516:
4274:
3977:
862:
5014:
498:
3941:
6217:
6147:
5496:
47:
683:, where they proved so critical to the U.S.-led coalition, that it is sometimes referred to as the first space war. The first discussions of creating a military space service in the United States occurred in 1958, with the idea being floated by President Reagan as well in 1982. The 2001 Space Commission argued for the creation of a Space Corps between 2007 and 2011 and a bipartisan proposal in the U.S. Congress would have created a Space Corps in 2017. Then on 20 December 2019, the United States Space Force Act, part of the
5159:
3965:
4693:
5733:
6360:
6348:
6336:
5764:
5566:
4286:
4167:
3827:
4071:
849:
4298:
4179:
3839:
7081:
6443:
6431:
6383:
6190:
5915:
5903:
5282:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4717:
4705:
4095:
4083:
5439:
4991:
4659:
6395:
6236:
5147:
5123:
5111:
6111:
6087:
5353:
5182:
4955:
5879:
4143:
4107:
3989:
6014:
5891:
5294:
5258:
4898:
4833:
4203:
5978:
5752:
5306:
5270:
5235:
4886:
4623:
6178:
4845:
4155:
4047:
6099:
6075:
5990:
5855:
5788:
5776:
5721:
5365:
5341:
5318:
4647:
4592:
6159:
5477:
5420:
5927:
5843:
5709:
5697:
5685:
5671:
5659:
4821:
4013:
5458:
4635:
4604:
375:
4263:
3953:
5831:
4227:
4119:
4025:
4001:
3815:
875:
5401:
5389:
5377:
6052:
4857:
4251:
6123:
5939:
5812:
5800:
4967:
4239:
4131:
4059:
3803:
5867:
6419:
6407:
6040:
6028:
6002:
5223:
5194:
5099:
5087:
5068:
7413:
577:, had aspirations to use them as space launch vehicles. In both the United States and the Soviet Union, military space development began immediately after the Second World War concluded, with Wernher von Braun defecting to the Allies and both superpowers gathering V-2 rockets, research materials, and German scientists to jumpstart their own ballistic missile and space programs.
4809:
718:
Central
Directorate of Space Assets. The Strategic Rocket Forces Central Directorate of Space Assets would be renamed the Main Directorate of Space Assets in 1970, being transferred to directly report to the Soviet Ministry of Defense in 1982, and in 1986 became the Chief Directorate of Space Assets.
744:
3636:
3642:
749:. In 1997, the Rocket and Space Defence Troops and Military Space Forces were merged into the Strategic Missile Forces; it subordinated the priorities of the space troops to the missile forces, resulting in the establishment of the
2836:
6308:
3774:
3559:
1286:
1336:
5023:
5624:
2211:
3779:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
3114:
5953:
5541:
2194:
2120:
1787:
2812:
5103:
4721:
3014:
3009:
2402:
628:
when it was created in 1958, leaving it as the only major military space organization within the U.S. Department of
Defense. In 1954, General Bernard Schriever established the
2881:
5595:
1731:
6352:
3479:
6313:
3564:
6855:
2876:
4342:
2269:
5895:
5713:
2110:
1308:
1326:
4613:
777:
6318:
6298:
5536:
5310:
3689:
3678:
3569:
3549:
2189:
937:
684:
592:
over which service would gain responsibility for the military space program, with the Air Force, which had started developing its space program while it was the
4536:
2642:
2148:
1807:
6979:
5963:
4568:
4441:
3584:
726:
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, the
Russian Federation gained its space forces, with the Chief Directorate of Space Assets was reorganized into the
2238:
7291:
5948:
3981:
2936:
781:
6168:
5663:
5629:
5486:
5028:
4448:
2228:
2206:
2069:
2696:
6693:
5393:
4037:
3041:
2802:
2353:
2096:
1412:
472:
6293:
5058:
4627:
3544:
3484:
1457:
515:
3407:
2946:
2015:
1350:
977:
5737:
5575:
5448:
5186:
4866:
4651:
2439:
2429:
1741:
1697:
1369:
6461:
6364:
6256:
5675:
5580:
3732:
3507:
3462:
3046:
2296:
2080:
1702:
738:). The Soviet Air Defense Forces' Anti-Ballistic Missile and Anti-Space Defense Forces were reorganized into the Russian Air Defense Forces'
687:, was signed, creating an independent space service by renaming and reorganizing Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force.
403:
2731:
2535:
2498:
7237:
7054:
5115:
5077:
4907:
2632:
2615:
2387:
1753:
2555:
6810:
6507:
6303:
6006:
5262:
5137:
5053:
4936:
3923:
3594:
3554:
3434:
3278:
2768:
2590:
1945:
892:
866:
837:
785:
497:
356:
6423:
6328:
5151:
5033:
4573:
4529:
4193:
3737:
3589:
3579:
3061:
2926:
2343:
1666:
1452:
1250:
6261:
5322:
4876:
4813:
4740:
4639:
3742:
3666:
3512:
3452:
3031:
2994:
1228:
2064:
1692:
784:
Space
Systems Department in 2015. The PLASSF itself would eventually dissolve, with the space force element of the SSF becoming the
655:
for satellite communications, space launch, and space development systems. In 1982, U.S. Air Force space forces were centralized in
5907:
4278:
4188:
3831:
2866:
1589:
612:
projects, rather than seeking to actively develop an operational space capability. Ultimately, the Air Force's space rivals in the
6949:
5756:
2170:
1658:
769:, which reestablished the Russian Space Forces as one of its three sub-branches, although it is no longer an independent entity.
440:, established in 1992 as an independent military service. However, it lost its independence twice, first being absorbed into the
3323:
3301:
809:
and the newest major command of the Air Force, which would be renamed to reflect an "evolution of its mission" into the area of
6635:
6411:
5532:
5467:
4902:
4468:
3051:
2841:
2817:
2419:
2185:
1797:
1432:
6278:
6271:
5701:
5429:
4871:
4522:
4463:
3757:
3684:
3672:
3529:
3522:
3429:
3273:
3151:
2763:
2115:
1940:
1792:
1405:
1005:
361:
710:, the world's first artificial satellite on 4 October 1957. In 1960, Soviet military space forces were reorganized into the
6399:
6091:
5742:
5357:
4837:
4458:
1680:
633:
7437:
5018:
4663:
4347:
3317:
2662:
795:
703:
672:
1635:
6917:
6886:
6742:
5558:
5381:
5298:
5198:
5132:
4995:
4212:
4032:
2916:
2461:
2259:
2180:
2020:
1864:
897:
548:
7447:
6767:
5968:
5500:
5038:
4752:
4545:
4411:
4099:
3843:
3472:
3377:
3066:
3056:
3026:
2906:
2672:
2378:
1829:
1802:
1629:
1109:
1050:
668:
621:
396:
351:
1596:
6835:
6137:
6132:
5605:
5590:
5504:
4976:
4473:
4255:
3296:
3257:
2748:
2331:
1758:
1719:
1398:
758:
676:
456:
2886:
1101:
The
Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear ... - Steven J. Zaloga - Google Books
6500:
5689:
5600:
3853:
3722:
2822:
2058:
1747:
739:
636:, becoming the U.S. military's first space organization, which continues to exist in the U.S. Space Force as the
6865:
6288:
5213:
5127:
4788:
4453:
4416:
3764:
3539:
3036:
2989:
2931:
2911:
2846:
2570:
2086:
2044:
1640:
698:. Unlike in the United States, where the U.S. Air Force held preeminence in missile and space development, the
1082:
1037:
992:
6792:
6387:
6182:
6056:
5958:
5634:
5410:
5369:
4207:
2314:
2233:
706:(RVGK), was responsible for missile and military space programs, with the RVGK responsible for the launch of
613:
593:
1229:"Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space | American Academy of Arts and Sciences"
7158:
6870:
6820:
6752:
4290:
4063:
3717:
3157:
2831:
2782:
2706:
2652:
2365:
2216:
629:
566:
389:
20:
6044:
7032:
6875:
6762:
6757:
6703:
6283:
6266:
6032:
4776:
4302:
4135:
4087:
4075:
3769:
3747:
3534:
3517:
3402:
3262:
2753:
2524:
2455:
2175:
1541:
956:
825:
773:
543:
464:
115:
80:
1200:
Russian Public TV (ORT), Moscow, in
Russian 1700 gmt March 28, 2001, via BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
7442:
7375:
7080:
6722:
6688:
6628:
6493:
5816:
4890:
4483:
4352:
4005:
3945:
3712:
3630:
2010:
1916:
1736:
1707:
1524:
1477:
814:
468:
323:
1370:"El Ejército del Aire cambia de nombre tras 83 años y pasa a llamarse Ejército del Aire y del Espacio"
7037:
6683:
6667:
5585:
4825:
4764:
4426:
4183:
3993:
3424:
2961:
1714:
1492:
1482:
1180:
853:
720:
663:, and continued to provide satellite communications, weather, and navigation support during the 1982
659:, the first direct predecessor to the U.S. Space Force. U.S. space forces were first employed in the
652:
644:
617:
609:
507:
103:
6732:
6698:
6240:
5919:
4726:
4379:
3969:
3819:
3752:
3419:
3392:
3019:
2921:
2777:
2681:
1571:
1442:
766:
460:
449:
278:
110:
90:
7370:
7150:
6941:
6926:
6221:
5883:
5835:
5286:
4493:
4478:
3914:
3807:
3787:
3648:
3612:
3372:
3268:
2999:
2758:
2348:
2286:
2125:
1890:
1724:
1421:
912:
907:
902:
715:
656:
441:
313:
75:
4273:
3695:
2742:
7462:
7362:
6910:
6840:
5931:
5859:
5648:
5274:
4861:
4421:
4322:
3397:
3382:
3367:
2956:
2721:
2716:
2647:
2221:
2101:
2052:
1775:
1622:
1531:
562:
295:
282:
85:
65:
58:
7022:
6969:
6954:
6860:
6815:
6621:
6542:
5994:
5847:
5792:
5725:
5570:
4849:
4697:
4608:
4596:
4503:
4337:
4332:
3727:
3108:
2976:
2856:
2851:
2787:
2657:
2575:
2264:
2000:
1686:
1583:
1577:
1561:
1469:
754:
648:
637:
597:
1210:
7452:
7027:
6830:
6825:
6777:
6644:
6467:
6435:
6163:
6103:
6018:
5871:
5821:
5481:
5405:
5227:
4981:
4243:
4231:
4147:
4123:
3895:
3502:
3412:
3387:
3089:
2473:
2414:
2320:
2091:
1904:
1885:
1877:
1464:
1134:
879:
806:
750:
727:
699:
581:
522:
476:
437:
333:
135:
30:
6613:
8:
7344:
7185:
6959:
6727:
5943:
5617:
5462:
5424:
5208:
5163:
5091:
4359:
3957:
3885:
3875:
3848:
2891:
2711:
2488:
2466:
2397:
2254:
2130:
1990:
1923:
1870:
1770:
1506:
821:
799:
791:
328:
318:
217:
479:. Countries with nascent military space capabilities usually organize them within their
7457:
7417:
7357:
7296:
7180:
7102:
6772:
6151:
5768:
5443:
5203:
4374:
4267:
4111:
3707:
3654:
3618:
3180:
2896:
2545:
2030:
379:
174:
140:
130:
7384:
7283:
7232:
7207:
7163:
7145:
7089:
7017:
6903:
6845:
6782:
6747:
6516:
4159:
4051:
3865:
3163:
2359:
2165:
2025:
1953:
1551:
1105:
1056:
1046:
1011:
1001:
971:
762:
719:
Established in 1967, the Anti-Ballistic
Missile and Anti-Space Defense Forces of the
601:
574:
552:
503:
445:
208:
120:
761:, which merged Russia's space and air defense forces into one service. In 2015, the
7323:
7274:
7127:
7007:
6974:
6737:
5043:
4498:
4488:
4017:
3870:
3624:
3210:
3192:
3145:
2600:
2444:
1839:
1612:
1602:
1546:
570:
530:
242:
191:
46:
7170:
7389:
7349:
7339:
7311:
7254:
7190:
7059:
6787:
6592:
6572:
6567:
6527:
6194:
4369:
4171:
3902:
3890:
3701:
3204:
3132:
2966:
2508:
2478:
2337:
2302:
1959:
1672:
1099:
842:
The following list outlines the independent space forces currently in operation:
802:
421:
290:
145:
1156:
7264:
7227:
6991:
6964:
6602:
5982:
5644:
4514:
4403:
4285:
4166:
3826:
3795:
3137:
3004:
2605:
2518:
2513:
2449:
2274:
1821:
1519:
695:
585:
285:
994:
The
Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960
7431:
7301:
7259:
7249:
7122:
7117:
7097:
6802:
6651:
4389:
4314:
4297:
4219:
4178:
3860:
3838:
2971:
2901:
1985:
1976:
1781:
1060:
848:
794:
created the Joint Space
Command, a joint organism under the authority of the
664:
433:
232:
227:
222:
150:
125:
1272:
1015:
753:
as independent troops in 2001. In 2011, the
Russian Space Forces became the
7394:
7318:
7244:
7202:
7175:
7107:
7049:
6986:
6587:
6547:
6323:
4436:
4431:
4364:
4327:
3574:
2667:
2325:
1447:
1437:
1327:"French President Emmanuel Macron announces creation of French space force"
938:"As Trump pushes for separate space force, Russia moves fast the other way"
824:
announced in June 2022, that the Spanish Air Force would be renamed as the
425:
261:
7012:
1390:
813:. The Space Command is effective since 2019 and the Air Force was renamed
7195:
7112:
7064:
6557:
6552:
6473:
6447:
5553:
4094:
4082:
4070:
3880:
3660:
3186:
2792:
2686:
2483:
2308:
2160:
1965:
1812:
1039:
Beyond Horizons: A Half Century of Air Force Leadership - Revised Edition
810:
712:
3rd Department of the Main Missile Directorate of the Ministry of Defence
660:
643:
During the 1960s and 1970s, Air Force space forces were organized within
429:
186:
38:
1157:"Self-defense in space: protecting Russian spacecraft from ASAT attacks"
7306:
7212:
4384:
2212:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
1895:
1514:
1487:
538:
273:
237:
163:
70:
7217:
6713:
6532:
6127:
6115:
6079:
5780:
5345:
4971:
4959:
3940:
3604:
3467:
3328:
3242:
2565:
2153:
1536:
1331:
734:) under the Russian Ministry of Defense, but not a military service (
707:
605:
589:
557:
480:
268:
181:
6485:
2195:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
1273:"China's evolving space capabilities: Implications for US interests"
954:
455:
Countries with smaller or developing space forces may combine their
4142:
4106:
3988:
3336:
2121:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
1910:
1834:
1646:
1088:. Air Force Space Command in association with Air University Press.
1000:. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. pp. 107–108.
680:
534:
475:, or put them in an independent defense agency, such as the Indian
817:
on 24 July 2020, with its new logo unveiled on 11 September 2020.
6577:
6562:
5610:
5239:
4202:
4012:
3341:
2409:
1844:
1763:
723:
were responsible for space surveillance and defense operations.
551:. The A4, more commonly known as the V-2, was the world's first
7042:
6895:
4226:
4154:
4118:
4046:
4000:
3964:
3952:
3814:
2580:
2005:
882:(2015–present) (independent from 1992 to 1997 and 2001 to 2011)
874:
679:. The first major employment of space forces culminated in the
1135:"History : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation"
957:"V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age - BBC Future"
6850:
6340:
6226:
4250:
4238:
4130:
4058:
3976:
3802:
3457:
3198:
2297:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
1995:
1732:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
861:
765:
and Russian Aerospace Defense Forces were merged to form the
691:
608:. The Navy also developed rockets as well, but primarily for
1309:"PLA SSF scrapped, it's now the PLA ISF: What does it mean?"
690:
In the Soviet Union, the early space program was led by the
6643:
6582:
6537:
5804:
5546:
5072:
4709:
4262:
4024:
3565:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
2199:
711:
625:
1181:"История : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации"
1045:. Washington, D.C.: Air University Press. pp. 33–34.
596:
in 1945, seeing space operations as an extension of their
3227:
2111:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
1275:. The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
805:
announced that the Joint Space Command would become the
3679:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
3570:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2190:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
2149:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
1351:"France: Goodbye Air Force, hello Air and Space Force"
444:
from 1997–2001 and 2001–2011, then it merged with the
4442:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
3585:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
1251:"Russian Military Merges Air Force and Space Command"
2239:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
704:
Artillery of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command
955:Richard Hollingham8th September 2014 (2014-09-08).
714:, before in 1964 becoming a part of the new Soviet
647:for missile defense and space surveillance forces,
4449:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
3560:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
2229:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
2207:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
1129:
1127:
3690:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
3550:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
473:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
7429:
4544:
3545:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
782:People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
3673:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
2200:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
2074:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
1124:
452:in 2015, where it now exists as a sub-branch.
2957:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
1742:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
1698:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
1271:Stokes, Mark A.; Cheng, Dean (26 April 2012).
1175:
1173:
780:, before being reorganized and renamed as the
6911:
6629:
6501:
6462:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
4530:
3508:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
3480:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
2315:Creation of the British National Space Centre
1703:European Space Research and Technology Centre
1613:
1603:
1406:
397:
1754:European Space Security and Education Centre
459:under a single military branch, such as the
45:
3595:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
3555:International Mobile Satellite Organization
3435:Politics of the International Space Station
2070:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
1420:
1270:
1170:
976:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
893:List of space forces, units, and formations
838:List of space forces, units, and formations
685:National Defense Authorization Act for 2020
651:for weather reconnaissance satellites, and
6918:
6904:
6636:
6622:
6508:
6494:
4537:
4523:
3590:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
3580:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
2927:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
2344:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
1667:European Launcher Development Organisation
1413:
1399:
776:began creating its space forces under the
533:, the boundary between air and space, was
404:
390:
3667:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
3513:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
3453:International Civil Aviation Organization
2995:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
2892:Launch of the Space Launch System program
2887:Cancellation of the Constellation program
1154:
932:
930:
928:
580:In the United States, there was a fierce
529:The first artificial object to cross the
3047:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
1104:. Smithsonian Institution. 27 May 2014.
867:People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force
786:People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force
436:. The world's first space force was the
3696:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
2818:2002 National missile defense directive
2171:Council of European Aerospace Societies
2053:Western European Union Satellite Centre
1367:
990:
640:, its research and development center.
7430:
6980:Psychological and sociological effects
4469:International Astronautical Federation
3250:
2778:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
2186:European Committee for Standardization
1798:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
1248:
1080:
1035:
984:
925:
6899:
6617:
6515:
6489:
4518:
4464:International Academy of Astronautics
3685:International Docking System Standard
3530:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
3523:International Planetary Data Alliance
3430:International Space Station programme
3152:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
3062:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
2354:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
2116:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
1793:Space Situational Awareness Programme
1394:
1306:
1029:
428:that conducts military operations in
4459:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
2474:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
1681:European Space Research Organisation
634:Air Research and Development Command
600:mission, while the Army argued that
561:to launch long-range attacks on the
3318:United Rocket and Space Corporation
2972:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
2852:Launch of the Constellation program
2576:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
13:
6887:Ranks and insignia of space forces
4412:Air & Space Forces Association
3052:Antennas & Propagation Society
2260:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
2181:European Civil Aviation Conference
898:Ranks and insignia of space forces
14:
7474:
3485:General Assembly Fourth Committee
3473:Space Generation Advisory Council
2907:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
2081:EU Agency for the Space Programme
1830:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
1803:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
1630:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
1572:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
669:United States invasion of Grenada
622:Advanced Research Projects Agency
16:Military branch for space warfare
7411:
7079:
6925:
6441:
6429:
6417:
6405:
6393:
6381:
6358:
6346:
6334:
6234:
6215:
6188:
6176:
6157:
6145:
6121:
6109:
6097:
6085:
6073:
6050:
6038:
6026:
6012:
6000:
5988:
5976:
5937:
5925:
5913:
5901:
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5810:
5798:
5786:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5731:
5719:
5707:
5695:
5683:
5669:
5657:
5564:
5494:
5475:
5456:
5437:
5418:
5399:
5387:
5375:
5363:
5351:
5339:
5316:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5268:
5256:
5233:
5221:
5192:
5180:
5157:
5145:
5121:
5109:
5097:
5085:
5066:
5012:
4989:
4965:
4953:
4896:
4884:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4819:
4807:
4782:
4770:
4758:
4746:
4734:
4715:
4703:
4691:
4657:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4602:
4590:
4474:International Astronomical Union
4296:
4284:
4272:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4201:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4045:
4023:
4011:
3999:
3987:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3801:
3297:Medvedev modernisation programme
3000:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
2668:1985 anti-satellite missile test
2332:Space Innovation and Growth Team
2077:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
1759:European Space Operations Centre
1720:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
1339:from the original on 2023-06-01.
873:
860:
847:
759:Russian Aerospace Defense Forces
677:United States invasion of Panama
514:
496:
373:
6716:with space units and formations
3723:Astronomical naming conventions
2648:Strategy of Technology doctrine
2420:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
2338:Creation of the UK Space Agency
1788:European Space Policy Institute
1748:European Space Astronomy Centre
1361:
1343:
1319:
1307:Desai, Suyash (21 April 2024).
1300:
1279:
1264:
1242:
1221:
1203:
1194:
831:
740:Rocket and Space Defence Troops
549:Peenemünde Army Research Center
4454:British Interplanetary Society
4417:Alliance for Space Development
3540:Global Standards Collaboration
3463:Office for Outer Space Affairs
2990:China exclusion policy of NASA
2658:Space Station Freedom proposal
2571:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
1641:Planetary Exploration of China
1465:Planetary protection principle
1249:Bodner, Matthew (2015-08-03).
1155:Hendrickx, Bart (2018-07-16).
1148:
1092:
1074:
948:
673:United States bombing of Libya
1:
3637:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
2967:Launch of the Artemis program
2897:Redesign of the Orion program
2813:Aerospace Industry Commission
2509:Launch of the Mariner program
2234:European Southern Observatory
1934:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
1368:Cedeira, Brais (2022-06-27).
918:
614:Army Ballistic Missile Agency
4546:Public-sector space agencies
3718:Extraterrestrial real estate
3258:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
3158:Soviet crewed lunar programs
3067:Vehicular Technology Society
3057:Broadcast Technology Society
2832:Vision for Space Exploration
2749:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
2707:Space Exploration Initiative
2653:Strategic Defense Initiative
2606:Launch of the Viking program
2519:Launch of the Apollo program
2514:Launch of the Gemini project
2366:Defence in a Competitive Age
2303:Start of the Ariel programme
2217:European Patent Organisation
1211:"Russian Space Forces (VKS)"
778:General Armaments Department
630:Western Development Division
21:Space Force (disambiguation)
7:
3535:Group on Earth Observations
3518:Committee on Space Research
2962:Creation of the Space Force
2882:Kennedy Space Center speech
2525:We choose to go to the Moon
2456:Introduction to Outer Space
2176:European Broadcasting Union
886:
826:Spanish Air and Space Force
465:Spanish Air and Space Force
346:List of space organizations
10:
7479:
7438:Space units and formations
4484:Space Exploration Alliance
3713:Common heritage of mankind
3631:Space Liability Convention
3403:North Korean space program
3329:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
2793:Launch of the X-37 program
2643:Citizens' Advisory Council
1737:European Data Relay System
1708:Concurrent Design Facility
1453:Space Debris Working Group
835:
796:Chief of the Defence Staff
573:. The designer of the A4,
486:
469:French Air and Space Force
18:
7407:
7332:
7282:
7273:
7138:
7088:
7077:
7000:
6940:
6933:
6884:
6801:
6712:
6676:
6658:
6523:
6456:
6373:
6249:
6207:
6065:
5643:
5525:
5518:
5331:
5248:
5172:
5004:
4945:
4929:
4922:
4797:
4683:
4676:
4582:
4559:
4552:
4427:Space Frontier Foundation
4402:
4313:
3922:
3913:
3854:Launch market competition
3786:
3603:
3493:
3445:
3425:Ugandan space initiatives
3360:
3310:
3289:
3241:
3220:
3173:
3125:
3101:
3088:
3081:
2985:
2945:
2865:
2801:
2730:
2695:
2631:
2614:
2589:
2554:
2534:
2497:
2479:Launch of Project Mercury
2428:
2386:
2377:
2285:
2247:
2139:
2043:
1975:
1933:
1857:
1776:Ariane launcher programme
1715:European Astronaut Centre
1673:Europa launcher programme
1657:
1614:
1604:
1560:
1505:
1493:The Spaceguard Foundation
1428:
1036:Spires, David N. (1998).
854:United States Space Force
730:, an independent troops (
721:Soviet Air Defense Forces
653:Air Force Systems Command
645:Aerospace Defense Command
618:Naval Research Laboratory
610:Naval Research Laboratory
547:on 20 June 1944 from the
508:United States Space Force
7448:Types of military forces
4380:Reconnaissance satellite
3753:International Designator
3420:Philippine space program
3368:Australian space program
3020:Office of Space Commerce
3010:House Committee on Space
2922:Space Shuttle retirement
2877:2009 Augustine Committee
2712:1990 Augustine Committee
1858:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
1443:Space traffic management
774:People's Liberation Army
767:Russian Aerospace Forces
461:Russian Aerospace Forces
450:Russian Aerospace Forces
4494:Space Force Association
4479:Lunar Explorers Society
3649:Registration Convention
3613:Partial Test Ban Treaty
3494:Other intergovernmental
3408:Pakistani space program
3373:Brazilian space program
2743:Faster, better, cheaper
2546:1967 Outer Space Treaty
2349:Space Industry Act 2018
2126:European Defence Agency
1782:Vega launcher programme
1725:Living Planet Programme
1448:Space debris management
1422:Politics of outer space
1287:"Welcome - Defense One"
991:Neufeld, Jacob (1990).
913:Space Force Association
908:Politics of outer space
903:Militarisation of space
716:Strategic Rocket Forces
702:, and specifically the
657:Air Force Space Command
541:launched by the German
492:Emblems of space forces
442:Strategic Rocket Forces
76:Timeline of spaceflight
7418:Outer space portal
4422:National Space Society
4323:Space domain awareness
3496:or inter-agency bodies
3398:Lebanese space program
3383:Japanese space program
3324:2014 Military doctrine
3302:2010 Military doctrine
2722:National Space Council
2717:Hubble Space Telescope
2489:Launch of X-15 program
2410:Aerobee rocket program
2360:2021 Integrated Review
2222:European Patent Office
2142:initiatives and bodies
1532:Billionaire space race
1458:Space Debris Committee
1215:www.globalsecurity.org
1081:Spires, David (1998).
694:design bureau, led by
380:Spaceflight portal
296:Non-rocket spacelaunch
66:History of spaceflight
50:
7050:Extraterrestrial life
4504:The Planetary Society
4333:Anti-satellite weapon
3728:ITU Radio Regulations
3378:Emirati space program
3109:Operation Osoaviakhim
2977:Executive Order 13959
2857:Operation Burnt Frost
2788:Decadal Planning Team
2270:Indian ASAT programme
2265:Space Activities Bill
1687:European Space Agency
1659:ESA Science Programme
1470:Post-detection policy
772:In 1998, the Chinese
755:Russian Space Command
728:Military Space Forces
649:Strategic Air Command
638:Space Systems Command
604:were an extension of
49:
6468:Soviet space program
3926:units and formations
3896:Project Harvest Moon
3643:Satellite Convention
3503:African Space Agency
3413:Space programme 2040
3393:Kenyan space program
3388:Kazakh space program
2321:Outer Space Act 1986
2309:Black Arrow launcher
2092:Copernicus programme
2065:EU/ESA Space Council
1693:EU/ESA Space Council
1584:Chinese ASAT program
1357:. 12 September 2020.
1289:. Cdn.defenseone.com
1253:. Themoscowtimes.com
880:Russian Space Forces
751:Russian Space Forces
700:Soviet Ground Forces
582:interservice rivalry
523:Russian Space Forces
477:Defence Space Agency
457:air and space forces
438:Russian Space Forces
19:For other uses, see
6677:Air and Space force
5618:Guiana Space Centre
4360:Kinetic bombardment
3886:Space manufacturing
3876:Space-based economy
3849:Private spaceflight
3269:Shuttle–Mir program
2837:Aldridge Commission
2759:Shuttle–Mir program
2467:Space Act Agreement
2398:Operation Paperclip
2255:Department of Space
2248:Indian space policy
2131:Europe by Satellite
2059:EU Satellite Centre
1771:Guiana Space Centre
1515:Cold War space race
1433:Spacefaring nations
815:Air and Space Force
792:French Armed Forces
218:Apollo Lunar Module
7333:Other technologies
4375:Military satellite
4213:Ranks and insignia
3708:Space jurisdiction
3655:Bogota Declaration
3619:Outer Space Treaty
3115:list of scientists
2403:list of scientists
2045:EU Space Programme
1313:The Economic Times
1183:. Structure.mil.ru
1159:. The Space Review
822:Spanish Government
602:ballistic missiles
598:strategic airpower
175:Robotic spacecraft
51:
7443:Military branches
7425:
7424:
7403:
7402:
7312:Carbonated drinks
7284:Human spaceflight
7164:of items in space
7075:
7074:
6893:
6892:
6611:
6610:
6517:Military branches
6483:
6482:
6203:
6202:
5514:
5513:
4918:
4917:
4800:and the Caribbean
4672:
4671:
4512:
4511:
4398:
4397:
4390:Satellite jamming
3866:Space advertising
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3237:
3236:
3077:
3076:
2697:George H. W. Bush
2166:Council of Europe
2087:Galileo programme
2039:
2038:
2026:Comet Interceptor
1552:Space competition
1083:"Beyond Horizons"
1007:978-0-912799-62-9
763:Russian Air Force
624:were absorbed by
575:Wernher von Braun
553:ballistic missile
446:Russian Air Force
414:
413:
308:Spaceflight types
252:
251:
209:Crewed spacecraft
201:
200:
116:Earth observation
7470:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7280:
7279:
7083:
6938:
6937:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6897:
6896:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6510:
6503:
6496:
6487:
6486:
6466:Preceded by the
6446:
6445:
6444:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6422:
6421:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5523:
5522:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5017:
5016:
5015:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4927:
4926:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4681:
4680:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4557:
4556:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4499:Space Foundation
4489:Space Fellowship
4301:
4300:
4289:
4288:
4276:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4253:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4206:
4205:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4098:
4097:
4086:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4062:
4061:
4050:
4049:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4015:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3991:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3920:
3919:
3871:Space technology
3842:
3841:
3830:
3829:
3818:
3817:
3806:
3805:
3748:COSPAR standards
3625:Rescue Agreement
3248:
3247:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
2445:Project Vanguard
2384:
2383:
1855:
1854:
1840:Aurora programme
1826:Mars and beyond
1617:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1578:Shuguang program
1547:Space propaganda
1474:Asteroid impact
1415:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
999:
988:
982:
981:
975:
967:
965:
964:
952:
946:
945:
934:
878:
877:
865:
864:
852:
851:
800:French President
748:
571:Second World War
521:Insignia of the
518:
500:
406:
399:
392:
378:
377:
376:
203:
202:
192:Cargo spacecraft
169:
168:
26:
25:
7478:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7421:
7412:
7410:
7399:
7328:
7269:
7134:
7084:
7071:
6996:
6929:
6924:
6894:
6889:
6880:
6797:
6708:
6672:
6654:
6642:
6612:
6607:
6593:Security forces
6573:Military police
6568:Missile defence
6528:Airborne forces
6519:
6514:
6484:
6479:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6430:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6369:
6359:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6245:
6235:
6233:
6216:
6214:
6199:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6175:
6158:
6156:
6146:
6144:
6122:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6074:
6072:
6061:
6051:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6027:
6025:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5999:
5989:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5938:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5902:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5866:
5864:
5854:
5852:
5842:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5811:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5775:
5773:
5763:
5761:
5751:
5749:
5732:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5708:
5706:
5696:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5670:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5639:
5565:
5563:
5510:
5495:
5493:
5476:
5474:
5457:
5455:
5438:
5436:
5419:
5417:
5400:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5352:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5327:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5193:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5122:
5120:
5110:
5108:
5098:
5096:
5086:
5084:
5067:
5065:
5013:
5011:
5000:
4990:
4988:
4966:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4941:
4914:
4897:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4820:
4818:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4783:
4781:
4771:
4769:
4759:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4716:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4692:
4690:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4603:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4578:
4561:
4548:
4543:
4513:
4508:
4394:
4370:Missile defense
4309:
4295:
4283:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4200:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4080:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3986:
3974:
3962:
3950:
3938:
3925:
3909:
3903:Asteroid mining
3891:Lunar resources
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3782:
3775:ISECG standards
3738:ODCWG standards
3733:CCSDS standards
3702:Artemis Accords
3599:
3495:
3489:
3441:
3348:
3306:
3285:
3233:
3216:
3169:
3164:Voskhod program
3133:Sputnik program
3121:
3093:
3091:
3082:USSR and Russia
3073:
2981:
2948:
2941:
2868:
2861:
2804:
2797:
2733:
2726:
2698:
2691:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2592:
2585:
2557:
2550:
2537:
2530:
2500:
2493:
2431:
2424:
2389:
2379:US space policy
2373:
2289:space programme
2288:
2281:
2243:
2141:
2135:
2102:EUSST programme
2097:EGNOS programme
2035:
1971:
1960:LISA Pathfinder
1929:
1871:Cassini–Huygens
1853:
1764:ESTRACK network
1653:
1636:Mars and beyond
1563:
1556:
1501:
1424:
1419:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1008:
997:
989:
985:
969:
968:
962:
960:
953:
949:
944:. 21 June 2018.
936:
935:
926:
921:
889:
872:
859:
846:
840:
834:
803:Emmanuel Macron
798:. In 2019, the
742:
594:Army Air Forces
525:
519:
510:
501:
489:
422:military branch
410:
374:
372:
367:
366:
347:
339:
338:
309:
301:
300:
291:Escape velocity
286:launch vehicles
264:
254:
253:
248:
247:
211:
197:
196:
177:
166:
156:
155:
106:
96:
95:
61:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7476:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7423:
7422:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7376:for spacecraft
7373:
7365:
7360:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7336:
7334:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7094:
7092:
7086:
7085:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7057:
7055:Microorganisms
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:The human body
6946:
6944:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6891:
6890:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6873:
6871:United Kingdom
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6803:Space commands
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6788:United Kingdom
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6670:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6652:space commands
6641:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6603:Special forces
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6524:
6521:
6520:
6513:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6490:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6470:
6464:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6438:
6426:
6414:
6402:
6390:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6197:
6185:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6154:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6118:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6022:
6021:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5934:
5922:
5910:
5898:
5886:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5838:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5807:
5795:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5728:
5716:
5704:
5692:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5653:
5651:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5527:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5396:
5384:
5372:
5360:
5348:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5313:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5252:
5250:
5249:Southeast Asia
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5230:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5189:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4962:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4893:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4712:
4700:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4642:
4630:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4599:
4586:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4404:Space advocacy
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4293:
4291:United Kingdom
4281:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4220:Space commands
4217:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4174:
4172:United Kingdom
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4102:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4020:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3972:
3960:
3948:
3930:
3928:
3917:
3915:Militarisation
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3834:
3832:United Kingdom
3822:
3810:
3796:Space industry
3792:
3790:
3788:Commercial use
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3758:IPDA standards
3755:
3745:
3743:CEOS standards
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3446:United Nations
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3361:Other policies
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3337:MARS-500 study
3331:
3326:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3193:Salyut program
3190:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3146:Vostok program
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:Sputnik crisis
3129:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3105:
3103:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3005:Budget of NASA
3002:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2937:2015 Space Act
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:Space Shuttle
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:George W. Bush
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:1998 Space Act
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:Space Shuttle
2670:
2665:
2663:1984 Space Act
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2450:Sputnik crisis
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2275:Mission Shakti
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2145:
2143:
2140:Other European
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1835:MARS-500 study
1832:
1824:
1822:ESA Television
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1739:
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1647:MARS-500 study
1644:
1633:
1627:
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1594:
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1581:
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1534:
1529:
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1527:
1522:
1520:Sputnik crisis
1511:
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1499:
1498:
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1495:
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1193:
1169:
1147:
1123:
1110:
1091:
1073:
1051:
1028:
1006:
983:
947:
923:
922:
920:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
888:
885:
884:
883:
870:
869:(2024–present)
857:
856:(2019–present)
836:Main article:
833:
830:
757:, part of the
696:Sergei Korolev
586:U.S. Air Force
555:, used by the
527:
526:
520:
513:
511:
504:Delta insignia
502:
495:
493:
488:
485:
424:of a nation's
412:
411:
409:
408:
401:
394:
386:
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369:
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365:
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354:
352:Space agencies
348:
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341:
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324:Interplanetary
321:
316:
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233:Space stations
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111:Communications
107:
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101:
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94:
93:
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86:Lunar missions
83:
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68:
62:
57:
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53:
52:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7475:
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7463:Space warfare
7461:
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7364:
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7345:Manufacturing
7343:
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7147:
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7137:
7129:
7126:
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7119:
7118:Magnetosphere
7116:
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6901:
6898:
6888:
6883:
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6876:United States
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6859:
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6668:United States
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6522:
6518:
6511:
6506:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6476:participation
6475:
6471:
6469:
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6463:
6459:
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6439:
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6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Cospas-Sarsat
6277:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6252:
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6232:
6228:
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4863:
4853:
4851:
4841:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4817:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:Latin America
4796:
4790:
4780:
4778:
4768:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4744:
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4732:
4728:
4725:
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4713:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:North America
4682:
4679:
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4425:
4423:
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4410:
4409:
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4405:
4401:
4391:
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4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4353:United States
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4315:Space warfare
4312:
4304:
4303:United States
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4218:
4214:
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4209:
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4187:
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4185:
4184:United States
4180:
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4009:
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3997:
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3959:
3954:
3949:
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3937:
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3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3924:Space forces,
3921:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
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3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Space tourism
3859:
3855:
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3847:
3845:
3844:United States
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3823:
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3811:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:GEO standards
3768:
3766:
3765:GSC standards
3763:
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3300:
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3277:
3275:
3274:ISS programme
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
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3261:
3259:
3256:
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3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3240:
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3226:
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3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3205:Buran program
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:Soyuz program
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
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3162:
3159:
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3150:
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3144:
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3112:
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3018:
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3011:
3008:
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2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:2014 NASA Act
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:2010 NASA Act
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Flexible path
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:2005 NASA Act
2845:
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790:In 2010, the
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28:
27:
22:
7409:
7297:Architecture
7222:
7181:Colonization
7155:Archaeology
6970:Neuroscience
6927:... in space
6660:Space forces
6659:
6648:space forces
6647:
6597:
6588:Public Force
6548:Border guard
6472:Preceded by
6324:Intersputnik
6169:TÜBİTAK UZAY
5630:EUTELSAT IGO
5526:Pan-European
5487:TÜBİTAK UZAY
4946:Central Asia
4562:and pan-Arab
4437:Moon Society
4432:Mars Society
4365:Kill vehicle
4328:Space weapon
3934:Space forces
3933:
3575:Intersputnik
3211:Apollo–Soyuz
2949:space policy
2869:space policy
2824:
2805:space policy
2741:
2734:space policy
2699:space policy
2674:
2635:space policy
2618:space policy
2601:Apollo–Soyuz
2593:space policy
2566:Moon landing
2558:space policy
2538:space policy
2501:space policy
2454:
2432:space policy
2390:space policy
2364:
2326:Project Juno
1964:
1952:
1922:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1876:
1869:
1669:(1960–1975)
1438:Space policy
1378:. Retrieved
1376:(in Spanish)
1373:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1244:
1233:. Retrieved
1231:. Amacad.org
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1161:. Retrieved
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1137:. Eng.mil.ru
1115:. Retrieved
1100:
1094:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1038:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
993:
986:
961:. Retrieved
950:
942:Defense News
941:
841:
832:Space forces
819:
789:
771:
735:
731:
725:
689:
642:
584:between the
579:
556:
542:
528:
454:
448:to form the
426:armed forces
417:
415:
357:Space forces
329:Interstellar
262:Space launch
104:Applications
81:Space probes
7453:Outer space
7208:Exploration
7146:Advertising
7090:Environment
7065:Astrobotany
7028:Fruit flies
6866:South Korea
6768:North Korea
6763:New Zealand
6758:Netherlands
6598:Space force
6558:Gendarmerie
6553:Coast guard
6543:Air defence
6474:Interkosmos
6448:Interkosmos
5554:Eurocontrol
5204:Antrix Corp
4560:Pan-African
4100:North Korea
4088:New Zealand
4076:Netherlands
3881:Space trade
3661:Moon Treaty
3320:(2013–2015)
3230:(1986–2001)
3207:(1974–1993)
3201:(1973–1977)
3195:(1971–1986)
3189:(1967–1991)
3187:Interkosmos
3166:(1964–1966)
3160:(1961–1976)
3154:(1960–1982)
3148:(1960–1963)
2687:Ride Report
2484:Missile gap
2356:(2018–2020)
2334:(2009–2010)
2311:(1964–1971)
2161:Eurocontrol
2055:(1992–2002)
1979:(2015–2025)
1966:BepiColombo
1813:Space Rider
1744:(1983–2010)
1683:(1964–1975)
1675:(1962–1973)
1597:Project 921
1580:(1966–1972)
1574:(1966–1976)
1507:Space races
1355:Aviation 24
811:outer space
743: [
675:, and 1989
661:Vietnam War
569:during the
531:Kármán line
430:outer space
418:space force
314:Sub-orbital
238:Spaceplanes
187:Space probe
121:Exploration
39:Spaceflight
7432:Categories
7390:Telescopes
7275:Technology
7128:Weathering
6975:Psychology
6960:Locomotion
6714:Air forces
6460:See also:
5173:South Asia
4777:USSPACECOM
4385:Spaceplane
3126:Khrushchev
2675:Challenger
2430:Eisenhower
1891:Cluster II
1488:Spaceguard
1478:Prediction
1380:2022-06-27
1374:El Español
1293:2021-02-03
1257:2021-02-03
1235:2021-02-03
1187:2021-02-03
1163:2021-02-03
1141:2021-02-03
1117:2021-02-03
1066:1 February
963:2021-02-03
919:References
539:A-4 rocket
481:air forces
279:Expendable
274:Launch pad
164:Spacecraft
146:Telescopes
141:Settlement
136:Navigation
71:Space Race
7458:Space law
7371:for Earth
7358:Batteries
7340:Logistics
7292:Accidents
7238:Christmas
7103:Corrosion
7043:Tortoises
7001:Non-human
6816:Australia
6723:Australia
6533:Air force
6128:Roscosmos
6116:KazCosmos
6080:ArmCosmos
5781:DTU Space
5743:BIRA-IASB
5690:EU SatCen
5449:KACST-SRI
5346:ArmCosmos
5332:West Asia
5005:East Asia
4972:Roscosmos
4960:KazCosmos
4930:Pan-Asian
4194:Structure
3946:Australia
3605:Space law
3468:UN-SPIDER
3243:Roscosmos
3221:Gorbachev
2154:Eurospace
1590:2007 test
1537:Mars race
1483:Avoidance
1332:USA Today
1061:831675552
1021:19 August
959:. Bbc.com
708:Sputnik 1
606:artillery
590:U.S. Army
558:Wehrmacht
362:Companies
269:Spaceport
182:Satellite
126:Espionage
7233:Religion
7223:Military
7159:of Earth
7038:Primates
6965:Medicine
6778:Thailand
6773:Pakistan
6684:Colombia
6353:UNCOPUOS
5664:DG DEFIS
5625:EUMETSAT
4677:Americas
4583:National
4148:Thailand
4112:Pakistan
3994:Colombia
3290:Medvedev
3279:Politics
3265:(1993–)
3174:Brezhnev
2917:Title 51
2827:disaster
2825:Columbia
2769:Politics
2677:disaster
2083:(2021–)
2001:EnVision
1946:Politics
1917:Herschel
1911:INTEGRAL
1689:(1975–)
1615:Tiangong
1605:Shenzhou
1599:(1992–)
1586:(1964–)
1525:Timeline
1337:Archived
1016:20826476
972:cite web
887:See also
681:Gulf War
535:MW 18014
283:reusable
131:Military
31:a series
29:Part of
7395:Weapons
7363:Nuclear
7324:Writing
7319:Toilets
7302:Farming
7250:Tourism
7245:Selfies
7186:Economy
7151:Alcohol
7139:Society
7123:Weather
7098:Climate
7008:Animals
6955:Hygiene
6934:Biology
6793:Vietnam
6738:Germany
6645:List of
6578:Militia
6563:Marines
6314:ISS MCB
6208:Oceania
5983:PTSPACE
5949:CBK PAN
5611:ESTRACK
5537:CENELEC
5240:SUPARCO
5187:SPARRSO
5024:SASTIND
4741:FAA/AST
4574:Arabsat
4208:Vietnam
4189:History
4018:Germany
3342:ExoMars
3251:Yeltsin
3183:(1967–)
3111:(1946)
3094:program
3032:FAA/AST
2732:Clinton
2536:Johnson
2499:Kennedy
2440:WS-117L
2287:British
2061:(2002–)
1905:Rosetta
1886:Cluster
1878:Huygens
1845:ExoMars
1784:(1998–)
1778:(1973–)
1750:(2005–)
1643:(2016–)
1632:(2003–)
1618:program
1608:program
1562:Chinese
1542:Records
671:, 1986
667:, 1983
632:within
565:on the
506:of the
487:History
319:Orbital
151:Tourism
59:History
7367:Solar
7354:Power
7350:Mining
7255:Voting
7203:Ethics
7191:Mining
7176:Burial
7108:Debris
7060:Plants
6861:Russia
6826:France
6821:Brazil
6783:Turkey
6748:Israel
6733:Canada
6728:Brazil
6699:Russia
6689:France
6374:Former
6365:UNOOSA
6267:COSPAR
5738:BELSPO
5519:Europe
5311:GISTDA
5287:PhilSA
5152:SaTReC
5054:PLAASF
4722:NESDIS
4652:NASRDA
4569:RASCOM
4553:Africa
4348:Russia
4277:
4232:France
4160:Turkey
4124:Russia
4052:Israel
4006:France
3970:Canada
3958:Brazil
3820:Russia
3704:(2020)
3698:(2012)
3692:(1999)
3681:(1998)
3675:(1988)
3669:(1981)
3663:(1979)
3657:(1976)
3651:(1975)
3645:(1974)
3639:(1972)
3633:(1972)
3627:(1968)
3621:(1967)
3615:(1963)
3213:(1975)
3140:(1957)
3102:Stalin
3090:Soviet
3015:NESDIS
2633:Reagan
2616:Carter
2581:Skylab
2388:Truman
2340:(2010)
2328:(1991)
2317:(1985)
2305:(1962)
2299:(1958)
2016:ATHENA
2006:CHEOPS
1991:Euclid
1924:Planck
1898:Newton
1108:
1059:
1049:
1014:
1004:
620:, and
243:Vostok
7385:Radar
7265:Women
7228:Music
7196:Trade
7023:Frogs
6992:Sleep
6942:Human
6851:NORAD
6841:Japan
6836:Italy
6831:India
6811:China
6753:Japan
6704:Spain
6424:NASDA
6341:ITU-R
6329:ODCWG
6309:ISECG
6299:ICSMD
6257:CCSDS
6250:World
6227:CSIRO
6066:Other
5959:KRRiT
5944:POLSA
5714:BEREC
5676:EUSPA
5596:ECSAT
5591:ESRIN
5581:ESTEC
5505:MBRSC
5501:UAESA
5394:NEHSA
5382:IRIAF
5263:LAPAN
5059:CASIC
5048:CGWIC
4937:APSCO
4838:CONAE
4664:SANSA
4640:GSSTC
4628:ESSTI
4614:NARSS
4343:India
4338:China
4279:NORAD
4256:Italy
4244:India
4136:Spain
4064:Japan
4029:Iran
3982:China
3808:India
3458:ITU-R
3333:Mars
3311:Putin
3199:Almaz
3092:space
2947:Trump
2867:Obama
2556:Nixon
2031:SMILE
2011:JUICE
1996:ARIEL
1808:PRIDE
1086:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
998:(PDF)
747:]
692:OKB-1
537:, an
420:is a
7307:Food
7213:Food
7113:Dust
7033:Mice
7018:Dogs
7013:Cats
6856:Peru
6846:NATO
6743:Iran
6694:Iran
6650:and
6583:Navy
6538:Army
6400:KCST
6388:BNSC
6319:ITSO
6304:IMSO
6294:IADC
6272:IPDA
6262:CEOS
6241:NZSA
6195:UKSA
6183:SSAU
6138:VVKO
6092:MAKA
6057:SNSA
6007:INTA
5995:ROSA
5932:NOSA
5908:SRON
5805:CNES
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