Apollo Lunar Module

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CSM. Finally, one or more of three 67.2-inch (1.71 m) probes extending from footpads on the legs of the lander touched the surface, activating the contact indicator light which signaled the commander to shut off the descent engine, allowing the LM to settle onto the surface. On touchdown, the probes would be bent as much as 180 degrees, or even break off. The original design used the probes on all four legs, but starting with the first landing (LM-5 on Apollo 11), the one at the ladder was removed out of concern that the bent probe after landing might puncture an astronaut's suit as he descended or stepped off the ladder.

2584: 2572: 581: 1642: 1573: 2167: 1948: 1846: 2222: 1400: 2608: 1916: 2596: 1083: 902: 1598: 2129: 1976: 5092: 1091: 1033: 9758: 4977: 2655: 29: 1075: 791:. The first LEM design looked like a smaller version of the Apollo command and service module (a cone-shaped cabin atop a cylindrical propulsion section) with folding legs. The second design invoked the idea of a helicopter cockpit with large curved windows and seats, to improve the astronauts' visibility for hover and landing. This also included a second, forward docking port, allowing the LEM crew to take an active role in docking with the CSM. 657: 2097: 1099: 780: 1112: 795:

sufficient visibility of the landing site. Later, the redundant forward docking port was removed, which meant the Command Pilot gave up active control of the docking to the Command Module Pilot; he could still see the approaching CSM through a small overhead window. Egress while wearing bulky extra-vehicular activity spacesuits was eased by a simpler forward hatch (32 in × 32 in or 810 mm × 810 mm).

2641: 387: 2246: 4387: 1455:), was carried in the opposite compartment behind the LM. An external compartment on the right front panel carried a deployable S-band antenna which, when opened looked like an inverted umbrella on a tripod. This was not used on the first landing due to time constraints, and the fact that acceptable communications were being received using the LM's S-band antenna, but was used on Apollo 12 and 14. A hand-pulled 2627: 9770: 1882: 1818: 1059:— was upgraded to land larger payloads and stay longer on the lunar surface. The descent engine thrust was increased by the addition of a 10-inch (250 mm) extension to the engine bell, and the descent propellant tanks were enlarged. A waste storage tank was added to the descent stage, with plumbing from the ascent stage. These upgrades allowed stays of up to 75 hours on the Moon. 2032: 1687: 2477: 2452: 2424: 1440:

pad of each leg incorporated a 67-inch-long (1.7 m) surface contact sensor probe, which signaled the commander to switch off the descent engine. (The probe was omitted from the number 1 leg of every landing mission, to avoid a suit-puncture hazard to the astronauts, as the probes tended to break off and protrude upwards from the surface.)

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aid of landing radar. During braking, the LM descended to about 10,000 feet (3.0 km), then, in the final approach phase, down to about 700 feet (210 m). During final approach, the vehicle pitched over to a near-vertical position, allowing the crew to look forward and down to see the lunar surface for the first time.

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Moon with a 9.1-nautical-mile (16.9 km) perilune, enabling the LM to begin its powered descent from that altitude with a full load of descent stage propellant, leaving more reserve propellant for the final approach. The CSM would then raise its perilune back to the normal 60 nautical miles (110 km).

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to be docked on a side port of the workshop's multiple docking adapter (MDA). When Skylab changed to a "dry workshop" design pre-fabricated on the ground and launched on a Saturn V, the telescope was mounted on a hinged arm and controlled from inside the MDA. Only the octagonal shape of the telescope

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One proposed Apollo application was an orbital solar telescope constructed from a surplus LM with its descent engine replaced with a telescope controlled from the ascent stage cabin, the landing legs removed and four "windmill" solar panels extending from the descent stage quadrants. This would have

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was used to replace the crippled CSM Service Propulsion System engine, and its batteries supplied power for the trip home and recharged the Command Module's batteries critical for reentry. The astronauts splashed down safely on April 17, 1970. The LM's systems, designed to support two astronauts for

692:(EOR) methods. Both direct ascent and EOR would have involved landing a much heavier, complete Apollo spacecraft on the Moon. Once the decision had been made to proceed using LOR, it became necessary to produce a separate craft capable of reaching the lunar surface and ascending back to lunar orbit. 638:

When ready to leave the Moon, the LM's ascent engine fired, leaving the descent stage on the Moon's surface. After a few course correction burns, the LM rendezvoused with the CSM and docked to transfer the crew and rock samples. Having completed its job, the ascent stage was separated. The Apollo 10

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Equipment for the lunar exploration was carried in the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA), a drawer mounted on a hinged panel dropping out of the lefthand forward compartment. Besides the astronaut's surface excavation tools and sample collection boxes, the MESA contained a television camera

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launched on May 18, 1969, using LM-4 for a "dress rehearsal" for the lunar landing, practicing all phases of the mission except powered descent initiation through takeoff. The LM descended to 47,400 feet (9.0 mi; 14.4 km) above the lunar surface, then jettisoned the descent stage and used

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plan, up through at least 1966, was for only one astronaut to leave the LM while the other remained inside "to maintain communications". Communications were eventually deemed to be reliable enough to allow both crew members to walk on the surface, leaving the spacecraft to be only remotely attended

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to hover for up to two minutes to survey where the computer was taking the craft and make any necessary corrections. If necessary, landing could have been aborted at almost any time by jettisoning the descent stage and firing the ascent engine to climb back into orbit for an emergency return to the

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was started again to begin powered descent. During this time, the crew flew on their backs, depending on the computer to slow the craft's forward and vertical velocity to near zero. Control was exercised with a combination of engine throttling and attitude thrusters, guided by the computer with the

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foil blankets for thermal insulation. The number 1 (front) landing leg had an attached platform (informally known as the "porch") in front of the ascent stage's extravehicular activity hatch and a ladder, which the astronauts used to ascend and descend between the cabin to the surface. The landing

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The initial design had three landing legs, the lightest possible configuration. But as any particular leg would have to carry the weight of the vehicle if it landed at a significant angle, this was also the least stable configuration if one of the legs were damaged during landing. The next landing

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After achieving a lunar parking orbit, the commander and LM pilot entered and powered up the LM, replaced the hatches and docking equipment, unfolded and locked its landing legs, and separated from the CSM, flying independently. The commander operated the flight controls and engine throttle, while

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Hover times were maximized on the last four landing missions by using the Service Module engine to perform the initial descent orbit insertion burn 22 hours before the LM separated from the CSM, a practice begun on Apollo 14. This meant that the complete spacecraft, including the CSM, orbited the

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on the bottom surface, to send altitude and rate of descent data to the guidance system and pilot display during the landing. Almost all external surfaces, except for the top, platform, ladder, descent engine and heat shield, were covered in amber, dark (reddish) amber, black, silver, and yellow

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As the program continued, there were numerous redesigns to save weight, improve safety, and fix problems. First to go were the heavy cockpit windows and the seats; the astronauts would stand while flying the LEM, supported by a cable and pulley system, with smaller triangular windows giving them

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whereby it separated, turned around, came back to dock with the lunar module, and extracted it from the S-IVB. During the flight to the Moon, the docking hatches were opened and the lunar module pilot entered the LM to power up temporarily and test all systems except propulsion. The lunar module

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for visually determining the spacecraft orientation; rendezvous radar with its own steerable dish antenna; and a system for active thermal control. Electrical storage batteries, cooling water, and breathing oxygen were stored in amounts sufficient for a lunar surface stay of 48 hours initially,

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control, which consisted of sixteen hypergolic thrusters similar to those used on the Service Module, mounted in four quads, with their own propellant supply. A forward extravehicular activity hatch provided access to and from the lunar surface, while an overhead hatch and docking port provided

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led in 1966 to three production Lunar Landing Training Vehicles (LLTV) which along with the LLRV's were used to train the astronauts at the Houston Manned Spacecraft Center. This aircraft proved fairly dangerous to fly, as three of the five were destroyed in crashes. It was equipped with a

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The Apollo LM Truck (also known as Lunar Payload Module) was a stand-alone LM descent stage intended to deliver up to 11,000 pounds (5.0 t) of payload to the Moon for an uncrewed landing. This technique was intended to deliver equipment and supplies to a permanent crewed

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The descent stage's primary job was to support a powered landing and surface extravehicular activity. When the excursion was over, it served as the launch pad for the ascent stage. Its octagonal shape was supported by four folding landing gear legs, and contained a

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said in 1963 that although most early astronauts were fighter pilots, "now we're wondering if the pilot making this first moon landing shouldn't be a highly experienced helicopter pilot". To allow astronauts to learn lunar landing techniques, NASA contracted

635:, extra LM propellant was made available for the powered descent and landing, by using the CSM engine to achieve the 50,000-foot (15 km) perilune. After the spacecraft undocked, the CSM raised and circularized its orbit for the remainder of the mission. 2388: 704:

was awarded the contract officially on November 7, 1962. Grumman had begun lunar orbit rendezvous studies in the late 1950s and again in 1961. The contract cost was expected to be around $ 350 million. There were initially four major subcontractors:

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Astronauts flew Apollo spacecraft manually only during the lunar approach. The final landing phase began about 2,000 feet (0.61 km) uprange of the targeted landing site. At this point, manual control was enabled for the commander, who had enough

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LM-3 now became the first crewed LM, again to be flown in low Earth orbit to test all the systems, and practice the separation, rendezvous, and docking planned for Apollo 8 in December 1968. But again, last-minute problems delayed its flight until

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45 hours (including twice depressurization and repressurization causing loss of oxygen supply), actually stretched to support three astronauts for 90 hours (without depressurization and repressurization and loss of oxygen supply).

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with a tripod; as the commander opened the MESA by pulling on a lanyard while descending the ladder, the camera was automatically activated to send the first pictures of the astronauts on the surface back to Earth. A

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ascent stage was left in lunar orbit to eventually crash; all subsequent ascent stages (except for Apollo 13) were intentionally steered into the Moon to obtain readings from seismometers placed on the surface.

471:. The total cost of the LM for development and the units produced was $ 21.65 billion in 2016 dollars, adjusting from a nominal total of $ 2.29 billion using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices. 817:

gear design iteration had five legs and was the most stable configuration for landing on an unknown terrain. That configuration, however, was too heavy and the designers compromised on four landing legs.

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In July 1962, eleven firms were invited to submit proposals for the LEM. Nine companies responded in September, answering 20 questions posed by the NASA RFP in a 60-page limited technical proposal.

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was folded up and carried in Quadrant 1 of the descent stage. It was deployed by the astronauts after landing, allowing them to explore large areas and return a greater variety of lunar samples.

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1970 NASA Authorization: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4046, H.R. 10251 (superseded by H.R. 11271) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics

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the lunar module pilot operated other spacecraft systems and kept the commander informed about systems status and navigational information. After the command module pilot visually inspected the

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The configuration was frozen in April 1963, when the ascent and descent engine designs were decided. In addition to Rocketdyne, a parallel program for the descent engine was ordered from

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1971 NASA Authorization: Hearings, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 15695 (superseded by H.R. 16516) United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics

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lunar module functioned as a lifeboat to provide life support and propulsion to keep the crew alive for the trip home, when their CSM was disabled by an oxygen tank explosion

3731: 2500: 1183: 3958: 1459:(MET), similar in appearance to a golf cart, was carried on Apollo 13 and 14 to facilitate carrying the tools and samples on extended moonwalks. On the extended missions ( 3880: 8494: 1217:

Internal equipment included an environmental control (life support) system; a VHF communications system with two antennas for communication with the Command Module; a

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on March 3, 1969. A second, higher Earth orbit crewed practice flight had been planned to follow LM-3, but this was cancelled to keep the program timeline on track.

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The six landed descent stages remain at their landing sites; their corresponding ascent stages crashed into the Moon following use. One ascent stage (Apollo 10's

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Intended for second uncrewed flight, used instead for ground testing. Landing gear added for drop testing. Lacks Alignment Optical Telescope and flight computer

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might lend a frivolous note to Apollo. Despite the name change, the astronauts and other NASA and Grumman personnel continued to pronounce the abbreviation as (

449:. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and remains the only crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth. 1225:

for communication with Earth; an extravehicular activity antenna resembling a miniature parasol which relayed communications from antennas on the astronauts'

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A Lunar Module ascent stage fuselage being transported outside Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation Plant 5 facility in Bethpage, Long Island, New York.

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The return payload included the lunar rock and soil samples collected by the crew (as much as 238 pounds (108 kg) on Apollo 17), plus their exposed

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Structurally and aerodynamically incapable of flight through Earth's atmosphere, the two-stage lunar module was ferried to lunar orbit attached to the

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Weights given here are an average for the original pre-ELM spec vehicles. For specific weights for each mission, see the individual mission articles.

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Ten lunar modules were launched into space. Of these, six were landed by humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972. The first two flown were tests in

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was pointed forward into the direction of travel. A 30-second descent orbit insertion burn was performed to reduce speed and drop the LM's

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after its descent stage was discarded in lunar orbit. The other three LMs were burned up in the Earth's atmosphere: the four stages of

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on the Moon on July 30, 1971, seen from the perspective of the Lunar Module Pilot. Starts at approximately 5000 feet from the surface.

9851: 9424: 9343: 7627: 7621: 7615: 6324: 5674: 2883: 2583: 2571: 2329:, a fictionalized version of Howard is depicted as having the Apollo 11 "LEM" in his office, which his character claims was used to 1008: 9419: 5392: 5011: 4820: 4795: 3723: 2787: 1723: 1452: 3269:

Scheer, Julian W. (Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs, NASA). Memorandum from Project Designation Committee, June 9, 1966.

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container, solar panels and the Apollo Telescope Mount name were kept, though there was no longer any association with the LM.

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to within about 50,000 feet (15 km) of the surface, about 260 nautical miles (480 km) uprange of the landing site.

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Batteries: four (Apollo 9–14) or five (Apollo 15–17) 28–32 V, 415 A⋅h silver-zinc batteries; 135 lb (61 kg) each

9286: 9260: 9216: 6595: 6402: 4783: 3421: 3292: 2668: 1613: 4248: 3317:(Interview). Interviewed by John P. Richmond Jr. Military Air Transport Service, United States Air Force. pp. 4–7. 9831: 9520: 8422: 7763: 6438: 6431: 5111: 4837: 3222: 3200: 3442: 913:

LM-1 was built to make the first uncrewed flight for propulsion systems testing, launched into low Earth orbit atop a

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for the astronauts to erect on the surface was carried in a container mounted on the ladder of each landing mission.

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DPS propellant mass: 18,000 lb (8,200 kg) stored in four 67.3-cubic-foot (1.906 m) propellant tanks

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Two Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation Lunar Module ascent stage fuselages being moved to final assembly.

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rocket-powered ejection seat, so in each case the pilot survived, including the first man to walk on the Moon,

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APS propellant mass: 5,187 lb (2,353 kg) stored in two 36-cubic-foot (1.02 m) propellant tanks

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During rest periods while parked on the Moon, the crew would sleep on hammocks slung crosswise in the cabin.

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While one astronaut explores the area around the LEM, the second remains inside to maintain communications.

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The ascent stage contained the crew cabin with instrument panels and flight controls. It contained its own

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Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation manufacturing team with Lunar Module PA-1 ascent stage fuselage.

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Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation manufacturing team with Lunar Module TM-5 ascent stage fuselage.

2235: 1468: 1226: 1206: 595: 4039:– Description of adapted LM descent stage for the uncrewed transport of cargo to a permanent lunar base. 3908:"NASA isn't sure what happened to one of its last Apollo moon landers. The truth is probably depressing" 2853: 2007: 1729: 1475:

Height: 10 ft 7.2 in (3.231 m) (plus 5 ft 7.2 in (1.707 m) landing probes)

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APS pressurant: two 6.4 lb (2.9 kg) helium tanks at 3,000 pounds per square inch (21 MPa)

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DPS pressurant: one 49-pound (22 kg) supercritical helium tank at 1,555 psi (10.72 MPa)

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after its spidery appearance. The unused LM-13 stood in during the teleplay to depict LM-3 and LM-5,

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A 1962 model of the first LEM design, docked to the command and service module. The model is held by

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Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 11 and Subsequent), Volume Two. Operational Procedures

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This 1963 model depicts the second LEM design, which gave rise to informal references as "the bug".

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Haeuplik-Meusburger S. (2011). Architecture for Astronauts. An Activity-based Approach. Springer.

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played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after an oxygen tank in the

828:, Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, this was because NASA was afraid that the word 9498: 9435: 9410: 9255: 9108: 9043: 8754: 8715: 8674: 8575: 8046: 7955: 7883: 7803: 7798: 7723: 7111: 7106: 6770: 6541: 6345: 6290: 5540: 5535: 5494: 5031: 4997: 4825: 4738: 4635: 3510: 1752: 1126: 970: 624: 599: 7975: 4049: 4011: 3614: 3485: 3367: 9826: 9738: 9681: 9203: 9186: 9132: 9095: 8895: 8869: 8824: 8580: 8316: 7768: 7232: 6036: 5860: 5770: 5711: 5585: 5147: 4702: 4425: 4101: 3862: 3589: 3535: 3460: 3058: 2272: 2198: 1641: 1374: 1210: 921:. At that time, LM-2 was held in reserve in case the LM-1 flight failed, which did not happen. 689: 681: 673: 665: 561:

pilot performed the role of an engineering officer, monitoring the systems of both spacecraft.

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is the only flown LM ascent stage known to have survived intact (possibly asteroid 2018 AV2).

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similar to the CSM, but in March 1965 these were discarded in favor of an all-battery design.

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liftoffs from the Moon on December 14, 1972. View from TV camera on the Lunar Roving Vehicle.

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Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 10 and Subsequent), Volume One. Subsystems Data

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Virtual LM: A Pictorial Essay of the Engineering and Construction of the Apollo Lunar Module

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DPS thrust: 10,125 lbf (45,040 N), throttleable between 10% and 60% of full thrust

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Decreased clearance led to buckling of the extended descent engine nozzle on the landing of

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The development and construction of the lunar module is dramatized in the 1998 miniseries

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ascent stage engine was fired until its fuel was used up, sending it past the Moon into a

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Maksel, Rebecca, What's real and what's not? Air & Space, June/July 2013, pp. 20-21

2646: 2407: 2358: 2121: 1893: 1870: 1635: 963: 949: 768: 640: 584: 510: 4245:– Checklist detailing how to prepare the LM for activation and flight during a mission 4242: 9364: 9248: 9208: 9168: 9088: 9048: 8915: 8905: 8653: 8289: 7920: 7577: 7428: 6908: 5578: 4369: 4166: 4152: 4133: 4119: 4091: 4076: 3664: 3377: 3281: 3059:"Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft; Engines, Large and Small" 3032: 2832: 1915: 1404: 1249: 1222: 810: 799: 714: 2722: 9597: 9238: 8849: 8700: 8428: 8407: 8155: 7898: 7877: 7693: 7373: 6860: 6395: 6060: 5844: 5792: 5695: 5510: 5417: 5397: 4930: 4722: 4707: 4386: 2414: 2366: 2299: 1512: 1361: 1328: 877: 835: 706: 406: 6545: 6302: 3365: 3056: 1082: 761: 9576: 9546: 9009: 8983: 8910: 8834: 8809: 8804: 8764: 8680: 8206: 8150: 8026: 7904: 7481: 7333: 7323: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6525: 6385: 6365: 5775: 5765: 5754: 5716: 4409: 4117: 4110: 4036: 3296: 2673: 1597: 1471:(PLSS) batteries and extra lithium hydroxide canisters on the extended missions. 1293: 901: 672:

The Lunar Module (originally designated the Lunar Excursion Module, known by the

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World map showing locations of Apollo Lunar Modules (along with other hardware)

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In June 1966, the name was changed to Lunar Module (LM), eliminating the word

9790: 9761: 9743: 9638: 9628: 9560: 9405: 9038: 8769: 8548: 8342: 8233: 7980: 7498: 7378: 7034: 6764: 6759: 6519: 6223: 6211: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5142: 4560: 4359: 4338: 3057:

Courtney G. Brooks; James M. Grimwood; Loyd S. Swenson (September 20, 2007).

3036: 1427: 1338: 685: 468: 205: 2128: 1015:

served as a "lifeboat" for the astronauts during their return to Earth. Its

9608: 9175: 8321: 8309: 8243: 8238: 7652: 7646: 7545: 7211: 7206: 7131: 7101: 6964: 6959: 6943: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6590: 6585: 6482: 6199: 6187: 6111: 6048: 5988: 5701: 4919: 4697: 4482: 4438: 4349: 4148: 3240: 2660: 2262: 1230: 787:

The Apollo Lunar Module was chiefly designed by Grumman aerospace engineer

733: 594:, in orbit above the Moon. Earth is visible in the distance. Photograph by 435: 115: 92: 7778: 4515: 4279: 4199:

Demonstration of the Lunar Excursion Module and explanation of its systems

4051:

APOLLO NEWS REFERENCE - LUNAR MODULE DERIVATIVES FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS

4013:

APOLLO NEWS REFERENCE - LUNAR MODULE DERIVATIVES FOR FUTURE SPACE MISSIONS

3965:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics 1969

3887:

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Astronautics 1970

909:

Lunar Module Test Article (LTA-2R) shortly before being mated with the SLA

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in July 1963, and by January 1965 the Rocketdyne contract was cancelled.

442: 200: 184: 2315:, was filmed using realistic spacecraft interior reconstructions of the 1032: 9301: 9003: 8996: 8511: 7930: 7529: 7513: 7490: 7388: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7096: 7091: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6509: 6175: 6123: 5573: 4743: 4100:

Brooks, Courtney J., Grimwood, James M. and Swenson, Loyd S. Jr (1979)

2346:. This is in reference to LM-3, used on Apollo 9, which the crew named 2286: 2249:

Original proposed "wet workshop" Skylab with the Apollo Telescope Mount

1911:, ascent stage left in lunar orbit (could be still orbiting the moon ) 1074: 825: 722: 438: 656: 9718: 9691: 9539: 9451: 9311: 9280: 9273: 9070: 8968: 8722: 8279: 7970: 7820: 7675: 7589: 7521: 7403: 7317: 7227: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7083: 7076: 7069: 6739: 6724: 6692: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6657: 6455: 6450: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6076: 6064: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5976: 5968: 5956: 5944: 5737: 5653: 5472: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5157: 4570: 2508: 2438: 2404: 2304: 2112: 2096: 2080: 2047: 1991: 1963: 1931: 1899: 1861: 1460: 1098: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1037: 1000: 992: 984: 960: 932: 914: 806: 779: 644: 632: 591: 495: 491: 487: 33: 3187:

Remembering the Giants - Apollo Rocket Propulsion Development - NASA

2466:

lifts off from the Moon, August 2, 1971. View from TV camera on the

1478:

Width/depth, minus landing gear: 13 ft 10 in (4.22 m)

1111: 7965: 7940: 7935: 7408: 7040: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6717: 6627: 6514: 6262: 6127: 6115: 6103: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5374: 5369: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5162: 5152: 4575: 4565: 1833: 1782: 1700: 1585: 1494: 1413: 926: 918: 906: 757: 745: 574: 546: 518: 514: 483: 479: 4239:

Manufacturers Handbook covering the procedures used to fly the LM.

1841:

Descent and ascent stages reentered Earth's atmosphere separately

569:, the LM was withdrawn to a safe distance, then rotated until the 386: 9233: 9223: 9126: 8565: 7910: 7788: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7328: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6875: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6569: 4989: 4130:

Chariots for Apollo: The Untold Story Behind the Race to the Moon

2254:

been launched on an uncrewed Saturn 1B, and docked with a crewed

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APS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / Dinitrogen Tetroxide oxidizer

959:

The first crewed lunar landing occurred on July 20, 1969, in the

701: 464: 53: 4201:(1966, Thomas Kelly at Grumman plant on Long Island, episode of 1305:

RCS thrusters: sixteen x 100 lbf (440 N) in four quads

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Courtney G. Brooks; James M. Grimwood; Loyd S. Swenson (1979).

3126:"Bethpage park honors workers who built Apollo 11 lunar module" 2678: 2267: 2245: 1881: 1505:

DPS propellants: Aerozine 50 fuel / nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer

1436: 1817: 767:

The Apollo Lunar Module was assembled in a Grumman factory in

549:

rocket. There it remained through Earth parking orbit and the

9291: 9064: 9028: 9023: 8814: 7383: 6795: 6785: 5422: 5412: 5407: 5402: 3942:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1969. pp. 1127–1128. 3805:"Grumman Lunar Module LM-13 at the Cradle of Aviation Museum" 2020:

Not flown, intended as Apollo 15, last H-class mission

1481:

Width/depth, landing gear extended: 31.0 ft (9.4 m)

695: 542: 28: 8064:

Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in

4233:(PDF) Manufacturers Handbook covering the systems of the LM. 3085:"The Canadian Story of the Apollo Lunar Module Landing Legs" 8386: 7571: 7045: 6414: 6355: 6337: 5797: 4692: 4330: 841: 415: 81: 3724:"Astronomers Might Have Found Apollo 10's "Snoopy" Module" 2788:"ASTRONOMERS MIGHT HAVE FOUND APOLLO 10'S "SNOOPY" MODULE" 2711:

DVD, Columbia River Entertainment (Portland, Oregon, 2007)

2156:(Long Island, New York). Also used during 1998 miniseries 2031: 1484:

Mass including propellant: 22,783 lb (10,334 kg)

1463:

and later), the antenna and TV camera were mounted on the

1265:

Crew compartment height: 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)

4103:

Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft

3373:

Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft

2211:* For the location of LMs left on the Lunar surface, see 1686: 1268:

Crew compartment depth: 3 ft 6 in (1.07 m)

871:

Comparing landing on the Moon to "a hovering operation",

486:

with a crew. A third test flight in low lunar orbit was

5922: 4030:

Apollo LM Truck on Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica

3443:"TR-201 for Delta rocket second stage derived from LMDE" 1451:

The Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package (later the

1205:. It also contained a Reaction Control System (RCS) for 1201:

tanks for return to lunar orbit and rendezvous with the

1043:

The Extended Lunar Module (ELM) used on the final three

490:, a dress rehearsal for the first landing, conducted on 247:

13 ft 10 in (4.22 m) without landing gear

8355: 2831:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. pp. 194–196. 3839:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1970. p. 887. 4073:

Moon Lander: How We Developed the Apollo Lunar Module

1869:

Descent stage may have hit the Moon, ascent stage in

1286:

Atmosphere: 100% oxygen at 4.8 psi (33 kPa)

553:(TLI) rocket burn to send the craft toward the Moon. 533:

At launch, the lunar module sat directly beneath the

2622: 2092:, ascent stage left in lunar orbit, crashed on Moon 1289:

Water: two 42.5 lb (19.3 kg) storage tanks

838: 412: 6332: 2292: 1259:

Crew cabin volume: 235 cu ft (6.7 m)

844: 418: 409: 3280: 2417:. Starts approximately 6200 feet from the surface. 1262:Habitable volume: 160 cu ft (4.5 m) 4128:Pellegrino, Charles R. and Stoff, Joshua. (1985) 3117: 2763:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2487:Apollo 15 Lunar Module liftoff. View from inside 1487:Water: one 151 kg (333 lb) storage tank 445:and the Moon's surface during the United States' 9788: 8107: 4698:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system 2261:This idea was later transferred to the original 1299:Thermal Control: one active water-ice sublimator 4270:On-line 2D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game 3558: 3556: 3152:"T. J. Kelly, 72, Dies; Father of Lunar Module" 976:splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, completing 734:Primary Guidance, Navigation and Control System 16:NASA crewed Moon landing spacecraft (1969–1972) 3091: 2124:, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon 2060:, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon 2003:, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon 1943:, ascent stage deliberately crashed into Moon 1403:Scale model of the Apollo Lunar Module at the 1302:RCS propellant mass: 633 lb (287 kg) 521:each re-entered separately, while Apollo 13's 255:31 ft (9.4 m), landing gear deployed 8371: 8093: 8042:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings 6318: 5908: 5871:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings 5005: 4816:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment 4531: 4295: 3311:"The MATS Flyer Interviews Major Gus Grissom" 3302: 2732:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1242:extended to 75 hours for the later missions. 969:. Four days later, the Apollo 11 crew in the 8022:List of species that have landed on the Moon 5883:Symbol indicates failure or partial failure 4221:, September 1, 2001 - Overview of LM descent 4189:Google Moon overview of Apollo landing sites 4163:Building Moonships: The Grumman Lunar Module 3553: 3359: 3000:"Lunar Module: How do you land on the Moon?" 2909: 2884:"Landing on the Moon, 1966 episode of MIT's 2258:, named the Apollo Telescope Mission (ATM). 1271:Height: 9 ft 3.5 in (2.832 m) 1027: 4545: 4309: 4243:Apollo 15 LM Activation Checklist for LM-10 3225:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 2936: 2303:, a dramatization of that mission starring 1283:Mass, gross: 10,300 lb (4,700 kg) 1140:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 748:(a similar guidance system was used in the 8750:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services 8378: 8364: 8100: 8086: 6325: 6311: 5915: 5901: 5090: 5012: 4998: 4538: 4524: 4302: 4288: 4209:Space/Craft Assembly & Test Remembered 2197:Not flown, intended for modification into 1351:APS thrust: 3,500 lbf (16,000 N) 696:Contract letting and construction location 664:, the key engineer behind the adoption of 385: 27: 9644:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images 3986:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 3278: 2845: 2785: 2240: 1529: 1277:Depth: 13 ft 3 in (4.04 m) 1274:Width: 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) 1160:Learn how and when to remove this message 4796:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package 4225:Apollo 11 LM Structures handout for LM-5 3408: 2244: 2220: 1724:Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago) 1453:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package 1398: 1280:Mass, dry: 4,740 lb (2,150 kg) 1179: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1031: 943: 936:its ascent engine to return to the CSM. 900: 859: 778: 655: 579: 556:Soon after TLI, the SLA opened; the CSM 131:36,200 lb (16,400 kg) extended 128:33,500 lb (15,200 kg) standard 9729:NASA International Space Apps Challenge 4276:3D Lunar Module Landing Simulation Game 3308: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3100:"50 Years Ago: The Apollo Lunar Module" 2826: 2229: 1214:access to and from the Command Module. 1189:Lunar ascent by Apollo 17 ascent stage. 1094:Astronaut rest (sleeping) accommodation 760:. The landing gear was manufactured by 148:10,850 lb (4,920 kg) extended 9789: 8517:Administrator and Deputy Administrator 8017:List of artificial objects on the Moon 4821:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment 4500:List of artificial objects on the Moon 3905: 3566:. Space Center Houston. Archived from 3347:from the original on December 25, 2017 3097: 2997: 2808:from the original on December 26, 2017 2741:from the original on February 22, 2016 2720: 2213:list of artificial objects on the Moon 896: 805:Power was initially to be produced by 606:As the craft approached perilune, the 528: 145:9,430 lb (4,280 kg) standard 9847:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets 9307:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite 8359: 8081: 6306: 5896: 4993: 4519: 4283: 4264:3D Procedural Lunar Lander Simulation 3901: 3899: 3665:"American Spacecraft | Lunar Modules" 3390:from the original on February 9, 2008 3251:from the original on December 4, 2016 3149: 3123: 2902:– via YouTube (posted by MIT). 2413:on the Moon, July 20, 1969, creating 939: 855: 460:, after which it was also discarded. 9769: 7718:International Lunar Research Station 5924:People who have traveled to the Moon 5546:50th Anniversary commemorative coins 4868:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment 4811:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment 4806:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment 4194:NASA catalog: Apollo 14 Lunar Module 3760:from the original on August 22, 2021 3333: 3174: 2915: 2851: 1390:Power: 28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC 1377:at liftoff: 2.124 (in lunar gravity) 1237:guidance and navigation systems; an 1138:adding citations to reliable sources 1105: 3424:from the original on August 5, 2011 3150:Leary, Warren E. (March 27, 2002). 2669:List of crewed lunar lander designs 1614:Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center 1292:Coolant: 25 pounds (11 kg) of 800:Space Technology Laboratories (TRW) 590:, the lunar module ascent stage of 537:(CSM) with legs folded, inside the 13: 8423:National Aeronautics and Space Act 6432:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program 5019: 4838:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment 4826:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment 4088:The History of Manned Space Flight 4065: 3982:"Location of Apollo Lunar Modules" 3946:from the original on July 26, 2020 3896: 3843:from the original on June 30, 2020 3815:from the original on June 20, 2020 3321:from the original on July 26, 2020 3162:from the original on June 23, 2017 3065:from the original on March 1, 2012 2998:Teitel, Amy Shira (May 31, 2019). 2954:from the original on July 17, 2011 2924:from the original on July 23, 2013 2916:Ryba, Jeanne, ed. (July 8, 2009). 2890:. January 20, 2016. Archived from 2864:from the original on April 3, 2020 2829:Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision 2786:Dickinson, David (June 14, 2019). 2767:from the original on June 24, 2016 2761:"NASA New Start Inflation Indices" 2120:Descent stage on lunar surface at 2088:Descent stage on lunar surface at 2056:Descent stage on lunar surface at 1999:Descent stage on lunar surface at 1939:Descent stage on lunar surface at 1907:Descent stage on lunar surface in 1522:: 8,100 ft/s (2,500 m/s) 1430:antenna was mounted by the engine 1371:: 7,280 ft/s (2,220 m/s) 239:23 ft 1 in (7.04 m) 14: 9863: 9377:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope 8931:Commercial Lunar Payload Services 4791:Solar Wind Composition Experiment 4323:Apollo command and service module 4176: 3918:from the original on July 3, 2020 3906:Mosher, Dave (October 16, 2019). 3734:from the original on May 19, 2021 3098:Garcia, Mark (January 18, 2018). 2589:Equipment location plans (2 of 2) 2577:Equipment location plans (1 of 2) 2323:. In 2013 in the television show 2271:orbital workshop and renamed the 2185:Incomplete, most likely scrapped 1203:Apollo command and service module 1102:Lunar module cutaway illustration 1069: 983:This was followed by landings by 852:) instead of the letters "L-M". 752:). A backup navigation tool, the 717:(environmental control systems), 454:Apollo command and service module 370:Apollo Command and Service Module 9852:Spacecraft that orbited the Moon 9768: 9757: 9756: 9672:Apollo 15 postal covers incident 9430:Space Flight Operations Facility 8616:Operations and Checkout Building 8037:Moon landing conspiracy theories 4981:Category:Apollo program hardware 4976: 4975: 4385: 2709:Moon Race: The History of Apollo 2689:Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig 2653: 2639: 2625: 2606: 2594: 2582: 2570: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2496: 2475: 2450: 2422: 2384: 2293:Depiction in film and television 2165: 2127: 2095: 2063: 2030: 2006: 1974: 1946: 1914: 1880: 1844: 1816: 1793: 1751: 1728: 1685: 1640: 1618: 1596: 1571: 1394: 1110: 978:President John F. Kennedy's goal 834: 405: 167:235 cu ft (6.7 m) 8891:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program 7754:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission 5798:Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment 4609:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer 4183:NASA Lunar Module Documentation 4042: 4023: 4004: 3974: 3930: 3855: 3827: 3797: 3772: 3746: 3716: 3691: 3682: 3657: 3632: 3607: 3582: 3528: 3511:"American Spacecraft | LTA-3DR" 3503: 3478: 3453: 3435: 3402: 3272: 3263: 3241:"SP-4402 Origins of NASA Names" 3233: 3215: 3193: 3143: 3077: 3050: 3017: 2991: 2966: 1387:; 125 lb (57 kg) each 1380:Batteries: two 28–32 volt, 296 1175: 774: 458:flew back to the command module 5623:"Houston, we've had a problem" 5112:Cape Kennedy Air Force Station 4899:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 4779:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment 4749:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment 3615:"American Spacecraft | MSC-16" 3486:"American Spacecraft | LTA-3A" 3309:Grissom, Gus (February 1963). 3283:Apollo expeditions to the moon 2876: 2820: 2794: 2779: 2753: 2714: 2702: 1971:Re-entered Earth's atmosphere 1790:Re-entered Earth's atmosphere 1708:Re-entered Earth's atmosphere 1593:Re-entered Earth's atmosphere 882:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 865:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle 738:MIT Instrumentation Laboratory 721:(reaction control system) and 539:Spacecraft-to-LM adapter (SLA) 1: 5866:Stolen and missing Moon rocks 5639:Modular Equipment Transporter 4858:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment 4833:Modular Equipment Transporter 4205:, MIT film posted to YouTube) 3863:"American Spacecraft | LM-13" 3590:"American Spacecraft | LTA-8" 3536:"American Spacecraft | LTA-5" 3461:"American Spacecraft | LTA-1" 3124:Jones, Bart (July 19, 2019). 3025:"Aerospace: Grumman in Orbit" 2852:Agle, D.C. (September 1998). 2802:"Apollo 11 Lunar Orbit Phase" 2695: 2364:is depicted in the 2018 film 2152:, restored and on display at 1811:National Air and Space Museum 1457:Modular Equipment Transporter 1364:: 311 s (3.05 km/s) 1227:Portable Life Support Systems 1011:ruptured, disabling the CSM. 886:Dryden Flight Research Center 736:(PGNCS) was developed by the 676:LEM) was designed after NASA 426:), originally designated the 183:Six or seven 28–32-volt, 296 175:28 V DC, 115 V 400 Hz AC 9709:Space program on U.S. stamps 9634:Gemini and Apollo medallions 9584:Solar System Family Portrait 9360:Joint Polar Satellite System 9229:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 8483:Vision for Space Exploration 8453:Space Exploration Initiative 8052:List of crewed lunar landers 8012:List of missions to the Moon 7835:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander 7794:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope 7566:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost 6881:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna) 6537:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 4958:Rendezvous Docking Simulator 4769:Portable Life Support System 4678:Apollo Abort Guidance System 4505:List of missions to the Moon 4467:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander 3780:"American Spacecraft | LM-9" 3699:"American Spacecraft | LM-2" 3640:"American Spacecraft | TM-5" 3279:Cortright, Edgar M. (1975). 1469:Portable Life Support System 1331:: 290 s (2.8 km/s) 7: 9704:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame 9661:We choose to go to the Moon 9624:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 9182:International Space Station 9162:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 8901:Great Observatories program 8745:International Space Station 8723:Roscosmos State Corporation 8640:Science Mission Directorate 8586:Manned Space Flight Network 7894:International Lunar Network 5803:Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey 5127:Manned Space Flight Network 4937:Apollo 11 goodwill messages 3867:www.american-spacecraft.org 3784:www.american-spacecraft.org 3703:www.american-spacecraft.org 3669:www.american-spacecraft.org 3644:www.american-spacecraft.org 3619:www.american-spacecraft.org 3594:www.american-spacecraft.org 3540:www.american-spacecraft.org 3515:www.american-spacecraft.org 3490:www.american-spacecraft.org 3465:www.american-spacecraft.org 2948:Apollo: Where are they now? 2618: 2279: 2236:Apollo Applications Program 2204:Incomplete, scrapped 1239:Alignment Optical Telescope 867:(LLRV) during a test flight 10: 9868: 9521:NASA cameras on spacecraft 9332:James Webb Space Telescope 9244:Solar Dynamics Observatory 8465:U.S. National Space Policy 8222:Command and service module 6270:Command and Service Module 5186:Command and Service Module 5088: 4904:Mobile quarantine facility 4848:Lunar Surface Magnetometer 4143:Sullivan, Scott P. (2004) 4035:December 15, 2005, at the 2339:From the Earth to the Moon 2331:fake the 1969 moon landing 2256:command and service module 2233: 2159:From the Earth to the Moon 1746:Museum of Life and Science 651: 535:command and service module 40:on the lunar surface, 1972 9832:Soft landings on the Moon 9752: 9652: 9529: 9444: 9389: 9352: 9151: 8961: 8948: 8878: 8792: 8782: 8737: 8663: 8652: 8596:Vehicle Assembly Building 8504: 8403: 8393: 8332: 8254: 8171: 8120: 8060: 7989: 7855: 7812: 7746: 7737: 7662: 7637: 7588: 7556: 7480: 7471: 7302: 7220: 7140: 7054: 6942: 6889: 6709: 6700:List of Apollo astronauts 6649: 6640: 6620: 6604: 6578: 6502: 6493: 6344: 6250: 6087: 5930: 5879: 5853: 5811: 5746: 5730: 5662: 5631: 5615: 5561: 5487: 5464: 5431: 5383: 5330: 5259: 5213: 5206: 5173: 5135: 5099: 5052: 5044:List of Apollo astronauts 5027: 4973: 4945: 4912: 4876: 4853:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter 4801:Active Seismic Experiment 4759: 4731: 4713:Descent propulsion system 4668: 4617: 4584: 4553: 4475: 4449: 4394: 4383: 4315: 4109:October 20, 2015, at the 4071:Kelly, Thomas J. (2001). 3205:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2827:Gatland, Kenneth (1976). 2297:The 1995 Ron Howard film 2210: 2196: 2178: 2154:Cradle of Aviation Museum 2140: 2027:(Apollo/Saturn V Center) 2019: 1806: 1769:White Sands Test Facility 1764: 1748:(Durham, North Carolina) 1741: 1719: 1658:White Sands Test Facility 1653: 1632:Non-flight descent stage 1631: 1609: 1566:Cradle of Aviation Museum 1561: 1417:Descent Propulsion System 1028:Extended J-class missions 384: 379: 375: 365: 360: 356: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 296: 288: 280: 272: 267: 263: 259: 251: 243: 235: 230: 226: 222: 214: 193: 179: 171: 163: 155: 138: 121: 111: 106: 102: 98: 87: 77: 69: 59: 49: 45: 26: 9667:Apollo 8 Genesis reading 9591:The Day the Earth Smiled 8926:Solar Terrestrial Probes 8385: 7997:Colonization of the Moon 4843:Lunar Surface Gravimeter 4718:Ascent propulsion system 4693:Lunar Sounder Experiment 4688:Apollo Guidance Computer 4683:Apollo Docking Mechanism 4255: 4219:Air & Space Magazine 3809:www.cradleofaviation.org 3418:Apollo 14 Mission Report 2721:Orloff, Richard (1996). 2377: 1568:(Long Island, New York) 1498:LM descent engine (LMDE) 1195:Ascent Propulsion System 756:(AGS), was developed by 742:Apollo Guidance Computer 9837:Apollo program hardware 9724:Other primates in space 9436:Deep Space Atomic Clock 9256:Mars Science Laboratory 9044:Spitzer Space Telescope 8633:Lunar Sample Laboratory 8576:Launch Services Program 8047:Apollo 11 anniversaries 7884:European Lunar Explorer 7107:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2) 6291:Exploration of the Moon 4784:list of retroreflectors 4547:Apollo program hardware 4310:Crewed lunar spacecraft 3295:April 28, 2021, at the 3189:. NASA. pp. 73–86. 2691:, the 'Flying Bedstead' 2462:Apollo 15 Lunar Module 2319:and the Command Module 2179:Not flown, intended as 2148:Partially completed by 2141:Not flown, intended as 1419:(DPS) engine with four 1086:Lunar module crew cabin 678:chose to reach the Moon 625:extravehicular activity 600:Command module Columbia 441:that was flown between 9739:National Astronaut Day 9682:The Astronaut Monument 9504:Space Shuttle missions 9204:Mars Exploration Rover 9187:Hubble Space Telescope 9096:Kepler space telescope 8896:Earth Observing System 8870:Mars Exploration Rover 8581:Mercury Control Center 7233:Emirates Lunar Mission 5861:Lunar orbit rendezvous 5722:Postal covers incident 5712:Hadley Rille meteorite 5586:Bench Crater meteorite 5107:Mission Control Center 4889:Launch Umbilical Tower 4703:Apollo Telescope Mount 4215:We Called It 'The Bug' 4165:. Arcadia Publishing. 4161:Stoff, Joshua. (2004) 3445:. 1972. Archived from 2854:"Flying the Gusmobile" 2273:Apollo Telescope Mount 2250: 2241:Apollo Telescope Mount 2226: 2199:Apollo Telescope Mount 1530:Lunar modules produced 1515:: 311 s (3,050 N⋅s/kg) 1408: 1375:Thrust-to-weight ratio 1223:parabolic dish antenna 1190: 1103: 1095: 1087: 1079: 1040: 999:). In April 1970, the 956: 910: 868: 784: 690:Earth Orbit Rendezvous 682:Lunar Orbit Rendezvous 669: 666:lunar orbit rendezvous 603: 525:re-entered as a unit. 482:, without a crew; and 428:Lunar Excursion Module 9687:Lunar sample displays 9677:Space Mirror Memorial 9619:Voyager Golden Record 9511:United States rockets 8703: (with the 8611:Launch Control Center 7842:Lunar Orbital Station 7294:Peregrine Mission One 5531:Lunar sample displays 4644:Apollo service module 4630:Apollo command module 4457:Lunar Orbital Station 4185:Lunar Surface Journal 4086:Baker, David (1981). 3031:. November 16, 1962. 2724:Apollo by the Numbers 2354:, used by Apollo 11. 2248: 2224: 1720:Lunar Module Trainer 1676:Ground tests in 1968 1421:hypergolic propellant 1402: 1385:Silver-zinc batteries 1221:system and steerable 1199:hypergolic propellant 1197:(APS) engine and two 1188: 1101: 1093: 1085: 1077: 1035: 947: 904: 880:in 1964 to build the 863: 782: 754:Abort Guidance System 684:(LOR) instead of the 659: 583: 551:trans-lunar injection 509:) was discarded in a 8705:Soviet space program 8623:Johnson Space Center 8591:Kennedy Space Center 8554:spinoff technologies 8007:List of lunar probes 8002:Google Lunar X Prize 7951:Project Harvest Moon 7064:Lunar Roving Vehicle 6544:(relay satellite at 6284:Lunar Roving Vehicle 5781:Lunar sample display 5771:Nansen-Apollo crater 5198:Lunar Roving Vehicle 5174:Spacecraft and rover 5122:Kennedy Space Center 4953:Lunar escape systems 4863:Heat Flow Experiment 4774:Lunar Roving Vehicle 4495:List of lunar probes 4090:. Crown Publishers. 3564:"Lunar Module LTA-8" 3229:on February 1, 2010. 3211:on February 1, 2010. 2684:Lunar escape systems 2468:Lunar Roving Vehicle 2326:Arrested Development 2230:Proposed derivatives 2025:Kennedy Space Center 1680:Space Center Houston 1672:Thermal-vacuum tests 1465:Lunar Roving Vehicle 1314:Dinitrogen tetroxide 1134:improve this section 1078:Lunar module diagram 1064:Lunar Roving Vehicle 1017:descent stage engine 744:was manufactured by 628:by Mission Control. 558:performed a maneuver 9817:1972 in spaceflight 9812:1971 in spaceflight 9807:1970 in spaceflight 9802:1969 in spaceflight 9797:American inventions 9714:Apollo 17 Moon mice 9570:Pillars of Creation 9477:Space Shuttle crews 8955:(human and robotic) 8949:Individual featured 8532:Ranks and positions 8227:Apollo Lunar Module 8032:Apollo 17 Moon mice 7961:Resource Prospector 7889:First Lunar Outpost 7872:Baden-Württemberg 1 7828:Boeing Lunar Lander 6953:Apollo Lunar Module 6767:(propulsion module) 6732:Apollo Lunar Module 6334:Spacecraft missions 5644:Fra Mauro formation 5605:Streptococcus mitis 5117:Crawler-transporter 4925:Lunar Flag Assembly 4894:Crawler-transporter 4649:Apollo Lunar Module 4488:conspiracy theories 4462:Boeing Lunar Lander 4402:Apollo Lunar Module 4249:Lunar module launch 3728:Sky & Telescope 3368:"Chapter 12 Part 7" 2633:Solar System portal 2090:Descartes Highlands 1813:(Washington, D.C.) 1537:Serial number 897:Development flights 545:third stage of the 529:Operational profile 398:Apollo Lunar Module 218:75 hours (extended) 23: 22:Apollo Lunar Module 9516:NASA cancellations 9411:Deep Space Network 9401:Near Earth Network 8886:Living With a Star 8860:Project Prometheus 8840:Planetary Observer 7700:Cislunar Explorers 5932:Walked on the Moon 5786:Lunar basalt 70017 5747:Apollo 17 specific 5731:Apollo 16 specific 5663:Apollo 15 specific 5632:Apollo 14 specific 5616:Apollo 13 specific 5562:Apollo 12 specific 5553:In popular culture 5521:Little West crater 5488:Apollo 11 specific 4345:Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) 3410:McDivitt, James A. 3156:The New York Times 2647:Spaceflight portal 2613:Landing Gear plans 2251: 2227: 2023:On display at the 1936:November 14, 1969 1909:Sea of Tranquility 1871:heliocentric orbit 1636:Franklin Institute 1446:United States flag 1409: 1191: 1104: 1096: 1088: 1080: 1045:"J-class missions" 1041: 957: 940:Production flights 911: 869: 856:Astronaut training 785: 769:Bethpage, New York 670: 668:mission logistics. 641:heliocentric orbit 604: 511:heliocentric orbit 361:Related spacecraft 21: 9822:Crewed spacecraft 9784: 9783: 9697:stolen or missing 9494:uncrewed missions 9472:Apollo astronauts 9467:Gemini astronauts 9385: 9384: 9169:2001 Mars Odyssey 8944: 8943: 8820:Mars Surveyor '98 8778: 8777: 8721: (with 8654:Human spaceflight 8648: 8647: 8606:Launch Complex 48 8601:Launch Complex 39 8353: 8352: 8109:Crewed spacecraft 8075: 8074: 7921:Lunar Mission One 7878:#dearMoon project 7851: 7850: 7733: 7732: 7578:Lunar Trailblazer 7467: 7466: 6909:Moon Impact Probe 6636: 6635: 6300: 6299: 5890: 5889: 5526:Goodwill messages 5465:Apollo 8 specific 5460: 5459: 5181:Apollo spacecraft 5100:Ground facilities 5070:Launch Complex 39 5065:Launch Complex 37 5060:Launch Complex 34 5037:canceled missions 4987: 4986: 4739:Apollo/Skylab A7L 4513: 4512: 4350:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3) 4124:978-3-7091-0666-2 3730:. June 14, 2019. 3223:"LM Landing Gear" 2978:Discover Magazine 2894:on April 15, 2021 2503: 2482: 2457: 2429: 2395: 2342:episode entitled 2219: 2218: 2117:December 7, 1972 1996:January 31, 1971 1787:January 22, 1968 1705:November 9, 1967 1405:Euro Space Center 1308:RCS propellants: 1250:photographic film 1186: 1170: 1169: 1162: 811:Pratt and Whitney 715:Hamilton Standard 394: 393: 348:December 14, 1972 70:Country of origin 9859: 9772: 9771: 9760: 9759: 9598:Fallen Astronaut 9239:Van Allen Probes 8959: 8958: 8865:Mars Exploration 8790: 8789: 8661: 8660: 8429:Space Task Group 8401: 8400: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8357: 8356: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8079: 8078: 7744: 7743: 7694:Lunar Pathfinder 7478: 7477: 7374:Lunar Flashlight 6861:Lunar Prospector 6647: 6646: 6528:(service module) 6500: 6499: 6327: 6320: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6147: 6135: 6119: 6107: 6089:Flew to the Moon 6080: 6068: 6061:Harrison Schmitt 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5960: 5948: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5893: 5793:Troctolite 76535 5696:Fallen Astronaut 5675:Lunar operations 5511:Tranquility Base 5418:Pad Abort Test-2 5398:Pad Abort Test-1 5211: 5210: 5094: 5053:Launch complexes 5032:List of missions 5014: 5007: 5000: 4991: 4990: 4979: 4978: 4931:Fallen Astronaut 4723:Scimitar antenna 4708:Apollo TV camera 4540: 4533: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4389: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4280: 4217:, By D.C. Agle, 4203:Science Reporter 4059: 4058: 4056: 4046: 4040: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3988:. Archived from 3978: 3972: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3912:Business Insider 3903: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3570:on April 9, 2018 3560: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3449:on July 6, 2008. 3439: 3433: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3341:"LLRV Monograph" 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3306: 3300: 3288: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3207:. 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July 15, 2019. 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2886:Science Reporter 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2740: 2729: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2663: 2658: 2657: 2656: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2610: 2598: 2586: 2574: 2560: 2548: 2536: 2524: 2505: 2504: 2484: 2483: 2459: 2458: 2431: 2430: 2415:Tranquility Base 2397: 2396: 2169: 2131: 2099: 2067: 2034: 2010: 1978: 1950: 1918: 1884: 1848: 1820: 1797: 1755: 1732: 1689: 1644: 1622: 1600: 1575: 1534: 1533: 1513:specific impulse 1362:specific impulse 1342:LM Ascent Engine 1329:specific impulse 1296:/ water solution 1229:through the LM; 1187: 1165: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1114: 1106: 878:Bell Aerosystems 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 840: 707:Bell Aerosystems 541:attached to the 425: 424: 421: 420: 417: 414: 411: 389: 340:December 7, 1972 332:January 22, 1968 31: 24: 20: 9867: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9748: 9648: 9639:Mission patches 9614:Pioneer plaques 9577:Mystic Mountain 9554:Family Portrait 9547:The Blue Marble 9531: 9525: 9499:Apollo missions 9440: 9392: 9381: 9348: 9153: 9147: 8984:Mercury-Atlas 6 8954: 8950: 8940: 8874: 8810:Mariner Mark II 8774: 8755:Commercial Crew 8733: 8656: 8644: 8628:Mission Control 8527:Astronaut Corps 8522:Chief Scientist 8500: 8405: 8389: 8384: 8354: 8349: 8328: 8250: 8167: 8116: 8106: 8076: 8071: 8056: 8027:Lunar resources 7985: 7857: 7847: 7808: 7739: 7729: 7658: 7633: 7584: 7552: 7473: 7463: 7298: 7290:(Chandrayaan-2) 7221:Failed landings 7216: 7136: 7112:(Chandrayaan-3) 7050: 7037:(Chandrayaan-3) 6938: 6885: 6836:Lunar Orbiter 1 6705: 6650:Crewed landings 6642: 6632: 6616: 6600: 6574: 6549: 6495: 6489: 6381:Lunar Precursor 6348: 6340: 6331: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6162: 6152:Michael Collins 6150: 6140:Thomas Stafford 6138: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6091:without landing 6090: 6083: 6071: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5926: 5921: 5891: 5886: 5875: 5849: 5815: 5807: 5755:The Blue Marble 5742: 5726: 5717:Seatbelt basalt 5690:Hadley–Apennine 5685:Return to Earth 5680:Solo operations 5658: 5627: 5611: 5579:Surveyor crater 5569:Statio Cognitum 5557: 5495:Command Module 5483: 5479:Genesis reading 5456: 5427: 5379: 5340:Saturn-Apollo 1 5332: 5326: 5255: 5202: 5169: 5136:Launch vehicles 5131: 5095: 5086: 5048: 5023: 5018: 4988: 4983: 4969: 4941: 4908: 4884:Mobile Launcher 4872: 4761: 4755: 4727: 4670: 4664: 4613: 4604:Instrument unit 4586: 4580: 4554:Launch vehicles 4549: 4544: 4514: 4509: 4471: 4445: 4390: 4381: 4311: 4308: 4258: 4179: 4111:Wayback Machine 4068: 4066:Further reading 4063: 4062: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4037:Wayback Machine 4028: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3995: 3993: 3992:on July 5, 2016 3980: 3979: 3975: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3947: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3832: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3425: 3414:"6. Trajectory" 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3384: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3307: 3303: 3297:Wayback Machine 3290:NASA.gov ch-4-2 3277: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3201:"LM Electrical" 3199: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2914: 2910: 2897: 2895: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2858:Air & Space 2850: 2846: 2839: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2674:LK (spacecraft) 2659: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2614: 2611: 2602: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2578: 2575: 2564: 2561: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2528: 2525: 2516: 2506: 2497: 2492: 2485: 2476: 2471: 2460: 2451: 2446: 2432: 2423: 2418: 2398: 2385: 2380: 2295: 2282: 2265:design for the 2243: 2238: 2232: 2145: 2085:April 16, 1972 2058:Hadley–Apennine 1968:April 11, 1970 1941:Ocean of Storms 1532: 1425:continuous-wave 1397: 1323: 1319: 1294:ethylene glycol 1231:primary (PGNCS) 1180: 1178: 1166: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1131: 1115: 1072: 1030: 971:command module 942: 899: 858: 837: 833: 824:. According to 789:Thomas J. Kelly 777: 698: 654: 631:Beginning with 596:Michael Collins 531: 476:low Earth orbit 408: 404: 390: 345:Last retirement 210: 151: 134: 112:Spacecraft type 64:Thomas J. Kelly 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9865: 9855: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9778: 9766: 9753: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9734:Astronauts Day 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9656: 9654: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9550: 9543: 9535: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9486: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9393:and navigation 9391:Communications 9387: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379: 9374: 9371:Europa Clipper 9367: 9362: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9340: 9339: 9329: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9172: 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6315: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266: 6259: 6256:Apollo program 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6120: 6108: 6100:William Anders 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6069: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6009: 6001:Edgar Mitchell 5997: 5985: 5973: 5961: 5949: 5941:Neil Armstrong 5936: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5920: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5819: 5817: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5761:Taurus–Littrow 5758: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5600: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5438: 5436: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5217: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5021:Apollo program 5017: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4877:Ground support 4874: 4873: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4585:Launch vehicle 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4360:Lunar Gateway‎ 4354: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4325: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4212: 4206: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4177:External links 4175: 4174: 4173: 4159: 4141: 4126: 4114: 4098: 4084: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4041: 4022: 4003: 3973: 3957: 3929: 3895: 3879: 3854: 3826: 3796: 3771: 3745: 3715: 3690: 3681: 3656: 3631: 3606: 3581: 3552: 3527: 3502: 3477: 3452: 3434: 3401: 3382: 3358: 3332: 3315:The MATS Flyer 3301: 3271: 3262: 3232: 3214: 3192: 3173: 3142: 3116: 3090: 3076: 3049: 3016: 2990: 2965: 2935: 2908: 2875: 2844: 2837: 2819: 2793: 2778: 2752: 2734:. p. 22. 2713: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2650: 2636: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2601:Controls plans 2600: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2507: 2495: 2493: 2486: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2449: 2447: 2433: 2421: 2419: 2401:Neil Armstrong 2399: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372:Neil Armstrong 2370:, a biopic of 2357:The Apollo 11 2294: 2291: 2281: 2278: 2242: 2239: 2234:Main article: 2231: 2228: 2217: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2122:Taurus-Littrow 2118: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2053:July 26, 1971 2051: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1904:July 16, 1969 1902: 1897: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1878: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1838:March 3, 1969 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1590:April 4, 1968 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1378: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1348:LMAE Injectors 1339:Bell Aerospace 1335: 1332: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1219:unified S-band 1177: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1071: 1070:Specifications 1068: 1029: 1026: 1009:service module 955:in lunar orbit 948:The Apollo 11 941: 938: 898: 895: 891:Neil Armstrong 857: 854: 776: 773: 750:command module 727:descent engine 697: 694: 653: 650: 608:descent engine 571:descent engine 530: 527: 447:Apollo program 392: 391: 382: 381: 377: 376: 373: 372: 367: 363: 362: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 278: 277: 274: 270: 269: 265: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 197: 195: 191: 190: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 153: 152: 150: 149: 146: 142: 140: 136: 135: 133: 132: 129: 125: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 107:Specifications 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 95: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 42: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9864: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9827:Lunar modules 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9794: 9792: 9777: 9776: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9755: 9754: 9751: 9745: 9744:Nikon NASA F4 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9629:NASA insignia 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609:Lunar plaques 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9586: 9585: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9561:Pale Blue Dot 9558: 9557: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9528: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9489:NASA missions 9487: 9485: 9484:NASA aircraft 9482: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9437: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9406:Space Network 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9388: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9342: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9137: 9135: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9072: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9039:Space Shuttle 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8947: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8921:New Frontiers 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8830:Lunar Orbiter 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8770:Lunar Gateway 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8730: 8729:Constellation 8727: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8711:Space Shuttle 8709: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8662: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8641: 8638: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8549:NASA research 8547: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8454: 8451: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8376: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8344: 8343:SpaceShip III 8341: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8234:Space Shuttle 8232: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8178:Soviet Union 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8096: 8091: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7854: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7736: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7587: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7499:Lunar Gateway 7496: 7493: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7470: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7379:Lunar IceCube 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7292: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7142:Sample return 7139: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6765:Chandrayaan-3 6763: 6761: 6760:Chandrayaan-1 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6701: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6639: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6520:Chandrayaan-2 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6492: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Lunar Orbiter 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6314: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6224:Ken Mattingly 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5906: 5904: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Shorty crater 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5541:Anniversaries 5539: 5537: 5536:Missing tapes 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516:Double crater 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5503:Lunar Module 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Little Joe II 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5003: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4982: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4760:Lunar surface 4758: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4667: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561:Little Joe II 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Lunniy Korabl 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4172: 4171:0-7385-3586-9 4168: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4157:1-894959-14-0 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4138:0-689-11559-8 4135: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4113:NASA SP-4205. 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4096:0-517-54377-X 4093: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4081:1-56098-998-X 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4053: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4015: 4014: 4007: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3738:September 14, 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3685: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3428:September 24, 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3383:0-486-46756-2 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3275: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3042:September 29, 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3009:September 29, 3005: 3004:Astronomy.com 3001: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2838:0-02-542820-9 2834: 2830: 2823: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2789: 2782: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2651: 2648: 2637: 2634: 2623: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2511:Lunar Module 2510: 2494: 2490: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2448: 2444: 2441:Lunar Module 2440: 2436: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2408:Lunar Module 2406: 2402: 2382: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2359:Lunar Module 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2290: 2288: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2247: 2237: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1866:May 18, 1969 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1428:Doppler radar 1426: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1406: 1401: 1395:Descent stage 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1173: 1164: 1161: 1153: 1150:November 2022 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1119:This section 1117: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1100: 1092: 1084: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1039: 1034: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 974: 968: 967: 962: 954: 953: 950:Lunar Module 946: 937: 934: 930: 928: 922: 920: 916: 908: 903: 894: 892: 887: 883: 879: 874: 866: 862: 853: 849: 831: 827: 823: 818: 814: 812: 808: 803: 801: 796: 792: 790: 781: 772: 770: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:ascent engine 708: 703: 693: 691: 687: 686:direct ascent 683: 679: 675: 667: 663: 658: 649: 646: 642: 636: 634: 629: 626: 623:The original 621: 618: 612: 609: 601: 597: 593: 589: 588: 585:Lunar Module 582: 578: 576: 572: 568: 562: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 502:to the Moon. 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 469:space vehicle 466: 461: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 437: 433: 429: 423: 403: 399: 388: 383: 380:Configuration 378: 374: 371: 368: 364: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 329:Maiden launch 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 207: 206:Lunar landing 204: 202: 199: 198: 196: 192: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 156:Crew capacity 154: 147: 144: 143: 141: 137: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 105: 101: 97: 94: 93:lunar landing 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73:United States 72: 68: 65: 62: 58: 55: 52: 48: 44: 39: 35: 30: 25: 19: 9842:VTVL rockets 9774: 9762: 9596: 9589: 9583: 9575: 9568: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9369: 9318:Perseverance 9317: 9279: 9272: 9249: 9209: 9192: 9176:New Horizons 9174: 9167: 9160: 9133: 9125: 9101: 9089: 9082: 9069: 9057: 9049: 9010: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8717: 8701:Apollo–Soyuz 8322:Dream Chaser 8310:Starship HLS 8244:SpaceShipTwo 8239:SpaceShipOne 8226: 8065: 7916:Lunar Lander 7903: 7876: 7864: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7720:(late 2020s) 7546:Artemis VIII 7544: 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7497: 7489: 7324:Chang'e 5-T1 7316: 7184: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7082: 7075: 7068: 6952: 6951: 6731: 6730: 6723: 6716: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6526:Chang'e 5-T1 6439:South Korean 6277:Lunar Module 6276: 6236:Ronald Evans 6200:Stuart Roosa 6188:Jack Swigert 6112:Frank Borman 6049:Charles Duke 5989:Alan Shepard 5845:Apollo–Soyuz 5766:Tracy's Rock 5753: 5702:Genesis Rock 5694: 5604: 5595: 5504: 5496: 5471: 5191:Lunar Module 5190: 4962: 4929: 4920:Lunar plaque 4653: 4648: 4634: 4483:Moon landing 4439:Starship HLS 4431: 4424: 4401: 4218: 4202: 4162: 4149:Apogee Books 4144: 4132:. Atheneum. 4129: 4102: 4087: 4072: 4050: 4044: 4025: 4012: 4006: 3994:. Retrieved 3990:the original 3985: 3976: 3960: 3948:. Retrieved 3938: 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3911: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3866: 3857: 3845:. Retrieved 3835: 3829: 3817:. Retrieved 3808: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3783: 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3727: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3702: 3693: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3668: 3659: 3647:. Retrieved 3643: 3634: 3622:. Retrieved 3618: 3609: 3597:. Retrieved 3593: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3568:the original 3543:. Retrieved 3539: 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3514: 3505: 3493:. Retrieved 3489: 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3464: 3455: 3447:the original 3437: 3426:, retrieved 3417: 3412:(May 1971), 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3372: 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3335: 3323:. Retrieved 3314: 3304: 3282: 3274: 3265: 3253:. Retrieved 3245:NASA History 3244: 3235: 3227:the original 3217: 3209:the original 3195: 3186: 3166:February 18, 3164:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3135:December 26, 3133:. Retrieved 3129: 3119: 3109:December 26, 3107:. Retrieved 3103: 3093: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3052: 3040:. Retrieved 3028: 3019: 3007:. Retrieved 3003: 2993: 2981:. Retrieved 2977: 2968: 2958:December 27, 2956:. Retrieved 2947: 2938: 2926:. Retrieved 2911: 2903: 2898:December 20, 2896:. Retrieved 2892:the original 2885: 2878: 2868:December 15, 2866:. Retrieved 2857: 2847: 2828: 2822: 2810:. Retrieved 2796: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2755: 2743:. 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Grumman. 4019:. 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NASA. 3351:July 12, 3345:Archived 3325:June 28, 3319:Archived 3293:Archived 3249:Archived 3247:. NASA. 3160:Archived 3063:Archived 2952:Archived 2950:. NASA. 2928:June 26, 2922:Archived 2920:. 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