1322:
1987:
1846:
1495:
1875:
2011:
1999:
84:
1612:
473:
132:
1890:
448:
2023:
504:
54:
434:
61:
1861:
2375:
1831:
1384:
1441:
1549:
855:
1257:, chairing the land-rabbinates, simultaneously fulfilled religious and state functions, like supervising Jewish elementary schools and the teaching of Jewish religion in all schools. The Kingdom of Hanover was thus one of the few states within the German Confederation, where rabbins held a similar semi-state authoritative position as to Jews as did, e.g., Lutheran clergy towards Lutherans.
748:, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne as King of Hanover. Adolph Frederick, the younger brother and long-time Viceroy, returned to Britain. Ernest Augustus had a personally-strained relationship with his niece Queen Victoria, and they frequently squabbled over family affairs. Domestically, his reign began with a
2174:
In the final revision of the decisions of the
Congress of Vienna on the rights of the Jews, Smidt — unauthorised and unconsented by the other parties — had changed the text from "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them "in" the confederal states", by
2221:
After the
Prussian annexation the constitution of Hanover's four land-rabbinates came under threat to be abolished, because in Prussia proper the government hindered as much as possible the establishment of nationwide Jewish organisations, let alone such which it would grant official recognition. In
2183:: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', p. 317. Emphasis not in the original. Reprint of the edition last time revised by the author himself: Berlin: arani, 1998,
1169:
717:
prior to the elevation of
Hanover, it is unlikely that he ever understood that he had gained an additional kingship, and he took no role in its governance. Functional administration of Hanover was usually handled by a viceroy, which during the
2154:
2161:. The simultaneously Lutheran and Calvinist consistory in Aurich was made the consistory of that church body, becoming an exclusively Calvinist body only in 1922, following the constitutional reorganisation of the church bodies after the
885:
was founded just a few months later by merging
Hanover with several smaller states, with the city of Hanover as its capital. The former territory of Hanover makes up 85 percent of Lower Saxony and is the origin of its coat of arms.
771:. Hanover's vote in favor of the mobilisation of Confederation troops against Prussia on 14 June 1866 prompted Prussia to declare war. The outcome of the war led to the dissolution of Hanover as an independent kingdom, which was
1980:). As Hanover no longer was ruled by the British monarchs, the arms of Hanover was simultaneously removed from the British coat of arms and royal standard, so it was no longer identical with that of the Kingdom of Hanover.
1923:
uniforms, but they differed slightly from their original
British versions. When the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 and Ernst August ascended to the crown of Hanover, he replaced their uniforms with
1120:
formed an overall minority in
Hanover, but regionally majorities in the former prince-bishoprics. By the annexations in 1803 and 1814 Hanover had become a state of three Christian denominations. In 1824 Hanover and the
2204:, Hildesheim: Stadtarchiv, 2003, (=Schriftenreihe des Stadtarchivs und der Stadtbibliothek Hildesheim / Stadtarchiv und Stadtbibliothek Hildesheim; vol. 31), p. 3; simultaneously: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 1999.
1164:
822:
and swore allegiance to the German Empire. The Duke then renounced his claim to
Brunswick in favour of his son, and the Bundesrat allowed the younger Ernest Augustus to take possession of Brunswick as a kind of
1174:, respectively. When Hanover resumed independence and sovereignty in 1813 its government deprived the Jews their legal equality. Arguing it was the French or Westphalian state and not Hanover, which had
814:
of the German Empire ruled that he would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the throne of
Brunswick. As a result, Brunswick was ruled by a regency until 1913, when his son, also named
1114:
parishes outside East Frisia and
Bentheim. In 1848 the new Hanoverian law also provided for presbyteries in these Calvinist parishes, which exactly fit the presbyterian structure of Calvinism.
1964:, only introducing a new Crown (after the British model). The centre of this coat of arms and royal standard included the original arms of Hanover, which consisted of the two lions of the
302:
2222:
the end, Prussia respected the existing
Hanoverian land-rabbinate constitution, which continued to exist — modified according to the separation of state and religion in 1919 by the
798:. It was eventually disbanded in 1870. Nevertheless, George refused to accept the Prussian takeover of his realm and claimed he was still the legitimate king of Hanover. His only son,
1185:
In 1842, Hanover finally granted equal rights to Jews and promoted to build up Jewish congregations, where this did not already happen earlier, and a superstructure of four regional
2175:
replacing a single word, which ensued serious consequences, into: "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them "by" the confederal states." cf.
1369:
George III was mentally incapacitated during these years, and his constitutional powers were exercised by his eldest son, George Augustus Frederick (the future George IV), as
1213:
1619:
The Congress of Vienna instituted a territorial adjustment between Hanover and Prussia to form more contiguous borders. Hanover increased its area substantially, gaining the
1048:
annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover, the Hanoverian Lutherans desired a representative body separate from Prussian rule, though it was restricted to Lutheran matters only.
2340:
1194:
4370:
1020:, being before the sole chairman. This introduction of presbyteries was somewhat revolutionary in the rather hierarchically structured Lutheran church. In 1864,
2191:. In the German original: "Es werden den Bekennern des jüdischen Glaubens die denselben "in" den einzelnen Bundesstaaten bereits eingeräumten Rechte erhalten."
1874:
1789:
1224:
941:
1766:
1147:
annexations in 1807 and 1810 all-male inhabitants in later restituted Hanover became Westphalian or French citizens of equal rights, though on 17 March 1808
1805:
The Hanoverian subdivisions into high-bailiwicks and bailiwicks remained unchanged until 1 April 1885, when they were replaced by Prussian-style provinces (
1678:. Their respective governments, now called provincial governments, were organised according to partially very old traditions, including different levels of
4483:
868:
2826:
1986:
1291:, prevented a female inheriting the title if there was a surviving male heir (in the United Kingdom, a male took precedence only over his own sisters).
1919:
The Kingdom of Hanover maintained an army after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1832, King William IV of Hanover and the United Kingdom issued his troops with
2153:
But only in 1882 — long after the Prussian annexation of Hanover — the inappropriate supervision by Lutheran consistorials ended, when the
1747:
2333:
863:
862:
With Prussia on the verge of official dissolution (1947), Hanoverian politicians in 1946 took advantage of the opportunity and advocated that the
1845:
4493:
1125:
thus agreed to integrate diaspora parishes which were located in prevailingly Protestant areas, until then supervised by the Roman Catholic
3418:
3246:
3161:
2900:
2241:
Neues vollständiges Wörterbuch der englischen und deutschen Sprache nebst einem kurzen Abrisse der englischen und der deutschen Sprachlehre
4503:
2326:
1284:
552:
157:
1051:
After the Prussian conquest in 1866, on 19 September 1866, the day before the official Prussian annexation took place and with the last
752:
as he tried to suspend parliament and nullify the written constitution of 1819. He also presided over the country during the turbulent
4478:
1129:, into the existing dioceses of the former prince-bishoprics, whose diocesan territories were thus extended into the diaspora areas.
641:
3315:
1488:
Last monarch to rule both Hanover and the United Kingdom, represented in Hanover by his brother, the Duke of Cambridge, as Viceroy
799:
1889:
1253:. The local authorities now requested that the Jewish congregations establish synagogues and Jewish education for the pupils. The
3633:
1973:
1126:
738:
succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Unlike in Britain, semi-
1032:, the Hanoverian parliament) to pass a new law as to the constitution of the Lutheran church. The constitution provided a state
4473:
2905:
1998:
1933:
1058:
895:
1275:
In 1813, George III was restored to his Hanoverian territories, and in October 1814, they were constituted as the independent
3685:
3240:
702:. The new kingdom was also greatly expanded and became the fourth-largest state in the German Confederation (behind Prussia,
3650:
1542:
The accession of Queen Victoria separated the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover, and the latter passed to her uncle.
1057:, King George V of Hanover, in exile, the Kingdom's six consistories joined to form today's still-existing church body, the
810:, a distant cousin of Ernest Augustus. However, since Ernest Augustus refused to renounce his claim to annexed Hanover, the
4488:
2870:
1961:
1639:. Hanover also annexed territories that had previously been ruled in personal union by its Elector, such as the Duchies of
1094:), the Calvinist congregations elsewhere in Hanover were in a somewhat sorry state. Though some Calvinist congregations of
1321:
1074:
congregations in formerly-Prussian East Frisia had a common roof organisation with the Lutherans there ("Coetus") and the
4138:
2461:
2456:
83:
4143:
2349:
2010:
1957:
1896:
1374:
815:
806:, whose rulers had been a junior branch of the House of Hanover. In 1884, that branch became extinct with the death of
731:
145:
2022:
1956:
After the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria, Hanover kept the
3408:
2209:
2188:
2135:
2098:
1241:
In many diaspora areas Jews regarded this a progress and a burden alike, because of the implied financial burden for
336:
3953:
2656:
2501:
1502:
1329:
1218:
745:
742:
operated in Hanover, prohibiting the accession to the throne by a female if any male of the dynasty had survived.
575:
276:
131:
1793:
1628:
964:
3351:
2895:
988:
3930:
3433:
1774:
1620:
802:, inherited the claim upon George's death in 1878. Ernest Augustus was also first in line to the throne of the
1761:
1636:
637:
3767:
2300:
4421:
3403:
3391:
2910:
1945:
694:
in 1814 not only restored Hanover but also elevated it to an independent kingdom with its Prince-Elector,
647:
After his accession in 1714, George Louis of the House of Hanover ascended the throne of Great Britain as
4468:
4284:
4198:
4093:
4008:
3925:
3423:
3295:
3150:
2722:
2374:
1880:
1770:
1494:
1254:
623:
574:
prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle
1783:
4431:
4346:
3935:
3833:
2709:
995:
917:
807:
4123:
842:, demanded a separate status for the province in the Reichstag. The party existed until banned by the
4498:
4401:
4088:
4023:
4013:
3998:
3333:
3280:
3190:
2791:
1757:
819:
811:
767:(1866), Hanover attempted to maintain a neutral position, along with some other member states of the
648:
4223:
2409:
3843:
3823:
3788:
3741:
3695:
3047:
2863:
2763:
2671:
2466:
1199:
401:
1287:
ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws in Hanover, based on
1016:), elected by all major male parishioners and chairing each congregation in co-operation with the
3721:
3413:
3396:
3386:
3361:
3205:
2931:
2318:
2049:
946:
831:
214:
89:
53:
2054:
4441:
4356:
4203:
3915:
3848:
3716:
3665:
3597:
3497:
3487:
3285:
3220:
3027:
2956:
2816:
2786:
2753:
1714:) according to unitary standards, thus doing away with the inherited provincial peculiarities.
1611:
1229:
599:
362:
2245:
A new and complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages with two Sketches of Grammar
1830:
1792:, comprising the former County of Bentheim, the former Lower County of Lingen, and the former
1178:, the government took the decisions of the German Confederation on the rights of the Jews, in
4426:
4406:
4386:
4249:
4213:
4168:
4113:
3905:
3900:
3675:
3622:
3447:
3356:
3325:
3265:
3215:
2997:
2987:
2745:
2651:
2593:
1710:
1140:
873:(CCG/BE) revive Hanoverian statehood, reconstituting the Prussian Province of Hanover as the
749:
672:
664:
633:
536:
453:
439:
3577:
1860:
1024:, Hanoverian minister of education, cultural and religious affairs (1862–65), persuaded the
655:
with Great Britain. In 1803, Hanover was conquered by the French and Prussian armies in the
4411:
4330:
4294:
4244:
4103:
4028:
3813:
3690:
3482:
3257:
3235:
3230:
3195:
3137:
2778:
2601:
2585:
2471:
2446:
2441:
1815:
1679:
1160:
878:
768:
560:
540:
149:
1779:
1209:
606:
in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of
8:
4436:
4381:
4218:
4208:
4193:
4183:
4148:
4078:
3993:
3963:
3910:
3627:
3381:
3376:
3275:
3270:
3037:
2992:
2951:
2856:
2609:
2425:
2274:
2223:
2162:
2158:
1937:
1556:
1175:
1144:
1021:
780:
764:
760:
753:
591:
583:
579:
466:
349:
288:
4335:
4158:
4153:
4118:
4098:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4053:
4038:
4033:
3978:
3885:
3731:
3602:
3492:
3472:
3428:
3371:
3366:
3343:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3172:
2491:
2394:
2389:
2039:
1965:
1644:
1110:). The Lutheran church being the state church of Hanover also supervised the Calvinist
1079:
1045:
803:
776:
707:
691:
660:
587:
524:
375:
323:
1082:, then being the state church, had fully established church bodies for Bentheim only (
675:. French control lasted until October 1813, when the territory was overrun by Russian
4361:
4351:
4314:
4188:
4173:
4048:
4018:
3988:
3983:
3958:
3895:
3890:
3880:
3751:
3700:
3587:
3582:
3305:
2941:
2926:
2569:
2496:
2399:
2205:
2184:
2131:
2094:
1675:
1075:
680:
629:
393:
1434:
1811–1820, represented in Hanover by his brother, the Duke of Cambridge, as Viceroy
1067:(state consistory), was formed with representatives from the regional consistories.
858:
Map of the Kingdom of Hanover (1814-1866), recreated in 1946 as the State of Hanover
4377:
4341:
4259:
4083:
3853:
3798:
3761:
3736:
3726:
3660:
3612:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3507:
3200:
2946:
2689:
2524:
2257:
2069:
2059:
1808:
1753:
1632:
1270:
1205:
911:
874:
713:
George III never visited the kingdom during his 60-year reign. Having succumbed to
603:
544:
503:
2556:
1539:
Son of George III • Younger brother of George IV and William IV.
4254:
4003:
3973:
3968:
3828:
3818:
3783:
3773:
3756:
3592:
3547:
3462:
3180:
3155:
3002:
2699:
2679:
2661:
2540:
2532:
2509:
2364:
2176:
2157:
emerged, comprising all the Calvinist congregations in the prevailingly Lutheran
2064:
2044:
1944:
fought and defeated the Prussians during its march south towards Austria, at the
1941:
1936:
style of uniform, with only the guard corps keeping the Prussian one. During the
1914:
1718:
1705:
1687:
1671:
1562:
1508:
1454:
1397:
1335:
1266:
1154:
1136:
1103:
1083:
1037:
999:
795:
719:
703:
699:
656:
532:
516:
221:
182:
178:
34:
4396:
4178:
4163:
4128:
3868:
3863:
3746:
3680:
3552:
3210:
3185:
3090:
3007:
2961:
2811:
2617:
2577:
2514:
1798:
1648:
1288:
1280:
1235:
1186:
1151:
restricted the rights of Jews in the French-annexed territory by his so-called
984:
972:
735:
652:
571:
567:
566:
The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of
153:
2142:
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover, the official church of the kingdom
2128:
Independent Immigrants: A Settlement of Hanoverian Germans in Western Missouri
2105:
The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover, the official church of the kingdom
2091:
Independent Immigrants: A Settlement of Hanoverian Germans in Western Missouri
578:
thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son succeeded him to the throne as
4462:
4043:
3808:
3803:
3225:
3083:
3042:
3022:
2730:
2646:
2641:
2548:
1977:
1925:
1640:
1431:
980:
784:
684:
595:
590:
in 1866 and ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, becoming the Prussian
548:
192:
3572:
877:. The state saw itself in the tradition of the kingdom. Its prime minister,
60:
4133:
3655:
3617:
3517:
3100:
1920:
1866:
1851:
1837:
1179:
905:
882:
636:
in 1708, when Hanover was formed by union of the dynastic divisions of the
611:
607:
960:
790:
After George V fled Hanover in 1866, he raised forces loyal to him in the
4365:
3874:
3670:
3562:
3557:
3477:
3068:
3052:
2247:, 6th, rev. and enriched ed., Leipsic: Otto Holtze, 1890, p. 283. No ISBN
1929:
1901:
1660:
1624:
1370:
929:
901:
791:
495:
204:
196:
1969:
1743:). The high-bailiwicks, named after their capitals, were the following:
1044:). But its first session only materialised in 1869 when, after the 1866
994:
In 1848, the Lutheran parishes were democratised by the introduction of
3920:
3858:
3777:
3017:
2982:
2451:
1948:. However, it was later surrounded and forced to surrender to Prussia.
1597:
1448:
1383:
1148:
968:
772:
727:
695:
528:
264:
240:
4279:
4269:
3838:
3145:
3032:
1391:
1246:
1071:
925:
835:
739:
723:
252:
200:
1139:. Until 1806, they were not allowed to reside in some areas. By the
628:
The territory of Hanover had earlier been a principality within the
4416:
4299:
4289:
4108:
3607:
2879:
1739:
1485:
Son of George III • Younger brother of George IV.
1122:
1117:
1111:
1095:
714:
683:, shortly thereafter, spelled the definitive end of the Napoleonic
676:
668:
2348:
2181:
Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart
1548:
1440:
4309:
4264:
4239:
3793:
3502:
3120:
3073:
3012:
2936:
2890:
2821:
1733:
1682:
participation in rule. In 1823, the kingdom was reorganised into
1664:
1656:
952:
933:
556:
491:
168:
4391:
4304:
3567:
3467:
3110:
2966:
1670:
Hanover thus comprised a number of territories, which had been
1250:
1017:
937:
921:
854:
663:
in 1807 joined it to territories from Prussia and created the
555:
between 1714 and 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a
2848:
1242:
1190:
1159:. The Jewish congregations became subject to French regional
1033:
976:
936:(for the former Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg proper), in
839:
824:
594:. Along with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the
1932:
spiked helmet for his Guard Corps. By 1866 they wore a more
1606:
4274:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3078:
1652:
1132:
956:
843:
687:, and the electorate was restored to the House of Hanover.
1600:
by Prussia in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War.
1366:
Previously Prince Elector of Hanover from 1760 to 1806.
1212:), the Hildesheim Land-Rabbinate (Hildesheim region and
1088:
Königlich-Großbrittanisch-Hannoverscher Ober-Kirchenrath
783:. Along with the rest of Prussia, it became part of the
563:, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover.
2165:
had decreed the separation of church and state in 1919.
2116:
known formally as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
2155:
Evangelical Reformed Church of the Province of Hanover
2239:
This translation follows Jakob Heinrich Kaltschmidt,
1717:
The high-bailiwicks were subdivided into bailiwicks (
889:
1951:
916:(Supreme Governor of the Lutheran Church). Regional
1972:and the horse of Hanover itself, surmounted by the
1193:Land-Rabbinate (Aurich and Osnabrück regions), the
983:proper without Hadeln, then including the complete
1182:'s manipulated formulation, as the legal grounds.
4460:
1801:, comprising the former Duchies of Bremen-Verden
864:Control Commission for Germany (British Element)
1092:Royal British-Hanoverian Supreme Church Council
582:. However, as he backed the losing side in the
2202:Die jüdische Gemeinde in Hildesheim: 1871—1942
1976:for the Holy Roman office of Archbannerbearer/
1165:Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites
979:(existed 1650–1903, until 1885 for the former
908:of the Kingdom of Hanover with the King being
710:) and the second-largest in northern Germany.
539:, and joined 38 other sovereign states in the
16:19th-century state of the German Confederation
2864:
2334:
849:
2130:. University of Missouri Press. p. 65.
2093:. University of Missouri Press. p. 65.
1806:
1726:
1695:
1152:
1062:
1007:
920:supervised church and clergy. These were in
734:, George III's youngest surviving son. When
26:
2125:
2088:
1782:, comprising the former Brunswick-Lüneburg
1769:, comprising the former Brunswick-Lüneburg
1052:
909:
543:in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the
158:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
102:
4484:States and territories established in 1814
2871:
2857:
2341:
2327:
2294:
2292:
2258:Kingdom of Hanover - German Civil War 1866
2226: — until the Nazi Reich's government
1655:, which was assigned in personal union to
1127:Vicariate Apostolic of the Nordic Missions
881:, played a central role when the state of
130:
2301:"Johnson's New Chart of National Emblems"
2268:
2266:
1786:and the remainder of Saxe-Lauenburg areas
1607:Territory and administrative subdivisions
818:, married the German Emperor's daughter,
763:, assumed the throne in 1851. During the
523:) was established in October 1814 by the
1883:, present seat of the Princes of Hanover
1610:
853:
800:Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover
602:in January 1871. Briefly revived as the
531:to his Hanoverian territories after the
502:
2289:
1974:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
928:consistory dominated by Lutherans (for
4461:
2906:List of current non-sovereign monarchs
2263:
896:Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover
642:Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3136:
2852:
2322:
2028:Royal standard of Hanover after 1837
1992:Royal standard of Hanover, 1816–1837
1061:. An all-Hanoverian consistory, the
2298:
2230:abolished the constitution in 1938.
1377:, officiated as Viceroy from 1816.
932:) and the Lutheran consistories in
13:
4504:States of the German Confederation
2901:List of current sovereign monarchs
2350:States of the German Confederation
2272:
1968:, the rampant lion with hearts of
1375:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge
890:Reorganisation of religious bodies
559:, usually a younger member of the
303:Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover
14:
4515:
1952:Standard, ensign and coat of arms
720:later years of George III's reign
553:personal union with Great Britain
4494:Germany–United Kingdom relations
4479:1866 disestablishments in Europe
3419:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2373:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1985:
1928:-style ones, which included the
1888:
1873:
1859:
1844:
1829:
1822:
1547:
1493:
1439:
1382:
1373:. In Hanover, his youngest son,
1320:
1059:Lutheran State Church of Hanover
924:, a simultaneously Lutheran and
471:
446:
432:
82:
59:
52:
2896:Imperial, royal and noble ranks
1750:, comprising former East Frisia
1279:at the Congress of Vienna. The
586:, his kingdom was conquered by
2878:
2700:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
2250:
2233:
2215:
2194:
2168:
2147:
2119:
2110:
2082:
1775:Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim
1756:, comprising about the former
1621:Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim
1108:Niedersächsische Konföderation
651:, and Hanover was joined in a
632:before being elevated into an
136:The Kingdom of Hanover in 1815
1:
4474:1814 establishments in Europe
2004:Coat of arms of Hanover, 1837
1794:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
1635:and the northern part of the
1629:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
1098:origin were organised in the
965:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
507:100 thaler banknote from 1857
2911:List of monarchy referendums
2126:W. Frizzell, Robert (2007).
2089:W. Frizzell, Robert (2007).
1214:Clausthal Mountain Captaincy
7:
4489:Former monarchies of Europe
2033:
1897:Portrait of Ernest Augustus
1771:Principality of Grubenhagen
1762:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1637:Prince-Bishopric of Münster
1036:(parishioners' parliament,
971:(existed 1535–1885 for the
834:, which at times supported
638:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
624:History of Hanover (region)
10:
4520:
1912:
1731:), presided by a bailiff (
1264:
1135:lived all over Hanover in
893:
850:Revival and modern history
827:compensation for Hanover.
698:of the United Kingdom, as
621:
617:
535:. It succeeded the former
527:, with the restoration of
71:Royal standard (1837-1866)
4323:
4232:
3946:
3709:
3643:
3455:
3446:
3342:
3324:
3256:
3171:
3129:
3061:
2975:
2919:
2886:
2835:
2804:
2777:
2744:
2670:
2637:
2630:
2568:
2523:
2487:
2480:
2434:
2418:
2382:
2371:
2357:
2260:. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
2244:
1758:Principality of Calenberg
1647:. It lost those parts of
1100:Lower Saxon Confederation
1091:
991:chaired each consistory.
487:
411:
389:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
320:
316:
308:
298:
294:
282:
270:
258:
246:
234:
230:
220:
210:
188:
174:
164:
141:
129:
114:
98:
48:
43:
21:
3048:Self-proclaimed monarchy
2075:
1784:Principality of Lüneburg
1651:to the northeast of the
1615:Border marker of Hanover
1593:Son of Ernest Augustus.
1260:
779:and became the Prussian
722:and the reigns of Kings
547:, a cadet branch of the
402:Hanoverian vereinsthaler
3316:Vatican City (Holy See)
2299:Johnson, Alvin Jewett.
2016:Civil ensign of Hanover
1908:
1667:in the east were lost.
832:German-Hanoverian Party
820:Princess Viktoria Luise
730:from 1816 to 1837, was
215:Constitutional monarchy
3598:Islands of Refreshment
3028:Legitimacy (political)
2303:. Alvin Jewett Johnson
1807:
1727:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1691:
1616:
1566:
1512:
1458:
1401:
1339:
1245:and religion teacher,
1195:Hanover Land-Rabbinate
1153:
1107:
1087:
1063:
1053:
1041:
1008:
1003:
989:general superintendent
910:
859:
600:unification of Germany
520:
508:
124:"Hail to you, Hanover"
103:
27:
3409:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2998:Criticism of monarchy
2988:Abolition of monarchy
1946:Battle of Langensalza
1614:
1467:21 August 1765 –
1410:12 August 1762 –
857:
750:constitutional crisis
671:'s youngest brother,
665:Kingdom of Westphalia
537:Electorate of Hanover
506:
454:Kingdom of Westphalia
440:Electorate of Hanover
175:Common languages
3241:United Arab Emirates
2462:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2457:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2256:König, Lutz (1999).
2055:Kleindeutsche Lösung
2050:King's German Legion
1225:Stade Land-Rabbinate
1176:emancipated the Jews
942:County of Hohenstein
879:Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf
769:German Confederation
561:British royal family
541:German Confederation
150:German Confederation
109:"Support and Finish"
4437:Trinidad and Tobago
4324:Commonwealth realms
4209:United Baltic Duchy
3352:Antigua and Barbuda
3344:Commonwealth realms
3038:Order of succession
2662:Waldeck and Pyrmont
2224:Weimar constitution
2163:Weimar Constitution
2159:Province of Hanover
1938:Austro-Prussian War
1428:Son of George III.
1161:Jewish consistories
781:Province of Hanover
765:Austro-Prussian War
754:Revolutions of 1848
592:Province of Hanover
584:Austro-Prussian War
521:Königreich Hannover
467:Province of Hanover
350:Austro-Prussian War
104:Suscipere et Finire
28:Königreich Hannover
4469:Kingdom of Hanover
2040:History of Hanover
1958:British royal arms
1854:Castle and Gardens
1645:County of Bentheim
1617:
1575:27 May 1819 –
1521:5 June 1771 –
1348:4 June 1738 –
1277:Kingdom of Hanover
1149:Napoléon Bonaparte
1080:County of Bentheim
1064:Landeskonsistorium
860:
804:Duchy of Brunswick
777:Kingdom of Prussia
692:Congress of Vienna
661:Treaties of Tilsit
525:Congress of Vienna
513:Kingdom of Hanover
509:
374:• Annexed by
337:German revolutions
324:Congress of Vienna
120:Heil dir, Hannover
23:Kingdom of Hanover
4454:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4139:Piedmont-Sardinia
3891:Sip Song Chau Tai
3701:Thirteen Colonies
3442:
3441:
2846:
2845:
2800:
2799:
2726:
2713:
2626:
2625:
2570:Ernestine duchies
1881:Marienburg Castle
1813:) and districts (
1809:Regierungsbezirke
1700:), each led by a
1676:Holy Roman Empire
1604:
1603:
1589:20 September 1866
1570:
1516:
1462:
1405:
1343:
1189:. These were the
1026:Ständeversammlung
690:The terms of the
681:Battle of Leipzig
630:Holy Roman Empire
501:
500:
483:
482:
479:
478:
459:
458:
407:
399:
394:Hanoverian thaler
381:20 September 1866
284:• 1851–1866
272:• 1837–1851
260:• 1830–1837
248:• 1820–1830
236:• 1814–1820
125:
110:
69:Flag (1814–1837);
4511:
4499:Christian states
4378:Irish Free State
4144:Poland–Lithuania
3453:
3452:
3404:Papua New Guinea
3134:
3133:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2849:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2690:Reuss-Lobenstein
2686:
2685:
2657:Schaumburg-Lippe
2635:
2634:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2525:Anhalt (Ascania)
2506:
2485:
2484:
2377:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2275:"National Flags"
2270:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2219:
2213:
2200:Jörg Schneider,
2198:
2192:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2086:
2070:House of Hanover
2060:State of Hanover
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1892:
1877:
1863:
1848:
1833:
1812:
1730:
1699:
1672:Imperial Estates
1663:. Further small
1633:County of Lingen
1590:
1585:
1584:18 November 1851
1580:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1536:
1535:18 November 1851
1531:
1526:
1523:18 November 1851
1517:
1507:
1497:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1294:
1293:
1271:House of Hanover
1233:
1222:
1210:Lüneburg regions
1203:
1173:
1158:
1093:
1066:
1056:
1054:summus episcopus
1030:Estates Assembly
1022:Carl Lichtenberg
1011:
1004:Kirchenvorstände
975:) as well as in
963:(for the former
950:
915:
912:summus episcopus
875:State of Hanover
872:
732:Adolph Frederick
673:Jérôme Bonaparte
640:, excepting the
604:State of Hanover
545:House of Hanover
475:
474:
463:
462:
450:
449:
436:
435:
429:
428:
413:
412:
405:
397:
134:
123:
108:
106:
86:
76:Flag (1837-1866)
63:
56:
38:
30:
19:
18:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4446:
4371:princely states
4319:
4255:Kingdom of Fiji
4228:
3974:Austria-Hungary
3942:
3705:
3639:
3438:
3424:Solomon Islands
3338:
3320:
3252:
3167:
3125:
3057:
3003:Democratization
2971:
2915:
2882:
2877:
2847:
2842:
2831:
2796:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2680:Reuss-Ebersdorf
2666:
2622:
2612:
2604:
2602:Gotha-Altenburg
2596:
2588:
2586:Coburg-Saalfeld
2580:
2564:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2519:
2504:
2476:
2472:Weimar-Eisenach
2447:Hesse-Darmstadt
2430:
2414:
2378:
2369:
2353:
2347:
2317:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2234:
2220:
2216:
2199:
2195:
2177:Heinrich Graetz
2173:
2169:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2065:King of Hanover
2045:Guelphic Legion
2036:
2029:
2026:
2017:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1954:
1942:Hanoverian Army
1917:
1915:Hanoverian Army
1911:
1904:
1893:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1773:and the former
1684:high-bailiwicks
1609:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1554:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1506:
1503:Ernest Augustus
1500:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1452:
1446:
1423:
1419:29 January 1820
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1395:
1389:
1362:29 January 1820
1361:
1357:12 October 1814
1356:
1351:
1350:29 January 1820
1349:
1347:
1333:
1327:
1273:
1267:King of Hanover
1263:
1227:
1216:
1197:
1187:land-rabbinates
1167:
1076:Reformed Church
1009:Kirchenvorstand
959:mountains), in
955:in the Eastern
951:, a Hanoverian
944:
904:church was the
898:
892:
866:
852:
816:Ernest Augustus
796:Guelphic Legion
746:Ernest Augustus
700:King of Hanover
657:Napoleonic Wars
626:
620:
576:Ernest Augustus
494:
472:
447:
433:
404:
400:
396:
378:
365:
363:Peace of Prague
352:
339:
329:12 October 1814
326:
285:
277:Ernest Augustus
273:
261:
249:
237:
183:West Low German
181:
137:
122:
107:
94:
93:
92:
87:
79:
78:
77:
72:
70:
64:
57:
39:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4517:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Ottoman Empire
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Kartli-Kakheti
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Central Africa
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3434:United Kingdom
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3091:Prince regnant
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3008:Decolonization
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2962:Personal union
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:Constitutional
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2876:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2750:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2720:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:Principalities
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:Hildburghausen
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2288:
2277:. J. H. Colton
2273:Colton, J. H.
2262:
2249:
2232:
2214:
2193:
2167:
2146:
2136:
2118:
2109:
2099:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1953:
1950:
1913:Main article:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1649:Saxe-Lauenburg
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1572:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1444:
1436:
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1307:
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1298:
1289:semi-Salic law
1285:United Kingdom
1281:personal union
1262:
1259:
1078:in the former
973:Land of Hadeln
891:
888:
851:
848:
736:Queen Victoria
653:personal union
622:Main article:
619:
616:
572:semi-Salic law
568:Queen Victoria
533:Napoleonic era
499:
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3789:Jabal Shammar
3787:
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3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Liechtenstein
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3248:
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3141:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:Queen regnant
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:Republicanism
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Head of state
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Non-sovereign
2955:
2953:
2950:
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2943:
2940:
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2935:
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2928:
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2793:
2792:Sondershausen
2790:
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2780:
2776:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
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2732:
2731:Reuss-Schleiz
2729:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2712:(Junior Line)
2708:
2701:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
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2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Liechtenstein
2645:
2643:
2642:Hesse-Homburg
2640:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2619:
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2611:
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2435:Grand duchies
2433:
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2225:
2218:
2211:
2210:3-931987-11-6
2207:
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2197:
2190:
2189:3-7605-8673-2
2186:
2182:
2178:
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2137:9780826266095
2133:
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2100:9780826266095
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2038:
2037:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:Archtreasurer
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:Prussian Army
1922:
1916:
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1823:Image gallery
1820:
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1692:Landdrosteien
1689:
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1677:
1673:
1668:
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1662:
1659:, except the
1658:
1654:
1650:
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1641:Bremen-Verden
1638:
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1155:décret infâme
1150:
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1128:
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1027:
1023:
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1014:church boards
1012:; literally:
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1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
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981:Bremen-Verden
978:
974:
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927:
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845:
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837:
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828:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:, called the
793:
788:
786:
785:German Empire
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
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751:
747:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
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721:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
685:client states
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:German Empire
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:House of Welf
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
505:
497:
493:
490:
488:Today part of
486:
470:
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455:
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441:
438:
431:
430:
427:
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403:
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388:
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345:
342:13 March 1848
341:
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332:
328:
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319:
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311:
307:
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287:
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278:
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242:
239:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Protestantism
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
133:
128:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
97:
91:
85:
75:
68:
62:
55:
47:
42:
36:
29:
20:
4456:
4427:South Africa
4422:Sierra Leone
4369:
4199:Two Sicilies
4134:Papal States
4058:
3934:
3873:
3766:
3632:
3392:Cook Islands
3245:
3231:Saudi Arabia
3160:
2768:(until 1850)
2758:(until 1850)
2746:Hohenzollern
2735:(until 1848)
2725:(Elder Line)
2723:Reuss-Greiz
2694:(until 1824)
2684:(until 1824)
2613:(until 1826)
2605:(until 1826)
2594:Coburg-Gotha
2589:(until 1826)
2560:(until 1847)
2552:(until 1863)
2544:(until 1863)
2426:Hesse-Kassel
2404:
2305:. Retrieved
2279:. Retrieved
2252:
2240:
2235:
2227:
2217:
2201:
2196:
2180:
2170:
2149:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2090:
2084:
1955:
1921:British Army
1918:
1895:
1867:Celle Castle
1852:Herrenhausen
1838:Leine Palace
1814:
1804:
1738:
1732:
1716:
1702:high-bailiff
1701:
1694:, singular:
1683:
1669:
1631:, the Lower
1618:
1596:Hanover was
1577:12 June 1878
1555:
1530:20 June 1837
1513:Ernst August
1501:
1481:20 June 1837
1476:26 June 1830
1469:20 June 1837
1447:
1424:26 June 1830
1412:26 June 1830
1390:
1328:
1309:Reign ended
1306:Reign began
1276:
1274:
1255:land-rabbins
1240:
1236:Stade region
1184:
1180:Johann Smidt
1131:
1116:
1099:
1069:
1050:
1042:Landessynode
1029:
1025:
1013:
996:presbyteries
993:
985:Stade region
918:consistories
906:state church
899:
883:Lower Saxony
861:
846:government.
829:
789:
758:
744:
712:
689:
646:
627:
612:West Germany
608:Lower Saxony
565:
512:
510:
422:Succeeded by
421:
416:
355:14 June 1866
119:
115:
100:Motto:
99:
90:Coat of arms
73:
66:
4366:British Raj
4338:(Sri Lanka)
4224:Württemberg
3936:South Yemen
3824:Maguindanao
3717:Afghanistan
3478:Barotseland
3414:Saint Lucia
3387:New Zealand
3296:Netherlands
3069:Chhatrapati
3053:Sovereignty
2993:Aristocracy
2805:Free cities
2779:Schwarzburg
2764:Sigmaringen
2717:(from 1848)
2710:Reuss-Gera
2704:(1824-1848)
2597:(from 1826)
2581:(from 1826)
2536:(from 1863)
2505:(from 1839)
2419:Electorates
2410:Württemberg
2352:(1815–1866)
1930:pickelhaube
1902:George Dawe
1725:, singular
1697:Landdrostei
1674:within the
1661:Amt Neuhaus
1625:East Frisia
1312:Succession
1228: [
1223:), and the
1217: [
1198: [
1168: [
1141:Westphalian
1090:, English:
1006:, singular
945: [
930:East Frisia
867: [
792:Netherlands
667:, ruled by
496:Netherlands
417:Preceded by
406:(1857–1866)
398:(1814–1857)
299:Legislature
205:Catholicism
199:, but also
197:Lutheranism
160:(1814–1837)
4463:Categories
4432:Tanganyika
4347:The Gambia
4275:Niuē-Fekai
4214:Yugoslavia
4114:Montenegro
3921:Upper Yafa
3916:Upper Asir
3553:Madagascar
3286:Luxembourg
3018:Government
2983:Abdication
2952:Hereditary
2880:Monarchies
2787:Rudolstadt
2452:Luxembourg
2243:(English:
1767:Hildesheim
1459:Wilhelm IV
1449:William IV
1330:George III
1265:See also:
1247:synagogues
1070:While the
969:Otterndorf
894:See also:
728:William IV
696:George III
634:electorate
529:George III
265:William IV
241:George III
211:Government
4402:Mauritius
4295:Rarotonga
4280:Nuku Hiva
4270:Mangareva
4245:Bora Bora
4124:Neuchâtel
4094:Lithuania
3999:Catalonia
3886:Sri Lanka
3839:Manchukuo
3814:Kurdistan
3768:Indonesia
3691:Talamanca
3651:Araucanía
3634:and other
3613:Wassoulou
3357:Australia
3033:Oligarchy
2839:partially
2817:Frankfurt
2754:Hechingen
2618:Meiningen
2578:Altenburg
2515:Lauenburg
2492:Brunswick
2467:Oldenburg
1966:Brunswick
1790:Osnabrück
1737:, plural
1711:Landdrost
1579:(aged 59)
1525:(aged 80)
1471:(aged 71)
1414:(aged 67)
1392:George IV
1352:(aged 81)
1340:Georg III
1303:Lifespan
1297:Portrait
1283:with the
1118:Catholics
1072:Calvinist
961:Osnabrück
940:(for the
926:Calvinist
838:from the
836:secession
812:Bundesrat
787:in 1871.
759:His son,
740:Salic law
724:George IV
598:upon the
253:George IV
201:Calvinism
189:Religion
156:with the
44:1814–1866
4417:Rhodesia
4412:Pakistan
4331:Barbados
4300:Rimatara
4290:Rapa Iti
4219:Valencia
4194:Tavolara
4184:Scotland
4149:Portugal
4109:Moldavia
3994:Bulgaria
3989:Brittany
3964:Asturias
3844:Mongolia
3834:Maldives
3696:Trinidad
3686:Suriname
3644:Americas
3628:Zimbabwe
3623:Zanzibar
3608:Wituland
3583:Ngazidja
3578:Ndzuwani
3513:Ethiopia
3236:Thailand
3216:Malaysia
3196:Cambodia
3146:Eswatini
2942:Elective
2927:Absolute
2541:Bernburg
2497:Holstein
2383:Kingdoms
2228:de facto
2034:See also
1970:Lüneburg
1962:standard
1934:Austrian
1780:Lüneburg
1740:Amtleute
1665:exclaves
1643:and the
1557:George V
1402:Georg IV
1137:diaspora
1123:Holy See
1112:diaspora
1096:Huguenot
1046:Prussian
902:Lutheran
761:George V
715:dementia
677:Cossacks
669:Napoleon
649:George I
580:George V
570:because
390:Currency
289:George V
195:(mainly
4407:Nigeria
4382:Ireland
4310:Tahuata
4285:Raiatea
4265:Huahine
4240:Abemama
4233:Oceania
4204:Tuscany
4159:Romania
4154:Prussia
4119:Navarre
4099:Majorca
4079:Ireland
4074:Imereti
4069:Iceland
4064:Hungary
4059:Hanover
4054:Granada
4044:Germany
4039:Georgia
4034:Galicia
4024:Finland
4014:Corsica
4009:Cilicia
3979:Bavaria
3969:Austria
3954:Albania
3926:Vietnam
3869:Sarawak
3859:Qu'aiti
3794:Kathiri
3757:Dapitan
3732:Bukhara
3681:Miskito
3603:Tunisia
3593:Shilluk
3503:Dahomey
3493:Burundi
3483:Bagirmi
3463:Adamawa
3382:Jamaica
3377:Grenada
3362:Bahamas
3326:Oceania
3276:Denmark
3271:Belgium
3266:Andorra
3181:Bahrain
3156:Morocco
3151:Lesotho
3130:Current
3121:Pharaoh
3074:Emperor
3013:Dynasty
2967:Regency
2947:Federal
2937:Diarchy
2891:Monarch
2822:Hamburg
2502:Limburg
2481:Duchies
2405:Hanover
2395:Bavaria
2390:Prussia
2365:Austria
2358:Empires
1760:in the
1754:Hanover
1734:Amtmann
1657:Denmark
1598:annexed
1567:Georg V
1251:schools
1206:Hanover
1163:or the
953:exclave
934:Hanover
808:William
775:by the
773:annexed
708:Bavaria
704:Austria
618:History
588:Prussia
557:viceroy
492:Germany
376:Prussia
361:•
348:•
335:•
322:•
309:History
169:Hanover
165:Capital
148:of the
116:Anthem:
74:Bottom:
4442:Uganda
4392:Malawi
4357:Guyana
4336:Ceylon
4315:Tahiti
4305:Rurutu
4260:Hawaii
4189:Serbia
4174:Saxony
4164:Russia
4049:Greece
4029:France
4019:Cyprus
4004:Crimea
3984:Bosnia
3959:Aragon
3947:Europe
3911:Taiwan
3881:Sikkim
3864:Ryukyu
3849:Najran
3747:Chehab
3727:Bengal
3676:Mexico
3661:Brazil
3588:Rwanda
3568:Maravi
3468:Ankole
3456:Africa
3448:Former
3429:Tuvalu
3372:Canada
3367:Belize
3311:Sweden
3301:Norway
3291:Monaco
3258:Europe
3211:Kuwait
3206:Jordan
3191:Brunei
3186:Bhutan
3138:Africa
3111:Sultan
3062:Titles
2976:Topics
2827:Lübeck
2812:Bremen
2557:Köthen
2549:Dessau
2533:Anhalt
2510:Nassau
2400:Saxony
2307:18 May
2281:18 May
2208:
2187:
2134:
2097:
1940:, the
1816:Kreise
1748:Aurich
1719:German
1706:German
1688:German
1680:estate
1627:, the
1563:German
1509:German
1455:German
1398:German
1371:Regent
1336:German
1315:Notes
1243:rabbis
1145:French
1104:German
1084:German
1038:German
1028:(lit.
1018:pastor
1000:German
967:), in
938:Ilfeld
922:Aurich
679:. The
659:. The
517:German
312:
226:
179:German
142:Status
118:
35:German
31:
4397:Malta
4387:Kenya
4362:India
4352:Ghana
4179:Savoy
4169:Samos
4084:Italy
3931:Yemen
3906:Tibet
3901:Syria
3854:Nepal
3829:Mahra
3809:Kumul
3804:Korea
3799:Khiva
3778:Qajar
3762:Hejaz
3752:China
3737:Burma
3666:Haiti
3656:Aztec
3573:Mwali
3563:Maore
3543:Libya
3538:Kongo
3533:Kaffa
3528:Gumma
3523:Gomma
3518:Ghana
3508:Egypt
3488:Bornu
3473:Aussa
3334:Tonga
3306:Spain
3226:Qatar
3201:Japan
2672:Reuss
2652:Lippe
2442:Baden
2076:Notes
1799:Stade
1723:Ämter
1300:Name
1261:Kings
1232:]
1221:]
1202:]
1191:Emden
1172:]
1034:synod
987:). A
977:Stade
949:]
871:]
840:Reich
825:dowry
551:, in
152:, in
146:State
4342:Fiji
3896:Sulu
3875:Shan
3819:Laos
3784:Iraq
3774:Iran
3742:Cebu
3722:Asir
3710:Asia
3671:Inca
3618:Yeke
3558:Mali
3548:Luba
3397:Niue
3247:list
3221:Oman
3173:Asia
3162:list
3116:Shah
3106:Tsar
3101:khan
3096:Raja
3079:King
2920:Type
2309:2014
2283:2014
2206:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2095:ISBN
1960:and
1909:Army
1836:The
1653:Elbe
1269:and
1208:and
1143:and
1133:Jews
957:Harz
900:The
844:Nazi
830:The
726:and
706:and
511:The
222:King
67:Top:
4104:Man
1900:by
1819:).
1728:Amt
1249:or
1238:).
1230:nds
610:in
203:),
4465::
4380:/
4368:,
2291:^
2265:^
2179:,
2140:.
2103:.
1721::
1708::
1690::
1623:,
1565::
1511::
1457::
1400::
1338::
1219:de
1200:de
1170:he
1106::
1086::
1040::
1002::
947:de
869:de
756:.
644:.
614:.
519::
4374:)
4364:(
3939:)
3933:(
3780:)
3776:(
2872:e
2865:t
2858:v
2342:e
2335:t
2328:v
2311:.
2285:.
2212:.
1704:(
1686:(
1569:.
1515:.
1461:.
1404:.
1342:.
1234:(
1204:(
1102:(
998:(
515:(
37:)
33:(
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