Duchy of Nassau - Knowledge

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further discussion about elections until September 1850, when the government submitted a new proposal for a twenty-four member chamber elected using the Prussian three-class franchise, modelled on the Erfurt Parliament. There was no further consultation with Parliament about the new elections, since the Duke dissolved Parliament on 2 April 1851. On 25 November, the Duke finally brought regulations into effect for the election of a Parliament similar to the bicameral system that existed before 1848. The political groups and the few remaining societies made no attempt at campaigning. On 14 and 16 February 1852 the landowners and merchants in the highest tax-bracket (less than a hundred people in the whole duchy) voted first for the six members of the upper chamber. The electoral college for the lower house was elected on 9 February and the elected college met on 18 February. The eligible voters for the lower chamber numbered 70,490. Voter turnout was between 3–4%. In some areas, lack of interest meant that the elections could not take place at all. Unlike the previous Parliament, farmers were the largest group in the new lower house.

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liberals in parliament argued that the sale of the Abbey should not be completed. They argued that the buildings and estate were worth more than the price that they had been sold for, and that Parliament had a right to veto sales of land. The government's officials denied that Parliament had any such right and stressed the social value that the structure would have after its sale. In the course of the debate, which continued over several sittings, a fierce war of words developed between the pro- and anti-clerical members of Parliament. The anti-clerical members disapproved of giving the Catholic church oversight of children. In the end, the sale went ahead despite Parliament's opposition.

2423: 1413: 591: 1768: 1752: 1468:. As the reaction against the revolution began, there were many new foundations, so that by the end of 1848, there were around fifty organisations in the Kirberger Union, many with their own sub-organisations. In the following months however, the democratic movement collapsed rapidly. After the middle of 1849, there were no active democratic societies. A few societies were formed, supporting constitutional monarchy. They gained an over-arching structure on 19 November 1848, when the Nassau and Hessian constitutional societies named themselves the Deutsche Vereine (German Society) as an umbrella organisation with its base in Wiesbaden. 870:

previous regimes and the new subjects. According to the reports of Nassau officials, the new administrations were welcomed, or at least accepted without protest, in most regions, since the Nassau principalities were considered very liberal, compared to the former ecclesiastical rulers. Between December 1802 and September 1803, the wealth monasteries and religious communities were disbanded. The closures of monasteries without possessions continued until 1817 since the state had to provide pensions to monks and converses after disbanding their communities. Between October 1803 and February 1804, the territories of many

475: 166: 1784: 583: 1939: 2939: 1668:, the city of Frankfurt, and Nassau. Both houses were asked to give their assent to a law bringing the Prussian constitution into force in those territories on 1 October 1867. The law was passed by both houses of the Prussian Landtag on 20 September 1866 and was published in the gazette. The next step was the publication of the notice of annexation, which made the citizens of the nine annexed regions into citizens of Prussia. After these official actions, further practical actions were taken to bring the annexed regions into full union with the rest of Prussia. 422: 2055: 1313:(20–23%). Turnout varied by region from very low to nearly full participation, but there was a tendency for higher participation in the cities than in the countryside. Many procedural irregularities were reported from the electoral assemblies. Ideological programmes played a minor role in the selection of electors. Promises of lower rates of taxation were thrown around in many of the hustings during the assemblies. In most cases they elected people who were already socially prominent, like mayors, teachers, forest rangers, or clergymen (especially in the 2346: 1528:

two districts had a turnout of more than 60%. In some places, the only participants were the polling officials themselves. In at least 27 of the 132 electoral districts, the vote could not take place at all because of low turnout and had to be rescheduled for 27 January. The men chosen to be members of the electoral colleges were all civil servants. In the following days, the constitutional monarchists nominated candidates to be elected as representative. On 31 January, the electoral colleges chose Carl Wirth, a local official in

1297:, began to encourage Catholic societies in rural areas. They had the clearest programme of any of the parties, with 21 core principles, which the Bishop had promulgated on 9 March. Additionally, pastoral letters and religious services provided a platform for propagating ecclesiastical politics. On 4 April, a radical liberal pamphlet was distributed in Wiesbaden, announcing the "Committee of the Republican Society" as the first party that stood against the Catholic political agitation. The next day, a special issue of the 2173: 2220: 178: 1238:. A draft bill was presented on 20 March and finally passed on 28 March. They decided in favour of an electoral college by 18 votes to three. On 5 April the electoral law came into effect. It stated that every hundred people would choose an elector, who in turn would meet in one of 14 electoral colleges, each of which would choose one member of parliament. The right to vote was extended to several groups that had hitherto been excluded, such as noblemen, officials, pensioners, and 436: 1135: 2269: 602: 3323: 1124: 1582: 1050: 1477: 2364: 2296: 1187: 1080:

point, drafted several reform proposals, few of which were accepted. The issue of the Domain thus progressed to burning point. On 24 March, the deputies of the lower chamber put forward a proposal for the Domain to become property of the populace. The government forbade a public assemblies on this issue and announced the opposite opinion. To suppress any revolt following this decision, several hundred troops were called in from the neighbouring

1309:. Since this was the first time that such a task had been attempted, it was an incredibly difficult process in many areas to create the lists of voters. There were protests by the populace and newspapers against limitations on the right to vote that were considered unfair. In particular, they pushed back against the fact that the adult sons of artisans and farmers would not be allowed to vote if they worked in their father's business. 38: 1421:

Duke to veto decisions of Parliament. While the left wing in the Parliament did not recognise this power, the right wing and the Ducal government insisted on it. Soon this dispute led to unrest among the general population. Finally, Hergenhahn called in Prussian and Austrian troops from Mainz, who put down the riots in Wiesbaden. In September, after fighting in the streets in Frankfurt, Federal troops occupied part of the Taunus.

681: 1269:. In Wiesbaden, a central safety committee for the whole of Nassau under the leadership of Augustus Hergenhahn was established and came to enjoy a level of authority throughout the Duchy. Hergenhahn developed into the moderate liberal leading light of the revolution and also secured the trust of Duke Adoplhe. After Emil August von Dungern resigned as Chief Minister, the Duke appointed Hergenhahn as his replacement on 16 April. 207: 195: 2078: 1230:

lords sought to discuss voting rights as well, there were protests among the populace of Wiesbaden. Around 500 people gathered in Wiesbaden in the evening to publicly debate the question of voting rights. Smaller meetings occurred in other cities of nassau. By the middle of the month however, these public discussions had faded away. Meanwhile, the lower chamber agreed that the future parliament should be

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lords voted down a targeted action of the bourgeois against Bieberstein. In the following months, there were ever more assemblies, rallies, newspaper articles (especially from outside Nassau), and pamphlets by the different parties of the conflict. Officials who had expressed sympathies for the bourgeois were reprimanded or fired and liberal newspapers from outside Nassau were banned.

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of the people, they were mainly peasants, armed with scythes, cudgels, and axes, seeking the abolition of old Feudal impositions and an easing of forest and hunting laws. As the crowd moved restlessly through the city, the Duke announced from the balcony of his residence that he would meet all their demands. Then the crowd happily dispersed.

965:(cultivation ordinance) promoted the autonomous management of soil and land. After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of 1178:. The government attempted some tentative reforms in 1845 with a somewhat more liberal municipalities law and with a law about district courts in 1846. In 1847, Parliament drafted laws on press freedom and damage to the land by animals, in response to complaints from the rural population about the consequences of Ducal hunts. 1524:, where they were stationed as representatives of the German Federation to prevent revolutionary movements. Beyond that, they wanted the reconstitution of a German parliament with full powers. The Catholic political societies had already disappeared by this point. The church itself made no effort to influence the election. 2431: 732:(1792–1797), Nassau-Dietz lost its possessions in Belgium and the Netherlands, while Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg lost all their territories west of the Rhine to France. On the other hand, like other German secular principalities, the Nassaus gained territory that had formerly belonged to the church as a result of 1597:. It had been secularised in 1803 and passed into private ownership. In 1841 the site was put up for sale and the government made plans to turn the abbey into the first state-run home for the elderly and poor in Nassau. The Minister of Construction estimated the costs for the required renovations at 34,000 1527:

Preparation for elections to the Erfurt Parliament began in December 1849. On 20 January 1850, the initial election of the electoral college took place in Nassau. Due to the higher voting age, the number of voters participating was a bit lower than in 1848. The turnout varied between 1% and 20%. Only

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all sought a high voter turnout in the hope that this would add legitimacy to the Prussian plans for a monarchist Germany. The so-called Gotha Post-Parliament, an informal successor of the Frankfurt Parliament, came decisively under the influence of Max van Gagern. August Hergenhahn also participated

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won with 82% of the vote. Von Gagern had been approached to be a candidate by the liberals, but was also a devoted Catholic and close confidant of the Duke. This position between the camps provided opportunities for Catholics and Liberals to attack him, but these attacks ultimately had little impact,

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In accordance with a proclamation of Hergenhahn, around 40,000 men assembled in Wiesbaden on 4 March. There was a clear conflict in this action, which would shape the subsequent development of events: while the circle around Hergenhahn hoped to receive confirmation of their demands by the acclamation

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In March 1832, there was a new election for the lower chamber. However, the bourgeois deputies demanded that the house of lords were reduced to their previous numbers. Since the government refused this, the deputies ended the session and left the chamber on 17 April. The three ecclesiastical members,

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of 1830 sparked unrest in neighbouring countries. In 1831, the government prevented the submission of petitions to the Duke on the subject and held a joint manoeuvre in Rheingau with Austrian troops from the fortress in Mainz. At its next sitting, Parliament, which had not been very active up to this

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Only four years after the establishment of the constitution, in 1818, did the first election in the Duchy take place. As a result, Parliament was prevented from playing a role in the establishment of the Duchy. The electorate consisted of 39 nobles, 1448 owners of substantial amounts of land, and 128

987:, who originally came from Nassau and had substantial holdings there. The princes encouraged his involvement because he was part of the class of Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed by them and due to his involvement, the opposition of the Knights was diminished. However, the legislation of the 869:

Even before the actual Imperial Recess, in September and October 1802, both principalities deployed troops in the territories of Cologne and Mainz that they had received. In November and December, after civilian officials had taken possession of the territory, new oaths were sworn by officials of the

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announced a Democratic-Monarchist opposition party, which was formally founded on 7 April. On 5 April, there were significant protests calling for the establishment of a Wiesbaden committee for electoral preparation. In the morning, the Liberals called for a public assembly to take place at 1 pm, at

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subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817. On 14 March 1818, a state-wide public health system was established – the first such system in Germany.

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were occupied and annexed. Only in August/September 1806 were these acquisitions confirmed by edict, affirmed by the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine. This process encountered considerable resistance, led by the Imperial Knights, but this resistance had no serious consequences and ultimately

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In 1849, the government submitted a proposal for new elections to Parliament, which were to elect a bicameral system in which the upper chamber would be elected by wealthy citizens. This proposal was opposed by the Liberals, while the constitutional monarchists supported it. After that there was no

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on 21 October 1831. At the end of 1831, the Nassau court began investigations against Herber. On 3 December 1832, Herber was finally sentenced to three years in prison for 'Abuse of the sovereign' and 'libel' against Bieberstein. On the night of 4 December, the president of the chamber was arrested

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On 2 September 1814, a constitution was promulgated. It was the first modern constitution in any of the German states. Because there was (very limited) parliamentary involvement in government, especially in taxation, it was considered to be a "Parliamentary Constitution" in the language of the day.

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were another religious society, which soon took charge of care for the sick within the diocese. After some initial problems at lower levels, they were tolerated by the government of the Duchy and even tacitly supported, because they had received enthusiastic commendation by doctors. In many places

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Shortly before this, in the 25 November 1863 elections, the liberals had won a large majority in the lower chamber of Parliament. Their manifesto had proposed, among other things, that the privileges held by the Catholic church should also be extended to other religious groups. On 9 June 1864, the

1400:. As the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed, Max von Gagern resigned his position along with 65 other monarchist representatives on 21 May 1849. He was followed shortly after by Hergehahn, Schepp and Schenk. Hehner and Schulz remained members until the final dissolution of the Parliament in June 1849. 1278: 1110:

The Ducal government had already prepared to expand the house of lords in the course of 1831 and this was effected by an edict on 29 October 1831. The bourgeois were thus put into a minority and failed in their attempt to prevent the levying of taxation in November 1831. Additionally, the house of

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At its foundation in 1806, the Duchy had 302,769 inhabitants. The citizens were mostly farmers, day labourers, or artisans. In 1819, 7% of Nassauers lived in settlements with more than 2,000 inhabitants, while the rest lived in 850 smaller settlements and 1,200 isolated homesteads. Wiesbaden, with

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The Nassau Parliament met for the first time on 22 May 1848. Over the summer, groupings based on the Left-Right schema began to appear in the parliament. The unrest in Nassau was not calmed after the elections. In July 1848, it reached a new crisis point, with physical clashes on the right of the

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In the election for the Nassau parliament on 1 May, which was also carried out by the 4,000 members of the electoral colleges, local interests played a much larger role than in the elections for the Frankfurt Parliament. The parties and societies did not have a serious impact. The majority of the

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From the second week of March, electoral reform took centre stage in the political scene. The most important demand of the liberals was that the right to vote should no longer be tied to a minimum property requirement. On 6 March, the lower chamber held a debate on this subject. When the house of

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The 4,000 electors chose the six representatives of Nassau for the Frankfurt Parliament on 25 April. It proved difficult to find suitable and willing candidates. Only with difficulty did the Wiesbaden electoral committee (as representatives of the moderate liberals, the Catholic church and its

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Finally, on 18 April, the election of the electoral colleges took place. In each town and region they were chosen by assemblies of voters. The total number of the 420,000 inhabitants of the Duchy who voted could not be determined for certain. Estimates varied between 84,000 and 100,000 people

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As a result, chaotic conditions developed in rural areas. Many officials had lost their jobs at the beginning of the revolution, so there was no ordered administration. The farmers completely stopped paying taxes and drove out the forest rangers. Many young officials and teachers proved to be

725:), which prevented further splitting of territories and enabled general political co-ordination between the branches. In this context, the administrative subdivisions of the individual territories were adjusted, laying the foundations for the later unification of the territories. 1302:

which the electoral college would be chosen for which they had already prepared a list of candidates. In midmorning, the Moderates secured a two hour postponement, which they used to draft their own list, which secured a large majority of the votes when the meeting took place.

1954:. However, settlements with more than one religion were unusual. Most villages and cities were clearly dominated by the members of one of the two major Christian groups. As was common in Protestant parts of Germany, the constitution placed the church under state control. The 1816:

In foreign affairs, the Duchy's geographic location and economic weakness greatly limited its room to manoeuvre – in the Napoleonic period, it had no autonomy at all. The Nassau 'army' was at the beck and call of Napoleon. In 1806, they were stationed as occupation troops in

1912:. In order to finance schools and university scholarships, on 29 March 1817, Duke William established the Nassau Central Study Fund, which still exists today, by consolidating a number of older secular and religious funds, and endowed it with farmland, forests, and bonds. 1504:

in that Post-Parliament in June 1849. On 16 December, the constitutional monarchists organised a large electoral assembly in Wiesbaden, at which nominations took place. By contrast, the democrats tried to ensure a low voter turnout and sought the implementation of the

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At the foundation of the Duchy, Minister von Bieberstein established a strong fiscal distinction between the treasury of the general domain and that of the regional taxes. The domain, which included court estates and land, and mineral water springs, as well as the

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Nassau's military policy was shaped by Duchy's membership of the German Confederation. Like the rest of the administration, the military was reformed in order to unite the various military forces inherited from Nassau's predecessor states into a single body.

1574:, who took his position on 7 February 1852. With his help, the Duke reduced the freedoms that had been granted over the following years and began to remove liberal officials from office. By the middle of 1852, nearly all political societies had been banned. 1066:

and other feudal dues was the property of the Ducal House, which could not be used for paying state expenses and which Parliament had no power over. Even in the very earliest years of the Duchy, this system was loudly criticised. The parliamentary president

1372:, who pushed a reformist line, which in his opinion would lead to a Republic. For this ambitious plan, which was criticised as "fantastical", Schulz was criticised by the liberals. But in the end, Schulz secured 85% of the vote in his district. District 5 ( 890:

joined the Confederation of the Rhine. Prince Frederick Augustus, the senior member of the House of Nassau received the title of Sovereign Duke of Nassau, while Frederick William was granted the title of Sovereign Prince of Nassau. Under pressure from

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revolutionary agitators for a radical democracy. The Ducal government contributed to this situation with hectic actions to calm the rural population, like amnesties (particularly for poaching, rural, and forest crimes), conceding free elections of the

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as only a transitional stage and kept his main focus on a Republic. Probably because of this radical position, he secured only 61% of the vote in his district. In District 6 (Wiesbaden), Augustus Hergenhahn himself stood and won with 80% of the vote.

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of the Princely house was considerably extended to more than 52,000 hectares of forests and agricultural land. These domains encompassed 11.5% of the flat land and yielded around a million guilders per year – the largest part of their total income.

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After the collapse of the Frankfurt Parliament, there was conflict between Prussia, Austria, and the smaller German states. The Duchy of Nassau was among the small German principalities which supported the Prussians and their plans to convoke a

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From 1844, there was a wave of community foundations in Nassau, especially trade and athletic associations. These were initially apolitical, but they would play a role in the upcoming Revolution. Wiesbaden was additionally one of the centres of

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In parallel with the Parliament, the landscape of political societies and publications also began to develop a firmer ideological divide and became increasingly active. Many petitions and rallies took place in the second half of the year. The

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on 30 August 1806, under the joint rule of Frederick Augustus and Frederick William. This decision was encouraged by the fact that Frederick Augustus had no male heirs and Frederick William was thus in line to inherit his principality anyway.

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began to be interested in acquiring it, in order to make it into an orphanage. The government was also interested in selling it because of the costs of maintaining the unused complex. The abbey was sold on 18 May 1864 for 20,900 guilders.

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In the following years, there was more debate with and within Parliament, as well as with the government, about the division between Ducal and state funds. The conflict only came out into the open, however, in the course of the

2387:, which had little agricultural value and represented a substantial barrier to internal transport. Even so, more than a third of the population worked on their own farmland, which was broken up into small areas as a result of 1242:. Those who received poor relief or were bankrupt were not allowed to vote. All citizens were eligible to serve as members of Parliament except for the highest administrative officials, military officers, and court officials. 2233: 1317:). The Catholics provided their followers with pre-prepared ballot papers with the Catholic candidates marked on them. This was explicitly forbidden by the electoral law and was strongly criticised by the liberals. 1107:, later the revolutionary Chief Minister of Nassau, attempted to get him a reduced sentence, but he was prevented. However, the sentence was never enforced, because Herber, who was very sick, died on 11 March 1833. 1601:. In 1842, the Duchy bought the Abbey for 19,500 guilders. Shortly after that it was reported the buildings were in too bad a condition for the project. By the 1860s, the buildings had declined even further. The 1285:

Since the elections for the Parliament of Nassau were drawing near, political societies began to form and these eventually consolidated into true political parties. From the end of March, the Bishop of Limburg,

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Hotel in Wiesbaden to present a list of moderate liberal nationalist demands to the government. This list included civil freedoms, a German national assembly, and a new electoral law. The next day, the

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With the advent of press freedom, thirteen political newspapers appeared within weeks, including five in Wiesbaden alone. Numerous local gazettes in rural areas also began to print political texts.

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in particular complained about this in letters to Bieberstein and petitions to the Duke, with ever greater frequency. His hostile position was one of the justifications for his impeachment in 1821.

1265:, the abolition of the last feudal dues, and the removal of various unpopular administrative officials. In the cities, the people often reacted to the general lawlessness by establishing their own 1325: 1030:). The eleven members of the house of lords were all princes of the House of Nassau or representatives of the nobility. The twenty-two members of the chamber of deputies were mostly elected by 566:

still uses "Duke of Nassau" as his secondary title, and "Prince" or "Princess of Nassau" is used as a title by other members of the grand ducal family. Nassau is also part of the name of the

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with 40–60 members and that the property requirement for voting should be abolished. Most controversial was whether the members of the new parliament should be elected directly or by an

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and had been temporarily expelled from state service in 1831 for his political views, but had risen by March 1848 to one of the highest positions in the government. Hehner considered a

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all papers ceased publishing in the second half of the year, because sales rapidly dropped and the Ducal government began to suppress the press. As a result of these developments, the

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successful candidates were civil servants and mayors, with a couple of merchants, industrialists, and farmers. Noticeably few Catholics and absolutely no Catholic clergy were elected.

721:(later Orange-Nassau), with large, scattered territories in what is now the Netherlands and Belgium. From 1736, many treaties and agreements were made between the different lines (The 2840: 1084:. However, no revolt actually broke out. In the press within the state and in the neighbouring principalities, articles in newspapers and pamphlets supported both sides of the issue. 1992:

Alongside the actual church policy, there were other points of interaction between state politics and ecclesiastical matters. The relocation of a religious society, the order of the

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As a result of the disparate territories that were joined together to form the Duchy, Nassau was not a religiously unified state. In 1820, the breakdown of religious groups was: 53%

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In the course of 1848, the Nassau deputies in the Frankfurt Parliament aside from Schenk developed into factions. Von Gagern, Hergenhahn and Schep joined the moderate liberal

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was elected in the former with 76% of the vote, while Friedrich Schepp, a member of the governing council, was chosen in the latter with 90% of the vote. In District 2 (

1919:, meaning 'someone who partakes of a privilege they are not entitled to' is said to derive from this practice, although etymologists report that the word is actually a 1751: 450: 2255: 1212: 1429:

became the mouthpiece of the left wing of the National assembly over the course of the summer and frequently criticised the governments of Prussia and Nassau. The

1795: 1508:. In June 1849, the organised people's assemblies all over Nassau for this purpose. The largest assembly, with around 500 participants, took place on 10 June in 2833: 827:; and several cloisters were received from Mainz. Thus Nassau-Usingen regained its lost population and increased its annual income by around 130,000 guilders. 1499:

Although the political movements had passed their peak, there was even so an electoral campaign for the positions. Constitutionalists, the government and the

2564: 2474: 1377: 669:, with around 2,600 inhabitants, was the second-largest. By 1847, Wiesbaden had grown to 14,000 inhabitants and Limburg to 3,400. The third-largest city was 1783: 19:

This article is about the former state in present-day Germany. For its ruling family, including its branches in present-day Netherlands and Luxembourg, see

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The majority of the troops consisted of two regiments of infantry, created in 1808/09. During the Napoleonic Wars, these were supported by squadrons of

2788: 2462:, valued at a quarter of a kreutzer, was introduced as the smallest denomination. After the Vienna Currency Treaty of 1857, the Duchy also minted the 1321:

societies, and the various ideological newspapers) find candidates for the six vacancies. Everyone in the committee's list was a government employee.

838:, and its third of Saarwerden (15,500 inhabitants and 178,000 guilders in revenue). For these, it received many small possessions of Trier, including 3823: 2826: 3281: 1569: 1456:

The political societies, which had formed by autumn 1848, mostly took up democratic positions, including explicitly political clubs, but also many

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of 162 kreutzer (i.e. 2.7 guilders). Between 1816 and 1828, the mint of the Duchy was located in buildings in Limburg, which are now the Bishop's

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After a brief period of calm, Duke Adolphe began a reactionary programme. There were ever more conflicts between the Duke and the Chief Minister

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the member for teachers and one other deputy declared that the rest had forfeited their right to participate and approved the Ducal tax levy.

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as Nassau's deputies to the Erfurt Parliament. Although a nobleman, the Prince of Wied was the most liberal of the elected representatives.

2470:(500 g) of silver was equivalent to 52.5 guilder or 30 taler. The Heller was replaced by the Pfennige, also worth a quarter of a Kreutzer. 2186: 1877:, the Duchy raised an artillery company, which became an artillery division with two companies in it after 1833. Further units were added ( 943: 887: 3828: 3274: 1997: 1915:

In Göttingen, non-Nassau students occasionally participated illicitly in a free dinner funded by the Central Study Fund. The German term

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The ancestral and core coat of arms of Nassau, which formed the heart shield of the greater coat of arms. It is almost identical to the

907:, there was a further territorial expansion. When the Orange-Nassau line received the Dutch crown on 31 May, they had to surrender the 1881:, Jägers, baggage trains, reserves). Further contingents were added as required during wartime. The whole military was placed under a 3818: 2391:. This smallholdings generally had to supplement their income from other sources – often in the Westerwald, this was by service as a 984: 2559:

Brigitte Meier-Hussing: "Das Volksbegehren von 1956 zur Rückgliederung des Regierungsbezirk Montabaur/Rheinland-Pfalz nach Hessen."

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In the following weeks, the Ducal government began preparations for the Parliamentary elections and for elections to the Pan-German

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rather than Nassau was its capital. In 1865, the Duchy of Nassau had 465,636 inhabitants. After being occupied and annexed into the

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on 3 July and the "victory" of Nassau over Prussia at the Battle of Zorn near Wiesbaden on 12 July 1866 did nothing to prevent the

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became increasingly dependent on the Ducal government for money and content. From the end of 1849, there was again a comprehensive

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On 28 December 1849, the constitution was replaced by a reformed constitution which took account of the democratic demands of the

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wealthy city dwellers. Given that the population of the Duchy at the time was about 287,000, this was a tiny number of electors.

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in the course of its nearly one-thousand-year history. Up to the 18th century, the three main lines were the small princedoms of

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largely accorded with the desires of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg. Orange-Nassau had already agreed separate terms with

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is the last patrilineal descendant of the House of Nassau though she descends from a family considered to be non-dynastic

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in 1835, which Bieberstein had energetically resisted. In 1839, Duke William also died and his twenty-two-year-old son

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After the Domain Dispute, the politics of Nassau became quiet. After the death of von Bieberstein, Nassau entered the

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was also legal tender and was minted in small quantities. Two dollars were equivalent to 3.5 guilders. In 1842, the

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but had to be land owners, except for three representatives of ecclesiastics and one representative of teachers.

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abandoned strict neutrality and transformed into a supporter of a constitutional monarchy, as did the Weilburg

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In 1868, Nassau, along with Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse were united in the new Prussian province of

3121: 3116: 3002: 1529: 1068: 908: 749: 455: 165: 776: 597:, residence of the Princes of Nassau-Weilburg before 1816, and a residence of the Dukes of Nassau thereafter 70: 2383:

The economic situation of the small Duchy was precarious. The majority of the land area of the country was

1412: 824: 706: 590: 532: 670: 3670: 3322: 3184: 1947: 567: 276: 177: 3657: 3194: 3012: 2850: 2818: 2451: 2260: 1834: 1738: 1653: 737: 729: 689: 520: 228: 2986: 1909: 3838: 3739: 3221: 2467: 2403:

The Duchy belonged the south German currency area. The most important denomination was therefore the

2123: 2005: 1729:. Wiesbaden remained an administrative region within Hesse until 1968, when it was incorporated into 1623: 1202:

in France in 1848. On 1 March a liberal group headed by the jurist August Hergenhahn gathered at the

1199: 835: 3357: 2887: 1709:, which had previously been the capital of the Electorate of Hesse. Nassau and Frankfurt became the 3808: 3711: 3619: 3414: 3159: 3152: 2981: 1718: 1642: 839: 563: 548: 1091:

was the main figure on the side of the deputies, especially in a polemical piece published in the

632:

river separated the two mountain ranges. The neighbouring territory to the east and south was the

3266: 2443: 2071: 1826: 1533: 1385: 1175: 946:. Von Gagern resigned in 1811, after which von Bieberstein served alone until his death in 1834. 919: 322: 286: 48: 24: 2572: 1691: 1671:

Duke Adolphe, the last Duke of Nassau, received 15,000,000 guilders as compensation, as well as

1373: 780: 3764: 3734: 3701: 3216: 3147: 2515:

Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 12. September 1866: Die Erweiterung des preußischen Staatsgebietes

2345: 2138: 1845:

farm which hold out against Napoleon, 1/1 rgt. was heavily battered after the French taking of

1734: 1649: 1544: 1505: 641: 571: 371: 582: 3693: 3599: 3541: 3169: 3142: 3007: 2960: 2000:

led to conflict between the state and the Bishop. The Redemptorists stayed in Bornhofen. The

1967: 1829:. Two regiments of infantry and two cavalry squadrons fought for more than five years in the 1685: 1618:

When the Austro-Prussian War broke out on 14 June 1866, the Duchy of Nassau took the side of

1465: 1380:, who held the most radical views of any of the representatives. He was a former member of a 1151: 1127: 1002:. On 25 November 1851, this constitution was repealed and the old constitution was restored. 957:

in 1810, and a fundamental tax reform in 1812, which replaced 991 direct taxes with a single

796: 95: 2539: 1938: 1885:

command structure. At its head was the Duke, but day-to-day operations were organised by an

3726: 3549: 3533: 3419: 3394: 3389: 3211: 3201: 3048: 3043: 2908: 2903: 2388: 2287: 1854: 1742: 1589:

Bitter political strife returned once more in 1864, when the Government made plans to sell

1513: 1306: 1292: 1102: 1081: 980: 934:

Ernst Franz Ludwig Freiherr Marschall von Bieberstein, Chief Minister of Nassau (1806–1834)

922:

who became the first sole Duke of Nassau after Frederick Augustus' death on 24 March 1816.

764: 633: 524: 508: 240: 879:

failed since the Nassau princes' seizures were enforced by French officials and soldiers.

8: 3557: 3373: 3053: 2976: 2733: 1905: 1521: 1365: 1266: 1014:

The City School in Marktplatz, Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1818 to 1844

954: 745: 741: 666: 544: 1904:

The Duchy could not afford its own university, so Duke William I made a treaty with the

1870: 1563:

who was only moderately conservative and resigned at the end of 1851. His successor was

1368:, in the centre of the duchy). He was a deputy headmaster in Weilburg and editor of the 979:

The constitution guaranteed the freedom of the individual, religious tolerance, and the

3439: 3352: 3342: 3337: 3126: 2877: 2774: 2748: 2447: 1986: 1878: 1874: 1850: 1838: 1730: 1714: 1657: 1638: 1602: 1517: 949:

A series of reforms were carried out in the first years of the Duchy: the abolition of

904: 875: 784: 722: 556: 540: 375: 2647: 2450:, which set the silver mark (233.855 g) at 24.5 guilders. After the conclusion of the 3517: 3444: 3347: 3035: 2882: 2796: 2706: 2672: 2606: 2568: 1722: 1590: 1254: 1235: 1096:

as he slept in his bed. On 7 January 1833, he was released on bail. Herber's lawyer,

988: 855: 820: 608:, seat of the Dukes of Nassau from 1817 to 1841 and their summer residence thereafter 2054: 2009:'hospitals' or mobile medical stations were established, the fore-runners of modern 1460:

and workers' clubs. On 12 November, the democratic societies joined together as the

1437:. Even in 1848, an abatement of the revolutionary force was notable. Except for the 3637: 3472: 3189: 2419:. Small change was minted in silver and copper, at 6, 3, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 grammes. 2015: 1886: 1710: 1676: 1361: 992: 915: 831: 605: 594: 3504: 3104: 2473:

Banknotes, known as Landes-Credit-Casse-Scheine were produced at Wiesbaden by the

2172: 1548:

August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Chief Minister of Nassau (1852–1866)

3843: 3647: 3627: 3609: 3488: 3480: 3312: 3228: 3179: 3094: 3089: 2219: 2119: 1959: 1672: 1619: 1324: 1076: 1031: 958: 871: 804: 740:(1797) and in Paris, in order to secure the territories of the Prince-Bishops of 714: 702: 552: 528: 496: 427: 146: 20: 2795:. Limburg-Weilburg: Der Kreisausschuss des Landkreises Limburg-Weilburg: 65–67. 2633:

Konrad Fuchs (1968). "Die Bergwerks- und Hüttenproduktion im Herzogtum Nassau".

1892:

After the annexation of the Duchy, most of the officers and soldiers joined the

799:

some districts on the east bank of the Rhine; from Bavaria, the sub-district of

3759: 3565: 3525: 3462: 3058: 2459: 2408: 2127: 1846: 1830: 1416:

The ministerial buildings in Wiesbaden, seat of the Nassau Parliament from 1844

1393: 1381: 1356: 812: 710: 645: 441: 2477:

from 1840. They had a face value of one, five, ten, and twenty-five guilders.

1745:. In 1956, a referendum on joining the state of Hesse was rejected by voters. 3802: 3678: 3594: 3589: 3496: 3174: 3164: 3099: 3068: 2463: 2384: 1920: 1893: 1130:, built in 1841, which replaced Biebrich as the residence of the Nassau Dukes 1054: 637: 503:) was an independent state between 1806 and 1866, located in what is now the 2720:

Winfried Schüler (1980). "Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im Herzogtum Nassau".

2430: 1974:, making it the first united Protestant church in the German Confederation. 1262: 2439: 1702: 1665: 1512:

and formulated ten demands, including the withdrawal of Nassau troops from

1486: 1341: 1246: 1198:

Like most of Europe, Nassau was engulfed in a revolutionary wave after the

1088: 718: 621: 468: 393: 2268: 2126:(Nassau-Weilburg). The reigning Grand Duke still uses Duke of Nassau as a 1337: 601: 3063: 2527:

Provinzial-Correspondenz vom 26. September 1866: Die neuerworbenen Länder

2412: 2134: 1457: 1163: 1134: 1123: 911:

to Prussia, which passed part of it to the Duchy of Nassau the next day.

771:, and some smaller territories (totalling 60,000 inhabitants and 447,000 2848: 1581: 1049: 3399: 2363: 2295: 2122:. Members of the Walram line of the House of Nassau still reign in the 1951: 1842: 1695: 1594: 1476: 1450: 1345: 1314: 1231: 1191: 1186: 1143: 961:

on land and trade. Degrading corporal punishment was abolished and the

617: 348: 2645: 1162:

in Wiesbaden. In 1842, Adolphe was one of the founding members of the

995:

of 1819, marked a new restriction of freedoms in Nassau as elsewhere.

1924: 1822: 1352:, in the northwest), there had been a much more heated campaign, but 1349: 851: 843: 788: 768: 620:

mountain ranges. The southern and western borders were formed by the

536: 262: 2620:

Bernd von Egidy (1971). "Die Wahlen im Herzogtum Nassau 1848–1852".

1981:

of Nassau, but it was only in 1821 that the Duchy of Nassau and the

1849:. Of 7507 men inc. volunteers, 887 were killed in action. After the 1360:

since he retained the church's support. Controversy also surrounded

1277: 858:. This totalled 37,000 inhabitants and 147,000 guilders of revenue. 37: 3111: 2862: 1982: 1955: 1833:; only half of them came back. In November 1813, Nassau joined the 1717:. In 1945, the majority of the old Duchy of Nassau fell within the 1661: 1353: 1333: 892: 816: 808: 792: 753: 254: 3296: 2703:

Das Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Deutsche Geschichte im Kleinformat

1532:, Max von Gagern, August Hergenhahn and the Duke's brother-in-law 1154:

in 1841 and in January 1845, he married the Russian Grand Duchess

194: 3769: 2812:

Forstorganisation und Forstverwaltung in Nassau von 1803 bis 1866

2416: 2404: 2392: 1978: 1971: 1927: 1882: 1598: 1509: 1211:(Nine Demands of the Nassauers) were presented to Chief Minister 1158:, who died in childbirth a year later. To honour her, he had the 950: 772: 680: 653: 649: 504: 2689:

Quellen und Abhandlungen zur mittelrheinischen Kirchengeschichte

1889:. Ordinarily, the Nassau army contained roughly 4,000 soldiers. 1789:

Boundary stone of the Duchy of Nassau and the Kingdom of Prussia

206: 2493:

Grand Duchess Charlotte abdicated in 1964, but she died in 1985

2455: 2077: 1818: 1706: 1490: 1216: 775:

of income per year). In compensation, it received: from Mainz,

613: 2426:

Memorial plaque in Limburg for the mint of the Duchy of Nassau

1656:, on 16 August 1866, the king announced to both houses of the 612:

The territory of the duchy was essentially congruent with the

2529:

zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.

2517:

zitiert nach Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin: Amtspresse Preußens.

1726: 1698:

in 1890 after the male line of Orange-Nassau became extinct.

1167: 1063: 625: 512: 2791:(2011). "Die Gründung des Nassauischen Feuerwehrverbandes". 2671:(2 ed.). Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 2669:

Nassauische Biographie. Kurzbiographien aus 13 Jahrhunderten

2395:. Among tradesmen, the overwhelming majority were artisans. 2192: 930: 2586:

Nassauische Kunst- und Gewerbeausstellung in Wiesbaden 1863

2411:. Up to 1837, there were 24 guilders to the Cologne silver 1239: 847: 800: 629: 2649:

Statistische Beschreibung des Regierungs-Bezirks Wiesbaden

1652:

on 23 August 1866 and two days before the creation of the

688:

and is also included as the third and fourth field in the

551:. The area today is a geographical and historical region, 2603:

Herzogtum Nassau 1806–1866. Politik – Wirtschaft – Kultur

1977:

Even in 1804 there was an effort to establish a Catholic

1150:

replaced him as Duke. Adolphe moved his residence to the

966: 854:, Limburg an der Lahn, three abbeys, and the holdings of 2118:

The Dukes of Nassau derived from the Walram line of the

1837:

against Napoleon. Nassau troops fought at the battle of

1480:

The Erfurt Union Parliament at St. Augustine's Monastery

2686:

Klaus Schatz (1983). "Geschichte des Bistums Limburg".

1041:

The Parliament met for the first time on 3 March 1818.

213:

The Duchy of Nassau in the German Confederation in 1815

2605:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 1981. 1733:. A small part of the Duchy of Nassau fell within the 1471: 1340:, southwest), there was not much conflict; Procurator 3834:

Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate

2446:. From 1837, the Duchy was one of the members of the 1166:, which was intended to establish a German colony in 1022:) of Nassau had two chambers: a chamber of deputies ( 1801:

Boundary column of the Duchy of Nassau in Dillenburg

914:

Frederick William died from a fall on the stairs at

648:

of the Kingdom of Prussia, which also controlled an

531:. The duchy was named for its historical core city, 2761: 2732: 2415:(233.856 grammes). The guilder was divided into 60 1908:, which allowed citizens of Nassau to study at the 628:, while in the northern part of the territory, the 586:

Declaration of Nassau's sovereignty, 30 August 1806

62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 736:. The Nassaus participated in negotiations at the 665:5,000 inhabitants, was the largest settlement and 2234:Friedrich Anton Georg Karl von Bock und Hermsdorf 1985:came to an agreement on the establishment of the 1950:Protestant, 45% Catholic, 1.7% Jewish, and 0.06% 1930:and that this story was invented after the fact. 1841:: 1/2 rgt. was part of the crew of the fortified 1396:, while Schulz and Hehner joined the centre left 3800: 2787: 2719: 2705:. Wiesbaden: Historische Kommission für Nassau. 2700: 1281:Peter Joseph Blum, Bishop of Limburg (1842–1884) 1018:Under the constitution of 1814, the Parliament ( 2646:Königliche Regierung zu Wiesbaden (1876–1882). 2619: 2141:, which split from the Walramian line in 1255. 1942:Map of majority religions in Nassau (1816–1866) 1773:East side of a boundary stone, inscribed with 1757:West side of a boundary stone, inscribed with 3282: 2834: 2663: 1565:August Ludwig von Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 1336:, in the north of the duchy) and District 4 ( 2809: 2793:Jahrbuch für den Kreis Limburg-Weilburg 2012 2685: 2632: 2333:August Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg 2187:Ernst Franz Ludwig Marschall von Bieberstein 1364:, the committee's candidate for District 3 ( 1118: 1057:, an important business of the Nassau domain 1044: 690:coat of arms of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg 644:were also to the east. To the west was the 527:. Its ruling dynasty, now extinct, was the 3289: 3275: 2841: 2827: 2814:. Wiesbaden: Georg-Ludwig-Hartig-Stiftung. 2779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2753:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2362: 2344: 2294: 2267: 2218: 2191: 2171: 2099: 2076: 2053: 1989:, which was formally established in 1827. 201:The Duchy of Nassau and surrounding states 1962:churches agreed to unite into the single 985:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein 861:In the course of these arrangements, the 122:Learn how and when to remove this message 3824:States of the Confederation of the Rhine 2429: 2421: 1937: 1737:and became the administrative region of 1637:of Nassau by Prussia. Nassau become the 1580: 1543: 1475: 1411: 1407: 1323: 1276: 1185: 1133: 1122: 1048: 1009: 929: 679: 600: 589: 581: 559:within the borders of the former duchy. 2658:Nassaus Beitrag für das heutige Hessen. 973: 3801: 2540:"Image Gallery of the Coins of Nassau" 1705:. The capital of the new province was 918:on 9 January 1816, and it was his son 652:in the eastern part of Nassau, called 3270: 2822: 2764:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 2. Teil: 2738:Geschichte von Nassau: Vol. 1. Teil: 2561:Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde 2503:Clotilde Countess of Nassau-Merenberg 1181: 555:, and Nassau is also the name of the 1853:in 1815, Nassau was a member of the 888:Frederick William of Nassau-Weilburg 884:Frederick Augustus of Nassau-Usingen 60:adding citations to reliable sources 31: 2112:20 August 1839 – 20 September 1866 1613: 1472:Elections for the Erfurt Parliament 13: 3829:States of the German Confederation 3298:States of the German Confederation 2144: 2137:derives from the Ottonian line of 1811: 1539: 944:Ernst Franz Ludwig von Bieberstein 205: 193: 14: 3855: 1272: 938:The Chief ministers in 1806 were 895:both counties merged to form the 3819:1866 disestablishments in Europe 3321: 2937: 2766:Kultur und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1794: 1782: 1766: 1750: 925: 696: 473: 448: 434: 420: 176: 164: 36: 2595: 2167:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern 2089:24 March 1816 – 20 August 1839 2066:30 August 1806 – 24 March 1816 1690:and Luxemburgisches Schloss in 983:. It was heavily influenced by 940:Hans Christoph Ernst von Gagern 686:coat of arms of the Netherlands 547:, it was incorporated into the 47:needs additional citations for 3648:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf 2578: 2567:, Volume 111, Wiesbaden 2000, 2553: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2496: 2487: 2207:Carl Wilderich von Walderdorff 2002:Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ 1495:Prussian three-class franchise 1053:A flask of mineral water from 1: 3814:1806 establishments in Europe 2480: 2407:. This was minted for use as 1648:Before the conclusion of the 1209:Neun Forderungen der Nassauer 1087:The president of the chamber 1069:Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell 1005: 1000:German revolutions of 1848–49 953:in 1806, the introduction of 909:Principality of Orange-Nassau 659: 456:Principality of Orange-Nassau 2762:Christian Spielmann (1926). 2660:2nd edition. Wiesbaden 1994. 2652:. Wiesbaden: Verlag Limbart. 2588:; Seite: 43; Wiesbaden 1863. 1899: 1376:, the southeast) was won by 1245:Meanwhile, on 31 March, the 1138:Coat of arms of Nassau, 1846 1024:Landesdeputiertenversammlung 577: 7: 2438:From 1816, there were also 2398: 2310:Friedrich von Wintzingerode 1964:Protestant Church in Nassau 1933: 1860: 1806: 1554:Friedrich von Wintzingerode 1464:, which was to serve as an 10: 3860: 2851:Confederation of the Rhine 2452:Dresden Coinage Convention 2378: 1694:. He became Grand Duke of 1654:North German Confederation 1170:, but was not successful. 738:Second Congress of Rastatt 730:War of the First Coalition 675: 521:Confederation of the Rhine 229:Confederation of the Rhine 18: 16:European state (1806–1866) 3783: 3752: 3725: 3692: 3618: 3585: 3578: 3516: 3471: 3435: 3428: 3382: 3366: 3330: 3319: 3305: 3241: 3135: 3082: 3034: 3025: 2995: 2969: 2953: 2946: 2935: 2917: 2896: 2870: 2858: 2701:Winfried Schüler (2006). 2124:Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 1660:that Prussia would annex 1622:. The war was won at the 1119:Accession of Duke Adolphe 1045:The Nassau Domain dispute 399: 389: 385: 368: 358: 354: 344: 340: 328: 316: 304: 300: 292: 282: 272: 250: 220: 190: 160: 155: 136: 2133:The royal family of the 2023: 1719:American occupation zone 1643:Province of Hesse-Nassau 1026:) and a house of lords ( 882:On 17 July 1806, Prince 874:and other possessors of 759:Nassau-Usingen had lost 564:Grand Duke of Luxembourg 549:Province of Hesse-Nassau 2256:Emil August von Dungern 1910:University of Göttingen 1721:and became part of the 1534:Hermann, Prince of Wied 1386:constitutional monarchy 1213:Emil August von Dungern 1190:August Hergenhahn in a 1160:Russian orthodox church 991:period, especially the 750:Imperial Recess of 1803 287:Constitutional monarchy 2448:Munich Currency Treaty 2435: 2427: 1943: 1825:were stationed at the 1735:French occupation zone 1586: 1549: 1506:Frankfurt Constitution 1501:Nassauische Allgemeine 1481: 1447:Nassauische Allgemeine 1431:Nassauische Allgemeine 1417: 1329: 1282: 1195: 1139: 1131: 1058: 1015: 935: 886:and his cousin Prince 693: 642:Free City of Frankfurt 636:. The Landgraviate of 609: 598: 587: 570:, which styles itself 543:in 1866 following the 210: 198: 23:. For other uses, see 2810:Stefan Wöhrl (1994). 2740:Politische Geschichte 2728:. Wiesbaden: 131–144. 2641:. Wiesbaden: 368–376. 2628:. Wiesbaden: 215–306. 2433: 2425: 1941: 1711:administrative region 1584: 1547: 1479: 1466:umbrella organisation 1415: 1408:End of the Revolution 1327: 1299:Nassauische Allgemein 1280: 1267:neighbourhood watches 1189: 1156:Elizabeth Mikhailovna 1152:Wiesbaden City Palace 1137: 1128:Wiesbaden City Palace 1126: 1052: 1013: 933: 830:Nassau-Weilburg lost 683: 604: 593: 585: 273:Common languages 209: 197: 3410:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3405:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 3122:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 3117:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2389:partible inheritance 1855:German Confederation 1743:Rhineland-Palatinate 1624:Battle of Königgrätz 1307:Frankfurt Parliament 1082:Grand Duchy of Hesse 981:freedom of the press 974:Constitution of 1814 634:Grand Duchy of Hesse 525:German Confederation 509:Rhineland-Palatinate 241:German Confederation 56:improve this article 3610:Waldeck and Pyrmont 2734:Christian Spielmann 2722:Nassauische Annalen 2635:Nassauische Annalen 2622:Nassauische Annalen 2565:Nassauische Annalen 2475:Landes-Credit-Casse 2434:Nassau Kronenthaler 1906:Kingdom of Hannover 1777:for Hesse-Darmstadt 1378:Karl Philipp Hehner 1200:February Revolution 955:freedom of movement 667:Limburg an der Lahn 545:Austro-Prussian War 360:• Established 2436: 2428: 2049:Frederick Augustus 1987:diocese of Limburg 1944: 1923:term derived from 1875:Battle of Waterloo 1851:Congress of Vienna 1681:Jagdschloss Platte 1658:Landtag of Prussia 1603:diocese of Limburg 1587: 1550: 1518:Schleswig-Holstein 1482: 1418: 1330: 1283: 1196: 1182:Revolution of 1848 1176:German Catholicism 1140: 1132: 1059: 1016: 936: 905:Congress of Vienna 876:Imperial immediacy 807:, the lordship of 723:Nassau Family Pact 694: 610: 599: 588: 568:Dutch royal family 557:Nassau Nature Park 541:Kingdom of Prussia 311:Frederick Augustus 277:Moselle Franconian 211: 199: 3794: 3793: 3748: 3747: 3674: 3661: 3574: 3573: 3518:Ernestine duchies 3264: 3263: 3237: 3236: 3021: 3020: 2933: 2932: 2802:978-3-927006-48-5 2656:Michael Hollman: 2376: 2375: 2359:August Hergenhahn 2283:August Hergenhahn 2116: 2115: 1761:for Orange-Nassau 1591:Marienstatt Abbey 1585:Marienstatt Abbey 1288:Peter Joseph Blum 1255:Frankfurt-am-Main 1251:St. Paul's Church 1236:electoral college 1204:Vier Jahreszeiten 1164:Mainz Adelsverein 1144:German Zollverein 1098:August Hergenhahn 989:Concert of Europe 856:Limburg Cathedral 821:Sayn-Altenkirchen 523:and later of the 489: 488: 485: 484: 481: 480: 461: 460: 330:• 1839–1866 318:• 1816–1839 306:• 1806–1816 268: 260: 246: 234: 150: 132: 131: 124: 106: 71:"Duchy of Nassau" 3851: 3839:Former countries 3718: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3685: 3684: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3638:Reuss-Lobenstein 3634: 3633: 3605:Schaumburg-Lippe 3583: 3582: 3562: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3530: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3485: 3473:Anhalt (Ascania) 3454: 3433: 3432: 3325: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3268: 3267: 3207:Schaumburg-Lippe 3032: 3031: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2868: 2867: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2789:Franz-Josef Sehr 2784: 2778: 2770: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2729: 2716: 2697: 2682: 2653: 2642: 2629: 2616: 2589: 2582: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2366: 2348: 2341: 2318: 2298: 2291: 2271: 2264: 2242: 2222: 2215: 2195: 2175: 2149: 2148: 2109:17 November 1905 2103: 2080: 2057: 2028: 2027: 2019: 1966:in 1817, at the 1887:Adjutant general 1827:Siege of Kolberg 1798: 1786: 1770: 1754: 1741:in the state of 1689: 1677:Schloss Weilburg 1639:Wiesbaden Region 1636: 1614:End of the Duchy 1573: 1562: 1487:Union Parliament 1362:Friedrich Schulz 1296: 1249:gathered in the 1219:at that moment. 1106: 993:Carlsbad Decrees 963:Kulturverordnung 916:Schloss Weilburg 903:In 1815, at the 872:Imperial Knights 819:; from Prussia, 763:, two-thirds of 707:collateral lines 606:Schloss Biebrich 595:Schloss Weilburg 501:Herzogtum Nassau 477: 476: 465: 464: 452: 451: 438: 437: 424: 423: 417: 416: 401: 400: 266: 258: 244: 232: 214: 202: 180: 168: 144: 142:Herzogtum Nassau 134: 133: 127: 120: 116: 113: 107: 105: 64: 40: 32: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3848: 3809:Duchy of Nassau 3799: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3779: 3744: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3664: 3663: 3651: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3628:Reuss-Ebersdorf 3614: 3570: 3560: 3552: 3550:Gotha-Altenburg 3544: 3536: 3534:Coburg-Saalfeld 3528: 3512: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3483: 3467: 3452: 3424: 3420:Weimar-Eisenach 3395:Hesse-Darmstadt 3378: 3362: 3326: 3317: 3301: 3295: 3265: 3260: 3233: 3131: 3078: 3074:Weimar-Eisenach 3049:Gotha-Altenburg 3044:Coburg-Saalfeld 3027: 3017: 2991: 2965: 2942: 2929: 2913: 2892: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2803: 2772: 2771: 2746: 2745: 2713: 2679: 2613: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2584:Otto Satorius: 2583: 2579: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2401: 2381: 2335: 2312: 2285: 2258: 2236: 2209: 2147: 2145:Chief ministers 2120:House of Nassau 2026: 2013: 2011:Sozialstationen 1936: 1902: 1863: 1835:Sixth Coalition 1814: 1812:Foreign affairs 1809: 1802: 1799: 1790: 1787: 1778: 1771: 1762: 1755: 1683: 1673:Biebrich Palace 1630: 1616: 1567: 1556: 1542: 1540:The Restoration 1474: 1462:Kirberger Union 1410: 1332:In District 1 ( 1290: 1275: 1184: 1121: 1100: 1093:Hanauer Zeitung 1077:July Revolution 1047: 1032:census suffrage 1008: 976: 959:progressive tax 928: 897:Duchy of Nassau 840:Ehrenbreitstein 825:Sayn-Hachenburg 805:Hesse-Darmstadt 715:Nassau-Weilburg 703:House of Nassau 699: 678: 671:Höchst am Main. 662: 580: 529:House of Nassau 493:Duchy of Nassau 474: 449: 435: 428:Nassau-Weilburg 421: 378: 361: 331: 319: 307: 265: 261: 257: 243: 235: 231: 216: 215: 212: 203: 200: 186: 185: 184: 181: 173: 172: 169: 151: 139: 138:Duchy of Nassau 128: 117: 111: 108: 65: 63: 53: 41: 28: 21:House of Nassau 17: 12: 11: 5: 3857: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3709: 3698: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3676: 3668: 3655: 3645: 3635: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3579:Principalities 3576: 3575: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3558:Hildburghausen 3555: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3139: 3137: 3136:Principalities 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3054:Hildburghausen 3051: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2996:Principalities 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2948: 2947:States created 2944: 2943: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2849:States of the 2846: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2807: 2801: 2785: 2759: 2730: 2717: 2711: 2698: 2683: 2677: 2661: 2654: 2643: 2630: 2617: 2611: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2577: 2552: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2409:currency money 2400: 2397: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2342: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2216: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152:Chief minister 2146: 2143: 2128:courtesy title 2114: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086:20 August 1839 2084: 2081: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2025: 2022: 1935: 1932: 1921:Berlin dialect 1901: 1898: 1862: 1859: 1847:La Haye Sainte 1831:Peninsular war 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1615: 1612: 1541: 1538: 1473: 1470: 1409: 1406: 1394:Casino faction 1382:Burschenschaft 1357:Max von Gagern 1328:Max von Gagern 1274: 1273:1848 elections 1271: 1247:Pre-Parliament 1183: 1180: 1120: 1117: 1046: 1043: 1007: 1004: 975: 972: 927: 924: 813:Katzenelnbogen 734:secularisation 711:Nassau-Usingen 705:produced many 698: 695: 677: 674: 661: 658: 646:Rhine Province 579: 576: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 471: 462: 459: 458: 453: 445: 444: 442:Nassau-Usingen 439: 431: 430: 425: 413: 412: 407: 397: 396: 391: 387: 386: 383: 382: 381:23 August 1866 379: 369: 366: 365: 364:30 August 1806 362: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 345:Historical era 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 329: 326: 325: 320: 317: 314: 313: 308: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 284: 280: 279: 274: 270: 269: 252: 248: 247: 222: 218: 217: 204: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 175: 174: 170: 163: 162: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 140: 137: 130: 129: 112:September 2014 44: 42: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3856: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3740:Sondershausen 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3713: 3710: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3680: 3679:Reuss-Schleiz 3677: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3660:(Junior Line) 3656: 3649: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3595:Liechtenstein 3593: 3591: 3590:Hesse-Homburg 3588: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383:Grand duchies 3381: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3314: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3269: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3222:Sondershausen 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170:Lippe-Detmold 3168: 3166: 3165:Liechtenstein 3163: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083:Other duchies 3081: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3036:Saxon duchies 3033: 3030: 3024: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3003:Aschaffenburg 3001: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970:Grand Duchies 2968: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897:Grand Duchies 2895: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2859:Rank elevated 2857: 2852: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2712:3-930221-16-0 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2678:3-922244-90-4 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Otto Renkhoff 2662: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2614: 2612:3-922244-46-7 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2464:Vereinsthaler 2461: 2457: 2454:in 1838, the 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:Mittelgebirge 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2140: 2139:Orange-Nassau 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063:24 March 1816 2062: 2060:23 April 1738 2059: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2004:, founded in 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Redemptorists 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1894:Prussian Army 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821:. Then three 1820: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1478: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Freie Zeitung 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Freie Zeitung 1422: 1414: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1279: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1188: 1179: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1056: 1055:Niederselters 1051: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1012: 1003: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 971: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 947: 945: 941: 932: 926:Reform period 923: 921: 917: 912: 910: 906: 901: 898: 894: 889: 885: 880: 877: 873: 867: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 697:Establishment 691: 687: 682: 673: 672: 668: 657: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:Hesse-Homburg 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 607: 603: 596: 592: 584: 575: 573: 572:Orange-Nassau 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 457: 454: 447: 446: 443: 440: 433: 432: 429: 426: 419: 418: 415: 414: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 398: 395: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 367: 363: 357: 353: 350: 347: 343: 339: 336: 333: 327: 324: 321: 315: 312: 309: 303: 299: 295: 291: 288: 285: 281: 278: 275: 271: 264: 256: 253: 249: 242: 238: 230: 226: 223: 219: 208: 196: 189: 179: 167: 159: 154: 148: 143: 135: 126: 123: 115: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: – 72: 68: 67:Find sources: 61: 57: 51: 50: 45:This article 43: 39: 34: 33: 30: 26: 22: 3796: 3716:(until 1850) 3706:(until 1850) 3694:Hohenzollern 3683:(until 1848) 3673:(Elder Line) 3671:Reuss-Greiz 3642:(until 1824) 3632:(until 1824) 3561:(until 1826) 3553:(until 1826) 3542:Coburg-Gotha 3537:(until 1826) 3508:(until 1847) 3500:(until 1863) 3492:(until 1863) 3457: 3374:Hesse-Kassel 3143:Hohenzollern 3026:Pre-existing 2924: 2811: 2792: 2769:. Montabaur. 2767: 2763: 2743:. Wiesbaden. 2741: 2737: 2725: 2721: 2702: 2696:. Wiesbaden. 2693: 2687: 2668: 2657: 2648: 2638: 2634: 2625: 2621: 2602: 2596:Bibliography 2585: 2580: 2560: 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2489: 2472: 2440:Kronenthaler 2437: 2402: 2382: 2132: 2117: 2106:24 July 1817 2083:14 June 1792 1991: 1976: 1968:Unionskirche 1945: 1916: 1914: 1903: 1891: 1873:. After the 1868: 1864: 1815: 1774: 1758: 1703:Hesse-Nassau 1700: 1670: 1666:Hesse-Kassel 1650:Prague Peace 1647: 1617: 1608: 1588: 1576: 1551: 1526: 1500: 1498: 1483: 1461: 1458:sports clubs 1455: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1402: 1391: 1369: 1342:Carl Schenck 1331: 1319: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1284: 1263:Schultheißen 1259: 1244: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1208: 1203: 1197: 1172: 1141: 1113: 1109: 1092: 1089:Georg Herber 1086: 1073: 1060: 1040: 1036: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1017: 997: 977: 962: 948: 937: 913: 902: 896: 881: 868: 860: 829: 758: 727: 719:Nassau-Dietz 700: 663: 611: 561: 500: 492: 490: 469:Hesse-Nassau 410:Succeeded by 409: 404: 394:Kronenthaler 183:Coat of arms 141: 118: 109: 99: 92: 85: 78: 66: 54:Please help 49:verification 46: 29: 3753:Free cities 3727:Schwarzburg 3712:Sigmaringen 3665:(from 1848) 3658:Reuss-Gera 3652:(1824-1848) 3545:(from 1826) 3529:(from 1826) 3484:(from 1863) 3453:(from 1839) 3367:Electorates 3358:Württemberg 3300:(1815–1866) 3212:Schwarzburg 3153:Sigmaringen 2888:Württemberg 2853:(1806–1813) 2336: [ 2313: [ 2286: [ 2259: [ 2237: [ 2210: [ 2135:Netherlands 2014: [ 1684: [ 1631: [ 1568: [ 1557: [ 1398:Westendhall 1291: [ 1101: [ 761:Saarbrücken 562:Today, the 535:, although 515:. It was a 405:Preceded by 267:(1816–1866) 259:(1806–1816) 245:(1815–1866) 233:(1806–1813) 3803:Categories 3735:Rudolstadt 3400:Luxembourg 3257:until 1811 3251:until 1809 3248:until 1810 3217:Rudolstadt 3190:Lobenstein 3013:Regensburg 2961:Westphalia 2481:References 1823:battalions 1696:Luxembourg 1692:Königstein 1628:annexation 1595:Westerwald 1522:Palatinate 1520:, and the 1451:censorship 1443:Allgemeine 1374:Königstein 1346:Dillenburg 1315:Westerwald 1232:unicameral 1192:lithograph 1028:Herrenbank 1020:Landstände 1006:Parliament 893:Napoleon I 781:Königstein 765:Saarwerden 728:After the 660:Population 618:Westerwald 507:states of 349:Modern era 283:Government 82:newspapers 3787:partially 3765:Frankfurt 3702:Hechingen 3566:Meiningen 3526:Altenburg 3463:Lauenburg 3440:Brunswick 3415:Oldenburg 3254:from 1809 3245:from 1810 3180:Ebersdorf 3148:Hechingen 3127:Oldenburg 3059:Meiningen 2982:Frankfurt 2775:cite book 2749:cite book 2573:0077-2887 1998:Bornhofen 1952:Mennonite 1925:Rotwelsch 1900:Education 1843:Hougemont 1739:Montabaur 1731:Darmstadt 1715:Wiesbaden 1641:into the 1370:Lahnboten 1350:Montabaur 1338:Nastätten 863:Kammergut 852:Montabaur 844:Vallendar 832:Kirchheim 789:Lahnstein 769:Ottweiler 578:Geography 537:Wiesbaden 263:Wiesbaden 156:1806–1866 3489:Bernburg 3445:Holstein 3331:Kingdoms 3160:Isenburg 3112:Arenberg 3095:Bernburg 3069:Eisenach 2987:Würzburg 2954:Kingdoms 2871:Kingdoms 2863:Napoleon 2736:(1909). 2667:(1992). 2417:kreutzer 2399:Currency 2006:Dernbach 1983:Holy See 1960:Reformed 1956:Lutheran 1934:Religion 1917:nassauer 1879:pioneers 1861:Military 1839:Waterloo 1807:Politics 1662:Hannover 1599:guilders 1453:regime. 1441:and the 1435:Lahnbote 1354:Freiherr 1334:Rennerod 817:Braubach 809:Eppstein 793:Rheingau 791:and the 785:Cronberg 773:guilders 754:Napoleon 640:and the 624:and the 390:Currency 255:Weilburg 3770:Hamburg 3450:Limburg 3429:Duchies 3353:Hanover 3343:Bavaria 3338:Prussia 3313:Austria 3306:Empires 3229:Waldeck 3195:Schleiz 2918:Duchies 2878:Bavaria 2545:5 April 2405:guilder 2393:peddler 2379:Economy 2331:Prince 2095:Adolphe 2072:William 1979:diocese 1972:Idstein 1928:Yiddish 1883:brigade 1620:Austria 1593:in the 1530:Selters 1510:Idstein 1366:Limburg 1148:Adolphe 951:serfdom 920:William 803:; from 797:Cologne 795:; from 676:History 654:Wetzlar 650:exclave 519:of the 376:Prussia 372:Annexed 370:• 323:William 251:Capital 239:of the 227:of the 96:scholar 3844:Taunus 3775:Lübeck 3760:Bremen 3505:Köthen 3497:Dessau 3481:Anhalt 3458:Nassau 3348:Saxony 3105:Köthen 3100:Dessau 3090:Anhalt 3064:Weimar 3028:states 2925:Nassau 2883:Saxony 2799: 2709: 2675: 2609: 2571: 2460:Heller 2456:Thaler 2161:Until 2043:Reign 1948:United 1819:Berlin 1707:Kassel 1491:Erfurt 1217:Berlin 1194:, 1848 815:, and 777:Höchst 748:. The 717:, and 614:Taunus 553:Nassau 533:Nassau 517:member 505:German 497:German 335:Adolph 296: 221:Status 147:German 98: 91: 84: 77: 69: 25:Nassau 3620:Reuss 3600:Lippe 3390:Baden 3185:Greiz 3175:Reuss 3008:Leyen 2909:Hesse 2904:Baden 2468:Pfund 2444:curia 2413:marks 2372:1866 2354:1866 2340:] 2326:1852 2317:] 2304:1849 2290:] 2277:1848 2263:] 2250:1843 2241:] 2228:1842 2214:] 2201:1834 2181:1811 2155:Image 2040:Death 2037:Birth 2034:Image 2024:Dukes 2018:] 1996:, to 1871:Jäger 1727:Hesse 1723:state 1688:] 1635:] 1572:] 1561:] 1514:Baden 1295:] 1168:Texas 1105:] 1064:tithe 836:Stauf 746:Trier 742:Mainz 626:Rhine 513:Hesse 237:State 225:State 103:JSTOR 89:books 3202:Salm 2977:Berg 2797:ISBN 2781:link 2755:link 2707:ISBN 2673:ISBN 2607:ISBN 2569:ISSN 2547:2017 2466:. 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