Assyrian people - Knowledge

4537: 2495: 4788: 712: 2181: 3656: 4409: 4439: 4473: 1989:), the Assyrians suffered heavy losses due to deportations and mass killings organized by the Ottoman Turks. Several representatives of the Assyrian people participated in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 after the war had ended. These representatives aimed to free Assyria and sought to influence the victorious powers to place it under one mandatory power. Although many felt sympathy for the Assyrians, none of their demands were implemented. The Assyrians failed in their efforts due to geographical and denominational differences among themselves, as well as the fact that the major powers, Britain and France, had their own plans for the territories where the Assyrians lived. 3426: 71: 2295: 2004: 1842: 2515: 1048: 15009: 2486:

approved by the Education Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum. The Assyrian Policy Institute claimed that an Assyrian reporter named Souleman Yusph was arrested by Kurdish forces for his reports on the Dawronoye-related school closures in Syria. Specifically, he had shared numerous photographs on Facebook detailing the closures.

1476: 3437: 1701: 4255: 496: 4508: 2739: 14998: 2075: 3005: 3096: 85: 1324:. Although her exact ethnic background is not definitively established, some sources suggest she was of Assyrian origin. She played a significant role in advocating for women's rights and social reforms. Theodora is particularly remembered for her efforts to improve the status of women, including legislation against forced prostitution and support for widows and orphans. She was a key supporter of her husband's efforts to restore and expand the Byzantine Empire from their capital, 2035:. Despite being heavily outnumbered and outgunned the Assyrians fought successfully, scoring a number of victories over the Turks and Kurds. This situation continued until their Russian allies left the war, and Armenian resistance broke, leaving the Assyrians surrounded, isolated and cut off from lines of supply. The sizable Assyrian presence in south eastern Anatolia which had endured for over four millennia was thus reduced significantly by the end of World War I. 1351: 1616: 17264: 3982: 1933: 1214: 1922: 783:), which was the oldest and largest city of the ancient Assyrian Empire, together with several other towns and cities, existed as early as the 25th century BC. They appear to have been Sumerian-ruled administrative centres at this time rather than independent states. The Sumerians were eventually absorbed into the Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian) population. An Assyrian identity distinct from other neighboring groups appears to have formed during the 17274: 15020: 2241: 3928:, which means: "Peace be upon you" in Neo-Aramaic. Others are greeted with a handshake with the right hand only; according to Middle Eastern customs, the left hand is associated with evil. Similarly, shoes may not be left facing up, one may not have their feet facing anyone directly, whistling at night is thought to waken evil spirits, etc. A parent will often place an eye pendant on their baby to prevent "an evil eye being cast upon it". 4956:, researchers found that, "the Semitic populations (Assyrians and Syrians) are very distinct from each other according to both axes. This difference supported also by other methods of comparison points out the weak genetic affinity between the two populations with different historical destinies." A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia", including 340 subjects from seven ethnic communities ("Assyrian, Jewish, 4686: 15922: 5109: 3893: 4860: 16144: 3447: 791: 4579: 17284: 3576:" religion. Thus Jacques de Vitry wrote of them in 1220/1 that "they denied that Mary was the Mother of God and claimed that Christ existed in two persons. They consecrated leavened bread and used the 'Chaldean' (Syriac) language". Until the second half of the 19th century, the term "Chaldean" continued in general use for East Syriac Christians, whether "Nestorian" or Catholic. In 1840, upon visiting Mesopotamia, 17294: 14854: 15910: 2997: 1873:, a member of the family that for centuries had provided the patriarchs of the legitimist "Eliya line", who had won over most of the followers of that line. Thus the patriarchal line of those who in 1553 entered communion with Rome are now patriarchs of the "traditionalist" wing of the Church of the East, that which in 1976 officially adopted the name " 4536: 4015:. After being conquered by the Assyrians, many people, including the Arameans, were deported to the Assyrian heartland and elsewhere. Due to a large number of Aramaic-speaking people, the Aramaization of Assyria began. The relationship between Arameans and Assyrians grew stronger, with Aramean scribes working with Assyrian ones. 4809:

Other Sharras (special festivals) include: Sharra d'Mart Shmuni, Sharra d'Mar Shimon Bar-Sabbaye, Sharra d'Mar Mari, and Shara d'Mar Zaia, Mar Bishu, Mar Sawa, Mar Sliwa, Mar Odisho, and many more. Each town or city also have their own Sharras based on the patron saints of the churches, monasteries,

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was started by the Assyrian community, to educate teachers in order to make Syriac an optional language of instruction in public schools, which then started with the 2016/17 academic year. With that academic year, states the Rojava Education Committee, "three curriculums have replaced the old one, to

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and other parts of Anatolia, by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. These attacks caused the death of over thousands of Assyrians and the forced "Ottomanisation" of the inhabitants of 245 villages. The Turkish troops looted the remains of the Assyrian settlements and these were later stolen and occupied by Kurds.

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and conversion to Islam were subject to severe religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination and had certain restrictions imposed upon them. Assyrians were excluded from specific duties and occupations reserved for Muslims. They did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims, and their word was

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Roman/Byzantine and Persian spheres of influence divided Syriac-speaking Christians into two groups: those who adhered to the Miaphysite Syriac Orthodox Church (the so-called Jacobite Church), or West Syrians, and those who adhered to the Church of the East, the so-called Nestorian Church. Following

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Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ (2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history

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is similar to other Middle Eastern cuisines, and is rich in grains, meat, potato, cheese, bread and tomatoes. Typically, rice is served with every meal, with a stew poured over it. Tea is a popular drink, and there are several dishes of desserts, snacks, and beverages. Alcoholic drinks such as wine

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of 1986–1989 in Iraq, which was intended to target Kurdish opposition, resulted in 2,000 Assyrians being murdered through its gas campaigns. Over 31 towns and villages, 25 Assyrian monasteries and churches were razed to the ground. Some Assyrians were murdered, others were deported to large cities,

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By tradition, a patriarch could be ordained only by someone of archiepiscopal (metropolitan) rank, a rank to which only members of that one family were promoted. For that reason, Sulaqa travelled to Rome, where, presented as the new Patriarch elect, he entered communion with the Catholic Church and

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was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little

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In the 19th cent. A. H. Layard, the excavator of Nineveh, first suggested that the local *Syriac Christian communities in the region were descended from the ancient Assyrians, and the idea was later popularized by W. A. Wigram, a member of the Abp. Of Canterbury's Mission to the Church of the East

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The Assyrians, although closely associated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the

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A 2018 report stated that Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum

1562:, the Ottomans started viewing Assyrians and other Christians on their eastern front as a potential threat. The Kurdish Emirs sought to consolidate their power by attacking Assyrian communities, which were already well-established there. Scholars estimate that tens of thousands of Assyrians in the 4988:

clustered together, but away from the other Northern Iraqi populations analyzed in the study, and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, "contemporary Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may in fact have a stronger continuity with the

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Around 700 B.C., the Aramaic alphabet replaced cuneiform and became the official writing system of the Assyrian empire. Aramaic was the language of commerce, trade, and communication and became the vernacular language of Assyria in classical antiquity. By the 1st century AD, Akkadian was extinct,

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Assyrian clothing varies from village to village. Clothing is usually blue, red, green, yellow, and purple; these colors are also used as embroidery on a white piece of clothing. Decoration is lavish in Assyrian costumes, and sometimes involves jewellery. The conical hats of traditional Assyrian

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They were banned from spreading their religion further or building new churches in Muslim-ruled lands, but were expected to adhere to the same laws of property, contract, and obligation as the Muslim Arabs. They could not seek the conversion of a Muslim, a non-Muslim man could not marry a Muslim

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returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Kurdish allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to

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The 14th century massacres of Timur devastated the Assyrian people. Timur's massacres and pillages of all that was Christian drastically reduced their existence. At the end of the reign of Timur, the Assyrian population had almost been eradicated in many places. Toward the end of the thirteenth

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which originated from a geographical zone that includes northeastern Syria, northern Iraq and eastern Turkey from where it expanded to the rest of the Near East and North Africa has been measured at 55% among Assyrians of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and diaspora; while it has been found at 11% among

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and Turkish being the greatest influences overall. Only Turkey is reported to be experiencing a population increase of Assyrians in the four countries constituting their historical homeland, largely consisting of Assyrian refugees from Syria and a smaller number of Assyrians returning from the

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equivalent of "Assyrians" appears in ancient Georgian, Armenian and Russian documents. This correlates with the theory of the nations to the East of Mesopotamia knew the group as Assyrians, while to the West, beginning with Greek influence, the group was known as Syrians. Syria being a Greek

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in 1963, introducing laws aimed at suppressing the Assyrian national identity via arabization policies. The giving of traditional Assyrian names was banned and Assyrian schools, political parties, churches and literature were repressed. Assyrians were heavily pressured into identifying as

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in particular saw the Assyrians accepted into mainstream society. Many urban Assyrians became successful businessmen, others were well represented in politics and the military, their towns and villages flourished undisturbed, and Assyrians came to excel, and be over represented in sports.

1546:. Assyrians were increasingly marginalized, persecuted and gradually became a minority in their homeland. Conversion to Islam was a result of heavy taxation, which also resulted in decreased revenue from their rulers. As a result, the new converts migrated to Muslim garrison towns nearby. 4936:

and that an individual Assyrian's genetic makeup is relatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. "The genetic data are compatible with historical data that religion played a major role in maintaining the Assyrian population's separate identity during the

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Assyrians practice unique marriage ceremonies. The rituals performed during weddings are derived from many different elements from the past 3,000 years. An Assyrian wedding traditionally lasted a week. Today, weddings in the Assyrian homeland usually last 2–3 days. In the

4089:, Assyrians are typically multilingual, speaking both their native language and learning those of the societies they reside in. While many Assyrians have fled from their traditional homeland recently, a substantial number still reside in Arabic-speaking countries speaking 1802:

in Eastern Syria"; "Patriarch of the Church of the Chaldeans of Mosul"; "Patriarch of the Chaldeans"; "Patriarch of Mosul"; or "Patriarch of the Eastern Assyrians", this last being the version given by Pietro Strozzi on the second-last unnumbered page before page 1 of his

5875: 2141:, being revived for the first time in millennia for this force. The Assyrians were prized by the British rulers for their fighting qualities, loyalty, bravery and discipline, and were used to help the British put down insurrections among the Arabs and Kurds. During 1771:(still belonging to the Syriac Orthodox Church) and thus not far from the residence of the Eliya line of Patriarchs of the Church of the East. From 1533, the holder of the office was known as the Maphrian of Mosul, to distinguish him from the Maphrian of the 1578:, invaded their region. After a later massacre in 1846, western powers forced the Ottomans into intervening in the region, and the ensuing conflict destroyed the Kurdish emirates and reasserted the Ottoman power in the area. The Assyrians were subject to the 3572:, made in Aramaic, and which decreed that "nobody shall in future dare to call Chaldeans, Nestorians". Previously, when there were as yet no Catholic Aramaic speakers of Mesopotamian origin, the term "Chaldean" was applied with explicit reference to their " 2727:, where an estimated 300,000 Assyrians live. This is a decline from an estimate of 1,100,000 Assyrians in the 1980’s, following instability caused by the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. In Iran and Turkey, only small populations remain, with only 20,000 2188:

Levies, who volunteered in 1946 for service as ground crew with the Royal Air Force, look over the side of the ORBITA as it pulls into the docks at Liverpool. Left to right, they are: Sergeant Macko Shmos, Lance Corporal Adoniyo Odisho and Corporal Yoseph

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of unarmed men, women and children by Muslim Turks and Kurds in the late 19th century at the hands of the Ottoman Empire and its associated (largely Kurdish and Arab) militias, which further greatly reduced numbers, particularly in southeastern Turkey.

4759:, the Assyrian New Year, traditionally on April 1, though usually celebrated on January 1. Assyrians usually wear traditional costumes and hold social events including parades and parties, dancing, and listening to poets telling the story of creation. 1554:

conducted a religiously motivated massacre against Assyrians. After, no records of Assyrians remained in Assur according to the archaeological and numismatic record. From this point, the Assyrian population was dramatically reduced in their homeland.

4910:, with most dishes being similar to the cuisines of the area in which those Assyrians live/originate from. It is rich in grains such as barley, meat, tomato, herbs, spices, cheese, and potato as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles. 2337:". This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq. 11941:

Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (February 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region".

10225:, see "Eastern Syrians" and "Western Syrians" respectively. Modern terminology within the group is Western Assyrians and Eastern Assyrians respectively, while those who reject the Assyrian identity opt for Syriac or Aramean rather than Assyrian. 1962:

which occurred during the First World War. Between 275,000 and 300,000 Assyrians were estimated to have been slaughtered by the armies of the Ottoman Empire and their Kurdish allies, totalling up to two-thirds of the entire Assyrian population.

1263:. Those who for any reason refused to accept one or other of these councils were called Nestorians or Monophysites, while those who accepted both councils, held under the auspices of the Roman emperors, were called Melkites (derived from Syriac 12220:

Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud; Sanati, Mohammad Hossein; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella (2012).

6115: 2478:, an Assyrian militia operating in Syria, established in January 2013 to protect and stand up for the national rights of Assyrians in Syria as well as working together with the other communities in Syria to change the current government of 711: 1468:

woman, and the child of such a marriage would be considered a Muslim. They could not own an enslaved Muslim and had to wear different clothing from Muslims to be distinguishable. In addition to the jizya tax, they were required to pay the

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dress have changed little over millennia from those worn in ancient Mesopotamia, and until the 19th and early 20th centuries the ancient Mesopotamian tradition of braiding or platting of hair, beards and moustaches was still commonplace.

3829:), dating to the eighth century BC. In this monumental inscription, Urikki made reference to the relationship between his kingdom and his Assyrian overlords. The Luwian inscription reads "Sura/i" whereas the Phoenician translation reads 4699:

Assyrians have numerous traditional dances which are performed mostly for special occasions such as weddings. Assyrian dance is a blend of ancient indigenous and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of

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languages of Lishan Didan and Lishanid Noshan share a partial intelligibility with these varieties. The mutual intelligibility between Suret and Surayt/Turoyo is, depending on the dialect, limited to partial, and may be asymmetrical.

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Syriac Christians of the Middle East and diaspora employ different terms for self-identification based on conflicting beliefs in the origin and identity of their respective communities. During the 19th century, English archaeologist

958:, part of the Northwest Semitic languages. Around 700 BC, Aramaic slowly replaced Akkadian in Assyria, Babylonia and the Levant. Widespread bilingualism among Assyrian nationals was already present before the fall of the Empire. The 5867: 2633:) in Turkey, among others. Some of the cities are presently under Kurdish control and some still have an Assyrian presence, namely those in Iraq, as the Assyrian population in southeastern Turkey (such as those in Hakkari) was 3142:. As a result of this, the Assyrian population in the Middle East has decreased dramatically. As of today there are more Assyrians in the diaspora than in their homeland. The largest Assyrian diaspora communities are found in 2237:. Assyrians were not recognized as an ethnic group by the governments and they fostered divisions among Assyrians along religious lines (e.g. Assyrian Church of the East vs. Chaldean Catholic Church vs Syriac Orthodox Church). 4397:

During the "Seyfo" genocide, there were a number of Assyrians who were forced to convert to Islam. They reside in Turkey, and practice Islam but still retain their identity. A small number of Assyrian Jews exist as well.

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Assyrians remained dominant in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century, and the city of Assur was still occupied by Assyrians during the Islamic period until the mid-14th century when the Muslim Turco-Mongol ruler

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in the Ottoman Empire, resentment at the comparative wealth of the ancient indigenous Christian communities, and a fear that they would attempt to secede from the tottering Ottoman Empire. Assyrians were massacred in

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Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G, Lin AA, Al-Zahery N, Battaglia V, Maccioni L, Triantaphyllidis C, Shen P, Oefner PJ, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS:

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Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near

5692: 5373: 1786:, who were dissatisfied with reservation of patriarchal succession to members of a single family, even if the designated successor was little more than a child, elected as a rival patriarch the abbot of the 6650: 4438: 3741:, and this term was also applied to areas west of Euphrates which had been an Assyrian colony, and from this point the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the Assyrians of Mesopotamia and 4983:

shared by Marsh Arabs, Iraqis, and Assyrians, "supporting a common local background." In a 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi populations, it was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi

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Worldwide population changes of the Assyrian population, showing a steep decline in areas where Assyrians lived historically, however a sharp increase in the overall population of the Assyrian diaspora.

8600: 5671: 10602: 6323: 5788: 4408: 6112:"According to the 1989 population census, there were 5,200 Assyrians in Georgia (0.1 percent); according to the 2002 census, their number dropped to 3,299, while their percentage remained the same" 6113: 2372:, the majority of its Assyrian population has either fled abroad or to northern Iraq, or has been murdered. Islamic resentment over the United States' occupation of Iraq, and incidents such as the 8633: 12002:"In the less frequent J1-M267* clade, only marginally affected by events of expansion, Marsh Arabs shared haplotypes with other Iraqi and Assyrian samples, supporting a common local background." 9004: 3900:

Assyrian culture is largely influenced by Christianity. There are many Assyrian customs that are common in other Middle Eastern cultures. Main festivals occur during religious holidays such as

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Members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East celebrate Easter on a Sunday between April 4 and May 8 inclusively on the Gregorian calendar, March 22 and April 25 on the

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eventually drifted away from Rome and in 1662 adopted a profession of faith incompatible with that of Rome. Leadership of those who wished communion with Rome passed to the Archbishop of Amid

4928:, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, "shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile that distinguishes their population from any other population." Genetic analyses of the Assyrians of 2421:

which have large Assyrian populations. There have been reports of atrocities committed by ISIL terrorists since, including; beheadings, crucifixions, child murders, rape, forced conversions,

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Gansell, AR. FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERN SYRIA: ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FEMALE ADORNMENT DURING RITES. Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context. 2007 – Brill Academic Publishers.

8934: 8712: 4708:, which is routinely danced as the bride and groom are welcomed into the wedding reception. Most of the circle dances allow unlimited number of participants, with the exception of the 1194:. Its head was declared to be the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who in the acts of the council was referred to as the Grand or Major Metropolitan and who soon afterward was called the 8906: 926:

had a relatively low level of integration with the local population in Mesopotamia, which allowed their cultures to survive. Semi-independent kingdoms influenced by Assyrian culture (

6353: 6475: 4394:; after seven days another gathering commemorates their death. A close family member wears only black clothes for forty days and nights, or sometimes a year, as a sign of mourning. 11993:

Al-Zahery et al., BMC Evolutionary Biology 2011, 11:288, "In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq"

1728:. Syriac Christians, however, were often considered one millet alongside Armenians until the 19th century, when Nestorian, Syriac Orthodox and Chaldeans gained that right as well. 7921:, George V. Yana (Bebla) presented as a "correction" of Strozzi's statement a quotation from an unrelated source (cf. p. xxiv) that Sulaqa was called "Patriarch of the Chaldeans". 1970:, and Iraq (where they were to suffer further violent assaults at the hands of the Arabs and Kurds), as well as other neighbouring countries in and around the Middle East such as 11265: 8884: 5343: 4019:

although its influence on contemporary Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages spoken by Assyrians is significant and some loaned vocabulary still survives in these languages to this day.

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There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, Chaldean. These subdivisions are only partially overlapping linguistically, historically, culturally, and religiously.

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Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)

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rather than of Assyria, but using both cuneiform and the dialect is the best indication of Assyrian presence. Over 20,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from the site.

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Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area.

8561: 8424: 484:), one of the oldest continuously spoken and written languages in the world. Aramaic has influenced Hebrew, Arabic, and some parts of Mongolian and Uighur. Aramaic was the 16526: 11135: 2197:. The tension reached its peak shortly after the formal declaration of independence when hundreds of Assyrian civilians were slaughtered during the Simele massacre by the 5845: 14505:

Comparative Etymological Studies in the Western Neo-Syriac (Ṭūrōyo) Lexicon: With Special Reference to Homonyms, Related Words and Borrowings with Cultural Signification

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The Assyrians initially experienced periods of religious and cultural freedom interspersed with periods of severe religious and ethnic persecution after the 7th century

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script. Although ʾEsṭrangēlā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the 10th century, and it has been added to the

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in 2014, many Assyrian organizations also formed their own independent fighting forces to combat ISIL and potentially retake their "ancestral lands." These include the

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Lashgary Z, Khodadadi A, Singh Y, Houshmand SM, Mahjoubi F, Sharma P, Singh S, Seyedin M, Srivastava A, Ataee M, Mohammadi ZS, Rezaei N, Bamezai RN, Sanati MH (2011).

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form of the alphabet, which is often translated as "contemporary", reflecting its use in writing modern Neo-Aramaic. The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the

2425:, robbery, and extortion in the form of illegal taxes levied upon non-Muslims. Assyrians in Iraq have responded by forming armed militias to defend their territories. 6688: 6658: 3044:, there was indiscriminate slaughter of tens of thousands of Assyrians and destruction of the Assyrian population of northwestern Iran and central and northern Iran. 2494: 1270:

All three groups existed among the Syriac Christians, the East Syriacs being called Nestorians and the West Syriacs being divided between the Monophysites (today the

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withdrew from the short-lived province Assyria and its neighboring provinces in 118 AD. Following a successful campaign in 197–198, Severus converted the kingdom of

5365: 9280: 9242: 3760:. Meanwhile, some scholars has disclaimed the theory of Syrian being derived from Assyrian as "simply naive", and detracted its importance to the naming conflict. 6037: 5524: 5448: 1472:

tax on their land, which was heavier than the jizya. However, they were protected, given religious freedom, and to govern themselves according to their own laws.

13952: 11910:"Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia"" 8824: 5507: 5550: 2750:, there are only 2,500 Assyrians left. Down from 50,000 in the 1960 census, but up from 1,000 in 1992. This sharp decline is due to an intense conflict between 8850: 8317: 7416: 5488:"The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East." 1950:

The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously and ethnically motivated massacres throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, culminating in the large-scale

1865:, recognized first by the Turkish civil authorities (1677) and then by Rome itself (1681). A century and a half later, in 1830, headship of the Catholics (the 4507: 4093:

alongside the Neo-Aramaic languages and is also spoken by many Assyrians in the diaspora. The most commonly spoken languages by Assyrians in the diaspora are

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was ordained by the Pope and recognized as Patriarch. The title or description under which he was recognized as Patriarch is given variously as "Patriarch of

15830: 8592: 6216: 5663: 4328:. The group is traditionally characterized as adhering to various churches of Syriac Christianity and speaking Neo-Aramaic languages. It is subdivided into: 3462:

believed that the native Christian communities in the historical region of Assyria were descended from the ancient Assyrians, a view that was also shared by

1756: 12417:(1841). "An Account of a Visit to the Chaldeans, Inhabiting Central Kurdistán; And of an Ascent of the Peak of Rowándiz (Ṭúr Sheïkhíwá) in Summer in 1840". 11430:

Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.

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J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.

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original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people, which possibly provided the basis for the ethnogenesis of various subsequent Near Eastern populations".

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Many members of the following churches consider themselves Assyrian. Ethnic identities are often deeply intertwined with religion, a legacy of the Ottoman

16555: 14758: 8464: 5733: 13190:"Neither Syriac-speaking nor Syrian Orthodox Christians: Harput Assyrians in the United States as a Model for Ethnic Self-Categorization and Expression" 12076:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 12014:"A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis" 11707: 11165: 8623: 6575: 16825: 9648: 9608:"Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000." 3806:), dating to the 8th century BC. Originally published by Tekoglu and Lemaire (2000), it was more recently the subject of a 2006 paper published in the 2821:

The Chaldean subgroup is a subgroup of the Eastern one. The group is often equated with the adherents of the Chaldean Catholic Church, however not all

1794:. This was by no means the first schism in the Church of the East. An example is the attempt to replace Timothy I (779–823) with Ephrem of Gandīsābur. 611:

and the occupation of a significant portion of the Assyrian homeland resulted in another major wave of Assyrian displacement due to events such as the

8996: 8201:

Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin

7302: 6192: 4728:

is the most prominent of the celebrations. Members of the Assyrian Church of the East, Chaldean Catholic Church and Syriac Catholic Church follow the

1232:. It is recognized as one of the oldest Christian monasteries in existence. It is famous for its magnificent library and a considerable collection of 3552:, and was still the normal terminology in the nineteenth century. Only in 1445 did it begin to be used to designate Aramaic speakers who had entered 2390:. As a result, Assyrians have taken up arms alongside other groups, such as the Kurds, Turcomans and Armenians, in response to unprovoked attacks by 675: 10472: 3839:

The modern terminological problem goes back to colonial times, but it became more acute in 1946, when with the independence of Syria, the adjective

2180: 16439: 14938: 14263: 12902:

The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire

11821:"Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East" 4787: 4321:

and other Protestant/Reform Orthodox Assyrian groups. While there are some atheist Assyrians, they tend to still associate with some denomination.

2383:, have resulted in Muslims attacking Assyrian communities. Since the start of the Iraq war, at least 46 churches and monasteries have been bombed. 11563: 2972:

were historically Assyrian cities with an Assyrian majority, this is no longer the case today. Outside of the area of core Assyrian settlement in

2482:. However, many Assyrians and the organizations that represent them, particularly those outside of Syria, are critical of the Dawronoye movement. 15959: 6959: 5602: 4390:

in Jewish communities. After a death, a gathering is held three days after burial to celebrate the ascension to heaven of the dead person, as of

2086:

The majority of Assyrians living in what is today modern Turkey were forced to flee to either Syria or Iraq after the Turkish victory during the

14889: 8742: 6909: 3526:, named after their ethnicity as the descendants of the ancient Assyrian people, is advocated by followers from within all Middle Eastern based 830:

does not directly mention it, and there is no mention in Assyrian records, which date as far back as the 25th century BC. What is known is that

14894: 11533: 10196: 9861: 9833: 7780: 14362: 8495: 6345: 3943:

marriages are not perceived as a taboo, unless the foreigner is of a different religious background, especially a Muslim. Throughout history,

3485:

Today, Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East, feel pressure to identify as "Arabs", "Turks" and "Kurds". In addition,

1818:

in the same year and fixed his seat in Amid. Before being imprisoned for four months and then in January 1555 put to death by the governor of

838:

c. 1365 BC and the Assyrians benefited from this development by taking control of the eastern portion of Mitanni territory and later annexing

8931: 8720: 7731: 6006: 3021:, Christians in Persia were viewed with suspicion as potential Roman subversives, resulting in persecutions while at the same time promoting 2373: 8910: 6452: 6161: 4972:") found that Assyrians were homogeneous with respect to all other ethnic groups sampled in the study, regardless of religious affiliation. 12628: 11995: 11232: 8802: 3847:

like English "Assyrian" vs. "Aramaean", but also applies to self-designation in Neo-Aramaic, the minority "Aramaean" faction endorses both

1593:—the Assyrians have endured much hardship throughout their recent history as a result of religious and ethnic persecution by these groups. 1241: 13776:

The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers

9763: 1830:, he ordained two metropolitans and three other bishops, thus beginning a new ecclesiastical hierarchy: the patriarchal line known as the 1667:, the noted Assyrian scholar and hierarch, found "much quietness" in his diocese in Mesopotamia. Syria's diocese, he wrote, was "wasted." 13859: 3017:

Due to their Christian faith and ethnicity, the Assyrians have been persecuted since their adoption of Christianity. During the reign of

12987: 6727: 5418: 11257: 5640: 5490:

Assyrian Policy Institute's Erasing the Legacy of the Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria

5339: 4077:

between Suret dialects. Therefore, these "languages" would generally be considered to be dialects rather than separate languages. The

3951:, as both groups have practised Christianity since ancient times and have suffered through persecution under Muslim rulers. Therefore, 1834:. The area of influence of this patriarchate soon moved from Amid east, fixing the see, after many changes, in the isolated village of 11619: 8686: 7390: 17338: 16443: 15722: 14977: 14884: 11768: 8880: 8656: 6063: 5004:

Assyrians of Iran. the same haplogroup also have high prevalence among Iraqi Arabs which is "indicative of their indigenous nature".

4137: 1302:

the split, they developed distinct dialects, mainly based on the pronunciation and written symbolization of vowels. With the rise of

14879: 10395: 8961: 5918: 1306:, eastern Aramaic enjoyed a renaissance as a classical language in the 2nd to 8th centuries, and varieties of that form of Aramaic ( 662:. In northern Syria, Assyrian groups have been taking part both politically and militarily in the Kurdish-dominated but multiethnic 17348: 16815: 14874: 8377: 7197: 6084: 3810:, in which the author, Robert Rollinger, lends support to the age-old debate of the name "Syria" being derived from "Assyria" (see 2767: 13263: 10300: 9306: 9160: 6409: 5323: 3655: 604:

was triggered by genocidal events throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as religious persecution by Islamic extremists.

15155: 12487: 8431: 5178: 3000:

With its many historic churches & monasteries, Tur Abdin is considered the spiritual centre of the Syriac Orthodox Assyrians.

2536: 2462: 13476: 12587:

Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora

11127: 9921: 9751:

Deniz, F. 2000, 'Maintenance and Transformation of Ethnic Identity: the Assyrian Case', The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal

9394: 15470: 15464: 11683: 9108: 8262: 8062: 6628: 5837: 2866: 14907: 12524:

Andrade, Nathanael J. (2014). "Assyrians, Syrians and the Greek Language in the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial Periods".

9814: 9492: 9440: 7998: 5947: 5469:"Prior to the start of the war in Syria, it is estimated that the country was home to approximately 200,000 ethnic Assyrians" 17368: 16131: 14835: 14811: 14674: 14653: 14629: 14606: 14569: 14548: 14513: 14424: 14401: 14249: 14226: 14177: 14117: 14037: 14001: 13978: 13938: 13917: 13853: 13830: 13807: 13688: 13655: 13632: 13606: 13582: 13559: 13536: 13513: 13447: 13426: 13376: 13355: 13201: 13178: 13122: 13101: 13064: 12956: 12910: 12886: 12837: 12814: 12793: 12762: 12704: 12683: 12595: 12574: 12514: 12379: 12355: 11893: 11801: 11644: 11513: 11488: 11463: 11423: 10960: 10909: 10689: 10538: 10466: 10172: 10115: 10021: 9891: 9691: 9465:

The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.

9368: 9137: 9046: 8408: 7684: 7657: 7555: 7464: 7335: 7161: 7042: 6875: 6806: 6767: 6550: 5302: 5292: 2708:

in Syria, occurred in the early 1930s, when they fled from northern Iraq after they were targeted and slaughtered during the

2685: 1717: 1647:

in 1258. The Mongol khans were sympathetic with Christians and did not harm them. The most prominent among them was probably

16109: 14123: 14007: 13744: 13714: 13694: 13661: 13382: 12843: 12385: 11916: 11820: 11019: 9082:

Dodge, Bayard, "The Settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabur," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, July 1940, pp. 301–320.

6773: 5242: 3489:

often makes no mention of any ethnic identity of the Christians in the region, and simply call refer to them as Christians,

2225: 1678:. Subsequently, all Assyrians, like with the rest of the ethnicities living in the former Aq Qoyunlu territories, fell into 1460:

not equal to that of a Muslim in legal and civil matters. As Christians, they were subject to payment of a special tax, the

17363: 16567: 16474: 14931: 12185:

Yepiskoposian L, Khudoyan A, Harutyunian A (2006). "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia".

9474:

Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.

9220: 8295: 6680: 3752:. The question has a long history of academic controversy, but majority mainstream opinion currently strongly favours that 2763: 2395: 13148: 10571: 7094: 4777:

Kalu d'Sulaqa, feast of the Bride of the Ascension, celebrates Assyrian resistance to the invasion of Assyria by Tamerlane

462: 17358: 17353: 16469: 15952: 15805: 14802:

Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner O. (2017). "Introduction: Contextualizing the Sayfo in the First World War".

11662: 8535: 6991: 5580: 3614:. To note, ancient Arameans were a separate ethnic group that lived concurrently with the Assyrian empire in what is now 2429: 2380: 2289: 454: 10212: 6095:

Iraqi Assyrians in London: Beyond the 'Immigrant/Refugee' Divide; Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1995

4783:

Sharra d'Mart Maryam, usually on August 15, a festival and feast celebrating St. Mary with games, food, and celebration.

2264:, and then joined up with the Iraqi-Kurdistan Front in the early 1990s. Yonadam Kanna in particular was a target of the 16820: 16736: 16459: 16424: 15482: 13404:

A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an Introduction Giving a Short History of Hebrew Lexicography

12730: 11188:"Understanding recent movements of Christians from Syria and Iraq to other countries across the Middle East and Europe" 9193: 7284:

Theodora the "Believing Queen:" A Study in Syriac Historiographical Tradition, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, p. 216, 217, 218.

7222: 6029: 5712: 5520: 5440: 4919: 1945: 628: 13956: 13313: 13283: 13037: 13012: 11593: 11198: 10884: 9742:

Kinarah: Twentieth Anniversary of Assyrian Australian Association 1989, Assyrian Australian Association, Edensor Park.

8828: 6292: 16864: 14804:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

14342: 13784: 11481:

Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire

11335: 10141: 9036: 8245: 7701: 7491: 7026: 6384: 5546: 4704:

that are performed in a line, which may be straight, curved, or both. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is

15008: 11373: 9669:

Assyrian Australian Association & Ettinger House 1997, Settlement Issues of the Assyrian Community, AAA, Sydney.

8858: 7914: 7424: 5814: 5062:

and assimilation/integration of different peoples carrying haplogroup R, while explain its frequency as a result of

3699:

considered "Syria" west of the Euphrates. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the

3391:

speakers, who also originate from Iraq. Assyrians in such European countries as Sweden and Germany would usually be

3052: 1585:

Being culturally, ethnically, and linguistically distinct from their Muslim neighbors in the Middle East—the Arabs,

1579: 17343: 16952: 16937: 16533: 16521: 15864: 14858: 9618: 6558:

free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%.

4774:

Somikka, All Saints Day, is celebrated to motivate children to fast during Lent through use of frightening costumes

4513: 4229:

form of the alphabet. Most of the letters are clearly derived from ʾEsṭrangēlā, but are simplified, flowing lines.

3198: 13903: 9597: 7012:

Parpola, Simo, National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times.

6213: 5473: 1716:

The Ottomans secured their control over Mesopotamia and Syria in the first half of the 17th century following the

17333: 16810: 16796: 16548: 16198: 15150: 14924: 11670: 7592: 7054: 6842: 5976: 4310: 3944: 3807: 3170: 3138:, many Assyrians have left the Middle East entirely for a more safe and comfortable life in the countries of the 2932:. Historic Assyrian villages, some of which are still inhabited by Assyrians in Turabdin, include the following: 2386:

In recent years, the Assyrians in northern Iraq and northeast Syria have become the target of extreme unprovoked

2322: 2318: 1064: 620: 10089: 9355:

Christian mission to Muslims: the record: Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938

6135: 17328: 17323: 16414: 15945: 15545: 15530: 15512: 15488: 15393: 15218: 14786: 14726: 14697: 12653: 10738: 9951: 8456: 5403: 5143: 4645: 3090: 2645:. Those who survived fled to unaffected areas of Assyrian settlement in northern Iraq, with others settling in 2433: 1695: 1313: 687: 651: 14870:

YouTube-Video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren elaborates on the history and origin of the Assyrian people

14743: 14189:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present" 14148: 12948:

The Church of the East and the Church of England: A History of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Assyrian Mission

12929: 2916:. Today there are also evangelical groups that have founded their own churches in the diaspora. Historically, 907:

are the primary source of information about that battle, makes no mention of Assyrians in connection with it.

15399: 15360: 15274: 15145: 14188: 11955: 11711: 10528: 8764: 6572: 5492: 3726:

This version of the name took hold in the Hellenic lands to the west of the old Assyrian Empire, thus during

3254: 2212:

The period from the 1940s through to 1963 saw a period of respite for the Assyrians. The regime of President

1884:

in the south eastern corner of the Ottoman Empire were massacred by the Kurdish emirs of Hakkari and Bohtan.

1862: 1183: 9793: 7547:

Hidden Treasures And Intercultural Encounters: Studies On East Syriac Christianity In China And Central Asia

5766: 4746:

Assyrians celebrate a number of festivals unique to their culture and traditions as well as religious ones:

2518:

The Assyro-Chaldean Delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the Paris Peace Conference 1919

2229: 16560: 15884: 15859: 15795: 15559: 14390:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria" 12223:"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians" 9712: 7294: 6184: 5425:"Erasing the Legacy of Khabour: Destruction of Assyrian Cultural Heritage in the Khabour Region of Syria". 3748:

The question of ethnic identity and self-designation is sometimes connected to the scholarly debate on the

3684: 3333: 3194: 3147: 3086: 2257: 826:, progenitor of the ancient Assyrians. However, there is no other historical basis for this assertion. The 654:

was formed and many Assyrians joined the force to defend themselves. The organization later became part of

12782:"The Ancient Near East in the Late Antique Near East: Syriac Christian Appropriation of the Biblical East" 8093: 6573:

Joel J. Elias, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East

6097: 631:, nearly 40% were indigenous Assyrians, even though Assyrians accounted for only around 3% of the pre-war 17109: 16874: 16837: 16769: 16538: 15869: 15815: 15678: 15376: 15095: 15070: 15064: 14987: 14825: 14483: 10446: 8628: 7360:"A Bestiary Tale: Text and Image of the Unicorn in the Kitāb naʿt al-hayawān (British Library, or. 2784)" 6795:

Michel, Cécile (2017). "Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Old Assyrian Period". In E. Frahm (ed.).

6531:

Khan, Geoffrey (2012), The Language of the Modern Assyrians: The North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialect group.

5148: 4712:, which require three at most. Assyrian dances would vary from weak to strong, depending on the mood and 4333: 4318: 4314: 4287: 4275: 3997: 3143: 2783: 2582: 2206: 2193:

However, this cooperation with the British was viewed with suspicion by some leaders of the newly formed

2087: 2054: 1881: 1874: 1791: 1563: 1355: 1039:, the language was largely confined to scholars and priests working in temples in Assyria and Babylonia. 910:

Despite the influx of foreign elements, the presence of Assyrians is confirmed by the worship of the god

811: 659: 14278: 12806:

Revival and Awakening: American Evangelical Missionaries in Iran and the Origins of Assyrian Nationalism

8134:

The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress

17287: 16962: 16942: 16784: 16774: 16764: 16464: 16454: 16233: 15879: 15101: 13074: 11323: 6837: 4569: 4337: 4291: 4279: 3514: 3238: 3186: 2458: 15524: 11555: 8325: 7457:

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

6966: 3025:

Christianity as a buffer between the Churches of Rome and Persia. Persecutions and attempts to impose

16914: 16759: 16329: 16124: 14821: 14101: 13461: 12460: 12446: 12414: 11879: 11400: 6901: 6504:

Naby, Eden (2016), The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East.

5193: 5058:

in Iranian Assyrians as well as in other Assyrian communities (~23%) as a consequence of mixing with

4925: 4743:, Assyrians are encouraged to fast for 50 days from meat and any other foods which are animal based. 4444: 4159:

Assyrians predominantly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the

2754:

in the 1980s. However, there are an estimated 25,000 Assyrians in all of Turkey, with most living in

2285: 1371: 1345: 1176: 1141: 717: 14264:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 13439:

Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I

11529: 11299: 10500: 9857: 7773: 6960:"National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" 4186:

used to indicate vowels. The vowel sounds are supplied either by the reader's memory or by optional

2007:

Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918

1891:

occurred between 1894 and 1897 by Turkish troops and their Kurdish allies during the rule of Sultan

17318: 17001: 16972: 16616: 15800: 15338: 15089: 14864: 14394:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

13529:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

12716:"Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community" 12669: 12567:

Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War

9605: 8425:"Coaliton [sic] Provisional Authority Order Number 1 – De-Ba'Athification Of Iraqi Society" 8355: 8188:

Lundgren, Svante (2020), THE FAILURE OF THE ASSYRIAN LOBBIES AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE IN 1919.

7252: 6749: 4486: 4478: 4351: 4283: 4271: 3777: 3293: 3242: 2826: 2807: 2474:

include teaching in three languages: Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian." Associated with the SUP is the

1966:

This led to a large-scale migration of Turkish-based Assyrian people into countries such as Syria,

1866: 1787: 1383: 1082: 663: 499: 14997: 7055:"Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian." In S. L. Sanders (ed) 5998: 2829:

dialects, however there are some Turoyo speakers. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics inhabit the western

2003: 1310:) are still spoken by a few small groups of Jacobite and Nestorian Christians in the Middle East. 17229: 16977: 16641: 16374: 15889: 15423: 15411: 15284: 15183: 13994:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

13770: 13740: 13710: 12830:

The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery

6759: 6444: 5789:"2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016" 4325: 4263: 3704: 3376: 2532: 2475: 2294: 1768: 1725: 1644: 1528: 1403: 1279: 1203: 974: 12606: 11992: 11330:. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. 11224: 9360: 8794: 8745:. Syriac International News Agency. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018 6157: 5051: 16932: 16791: 16661: 16636: 16506: 16258: 15644: 15256: 15058: 15052: 14960:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

10495: 9869: 9760: 7295:"Theodora | Empress, Biography, Accomplishments, Justinian, & Facts | Britannica" 6059: 4883: 4668: 4606: 4542: 4448: 4418: 4375: 4361: 4299: 4295: 4267: 3691:. The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous 3502: 3206: 3048: 2913: 2909: 2862: 2705: 2646: 2406: 1772: 1740: 1691: 1567: 1271: 1105:

in 363, who abandoned the region after concluding a hasty peace agreement with the Sassanians.

1074: 855: 15160: 14617: 13841: 13547: 12781: 12371:

Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire

11741: 11634: 10679: 9570: 8943: 7674: 7545: 7325: 3763:

Rudolf Macuch points out that the Eastern Neo-Aramaic press initially used the term "Syrian" (

3425: 2340:

Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by

1332:, although full reconciliation with this Christian sect was not achieved during her lifetime. 1012: 70: 17297: 17036: 16904: 16516: 16389: 16368: 16288: 16248: 16139: 16021: 15968: 15268: 15244: 14579: 13795: 12967: 12859: 12140:"Y chromosome diversity among the Iranian religious groups: a reservoir of genetic variation" 11793:

Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals

11415: 10950: 10733: 10221: 9555: 9541: 7647: 6723: 5173: 4664:

performs its songs in the Assyrian language whilst using a western style of instrumentation.

4414: 4074: 3986: 3976: 3795: 3664: 3544:

is a term that was used for centuries by western writers and scholars as designation for the

3498: 3471: 3463: 3214: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2925: 2514: 2310: 2154: 2057:

that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of

1870: 1307: 903: 878: 870: 612: 442: 359: 14377: 9733:

Fairfield City Council 2003, State of the Community Report, Fairfield City Council, Wakeley.

5632: 3371:

are growing in size in Sydney after a huge influx of new arrivals in 2016, who were granted

1841: 1731:

The Aramaic-speaking Mesopotamian Christians had long been divided between followers of the

1247:

Soon afterward, Christians in the Roman Empire were divided by their attitude regarding the

17131: 17013: 16947: 16909: 16805: 16731: 16726: 16651: 16499: 16117: 15985: 15851: 15837: 15785: 15760: 15750: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15494: 15188: 13895:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

13881:

Nineveh and its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldean Christians of Kurdistan

12234: 12087: 12025: 11615: 11043:

Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974), The Akkadian influences on Aramaic. University of Chicago Press

9844: 7871:

De dogmatibus chaldaeorum disputatio ad Patrem ... Adam Camerae Patriarchalis Babylonis ...

7359: 7127: 5043: 5011: 5000: 4582: 4282:, with some 100,000 members. The churches that constitute the East Syriac rite include the 4114: 4001: 3952: 3610:

Churches. Furthermore, Assyrians identifying as Aramean have obtained recognition from the

3494: 3490: 3408: 3388: 3384: 2933: 2441: 1407: 1256: 1217: 1164: 1047: 632: 15019: 9091:

Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144–149.

6620: 2941: 658:

and played a key role in liberating areas previously held by the Islamic State during the

8: 17073: 17031: 16957: 16832: 16754: 16283: 16253: 16238: 16075: 15926: 15810: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15755: 15673: 15435: 15344: 15262: 15250: 15198: 15193: 15033: 15013: 14972: 13889: 13875: 11837: 11084: 9281:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 9243:"Cumhuriyetin ilk kilisesi açılıyor… Süryani Ruhani Lideri'nin ilk röportajı CNN Türk'te" 7185: 5910: 5183: 5114: 5090: 5015: 4680: 4586: 4573: 4387: 4249: 4171: 3836:

or "Ashur" which, according to Rollinger (2006), "settles the problem once and for all".

3792: 3788: 3711:

explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the

3565: 3561: 3535: 3459: 3372: 3341: 3325: 3258: 3250: 3182: 2945: 2893: 2732: 2669: 2498:

Maunsell's map, a Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of the Middle East showing "

2353: 2028: 2015:

and lured by British and Russian promises of an independent nation, the Assyrians led by

1998: 1620: 1303: 1233: 1207: 1060: 1032: 1024: 866: 795: 784: 706: 438: 398: 14523: 13680:

Ostsyrische Christen und Kurden im Osmanischen Reich des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts

13552:

Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues

12238: 12091: 12029: 8385: 7021:

E. Bilgic and S Bayram, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1995,

6284: 4732:

and as a result celebrate Easter on a Sunday between March 22 and April 25 inclusively.

4194:

script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word. It was used to write the

2094:

and instead demanded their recognition as a nation within a nation. The Assyrian leader

576:. A majority of modern Assyrians have migrated to other regions of the world, including 17204: 17199: 17184: 17146: 17121: 17058: 16919: 16854: 16489: 16298: 16213: 15825: 15745: 15666: 15639: 15356: 14982: 14583: 14334: 14298: 14091: 14075: 14067: 13948: 13616: 13592: 13412: 13255: 13235: 12754: 12549: 12541: 12434: 12306: 12257: 12222: 12202: 12167: 12110: 12075: 12048: 12013: 11967: 11856: 11839: 10595:"Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law" 10296: 10190: 9359:. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp. 9353: 9314: 7649:

The fire, the star, and the cross: minority religions in medieval and early modern Iran

7382: 6491: 6214:

State statistics committee of Ukraine – National composition of population, 2001 census

5441:"Syria's Assyrians threatened by extremists – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East" 5320: 5284: 5153: 5054:, were also frequent at 29.2% each. Lashgary et al. explain the presence of haplogroup 4762: 4729: 4546: 4490: 4004:, the lingua franca in the later phase of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which displaced the 3915:

People often greet and bid relatives farewell with a kiss on each cheek and by saying "

3811: 3776:

corruption of Assyria. The debate appears to have been settled by the discovery of the

3611: 3281: 3218: 3151: 2822: 2720: 2713: 2665: 2634: 2454: 2409:

groups. In 2014 Islamic terrorists of ISIL attacked Assyrian towns and villages in the

2213: 2146: 2123: 2079: 2050: 2044: 1951: 1732: 1516: 1475: 1248: 1191: 1036: 997: 890: 728:

is the homeland of the Assyrian people, located in the ancient Near East. The earliest

655: 639: 458: 423: 17046: 14453:"Report of a Visit of the Rev. H. Southgate to the Syrian Church of Mesopotamia, 1841" 12475: 7885: 7754: 4724:

Assyrian festivals tend to be closely associated with their Christian faith, of which

4313:

in the 20th century, possibly due to British influences, and are now organised in the

2937: 2649:

to the south. Though many also immigrated to neighbouring countries in and around the

1316:, who lived from April 1, 527 A.D. to June 28, 548 A.D., was a notable empress of the 627:, which began in 2011. Of the one million or more Iraqis who have fled Iraq since the 17273: 17224: 17189: 17026: 16967: 16869: 16779: 16749: 16744: 16611: 16606: 16590: 16479: 16419: 16339: 16334: 16243: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16047: 15820: 15790: 15617: 15568: 15554: 15405: 15208: 14831: 14807: 14670: 14649: 14625: 14602: 14565: 14544: 14509: 14468: 14448: 14434: 14420: 14397: 14338: 14245: 14222: 14173: 14113: 14079: 14033: 13997: 13974: 13934: 13913: 13849: 13826: 13803: 13780: 13684: 13651: 13628: 13602: 13578: 13555: 13532: 13509: 13491: 13443: 13422: 13372: 13351: 13259: 13211: 13197: 13174: 13118: 13097: 13060: 12952: 12906: 12882: 12833: 12810: 12789: 12768: 12758: 12700: 12679: 12591: 12570: 12553: 12510: 12375: 12351: 12298: 12262: 12171: 12159: 12115: 12053: 11959: 11889: 11861: 11797: 11640: 11509: 11484: 11459: 11419: 11331: 10956: 10685: 10534: 10462: 10178: 10168: 10017: 9917: 9687: 9384: 9364: 9042: 8854: 8758: 8404: 8258: 7680: 7653: 7551: 7487: 7460: 7331: 7157: 7038: 7022: 6871: 6802: 6763: 6546: 6390: 6380: 5298: 5158: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5070: 5047: 5035: 5007: 4891: 4839: 4827: 4818: 4517: 4451: 4160: 4141: 4110: 4059: 4012: 4008: 3993: 3772: 3749: 3716: 3577: 3467: 3396: 3360: 3289: 3190: 3135: 3080: 3068: 3060: 2735:, where 25,000 Assyrians live, mostly in the cities and not the ancient settlements. 2728: 2724: 2661: 2638: 2542: 2528: 2410: 2387: 2341: 2334: 2138: 2133:

were founded by the British in 1928, with ancient Assyrian military rankings such as

2103: 2099: 2032: 2012: 1975: 1959: 1941: 1748: 1379: 1375: 1244:

was independent of "Western" ecclesiastical authorities (those of the Roman Empire).

1172: 1004: 985: 959: 859: 725: 557: 553: 469: 446: 384: 380: 166: 117: 12401:

Abramtsov, David (1960). "The Assyrians of Persia and the Russian Orthodox Church".

12310: 12139: 11971: 11690: 8562:"Christians in Iraq Forming Militia to Defend, and Possibly Retake, Ancestral Lands" 8237: 8070: 7724:

Fortescue, Adrian Henry Timothy Knottesford. "4. The Nestorian Church in the Past".

7267: 4617:, but has expanded to include guitars, pianos, violins, synthesizers (keyboards and 3436: 2590: 2260:

took up armed struggle against the Iraqi government in 1982 under the leadership of

1519:

was considered to be one of the major Christian powerhouses in the world, alongside

17116: 17051: 17041: 16715: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16626: 16601: 15765: 15350: 15203: 15175: 15081: 15044: 14904: 14326: 14203: 14059: 13457: 13247: 12979: 12618: 12533: 12426: 12290: 12252: 12242: 12194: 12151: 12105: 12095: 12043: 12033: 11951: 11851: 11408:

Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context

10454: 9708:"Fairfield's Assyrian Resource Centre has secured $ 40,000 to fund its renovations" 9484: 8500: 8294:. Committee of the 50th Anniversary of the Patriarchate of Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII. 8254: 7991: 7725: 7374: 7247: 7184:, Turkey) within the Roman Empire, where, at the request of the Roman emperor, the 7177: 7153: 6984:"The Assyrians and Aramaic: Speaking the Oldest Living Language of the Middle East" 6487: 5940: 5235:"Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs" 5074: 4997: 4907: 4870: 4864: 4854: 4625: 4365: 4341: 4167: 4122: 4118: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4086: 4047: 3887: 3607: 3545: 3531: 3527: 3368: 3297: 3246: 3230: 3166: 2917: 2905: 2811: 2787: 2747: 2422: 2357: 2202: 2111: 2095: 1778:

In 1552, a group of bishops of the Church of the East from the northern regions of

1524: 1317: 1295: 1102: 1101:, into a frontier Roman province. Roman influence in the area came to an end under 970: 894: 760: 624: 522: 518: 495: 376: 141: 15703: 13964: 10913: 10111: 9895: 8997:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph" 6316:"Assyrer: At vi har vores eget sted, styrker min følelse af at høre til i Danmark" 5664:"Statministerns folkmordsbesked kan avgöra kommunvalet: "Underskatta inte frågan"" 3967:, and as well as in the diaspora with adjacent Armenian and Assyrian communities. 1700: 1670:

The region was later controlled by the in Iran-based Turkic confederations of the

1140:, ceased to be ethnically distinct in Sasanian times. Most of the population were 977:, dated to the 20th century BC. Most of the archaeological evidence is typical of 17214: 17179: 17063: 16982: 16893: 16631: 16484: 16396: 16384: 16308: 16303: 16293: 16228: 16203: 16188: 16175: 16163: 16027: 15693: 15518: 15308: 15302: 15165: 15140: 15120: 14911: 14664: 14643: 14594: 14559: 14527: 14503: 14472: 14452: 14438: 14412: 14389: 14237: 14216: 14165: 14105: 14047: 14027: 13989: 13968: 13928: 13907: 13893: 13879: 13818: 13774: 13759: 13729: 13678: 13643: 13620: 13596: 13570: 13524: 13503: 13465: 13437: 13416: 13402: 13366: 13343: 13339: 13309: 13279: 13231: 13215: 13189: 13168: 13112: 13089: 13078: 13054: 12946: 12900: 12896: 12874: 12863: 12825: 12804: 12694: 12673: 12585: 12562: 12504: 12464: 12450: 12369: 12343: 12247: 12155: 12100: 12038: 11999: 11976:

The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities.

11883: 11824: 11791: 11666: 11347: 11012: 10216: 9840: 9821: 9767: 9601: 9133: 8938: 8288:"Biography of His Holiness, The Assyrian Martyr, The Late Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII" 8199: 7918: 7869: 7784: 7705: 7481: 6865: 6796: 6753: 6579: 6220: 6119: 6101: 6090: 5720: 5716: 5496: 5477: 5327: 5188: 5094: 5019: 4949: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4814: 4736: 4618: 4254: 4195: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4154: 4098: 4090: 4055: 4043: 4039: 3700: 3557: 3364: 3226: 3162: 3064: 2897: 2882: 2878: 2709: 2642: 2546: 2479: 2221: 2194: 2130: 2119: 2115: 1744: 1721: 1679: 1539: 1443: 1431: 1423: 1341: 1291: 1275: 1187: 1137: 1117: 993: 943: 919: 831: 799: 772: 756: 741: 530: 13398: 8287: 6346:"Assyrian Community in Kazakhstan Survived Dark Times, Now Focuses on Education" 5234: 4932:

demonstrated that they were "closed" with little "intermixture" with the Muslim

3817:

The object on which the inscription is found is a monument belonging to Urikki,

1958:

The most significant recent persecution against the Assyrian population was the

17194: 17169: 16449: 16379: 15914: 15573: 15500: 15476: 15364: 15135: 15130: 13133: 12198: 10458: 9866:

From a Child's Perspective: Detroit Metropolitan Census 2000 Fact Sheets Series

9858:

Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area

9519: 9216: 8907:"Rojava administration launches new curriculum in Kurdish, Arabic and Assyrian" 8624:"Iraqi Assyrian Christians Form Anti-ISIS Militia, and You Can Legally Chip In" 7090: 6522:

Barr, James, WHICH LANGUAGE DID JESUS SPEAK? SOME REMARKS OF A SEMITIST, p. 29.

5317: 5055: 4961: 4878:

are organically produced and drunk. Assyrian cuisine is primarily identical to

4629: 4233: 4213:

Standard in September, 1999. The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the

4078: 4051: 3799: 3707:

or King of the Syrians. The Seleucids designated the districts of Seleucis and

3553: 3345: 3210: 3174: 3161:

By ethnic percentage, the largest Assyrian diaspora communities are located in

3056: 3026: 2830: 2751: 2330: 2272: 2265: 2107: 2020: 1892: 1888: 1846: 1602: 1590: 1586: 1543: 1325: 1287: 1283: 1225: 1078: 1068: 1052: 874: 667: 647: 14869: 13571:"The Church Across the Border: The Church of the East and its Chaldean Branch" 13170:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

12545: 11659: 10561: 10137: 9208: 8527: 7378: 6983: 5572: 5521:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Turkey" 5510:"An estimated 25,000 Syriacs live in Turkey, while Syria boasts some 877,000." 4813:

Yoma d'Sah'deh (Day of Martyrs), commemorating the thousands massacred in the

858:(14th to 10th century BC) spread Assyrian culture, people and identity across 17312: 17267: 17219: 17209: 17174: 17126: 17103: 17078: 16842: 16671: 16666: 16543: 16344: 16193: 16094: 16089: 16040: 16031: 16015: 15991: 15417: 15024: 15002: 14639: 14023: 13525:"The Targeting of Assyrians during the Christian Holocaust in Ottoman Turkey" 12772: 12365: 11377: 11068: 10209: 10182: 9637: 9214: 5063: 5027: 4953: 4938: 4887: 4879: 4641: 4067: 3767:) and only much later, with the rise of nationalism, switched to "Assyrian" ( 3486: 3450: 3429: 3420: 3416: 3139: 2929: 2815: 2762:

due to the centuries of persecution by the neighboring Muslims. Prior to the

2759: 2689: 2668:, Israel and Lebanon, among other modern countries, due to the sprawl of the 2365: 2314: 2261: 2074: 1925: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1571: 1488: 1260: 1113: 1016: 819: 616: 608: 577: 533:

as their liturgical language. The Assyrians were among the early converts to

507: 485: 403: 75: 15683: 14827:

The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950

12715: 12623: 11586:"שואת אחינו האשוריים | הדרך המהירה שבין תרבות ישראל לתרבות אשור | יעקב מעוז" 10841: 9881:

B. Furze, P. Savy, R. Brym, J. Lie, Sociology in Today's World, 2008, p. 349

9622: 9185: 7214: 6394: 6060:"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации" 5709: 5547:"2018 U.S. Department of State International Religious Freedom Report: Iran" 4780:

Nusardyl, commemorating the baptism of the Assyrians of Urmia by St. Thomas.

4042:. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are usually written using 3095: 2977: 2738: 2618: 1755:", holding the highest rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church after that of the 1190:, organised the Christians within that Empire into what became known as the 942:) sprung up in the east under Parthian rule, lasting until conquests by the 84: 17093: 16859: 16656: 16364: 16359: 16349: 16183: 16082: 16003: 15441: 14491:

Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

14259: 14087: 13990:"Living Between the Fronts: The Turkish-Kurdish Conflict and the Assyrians" 13328: 13298: 13029: 13004: 12786:

Antiquity in Antiquity: Jewish and Christian Pasts in the Greco-Roman World

12302: 12266: 12163: 12119: 12057: 11963: 11585: 11456:

Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923

11187: 10873: 10567: 9872:. Volume 4, Issue 2, February 2004. p. 2/32. Retrieved on November 8, 2013. 7441:

Indianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors,

5023: 4945: 4701: 4237: 4063: 4005: 3573: 3380: 3037: 3030: 3022: 3004: 2850: 2795: 2693: 2437: 2142: 1896: 1736: 1675: 1664: 1652: 1610: 1534:

From the 7th century AD onwards, Mesopotamia saw a steady influx of Arabs,

1520: 1500: 1252: 1160: 923: 827: 737: 534: 526: 503: 489: 426: 14311: 13080:

A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament

11865: 11796:. Boston, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 545–552. 11616:"Qenshrin.com: Guide to the Christian congregations in Aleppo (in Arabic)" 10926:

Chamberlain, AF. "Notes on Some Aspects of the Folk-Psychology of Night".

7992:"Fred Aprim, "Assyria and Assyrians Since the 2003 US Occupation of Iraq"" 7699: 6083:"This figure is an estimate from the Assyrian Cultural and Advice Centre" 2586: 2078:

Assyrian refugees on a wagon moving to a newly constructed village on the

17277: 17239: 17088: 16924: 16849: 16646: 16208: 15688: 15326: 15320: 14957: 14207: 13953:"Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States" 13505:

A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam

12983: 10112:"Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs" 9771: 8593:"Militias of Iraqi Christians resist Islamic State amid sectarian strife" 6755:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

6476:"The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem" 5806: 5232: 4976: 4965: 4957: 4750: 4657: 4633: 4306: 3909: 3720: 3708: 3660: 3475: 3440: 3412: 3018: 2803: 2654: 2399: 2102:

to recognize the right of the Assyrians to govern the area known as the "

2090:. In 1932, Assyrians refused to become part of the newly formed state of 2016: 1815: 1496: 1456: 1329: 1321: 1109: 1028: 911: 768: 698: 430: 15937: 14302: 14244:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–536. 14218:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

14170:

Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium

11838:

Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986).

9834:

Fairfield struggles to cope after threefold increase in refugee arrivals

7753:

Baumstark, Anton, ed. (2004). "Patriarcha de Mozal in Syria orientali".

6891:"Artifacts show rivals Athens and Sparta," Yahoo News, December 5, 2006. 5366:"Assyrians: "3,000 Years of History, Yet the Internet is Our Only Home"" 4671:

was held in Lebanon in August 2008 for Assyrian people internationally.

4258:

Historical divisions within Syriac Christian Churches in the Middle East

4034:

or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of dialects exist, mainly

2598: 2329:

military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President

1350: 16354: 15654: 15649: 15447: 14166:"Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History" 14106:"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period" 14093:

The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century

14071: 12696:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

12607:"Aramaic as a Lingua Franca During the Persian Empire (538-333 B.C.E.)" 12438: 12206: 10396:"Histoire critique de la creance et des coûtumes des nations du Levant" 10240: 9594: 8962:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria" 8660: 8146:

The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum

7386: 6681:"Video: Iraqi troops liberate Christian town of Bartella from IS group" 5508:

Turkey-Syria deal allows Syriacs to cross border for religious holidays

5470: 4875: 4689: 4637: 4594: 4383: 3939:, meaning they generally marry within their own ethnic group, although 3843:

referred to an independent state. The controversy is not restricted to

3631: 3356: 3337: 3269: 2874: 2681: 2198: 2174: 2134: 2027:

tribe, fought alongside the Allies against Ottoman forces known as the

1932: 1913:

Unarmed Assyrian women and children were raped, tortured and murdered.

1905: 1901: 1671: 1623:

in the Middle East and Central Asia until being largely annihilated by

1606: 1391: 1328:. Additionally, Theodora worked towards alleviating the persecution of 1195: 1156: 1089:. Still, after a Parthian-inspired Assyrian rebellion, the new emperor 969:, which were written in Old Assyrian, preserve some loanwords from the 882: 803: 752: 643: 601: 546: 514: 14440:

Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia and Mesopotamia

12466:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

12452:

Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia

11158:"The inside story of how 226 Assyrian Christians were freed from ISIS" 10975:

The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia, Garnik Asatryan, Victoria Arakelova.

9161:"Assyrians Continue to Struggle to Survive Post-U.S. Invasion of Iraq" 7065: 6832: 5972: 5042:

comprising 48 Assyrian male subjects from Iran, the Y-DNA haplogroups

4648:. Assyrian artists that traditionally sing in other languages include 4232:

Furthermore, for practical reasons, Assyrian people sometimes use the

2594: 2276:

and their lands and homes then being appropriated by Arabs and Kurds.

1615: 1438:

of the Abbasid Caliphs were often Assyrians, such as the long-serving

1213: 966: 17164: 17136: 17083: 16621: 16313: 16273: 15874: 15708: 15588: 15429: 15370: 14289:

Rollinger, Robert (2006a). "Assyrios, Syrios, Syros und Leukosyros".

13467:

Gesenius's Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures

13134:"Ethno-cultural and Religious Identity of Syrian Orthodox Christians" 12219: 11737: 11280: 10728: 10081: 9971: 9969: 7907: 7037:

K. R. Veenhof, Ankara Kultepe Tabletleri V, Turk Tarih Kurumu, 2010,

6651:"U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians" 6132:"Georgia – ecoi.net – European Country of Origin Information Network" 5163: 5066:

due to small population size and endogamy due to religious barriers.

5059: 4980: 4649: 4602: 4598: 4520: 4482: 4455: 4425: 4421: 4382:

Baptism and First Communion are celebrated extensively, similar to a

4187: 4130: 3981: 3956: 3905: 3712: 3696: 3627: 3329: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3265: 3202: 3155: 2973: 2889: 2842: 2701: 2622: 2449: 2403: 2240: 1705: 1656: 1624: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1399: 1199: 1148: 1121: 1020: 989: 898: 843: 729: 585: 538: 450: 434: 14778: 14714: 14685: 14063: 13418:

Hebrew Scripture in Patristic Biblical Theory: Canon, Language, Text

12645: 12430: 9943: 8318:"Iraq: Information on treatment of Assyrian and Chaldean Christians" 6603: 6601: 5973:"Assyrians in Armenia wish to have own representative in Parliament" 5395: 4685: 3892: 2770:

official, it was estimated that 300,000 Assyrians remained in Iraq.

1921: 1108:

The Assyrians were Christianized in the first to third centuries in

16681: 16511: 16494: 16268: 16263: 15979: 15659: 15632: 15605: 15593: 15578: 15332: 15279: 14474:

Narrative of a Visit to the Syrian (Jacobite) Church of Mesopotamia

14330: 14140: 13251: 13090:"The Atrocities against the Assyrians in 1915: A Legal Perspective" 12921: 12537: 11977: 11128:"Australia's only Assyrian school is giving refugees a fresh start" 10447:"11. Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites" 9777: 9389: 7615: 5168: 5082: 5078: 5039: 4933: 4661: 4182:. It has 22 letters representing consonants, three of which can be 4126: 3948: 3936: 3929: 3742: 3730: 3692: 3676: 3603: 3479: 2989: 2960:, Hah, Marbobo, Salah, Sare and Hapsis. In addition, the cities of 2870: 2755: 2677: 2673: 2657:

like Armenia, Syria, Georgia, southern Russia, Lebanon and Jordan.

2650: 2470: 2391: 1835: 1752: 1508: 1411: 1229: 1221: 1168: 1129: 1125: 1073:

From the 1st century BC, Assyria was the theatre of the protracted

978: 931: 886: 851: 847: 839: 638:

The Islamic State was driven out from the Assyrian villages in the

597: 14916: 14482:

Tekoğlu, Recai; Lemaire, André; İpek, İsmet; Tosun, Kazım (2000).

13368:

Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923

12294: 9966: 9186:"Ishtar: Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community" 9073:

Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)

8881:"Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools" 6445:"ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details" 5734:"Assyrian and Chaldean Christians Flee Iraq to Neighboring Jordan" 5038:, making it major haplogroup among Iranian Assyrians. Yet another 4859: 3606:, is advocated by some followers from within Middle Eastern based 2672:

in the region. Though recent settlement of Christian Assyrians in

560:

and the Zab rivers, a region currently divided between modern-day

17141: 17098: 16278: 16223: 15921: 15314: 15236: 15116: 14899: 14624:. Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. pp. 107–109. 14543:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 237–77, 293–294. 11411: 9981: 9785: 9215:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (13 October 2010).

8780:

Contested Control: The Future of Security in Iraq's Nineveh Plain

7759:. Vol. IV:1. Rome and Leipzig: O. Harrassowitz. p. 277. 7181: 6598: 6233: 5758: 5489: 5272: 5123: 5108: 4985: 4693: 4578: 4524: 4210: 4191: 3940: 3844: 3826: 3803: 3619: 3277: 3234: 3222: 2846: 2838: 2602: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2369: 2361: 2303: 2299: 2158: 1971: 1819: 1807:, of which an English translation is given in Adrian Fortescue's 1685: 1559: 1480: 1395: 1094: 1090: 1008: 955: 935: 835: 823: 815: 790: 776: 702: 473: 411: 20: 14541:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

12184: 10644: 10327: 7483:

Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates

5321:

estimate for the "ethnic population" associated with Neo-Aramaic

4771:, the Nineveh fast, is a three-day period of fasting and prayer. 3822: 3446: 2965: 1751:(565–649) as 17 dioceses under a "Metropolitan of the East" or " 747:

The history of Assyria begins with the formation of the city of

17021: 16676: 15997: 15894: 15698: 15627: 15600: 15583: 14853: 14779:"The Assyrian Linguistic Heritage and its Survival in Diaspora" 14561:

The lure of anti-Semitism: hatred of Jews in present-day France

12137: 11940: 10816: 9105:"Al-Monitor: Ethnic dimension of Iraqi Assyrians often ignored" 8324:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from 8101: 7486:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163. 6094: 4969: 4929: 4725: 4705: 4494: 4459: 4429: 4125:

and a smaller number of Assyrians that remain in Iran, Turkey (

3923: 3901: 3818: 3727: 3672: 3643: 3635: 3623: 3569: 3549: 3395:-speakers or Western Assyrians, and tend to be originally from 3392: 3349: 3313: 3301: 3285: 3273: 3178: 2985: 2961: 2921: 2901: 2858: 2834: 2791: 2664:-speaking Assyrians have existed in what is now Syria, Jordan, 2626: 2614: 2606: 2562: 2418: 2185: 2166: 2150: 2062: 1979: 1823: 1783: 1760: 1651:, a diplomat, astrologer, and head of the Christian affairs in 1575: 1492: 1469: 1451: 1415: 1387: 1152: 1133: 1098: 1086: 915: 671: 593: 589: 581: 565: 542: 481: 369: 13056:

The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans

11258:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 10853: 10792: 9647:. Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). Archived from 5340:"Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture" 3588:, and in some later works also noted the same origin of local 3519:

Below are terms commonly used by Assyrians to self-identify:.

2444:. The latter two of these militias were eventually disbanded. 2169:. The Assyrian Levies played a major role in subduing the pro- 1895:. The motives for these massacres were an attempt to reassert 1880:

In the 1840s many of the Assyrians living in the mountains of

914:. References to the name survive into the 3rd century AD. The 17234: 16218: 15622: 15610: 15506: 14645:

Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide: A History

13848:. Vol. 1. New York-London: Routledge. pp. 149–150. 13648:

Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century

11840:"Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities" 10804: 10228: 9134:"مسؤول مسيحي: عدد المسيحيين في العراق تراجع الى ثلاثمائة الف" 8021: 8019: 5693:"Diskussion zum Thema 'Aaramäische Christen' im Kapitelshaus" 5086: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4713: 4614: 4610: 4550: 4463: 4391: 4163: 4035: 3615: 3321: 3300:, pocket-sized Assyrian communities are scattered throughout 3041: 2948:, Beth Sbirino, Dayro da-Slibo, Hrabemishka, Qartmin, Arkah, 2799: 2697: 2630: 2578: 2574: 2554: 2550: 2414: 2349: 2253: 2245: 2162: 2058: 2024: 1986: 1909: 1850: 1799: 1764: 1709: 1551: 1535: 1512: 1504: 1461: 1359: 939: 927: 780: 764: 748: 733: 573: 477: 407: 365: 14147:. Vol. 4. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 2304–2309. 13800:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

12748: 11731: 11729: 11352:

Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar

11262:

Assyrians return to Turkey from Europe to save their culture

10780: 10527:

Castellino, Joshua; Cavanaugh, Kathleen A. (25 April 2013).

10138:"In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians" 10051: 10049: 8713:"Inside the Christian Militias Defending the Nineveh Plains" 8031: 3185:, where they are the leading ethnic group in the suburbs of 3047:

More recent persecutions since the 19th century include the

2996: 2209:

to the United States where resided until his death in 1975.

1558:

From the 19th century, after the rise of nationalism in the

1374:. Assyrians contributed to Islamic civilizations during the 962:

has influenced the Aramaic that the modern Assyrians speak.

751:, perhaps as early as the 25th century BC. During the early 16429: 16406: 16149: 16143: 16009: 14744:"Los Asirio-Caldeos, Cristianos orientales arameoparlantes" 14242:

The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity

11878: 10710: 10315: 7936: 5073:

has been measured at 13.4%, which is commonly found in the

4804: 4740: 4653: 4554: 4528: 4498: 3964: 3960: 3639: 3336:

mainly live in the east of the country, in the province of

2981: 2854: 2610: 2345: 2326: 2170: 2091: 1967: 1887:

Another major massacre of Assyrians (and Armenians) in the

1779: 1363: 569: 561: 14783:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

13456: 11815: 11813: 11435: 11073:

A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: the dialect of the Jews of Arbel

10948: 10508: 10363: 10339: 10246: 8851:"The Syriacs are taught their language for the first time" 8401:

The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence

8016: 6867:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

6621:"Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq" 6513:

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Aramaic language.

4609:. Instruments traditionally used by Assyrians include the 2716:

and title to their established land until late the 1940s.

2252:

In response to Baathist persecution, the Assyrians of the

1278:) and those who accepted both councils, primarily today's 1159:, the Assyrians were among the first people to convert to 14534:. Vol. 11. Paris: Letouzey et Ané. pp. 157–323. 13745:"The Bible and the Assyrians: It Kept their Memory Alive" 13644:"The Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East" 11986: 11726: 10414: 10046: 8043: 7960: 7789: 5031: 4270:, which has over 1 million members around the world, the 3932:

on anyone or their belongings is seen as a grave insult.

3650: 2825:

identify as Chaldean. They are traditionally speakers of

14186: 13625:

Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata

11956:

10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2

10983: 10981: 10756: 10744: 10634: 10632: 10617: 10426: 10351: 9334: 9332: 8347: 5294:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook

2453:

modernization movement has influenced Assyrian identity

19:"Syriac people" redirects here. Not to be confused with 14481: 13909:

The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion

12419:

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

11810: 10847: 10375: 10276: 10203: 10061: 10034: 9993: 9588: 8825:"Syriac Christians revive ancient language despite war" 8100:. Assyrian American National Federation. Archived from 7849: 7525: 5573:"Assyrian Genocide Resolution Read in Arizona Assembly" 4294:, whereas the churches of the West Syriac rite are the 3679:

subject rulers referred to their Assyrian overlords as

3564:, which accepted the profession of faith that Timothy, 3363:, whilst those in Chicago and Sydney are predominantly 3008:

A map depicting Assyrian relocation after Seyfo in 1914

14419:. London: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 276–287. 13094:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

13034:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

13009:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

12348:

The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies

11902: 11095: 11051: 11049: 10768: 10698: 10661: 10659: 9421: 8687:"Westerners join Iraqi Christian militia to 'crusade'" 7801: 7713:

Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage

7627: 5911:"Iraq's Forgotten Christians Face Exclusion in Greece" 4952:

populations, including, for comparison, Assyrians and

4223: 4215: 4203: 4022:

To the native speaker, the language is usually called

3478:

that the Syriac Christians are the descendants of the

2976:, there were also sizable populations in the towns of 2810:

dialects and are religiously diverse, adhering to the

1639:, the region eventually came under the control of the 1455:) in a greater Arab Islamic state. Those who resisted 973:. Those loanwords are the earliest attestation of any 938:) and perhaps semi-autonomous Assyrian vassal states ( 465:

for religious, geographic, and tribal identification.

14096:. Kottayam: St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute. 13141:

Chronos: Revue d'Histoire de l'Université de Balamand

10978: 10629: 9329: 9055: 8449: 7972: 7924: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7417:"Assyrians Contributions To The Islamic Civilization" 7109: 6586: 4624:

Some well known Assyrian singers in modern times are

4201:

The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is the

1814:

Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa returned to northern

1757:

Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East

14363:"Российская православная миссия в Урмии (1898–1918)" 13436:

Gaunt, David; Beṯ-Şawoce, Jan; Donef, Racho (2006).

13435: 13096:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 106–136. 12652:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 268–274. 11506:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

11059:. The Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988. 10993: 9754: 9507: 8479: 7948: 7621: 7564: 5874:. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. 5262: 5260: 5104: 3756:

is indeed ultimately derived from the Assyrian term

3695:, Assyrians and other inhabitants of the Near East, 2585:(a large region which comprises the modern towns of 2201:

in August 1933. The events lead to the expulsion of

1298:

and was not as closely aligned with Constantinople.

763:-speaking peoples, including the Assyrians, and the 59: 51: 43: 35: 14666:

Ancient and Modern Assyrians: A Scientific Analysis

14484:"La bilingue royale louvito-phénicienne de Çineköy" 14417:

Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations

14396:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326. 14187:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019). 12928:. Malden: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 599–612. 12569:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 215–232. 12350:. Vol. 1. London: Routledge. pp. 92–105. 12279: 11761:"An Ancient Empire Gets New Life — on a Food Truck" 11046: 10656: 10526: 10264: 10079: 9409: 9261: 8657:"Iraq's Christian paramilitaries split in IS fight" 8398: 8208: 8116: 6158:"Syriacs still going strong – Syriacs in Palestine" 1449:

Indigenous Assyrians became second-class citizens (

453:. Modern Assyrians may culturally self-identify as 14880:A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East 14785:. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet. pp. 201–220. 14163: 14138: 14100: 12826:"Minority Rights in Turkey: Quo Vadis, Assyrians?" 11107: 10952:Pre-marital Counselling In a Multicultural Society 10252: 9975: 9352: 7327:Arabic literature to the end of the Umayyad period 7242: 7240: 6924: 6534: 5388: 5278: 1767:for half a century, before settling in the nearby 14686:"The Assyrians: A Historical and Current Reality" 14557: 14172:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 119–148. 13531:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 41–60. 13350:. Milano: Università di Bologna. pp. 75–78. 12872: 11401:"Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World" 11286: 10393: 9677: 9675: 8743:"The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces – NPF" 8457:"Mullen's Plain Talk About U.S. Mistakes in Iraq" 7886:"A Chronicle Of The Carmelites In Persia (vol I)" 7512: 7510: 7317: 5896: 5501: 5257: 3865:, while the majority "Assyrian" faction endorses 3584:consider themselves to be descended from ancient 2723:, where an estimated 400,000 Assyrians live, and 1085:from 116 AD to 118 AD following the conquests of 1027:around the 8th century BC, being marginalized by 1000:for religious, artistic, and scholarly purposes. 676:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria 17310: 13947: 13650:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 601–620. 13196:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 359–369. 11252: 11250: 10949:Dr. Joseph Adebayo Awoyemi (14 September 2014). 10871: 9299: 9128: 9126: 8782:, Assyrian Policy Institute, p. 38 & 39 6407: 5030:. According to a 2011 study by Lashgary et al., 4810:or other holy sites in the settlement or nearby. 3896:An Assyrian child dressed in traditional clothes 3201:. There is also a sizable Assyrian community in 2461:(SUP) has become a major political actor in the 1631:After initially coming under the control of the 14238:"Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East" 14112:. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. 13970:Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur 11590:JOKOPOST | עיתון המאמרים והבלוגים המוביל בישראל 11005: 10297:"Council of Basel 1431–45 A.D. Council Fathers" 9307:"Statement on Assyrians/Syriacs in Turkey/Iraq" 8873: 7676:The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 7237: 6902:"The Persian Wars by Herodotus: Book 6 – ERATO" 6313: 5233:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 4817:and the hundreds of thousands massacred in the 4593:Assyrian music is a combination of traditional 3780:in favour of Syria being derived from Assyria. 2413:of northern Iraq, together with cities such as 1136:element in the cities, still strong during the 14595:"The Syriac Church Denominations: An Overview" 14558:Wieviorka, Michel; Bataille, Philippe (2007). 13839: 13825:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 78–88. 13577:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 41–55. 13575:Eastern Christianity in the Modern Middle East 13110: 12875:"Writing Syriac: Manuscripts and Inscriptions" 11503: 11406:. In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.). 9672: 9099: 9097: 8176:The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East 7867: 7507: 7176:Seleucia-Ctesiphon is not to be confused with 6748: 6607: 5433: 4597:and western contemporary music genres, namely 4354:following the East Syriac Rite, also known as 3715:in contrast to Assyrians who had their native 2244:Celebration at a Syriac Orthodox monastery in 1686:From Iranian Safavid to confirmed Ottoman rule 1515:where they established numerous churches. The 1495:, the Assyrians were forced into preaching in 1240:Another council held in 424 declared that the 1128:in the far south and the western deserts, and 16125: 15953: 14932: 14715:"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" 14052:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq 13036:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 93. 13011:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. p. 45. 12563:"Assyrian Genocide from a Gender Perspective" 11354:. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. . 11247: 10014:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 9815:The facts about Syrian refugees and Fairfield 9123: 6259:"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Assyrian" 5046:, found in its greatest concentration in the 4979:of Iraq, researchers identified Y chromosome 4791:Assyrians celebrating Mesopotamian New Year ( 4278:, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the 4140:exist in the Neo-Aramaic languages, with the 3945:relations between the Assyrians and Armenians 3344:, small groups of Assyrians mostly reside in 2888:The Western subgroup, historically inhabited 2457:. The largest proponent of the movement, the 1822:at the instigation of the rival Patriarch of 1206:, each of which was under the authority of a 642:Valley and the areas surrounding the city of 552:The ancestral indigenous lands that form the 14956:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 14801: 14622:Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society 14410: 14235: 12788:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 394–415. 12646:"Assyria and the West: Syria and the Levant" 11453: 10942: 10677: 10650: 10333: 9525: 9350: 8496:"Exodus of Christians hits Baghdad district" 7459:. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. 7134:6.7 p. 303, Penguin Classics, Translated by 5890: 4975:In a 2011 study focusing on the genetics of 4924:Late-20th-century DNA analysis conducted by 3992:The Neo-Aramaic languages, which are in the 3916: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3402: 2782:The Eastern subgroup historically inhabited 2719:Sizable Assyrian populations only remain in 2153:. The Parachute Company was attached to the 1916: 1596: 1202:was also used. Dioceses were organised into 13802:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. pp. 30–33. 13554:. London-New York: Routledge. p. 517. 13132:Donabed, Sargon G.; Mako, Shamiran (2009). 13131: 13111:Donabed, Sargon G.; Donabed, Ninos (2006). 12668: 12178: 11934: 11888:. Princeton University Press. p. 243. 11735: 11632: 11478: 10514: 10345: 10321: 10005: 9611: 9094: 8955: 8953: 8932:Syriacs establish military council in Syria 8555: 8553: 8238:"Contested nations: Iraq and the Assyrians" 7966: 7666: 7330:. Cambridge University Press. p. 501. 6545:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 206. 6285:"The ethnic origin of Christians in Israel" 4305:A small minority of Assyrians accepted the 4138:loanwords from the aforementioned languages 865:The Assyrian people, after the fall of the 89:World distribution of the Assyrian diaspora 16132: 16118: 15960: 15946: 14939: 14925: 14309: 14288: 14221:(2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 14145:The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization 12713: 12459: 12445: 12344:"The Term Seyfo in Historical Perspective" 11882:; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). 11710:. syrianorthodoxchurch.org. Archived from 11222: 10859: 10798: 10786: 10451:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies 10394:Simon (oratorien), Richard (3 July 1684). 10369: 10195:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9783: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8909:. ARA News. 7 October 2016. Archived from 8827:. ARA News. 19 August 2016. Archived from 8786: 8280: 7776:Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana 7582:According to Georges Roux and Simo Parpola 6543:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C 5908: 5902: 5807:"Lebanon | Assyrian Policy Institute" 4821:. It is commemorated annually on August 7. 3908:. There are also secular holidays such as 2145:, eleven Assyrian companies saw action in 2122:, established numerous villages along the 1171:despite becoming, from the 8th century, a 83: 69: 16440:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 15967: 14522: 14467: 14447: 14433: 13930:The Assyrians: From Nineveh to Södertälje 13793: 13615: 13591: 13411: 13371:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 13173:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 12675:The Church of the East: A Concise History 12622: 12509:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12413: 12400: 12256: 12246: 12109: 12099: 12047: 12037: 11855: 11789: 11101: 10810: 10499: 10432: 10420: 10357: 10234: 10082:"Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism" 10055: 9178: 8654: 8204:. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 7795: 7752: 7645: 7357: 7147: 6870:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6742: 6569:For Assyrians as a Christian people, see 6379:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 6314:Fenger-Grøndahl, Af Malene (1 May 2017). 4882:, as well as being very similar to other 4766: 4754: 4105:. Historically many Assyrians also spoke 1763:until 1089, when he moved to the city of 1655:. He spent some time in Persia under the 1210:. Six such areas were instituted in 410. 1042: 869:in 609 BC, were under the control of the 16264:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 13926: 13902: 13621:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation" 13474: 13052: 13027: 13002: 12972:The Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 12832:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 99–120. 12809:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 12506:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World 12480:The Assyrian Australian Academic Journal 12473: 12133: 12131: 12129: 11885:The History and Geography of Human Genes 11700: 11057:The Aramaic Dialect of the Jews of Zakho 11037: 10638: 10282: 10040: 10016:. Oxford University Press. p. 119. 9681: 8950: 8550: 8403:. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289. 8055: 8037: 6261:. Statistics New Zealand. Archived from 4858: 4786: 4684: 4577: 4253: 3980: 3891: 3654: 3445: 3435: 3424: 3264:Small Assyrian communities are found in 3094: 3003: 2995: 2768:Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 2737: 2513: 2493: 2293: 2239: 2179: 2073: 2002: 1931: 1920: 1840: 1699: 1614: 1474: 1349: 1212: 1124:was a mixed one, composed of Assyrians, 1046: 789: 775:(2335–2154 BC). The cities of Assur and 710: 692: 494: 14865:BetNahrain – Assyrian Center in Armenia 14741: 14712: 14601:. London: Routledge. pp. 119–133. 14592: 14508:. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library. 14258: 14046: 13996:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 63–71. 13888: 13874: 13816: 13187: 13166: 12965: 12944: 12881:. London: Routledge. pp. 243–265. 12868:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co. 12858: 12823: 12523: 12502: 12341: 12213: 11746:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IX, Fasc. 6 11508:. Transaction Publishers. p. 268. 11441: 11180: 11125: 10987: 10716: 10704: 10444: 10381: 10294: 10067: 9999: 9987: 9850: 9338: 9158: 9034: 8984: 8883:. The Syrian Observer. 3 October 2016. 8590: 8310: 8235: 8143: 7942: 7855: 7543: 7521:. Oxford University Press. p. 219. 7479: 7323: 6954: 6952: 6540: 6377:In the world of Sumer: an autobiography 6185:"Learning the language of Jesus Christ" 5661: 5290: 5179:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 4833: 3663:and Mesopotamia in the 1st century AD, 2537:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 2463:Democratic Federation of Northern Syria 1936:The burning of bodies of Assyrian women 1446:were of Assyrian Christian background. 17311: 14776: 14683: 14638: 14578: 14538: 14443:. Vol. 2. London: Tilt and Bogue. 14086: 14022: 13973:. Berlin-New York: Walter de Gruyter. 13963: 13846:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 13769: 13739: 13709: 13641: 13568: 13545: 13501: 13364: 13073: 12802: 12779: 12692: 12469:. Vol. 2. London: John W. Parker. 12455:. Vol. 1. London: John W. Parker. 12364: 12069: 12067: 11758: 11636:Monks and Monasteries of the Near East 11025:from the original on 21 September 2018 10822: 10750: 10665: 10592: 10270: 10247:Gesenius & Prideaux-Tregelles 1859 9427: 8621: 8559: 8508:from the original on 24 September 2015 8298:from the original on 27 September 2011 8214:Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281 8197: 8122: 8025: 7954: 7930: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7770:Chaldaeorum ecclesiae Musal Patriarcha 7679:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 255. 7633: 7570: 7531: 7454: 7115: 7097:from the original on 29 September 2018 7057:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture 6946:, Chicago University Press, 1959, p.39 6863: 6794: 6592: 6473: 6374: 6251: 5933: 5708:70,000 Syriac Christians according to 5686: 5266: 3771:). According to Tsereteli, however, a 3651:Assyrian vs. Syrian naming controversy 2746:In Tur Abdin, a traditional centre of 2712:. The Assyrians in Syria did not have 1992: 1479:Assyrian Church of Our Virgin Lady in 1077:. Much of the region would become the 885:soldiers for the Persian Empire under 854:territories. The rise and rule of the 16:Ethnic group indigenous to Mesopotamia 16999: 16891: 16713: 16588: 16161: 16113: 15941: 14920: 14820: 14729:from the original on 5 September 2022 14700:from the original on 27 February 2022 14669:. Philadelphia: Xlibris Corporation. 14648:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14501: 14214: 13987: 13676: 13627:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114. 13397: 13348:Ideologies as Intercultural Phenomena 13087: 12919: 12895: 12873:Briquel-Chatonnet, Françoise (2019). 12749:BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). 12736:from the original on 27 February 2008 12678:. London-New York: Routledge-Curzon. 12560: 12126: 12073: 12011: 11398: 11138:from the original on 20 December 2019 11113: 11092:. Cambridge University Press, London. 10402:from the original on 17 November 2020 10303:from the original on 17 November 2020 10295:Fathers, Council (14 December 1431). 10258: 10162: 10011: 9924:from the original on 10 November 2001 9684:The Assyrians: Fifty Years in Swedenq 9557:A Short World History of Christianity 9513: 9415: 9397:from the original on 28 November 2020 9223:from the original on 21 December 2019 9196:from the original on 21 December 2019 9061: 8792: 8777: 8358:from the original on 3 September 2016 8268:from the original on 19 February 2018 8085: 8049: 7978: 7874:ex typographia Bartholomaei Zannetti. 7723: 7672: 7516: 7396:from the original on 24 November 2020 7324:Beeston, Alfred Felix Landon (1983). 7204:(New York: Carroll & Graf, 2005). 7047: 6730:from the original on 17 November 2020 6691:from the original on 16 February 2022 6525: 6182: 6027: 5848:from the original on 14 December 2022 5702: 5553:from the original on 18 December 2019 3474:claimed during their travels through 3036:During the eras of Mongol rule under 2773: 2758:. Most Assyrians currently reside in 2038: 954:Modern Assyrian derives from ancient 946:in the region in the 3rd century AD. 17293: 17235:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 14719:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14690:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14662: 14615: 14532:Dictionnaire de théologie catholique 14387: 14360: 14348:from the original on 10 October 2017 14271:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14139:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2011) . 14126:from the original on 15 January 2023 14010:from the original on 15 January 2023 13862:from the original on 15 January 2023 13752:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13722:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13697:from the original on 15 January 2023 13664:from the original on 15 January 2023 13522: 13484:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13385:from the original on 15 January 2023 13338: 13321:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13308: 13291:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 13278: 13266:from the original on 5 February 2021 13230: 13210: 13194:Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context 13154:from the original on 27 January 2021 12846:from the original on 15 January 2023 12723:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12643: 12583: 12388:from the original on 15 January 2023 11981:intermixture with other populations. 11633:Leroy, Jules; Collin, Peter (2004). 11328:An album of dated Syriac manuscripts 11268:from the original on 11 January 2020 11204:from the original on 10 October 2017 10890:from the original on 10 October 2017 10774: 10762: 10623: 10605:from the original on 18 October 2019 10574:from the original on 19 October 2019 10144:from the original on 14 October 2007 10118:from the original on 26 January 2021 9796:from the original on 17 October 2013 9495:from the original on 20 January 2023 9377: 9267: 9140:from the original on 8 February 2020 8972:from the original on 29 October 2019 8959: 8689:. World Bulletin. 18 February 2015. 8655:Henderson, Peter (30 October 2014). 8538:from the original on 16 January 2008 8528:"Church Bombings in Iraq Since 2004" 7778:(Rome 1725), vol. 3, part 1, p. 661) 7603:from the original on 10 October 2017 7225:from the original on 7 December 2018 7132:A shameful peace concluded by Jovian 6949: 6930: 6631:from the original on 8 December 2012 6424:from the original on 10 October 2017 6326:from the original on 16 October 2021 6295:from the original on 22 January 2019 6164:from the original on 7 November 2022 6009:from the original on 16 October 2021 5953:from the original on 10 October 2017 5835: 5817:from the original on 16 October 2021 5769:from the original on 17 October 2013 5451:from the original on 15 January 2020 5376:from the original on 20 January 2017 5346:from the original on 11 January 2020 3917: 3870: 3861: 3852: 2920:was centred in two monasteries near 2764:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2053:was an uprising by the Assyrians in 889:, playing a significant role in the 111:Regions with significant populations 17283: 14946: 14312:"The Terms Assyria and Syria Again" 14164:Murre van den Berg, Heleen (2015). 14029:The Roman Empire and Its Neighbours 13898:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. 13884:. Vol. 1. London: John Murray. 12968:"The Church of the East since 1914" 12604: 12590:. Leiden: Leiden University Press. 12064: 11783: 11639:. Gorgias Press. pp. 166–167. 11225:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 11013:"Akkadian Words in Modern Assyrian" 10999: 10494:"Syriac Universal Alliance". 2003. 9159:McBride, Julian (4 February 2023). 9007:from the original on 14 August 2020 8857:. 24 September 2016. Archived from 8795:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin" 8603:from the original on 10 August 2020 8467:from the original on 8 January 2009 8173: 7774:Giuseppe Simone Assemani (editor), 6455:from the original on 4 October 2022 6417:. The University of Chicago Press. 5878:from the original on 3 January 2023 4886:and Caucasian cuisines, as well as 3508: 3355:To note, the Assyrians residing in 2428:In response to the Islamic State's 2381:Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy 2290:2008 attacks on Christians in Mosul 1847:massacre of Armenians and Assyrians 879:Neo-Babylonian or "Chaldean" Empire 13: 14789:from the original on 25 April 2022 14764:from the original on 23 April 2021 14585:The Assyrians and Their Neighbours 14151:from the original on 26 March 2023 14050:(1983). "Assyrians and Arameans". 13821:. In Casiday, Augustine M. (ed.). 13117:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing. 13114:Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts 13040:from the original on 1 August 2021 13015:from the original on 17 April 2022 12656:from the original on 17 April 2022 12631:from the original on 26 March 2021 12490:from the original on 30 April 2015 12328:Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1023–1034. 11844:American Journal of Human Genetics 11622:from the original on 1 March 2011. 11536:from the original on 1 August 2019 10530:Minority Rights in the Middle East 10475:from the original on 23 April 2021 9824:by SSI News Blog, 23 February 2017 9543:This History of the Medieval World 9385:"Who are the Chaldean Christians?" 8693:from the original on 14 April 2019 8622:Nelson, Steven (6 February 2015). 8004:from the original on 7 August 2017 7734:from the original on 21 April 2023 7622:Gaunt, Beṯ-Şawoce & Donef 2006 7414: 7305:from the original on 15 April 2023 7141: 6994:from the original on 18 April 2023 6912:from the original on 13 April 2018 6845:from the original on 16 April 2021 6801:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 6776:from the original on 18 April 2023 6492:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x 6356:from the original on 30 March 2021 6030:"Die christlichen Assyrer zu Wien" 5921:from the original on 30 March 2019 5527:from the original on 25 April 2020 5406:from the original on 23 April 2023 5010:has been measured at 15.09% among 4920:Genetic history of the Middle East 4274:, with about 600,000 members, the 4073:There is a considerable amount of 2268:Ba'ath government for many years. 1946:Assyrian struggle for independence 1724:. Non-Muslims were organised into 1712:plain village of Geogtapa, c. 1831 1619:A map of the Aramaic language and 787:, in the 21st or 20th century BC. 76:Ethnic flag used by most Assyrians 14: 17380: 14978:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 14846: 14806:. Berghahn Books. pp. 1–32. 14411:Schniedewind, William M. (2002). 13819:"The Assyrian Church of the East" 13442:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 13407:. London: Williams & Norgate. 13059:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 12990:from the original on 7 March 2021 12932:from the original on 8 April 2022 12074:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 12012:Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). 11596:from the original on 22 July 2019 11556:"Crypto-Assyrians: Who are they?" 11530:"Muslim Assyrians? Who are they?" 11235:from the original on 10 July 2019 10593:Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). 10080:Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003). 9954:from the original on 29 July 2019 9560:by Robert Bruce Mullin, pp. 82–85 9107:. 10 October 2014. Archived from 8960:Safi, Marlo (25 September 2018). 8805:from the original on 10 July 2019 8667:from the original on 4 March 2016 8636:from the original on 24 July 2022 8572:from the original on 1 April 2015 7130:The Later Roman Empire (354–378) 6195:from the original on 23 July 2019 6040:from the original on 24 June 2019 5999:"Assyrische Bevölkerung weltweit" 5979:from the original on 4 March 2016 5909:Tzilivakis, Kathy (10 May 2003). 5643:from the original on 4 March 2020 5613:from the original on 23 July 2020 5583:from the original on 7 March 2020 4170:and shares similarities with the 3959:is quite common, most notably in 3505:, a label rejected by Assyrians. 3332:has a small number of Assyrians. 2910:Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch 2430:invasion of the Assyrian homeland 2368:, a neighborhood in southwestern 2157:and were involved in fighting in 2069: 1274:, also known as Jacobites, after 1198:of the East. Later, the title of 732:sites in Assyria belonged to the 513:Assyrians are almost exclusively 17339:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 17292: 17282: 17272: 17263: 17262: 16568:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 16142: 15920: 15908: 15865:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 15018: 15007: 14996: 14890:Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects 14852: 14413:"The Rise of the Aramean States" 13646:. In Leustean, Lucian N. (ed.). 12317: 12273: 12005: 11872: 11831: 11752: 11676: 11653: 11626: 11608: 11578: 11566:from the original on 3 July 2019 11548: 11522: 11504:G. Hovannisian, Richard (2011). 11497: 11472: 11447: 11392: 11366: 11357: 11341: 11317: 11292: 11216: 11150: 11119: 11078: 11062: 10969: 10933: 10920: 10902: 10865: 10828: 10722: 10678:Nigel Wilson (31 October 2013). 10671: 10586: 10554: 10520: 10487: 10438: 10387: 10288: 10156: 10130: 10104: 10092:from the original on 4 July 2008 10073: 9936: 9910: 9884: 9875: 9827: 9808: 9745: 9736: 9727: 9700: 9682:Lundgren, Svante (15 May 2019). 9663: 9563: 9549: 9535: 9477: 9468: 9459: 9447:from the original on 11 May 2023 9433: 9344: 9273: 9235: 9152: 9085: 9076: 9067: 9041:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 9028: 9019: 8925: 8899: 8887:from the original on 14 May 2021 8843: 8817: 8771: 8735: 8705: 8679: 8648: 8615: 8584: 8560:Burger, John (4 December 2014). 8520: 8488: 8417: 8399:Certrez; Donabed; Makko (2012). 8392: 8370: 8340: 8259:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2000.00363.x 8229: 8217: 8191: 8182: 8167: 8158: 8152: 8137: 8128: 8091: 7984: 7900: 7878: 7861: 7763: 7746: 7717: 7709:"Maphrian Catholicos [Syr. Orth. 7693: 7673:Parry, Kenneth (15 April 2008). 7639: 7585: 7576: 7445:Vol.1, A-K, Index, 2006, p. 304. 6442: 6064:Federal State Statistics Service 5471:Syria: Assyrian Policy Institute 5107: 5014:. The haplogroup is frequent in 4535: 4514:Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows 4506: 4471: 4437: 4407: 4070:, are spoken by Assyrian Jews. 3687:corruption of the original term 3221:, Assyrians are mostly found in 2205:the Catholicos Patriarch of the 2110:period, some Assyrians, fleeing 1335: 1175:in their homeland following the 17349:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 17047:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 16470:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 16460:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 16199:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 14319:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13840:Laing-Marshall, Andrea (2005). 13794:Kalpakian, Jack Vahram (2011). 13475:Gewargis, Odisho Malko (2002). 13240:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 13053:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004). 12526:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 11759:Mandel, Pam (5 December 2017). 11671:United States Naval Observatory 11458:. Berghahn Books. p. 109. 11376:. Adherents.com. Archived from 10874:"The Assyrian Academic Society" 9944:"CHALDEAN FLAG ... from A to Z" 9918:"Syriac-Aramaic People (Syria)" 9645:"American FactFinder – Results" 9441:"FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey" 8591:Jeffrey, Paul (29 April 2016). 8198:Wigram, William Ainger (1920). 7537: 7473: 7448: 7431: 7408: 7351: 7287: 7278: 7260: 7207: 7191: 7170: 7121: 7083: 7031: 7015: 7006: 6976: 6936: 6894: 6885: 6857: 6825: 6816: 6788: 6716: 6703: 6673: 6643: 6613: 6563: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6467: 6436: 6401: 6368: 6338: 6307: 6277: 6226: 6207: 6183:Shams, Alex (2 November 2015). 6176: 6150: 6124: 6106: 6077: 6052: 6021: 5991: 5965: 5860: 5836:Miri, Adhid (27 January 2021). 5829: 5799: 5781: 5751: 5726: 5699:(archived link, 8 October 2011) 5674:from the original on 9 May 2018 5655: 5625: 5595: 5565: 5539: 5513: 5482: 5463: 5297:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 5245:from the original on 3 May 2019 5207: 5034:has been measured at 40% among 3808:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3671:As early as the 8th century BC 2992:as well as some other villages. 2802:, and parts of the Nineveh and 2704:and a few other small towns in 2489: 2323:Coalition Provisional Authority 2279: 2106:" in northern Iraq. During the 1747:. The latter were organised by 1065:History of Eastern Christianity 646:in Syria by 2015, and from the 16330:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 15531:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 15394:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 14196:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 14110:The Christian Heritage of Iraq 13912:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. 13715:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?" 12905:. London-New York: Routledge. 12672:; Winkler, Dietmar W. (2003). 12503:Andrade, Nathanael J. (2013). 11304:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 10928:American Journal of Psychology 10681:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece 9894:. Crwflags.com. Archived from 9546:by Susan Wise Bauer, pg. 85–87 9351:Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). 8719:. 7 March 2015. Archived from 8485:Henderson & Tucker, p. 19. 8161:Not Even My Name: A True Story 6474:Hanish, Shak (22 March 2008). 6028:Özkan, Duygu (31 March 2012). 5358: 5332: 5311: 5226: 5144:Assyrian independence movement 4992: 4799:, April 1st 2019) in Nohadra ( 4378:following the West Syriac Rite 4133:) and Armenia still do today. 4046:, a derivative of the ancient 3091:Assyrian population by country 3053:massacres of Diyarbakır (1895) 3029:continued during the reign of 3012: 2434:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 2298:Assyrian Genocide Memorial in 2173:Iraqi forces at the battle of 1696:Massacres of Diyarbakir (1895) 1491:was punishable by death under 1442:dynasty. Many scholars of the 1023:, began to decline during the 688:History of the Assyrian people 652:Nineveh Plain Protection Units 650:in Iraq by 2017. In 2014, the 488:of West Asia and the language 1: 16589: 15275:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 14885:Traditional Assyrian Costumes 14588:. London: G. Bell & Sons. 14032:. New York: Delacorte Press. 13284:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 13236:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms" 12611:Journal of Universal Language 11790:Edelstein, Sari, ed. (2011). 11483:. Berghahn Books. p. 2. 11454:N. Shirinian, George (2017). 11374:"Assyrian Church of the East" 10836:Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk 10739:s:History of Herodotus/Book 7 9686:. Nineveh Press. p. 14. 9217:"Iran: Last of the Assyrians" 9035:Sherman (13 September 2013). 7912:, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 2000 p. 80 7896:– via Internet Archive. 7519:Legal Traditions of the World 7443:Medieval Islamic Civilization 7439:Philosophy in the Middle Ages 6944:History of the Persian Empire 6480:Digest of Middle East Studies 5897:Wieviorka & Bataille 2007 5603:"Arizona HCR2006 – TrackBill" 5220: 4400: 4166:directly descending from the 3970: 2733:Assyrian population in Turkey 1718:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) 1184:Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon 988:was preserved by the ancient 984:From 1700 BC and onward, the 537:, along with Jews, Arameans, 17369:Oriental Orthodoxy in Turkey 16826:in ISIL-controlled territory 16714: 15885:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 15860:Assyrian Democratic Movement 14875:A virtual Assyria: Cyberland 14593:Winkler, Dietmar W. (2019). 14463:: 163–174, 246–251, 276–280. 13933:. Södertälje: Tigris Press. 13823:The Orthodox Christian World 13642:Hunter, Erica C. D. (2014). 13365:Frazee, Charles A. (2006) . 12248:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252 12156:10.3109/03014460.2010.535562 12101:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 12039:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408 11684:"AUA Release March 26, 2006" 10563:אנחנו לא ערבים - אנחנו ארמים 10012:Cross, Frank Leslie (2005). 9786:"Brief History of Assyrians" 9571:"Nestorian (Christian sect)" 9455:– via www.reuters.com. 9287:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 9249:(in Turkish). 6 October 2023 8778:Hanna, Reine (1 June 2020), 8629:U.S. News & World Report 8144:Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). 6375:Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). 6234:"Brief History of Assyrians" 5868:"Canada Census Profile 2021" 5838:"Chaldeans in Europe Part V" 5759:"Brief History of Assyrians" 4719: 4262:Assyrians belong to various 4224: 4216: 4204: 4009:Assyrian dialect of Akkadian 3466:. Although at the same time 3334:Assyrians in the Netherlands 3087:List of Assyrian settlements 2258:Assyrian Democratic Movement 1853:, Ottoman Empire, April 1909 1267:, king), meaning royalists. 881:in 539 BC. Assyrians became 877:, which consumed the entire 517:, with most adhering to the 60: 52: 44: 36: 7: 17364:Oriental Orthodoxy in Syria 17000: 16892: 16737:Council of Representatives 16475:Weapons of mass destruction 16162: 15870:Assyrian Universal Alliance 15096:Assyrian Church of the East 15071:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 15065:Assyrian Evangelical Church 14988:Terms for Syriac Christians 14830:. Oxford University Press. 14310:Rollinger, Robert (2006b). 13817:Kitchen, Robert A. (2012). 13601:. Atlanta: Scholars Press. 13188:Donabed, Sargon G. (2017). 13167:Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). 13028:Coakley, James F. (2011b). 13003:Coakley, James F. (2011a). 12951:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 12699:. London-New York: Tauris. 12474:Al-Jeloo, Nicholas (1999). 11708:"Three Day Fast of Nineveh" 11592:(in Hebrew). 18 July 2019. 11479:O. Barthoma, Soner (2017). 8793:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015). 7727:The Lesser Eastern Churches 5872:Census Profile, 2021 Census 5662:Nyheter, SVT (9 May 2018). 5291:Simmons, Mary Kate (1998). 5149:Assyrian Universal Alliance 5100: 4913: 4660:. Assyrian-Australian band 4334:Assyrian Church of the East 4319:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 4315:Assyrian Evangelical Church 4288:Assyrian Church of the East 4276:Assyrian Church of the East 4243: 3998:Afroasiatic language family 3568:of the Aramaic speakers in 3359:and Russia tend to be from 3074: 2944:, Miden, Arnas, Beth Debe, 2522: 2207:Assyrian Church of the East 2149:and another four served in 2088:Turkish War of Independence 1875:Assyrian Church of the East 1735:, commonly referred to as " 1386:to Syriac and afterward to 949: 812:Assyrian Church of the East 433:, a geographical region in 10: 17385: 17359:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq 17354:Oriental Orthodoxy in Iran 16465:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 15880:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 15102:Ancient Church of the East 14539:Travis, Hannibal (2010) . 14236:O'Mahony, Anthony (2006). 14102:Murre van den Berg, Heleen 13955:(Abstract). Archived from 13758:(1): 70–76. Archived from 13728:(2): 37–43. Archived from 13490:(1): 77–95. Archived from 13462:Prideaux-Tregelles, Samuel 13327:(1): 69–70. Archived from 13297:(2): 30–36. Archived from 12966:Coakley, James F. (1996). 12945:Coakley, James F. (1992). 12693:Baumer, Christoph (2006). 12374:. Amherst: Cambria Press. 12334: 12199:10.1163/157338406780345899 11880:Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 11765:Jewish in Seattle Magazine 11223:Carl Drott (25 May 2015). 10955:. Lulu.com. pp. 75–. 10684:. Routledge. p. 652. 10459:10.31826/9781463238933-014 7517:Glenn, H. Patrick (2007). 7202:Ahmad's War, Ahmad's Peace 6838:World History Encyclopedia 6760:Oxford University Press US 4917: 4880:Iraqi/Mesopotamian cuisine 4852: 4848: 4837: 4678: 4621:), and other instruments. 4570:Assyrian/Syriac folk music 4567: 4338:Ancient Church of the East 4292:Ancient Church of the East 4280:Ancient Church of the East 4247: 4152: 4000:, ultimately descend from 3974: 3885: 3881: 3798:, uncovered from Çineköy, 3733:rule from 323 BC the name 3602:, named after the ancient 3515:Names of Syriac Christians 3512: 3406: 3084: 3078: 2731:, and a small but growing 2526: 2283: 2042: 1996: 1939: 1759:. The Maphrian resided at 1689: 1600: 1339: 1058: 814:, they are descended from 696: 685: 681: 18: 17258: 17157: 17012: 17008: 16995: 16900: 16887: 16722: 16709: 16597: 16584: 16405: 16322: 16174: 16170: 16157: 15975: 15903: 15850: 15721: 15553: 15544: 15457: 15386: 15293: 15234: 15217: 15174: 15115: 15080: 15043: 15032: 14994: 14965: 14954: 14277:(2): 5–22. Archived from 14215:Nisan, Mordechai (2002). 13927:Lundgren, Svante (2016). 12342:Abdalla, Michael (2017). 10550:– via Google Books. 10410:– via Google Books. 9001:Assyrian Policy Institute 8763:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 7689:– via Google Books. 7646:Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). 7544:Winkler, Dietmar (2009). 7480:Bennett, Clinton (2005). 7379:10.1163/22118993-90000037 7148:Etheredge, Laura (2011). 6864:Düring, Bleda S. (2020). 6408:A. Leo Oppenheim (1964). 5427:Assyrian Policy Institute 5194:World Council of Arameans 4445:Mar Assia al-Hakim Church 4198:from the 1st century AD. 4148: 3403:Identity and subdivisions 3383:intake. The Assyrians in 3099:Assyrian world population 2869:, they live scattered in 2360:aimed at Assyrians & 2286:Assyrian exodus from Iraq 1917:World War I and aftermath 1805:De Dogmatibus Chaldaeorum 1597:Mongolian and Turkic rule 1372:Muslim conquest of Persia 1346:Muslim conquest of Persia 1220:(Dayro d-Mor Mattai) in, 1177:Muslim conquest of Persia 1147:Along with the Arameans, 810:In the traditions of the 718:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 396: 391: 358: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 289: 281: 273: 265: 257: 249: 241: 233: 225: 217: 209: 201: 193: 185: 177: 164: 156: 148: 136: 128: 115: 110: 99: 94: 82: 68: 16816:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 16727:Administrative divisions 15400:Muslim conquest of Syria 15090:Chaldean Catholic Church 14663:Yana, George V. (2008). 14616:Wolk, Daniel P. (2008). 14376:: 73–112. Archived from 14141:"Syriac Orthodox Church" 13569:Healey, John F. (2010). 13508:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13421:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. 13216:"Assyriens ou Araméens?" 12920:Butts, Aaron M. (2017). 12824:Beitrag, Onders (2012). 12803:Becker, Adam H. (2015). 12780:Becker, Adam H. (2008). 12751:Assyrians of New Britain 12476:"Who are the Assyrians?" 11742:"FESTIVALS ix. Assyrian" 10562: 10398:. Chez Frederic Arnaud. 9990:, p. IX-X, 38, 241. 9606:Swedish Language Council 8236:Zubaida, S (July 2000). 7783:19 December 2019 at the 7358:Contadini, Anna (2003). 7272:Encyclopaedia Britannica 7253:Encyclopaedia Britannica 5633:"HCR2006 – 542R – I Ver" 5370:www.culturalsurvival.org 5200: 4692:in an Assyrian party in 4674: 4667:The first international 4563: 4487:Chaldean Catholic Church 4479:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 4352:Chaldean Catholic Church 4284:Chaldean Catholic Church 4272:Chaldean Catholic Church 4002:Late Old Eastern Aramaic 3294:London Borough of Ealing 3243:West Bloomfield Township 2892:. They mainly speak the 2857:. In Syria they live in 2827:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2808:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic 2766:, in a 2013 report by a 2333:and began a process of " 1867:Chaldean Catholic Church 1788:Rabban Hormizd Monastery 1739:", and followers of the 1682:hands from 1501 and on. 1390:. They also excelled in 1382:by translating works of 1320:and the wife of Emperor 1282:, which has adopted the 1116:. The population of the 992:and Assyrians only as a 664:Syrian Democratic Forces 17344:Ethnic groups in Turkey 16375:Mandate for Mesopotamia 16249:First Babylonian Empire 15927:Christianity portal 15890:Syriac Military Council 15489:Massacres of Diyarbekir 15424:Principality of Antioch 15377:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 15184:Assyrian folk/pop music 14742:Yildiz, Efrem (2000b). 14713:Yildiz, Efrem (2000a). 13683:. Münster: LIT Verlag. 13677:Jakob, Joachim (2014). 13502:Gzella, Holger (2015). 12865:The World's Inhabitants 12644:Bagg, Ariel M. (2017). 12624:10.22425/jul.2004.5.1.1 12605:Bae, Chul-hyun (2004). 12281:of human populations". 11998:5 November 2015 at the 10910:"The Assyrian New Year" 10825:, p. 89, 206, 233. 10515:Donabed & Mako 2009 10445:Akopian, Arman (2017). 10346:Baum & Winkler 2003 10322:Baum & Winkler 2003 9976:Murre van den Berg 2015 9774:, The America Spectator 8246:Nations and Nationalism 8063:"The Old Assyrian Flag" 7967:Baum & Winkler 2003 7868:Pietro Strozzi (1617). 7742:– via Wikisource. 7704:22 October 2020 at the 7215:"Definition of melkite" 6541:Minahan, James (2002). 6219:24 October 2019 at the 6100:28 October 2020 at the 6089:1 November 2020 at the 5495:28 October 2020 at the 5476:31 October 2020 at the 5279:Murre van den Berg 2011 5213:(ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ, Sūrāyē/Sūrōyē) 4944:In a 2006 study of the 4549:located in the city of 4264:Christian denominations 3723:east of the Euphrates. 3560:. This happened at the 3105: more than 500,000 2918:Syriac Orthodox culture 2533:List of Assyrian tribes 2476:Syriac Military Council 2235:Iraqi/Syrian Christians 1809:Lesser Eastern Churches 1769:Monastery of Mar Mattai 1704:Mar Elias (Eliya), the 1580:massacres of Diyarbakır 1404:Eutychius of Alexandria 1280:Eastern Orthodox Church 1259:(451), which condemned 1251:(431), which condemned 1013:Assyrian and Babylonian 736:culture c. 7100 BC and 17334:Ethnic groups in Syria 16534:Insurgency (2011–2013) 16455:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 16259:Middle Assyrian Empire 15645:Al-Hasakah Governorate 15483:Massacres of Badr Khan 15257:Middle Assyrian Empire 15059:Syriac Catholic Church 15053:Syriac Orthodox Church 14777:Yildiz, Efrem (2012). 14684:Yildiz, Efrem (1999). 14580:Wigram, William Ainger 14528:"L'Église nestorienne" 14457:The Spirit of Missions 13598:Studies in Neo-Aramaic 13314:"Reply to John Joseph" 12926:A Companion to Assyria 12650:A Companion to Assyria 11287:Briquel-Chatonnet 2019 10872:ASSYRIANS OF CHICAGO. 10838:, Moscow: Nauka, 1964. 10165:A companion to Assyria 10163:Frahm, Eckart (2017). 9870:Wayne State University 9595:Demographics of Sweden 8937:6 October 2014 at the 8378:"The Anfal Offensives" 7908:"Myth vs. Reality" to 7550:. LIT Verlag Münster. 6798:A Companion to Assyria 5941:"2011 Armenian Census" 5738:ChristianHeadlines.com 5326:2 January 2012 at the 4867: 4807: 4696: 4669:Aramaic Music Festival 4607:electronic dance music 4590: 4376:Syriac Catholic Church 4362:Syriac Orthodox Church 4307:Protestant Reformation 4300:Syriac Catholic Church 4296:Syriac Orthodox Church 4268:Syriac Orthodox Church 4259: 4075:mutual intelligibility 3989: 3955:between Assyrians and 3897: 3668: 3659:The proximity between 3454: 3443: 3433: 3276:in the United States, 3131: 3129: less than 10,000 3049:massacres of Badr Khan 3009: 3001: 2914:Syriac Catholic Church 2908:churches, such as the 2904:). Most adhere to the 2863:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2743: 2706:Al-Hasakah Governorate 2519: 2511: 2465:. In August 2016, the 2407:Islamic Fundamentalist 2306: 2249: 2190: 2083: 2008: 1937: 1929: 1854: 1773:Patriarch of Tur Abdin 1741:Syriac Orthodox Church 1713: 1692:Massacres of Badr Khan 1628: 1484: 1367: 1272:Syriac Orthodox Church 1242:Catholicos of the East 1237: 1056: 1043:Early Christian period 975:Indo-European language 856:Middle Assyrian Empire 807: 759:united all the native 722: 510: 17329:Ethnic groups in Iraq 17324:Ethnic groups in Iran 16821:in post-invasion Iraq 16527:U.S. troop withdrawal 16289:Neo-Babylonian Empire 15969:Ethnic groups in Iran 15513:Independence movement 15269:Post-imperial Assyria 15245:Early Assyrian period 14477:. New York: Appleton. 14388:Sato, Noriko (2018). 14361:Садо, Стефан (1996). 13546:Hanish, Shak (2015). 12922:"Assyrian Christians" 12584:Atto, Naures (2011). 12561:Atman, Sabri (2018). 12461:Ainsworth, William F. 12447:Ainsworth, William F. 12415:Ainsworth, William F. 12187:Iran and the Caucasus 11416:University of Ostrava 11399:Boháč, Artur (2010). 10222:Catholic Encyclopedia 9839:6 August 2018 at the 9038:The West in the World 9003:. 30 September 2018. 8461:National Public Radio 8388:on 28 September 2011. 8225:Blood Sweat and Tears 7455:Brague, Rémi (2009). 7427:on 27 September 2013. 6578:13 March 2018 at the 5174:Neo-Aramaic languages 4918:Further information: 4862: 4790: 4688: 4581: 4415:Mor Hananyo Monastery 4403:Assyrian Christianity 4257: 3984: 3977:Neo-Aramaic languages 3895: 3665:Alain Manesson Mallet 3658: 3472:George Thomas Bettany 3464:William Ainger Wigram 3449: 3439: 3428: 3407:Further information: 3111: 100,000–500,000 3098: 3007: 2999: 2924:(west of Tur Abdin), 2741: 2517: 2497: 2364:). In places such as 2311:2003 Invasion of Iraq 2297: 2243: 2183: 2155:Royal Marine Commando 2077: 2006: 1935: 1924: 1844: 1703: 1618: 1601:Further information: 1478: 1353: 1340:Further information: 1308:Neo-Aramaic languages 1216: 1186:, the capital of the 1059:Further information: 1050: 871:Neo-Babylonian Empire 793: 714: 693:Pre-Christian history 613:2003 invasion of Iraq 607:The emergence of the 556:are those of ancient 498: 443:Ancient Mesopotamians 360:Neo-Aramaic languages 140:200,000–877,000 (pre- 16770:Council of Ministers 16652:Mesopotamian Marshes 15189:Music of Mesopotamia 15136:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 15131:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 14861:at Wikimedia Commons 14618:"Assyrian Americans" 14502:Tezel, Aziz (2003). 14291:Die Welt des Orients 14284:on 28 November 2007. 13988:Makko, Aryo (2012). 13088:Demir, Sara (2017). 12984:10.7227/BJRL.78.3.14 11696:on 19 November 2011. 11562:. 28 November 2016. 11532:. 23 November 2016. 11085:Maclean, Arthur John 10453:. pp. 217–222. 10215:17 July 2018 at the 9843:by Penny Timms from 9820:21 July 2018 at the 8861:on 24 September 2016 7906:In his contribution 7421:christiansofiraq.com 7128:Ammianus Marcellinus 6972:on 19 November 2020. 6352:. 19 December 2014. 6189:Roads & Kingdoms 5715:25 June 2008 at the 5396:"Population Project" 5012:Assyrians in Armenia 4948:DNA of six regional 4834:Traditional clothing 4830:they last 1–2 days. 4583:Traditional clothing 4145:diaspora in Europe. 3750:etymology of "Syria" 3580:reported that local 3548:. It was so used by 3409:Assyrian nationalism 3117: 50,000–100,000 2442:Nineveh Plain Forces 2354:Kurdish nationalists 2256:movement within the 2248:, early 20th century 1985:During World War I ( 1408:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu 1257:Council of Chalcedon 1218:Mor Mattai Monastery 1165:Eastern Christianity 1031:during the reign of 897:in 490 BC. However, 860:northern Mesopotamia 740:, the centre of the 525:liturgical rites of 17032:Mesopotamian Arabic 16838:Freedom of religion 16284:Neo-Assyrian Empire 16254:Old Assyrian Period 16239:Neo-Sumerian Empire 15495:Rise of nationalism 15436:Jalayirid Sultanate 15263:Neo-Assyrian Empire 15251:Old Assyrian period 15194:Syriac sacral music 15014:Aramean-Syriac flag 14973:Assyrian continuity 14383:on 10 October 2017. 14370:Христианское чтение 13617:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13593:Heinrichs, Wolfhart 13523:Halo, Thea (2018). 13413:Gallagher, Edmon L. 12239:2012PLoSO...741252G 12092:2017PLoSO..1287408D 12030:2017PLoSO..1287408D 11748:. pp. 561–563. 11560:The Armenian Weekly 11075:. Leiden: EJ Brill. 10850:, p. 961-1007. 10848:Tekoğlu et al. 2000 9761:Thrown to the Lions 9713:The Daily Telegraph 9651:on 12 February 2020 9489:textbook.surayt.com 9443:. 22 January 2009. 9317:on 20 November 2008 9285:www.hurriyet.com.tr 9247:www.hurriyet.com.tr 8944:Hürriyet Daily News 8723:on 7 September 2016 7186:Council of Seleucia 7093:. G. W. Bowersock. 6687:. 23 October 2016. 6661:on 11 December 2007 6608:Laing-Marshall 2005 6449:factsanddetails.com 6411:Ancient Mesopotamia 6265:on 24 December 2018 5184:Syriac Christianity 5115:Christianity portal 5050:, and the northern 5016:Middle Eastern Jews 4968:in Iran, Iraq, and 4681:Assyrian folk dance 4587:Assyrian folk dance 4574:Syriac sacral music 4250:Syriac Christianity 4190:marks. Syriac is a 3789:Hieroglyphic Luwian 3785:Çineköy inscription 3778:Çineköy inscription 3562:Council of Florence 3536:Syriac Christianity 3499:Christians in Syria 3460:Austen Henry Layard 3453:, published in 1999 3441:Syriac-Aramean flag 3123: 10,000–50,000 2894:Central Neo-Aramaic 2670:Neo-Assyrian empire 2635:ethnically cleansed 2549:cities of Nineveh ( 2358:Dohuk Riots of 2011 2029:Assyrian volunteers 2011:In reaction to the 1999:Assyrian volunteers 1993:Assyrian volunteers 1869:) was conferred on 1627:in the 14th century 1621:Syriac Christianity 1434:) and the personal 1304:Syriac Christianity 1208:metropolitan bishop 1061:Syriac Christianity 1033:Tiglath-Pileser III 1025:Neo-Assyrian Empire 867:Neo-Assyrian Empire 796:Neo-Assyrian Empire 785:Old Assyrian period 707:Neo-Assyrian Empire 572:, and northeastern 437:. Modern Assyrians 399:Syriac Christianity 65: 16963:Telecommunications 16938:Foreign Investment 16875:Wars and conflicts 16811:in pre-Saddam Iraq 16775:Presidency Council 16561:2019–2021 protests 16490:Invasion of Kuwait 16314:Sassanid Asorestan 16309:Parthian Babylonia 16304:Seleucid Babylonia 16299:Achaemenid Assyria 16214:Jemdet Nasr period 15915:History portal 15357:Church of the East 15146:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 14983:Chaldean Catholics 14910:2018-03-18 at the 14895:Who Are Assyrians? 14469:Southgate, Horatio 14449:Southgate, Horatio 14435:Southgate, Horatio 14208:10.1093/hgs/dcz045 13477:"We Are Assyrians" 13470:. London: Bagster. 13212:Fiey, Jean Maurice 12860:Bettany, George T. 12755:Arcadia Publishing 11922:on 17 October 2015 11827:on 16 August 2000. 11736:Piroyan, William; 11714:on 25 October 2012 11665:2011-08-14 at the 11660:The Date of Easter 11289:, p. 243–265. 10862:, p. 283–287. 10813:, p. 106–107. 10801:, p. 283-287. 10765:, p. 281–285. 10719:, p. 299–317. 10653:, p. 276-287. 10626:, p. 141–160. 10336:, p. 526-527. 10237:, p. 123-141. 10210:"Eastern Churches" 9898:on 12 October 2008 9766:2013-08-08 at the 9600:2 May 2019 at the 9111:on 17 October 2015 8597:CatholicPhilly.com 8328:on 19 October 2012 8174:Korbani, Agnes G. 8104:on 7 February 2005 8052:, p. 215-232. 8040:, p. 105-107. 8028:, p. 218-219. 7945:, p. 126-127. 7917:2020-07-13 at the 7756:Oriens Christianus 7593:"History of Ashur" 7299:www.britannica.com 7268:"Aramaic language" 7256:. 29 January 2024. 6762:. pp. 20–21. 6655:The Christian Post 6625:The Christian Post 6610:, p. 149-150. 6320:Kristeligt Dagblad 6138:on 5 November 2014 6118:2021-10-25 at the 5154:The Last Assyrians 4934:Persian population 4868: 4808: 4730:Gregorian calendar 4697: 4591: 4491:Church of the East 4481:: is an important 4417:: is an important 4260: 4054:varieties such as 3990: 3947:have tended to be 3912:(vernal equinox). 3898: 3812:Etymology of Syria 3802:, Turkey (ancient 3669: 3612:Israeli government 3503:Turkish Christians 3495:Iranian Christians 3455: 3444: 3434: 3377:Federal Government 3132: 3010: 3002: 2823:Chaldean Catholics 2774:Assyrian subgroups 2752:Turkey and the PKK 2744: 2714:Syrian citizenship 2660:In ancient times, 2520: 2512: 2459:Syriac Union Party 2342:Islamic extremists 2307: 2250: 2214:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2191: 2126:during the 1930s. 2084: 2051:Assyrian rebellion 2045:Assyrian rebellion 2039:Assyrian rebellion 2009: 1952:Hamidian massacres 1938: 1930: 1855: 1743:, commonly called 1733:Church of the East 1720:and the resulting 1714: 1629: 1523:in Europe and the 1521:Latin Christianity 1517:Church of the East 1485: 1384:Greek philosophers 1380:Abbasid Caliphates 1368: 1249:Council of Ephesus 1238: 1192:Church of the East 1075:Roman–Persian Wars 1057: 1037:Hellenistic period 998:classical language 891:Battle of Marathon 808: 723: 656:Iraqi Armed forces 511: 500:Chaldean Catholics 213:61,000 (2020 est.) 31: 17306: 17305: 17254: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17240:Mandaean New Year 16991: 16990: 16883: 16882: 16865:Political parties 16760:Foreign relations 16705: 16704: 16612:Lower Mesopotamia 16607:Upper Mesopotamia 16580: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16340:Abbasid Caliphate 16335:Umayyad Caliphate 16244:Isin-Larsa period 16107: 16106: 15935: 15934: 15846: 15845: 15562: 15540: 15539: 15507:Assyrian genocide 15406:Abbasid Caliphate 15228: 15111: 15110: 14857:Media related to 14837:978-0-19-965522-9 14813:978-1-78533-499-3 14751:Dialogo Ecumenico 14676:978-1-4653-1629-5 14655:978-0-19-063346-2 14631:978-1-4129-2694-2 14608:978-1-138-89901-8 14571:978-90-04-16337-9 14550:978-1-59460-436-2 14524:Tisserant, Eugène 14515:978-91-554-5555-2 14426:978-0-567-08231-2 14403:978-1-4632-0730-4 14251:978-0-521-81113-2 14228:978-0-7864-5133-3 14179:978-90-429-3046-9 14119:978-1-60724-111-9 14039:978-0-440-01769-1 14003:978-3-643-90268-9 13980:978-3-11-005959-5 13940:978-91-983441-2-7 13919:978-90-429-0859-8 13890:Layard, Austen H. 13876:Layard, Austen H. 13855:978-1-135-19388-1 13832:978-0-415-45516-9 13809:978-1-59884-362-0 13779:. Leiden: Brill. 13690:978-3-643-50616-0 13657:978-1-317-81866-3 13634:978-88-7158-024-1 13608:978-1-55540-430-7 13584:978-1-135-19371-3 13561:978-1-317-46400-6 13538:978-1-4632-0730-4 13515:978-90-04-28510-1 13497:on 21 April 2003. 13458:Gesenius, Wilhelm 13449:978-1-59333-301-0 13428:978-90-04-22802-3 13378:978-0-521-02700-7 13357:978-88-8483-107-1 13344:"Mapping Assyria" 13203:978-90-429-3164-0 13180:978-0-7486-8605-6 13124:978-0-7385-4480-9 13103:978-1-138-28405-0 13066:978-1-59333-077-4 12958:978-0-19-826744-7 12912:978-1-134-15907-9 12888:978-1-138-89901-8 12839:978-3-643-90268-9 12816:978-0-226-14531-0 12795:978-3-16-149411-6 12764:978-0-7385-5012-1 12706:978-1-84511-115-1 12685:978-1-134-43019-2 12597:978-90-8728-148-9 12576:978-1-4632-0730-4 12516:978-1-107-24456-6 12381:978-1-60497-583-3 12357:978-1-138-28405-0 11895:978-0-691-08750-4 11803:978-0-7637-5965-0 11673:(March 27, 2007). 11646:978-1-59333-276-1 11515:978-1-4128-3592-3 11490:978-1-78533-499-3 11465:978-1-78533-433-7 11444:, p. 92-105. 11425:978-80-7368-717-5 11380:on 1 October 2003 11300:"Syriac alphabet" 10962:978-1-291-83577-9 10691:978-1-136-78800-0 10651:Schniedewind 2002 10570:. 9 August 2013. 10540:978-0-19-967949-2 10468:978-1-4632-3893-3 10174:978-1-118-32524-7 10086:Middle East Forum 10023:978-0-19-280290-3 9693:978-91-984101-7-4 9393:. 13 March 2008. 9370:978-0-87808-320-6 9048:978-1-259-15705-9 8947:, 2 February 2013 8913:on 7 October 2016 8855:Hawar News Agency 8831:on 18 August 2016 8463:. 1 August 2007. 8410:978-91-554-8303-6 8073:on 5 January 2006 8067:Chaldeans On Line 7686:978-0-470-76639-2 7659:978-1-84511-056-7 7557:978-3-643-50045-8 7466:978-0-226-07080-3 7337:978-0-521-24015-4 7248:"Syriac language" 7163:978-1-61530-304-5 7059:: 91–120 Chicago" 7043:978-975-16-2235-8 6877:978-1-108-47874-8 6808:978-1-118-32524-7 6769:978-0-19-953222-3 6552:978-0-313-32109-2 6160:. 28 March 2017. 5719:(of which 55,000 5695:Borkener Zeitung 5447:. 28 April 2014. 5400:Shlama Foundation 5372:. 25 March 2010. 5304:978-90-411-0223-2 5159:List of Assyrians 5139:Assyrian homeland 5134:Assyrian genocide 5129:Assyrian diaspora 5048:Arabian peninsula 5036:Assyrians in Iran 5008:Haplogroup T-M184 4892:Levantine cuisine 4840:Assyrian clothing 4828:Assyrian diaspora 4819:Assyrian genocide 4543:Saint Mary Church 4518:Chaldean Catholic 4456:Al-Jdayde quarter 4374:adherents of the 4360:adherents of the 4350:adherents of the 4332:adherents of the 4142:Iranian languages 4066:, written in the 3987:Assyrian dialects 3578:Horatio Southgate 3468:Horatio Southgate 3432:, adopted in 1968 3367:. More recently, 3328:, the commune of 3255:Stanislaus County 3191:Fairfield Heights 3154:(80,000), and in 3136:Assyrian genocide 3081:Assyrian Diaspora 3069:al-Anfal campaign 3061:Assyrian genocide 2849:, as well as the 2729:Assyrians in Iran 2639:Assyrian genocide 2577:(Erbil) in Iraq, 2543:Assyrian homeland 2529:Assyrian homeland 2411:Assyrian Homeland 2388:Islamic terrorism 2377:Muhammad cartoons 2335:de-Baathification 2112:ethnic cleansings 2104:Assyrian triangle 2100:League of Nations 2066:retreat to Iraq. 2033:Our Smallest Ally 2013:Assyrian Genocide 1960:Assyrian genocide 1942:Assyrian genocide 1749:Marutha of Tikrit 1568:massacred in 1843 1294:, which kept its 1173:minority religion 1118:Sasanian province 1005:Akkadian language 986:Sumerian language 960:Akkadian language 802:(dark green) and 554:Assyrian homeland 529:. Both rites use 447:ancient Assyrians 417: 416: 167:Assyrian diaspora 118:Assyrian homeland 17376: 17296: 17295: 17286: 17285: 17276: 17266: 17265: 17010: 17009: 16997: 16996: 16928: 16889: 16888: 16740: 16711: 16710: 16697:Sinjar Mountains 16687:Zagros Mountains 16627:Hamrin Mountains 16586: 16585: 16549:Mosul liberation 16522:Iraqi insurgency 16444:National Command 16433: 16269:Simurrum culture 16172: 16171: 16159: 16158: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16111: 16110: 16097: 16085: 16078: 16071: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16043: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15939: 15938: 15925: 15924: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15558: 15551: 15550: 15525:Post-Saddam Iraq 15351:Nestorian schism 15345:Christianization 15317:(132 BCE–244 CE) 15311:(247 BCE–224 CE) 15271:(609 BCE–240 CE) 15232: 15231: 15222: 15082:East Syriac Rite 15045:West Syriac Rite 15041: 15040: 15022: 15011: 15000: 14941: 14934: 14927: 14918: 14917: 14900:Assyrian History 14856: 14841: 14822:Üngör, Uğur Ümit 14817: 14798: 14796: 14794: 14773: 14771: 14769: 14763: 14757:(112): 263–282. 14748: 14738: 14736: 14734: 14709: 14707: 14705: 14680: 14659: 14635: 14612: 14599:The Syriac World 14589: 14575: 14554: 14535: 14519: 14498: 14488: 14478: 14464: 14444: 14430: 14407: 14384: 14382: 14367: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14347: 14316: 14306: 14285: 14283: 14268: 14255: 14232: 14211: 14193: 14183: 14160: 14158: 14156: 14135: 14133: 14131: 14097: 14083: 14048:Millard, Alan R. 14043: 14019: 14017: 14015: 13984: 13960: 13959:on 10 June 2007. 13951:(29 July 2004). 13949:MacDonald, Kevin 13944: 13923: 13904:Lipiński, Edward 13899: 13885: 13871: 13869: 13867: 13836: 13813: 13790: 13766: 13765:on 15 July 2020. 13764: 13749: 13736: 13735:on 15 July 2020. 13734: 13719: 13706: 13704: 13702: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13638: 13612: 13588: 13565: 13542: 13519: 13498: 13496: 13481: 13471: 13453: 13432: 13408: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13361: 13340:Frye, Richard N. 13335: 13334:on 11 July 2020. 13333: 13318: 13310:Frye, Richard N. 13305: 13304:on 13 July 2020. 13303: 13288: 13280:Frye, Richard N. 13275: 13273: 13271: 13232:Frye, Richard N. 13227: 13207: 13184: 13163: 13161: 13159: 13153: 13138: 13128: 13107: 13084: 13083:. London: Asher. 13075:Davies, Benjamin 13070: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13024: 13022: 13020: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12962: 12941: 12939: 12937: 12916: 12897:Bryce, Trevor R. 12892: 12879:The Syriac World 12869: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12820: 12799: 12776: 12745: 12743: 12741: 12735: 12720: 12714:Benjamin, Yoab. 12710: 12689: 12665: 12663: 12661: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12626: 12601: 12580: 12557: 12520: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12470: 12456: 12442: 12410: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12361: 12329: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12277: 12271: 12270: 12260: 12250: 12217: 12211: 12210: 12182: 12176: 12175: 12135: 12124: 12123: 12113: 12103: 12086:(11): e0187408. 12071: 12062: 12061: 12051: 12041: 12024:(11): e0187408. 12009: 12003: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11929: 11927: 11921: 11915:. Archived from 11914: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11823:. Archived from 11817: 11808: 11807: 11787: 11781: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11767:. Archived from 11756: 11750: 11749: 11733: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11689:. Archived from 11688: 11680: 11674: 11657: 11651: 11650: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11612: 11606: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11526: 11520: 11519: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11476: 11470: 11469: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11432: 11405: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11355: 11348:Nestle, Eberhard 11345: 11339: 11321: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11296: 11290: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11254: 11245: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11220: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11203: 11192: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11168:on 29 March 2019 11164:. Archived from 11154: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11126:O'Brien, Abbie. 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11082: 11076: 11066: 11060: 11053: 11044: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11024: 11017: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10976: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10946: 10940: 10937: 10931: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10912:. Archived from 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10878: 10869: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10845: 10839: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10789:, p. 72-82. 10784: 10778: 10777:, p. 30–36. 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10753:, p. 37-43. 10748: 10742: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10695: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10654: 10648: 10642: 10636: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10524: 10518: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10482: 10480: 10442: 10436: 10430: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10194: 10186: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10149: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10077: 10071: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9931: 9929: 9920:. Crwflags.com. 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9888: 9882: 9879: 9873: 9854: 9848: 9847:, 3 January 2017 9831: 9825: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9784:Peter BetBasoo. 9781: 9775: 9758: 9752: 9749: 9743: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9704: 9698: 9697: 9679: 9670: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9641: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9621:. Archived from 9615: 9609: 9592: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9581: 9567: 9561: 9553: 9547: 9539: 9533: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9481: 9475: 9472: 9466: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9358: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9313:. Archived from 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9277: 9271: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9230: 9228: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9130: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9101: 9092: 9089: 9083: 9080: 9074: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 8993: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8957: 8948: 8929: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8903: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8762: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8728: 8709: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8698: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8674: 8672: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8557: 8548: 8547: 8545: 8543: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8501:The Boston Globe 8492: 8486: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8453: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8436: 8430:. Archived from 8429: 8421: 8415: 8414: 8396: 8390: 8389: 8384:. Archived from 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8242: 8233: 8227: 8221: 8215: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8069:. Archived from 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8014: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8003: 7996: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7767: 7761: 7760: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7739: 7721: 7715: 7710: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7541: 7535: 7534:, p. 48-49. 7529: 7523: 7522: 7514: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7452: 7446: 7437:Hyman and Walsh 7435: 7429: 7428: 7423:. Archived from 7412: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7364: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7244: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7211: 7205: 7198:Michael Goldfarb 7195: 7189: 7188:was held in 359. 7178:Seleucia Isauria 7174: 7168: 7167: 7154:Rosen Publishing 7145: 7139: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7076: 7071:on 29 April 2013 7070: 7064:. Archived from 7063: 7051: 7045: 7035: 7029: 7019: 7013: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6965:. Archived from 6964: 6956: 6947: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6829: 6823: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6726:. Max Mallowan. 6720: 6714: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6657:. Archived from 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6350:The Astana Times 6342: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6230: 6224: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6134:. Archived from 6128: 6122: 6110: 6104: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5791:. Archived from 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5730: 5724: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5486: 5480: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5336: 5330: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5230: 5214: 5211: 5117: 5112: 5111: 5075:Fertile Crescent 4998:Y-DNA haplogroup 4908:Armenian cuisine 4871:Assyrian cuisine 4865:Assyrian cuisine 4855:Assyrian cuisine 4768: 4756: 4626:Ashur Bet Sargis 4619:electronic drums 4585:may be worn for 4545:: is an ancient 4539: 4510: 4475: 4441: 4411: 4368:, also known as 4366:West Syriac Rite 4344:, also known as 4342:East Syriac Rite 4236:, especially in 4227: 4219: 4207: 4180:Arabic alphabets 4168:Aramaic alphabet 3920: 3919: 3888:Assyrian culture 3873: 3872: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3833: 3745:of the Levant. 3608:West Syriac Rite 3598:, also known as 3546:Aramaic language 3532:West Syriac Rite 3509:Self-designation 3491:Iraqi Christians 3369:Syrian Assyrians 3239:Sterling Heights 3167:Stockholm County 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 2788:Zagros Mountains 2786:in the northern 2748:Assyrian culture 2423:ethnic cleansing 2224:seized power in 2203:Shimun XXI Eshai 2137:, Rab-talia and 2096:Shimun XXI Eshai 1871:Yohannan Hormizd 1525:Byzantine Empire 1318:Byzantine Empire 1296:West Syriac Rite 1234:Syriac Christian 1007:, with its main 971:Hittite language 633:Iraqi population 625:Syrian civil war 531:Classical Syriac 468:Assyrians speak 383:(in antiquity), 377:Classical Syriac 373: 173:Numbers can vary 142:Syrian civil war 124:Numbers can vary 95:Total population 87: 73: 66: 63: 55: 47: 39: 30: 17384: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17373: 17319:Assyrian people 17309: 17308: 17307: 17302: 17246: 17230:Public holidays 17153: 17004: 16987: 16926: 16896: 16879: 16738: 16718: 16701: 16632:Iraqi Kurdistan 16622:Euphrates river 16593: 16572: 16539:War (2014–2017) 16485:Operation Opera 16431: 16401: 16397:Arab Federation 16385:Kingdom of Iraq 16318: 16294:Fall of Babylon 16229:Akkadian Empire 16204:Samarra culture 16189:Hassuna culture 16166: 16153: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16108: 16103: 16095: 16083: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16055: 16048: 16041: 15971: 15966: 15936: 15931: 15919: 15909: 15907: 15899: 15842: 15717: 15694:Mardin Province 15557: 15536: 15519:Simele massacre 15453: 15382: 15347:(1st to 3rd c.) 15329:(64 BCE–637 CE) 15323:(66 BCE–217 CE) 15309:Parthian Empire 15303:Seleucid Empire 15295: 15289: 15285:Assyrian tribes 15253:(2025–1364 BCE) 15247:(2600–2025 BCE) 15226: 15224: 15221: 15213: 15170: 15123: 15107: 15076: 15035: 15028: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15016: 15012: 15006: 15005: 15001: 14992: 14961: 14950: 14948:Assyrian people 14945: 14912:Wayback Machine 14905:Aramean History 14859:Assyrian people 14849: 14844: 14838: 14814: 14792: 14790: 14767: 14765: 14761: 14746: 14732: 14730: 14703: 14701: 14677: 14656: 14632: 14609: 14572: 14551: 14516: 14486: 14427: 14404: 14380: 14365: 14351: 14349: 14345: 14314: 14281: 14266: 14252: 14229: 14191: 14180: 14154: 14152: 14129: 14127: 14120: 14064:10.2307/4200184 14040: 14013: 14011: 14004: 13981: 13941: 13920: 13865: 13863: 13856: 13833: 13810: 13787: 13771:Joseph, John B. 13762: 13747: 13741:Joseph, John B. 13732: 13717: 13711:Joseph, John B. 13700: 13698: 13691: 13667: 13665: 13658: 13635: 13609: 13585: 13562: 13539: 13516: 13494: 13479: 13450: 13429: 13388: 13386: 13379: 13358: 13331: 13316: 13301: 13286: 13269: 13267: 13220:L'Orient Syrien 13204: 13181: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13136: 13125: 13104: 13067: 13043: 13041: 13018: 13016: 12993: 12991: 12959: 12935: 12933: 12913: 12889: 12849: 12847: 12840: 12817: 12796: 12765: 12739: 12737: 12733: 12718: 12707: 12686: 12659: 12657: 12634: 12632: 12598: 12577: 12517: 12493: 12491: 12431:10.2307/1797632 12391: 12389: 12382: 12358: 12337: 12332: 12322: 12318: 12283:Nature Genetics 12278: 12274: 12218: 12214: 12183: 12179: 12136: 12127: 12072: 12065: 12010: 12006: 12000:Wayback Machine 11991: 11987: 11939: 11935: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11912: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11896: 11877: 11873: 11836: 11832: 11819: 11818: 11811: 11804: 11788: 11784: 11774: 11772: 11757: 11753: 11734: 11727: 11717: 11715: 11706: 11705: 11701: 11693: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11669:. Article from 11667:Wayback Machine 11658: 11654: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11599: 11597: 11584: 11583: 11579: 11569: 11567: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11539: 11537: 11528: 11527: 11523: 11516: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11452: 11448: 11440: 11436: 11426: 11403: 11397: 11393: 11383: 11381: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11362: 11358: 11346: 11342: 11322: 11318: 11308: 11306: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11285: 11281: 11271: 11269: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11238: 11236: 11221: 11217: 11207: 11205: 11201: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11162:Catholic Herald 11156: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11139: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11083: 11079: 11067: 11063: 11055:Avenery, Iddo, 11054: 11047: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11011: 11010: 11006: 11002:, p. 1–20. 10998: 10994: 10986: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10947: 10943: 10938: 10934: 10930:, 1908 – JSTOR. 10925: 10921: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10860:Rollinger 2006b 10858: 10854: 10846: 10842: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10809: 10805: 10799:Rollinger 2006b 10797: 10793: 10787:Rollinger 2006a 10785: 10781: 10773: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10749: 10745: 10727: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10703: 10699: 10692: 10676: 10672: 10664: 10657: 10649: 10645: 10637: 10630: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10591: 10587: 10577: 10575: 10564: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10541: 10525: 10521: 10513: 10509: 10501:10.1.1.694.4099 10493: 10492: 10488: 10478: 10476: 10469: 10443: 10439: 10431: 10427: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10392: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10370:Ainsworth 1842b 10368: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10320: 10316: 10306: 10304: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10233: 10229: 10217:Wayback Machine 10208: 10204: 10188: 10187: 10175: 10167:. Hoboken, NJ. 10161: 10157: 10147: 10145: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10119: 10110: 10109: 10105: 10095: 10093: 10078: 10074: 10066: 10062: 10054: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10024: 10010: 10006: 9998: 9994: 9986: 9982: 9974: 9967: 9957: 9955: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9927: 9925: 9916: 9915: 9911: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9876: 9855: 9851: 9841:Wayback Machine 9832: 9828: 9822:Wayback Machine 9813: 9809: 9799: 9797: 9782: 9778: 9768:Wayback Machine 9759: 9755: 9750: 9746: 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9718: 9716: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9680: 9673: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9628: 9626: 9625:on 5 March 2015 9617: 9616: 9612: 9602:Wayback Machine 9593: 9589: 9579: 9577: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9550: 9540: 9536: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9439: 9438: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9400: 9398: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9371: 9349: 9345: 9337: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9279: 9278: 9274: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9226: 9224: 9213: 9209: 9199: 9197: 9184: 9183: 9179: 9169: 9167: 9165:Geopolitics.com 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9103: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9086: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9049: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9010: 9008: 8995: 8994: 8985: 8975: 8973: 8966:National Review 8958: 8951: 8939:Wayback Machine 8930: 8926: 8916: 8914: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8890: 8888: 8879: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8862: 8849: 8848: 8844: 8834: 8832: 8823: 8822: 8818: 8808: 8806: 8791: 8787: 8776: 8772: 8756: 8755: 8748: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8717:Warisboring.com 8711: 8710: 8706: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8684: 8680: 8670: 8668: 8653: 8649: 8639: 8637: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8589: 8585: 8575: 8573: 8558: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8509: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8455: 8454: 8450: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8397: 8393: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8316: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8209: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8183: 8172: 8168: 8157: 8153: 8142: 8138: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8117: 8107: 8105: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8017: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7919:Wayback Machine 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7866: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7785:Wayback Machine 7768: 7764: 7751: 7747: 7737: 7735: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706:Wayback Machine 7698: 7694: 7687: 7671: 7667: 7660: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7591: 7590: 7586: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7515: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7453: 7449: 7436: 7432: 7413: 7409: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7322: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7196: 7192: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7146: 7142: 7136:Walter Hamilton 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7089: 7088: 7084: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7036: 7032: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6915: 6913: 6900: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6779: 6777: 6770: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6634: 6632: 6619: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6580:Wayback Machine 6568: 6564: 6553: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6443:Hays, Jeffrey. 6441: 6437: 6427: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6387: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6266: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6221:Wayback Machine 6212: 6208: 6198: 6196: 6181: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6139: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6120:Wayback Machine 6111: 6107: 6102:Wayback Machine 6091:Wayback Machine 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6026: 6022: 6012: 6010: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5922: 5907: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5881: 5879: 5866: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5834: 5830: 5820: 5818: 5811:Assyrian Policy 5805: 5804: 5800: 5795:on 9 July 2017. 5787: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5721:Syriac Orthodox 5717:Wayback Machine 5707: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5497:Wayback Machine 5487: 5483: 5478:Wayback Machine 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5349: 5347: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5328:Wayback Machine 5316: 5312: 5305: 5289: 5285: 5281:, p. 2304. 5277: 5273: 5265: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5189:Syriac language 5113: 5106: 5103: 5095:Iranian plateau 4995: 4922: 4916: 4904:Israeli cuisine 4900:Iranian cuisine 4896:Turkish cuisine 4857: 4851: 4842: 4836: 4815:Simele massacre 4763:Sauma d-Ba'utha 4737:Julian calendar 4722: 4683: 4677: 4576: 4568:Main articles: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4547:Assyrian church 4540: 4531: 4511: 4502: 4476: 4467: 4449:Syriac Catholic 4442: 4433: 4419:Syriac Orthodox 4412: 4311:Reform Orthodox 4252: 4246: 4196:Syriac language 4157: 4155:Syriac alphabet 4151: 4056:Lishanid Noshan 3979: 3973: 3890: 3884: 3831: 3737:was altered to 3653: 3558:Catholic Church 3534:Churches. (see 3517: 3511: 3423: 3405: 3365:Iraqi Assyrians 3199:Greenfield Park 3150:(100,000), the 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3093: 3083: 3077: 3065:Simele massacre 3015: 2900:(also known as 2883:Mardin Province 2879:Sirnak Province 2776: 2710:Simele massacre 2643:First World War 2539: 2527:Main articles: 2525: 2492: 2480:Bashar al-Assad 2469:in the city of 2375:Jyllands-Posten 2292: 2284:Main articles: 2282: 2195:Kingdom of Iraq 2184:Three Assyrian 2131:Assyrian Levies 2120:Simele massacre 2072: 2047: 2041: 2001: 1995: 1948: 1940:Main articles: 1919: 1849:in the city of 1792:Yohannan Sulaqa 1722:Treaty of Zuhab 1698: 1688: 1645:fall of Baghdad 1613: 1599: 1540:Iranian peoples 1529:Greek Orthodoxy 1487:As non-Islamic 1444:House of Wisdom 1432:Thomas of Marga 1424:Babai the Great 1356:Mar Toma Church 1348: 1342:Fall of Babylon 1338: 1292:Maronite Church 1290:, but also the 1276:Jacob Baradaeus 1188:Sasanian Empire 1142:Eastern Aramaic 1138:Parthian Empire 1071: 1045: 1019:of the Ancient 952: 944:Sasanian Empire 873:and later, the 832:Ashur-uballit I 800:Shalmaneser III 773:Akkadian Empire 757:Sargon of Akkad 742:Hassuna culture 721:, c. 645–635 BC 709: 697:Main articles: 695: 690: 684: 568:, northwestern 564:, southeastern 401: 375: 363: 362: 132:142,000–200,000 90: 78: 33: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17382: 17372: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17300: 17290: 17280: 17270: 17259: 17256: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17248: 17247: 17245: 17244: 17243: 17242: 17237: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17161: 17159: 17155: 17154: 17152: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17119: 17114: 17113: 17112: 17107: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17056: 17055: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17024: 17018: 17016: 17006: 17005: 16993: 16992: 16989: 16988: 16986: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16968:Transportation 16965: 16960: 16958:Stock Exchange 16955: 16953:Reconstruction 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16933:Infrastructure 16930: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16907: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16885: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16878: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16846: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16829: 16828: 16818: 16813: 16803: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16792:Prime Minister 16789: 16788: 16787: 16777: 16772: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16734: 16729: 16723: 16720: 16719: 16707: 16706: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16598: 16595: 16594: 16582: 16581: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16564: 16563: 16553: 16552: 16551: 16546: 16536: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16509: 16504: 16503: 16502: 16500:1991 uprisings 16492: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16467: 16462: 16457: 16452: 16450:Saddam Hussein 16447: 16436: 16435: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16411: 16409: 16403: 16402: 16400: 16399: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16382: 16380:Mandatory Iraq 16377: 16372: 16369:Mamluk dynasty 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16234:Gutian dynasty 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16180: 16178: 16168: 16167: 16155: 16154: 16137: 16136: 16129: 16122: 16114: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16092: 16087: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16059: 16052: 16045: 16035: 16025: 16019: 16013: 16007: 16001: 15995: 15989: 15983: 15976: 15973: 15972: 15965: 15964: 15957: 15950: 15942: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15917: 15904: 15901: 15900: 15898: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15856: 15854: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15843: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15834: 15833: 15823: 15821:United Kingdom 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15727: 15725: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15715: 15714: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15671: 15670: 15669: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15574:Nineveh Plains 15565: 15563: 15548: 15542: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15501:Adana massacre 15498: 15492: 15486: 15480: 15477:Schism of 1552 15474: 15471:Ottoman Empire 15468: 15465:Safavid Empire 15461: 15459: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15451: 15445: 15439: 15433: 15427: 15421: 15415: 15412:Emirs of Mosul 15409: 15403: 15397: 15390: 15388: 15384: 15383: 15381: 15380: 15374: 15368: 15354: 15348: 15342: 15336: 15330: 15324: 15318: 15312: 15306: 15299: 15297: 15291: 15290: 15288: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15266: 15260: 15259:(1363–912 BCE) 15254: 15248: 15241: 15239: 15229: 15215: 15214: 15212: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15180: 15178: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15127: 15125: 15113: 15112: 15109: 15108: 15106: 15105: 15099: 15093: 15086: 15084: 15078: 15077: 15075: 15074: 15068: 15062: 15056: 15049: 15047: 15038: 15030: 15029: 14995: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14962: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14944: 14943: 14936: 14929: 14921: 14915: 14914: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14848: 14847:External links 14845: 14843: 14842: 14836: 14818: 14812: 14799: 14774: 14739: 14710: 14681: 14675: 14660: 14654: 14640:Yacoub, Joseph 14636: 14630: 14613: 14607: 14590: 14576: 14570: 14555: 14549: 14536: 14520: 14514: 14499: 14497:(3): 961–1007. 14479: 14465: 14445: 14431: 14425: 14408: 14402: 14385: 14358: 14331:10.1086/511103 14325:(4): 283–287. 14307: 14286: 14256: 14250: 14233: 14227: 14212: 14202:(3): 412–428. 14184: 14178: 14161: 14136: 14118: 14098: 14084: 14058:(1): 101–108. 14044: 14038: 14024:Millar, Fergus 14020: 14002: 13985: 13979: 13965:Macuch, Rudolf 13961: 13945: 13939: 13924: 13918: 13900: 13886: 13872: 13854: 13837: 13831: 13814: 13808: 13791: 13785: 13767: 13737: 13707: 13689: 13674: 13656: 13639: 13633: 13613: 13607: 13595:, ed. (1990). 13589: 13583: 13566: 13560: 13543: 13537: 13520: 13514: 13499: 13472: 13454: 13448: 13433: 13427: 13409: 13395: 13377: 13362: 13356: 13336: 13306: 13276: 13252:10.1086/373570 13246:(4): 281–285. 13228: 13208: 13202: 13185: 13179: 13164: 13129: 13123: 13108: 13102: 13085: 13071: 13065: 13050: 13025: 13000: 12978:(3): 179–198. 12963: 12957: 12942: 12917: 12911: 12893: 12887: 12870: 12856: 12838: 12821: 12815: 12800: 12794: 12777: 12763: 12746: 12711: 12705: 12690: 12684: 12666: 12641: 12602: 12596: 12581: 12575: 12558: 12546:10.1086/677249 12538:10.1086/677249 12532:(2): 299–317. 12521: 12515: 12500: 12471: 12457: 12443: 12411: 12398: 12380: 12366:Aboona, Hirmis 12362: 12356: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12316: 12272: 12212: 12193:(2): 191–208. 12177: 12144:Ann. Hum. Biol 12125: 12063: 12004: 11985: 11933: 11901: 11894: 11871: 11830: 11809: 11802: 11782: 11771:on 3 June 2019 11751: 11725: 11699: 11675: 11652: 11645: 11625: 11607: 11577: 11547: 11521: 11514: 11496: 11489: 11471: 11464: 11446: 11434: 11424: 11418:. p. 71. 11391: 11365: 11356: 11340: 11324:Hatch, William 11316: 11291: 11279: 11264:(in Turkish). 11246: 11215: 11179: 11149: 11118: 11106: 11102:Heinrichs 1990 11094: 11077: 11069:Khan, Geoffrey 11061: 11045: 11036: 11004: 10992: 10977: 10968: 10961: 10941: 10932: 10919: 10916:on 2 May 2006. 10901: 10864: 10852: 10840: 10827: 10815: 10811:Heinrichs 1993 10803: 10791: 10779: 10767: 10755: 10743: 10721: 10709: 10697: 10690: 10670: 10655: 10643: 10628: 10616: 10585: 10553: 10539: 10533:. OUP Oxford. 10519: 10507: 10486: 10467: 10437: 10433:Southgate 1844 10425: 10423:, p. 249. 10421:Southgate 1842 10413: 10386: 10384:, p. 260. 10374: 10372:, p. 272. 10362: 10358:Ainsworth 1841 10350: 10338: 10326: 10324:, p. 112. 10314: 10287: 10275: 10263: 10251: 10239: 10235:Gallagher 2012 10227: 10202: 10173: 10155: 10129: 10103: 10072: 10070:, p. 491. 10060: 10058:, p. 179. 10056:Southgate 1840 10045: 10033: 10022: 10004: 10002:, p. 237. 9992: 9980: 9978:, p. 127. 9965: 9935: 9909: 9883: 9874: 9849: 9826: 9807: 9776: 9753: 9744: 9735: 9726: 9699: 9692: 9671: 9662: 9636: 9610: 9587: 9575:Britannica.com 9562: 9548: 9534: 9518: 9506: 9485:"Šlomo Surayt" 9476: 9467: 9458: 9432: 9430:, p. 238. 9420: 9408: 9376: 9369: 9343: 9328: 9298: 9272: 9260: 9234: 9207: 9177: 9151: 9122: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9066: 9064:, p. 439. 9054: 9047: 9027: 9018: 8983: 8949: 8924: 8898: 8872: 8842: 8816: 8785: 8770: 8734: 8704: 8678: 8647: 8614: 8583: 8549: 8519: 8487: 8478: 8448: 8416: 8409: 8391: 8369: 8339: 8309: 8279: 8228: 8223:Len Dieghton, 8216: 8207: 8190: 8181: 8166: 8163:. p. 131. 8151: 8148:. p. 272. 8136: 8127: 8115: 8084: 8054: 8042: 8030: 8015: 7983: 7981:, p. 604. 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7923: 7899: 7877: 7860: 7858:, p. 127. 7848: 7836: 7824: 7812: 7810:, p. 248. 7800: 7798:, p. 228. 7796:Tisserant 1931 7788: 7762: 7745: 7716: 7692: 7685: 7665: 7658: 7652:. I.B.Tauris. 7638: 7636:, p. 105. 7626: 7614: 7584: 7575: 7563: 7556: 7536: 7524: 7506: 7492: 7472: 7465: 7447: 7430: 7415:Brague, Rémi. 7407: 7350: 7336: 7316: 7286: 7277: 7259: 7236: 7219:Dictionary.com 7206: 7190: 7169: 7162: 7156:. p. 72. 7140: 7120: 7118:, p. 211. 7108: 7082: 7046: 7030: 7014: 7005: 6975: 6948: 6935: 6923: 6893: 6884: 6876: 6856: 6824: 6815: 6807: 6787: 6768: 6750:Deutscher, Guy 6741: 6715: 6709:Georges Roux, 6702: 6672: 6642: 6612: 6597: 6595:, p. 517. 6585: 6583: 6582: 6562: 6551: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6466: 6435: 6400: 6385: 6367: 6337: 6306: 6276: 6250: 6225: 6206: 6175: 6149: 6123: 6105: 6076: 6051: 6020: 5990: 5964: 5932: 5901: 5899:, pp. 166 5889: 5859: 5828: 5798: 5780: 5750: 5725: 5701: 5685: 5670:(in Swedish). 5654: 5624: 5594: 5564: 5538: 5512: 5500: 5481: 5462: 5432: 5417: 5387: 5357: 5331: 5318:SIL Ethnologue 5310: 5303: 5283: 5271: 5256: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5102: 5099: 4994: 4991: 4926:Cavalli-Sforza 4915: 4912: 4884:Middle Eastern 4853:Main article: 4850: 4847: 4838:Main article: 4835: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4811: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4760: 4721: 4718: 4679:Main article: 4676: 4673: 4630:Sargon Gabriel 4565: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4512: 4505: 4503: 4477: 4470: 4468: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4413: 4406: 4404: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4364:following the 4358: 4348: 4340:following the 4266:, such as the 4248:Main article: 4245: 4242: 4234:Latin alphabet 4153:Main article: 4150: 4147: 4079:Jewish Aramaic 4048:Aramaic script 3996:branch of the 3975:Main article: 3972: 3969: 3953:mixed marriage 3935:Assyrians are 3886:Main article: 3883: 3880: 3800:Adana Province 3652: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3604:Aramean people 3600:Syriac-Aramean 3593: 3539: 3513:Main article: 3510: 3507: 3404: 3401: 3387:are primarily 3346:Krasnodar Kray 3211:Meadow Heights 3175:Fairfield City 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3057:Adana massacre 3027:Zoroastrianism 3014: 3011: 2994: 2993: 2886: 2831:Nineveh Plains 2819: 2775: 2772: 2561:/Beth Garmai ( 2524: 2521: 2491: 2488: 2447:In Syria, the 2331:Saddam Hussein 2325:disbanded the 2281: 2278: 2273:Anfal campaign 2266:Saddam Hussein 2108:French mandate 2071: 2070:Modern history 2068: 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2021:Malik Khoshaba 1997:Main article: 1994: 1991: 1918: 1915: 1893:Abdul Hamid II 1889:Ottoman Empire 1708:bishop of the 1687: 1684: 1603:Timurid Empire 1598: 1595: 1574:, the emir of 1544:Turkic peoples 1337: 1334: 1326:Constantinople 1284:Byzantine Rite 1079:Roman province 1044: 1041: 951: 948: 875:Persian Empire 834:overthrew the 744:, c. 6000 BC. 694: 691: 686:Main article: 683: 680: 668:Khabour Guards 648:Nineveh Plains 441:directly from 415: 414: 397:Predominantly 394: 393: 389: 388: 387:(in antiquity) 379:(liturgical), 356: 355: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 339: 335: 334: 331: 327: 326: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 307: 303: 302: 299: 295: 294: 291: 287: 286: 283: 282:United Kingdom 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 243: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 205:30,000–150,000 203: 199: 198: 197:70,000–100,000 195: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 179: 175: 174: 171: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 138: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 122: 113: 112: 108: 107: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 80: 79: 74: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17381: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17316: 17314: 17299: 17291: 17289: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17269: 17261: 17260: 17257: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17232: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17156: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17111: 17108: 17105: 17104:Iraqi Turkmen 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17057: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17019: 17017: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17003: 16998: 16994: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16969: 16966: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16899: 16895: 16890: 16886: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16827: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16807: 16804: 16798: 16795: 16794: 16793: 16790: 16786: 16783: 16782: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16767: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16739:(legislative) 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16724: 16721: 16717: 16712: 16708: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16672:Syrian Desert 16670: 16668: 16667:Shatt al-Arab 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16602:Faw peninsula 16600: 16599: 16596: 16592: 16587: 16583: 16569: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16544:Fall of Mosul 16542: 16541: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16517:U.S. invasion 16515: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16501: 16498: 16497: 16496: 16493: 16491: 16488: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16480:Iran–Iraq War 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16456: 16453: 16451: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16437: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16412: 16410: 16408: 16404: 16398: 16395: 16391: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16370: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16345:Buyid dynasty 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16321: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16194:Halaf culture 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16165: 16160: 16156: 16151: 16145: 16135: 16130: 16128: 16123: 16121: 16116: 16115: 16112: 16098: 16093: 16091: 16090:Afro-Iranians 16088: 16086: 16081: 16079: 16074: 16072: 16067: 16065: 16060: 16058: 16053: 16051: 16046: 16044: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16032:Turkic people 16029: 16026: 16023: 16020: 16017: 16014: 16011: 16008: 16005: 16002: 15999: 15996: 15993: 15990: 15987: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15974: 15970: 15963: 15958: 15956: 15951: 15949: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15916: 15906: 15905: 15902: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15849: 15839: 15836: 15832: 15829: 15828: 15827: 15826:United States 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15726: 15724: 15720: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15676: 15675: 15672: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15641: 15638: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15620: 15619: 15616: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15543: 15532: 15529: 15526: 15523: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15511: 15508: 15505: 15502: 15499: 15496: 15493: 15490: 15487: 15484: 15481: 15478: 15475: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15460: 15456: 15449: 15446: 15443: 15440: 15437: 15434: 15431: 15428: 15425: 15422: 15419: 15418:Buyid amirate 15416: 15413: 15410: 15407: 15404: 15401: 15398: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15385: 15378: 15375: 15372: 15369: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15355: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15343: 15340: 15339:Roman Assyria 15337: 15334: 15331: 15328: 15325: 15322: 15319: 15316: 15313: 15310: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15292: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15270: 15267: 15265:(911–609 BCE) 15264: 15261: 15258: 15255: 15252: 15249: 15246: 15243: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15233: 15230: 15220: 15216: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15181: 15179: 15177: 15173: 15167: 15166:Syriac script 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15128: 15126: 15122: 15118: 15114: 15103: 15100: 15097: 15094: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15083: 15079: 15072: 15069: 15066: 15063: 15060: 15057: 15054: 15051: 15050: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15031: 15026: 15025:Chaldean flag 15021: 15015: 15010: 15004: 15003:Assyrian flag 14999: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14959: 14953: 14949: 14942: 14937: 14935: 14930: 14928: 14923: 14922: 14919: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14860: 14855: 14851: 14850: 14839: 14833: 14829: 14828: 14823: 14819: 14815: 14809: 14805: 14800: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14775: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14740: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14711: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14687: 14682: 14678: 14672: 14668: 14667: 14661: 14657: 14651: 14647: 14646: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14600: 14596: 14591: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14577: 14573: 14567: 14563: 14562: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14542: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14517: 14511: 14507: 14506: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14485: 14480: 14476: 14475: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14441: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14422: 14418: 14414: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14386: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14364: 14359: 14344: 14340: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14313: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14296: 14292: 14287: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14265: 14261: 14260:Parpola, Simo 14257: 14253: 14247: 14243: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14220: 14219: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14190: 14185: 14181: 14175: 14171: 14167: 14162: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14137: 14125: 14121: 14115: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14094: 14089: 14088:Mooken, Aprem 14085: 14081: 14077: 14073: 14069: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14035: 14031: 14030: 14025: 14021: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13982: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13962: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13936: 13932: 13931: 13925: 13921: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13901: 13897: 13896: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13873: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13834: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13815: 13811: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13792: 13788: 13786:90-04-11641-9 13782: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13768: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13716: 13712: 13708: 13696: 13692: 13686: 13682: 13681: 13675: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13640: 13636: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13600: 13599: 13594: 13590: 13586: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13567: 13563: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13544: 13540: 13534: 13530: 13526: 13521: 13517: 13511: 13507: 13506: 13500: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13478: 13473: 13469: 13468: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13451: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13434: 13430: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13405: 13400: 13399:Fürst, Julius 13396: 13384: 13380: 13374: 13370: 13369: 13363: 13359: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13315: 13311: 13307: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13265: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13229: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13205: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13171: 13165: 13150: 13146: 13142: 13135: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13062: 13058: 13057: 13051: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13026: 13014: 13010: 13006: 13001: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12977: 12973: 12969: 12964: 12960: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12943: 12931: 12927: 12923: 12918: 12914: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12898: 12894: 12890: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12871: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12857: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12822: 12818: 12812: 12808: 12807: 12801: 12797: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12760: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12717: 12712: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12670:Baum, Wilhelm 12667: 12655: 12651: 12647: 12642: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12582: 12578: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12501: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12399: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12340: 12339: 12327: 12320: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12295:10.1038/81685 12292: 12289:(3): 358–61. 12288: 12284: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12233:(7): e41252. 12232: 12228: 12224: 12216: 12208: 12204: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12150:(3): 364–71. 12149: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12121: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12070: 12068: 12059: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11979: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11937: 11918: 11911: 11905: 11897: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11875: 11867: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11816: 11814: 11805: 11799: 11795: 11794: 11786: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11755: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11732: 11730: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11692: 11685: 11679: 11672: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11656: 11648: 11642: 11638: 11637: 11629: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11500: 11492: 11486: 11482: 11475: 11467: 11461: 11457: 11450: 11443: 11438: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11360: 11353: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11336:1-931956-53-7 11333: 11329: 11325: 11320: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11288: 11283: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11200: 11196: 11189: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11153: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11110: 11103: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11074: 11070: 11065: 11058: 11052: 11050: 11040: 11021: 11014: 11008: 11001: 10996: 10989: 10984: 10982: 10972: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10953: 10945: 10936: 10929: 10923: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10886: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10856: 10849: 10844: 10837: 10831: 10824: 10819: 10812: 10807: 10800: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10776: 10771: 10764: 10759: 10752: 10747: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10734:The Histories 10730: 10725: 10718: 10713: 10707:, p. 28. 10706: 10701: 10693: 10687: 10683: 10682: 10674: 10667: 10662: 10660: 10652: 10647: 10640: 10639:Lipiński 2000 10635: 10633: 10625: 10620: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10589: 10573: 10569: 10566:(in Hebrew). 10565: 10557: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10523: 10517:, p. 75. 10516: 10511: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10441: 10435:, p. 80. 10434: 10429: 10422: 10417: 10401: 10397: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10371: 10366: 10360:, p. 36. 10359: 10354: 10348:, p. 63. 10347: 10342: 10335: 10334:O'Mahony 2006 10330: 10323: 10318: 10302: 10298: 10291: 10285:, p. 93. 10284: 10283:Coakley 2011b 10279: 10272: 10267: 10260: 10255: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10231: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10052: 10050: 10043:, p. 45. 10042: 10041:Coakley 2011a 10037: 10030: 10025: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9970: 9953: 9949: 9948:Chaldean Flag 9945: 9939: 9923: 9919: 9913: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9878: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9830: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9811: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9762: 9757: 9748: 9739: 9730: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9678: 9676: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9591: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9559: 9558: 9552: 9545: 9544: 9538: 9532:, p. 19. 9531: 9529: 9522: 9516:, p. 15. 9515: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9471: 9462: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9412: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9356: 9347: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9270:, p. 83. 9269: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9238: 9222: 9218: 9211: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9127: 9110: 9106: 9100: 9098: 9088: 9079: 9070: 9063: 9058: 9050: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9031: 9022: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8988: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8956: 8954: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8928: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8799:Warscapes.com 8796: 8789: 8781: 8774: 8766: 8760: 8744: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8635: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8618: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8556: 8554: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8437:on 9 May 2008 8433: 8426: 8420: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8383: 8382:indict.org.uk 8379: 8373: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8253:(3): 363–82. 8252: 8248: 8247: 8239: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8211: 8203: 8202: 8194: 8185: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8140: 8131: 8124: 8119: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8038:Courtois 2004 8034: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8000: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7944: 7939: 7933:, p. 56. 7932: 7927: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7903: 7888:. 11 May 1939 7887: 7881: 7873: 7872: 7864: 7857: 7852: 7846:, p. 57. 7845: 7840: 7834:, p. 33. 7833: 7828: 7822:, p. 45. 7821: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7771: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7749: 7733: 7729: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7669: 7661: 7655: 7651: 7650: 7642: 7635: 7630: 7624:, p. 32. 7623: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7588: 7579: 7573:, p. XI. 7572: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7520: 7513: 7511: 7495: 7493:0-8264-5481-X 7489: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7434: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7243: 7241: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7210: 7203: 7199: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7117: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7027:975-16-0246-7 7024: 7018: 7009: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6968: 6961: 6955: 6953: 6945: 6939: 6933:, p. 30. 6932: 6927: 6911: 6907: 6906:parstimes.com 6903: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6819: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6775: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6729: 6725: 6719: 6712: 6706: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6589: 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They speak 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Sapna valleys 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2690:Al Darbasiyah 2687: 2686:Al-Qahtaniyah 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581:in Iran, and 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2545:includes the 2544: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2455:in the region 2452: 2451: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Islamic State 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2262:Yonadam Kanna 2259: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2076: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2000: 1990: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1927: 1926:Assyrian flag 1923: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:Isa Kelemechi 1646: 1642: 1641:Mongol Empire 1638: 1637:Buyid dynasty 1634: 1633:Seljuk Empire 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:Bedr Khan Beg 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1553: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1489:proselytising 1482: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1336:Arab conquest 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261:Monophysitism 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Roman Assyria 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1097:, centred on 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1049: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017:lingua franca 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:Kültepe texts 963: 961: 957: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 905: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 818:'s grandson, 817: 813: 806:(light green) 805: 801: 797: 794:A map of the 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 720: 719: 713: 708: 704: 700: 689: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:Khabour River 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:United States 614: 610: 609:Islamic State 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 578:North America 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 509: 508:Baghdad, Iraq 505: 502:praying in a 501: 497: 493: 491: 487: 486:lingua franca 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 413: 409: 405: 404:Protestantism 400: 395: 390: 386: 382: 378: 371: 367: 361: 357: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 229:25,000–35,000 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 178:United States 176: 172: 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 120: 119: 114: 109: 106: 102: 98: 93: 86: 81: 77: 72: 67: 64: 62: 56: 54: 48: 46: 40: 38: 26: 22: 17132:Christianity 17068: 17014:Demographics 16948:Oil reserves 16943:Oil Industry 16910:Central Bank 16806:Human rights 16732:Constitution 16677:Tigris river 16657:Persian Gulf 16365:Ottoman Iraq 16350:Qara Qoyunlu 16184:Ubaid period 16004:Mazandaranis 15986:Azerbaijanis 15442:Qara Qoyunlu 15305:(312–63 BCE) 15036:Christianity 14947: 14826: 14803: 14791:. 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2490:Demographics 2484: 2467:Ourhi Centre 2466: 2448: 2446: 2438:Dwekh Nawsha 2427: 2385: 2374: 2339: 2308: 2280:21st century 2270: 2251: 2234: 2222:Ba'ath Party 2219: 2211: 2192: 2143:World War II 2128: 2124:Khabur River 2085: 2080:Khabur River 2048: 2010: 1984: 1965: 1957: 1949: 1897:Pan-Islamism 1886: 1879: 1858: 1856: 1831: 1827: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1777: 1730: 1715: 1676:Kara Koyunlu 1669: 1665:Bar Hebraeus 1661: 1630: 1611:Kara Koyunlu 1584: 1582:soon after. 1566:region were 1557: 1548: 1542:, and later 1533: 1501:Central Asia 1486: 1466: 1450: 1448: 1369: 1312: 1300: 1269: 1264: 1253:Nestorianism 1246: 1239: 1182:In 410, the 1181: 1161:Christianity 1146: 1107: 1072: 1055:(226–637 AD) 1002: 983: 964: 953: 909: 902: 864: 828:Hebrew Bible 809: 779:(modern-day 746: 738:Tell Hassuna 724: 716: 715:Part of the 637: 606: 551: 535:Christianity 527:Christianity 512: 504:Holy Qurbana 472:-influenced 467: 427:ethnic group 419: 418: 165: 160:7,000–17,000 116: 104: 100: 58: 50: 42: 34: 28:Ethnic group 25: 17288:WikiProject 17089:Marsh Arabs 17074:Circassians 16755:Foreign aid 16647:Mesopotamia 16209:Uruk period 16077:Circassians 15801:New Zealand 15796:Netherlands 15560:Settlements 15473:(1555–1917) 15450:(1453–1501) 15444:(1375–1468) 15438:(1335–1432) 15432:(1258–1335) 15426:(1098–1268) 15387:Middle ages 15327:Roman Syria 15321:Syrian Wars 14958:Middle East 14793:25 November 14768:25 November 14733:25 November 14704:25 November 14155:28 February 13842:"Assyrians" 13796:"Assyrians" 13548:"Assyrians" 13044:28 February 13030:"Chaldeans" 13019:28 February 13005:"Assyrians" 12740:12 February 12660:30 November 10894:16 November 10834:Tsereteli, 10823:Macuch 1976 10751:Joseph 1997 10666:Gzella 2015 10271:Davies 1872 10148:16 November 10122:16 November 10096:18 February 9928:16 November 9902:16 November 9772:Doug Bandow 9655:18 February 9629:18 February 9428:Travis 2010 9311:sor.cua.edu 9144:18 February 9115:22 December 8542:16 November 8512:18 February 8441:10 February 8362:18 February 8332:18 February 8123:Yacoub 2016 8026:Aboona 2008 7955:Joseph 2000 7931:Frazee 2006 7910:JAA Studies 7844:Frazee 2006 7832:Mooken 2003 7820:Healey 2010 7808:Baumer 2006 7634:Aboona 2008 7571:Aboona 2008 7532:Joseph 2000 7116:Millar 1967 6695:16 February 6665:31 December 6593:Hanish 2015 6360:18 February 6223:(Ukrainian) 6142:18 February 5915:Athens News 5852:14 December 5697:(in German) 5668:SVT Nyheter 5455:18 February 5267:Baumer 2006 5069:Haplogroup 4993:Haplogroups 4977:Marsh Arabs 4958:Zoroastrian 4751:Kha b-Nisan 4716:of a song. 4710:Sabre Dance 4658:Aril Brikha 4634:Evin Agassi 4605:, but also 4388:Bar Mitzvah 4309:and became 4205:ʾEsṭrangēlā 3910:Kha b-Nisan 3721:Mesopotamia 3709:Coele-Syria 3661:Roman Syria 3476:Mesopotamia 3413:Arabization 3379:'s special 3215:Craigieburn 3195:Prairiewood 3146:(100,000), 3019:Yazdegerd I 3013:Persecution 2966:Beth Zabday 2946:Beth Kustan 2926:Mor Gabriel 2906:West Syriac 2812:East Syriac 2655:Middle East 2637:during the 2400:Nusra Front 2118:during the 2023:of the Bit- 2017:Agha Petros 1859:Shimun line 1832:Shimun line 1816:Mesopotamia 1497:Transoxiana 1457:Arabization 1330:Miaphysites 1322:Justinian I 1236:manuscripts 1163:and spread 1110:Roman Syria 1029:Old Aramaic 1015:, once the 990:Babylonians 769:Mesopotamia 699:Mesopotamia 660:War in Iraq 558:Mesopotamia 523:West Syriac 451:Babylonians 431:Mesopotamia 322:New Zealand 301:1,500–5,000 285:3,000–4,000 269:2,500–5,000 261:2,769–6,000 226:Netherlands 17313:Categories 17205:Television 17185:Literature 17147:Irreligion 17122:Secularism 17059:Minorities 16927:(currency) 16920:Corruption 16765:Government 16556:Insurgency 16355:Aq Qoyunlu 16176:Chronology 16037:Others 1% 16030:and other 15684:Diyarbakır 15655:Tell Tamer 15650:Al-Hasakah 15546:By country 15458:Modern era 15448:Aq Qoyunlu 15420:(945–1055) 15414:(905–1383) 15408:(750–1258) 15223:(including 15199:Folk dance 14352:7 December 14130:1 February 14014:2 February 13866:29 October 13701:1 February 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3158:(46,000). 3134:Since the 3085:See also: 3067:, and the 2978:Diyarbakır 2875:Diyarbakir 2682:Al-Hasakah 2619:Diyarbakır 2508:Nestorians 2440:, and the 2402:and other 2309:After the 2199:Iraqi Army 2135:Rab-shakeh 2098:asked the 1928:, c. 1920 1906:Hasankeyef 1902:Diyarbakir 1828:Eliya line 1737:Nestorians 1690:See also: 1672:Aq Qoyunlu 1653:Yuan China 1643:after the 1607:Aq Qoyunlu 1538:and other 1436:physicians 1392:philosophy 1255:, and the 1196:Catholicos 1157:Nabataeans 1144:speakers. 994:liturgical 883:front line 844:Babylonian 804:Esarhaddon 771:under the 753:Bronze Age 644:Al-Hasakah 629:occupation 623:, and the 621:its allies 602:Emigration 547:Nabataeans 429:native to 424:indigenous 402:Minority: 346:Kazakhstan 105:5+ million 17225:Squatting 17190:Education 17137:Mandaeism 17106:/Turkoman 17084:Mandaeans 17069:Assyrians 17064:Armenians 17027:Languages 16915:Companies 16870:Judiciary 16780:President 16750:Elections 16745:Democracy 16591:Geography 16507:Sanctions 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BRILL. 14339:162760021 14297:: 72–82. 14080:192959948 13892:(1849b). 13878:(1849a). 13668:24 August 13260:161323237 12773:156908771 12554:163755644 12494:19 August 12463:(1842b). 12449:(1842a). 12425:: 21–76. 12172:207460555 11229:Warscapes 10775:Frye 1997 10763:Frye 1992 10729:Herodotus 10624:Fiey 1965 10578:3 October 10496:CiteSeerX 10191:cite book 10183:962025766 9892:"Assyria" 9499:12 August 9291:7 October 9268:Atto 2011 9253:7 October 9200:3 October 8917:7 October 8891:5 October 8835:19 August 8749:5 January 8727:8 January 8352:zowaa.org 8094:"HISTORY" 7373:: 17–33. 7091:"Hadrian" 6931:Yana 2008 6780:26 August 6724:"Nineveh" 6685:France 24 6459:4 October 6069:31 August 6034:DiePresse 5882:3 January 5164:Mandaeans 5060:Armenians 5028:Somalians 5020:Georgians 4739:. During 4720:Festivals 4650:Melechesh 4603:soft rock 4521:cathedral 4483:monastery 4426:Tur Abdin 4422:monastery 4370:Jacobites 4356:Chaldeans 4188:diacritic 4131:Tur Abdin 4087:stateless 3985:A map of 3957:Armenians 3941:exogamous 3918:ܫܠܡܐ ܥܠܝܟ 3906:Christmas 3796:bilingual 3713:Euphrates 3697:Herodotus 3628:West Bank 3590:Jacobites 3586:Assyrians 3582:Chaldeans 3574:Nestorian 3556:with the 3554:communion 3330:Sarcelles 3318:Wiesbaden 3310:Stuttgart 3306:Frankfurt 3266:San Diego 3217:) In the 3203:Melbourne 3187:Fairfield 3183:Australia 3173:, and in 3156:Australia 3023:Nestorian 2974:Tur Abdin 2896:language 2890:Tur Abdin 2867:In Turkey 2843:Tel Keppe 2702:Tel Tamer 2666:Palestine 2623:Tur Abdin 2617:, Amida ( 2587:Yüksekova 2504:Jacobites 2500:Chaldeans 2450:Dawronoye 2404:terrorist 2177:in 1941. 2175:Habbaniya 2147:Palestine 1826:, of the 1745:Jacobites 1706:Nestorian 1663:century, 1657:Ilkhanate 1625:Tamerlane 1589:, Kurds, 1440:Bukhtishu 1428:Nestorius 1420:Bardaisan 1414:(such as 1400:Masawaiyh 1354:Assyrian 1204:provinces 1200:Patriarch 1149:Armenians 1122:Asoristan 1069:Asōristān 1053:Asōristān 1051:A map of 1035:. By the 1021:Near East 920:Parthians 904:Histories 899:Herodotus 765:Sumerians 730:Neolithic 586:Australia 539:Armenians 515:Christian 459:Chaldeans 435:West Asia 420:Assyrians 354:Languages 298:Palestine 210:Australia 32:Assyrians 17268:Category 17117:Religion 17094:Persians 16978:Railways 16973:Airlines 16855:Military 16716:Politics 16692:Wildlife 16682:Umm Qasr 16512:Iraq War 16495:Gulf War 16407:Republic 16360:Safavids 16323:638–1958 16028:Turkmens 15980:Persians 15852:Politics 15723:Diaspora 15704:Mazıdağı 15660:Qamishli 15633:Sanandaj 15606:Shaqlawa 15594:Bartella 15579:Qaraqosh 15555:Homeland 15353:(5th c.) 15335:(15–116) 15333:Adiabene 15280:Arameans 15235:Ancient 15209:Clothing 15151:Hertevin 14966:Identity 14908:Archived 14824:(2011). 14787:Archived 14759:Archived 14727:Archived 14698:Archived 14642:(2016). 14582:(1929). 14526:(1931). 14471:(1844). 14451:(1842). 14437:(1840). 14343:Archived 14303:25684050 14262:(2004). 14149:Archived 14124:Archived 14104:(2009). 14090:(2003). 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4111:Armenian 4013:Sumerian 3971:Language 3930:Spitting 3821:king of 3773:Georgian 3758:Aššūrāyu 3743:Arameans 3731:Seleucid 3717:homeland 3701:Seleucid 3693:Arameans 3689:Assyrian 3677:Cilician 3542:Chaldean 3524:Assyrian 3480:Arameans 3389:Chaldean 3075:Diaspora 2990:Adiyaman 2934:Aynwardo 2912:and the 2871:Istanbul 2861:and the 2760:the West 2756:Istanbul 2678:Qamishli 2674:Nisabina 2662:Akkadian 2651:Caucasus 2609:/Urhoy ( 2599:Şemdinli 2523:Homeland 2506:", and " 2398:(ISIL), 2392:Al Qaeda 2379:and the 2317:and its 2082:in Syria 1863:Joseph I 1836:Qochanis 1753:Maphrian 1635:and the 1587:Persians 1509:Mongolia 1412:theology 1314:Theodora 1222:Bartella 1169:Far East 1130:Persians 1126:Arameans 1009:dialects 979:Anatolia 950:Language 932:Adiabene 901:, whose 895:Darius I 887:Xerxes I 755:period, 598:Caucasus 596:and the 470:Akkadian 463:Arameans 445:such as 392:Religion 385:Sumerian 381:Akkadian 61:ʾĀšōrāyē 53:ʾĀṯōrāyē 17298:Commons 17215:Smoking 17180:Culture 17175:Cuisine 17158:General 17142:Yazidis 17099:Solluba 17052:Persian 17042:Kurdish 17037:Aramaic 17002:Society 16983:Tourism 16894:Economy 16642:Islands 16617:Borders 16442: ( 16432:present 16367:(incl. 16279:Assyria 16224:Subartu 16164:History 16022:Balochs 15838:Uruguay 15831:Detroit 15786:Lebanon 15766:Germany 15761:Georgia 15751:Finland 15741:Belgium 15731:Armenia 15679:Hakkari 15533:(2014–) 15527:(2003–) 15515:(1919–) 15485:(1840s) 15315:Osroene 15237:Assyria 15225:related 15219:History 15204:Cuisine 15176:Culture 15117:Aramaic 15104:(1968–) 15098:(1692–) 15092:(1552–) 15073:(1940–) 15067:(1870–) 15061:(1662–) 14072:4200184 12439:1797632 12392:20 June 12335:Sources 12258:3399854 12235:Bibcode 12207:4030922 12111:5669434 12088:Bibcode 12049:5669434 12026:Bibcode 11866:3456196 11857:1684716 11600:22 July 11412:Ostrava 11309:16 June 11272:5 March 10599:Haaretz 9862:Archive 9800:7 April 9170:4 March 8108:21 June 8077:21 June 7607:12 June 7387:1523325 7182:Silifke 6833:"Ashur" 6199:23 July 6044:24 June 6013:24 June 5925:7 April 5124:Assyria 4986:Yazidis 4962:Turkmen 4954:Syrians 4849:Cuisine 4769:‎ 4757:‎ 4694:Chicago 4525:Baghdad 4516:: is a 4485:of the 4447:: is a 4211:Unicode 4192:cursive 4161:Semitic 4123:Persian 4119:Kurdish 4107:Turkish 4103:Swedish 4095:English 4028:Soureth 3994:Semitic 3882:Culture 3876:Sūryāyē 3867:Āṯūrāyē 3858:Ārāmayē 3849:Sūryāyē 3845:exonyms 3827:Cilicia 3825:(i.e., 3804:Cilicia 3769:atorêta 3765:suryêta 3735:Assyria 3620:Lebanon 3596:Aramean 3385:Detroit 3298:Germany 3278:Toronto 3259:Turlock 3251:Modesto 3247:Phoenix 3235:Detroit 3223:Chicago 3148:Germany 2954:Mizizah 2847:Tesqopa 2839:Batnaya 2800:Nuhadra 2784:Hakkari 2725:in Iraq 2641:of the 2603:Uludere 2595:Çukurca 2591:Hakkâri 2583:Hakkari 2571:Tesqopa 2567:Al Qosh 2559:Arrapha 2547:ancient 2370:Baghdad 2362:Yazidis 2304:Armenia 2300:Yerevan 2189:Odisho. 2159:Albania 2055:Hakkari 1976:Georgia 1972:Armenia 1882:Hakkari 1820:Amadiya 1726:millets 1680:Safavid 1564:Hakkari 1560:Balkans 1481:Baghdad 1396:science 1376:Umayyad 1226:Nineveh 1167:to the 1095:Osroene 1091:Hadrian 1083:Assyria 956:Aramaic 936:Osroene 852:Hurrian 848:Amorite 840:Hittite 836:Mitanni 824:Jokshan 822:son of 816:Abraham 777:Nineveh 761:Semitic 726:Assyria 703:Assyria 682:History 615:by the 492:spoke. 474:Aramaic 455:Syriacs 439:descend 422:are an 412:Judaism 338:Denmark 306:Ukraine 290:Georgia 266:Austria 258:Armenia 218:Lebanon 194:Germany 189:150,000 181:600,000 45:Suryoye 21:Syrians 17278:Portal 17220:Sports 17195:Health 17170:Cinema 17022:Iraqis 16925:Dinar 16860:Police 16662:Places 16152:topics 16096:Zagari 16042:Talysh 15998:Gilaks 15895:Sutoro 15816:Sweden 15811:Russia 15791:Mexico 15781:Jordan 15776:Israel 15771:Greece 15756:France 15746:Canada 15699:Mardin 15689:Elazığ 15674:Turkey 15667:Khabur 15628:Salmas 15601:Ankawa 15584:Alqosh 15521:(1933) 15503:(1909) 15491:(1895) 15402:(630s) 15396:(630s) 15161:Mlaḥsô 15156:Senaya 15141:Turoyo 15121:Syriac 15055:(518–) 15034:Syriac 14834: 14810: 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