20:
424:
469:
439:
364:
409:
454:
394:
485:
102:
379:
114:
2549:
31:
291:, it was both necessary and possible to build walls and towers facing in all directions, giving a very regular, almost square, floor plan to the castle. Some influence from crusader fortification has been conjectured, but the amount of technology transfer from the East and much earlier Byzantine examples remains controversial among historians.
236:
While a concentric castle has double walls and towers on all sides, the defences need not be uniform in all directions. There can still be a concentration of defences at a vulnerable point. At Krak des
Chevaliers, this is the case at the southern side, where the terrain permits an attacker to deploy
468:
232:
a concentric castle, as the side facing the sea did not require defensive walls. However, the two walls facing the land are built on the same defensive principles as other crusader castles in the same period, rivalling the defences at Krak.
256:, or powerful kings could afford to build and maintain them. It has also been pointed out that the concentric layout suited the requirements of military orders such as the Hospitallers in resembling a
153:, was excavated and found to consist of multiple walls that were illustrated in Assyrian art documenting their successful siege of the city. The Byzantines also famously constructed the
1943:
384:
169:. However, the relationship of the concentric castle to other forms of fortification is complex. An example of an early concentric castle is the Byzantine castle of
260:
and housing a large garrison. Such castles were beyond the means of feudal barons. Thus, concentric castles coexisted with simpler enclosure castles and tower
129:
where the outer walls are lower than the inner walls is something that has been found in fortifications going back thousands of years to cultures like the
478:
from the sea c.11th cent. AD. It featured fully concentric features a century before the first examples of concentric fortifications were seen in the West
453:
340:
Citadels from before and during the
Reconquista in Spain and Portugal also have fortifications similar to concentric castles found elsewhere in Europe.
311:. These were added at vulnerable points like the gate but were rarely as fully developed as in the concentric castles in Wales or the Crusader castles.
329:
The concept of mutually reinforcing lines of defence with flanking fire was continued in later periods, such as the early modern fortifications of
423:
656:
333:, where outer defence works were protected and overlooked by others and their capture did not destroy the integrity of the inner
438:
408:
1759:
622:
590:
Crusader
Castles in the Holy Land: An Illustrated History of the Crusader Fortifications of the Middle East and Mediterranean
484:
2353:
2048:
363:
597:
2168:
1953:
539:
341:
2378:
564:
393:
19:
1601:
1139:
649:
51:
54:, such that the outer wall is lower than the inner and can be defended from it. The layout was square (at
1938:
1019:
378:
287:, a "perfect concentric castle", albeit unfinished. As Beaumaris was built on flat terrain rather than a
1534:
1983:
35:
1608:
2574:
2480:
1558:
2527:
2302:
2008:
2003:
1923:
1720:
1667:
1637:
1394:
1324:
1268:
845:
642:
154:
2552:
2368:
1958:
1855:
1740:
924:
2505:
2343:
2125:
1878:
1615:
1438:
767:
2490:
2018:
1644:
1443:
1409:
809:
691:
248:
Concentric castles were expensive to build, so that only the powerful military orders, the
225:
78:
399:
303:, many castles had double curtain walls with a narrow ward between them, referred to as a
8:
2307:
2043:
1399:
777:
280:
249:
217:
63:
23:
314:
The principle of an outer and inner wall was also used in fortified cities, such as the
2429:
2038:
2013:
1998:
1993:
1843:
1823:
1620:
1181:
1048:
792:
2485:
2444:
2419:
1973:
1813:
1660:
1246:
802:
745:
618:
593:
570:
560:
535:
490:
300:
288:
138:
2459:
2434:
2363:
2287:
1888:
1883:
1818:
1369:
1173:
752:
459:
345:
315:
284:
118:
59:
55:
2348:
2200:
2173:
2113:
2083:
1968:
1933:
1913:
1898:
1453:
1448:
1416:
1177:
1119:
1107:
1089:
956:
937:
863:
840:
429:
414:
177:
130:
77:
Concentric castles resemble one castle nested inside the other, thus creating an
2517:
2512:
2178:
2163:
2098:
2088:
1963:
1948:
1848:
1838:
1803:
1677:
1470:
1167:
1134:
1098:
914:
772:
736:
444:
319:
265:
188:
from the 12th to the 13th century. The outer wall protected the inner one from
185:
162:
134:
126:
2568:
2522:
2475:
2383:
2373:
2327:
2297:
2282:
2251:
2232:
2093:
2033:
1988:
1903:
1862:
1672:
1305:
1300:
1033:
996:
981:
932:
877:
856:
665:
574:
242:
213:
192:, while the inner wall and the projecting towers provided flanking fire from
180:) have argued that the concentric defence arose as a response to advances in
157:, which featured double layers of walls through most of its perimeter and a
2500:
2358:
2322:
2277:
2261:
2189:
2142:
2118:
2108:
2103:
1918:
1735:
1596:
1563:
1428:
1364:
1339:
1251:
1225:
1193:
1187:
1129:
1068:
1038:
886:
209:
189:
101:
2399:
2256:
2225:
2207:
2195:
2137:
2132:
2073:
2068:
2028:
1928:
1893:
1789:
1692:
1463:
1433:
1423:
1329:
1218:
835:
782:
323:
166:
142:
71:
1026:
2424:
2244:
2216:
2147:
2023:
1978:
1908:
1828:
1725:
1630:
1570:
1529:
1507:
1458:
1404:
1354:
1349:
1334:
1293:
1241:
1199:
1144:
986:
902:
224:
is the best-preserved of the concentric crusader castles. By contrast,
113:
2404:
949:
1833:
1764:
1591:
1586:
1519:
1160:
1073:
1003:
961:
787:
757:
718:
684:
257:
205:
197:
193:
2317:
2312:
2237:
2078:
1796:
1771:
1754:
1684:
1625:
1553:
1546:
1389:
1277:
1151:
971:
966:
942:
870:
850:
830:
797:
253:
90:
2449:
2414:
2409:
1747:
1730:
1715:
1699:
1651:
1579:
1524:
1514:
1482:
1384:
1359:
1344:
1114:
1058:
976:
823:
816:
762:
634:
475:
334:
306:
238:
170:
146:
30:
200:
for shooting back at the besiegers. The walls typically include
2454:
1808:
1374:
1312:
1256:
1234:
1211:
1204:
1080:
1063:
895:
727:
709:
679:
369:
349:
330:
272:
161:. The city of ancient Babylon also featured multiple layers of
150:
86:
67:
47:
26:(Syria), the best preserved of the concentric crusader castles
2495:
2439:
2183:
1708:
1539:
1379:
700:
504:
276:
221:
201:
181:
106:
462:, on the island of Anglesey at the north-west of Wales, 1295
1477:
1319:
1286:
1261:
1053:
1043:
1012:
991:
261:
196:. Also, the strong towers may have served as platforms for
158:
82:
81:. They are typically built without a central free-standing
62:) where the terrain permitted, or an irregular polygon (at
89:), such as at Krak or Margat, it projects from the inner
85:. Where the castle includes a particularly strong tower (
612:
283:providing some outstanding examples, in particular
355:
125:Surrounding fortresses or towns with a series of
2566:
344:is a good example of such a fortress along with
173:in Turkey, built in the early 11th century AD.
906:
275:in the 13th century, with the castles built in
216:, all aimed at an active style of defence. The
1468:
1414:
1232:
1078:
587:
2123:
1853:
1682:
1658:
1275:
1266:
1223:
947:
743:
734:
650:
529:
525:
523:
521:
2242:
2223:
2214:
2205:
1794:
1769:
1745:
1706:
1697:
1649:
1635:
1606:
1577:
1568:
1544:
1505:
1310:
1291:
1209:
1158:
1149:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1024:
1010:
1001:
884:
861:
304:
893:
875:
821:
807:
725:
716:
707:
698:
689:
657:
643:
581:
518:
606:
557:Byzantine fortifications an introduction
112:
100:
29:
18:
2567:
638:
299:In the German-speaking states of the
294:
554:
2049:Weapons Storage and Security System
241:are typically strengthened using a
105:Star-shaped plan of the citadel of
50:with two or more concentric
13:
664:
237:siege engines. Also, the gate and
14:
2586:
208:, and wall-head defences such as
74:followed the contours of a hill.
2548:
2547:
483:
467:
452:
437:
422:
417:, south-west Wales, 13th century
407:
392:
377:
362:
271:Concentric castles appeared in
617:. Cambridge University Press.
548:
534:. Cambridge University Press.
493:, south of Wales, 13th century
356:Examples of concentric castles
96:
1:
1944:British "hedgehog" road block
613:Reginald Allen Brown (1989).
511:
507:(ancient Egyptian stronghold)
212:and, in more advanced cases,
109:(France), designed by Vauban
7:
2354:Cities with defensive walls
1939:Defensive fighting position
1854:
1659:
1469:
1415:
1276:
1267:
1233:
1224:
1079:
498:
342:Castle of AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
70:) where curtain walls of a
10:
2591:
176:Historians (in particular
2538:
2468:
2392:
2336:
2270:
2156:
2061:
1984:Hardened aircraft shelter
1959:Entry control point (ECP)
1871:
1782:
1498:
1491:
923:
672:
559:. Univ. of South Africa.
2481:Continuity of government
474:The Byzantine castle of
2303:Motte-and-bailey castle
2009:Missile launch facility
2004:Main line of resistance
699:
588:Nicolle, David (2008).
165:, famously seen in the
155:Walls of Constantinople
2379:Military installations
2243:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2124:
1795:
1770:
1746:
1736:Scarp and Counterscarp
1707:
1698:
1683:
1650:
1636:
1607:
1578:
1569:
1545:
1506:
1311:
1292:
1210:
1159:
1150:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1025:
1011:
1002:
948:
907:
894:
885:
876:
862:
822:
808:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
690:
530:Kennedy, Hugh (2000).
447:, west of Wales, 1282–
432:, north of Wales, 1277
305:
145:. The ancient city of
122:
110:
39:
27:
2148:Floating water castle
1879:Admiralty scaffolding
1172:Fortified buildings (
322:and the city wall of
116:
104:
33:
22:
16:Type of fortification
2491:Subterranean warfare
1444:Viking ring fortress
615:Castles from the air
555:Foss, Clive (1986).
245:or flanking towers.
79:inner and outer ward
2308:Quadrangular castle
2044:Weapon storage area
1400:Quadrangular castle
346:Saint George Castle
218:Krak des Chevaliers
24:Krak des Chevaliers
2039:Underground hangar
1824:Fire control tower
1621:Gunpowder magazine
1049:Butter-churn tower
295:Similar structures
184:technology in the
123:
111:
40:
28:
2562:
2561:
2486:Military urbanism
2420:Fortified gateway
2293:Concentric castle
2057:
2056:
1974:Fire support base
1814:Coastal artillery
1689:(Spanish America)
1283:
1125:Concentric castle
624:978-0-521-32932-3
491:Caerphilly Castle
400:MĂĽnzenberg Castle
301:Holy Roman Empire
139:Ancient Egyptians
44:concentric castle
2582:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2435:National redoubt
2364:Fortified estate
2288:Circular rampart
2248:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2129:
1889:Anti-tank trench
1884:Air raid shelter
1859:
1819:Disappearing gun
1800:
1775:
1751:
1712:
1703:
1688:
1664:
1655:
1641:
1612:
1583:
1574:
1550:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1474:
1454:Bailey (or ward)
1420:
1325:Motte-and-bailey
1316:
1297:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1164:
1155:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1030:
1016:
1007:
953:
910:
899:
890:
881:
867:
827:
813:
753:Circular rampart
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
659:
652:
645:
636:
635:
629:
628:
610:
604:
603:
585:
579:
578:
552:
546:
545:
532:Crusader Castles
527:
487:
471:
460:Beaumaris Castle
456:
441:
426:
411:
396:
381:
370:Castle of Margat
366:
316:Theodosian Walls
310:
285:Beaumaris Castle
119:Beaumaris Castle
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2575:Castles by type
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2542:
2534:
2464:
2388:
2332:
2266:
2201:Imperial castle
2174:Coercion castle
2169:Coastal defence
2152:
2114:Promontory fort
2084:Hillside castle
2053:
1969:Fallout shelter
1934:Concertina wire
1914:Border security
1867:
1778:
1487:
1120:Coercion castle
1108:Cheval de frise
1090:Chemin de ronde
938:Albarrana tower
919:
864:Schwedenschanze
841:Promontory fort
668:
663:
633:
632:
625:
611:
607:
600:
586:
582:
567:
553:
549:
542:
528:
519:
514:
501:
494:
488:
479:
472:
463:
457:
448:
442:
433:
430:Rhuddlan Castle
427:
418:
415:Kidwelly Castle
412:
403:
397:
388:
382:
373:
367:
358:
297:
266:crusader states
226:Château Pèlerin
186:crusader states
127:defensive walls
99:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2518:Trench warfare
2515:
2513:Tunnel warfare
2510:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Fortifications
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2179:Counter-castle
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Border barrier
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Lowland castle
2096:
2091:
2089:Hilltop castle
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Electric fence
1961:
1956:
1954:Dragon's teeth
1951:
1949:Czech hedgehog
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1863:Wire obstacles
1860:
1851:
1849:Polygonal fort
1846:
1841:
1839:Martello tower
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Border outpost
1801:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1678:Polygonal fort
1675:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1170:
1168:Flanking tower
1165:
1156:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Counter-castle
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1017:
1008:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
925:Post-classical
921:
920:
918:
917:
915:Vitrified fort
912:
900:
891:
882:
873:
868:
859:
854:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
819:
814:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
773:Defensive wall
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
682:
676:
674:
670:
669:
666:Fortifications
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
631:
630:
623:
605:
599:978-1846033490
598:
580:
565:
547:
540:
516:
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
500:
497:
496:
495:
489:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
458:
451:
449:
445:Harlech Castle
443:
436:
434:
428:
421:
419:
413:
406:
404:
398:
391:
389:
387:(Israel), 1150
385:Belvoir Castle
383:
376:
374:
372:(Syria), 1062–
368:
361:
357:
354:
320:Constantinople
296:
293:
214:machicolations
163:fortifications
98:
95:
36:Belvoir Castle
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2523:Urban warfare
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Civil defense
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Bastion forts
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2328:Z-plan castle
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:L-plan castle
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Bridge castle
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Refuge castle
2250:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Military base
2231:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Hunting lodge
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:Moated castle
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Island castle
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:By topography
2060:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Submarine pen
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Hesco bastion
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Blast shelter
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
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1852:
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1847:
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1837:
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1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
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1785:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:
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1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Place-of-arms
1671:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
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1629:
1627:
1624:
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1600:
1598:
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1588:
1585:
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1576:
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1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
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1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
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1437:
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1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1306:Machicolation
1304:
1302:
1301:L-plan castle
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1260:
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1255:
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1237:
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1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
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1198:
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1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
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1095:
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1082:
1077:
1075:
1072:
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1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Bridge castle
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
998:
997:Bent entrance
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:Battery tower
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
952:
951:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
933:Advanced work
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
913:
909:
904:
901:
898:
897:
892:
889:
888:
883:
880:
879:
874:
872:
869:
866:
865:
860:
858:
857:Refuge castle
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
826:
825:
820:
818:
815:
812:
811:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
747:
742:
739:
738:
733:
730:
729:
724:
721:
720:
715:
712:
711:
706:
703:
702:
697:
694:
693:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
675:
671:
667:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
637:
626:
620:
616:
609:
601:
595:
591:
584:
576:
572:
568:
562:
558:
551:
543:
541:0-521-79913-9
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
517:
506:
503:
502:
492:
486:
481:
477:
470:
465:
461:
455:
450:
446:
440:
435:
431:
425:
420:
416:
410:
405:
402:(Hesse), 1162
401:
395:
390:
386:
380:
375:
371:
365:
360:
359:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
308:
302:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:bent entrance
240:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:siege engines
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:, a place in
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
120:
115:
108:
103:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:curtain walls
49:
45:
37:
32:
25:
21:
2546:
2501:Siege engine
2469:Other topics
2393:Related word
2359:Defense line
2323:Tower castle
2292:
2278:Bastion fort
2262:Urban castle
2190:Ganerbenburg
2188:
2143:Water castle
2119:Ridge castle
2104:Marsh castle
1919:Bomb shelter
1899:Belgian gate
1872:20th century
1783:19th century
1721:Retrenchment
1693:Punji sticks
1602:Entrenchment
1597:Device Forts
1564:Counterguard
1499:Early modern
1429:Tower castle
1365:Powder tower
1340:Outer bailey
1252:Inner bailey
1226:Gulyay-gorod
1194:Ganerbenburg
1192:
1188:Fujian tulou
1130:Corner tower
1124:
1069:Chamber gate
1039:Bridge tower
887:Trou de loup
614:
608:
589:
583:
556:
550:
531:
339:
328:
313:
298:
270:
264:even in the
250:Hospitallers
247:
235:
229:
210:crenellation
178:Hugh Kennedy
175:
124:
76:
43:
41:
2400:Castle town
2257:Toll castle
2226:Lustschloss
2208:Kaiserpfalz
2138:Spur castle
2133:Rock castle
2074:Hill castle
2069:Cave castle
2029:Spider hole
1929:Bremer wall
1894:Barbed tape
1790:Barbed wire
1464:Witch tower
1434:Tower house
1424:Toll castle
1410:Shield wall
1330:Murder hole
1219:Guard tower
836:Pincer gate
783:Faussebraye
324:Carcassonne
167:Ishtar Gate
143:Babylonians
97:Development
72:spur castle
2425:Gatekeeper
2245:Ordensburg
2217:Landesburg
2024:Sentry gun
1979:Flak tower
1909:Blast wall
1829:Gun turret
1726:Sally port
1631:Kotta mara
1571:Couvreface
1535:Breastwork
1530:Blockhouse
1508:Abwurfdach
1459:Watchtower
1449:Wall tower
1405:Shell keep
1355:Portcullis
1350:Peel tower
1335:Neck ditch
1294:Landesburg
1242:Half tower
1200:Gate tower
1145:Drawbridge
987:Battlement
903:Wagon fort
746:Chengqiang
566:0869813218
512:References
352:Portugal.
206:arrowslits
198:trebuchets
2528:Guerrilla
2271:By design
2019:Revetment
1834:Land mine
1765:Star fort
1592:Crownwork
1587:Covertway
1520:Barricade
1161:Embrasure
1074:Chartaque
1004:Bergfried
962:Arrowslit
788:Gatehouse
758:City gate
719:Castellum
685:Acropolis
575:254999395
258:monastery
194:crossbows
131:Assyrians
60:Beaumaris
2569:Category
2553:Category
2543:See also
2430:Loophole
2318:Ringwork
2313:Ringfort
2238:Obstacle
2079:Hillfort
1999:Loophole
1797:Barbette
1772:Tenaille
1755:Sea fort
1685:Presidio
1645:Magazine
1626:Hornwork
1559:Cavalier
1554:Casemate
1547:Caponier
1390:Ringwork
1278:Detinets
1247:Hoarding
1152:Enceinte
1027:Bretèche
972:Bartizan
967:Barbican
943:Alcazaba
871:Stockade
851:Ringfort
831:Palisade
803:Landwehr
798:Hillfort
499:See also
281:Edward I
254:Templars
239:posterns
135:Persians
117:Plan of
91:enceinte
38:(Israel)
34:Plan of
2460:Vedette
2450:Schloss
2415:Festung
2410:Dungeon
2405:Château
2349:Castles
2157:By role
2014:Pillbox
1844:Outpost
1760:Station
1748:Schanze
1731:Sandbag
1716:Redoubt
1700:Ravelin
1668:Palanka
1652:Orillon
1638:Lunette
1580:Coupure
1525:Bastion
1515:Arsenal
1483:Zwinger
1395:Roundel
1385:Ricetto
1360:Postern
1345:Outwork
1269:Kremlin
1140:Curtain
1115:Citadel
1099:Chemise
1059:Caltrop
977:Bastion
950:Alcázar
846:Rampart
824:Oppidum
817:Nuraghe
763:Crannog
737:Castros
673:Ancient
476:Korykos
335:Citadel
307:Zwinger
171:Korykos
147:Lachish
121:(Wales)
56:Belvoir
2455:Trench
2445:Picket
1856:Sangar
1809:Bunker
1741:Sconce
1661:Ostrog
1609:Flèche
1492:Modern
1471:Yagura
1439:Turret
1375:Reduit
1313:Merlon
1257:Kasbah
1235:Gusuku
1212:Glacis
1205:Gabion
1174:church
1081:Chashi
1064:Castle
908:Laager
896:Vallum
853:(Rath)
728:Castra
710:Burgus
680:Abatis
621:
596:
573:
563:
538:
350:Lisbon
331:Vauban
273:Europe
202:towers
151:Israel
87:donjon
68:Margat
48:castle
2496:Siege
2440:Palas
2384:Walls
2374:Forts
2337:Lists
2184:Fence
2126:Rocca
1994:Kabal
1709:Redan
1616:Gorge
1540:Canal
1417:Shiro
1380:Ribat
1370:Qalat
1182:Dzong
1178:house
878:Sudis
810:Limes
768:Ditch
701:Broch
692:Agger
505:Buhen
277:Wales
262:keeps
222:Syria
182:siege
107:Lille
46:is a
2506:list
1924:Buoy
1478:Yett
1320:Moat
1287:Ksar
1262:Keep
1054:Caer
1044:Burh
1020:Boom
1013:Berm
992:Bawn
957:Amba
793:Gord
619:ISBN
594:ISBN
571:OCLC
561:ISBN
536:ISBN
289:spur
252:and
228:was
159:moat
141:and
83:keep
66:and
64:Krak
58:and
778:Dun
348:in
318:of
279:by
230:not
220:in
2571::
2545::
1180:,
1176:,
592:.
569:.
520:^
337:.
326:.
268:.
204:,
137:,
133:,
93:.
42:A
1282:)
1274:(
1184:)
911:)
905:(
658:e
651:t
644:v
627:.
602:.
577:.
544:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
