 984: 983: 977: 972: 958: 952: 945: 939: 932: 927: 922: 915: 910: 905: 898: 893: 886: 877: 870: 861: 853: 846: 841: 836: 829: 828: 822: 815: 782:25 June – 1 July 618: 608: 601: 594: 585: 584: 526:after the battle 524:15,000 deserted 478: 477: 450: 449: 438: 437: 426: 425: 414: 413: 402: 401: 304: 303: 293: 292: 286: 285: 267: 266: 256: 255: 233: 232: 231: 221: 220: 219: 209: 208: 207: 197: 196: 195: 185: 184: 183: 173: 172: 171: 158: 157: 156: 127: 126: 124: 123: 122: 117: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 80: 78: 73: 64: 63: 48: 28: 27: 14047: 14046: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14038: 14037: 14036: 13997:Cavalry charges 13992:Braine-l'Alleud 13927: 13926: 13925: 13920: 13914:Braine-l'Alleud 13902: 13886: 13856: 13840: 13809: 13802: 13797: 13767: 13758: 13685: 13569: 13490: 13484: 13440:Miguel de Álava 13405:Pyotr Bagration 13400:Count Bennigsen 13390:Mikhail Kutuzov 13355:Thomas Cochrane 13327: 13325: 13319: 13280:Louis Bonaparte 13207: 13205: 13204:French and ally 13188: 13072: 12988:Château-Thierry 12951: 12815: 12786:Maloyaroslavets 12644: 12558: 12512: 12303:Yevenes/Yébenes 12261: 12177:Rosily Squadron 12155: 12079: 12045:Waren-Nossentin 11973: 11904:Cape Finisterre 11887: 11858:First Coalition 11836: 11826: 11733: 11726: 11637: 11633: 11624: 11618: 11606:Sixth Coalition 11592:Fifth Coalition 11571:Third Coalition 11561: 11559:Napoleonic Wars 11556: 11520:Battle of Wavre 11517: 11512: 11510:Napoleonic Wars 11504:Battle of Ligny 11501: 11495: 11490: 11471:Minor Campaigns 11461:Napoleonic Wars 11449: 11418: 11409: 11405:Battle of Wavre 11390:Battle of Ligny 11378: 11373: 11311: 11300: 11296: 11291:Wayback Machine 11269: 11267: 11259: 11242: 11233: 11213: 11205: 11196:Mont-Saint-Jean 11191: 11156: 11141: 11126: 11096: 11094:Primary sources 11082: 11044: 11041: 11030:Turner, Harry. 11016:Scott, Walter. 10931: 10883: 10871: 10858: 10841: 10836: 10820: 10815: 10802: 10797: 10784: 10779: 10764: 10739: 10734: 10719: 10709: 10691: 10682: 10677: 10662: 10650: 10637: 10634: 10614: 10607: 10605: 10594: 10577: 10572: 10570:Further reading 10539: 10537: 10500: 10482: 10464: 10442:flandersnews.be 10423:Thiers, Adolphe 10416: 10386: 10368: 10325: 10301: 10281: 10228: 10210:The Independent 10195: 10193: 10174: 10131: 10023: 10021: 9998: 9997: 9981: 9960: 9929: 9895: 9893: 9863: 9861: 9806: 9788: 9755: 9733: 9711: 9693: 9670: 9652: 9623: 9605: 9574: 9572: 9555: 9528: 9510: 9472: 9454: 9433: 9431: 9399: 9377: 9348: 9326: 9300: 9281: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9193: 9191: 9179:, Empire Press. 9159: 9158: 9116: 9114: 9097: 9057: 9035: 9033: 9031: 9008: 9006: 8990: 8968: 8950: 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7910: 7902: 7898: 7890: 7886: 7880:Van der Aa 1858 7878: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7834:, pp. 134. 7830: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7726:Hofschröer 1999 7724: 7720: 7714:Hofschröer 1999 7712: 7705: 7699:Hofschröer 1999 7697: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7660:Hofschröer 1999 7658: 7647: 7641:Hofschröer 1999 7639: 7632: 7619: 7615: 7609:Hofschröer 1999 7607: 7603: 7597:Hofschröer 1999 7595: 7591: 7585:Hofschröer 1999 7583: 7576: 7568: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7537: 7533:, pp. 239. 7529: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7471: 7465:Hofschröer 1999 7463: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7366:Wayback Machine 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7128: 7120: 7116: 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6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6005: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5981:. 4 June 2018. 5973: 5972: 5968: 5962:Hofschröer 2005 5960: 5951: 5945:Hofschröer 2005 5943: 5939: 5931: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5902:, p. 1093. 5898: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5877: 5873: 5844: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5723:on 17 July 2012 5715: 5714: 5710: 5700: 5698: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5656:Hofschröer 1999 5654: 5650: 5637: 5633: 5627:Hofschröer 2005 5625: 5621: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5577: 5568: 5558: 5556: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5319: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5268:Hofschröer 2005 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5128:, ch. x, p. 236 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5042:Clodfelter 2017 5040: 5036: 5028: 5019: 5011: 5007: 4999: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4958:Clodfelter 2017 4956: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4899:Hofschröer 1999 4897: 4893: 4887:Clodfelter 2017 4885: 4864: 4858:Hofschröer 1999 4856: 4852: 4844: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4631:Journal General 4624: 4620: 4611: 4607: 4603:, p. 392). 4597: 4593: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4552: 4513: 4509: 4492: 4488: 4484:, p. 114). 4478: 4474: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4434:, p. 544). 4428: 4424: 4418: 4414: 4399:William Siborne 4397: 4393: 4372: 4368: 4364:, p. 544). 4359: 4356: 4352: 4339: 4335: 4320: 4316: 4281: 4277: 4259: 4255: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4212: 4208: 4187: 4183: 4170: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4144: 4140: 4136:, p. 298). 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4114:, p. 182). 4105: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4084:, p. 486). 4075: 4071: 4067:, p. 218). 4055: 4051: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4014: 4010: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3843: 3827:superphosphates 3787: 3744: 3731: 3719: 3699: 3674: 3668: 3663: 3629: 3626: 3610: 3607: 3592: 3546:First World War 3542: 3537: 3521:1st Foot Guards 3499: 3497:; translation). 3492: 3474:Treaty of Paris 3392: 3389: 3357:J. M. W. Turner 3344: 3336:Main articles: 3334: 3321: 3318: 3300: 3298:Marshal M. Ney. 3297: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3173:Ludwig Elsholtz 3165: 3084:Hendrik Detmers 3074: 3069: 3023:Poret de Morvan 2979: 2977:Marshal M. Ney. 2976: 2953: 2882: 2869: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2776: 2773: 2719: 2712: 2697:horse artillery 2675: 2629: 2607: 2600: 2548: 2545: 2462: 2302: 2299: 2285:Richard Ansdell 2231:2nd Scots Greys 2229:), a Scottish ( 2207:2nd Life Guards 2176: 2173: 2166: 2031: 2023:Battle of Wavre 2004: 1988:grande batterie 1979:grande batterie 1975:The 80 guns of 1953: 1943: 1940: 1927:When I reached 1923: 1920: 1867:Sous-lieutenant 1847: 1841: 1831:grande batterie 1751: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1684:enfilading fire 1637:Braine-l'Alleud 1599: 1593: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1438: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1409: 1403: 1346:Battle of Ligny 1296:Marshal Grouchy 1178: 1172: 1152:Braine-l'Alleud 1106:Mont-Saint-Jean 1099:Battle of Wavre 1090:Battle of Ligny 1060:Mont-Saint-Jean 1052:Battle of Wavre 1000:Napoleonic Wars 979: 978: 970: 963: 962: 961: 960: 956: 954: 950: 947: 946: 942: 940: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 899: 896: 894: 887: 880: 878: 871: 864: 862: 856: 854: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 830: 826: 823: 816: 808: 804: 796: 791: 753: 720:Minor campaigns 619: 614: 612: 570: 556: 555: 538: 536: 522: 491: 484: 472: 469:Blücher's army 465: 464: 457: 456: 444: 432: 420: 408: 396: 388: 387: 380: 357: 347: 298: 297: 287: 280: 271: 261: 260: 250: 239: 229: 227: 217: 215: 205: 203: 193: 191: 181: 179: 169: 167: 154: 152: 120: 118: 114: 111: 106: 103: 101: 99: 98: 97: 76: 74: 71: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14045: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13922: 13921: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13900: 13894: 13892: 13888: 13887: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13868: 13866: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13848: 13846: 13839: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13817: 13815: 13811: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13803: 13796: 13795: 13788: 13781: 13773: 13764: 13763: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13749:Longwood House 13746: 13745: 13744: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13570: 13568: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13526: 13525: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13494: 13492: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13455:Count of Feira 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13350:Horatio Nelson 13347: 13342: 13337: 13331: 13329: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13260:Marshal Victor 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13211: 13209: 13198: 13194: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13080: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13038:Arcis-sur-Aube 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12781:Venta del Pozo 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12656:Ciudad Rodrigo 12652: 12650: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12534:Ciudad Rodrigo 12531: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12508:Alba de Tormes 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12408:Aspern-Essling 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12010:Jena–Auerstedt 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11895: 11893: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11849: 11847: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11782:Ottoman Empire 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11742:United Kingdom 11738: 11736: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11712:Ottoman Empire 11709: 11707:Denmark–Norway 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11650:Polish Legions 11647: 11641: 11639: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11616: 11609: 11602: 11595: 11588: 11585:Peninsular War 11581: 11574: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11555: 11554: 11547: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11523: 11514: 11507: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11486:Neapolitan War 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11445:Battle of Issy 11442: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11379: 11372: 11371: 11364: 11357: 11349: 11343: 11342: 11330: 11316: 11294: 11276: 11257: 11256:(British site) 11244:"Waterloo 200" 11240: 11231: 11211: 11204: 11203:External links 11201: 11200: 11199: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11185: 11179: 11170: 11154: 11142:Staff (2009), 11139: 11124: 11109: 11104: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11080: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11028: 11023:Shaw, Philip. 11021: 11014: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10983: 10976: 10966: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10905: 10898: 10891: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10869: 10856: 10839: 10834: 10822:Howarth, David 10818: 10813: 10800: 10795: 10782: 10777: 10762: 10752: 10737: 10732: 10717: 10707: 10689: 10680: 10675: 10660: 10653: 10648: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10621: 10592: 10585: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10557: 10545: 10519: 10503: 10498: 10485: 10480: 10467: 10462: 10445: 10433: 10419: 10414: 10401: 10389: 10384: 10371: 10366: 10360:, Allen Lane, 10353: 10339: 10328: 10323: 10304: 10299: 10284: 10279: 10266: 10254: 10240: 10231: 10226: 10213: 10201: 10177: 10173:978-1840222531 10172: 10155: 10146: 10134: 10129: 10112: 10100: 10080: 10067: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10011: 9984: 9979: 9963: 9958: 9943: 9932: 9927: 9910: 9901: 9884: 9869: 9854:Les Misérables 9842: 9833: 9824: 9809: 9804: 9791: 9786: 9773: 9758: 9753: 9736: 9731: 9714: 9709: 9696: 9691: 9673: 9668: 9655: 9650: 9635: 9626: 9621: 9608: 9603: 9580: 9559: 9553: 9540: 9531: 9526: 9513: 9508: 9495: 9475: 9470: 9457: 9452: 9439: 9414: 9402: 9397: 9380: 9375: 9360: 9351: 9346: 9329: 9324: 9304: 9298: 9285: 9279: 9266: 9244:978-1453701508 9243: 9228: 9219: 9208: 9199: 9181: 9172: 9149: 9137: 9123: 9104:Bodart, Gaston 9100: 9095: 9072: 9060: 9055: 9042: 9029: 9014: 8993: 8988: 8971: 8966: 8953: 8948: 8932: 8927: 8914: 8909: 8896: 8891: 8878: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8852:Kottasova 2015 8844: 8832: 8813: 8790: 8759: 8728: 8716: 8704: 8674: 8620: 8605: 8590: 8551: 8539: 8537:, p. 345. 8527: 8496: 8494:, p. 178. 8484: 8480:Parkinson 2000 8472: 8455:clausewitz.com 8442: 8430: 8418: 8407: 8396: 8385: 8376: 8359:978-1782391388 8358: 8332: 8323: 8303: 8283: 8271: 8269:, p. 264. 8259: 8247: 8235: 8213: 8198: 8175: 8159: 8124: 8112: 8110:, p. 327. 8100: 8098:, p. 244. 8088: 8076: 8064: 8062:, p. 150. 8052: 8050:, p. 151. 8040: 8038:, p. 149. 8028: 8016: 8014:, p. 435. 8004: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7932: 7920: 7908: 7906:, p. 200. 7896: 7894:, p. 199. 7884: 7882:, p. 322. 7872: 7860: 7848: 7836: 7817: 7808: 7799: 7790: 7778: 7766: 7764:, p. 391. 7754: 7742: 7730: 7728:, p. 141. 7718: 7716:, p. 140. 7703: 7701:, p. 139. 7688: 7686:, p. 233. 7676: 7674:, p. 232. 7664: 7662:, p. 125. 7645: 7643:, p. 122. 7630: 7613: 7611:, p. 117. 7601: 7589: 7587:, p. 116. 7574: 7572:, p. 242. 7559: 7557:, p. 240. 7547: 7535: 7523: 7511: 7496: 7494:, p. 241. 7484: 7482:, p. 234. 7469: 7467:, p. 134. 7454: 7452:, p. 236. 7442: 7440:, p. 484. 7430: 7428:, p. 483. 7418: 7416:, p. 367. 7406: 7394: 7392:, p. 465. 7382: 7370: 7351: 7339: 7327: 7325:, p. 361. 7312: 7310:, p. 522. 7300: 7298:, p. 321. 7288: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7231: 7229:, p. 359. 7216: 7214:, p. 170. 7204: 7192: 7180: 7178:, p. 356. 7165: 7153: 7151:, p. 156. 7141: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7100:, p. 177. 7087: 7075: 7073:, p. 146. 7063: 7051: 7039: 7037:, p. 144. 7027: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6989:, p. 111. 6974: 6962: 6960:, p. 164. 6950: 6938: 6936:, p. 104. 6926: 6914: 6899: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6836:, p. 252. 6826: 6824:, p. 211. 6814: 6802: 6800:, p. 304. 6787: 6785:, p. 155. 6775: 6763: 6761:, p. 160. 6751: 6749:, p. 182. 6739: 6727: 6715: 6699: 6683: 6681:, p. 188. 6671: 6669:, p. 119. 6659: 6647: 6645:, p. 125. 6635: 6633:, p. 217. 6620: 6603: 6601:, p. 211. 6591: 6589:, p. 138. 6579: 6567: 6552: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6513:, p. 228. 6496: 6480: 6473: 6450: 6448:, p. 145. 6438: 6436:, p. 136. 6426: 6424:, p. 287. 6414: 6412:, p. 286. 6402: 6400:, p. 131. 6390: 6378: 6366: 6364:, p. 298. 6354: 6342: 6323: 6311: 6309:, p. 215. 6299: 6287: 6279:Wellesley 1815 6271: 6259: 6257:, p. 119. 6247: 6235: 6219: 6215:Bonaparte 1869 6207: 6205:, p. 548. 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6157:, p. 547. 6147: 6140: 6113: 6111:, p. 141. 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6038: 6036:, p. 149. 6023: 6011: 5996: 5966: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5913: 5904: 5892: 5883: 5881:, p. 485. 5871: 5838: 5836:, p. 228. 5834:Fortescue 2004 5826: 5814: 5802: 5800:, p. 133. 5790: 5754: 5734: 5708: 5681: 5669: 5660: 5648: 5631: 5619: 5602: 5595: 5566: 5540: 5538:, p. 527. 5528: 5516: 5485: 5483:, p. 144. 5473: 5466: 5446: 5420: 5418:, p. 508. 5408: 5399: 5370: 5363: 5340: 5333: 5310: 5284: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5142: 5130: 5126:Creevey Papers 5114: 5089: 5059: 5046: 5034: 5032:, p. 419. 5017: 5015:, p. 420. 5005: 5003:, p. 312. 4986: 4984:, p. 329. 4974: 4962: 4960:, p. 170. 4939: 4937:, p. 256. 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4889:, p. 169. 4862: 4850: 4848:, p. 487. 4826: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4700: 4678: 4669: 4657:General Michel 4618: 4605: 4591: 4578: 4564: 4550: 4507: 4486: 4472: 4446: 4436: 4422: 4412: 4391: 4389:, p. 59). 4366: 4350: 4342:Sergeant Major 4333: 4328:Les Misérables 4314: 4275: 4253: 4235: 4222: 4206: 4181: 4164: 4151: 4138: 4125: 4116: 4099: 4086: 4069: 4058:Cavalié Mercer 4049: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3992: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3934: 3923: 3918: 3915:Waterloo Medal 3912: 3907: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3879: 3876: 3842: 3839: 3831:Bernard Wilkin 3829:in the 1840s. 3812:Bernard Wilkin 3786: 3783: 3749:L'Aigle blessé 3743: 3740: 3726:Les Misérables 3717: 3698: 3695: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657:maps of 1794. 3624: 3605: 3591: 3588: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3490: 3387: 3333: 3330: 3316: 3310:], called 3295: 3291:sauve qui peut 3282:Pour le Mérite 3234: 3231: 3224: 3164: 3161: 3067: 2974: 2952: 2949: 2881: 2878: 2835:Adolph Northen 2817: 2805: 2802: 2771: 2710: 2674: 2671: 2628: 2625: 2603:Cavalié Mercer 2598: 2581:Captain Mercer 2543: 2473:Louis Dumoulin 2461: 2458: 2297: 2273:Sergeant Ewart 2171: 2165: 2162: 2084:La Haye Sainte 2030: 2027: 2003: 2000: 1952: 1949: 1938: 1918: 1843:Main article: 1840: 1837: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1713:Imperial Guard 1672:La Haye Sainte 1648:La Haye Sainte 1592: 1589: 1499:Peninsular War 1439: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1421: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1405:Main article: 1402: 1399: 1242:United Kingdom 1214:Peninsular War 1193:The resurgent 1174:Main article: 1171: 1168: 1144:Pax Britannica 1139:relative peace 1111:Imperial Guard 1012:United Kingdom 955: 949: 948: 941: 934: 929: 924: 917: 912: 907: 900: 895: 888: 879: 872: 863: 855: 848: 843: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 809: 799: 798: 797: 793: 792: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 758: 757: 752: 751: 745: 744: 740: 739: 734: 729: 723: 722: 716: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 663: 656: 651: 644: 637: 631: 630: 624: 621: 620: 611: 610: 603: 596: 588: 580: 579: 572: 571: 569: 568: 565: 562: 558: 554: 553: 550: 547: 543: 530: 521: 520: 513: 502: 498: 497: 493: 492: 490: 489: 485: 483: 482: 481: 480: 466: 463: 462: 458: 455: 454: 453: 452: 442: 440: 430: 428: 418: 416: 406: 404: 391: 389: 386: 385: 381: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 370: 360: 358: 356: 355: 348: 346: 345: 344: 343: 333: 327: 318: 314: 313: 309: 308: 278: 246: 245: 241: 240: 238: 237: 225: 213: 201: 189: 177: 175:United Kingdom 164: 162: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 133: 129: 128: 88: 86: 82: 81: 68: 60: 59: 41: 40: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14044: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13905: 13899: 13898:ASUB Waterloo 13896: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13863: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13818: 13816: 13812: 13805: 13801: 13794: 13789: 13787: 13782: 13780: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13755: 13752: 13750: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13690:Miscellaneous 13688: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13551: 13548: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13495: 13493: 13487: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13366: 13365:Manuel Lapeña 13363: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13322: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13295:Prince Eugène 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13245:André Masséna 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13225:Joachim Murat 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13169:Rocheserviere 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12857:San Sebastián 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12418:Sankt Michael 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12333:Teugen-Hausen 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12264: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12088: 12086: 12082: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11833: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11635:client states 11630: 11627: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11582: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11548: 11546: 11541: 11539: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11522: 11521: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423:Other battles 11421: 11416: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11370: 11365: 11363: 11358: 11356: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11331: 11329:at Wiktionary 11328: 11327: 11321: 11317: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11235:"Guides 1815" 11232: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11197: 11193: 11192: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11171: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11146: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11131: 11125: 11120: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11098: 11097: 11088:, Google Maps 11087: 11086: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11042: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11001: 10998: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10964:on 6 May 2014 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10810: 10806: 10801: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10783: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10738: 10735: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10681: 10678: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10645: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10590: 10586: 10583: 10580:Bijl, Marco, 10579: 10578: 10563: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10546: 10535: 10531: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10486: 10483: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10465: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10446: 10443: 10439: 10434: 10430: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10417: 10411: 10407: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10390: 10387: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10369: 10363: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10335: 10329: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10311: 10305: 10302: 10296: 10292: 10291: 10285: 10282: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10252: 10249:(in French), 10248: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10232: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10202: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10178: 10175: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10135: 10132: 10126: 10121: 10120: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10081: 10078:, vol. 2 10077: 10073: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10030: 10019: 10018: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9982: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9950: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9911: 9907: 9902: 9892: 9891: 9885: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9870: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9789: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9737: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9712: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9694: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9653: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9624: 9618: 9614: 9609: 9606: 9604:2-203-14303-7 9600: 9596: 9592: 9589:(in French), 9588: 9587: 9581: 9571: 9567: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9554:1-84-342724-9 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9529: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9455: 9449: 9446:, Greenhill, 9445: 9440: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9381: 9378: 9372: 9368: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9349: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9272: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9235: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9209: 9205: 9200: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9163: 9155: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9124: 9112: 9111: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9069:History Today 9066: 9061: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9032: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9015: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8969: 8963: 8959: 8954: 8951: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8930: 8928:9781612003320 8924: 8920: 8915: 8912: 8906: 8902: 8897: 8894: 8888: 8884: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8866: 8865: 8853: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8725: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8679: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8645:(2): 75–113. 8644: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8597: 8595: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8515: 8512:(31): 15–17. 8511: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8427: 8422: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8389: 8380: 8373: 8361: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8327: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8307: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8290:Paul Kerley: 8287: 8281:, p. 52. 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8257:, p. 57. 8256: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8231: 8230: 8224: 8217: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8109: 8108:Corrigan 2006 8104: 8097: 8092: 8086:, p. 23. 8085: 8080: 8074:, p. 74. 8073: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7947:, p. 70. 7946: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7929: 7924: 7917: 7912: 7905: 7900: 7893: 7888: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7845: 7840: 7833: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7812: 7803: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7700: 7695: 7693: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7650: 7642: 7637: 7635: 7626: 7625: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7599:, p. 95. 7598: 7593: 7586: 7581: 7579: 7571: 7566: 7564: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7515: 7508: 7503: 7501: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7451: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7317: 7309: 7308:Houssaye 1900 7304: 7297: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7213: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7162: 7157: 7150: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7124:, p. 39. 7123: 7118: 7111: 7110:Fletcher 1999 7106: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7071:Anglesey 1990 7067: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7035:Anglesey 1990 7031: 7025:, p. 38. 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6999:Fletcher 2001 6995: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6971: 6966: 6959: 6954: 6948:, p. 82. 6947: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6872:, p. 86. 6871: 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6835: 6834:Fletcher 1999 6830: 6823: 6818: 6812:, p. 42. 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6784: 6779: 6772: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6748: 6747:Houssaye 1900 6743: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6675: 6668: 6663: 6657:, p. 17. 6656: 6651: 6644: 6643:Anglesey 1990 6639: 6632: 6627: 6625: 6617: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6564: 6559: 6557: 6549: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6525:, p. 64. 6524: 6519: 6512: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6488:Cornwell 2015 6484: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6388:, p. 57. 6387: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6350:Longford 1971 6346: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6321:, p. 10. 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6280: 6275: 6269:, p. 55. 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6227:Fletcher 1994 6223: 6216: 6211: 6204: 6203:Longford 1971 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181:, p. 73. 6180: 6175: 6168: 6163: 6156: 6155:Longford 1971 6151: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6132: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094:Longford 1971 6090: 6084:, p. 91. 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 58. 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6021:, p. 80. 6020: 6015: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5947:, p. 59. 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5923:, p. 19. 5922: 5917: 5908: 5901: 5900:Chandler 1966 5896: 5887: 5880: 5879:Longford 1971 5875: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5842: 5835: 5830: 5824:, p. 58. 5823: 5818: 5812:, p. 29. 5811: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5679:, p. 30. 5678: 5673: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645:. p. 13. 5644: 5643: 5635: 5629:, p. 64. 5628: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5606: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5537: 5536:Longford 1971 5532: 5525: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5417: 5416:Longford 1971 5412: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5374: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5355: 5347: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5315: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5269: 5264: 5258:, p. 82. 5257: 5252: 5246:, p. 16. 5245: 5244:Cornwell 2015 5240: 5233: 5232:Chandler 1966 5228: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5176:Chandler 1966 5172: 5166:, p. 59. 5165: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5139: 5138:Marcelis 2015 5134: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5103: 5102:www.nam.ac.uk 5099: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5009: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4827: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4734: 4713: 4704: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4595: 4588: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4562:, p. 62) 4561: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4416: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375:H. T. Siborne 4370: 4363: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4147:Fitchett 2006 4142: 4135: 4129: 4120: 4113: 4109: 4108:Fitchett 2006 4103: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4082:Longford 1971 4079: 4073: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3892:France portal 3882: 3875: 3852: 3849:minted a two- 3848: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3691: 3687: 3685: 3684:Butte du Lion 3678: 3673: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569:Holy Alliance 3566: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3495:Prince Regent 3489: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3397: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3327: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3294: 3292: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247:, painted by 3246: 3244: 3239: 3223: 3220: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3121:John Colborne 3118: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3036: 3035:Colin Halkett 3030: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3013: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2867:Armee Du Nord 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2816: 2811: 2800: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2770: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2553: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2375: 2374:light cavalry 2371: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2351:French eagles 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2263:Hussey Vivian 2260: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2170: 2161: 2159: 2156:Reports from 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2019:von Thielmann 2016: 2011: 2009: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1948: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1777: 1768: 1763: 1755: 1736: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1628:reverse slope 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614:road, a deep 1613: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1569:general staff 1565: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1535:carte blanche 1531: 1527: 1522: 1520: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463:heavy cavalry 1458: 1456: 1455:Armée du Nord 1446: 1442: 1436: 1425: 1418: 1408: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1379:Sonian Forest 1376: 1372: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1185:insurrection. 1182: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 982: 976: 968: 944: 938: 921: 904: 892: 885: 884: 876: 869: 868: 859: 852: 821: 814: 807: 802: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 754: 750: 747: 746: 742: 741: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 727:Rocheserviere 725: 724: 721: 718: 717: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 693:Aubervilliers 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 661: 657: 655: 652: 650: 649: 645: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 629: 626: 625: 622: 617: 609: 604: 602: 597: 595: 590: 589: 586: 577: 573: 566: 563: 560: 559: 551: 548: 545: 544: 542: 534: 531: 529:220 guns lost 528: 527: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 503: 501:26,000–27,000 500: 499: 494: 487: 486: 476: 471: 470: 468: 467: 460: 459: 448: 443: 441: 436: 431: 429: 424: 419: 417: 412: 407: 405: 400: 395: 394: 393: 392: 383: 382: 375:7,500 gunners 374: 371: 368: 367: 365: 362: 361: 359: 354: 350: 349: 342: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 321: 320: 319: 317:72,000–73,000 316: 315: 310: 307: 302: 296: 291: 284: 279: 277: 273: 270: 265: 259: 254: 248: 247: 242: 236: 226: 224: 214: 212: 202: 200: 190: 188: 178: 176: 166: 165: 163: 161: 151: 150: 145: 137: 134: 131: 130: 125: 95: 91: 87: 84: 83: 69: 66: 65: 61: 58: 54: 53: 47: 42: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 13909: 13737:Grande Armée 13697:Bibliography 13681:Paris (1815) 13641:Paris (1814) 13626:Paris (1810) 13606:Finckenstein 13581:Campo Formio 13340:Rowland Hill 13326:military and 13206:military and 13179:Rocquencourt 13158: 13048:Saint-Dizier 13018:Bar-sur-Aube 12973:Mincio River 12468:Schöngrabern 12247:2nd Zaragoza 12187:1st Zaragoza 12141:Stralsund II 11990:Campo Tenese 11964:Schöngrabern 11949:Cape Ortegal 11899:Diamond Rock 11777:Papal States 11611: 11604: 11597: 11590: 11583: 11576: 11569: 11518: 11509: 11502: 11399: 11376:Hundred Days 11325: 11304: 11268:. Retrieved 11264: 11252:the original 11247: 11237:(in French). 11228: 11223:the original 11218: 11173: 11159: 11150:the original 11144: 11135:the original 11129: 11116: 11100: 11084: 11051: 11031: 11024: 11017: 11010: 11003: 10986: 10982:48#4 (2015). 10979: 10969: 10962:the original 10944:(1): 39–74, 10941: 10937: 10925: 10918: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10860: 10847: 10843:Keegan, John 10825: 10804: 10786: 10767: 10755: 10748:the original 10742: 10722: 10713: 10697: 10684: 10665: 10656: 10639: 10616: 10606:, retrieved 10602:the original 10596: 10561: 10549: 10540:14 September 10538:, retrieved 10528: 10524: 10514: 10489: 10471: 10449: 10441: 10427: 10405: 10393: 10375: 10357: 10347: 10333: 10309: 10289: 10270: 10262: 10245: 10235: 10217: 10209: 10196:14 September 10194:, retrieved 10190:the original 10185: 10159: 10150: 10138: 10118: 10104: 10092: 10075: 10061: 10057:Mercer, A.C. 10049: 10034: 10022:, retrieved 10016: 9992: 9970: 9948: 9937: 9914: 9905: 9894:, retrieved 9889: 9877: 9864:14 September 9862:, retrieved 9853: 9846:Hugo, Victor 9837: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9795: 9777: 9763: 9743:, New York: 9740: 9718: 9700: 9681: 9677:Gronow, R.H. 9659: 9640: 9630: 9612: 9585: 9573:, retrieved 9564: 9544: 9535: 9517: 9499: 9484: 9461: 9443: 9434:14 September 9432:, retrieved 9428:the original 9422: 9409: 9384: 9365: 9355: 9333: 9311: 9289: 9270: 9233: 9223: 9213: 9203: 9192:, retrieved 9188: 9176: 9153: 9142: 9131: 9115:. Retrieved 9109: 9081:, New York: 9077: 9068: 9046: 9036:25 September 9034:. Retrieved 9019: 9007:, retrieved 9001: 8975: 8957: 8939: 8921:, Casemate, 8918: 8900: 8882: 8873: 8847: 8835: 8826: 8816: 8807: 8803: 8793: 8781:. Retrieved 8772: 8762: 8750:. Retrieved 8741: 8731: 8719: 8707: 8695:. Retrieved 8642: 8638: 8614: 8608: 8581:. Retrieved 8577:the original 8564: 8554: 8542: 8535:Mercer 1870a 8530: 8518:. Retrieved 8509: 8499: 8487: 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8454: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8415:Keeling 2015 8410: 8399: 8393:Rapport 2015 8388: 8379: 8370: 8363:. Retrieved 8349: 8335: 8326: 8306: 8286: 8274: 8267:Barbero 2006 8262: 8250: 8238: 8227: 8223:"Issy" 8216: 8207: 8201: 8190: 8170: 8162: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8115: 8103: 8091: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8012:Kincaid 2006 8007: 7976: 7969:Siborne 1895 7964: 7957:Chesney 1874 7952: 7928:Chesney 1874 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7811: 7802: 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7750:Chesney 1874 7745: 7733: 7721: 7679: 7667: 7623: 7616: 7604: 7592: 7570:Barbero 2006 7555:Barbero 2006 7550: 7538: 7531:Barbero 2006 7526: 7519:Mercer 1870a 7514: 7507:Barbero 2006 7492:Barbero 2006 7487: 7480:Barbero 2006 7450:Barbero 2006 7445: 7438:Siborne 1895 7433: 7426:Siborne 1895 7421: 7414:Beamish 1995 7409: 7397: 7390:Siborne 1895 7385: 7378:Siborne 1891 7373: 7354: 7347:Siborne 1891 7342: 7335:Siborne 1891 7330: 7303: 7296:Mercer 1870a 7291: 7284:Mercer 1870a 7262: 7250: 7242: 7234: 7207: 7195: 7188:Siborne 1895 7183: 7161:Siborne 1895 7156: 7149:Barbero 2006 7144: 7122:Siborne 1891 7117: 7105: 7078: 7066: 7059:Siborne 1891 7054: 7042: 7030: 7023:Siborne 1891 7018: 7006: 6994: 6970:Siborne 1891 6965: 6958:Barbero 2006 6953: 6941: 6929: 6922:Siborne 1895 6917: 6910:Barbero 2006 6889: 6882:Barbero 2005 6877: 6865: 6858:Siborne 1895 6853: 6841: 6829: 6822:Barbero 2005 6817: 6805: 6783:Barbero 2006 6778: 6771:Barbero 2005 6766: 6759:Barbero 2013 6754: 6742: 6735:Siborne 1895 6730: 6723:Barbero 2005 6718: 6710: 6707:Siborne 1891 6702: 6694: 6686: 6679:Barbero 2005 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6616:Barbero 2006 6594: 6587:Barbero 2006 6582: 6570: 6563:Barbero 2006 6542: 6530: 6518: 6491: 6483: 6463: 6446:Barbero 2005 6441: 6434:Barbero 2005 6429: 6417: 6405: 6398:Barbero 2005 6393: 6386:Roberts 2005 6381: 6374:Barbero 2005 6369: 6362:Barbero 2005 6357: 6345: 6314: 6302: 6295:Barbero 2005 6290: 6282: 6274: 6267:Roberts 2005 6262: 6250: 6243:Barbero 2005 6238: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6191:Roberts 2001 6186: 6179:Barbero 2005 6174: 6167:Roberts 2001 6162: 6150: 6130: 6109:Barbero 2005 6089: 6082:Barbero 2005 6077: 6070:Barbero 2005 6065: 6058:Barbero 2005 6053: 6041: 6034:Barbero 2005 6019:Barbero 2005 6014: 6007:Barbero 2005 5987:. Retrieved 5978: 5969: 5940: 5928: 5921:Barbero 2006 5916: 5907: 5895: 5886: 5874: 5857: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5798:Roberts 2001 5793: 5781:. Retrieved 5747: 5737: 5725:. Retrieved 5721:the original 5711: 5699:. Retrieved 5684: 5672: 5663: 5651: 5641: 5634: 5622: 5612: 5605: 5581: 5557:. Retrieved 5543: 5531: 5524:Chesney 1874 5519: 5507:. Retrieved 5501:. Academia. 5498: 5488: 5481:Chesney 1874 5476: 5456: 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5433:the original 5423: 5411: 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5384:. Academia. 5380: 5373: 5353: 5323: 5301:. Retrieved 5287: 5275: 5263: 5256:Siborne 1895 5251: 5239: 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5195: 5188:Siborne 1895 5183: 5171: 5159: 5150: 5145: 5133: 5125: 5117: 5105:. Retrieved 5101: 5092: 5080:. Retrieved 5071: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5037: 5030:Barbero 2005 5013:Barbero 2005 5008: 5001:Barbero 2006 4977: 4972:, p. 4. 4970:Chesney 1874 4965: 4930: 4923:Barbero 2005 4918: 4906: 4894: 4853: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4712: 4703: 4698:, p. 2) 4688:Kennedy 1987 4681: 4672: 4667:, p. 70 4653:Hugh Halkett 4646: 4638: 4635:Shapiro 2006 4630: 4621: 4608: 4594: 4587:Barbero 2005 4581: 4574:Chesney 1874 4567: 4560:Mercer 1870b 4553: 4539: 4528: 4520:Google Books 4510: 4489: 4475: 4467: 4457: 4449: 4439: 4425: 4415: 4407: 4394: 4382: 4379:Siborne 1891 4369: 4353: 4336: 4326: 4317: 4310:Siborne 1891 4305: 4302:Siborne 1891 4298: 4291: 4288:Siborne 1891 4283: 4278: 4256: 4238: 4225: 4209: 4202:Boulger 1901 4198:Google Books 4184: 4173:8militia.net 4167: 4154: 4141: 4134:Barbero 2005 4128: 4119: 4102: 4089: 4072: 4052: 4036: 4027: 4011: 3995: 3982: 3966: 3942:directed by 3937: 3844: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3776: 3753: 3748: 3745: 3736: 3733: 3724: 3713: 3708:Lion's Mound 3700: 3690:Lion's Mound 3681: 3680:The immense 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3620: 3612: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3562: 3543: 3529: 3518: 3510: 3485: 3482:Themistocles 3479: 3470:Saint Helena 3456: 3429: 3416: 3409: 3402: 3383: 3378:Iron Crosses 3374: 3350: 3325: 3323: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3290: 3287: 3275: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3253: 3241: 3215: 3202: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3117:2nd Division 3105: 3094: 3089: 3076: 3062: 3060: 3031: 3016: 2996:Le Grenadier 2994: 2971: 2966: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2891: 2874: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2814: 2798: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2706: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2681: 2667: 2655: 2647: 2639: 2620: 2617: 2609: 2594: 2578: 2566: 2562: 2557:George Jones 2541:cuirassiers. 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2483: 2476: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2421: 2417: 2406: 2395: 2391: 2370:Chevau-léger 2367: 2363: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2310: 2307:Walter Scott 2304: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2276: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2192: 2183: 2168: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2127: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2093: 2081: 2050: 2039: 2032: 2012: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1945: 1926: 1911: 1906:Hugh Halkett 1898: 1894:Scots Guards 1886: 1879: 1872: 1866: 1862: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1811: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1766: 1717: 1697: 1680: 1664: 1653: 1625: 1608: 1573: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1534: 1526:Duke of York 1523: 1515: 1494: 1491:British Army 1479: 1475: 1471: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1395: 1391: 1383: 1367: 1355: 1343: 1335: 1308: 1288: 1273: 1266: 1262: 1232: 1164:Lion's Mound 1149: 1142: 1115: 1103: 1087: 1075:Hundred Days 1072: 1063: 1055: 1035: 1031: 966: 964: 881: 865: 857: 801:Hundred Days 703:Rocquencourt 665: 659: 658: 646: 639: 616:Hundred Days 575: 532: 525: 523: 363: 249: 147:Belligerents 50: 36:Part of the 25: 13565:War of 1812 13523:Gunboat War 13480:Louis XVIII 13235:Jean Lannes 13149:Quatre Bras 13139:San Germano 13089:Occhiobello 12978:Champaubert 12968:La Rothière 12892:San Marcial 12776:2nd Polotsk 12741:1st Polotsk 12726:Majadahonda 12666:Villagarcia 12595:Campo Maior 12383:Piave River 12308:Ciudad Real 12298:Villafranca 12167:Dos de Mayo 12116:Stralsund I 11868:18 Brumaire 11802:Netherlands 11700:Württemberg 11113:"No. 17037" 10987:Cliometrica 10456:, 232–233, 9406:Eenens, A.M 9128:"No. 22060" 8876:(in Dutch). 8862:Works cited 8492:Steele 2014 8465:19 February 8426:Jomini 1864 8187:"No. 17028" 8120:Mantle 2000 8096:Davies 2012 7543:Cotton 1849 7255:Weller 1992 7239:Gronow 1862 7047:Cotton 1849 6934:Weller 2010 6810:Wooten 1993 6713:, pp. 7–10. 6691:Glover 2004 6511:Haweis 1908 6334:Creasy 1877 6307:Thiers 1862 5677:Glover 2014 5551:. AETN UK. 5280:Herold 1967 4982:Bowden 1983 4846:Bodart 1908 4696:Paxton 1985 4692:Palmer 1956 4643:Boller 1989 4614:Masson 1869 4536:Craan, W.B. 4525:Knoop, W.J. 4516:Eenens 1879 4503:Lozier 2010 4482:Weller 1992 4460:, pp. 4387:Glover 2007 4323:Victor Hugo 4295:Glover 2004 4271:Glover 2004 4177:Eenens 1879 4095:Frichermont 4065:Mercer 1891 3940:(1970 film) 3721:Victor Hugo 3565:Crimean War 3466:Louis XVIII 3457:Bellerophon 3425:Napoleon II 3272:Machiavelli 2833:painted by 2820:Wellington. 2783:, Canning, 2762:tirailleurs 2757:tirailleurs 2727:tirailleurs 2615:was spent. 2507:Cuirassiers 2469:Marshal Ney 2408:carabiniers 2219:2nd Brigade 2195:1st Brigade 2174:Wellington. 2143:Black Watch 2141:, the 42nd 2139:Royal Scots 1977:Napoleon's 1933:cuirassiers 1921:Wellington. 1749:Preparation 1676:95th Rifles 1632:skirmishers 1616:sunken lane 1591:Battlefield 1503:War of 1812 1319:Quatre Bras 1292:Marshal Ney 698:Saint-Denis 673:2nd Genappe 654:1st Genappe 641:Quatre Bras 576:Both sides: 325:infantrymen 199:Netherlands 119: / 13931:Categories 13707:Casualties 13621:Schönbrunn 13596:Artlenburg 13345:John Moore 13250:Michel Ney 13119:Scapezzano 13109:Cesenatico 13053:Montmartre 12983:Montmirail 12917:Wartenburg 12872:Großbeeren 12731:Gorodechno 12721:Klyastitsy 12701:Saltanovka 12590:Casal Novo 12463:Hollabrunn 12448:Korneuburg 12242:Somosierra 12146:Copenhagen 11969:Austerlitz 11959:Dürenstein 11695:Westphalia 11638:and allies 10552:, London: 10259:"Waterloo" 10182:"Waterloo" 9685:, London, 9662:, Osprey, 9334:Wellington 9085:, p. 8840:Torfs 2015 8783:26 January 8752:26 January 8697:26 January 8583:17 January 8404:Black 2015 8365:31 January 8346:"Epilogue" 8255:Booth 1815 8084:Booth 1815 8072:Booth 1815 7981:White 2011 7945:Parry 1900 7916:Field 2013 7904:Field 2013 7892:Field 2013 7844:Field 2013 7786:Field 2013 7774:Booth 1815 7762:Adkin 2001 7402:Simms 2014 7323:Adkin 2001 7267:Adkin 2001 7227:Adkin 2001 7200:Adkin 2001 7176:Adkin 2001 6895:Adkin 2001 6693:, p. 6655:Grant 1972 6631:Adkin 2001 6523:Simms 2014 6338:Chapter XV 6319:Booth 1815 6255:Lamar 2000 6229:, p. 6046:Parry 1900 5989:9 December 5822:Simms 2014 5810:Simms 2014 5765:Eric Huh. 5082:1 December 4812:Hougoumont 4779:Hougoumont 4724:References 4665:Parry 1900 4661:White 2011 4601:Adkin 2001 4432:Smith 1998 4362:Smith 1998 4214:Pawly 2001 3930:grape-shot 3823:fertilizer 3444:Royal Navy 3277:The Prince 3139:last stand 3132:Copenhagen 3119:), led by 2831:Plancenoit 2808:See also: 2644:in support 2526:carabinier 2491:Kellermann 2441:105e Ligne 2339:105e Ligne 2319:John Elley 1992:Perponcher 1863:1st Légère 1845:Hougoumont 1839:Hougoumont 1821:bivouacked 1720:Plancenoit 1656:Hougoumont 1626:Using the 1424:Michel Ney 1327:Perponcher 777:18–24 June 772:17–18 June 767:16–17 June 756:Chronology 749:Guadeloupe 331:cavalrymen 269:Michel Ney 258:Napoleon I 104:50°40′41″N 77:1815-06-18 13865:Landmarks 13671:Casalanza 13646:Tauroggen 13601:Pressburg 13586:Lunéville 13491:conflicts 13324:Coalition 13174:La Suffel 13124:Tolentino 13008:Montereau 12993:Vauchamps 12942:Bornhöved 12897:Dennewitz 12842:Tarragona 12791:Chashniki 12691:Salamanca 12615:Tarragona 12539:Barquilla 12493:Almonacid 12453:Stockerau 12423:Stralsund 12393:2nd Porto 12373:Ebelsberg 12343:Abensberg 12313:1st Porto 12273:Castellón 12257:Benavente 12222:Valmaseda 12136:Friedland 12131:Heilsberg 12101:Ostrołęka 12091:Mohrungen 12025:Magdeburg 11954:Amstetten 11939:Trafalgar 11924:Elchingen 11909:Wertingen 11807:Brunswick 11732:Coalition 11219:Booknotes 10958:159698207 10824:(1997) , 10613:based on 10527:The Times 10059:(1870a), 9595:Casterman 8997:Bas, F de 8885:, Aurum, 8773:The Times 8724:Peel 2012 8712:Dunn 2015 8669:249833895 8661:1574-0773 8573:0307-1235 8547:Hugo 1862 8372:Waterloo. 8167:Frye 2004 7212:Wood 1895 7098:Wood 1895 7011:Wood 1895 4648:The Times 4383:Letter 35 4306:Letter 21 4292:Letter 16 4112:Nofi 1998 4017:24–26,000 3933:Anglesey. 3819:bone meal 3793:A female 3742:Monuments 3704:William I 3697:Landmarks 3655:Capitaine 3455:HMS 3332:Aftermath 3243:Lord Hill 3091:Dutchmen. 2991:Old Guard 2987:Grenadier 2961:Old Guard 2909:Steinmetz 2858:Losthin's 2785:de Lancey 2715:43rd Foot 2684:by Knötel 2650:Bachelu's 2638:with the 2585:'G' Troop 2347:45e Ligne 2343:45e Ligne 2277:45e Ligne 2135:44th Foot 2129:road was 2061:Marcognet 2046:Bourgeois 2021:, at the 1984:Lord Hill 1660:Papelotte 1551:Freikorps 1511:Brunswick 1300:Charleroi 1020:Brunswick 994:, now in 840:Rochefort 743:Caribbean 732:La Suffel 341:engineers 235:Brunswick 136:Coalition 107:4°24′44″E 13742:Uniforms 13656:Chaumont 13574:Treaties 13275:Joseph I 13215:Napoleon 13159:Waterloo 13099:Casaglia 13063:Toulouse 12947:Sehested 12922:Bidassoa 12902:2nd Kulm 12887:1st Kulm 12877:Katzbach 12867:Sorauren 12862:Pyrenees 12827:Castalla 12811:Berezina 12801:Smoliani 12771:Tarutino 12756:Borodino 12746:Valutino 12736:Smolensk 12706:Ostrovno 12676:Maguilla 12640:Valencia 12630:Saguntum 12478:Talavera 12358:Ratisbon 12348:Landshut 12323:Bergisel 12318:Medellín 12232:Espinosa 12192:Valencia 12065:Czarnowo 12035:Pasewalk 12030:Prenzlau 12005:Saalfeld 11944:Caldiero 11914:Günzburg 11792:Sardinia 11767:Portugal 11309:Archived 11287:Archived 11189:Uniforms 10845:(1976), 10608:23 March 10575:Articles 10534:archived 10509:(1815), 10425:(1862), 10345:(1895), 10024:29 March 10001:citation 9995:, London 9969:(1971), 9875:(1864), 9858:archived 9848:(1862), 9840:, London 9679:(1862), 9575:29 April 9420:(1815), 9408:(1879), 9252:citation 9162:citation 9156:, London 9106:(1908). 8938:(2005), 8777:Archived 8746:Archived 8691:Archived 8520:6 August 8514:Archived 8459:Archived 8440:, ch. 3. 8344:(2003). 8339:Compare: 8315:Archived 8295:Archived 8154:19301006 7362:Archived 6711:Letter 5 5983:Archived 5866:44232822 5783:17 April 5774:Archived 5745:(1848). 5727:13 April 5695:Archived 5553:Archived 5509:17 April 5503:Archived 5439:17 April 5392:19 April 5386:Archived 5303:17 April 5297:Archived 5208:Archived 5107:15 March 5076:Archived 4686:power".( 4659:instead. 4538:(1817), 4444:purpose. 4346:Low 1911 4299:Letter 5 4284:Letter 5 4056:Captain 3938:Waterloo 3878:See also 3856:⁠2 3718:— 3651:Ferraris 3625:— 3606:— 3594:General 3535:Analysis 3491:— 3388:— 3317:— 3296:— 3225:— 3147:Landwehr 3068:— 3063:en masse 3010:General 2975:— 2944:Landwehr 2940:Regiment 2938:Landwehr 2929:Landwehr 2925:Schützen 2898:Müffling 2818:— 2772:— 2711:— 2701:canister 2601:Captain 2599:— 2544:— 2298:— 2172:— 2057:Donzelot 1939:— 1919:— 1892:and the 1561:Landwehr 1556:Landwehr 1422:Marshal 1377:and the 1375:Waterloo 1195:Napoleon 1160:Brussels 1122:Borodino 1079:cantoned 1044:Prussian 1004:Napoleon 988:Waterloo 835:300miles 787:2–7 July 660:Waterloo 535:: 24,000 517:captured 312:Strength 90:Waterloo 85:Location 13891:Culture 13814:Schools 13489:Related 13068:Bayonne 13033:Craonne 13003:Mormant 12963:Brienne 12937:Nivelle 12927:Leipzig 12882:Dresden 12852:Vitoria 12837:Bautzen 12806:Krasnoi 12751:Mesoten 12711:Vitebsk 12671:Almaraz 12661:Badajoz 12620:Albuera 12605:Almeida 12600:Sabugal 12585:Redinha 12575:Barrosa 12554:Bussaco 12549:Almeida 12529:Astorga 12498:Tamames 12458:Gefrees 12413:Alcañiz 12353:Eckmühl 12283:Corunna 12252:Sahagún 12217:Zornoza 12212:Vimeiro 12182:Cabezón 12106:Kolberg 12075:Pułtusk 12070:Golymin 12060:Hamelin 12040:Stettin 12000:Schleiz 11845:Prelude 11837:battles 11812:Hanover 11757:Prussia 11747:Austria 11685:Bavaria 11665:Etruria 11660:Holland 11632:France, 11625:gerents 11270:30 July 11172:Staff, 11058:The map 10760:excerpt 10758:(2019) 10091:(ed.), 9591:Tournai 9194:22 July 9144:Sources 9117:11 June 8742:Faz.net 8232:. 1907. 8171:June 22 7380:, p464. 5701:8 April 5559:8 April 5217:8 April 5124:citing 4822:Reflist 4810:At the 4777:At the 4406:in his 4262:Bylandt 3871:⁠ 3847:Belgium 3785:Remains 3766:in the 3760:Genappe 3756:Duhesme 3581:Prussia 3575:into a 3448:Captain 2989:of the 2862:La Haie 2755:French 2751:dropped 2505:French 2399:hussars 2379:Milhaud 2065:Durutte 2053:echelon 2035:columns 1701:d'Erlon 1585:Pirch I 1507:Hanover 1467:lancers 1445:I Corps 1269:Belgium 1254:Prussia 1250:Austria 1170:Prelude 1048:Blücher 1016:Hanover 996:Belgium 762:15 June 683:Cambrai 541:missing 511:wounded 337:gunners 211:Hanover 187:Prussia 138:victory 75: ( 13845:Closed 13666:Mantua 13616:Cintra 13611:Tilsit 13591:Amiens 13129:Ancona 13114:Pesaro 13084:Panaro 13013:Orthez 12998:Garris 12912:Roßlau 12907:Göhrde 12847:Luckau 12832:Lützen 12796:Vyazma 12766:Burgos 12761:Moscow 12716:Kobryn 12625:Usagre 12580:Pombal 12570:Gebora 12443:Wagram 12403:Tarvis 12378:Girona 12338:Raszyn 12328:Sacile 12237:Tudela 12227:Burgos 12207:Roliça 12202:Bailén 12121:Mileto 12111:Danzig 12050:Lübeck 12015:Erfurt 11934:Verona 11817:Nassau 11797:Sweden 11787:Persia 11772:Sicily 11752:Russia 11734:forces 11717:Persia 11690:Saxony 11675:Naples 11645:France 11623:Belli- 11284:Allied 11280:French 10997:online 10991:online 10974:online 10956: 10913:online 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