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899:. A provisional government was formed, most of whose members had helped drive out the House of Orange 18 years earlier. However, they realised that it would be better in the long term to offer leadership of the new government to William Frederik themselves rather than have him imposed by the allies. Accordingly, William Frederick was installed as the "sovereign prince" of a new
1311:
parts of the south, attempts to enforce the use of Dutch language were particularly resented among the elite. Many
Belgians believed that the United Netherlands' constitution discriminated against them. Though they represented 62 percent of the population, they were only allocated 50 percent of the
1282:
in politics and education. In the southern provinces of
Antwerp, East-, West-Flanders, Limburg (1819), and the bilingual South Brabant (1823); Dutch was made the sole official language. While in the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Liège, Namur; French was maintained as official language but Dutch was
1005:
From the start, the administrative system proved controversial. Representation in the 110-seat House of
Representatives, for example, was divided equally between south and north, although the former had a larger population. This was resented in the south, which believed that the government was
203:
1365:, a major military offensive into Belgium. Though initially successful, the French intervened to support the Belgians and the invasion had to be abandoned. After a period of tension, a settlement was agreed at the
919:, which combined are almost all of what is now Belgium. For all intents and purposes, William Frederik had completed his family's three-century dream of uniting the Low Countries under a single rule.
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1006:
dominated by northerners. Additionally, the king had somewhat greater power than is the case for Dutch and
Belgian monarchs today. Most notably, the ministers were responsible solely to him.
201:
1040:
The United
Netherlands was divided into 17 provinces and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg which was constitutionally distinct. All of these provinces can trace their origin to a medieval
202:
1283:
gradually introduced into education. Although French was still used to some degree in administration in both North and South. In the Grand Duchy of
Luxembourg, French was the
858:. After two years of fighting, the Austrian Netherlands and Liège were captured by the French in 1794 and annexed into France. The Dutch Republic collapsed in 1795 and became
3120:
576:
19:
This article is about the kingdom between the end of the
Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the independence of Luxembourg and Belgium in 1839. For the modern kingdom, see
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Differences between
Southern and Northern Netherlands were never totally resolved. The two were divided by the issue of religion because the south was strongly
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in 1839. The Dutch recognised
Belgian independence, in exchange for territorial concessions. The frontier between the two countries was finally fixed by the
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seats in the House and less in the Senate while the state extracted money from the richer south to subsidise the north. By the mid-1820s, a
2651:
2140:
1068:). Their status changed when they came under French rule, when their administration was centralised, reducing their powers. They included:
1354:, radicalising the movement. Belgium was declared an independent state on 4 October 1830. A constitutional monarchy was established under
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began to affect the
Southern Netherlands where a number of modern industries emerged, encouraged by figures such as
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was signed, fixing the border between the two states and guaranteeing Belgian independence and neutrality as the
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which allocated the region to the Dutch as William had advocated. That August, William Frederik was made
481:
2056:
The Kingdom did not cease to exist at this time and continues to the present day; however; this is when
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were no longer under the jurisdiction of the Dutch Crown and both became independent sovereign states.
136:
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2702:
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2181:
1963:
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803:
1254:) was created in 1825 to encourage trade with the colonies. William I also embarked on a program of
949:
and parts of the Liège to Prussia on 31 May 1815. In exchange, William also gained control over the
889:. It was taken for granted that any new regime would have to be headed by the son of the last Dutch
2893:
2858:
2853:
1765:
1752:
1267:
908:
290:
40:
731:) as it existed between 1815 and 1830. The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the
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1613:
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Fighting between Belgian rebels and the Dutch military expedition in Brussels in September 1830
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1946:
1742:
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1307:
resented the state's encroachment on its traditional privileges, especially in education. In
1204:
870:
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1896:
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2953:
2389:
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1727:
1697:
1490:"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"
1431:
1355:
1102:
995:
962:
827:
823:
815:
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286:
1226:
William I actively supported economic modernisation. Modern universities were established
8:
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1804:
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William I refused to accept the secession of Belgium. In August 1831, he launched the
2327:
2277:
2259:
2086:
1809:
1760:
1756:
1687:
1682:
1180:
903:. The future of the Southern Netherlands, however, was less clear. In June 1814, the
859:
855:
843:
839:
835:
274:
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in order to form a buffer state between the major European powers. The polity was a
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1631:
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A British cartoon, satirising the "wedding" of Belgium and the Netherlands at the
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1720:
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in France. A military intervention in September failed to defeat the rebels in
1300:
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1132:
958:
882:
819:
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304:
300:
265:
103:
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3243:
2811:
2216:
1906:
1891:
1797:
1426:
1246:) was created in 1822 to encourage industrialisation in the south, while the
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1138:
1084:
983:
807:
797:
519:
331:
328:
1203:
Economically, the United Netherlands prospered. Supported by the state, the
2868:
2712:
1916:
1777:
1346:
The Belgian Revolution broke out on 25 August 1830, inspired by the recent
1321:
1278:
Willem I felt that one nation must have one language and began a policy of
931:
904:
316:
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2431:
2198:
2149:
1901:
1859:
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In 1813, the Netherlands was liberated from French rule by Prussian and
3327:
3024:
2816:
2118:
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1317:
1244:
Algemeene Nederlandsche Maatschappij ter Begunstiging van de Volksvlijt
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891:
777:
683:
622:
278:
2903:
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1053:
945:
In exchange for the Southern Netherlands, William agreed to cede the
255:
241:
1028:
New Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and Luxemburg, 1815
2707:
2272:
2221:
2212:
1636:
1351:
1216:
1041:
927:
811:
768:
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Discussions on the future of the region were still ongoing at the
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and refused to recognise Belgian independence until 1839 when the
735:
through the fusion of territories that had belonged to the former
3004:
2240:
2190:
2057:
1667:
1621:
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1114:
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311:
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The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 1783-1919 Vol I
1045:
1255:
1212:
1049:
990:. Beneath the king was a bicameral legislature known as the
1240:
General Netherlands Society for Advancing National Industry
1377:
with the Dutch, though ceding some territory to Belgium.
16:
1815–1830 kingdom including the Netherlands and Belgium
1287:
official language while German was used in education.
762:
The polity collapsed in 1830 with the outbreak of the
1453:, Encyclopædia Universalis. Retrieved on 4 July 2021.
961:
with the Netherlands, though it remained part of the
865:
1384:
1327:
1514:The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution
1464:The Intellectual Origins of the Belgian Revolution
1451:La parenthèse française et hollandaise (1795-1830)
1373:in 1843. Luxembourg became an autonomous state in
3383:
1238:in 1817. Lower education was also extended. The
934:". William used the occasion to declare himself
901:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
554:Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1887:Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
3344:Monument to the Martyrs of the 1830 Revolution
973:
3412:States and territories disestablished in 1839
2985:
2134:
2024:
582:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
1036:Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
913:Governor-General of the Southern Netherlands
850:broke out in 1792 and France was invaded by
169:
109:
1123:(split between Belgium and the Netherlands)
982:, the king retained significant control as
187:
95:
3407:States and territories established in 1815
2992:
2978:
2375:Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands
2141:
2127:
2031:
2017:
213:
3422:1839 disestablishments in the Netherlands
1056:, apart from Antwerp (previously part of
938:on 16 March 1815 as William I. After the
223: Location of the Netherlands in 1815
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
3132:List of members of the National Congress
2148:
2077:
1337:
1190:
1031:
1023:
1008:
869:
39:This article includes a list of general
2370:Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
3417:1815 establishments in the Netherlands
3384:
3313:Treaty of the Eighteen Articles (1831)
1865:constituent country within the kingdom
1258:building that saw the creation of the
711:) is the unofficial name given to the
2973:
2122:
930:attempted to return to power in the "
3369:1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
3192:Emmanuel Van der Linden d'Hooghvorst
1290:
1195:Dutch troops in the Flemish city of
978:Though the United Netherlands was a
25:
701:Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
231: The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
13:
3397:Former states in the Low Countries
1273:
1186:
1060:) and Limburg (previously part of
866:Creation of the United Netherlands
822:in the north was independent; the
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3433:
3392:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3269:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3051:Provisional Government of Belgium
2113:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
2100:
1494:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de
1252:Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij
897:William Frederik of Orange-Nassau
693:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
3287:Ten Days' Campaign (August 1831)
3053:(September 1830 – February 1831)
2106:
2000:
1583:
1401:
1387:
1328:Belgian Revolution and secession
1175:The United Netherlands was also
776:, the Netherlands was left as a
655:
641:
627:
613:
599:
574:
560:
546:
199:
149:
135:
30:
3080:Érasme, Baron Surlet de Chokier
2071:
1316:had formed in Belgium, uniting
1223:emerged as major trading port.
3208:Étienne Constantin de Gerlache
2050:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1506:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1444:
1179:with overseas colonies in the
838:, while both were part of the
196:("Those in whom Dutch blood")
1:
3096:; July 1831 – December 1865)
2395:Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17
1600:Prehistory of the Netherlands
1437:
1422:Belgium–Netherlands relations
968:
947:Principality of Orange-Nassau
810:was a patchwork of different
791:
3086:; February 1831 – July 1831)
3057:National Congress of Belgium
2083:The Low Countries, 1780-1940
1075:(part of modern-day Belgium)
1019:
335:semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
3402:Former monarchies of Europe
3323:Treaty of Maastricht (1843)
3116:Alexandre Dechet (Jenneval)
1380:
1248:Netherlands Trading Society
974:Constitution and government
834:- the former being part of
10:
3438:
2161:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1969:Inventions and discoveries
1912:Whaling in the Netherlands
1577:History of the Netherlands
1331:
1305:Catholic Church in Belgium
953:, which was elevated to a
848:War of the First Coalition
842:. In the aftermath of the
795:
721:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
713:Kingdom of the Netherlands
595:Kingdom of the Netherlands
97:Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
92:Kingdom of the Netherlands
21:Kingdom of the Netherlands
18:
3336:
3308:London Conference of 1830
3300:
3267:
3236:
3200:
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2487:Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta
2417:
2408:
2231:Development urban centers
2167:
2157:
1268:Brussels–Charleroi canals
1081:(part of the Netherlands)
1062:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
942:, discussions continued.
832:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
804:French Revolutionary Wars
745:Prince-Bishopric of Liège
671:
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3328:Iron Rhine Treaty (1873)
3223:Albert Goblet d'Alviella
3003:and the independence of
2043:
1000:House of Representatives
909:Eight Articles of London
709:Royaume uni des Pays-Bas
405:House of Representatives
3354:Civic Guard Merit Medal
3318:Treaty of London (1839)
3292:Siege of Antwerp (1832)
3063:Constitution of Belgium
1479:(Cambridge 1922) p. 263
980:constitutional monarchy
907:secretly agreed to the
749:constitutional monarchy
60:more precise citations.
3201:de Gerlache Government
3144:Provisional Government
3073:First Belgian monarchs
2834:Decorations and medals
2283:Burgundian Netherlands
2007:Netherlands portal
1840:Sovereign Principality
1693:Burgundian Netherlands
1343:
1299:and the north largely
1200:
1037:
1029:
1016:
917:Prince-Bishop of Liège
878:
826:was split between the
757:House of Orange-Nassau
728:
720:
708:
700:
272:(official in Wallonia)
188:
170:
110:
96:
3337:Monuments and honours
2829:Customs and etiquette
2085:. Oxford: Clarendon.
1743:Dutch colonial empire
1529:(London 1964) p. 86-7
1341:
1205:Industrial Revolution
1194:
1035:
1027:
1012:
873:
860:a French client state
729:Royaume des Belgiques
262:Common languages
111:Royaume des Belgiques
3254:Charles de Brouckère
3228:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3213:Charles de Brouckère
3172:Sylvain Van de Weyer
3094:King of the Belgians
3036:La muette de Portici
2864:Orders of knighthood
2497:World Heritage Sites
2400:Coronavirus pandemic
2390:European debt crisis
2363:Dutch Liberation Day
2288:Habsburg Netherlands
2115:at Wikimedia Commons
1698:Habsburg Netherlands
1432:Southern Netherlands
1371:Treaty of Maastricht
1324:against Dutch rule.
963:German Confederation
828:Austrian Netherlands
824:Southern Netherlands
741:Austrian Netherlands
441:Constitution adopted
287:Northwestern Yiddish
190:Wien NeĂŞrlands Bloed
3359:1830 Star of Honour
3237:Lebeau I Government
3218:Alexandre Gendebien
3187:Joseph Vanderlinden
3177:Feuillien de Coppin
3152:Alexandre Gendebien
2472:Mountains and hills
2323:Batavian Revolution
2303:Spanish Netherlands
2298:Seventeen Provinces
1820:First French Empire
1805:Batavian Revolution
1708:Spanish Netherlands
1703:Seventeen Provinces
1555:(London 1964) p. 89
1542:(London 1964) p. 88
1314:union of opposition
1066:Duchy of Gelderland
951:Duchy of Luxembourg
568:First French Empire
3249:Étienne de Sauvage
3121:Frédéric de Mérode
3020:Belgian Revolution
3013:Belgian Revolution
3001:Belgian Revolution
2723:Telecommunications
2333:Kingdom of Holland
1897:Amsterdam EntrepĂ´t
1815:Kingdom of Holland
1417:Orangism (Belgium)
1395:Netherlands portal
1363:Ten Days' Campaign
1344:
1334:Belgian Revolution
1201:
1038:
1030:
1017:
988:head of government
940:Battle of Waterloo
924:Congress of Vienna
885:troops during the
879:
876:Congress of Vienna
786:Kingdom of Belgium
764:Belgian Revolution
454:Belgian Revolution
428:Congress of Vienna
415:Late modern period
3377:
3376:
3135:
3104:Important figures
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2966:
2934:
2933:
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2773:
2675:
2674:
2652:Political parties
2588:Foreign relations
2510:
2509:
2380:Same-sex marriage
2328:Batavian Republic
2308:Eighty Years' War
2278:Holy Roman Empire
2111:Media related to
2041:
2040:
1810:Batavian Republic
1728:Eighty Years' War
1688:Holy Roman Empire
1683:Lower Lotharingia
1291:Regional tensions
856:Holy Roman Empire
844:French Revolution
840:Holy Roman Empire
836:Habsburg monarchy
818:(1568–1648). The
816:Eighty Years' War
806:(1792–1802), the
689:
688:
667:
666:
663:
662:
587:
586:
356:• 1815–1830
275:Frisian languages
204:
177:("I will uphold")
86:
85:
78:
3429:
3129:
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2785:
2784:
2756:Public transport
2686:
2685:
2521:
2520:
2415:
2414:
2241:Frankish Kingdom
2204:Migration Period
2143:
2136:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2110:
2096:
2065:
2054:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1947:Colonial history
1937:Military history
1878:Economic history
1733:Dutch Golden Age
1668:Frankish Kingdom
1632:Migration Period
1587:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1549:
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1503:
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1448:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1367:Treaty of London
1211:who created the
1177:a colonial power
1058:Duchy of Brabant
782:Treaty of London
659:
658:
651:Neutral Moresnet
645:
644:
631:
630:
617:
616:
609:Duchy of Limburg
603:
602:
591:
590:
578:
577:
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563:
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527:
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467:Treaty of London
232:
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88:
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61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
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26:
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3349:Congress Column
3332:
3296:
3263:
3232:
3196:
3182:FĂ©lix de MĂ©rode
3167:Louis de Potter
3138:
3128:
3111:Charles Niellon
3099:
3068:
3065:(February 1831)
3059:(November 1830)
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2879:Prostitution
2792:Architecture
2733:Trade unions
2713:Polder model
2698:Central bank
2667:Water boards
2593:Human rights
2583:Homelessness
2553:Demographics
2543:Constitution
2353:World War II
2347:
2343:Principality
2159:Part of the
2082:
2072:Bibliography
2052:
1941:List of wars
1917:Polder model
1855:World War II
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1785:List of wars
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66:October 2010
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3259:Paul Devaux
3157:André Jolly
3007:(1830–1839)
2926:Terminology
2874:Pornography
2615:Enforcement
2605:Immigration
2578:Health care
2558:Drug policy
2437:Earthquakes
2432:Delta Works
2293:Renaissance
2199:Cananefates
2150:Netherlands
1902:Tulip mania
1860:Netherlands
1761:Cape Colony
1757:East Indies
1678:Lotharingia
1618:Cananefates
1516:(2018) p. 4
1512:S Marteel,
1462:S Marteel,
1197:Dendermonde
1181:East Indies
955:grand duchy
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766:. With the
751:, ruled by
676:Netherlands
531:Preceded by
399:Lower house
384:Upper house
371:Legislature
58:introducing
3386:Categories
3364:Iron Cross
3130:(see also
3025:Rattachism
2849:Literature
2839:Irreligion
2647:Parliament
2573:Euthanasia
2548:Corruption
2318:Golden Age
2062:Luxembourg
1979:Healthcare
1964:Literature
1499:2021-07-08
1475:A W Ward,
1438:References
1145:Overijssel
1097:Gelderland
969:Government
892:stadhouder
792:Background
778:rump state
684:Luxembourg
623:Luxembourg
482:Population
324:Government
312:Demonym(s)
279:Limburgish
41:references
3090:Leopold I
2844:Languages
2743:Transport
2693:AEX index
2637:Provinces
2620:Law Firms
2568:Elections
2563:Education
2492:Volcanoes
2452:Gas field
2410:Geography
2182:Roman Era
1747:evolution
1627:Roman era
1228:in Leuven
1165:(Belgium)
1153:(Belgium)
1135:(Belgium)
1129:(Belgium)
1111:(Belgium)
1103:Groningen
1091:Friesland
1087:(Belgium)
1054:bishopric
1020:Provinces
753:William I
497:5.563.119
361:William I
297:Religion
256:Amsterdam
242:The Hague
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3301:Treaties
3030:Orangism
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2889:Religion
2802:Cannabis
2718:Taxation
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2662:Military
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2273:Guelders
2256:Flanders
2222:Dorestad
2213:Frisians
2081:(1988).
1989:Religion
1984:Heraldry
1953:Language
1833:Monarchy
1770:Americas
1737:painting
1721:Republic
1657:Medieval
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1568:a series
1566:Part of
1381:See also
1352:Brussels
1318:liberals
1285:de facto
1236:in Ghent
1232:in Liège
1217:Wallonia
1199:in 1820
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928:Napoleon
915:and the
854:and the
830:and the
812:polities
769:de facto
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3005:Belgium
2945:Outline
2899:Symbols
2812:Cuisine
2780:Culture
2751:Cycling
2728:Tourism
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2477:Regions
2467:Mammals
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2169:History
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