Syrian civil war - Knowledge

7441: 8056: 9001: 8408: 6627:'s regime to life imprisonment after he sought asylum in Germany and was arrested in 2019. He was charged with being complicit to the murder of at least 27 people coupled with the sexual assault and torture of at least another 4,000 people between 29 April 2011, and 7 September 2012. Raslan was a mid-level officer in Branch 251 and oversaw the torture of detainees. His trial was one of an unprecedented nature because Germany took on a trial of crimes committed in the Syrian war and the human rights lawyers took this on under the principle of "universal jurisdiction". Universal Jurisdiction is a concept in German law that allows for serious crimes to be tried in Germany even if they did not happen in the country. His co-defendant Eyad al-Gharib, 44, a low-level officer in 9279:

interest in helping rebuild Syria. One year later this seemed to be materializing, Iran and the Syrian government signed a deal where Iran would help rebuild the Syrian energy grid, which has taken damage to 50% of the grid. International donors have been suggested as one financier of the reconstruction. As of November 2018, reports emerged that rebuilding efforts had already started. It was reported that the biggest issue facing the rebuilding process is the lack of building material and a need to make sure the resources that do exist are managed efficiently. The rebuilding effort have so far remained at a limited capacity and has often been focused on certain areas of a city, thus ignoring other areas inhabited by disadvantaged people.

7326:", which could strip refugees of property, such as damaged real estate. There are also fears among some refugees that if they return to claim this property they will face negative consequences, such as forced conscription or prison. The Syrian government has been criticized for using this law to reward those who have supported the government. However, the government said this statement was false and has expressed that it wants the return of refugees from Lebanon. In December 2018, it was also reported that the Syrian government has started to seize property under an anti-terrorism law, which is affecting government opponents negatively, with many losing their property. Some people's pensions have also been cancelled. 6338: 7383: 3610: 6323: 6927: 7767: 6535: 5954: 78: 7433: 5590: 6014: 9310: 6651: 3897: 6985:(AANES) were willing to work with Syrian government forces to defend against Turkey, saying "Damascus should use its air defense systems against Turkish planes." Abdi said that Kurdish groups would be able to cooperate with the Syrian government, and still retain their autonomy. The joint discussions were a result of the negotiation processes that had begun in October 2019. In early 2023, reports indicated that the forces of Islamic State in Syria had mostly been defeated, with only a few cells remaining in various remote locations. 5090:

Bashar al-Assad. Over the last decade, the conflict erupted into one of the most complicated in the world, with a dizzying array of international and regional powers, opposition groups, proxies, local militias and extremist groups all playing a role. The Syrian population has been brutalized, with nearly a half a million killed, 12 million fleeing their homes to find safety elsewhere, and widespread poverty and hunger. Meanwhile, efforts to broker a political settlement have gone nowhere, leaving the Assad regime firmly in power.

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response is available at an official website managed by UNOCHA Syria (Amman). UNICEF is also working alongside these organizations to provide vaccinations and care packages to those in need. Financial information on the response to the SHARP and assistance to refugees and for cross-border operations can be found on UNOCHA's Financial Tracking Service. As of 19 September 2015, the top ten donors to Syria were United States, European Commission, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Japan, UAE and Norway.

3832: 9240: 72: 6137: 8213: 5721: 25926: 24653: 9229: 8534: 7220: 25392: 5532:. Syrian president Bashar al-Assad declined Qatar's year 2000 proposal to build a $ 10 billion Qatar–Turkey pipeline through Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria and Turkey, allegedly prompting covert CIA operations to spark a Syrian civil war to pressure Bashar al-Assad to resign and allow a pro-American president to step in and sign off on the deal. Leaked documents have shown that in 2009, the CIA began funding and supporting opposition groups in Syria to foment a civil war. 8478:, the former UK Ambassador to Syria, said "...going forward, we're seeing more economic warfare. It seems that the U.S., having failed to change the regime in Syria by military force or by proxies, is tightening the economic screws and the main reason why the U.S. is keeping hold of the production facilities in eastern Syria. So, the economic situation is becoming more and more serious and dire in Syria and it's a major reason why refugees are not going back." 28406: 27915: 27245: 25869: 25336: 24595: 7633:. Most of the victims were young men and many corpses were emaciated, bloodstained and bore signs of torture. Some had no eyes; others showed signs of strangulation or electrocution. Experts said this evidence was more detailed and on a far larger scale than anything else that had emerged from the then 34-month crisis. Atrocities committed by the Assad regime have been described as the "greatest war crimes of the 21st century", with chilling revelations of 9338: 7239: 6690:"try to occupy and control the religious symbols in the Sunni community to achieve not just a territorial victory but a sectarian one as well"—reportedly occupying mosques and replacing Sunni icons with pictures of Shia leaders. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, human rights abuses have been committed by the militias including "a series of sectarian massacres between March 2011 and January 2014 that left 962 civilians dead". 7028: 8472:(SJAC), said that the sanctions will likely hurt ordinary Syrian people, saying, "it is an almost unsolvable unfeasible equation. If they are imposed, they will indirectly harm the Syrian people, and if they are lifted, they will indirectly revive the Syrian regime;" he attributed the sanctions to "political considerations, as the United States does not have weapons and tools in the Syrian file, and sanctions are its only means." 7571: 7928:. Drugs manufactured in Syria have found their way across the Gulf, Jordan and Europe but have at times been intercepted. In January 2022, a Jordanian army officer was shot and killed and three army personnel injured after a shoot out erupted between drug smugglers and the army. The Jordanian army has said that it shot down a drone in 2021 that was being used to smuggle a substantial amount of drugs across the Jordanian border. 5433:, these policies benefited a minority of the nation's population, mostly people who had connections with the government, and members of the Sunni merchant class of Damascus and Aleppo. In 2010, Syria's nominal GDP per capita was only $ 2,834, comparable to Sub-Saharan African countries such as Nigeria and far lower than its neighbors such as Lebanon, with an annual growth rate of 3.39%, below most other developing countries. 25916: 25382: 9352: 7888: 24643: 9324: 5536:

bolster Russia's allies and stimulate Iran's economy. The U.S. military has set up bases near gas pipelines in Syria, purportedly to fight ISIS but perhaps also to defend their own natural gas assets, which have been allegedly targeted by Iranian militias. The Conoco gas fields have been a point of contention for United States since falling in the hands of ISIS, which were captured by American-backed

20129:. With Operation Peace Spring, Turkey has gained control of part of northeast Syria, creating a buffer zone against Kurdish-led forces where it will be able to settle one million Syrian refugees. The Sochi agreement with Russia confirms Turkey's influence over the border zone, and may allow Assad's government to regain control of land held until now by the Kurds. Nov. 2019. 9205:. After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria", according to the Saudi foreign ministry. The high level talks are "facilitating the return of Syrian refugees to their homeland, and securing humanitarian access to the affected areas in Syria". 7270:

are spread around cities and a dozen camps placed under the direct authority of the Turkish Government. Satellite images confirmed that the first Syrian camps appeared in Turkey in July 2011, shortly after the towns of Deraa, Homs and Hama were besieged. In September 2014, the UN stated that the number of Syrian refugees had exceeded three million. According to the

7716:, amputations, and lashings in a campaign to instill fear. "Forces of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham have committed torture, murder, acts tantamount to enforced disappearance and forced displacement as part of attacks on the civilian population in Aleppo and Raqqa governorates, amounting to crimes against humanity", said the report from 27 August 2014. ISIS also 7742:. They stated the killings began in 2011 and were still ongoing. Amnesty International described this as a "policy of deliberate extermination" and also stated that "These practices, which amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity, are authorised at the highest levels of the Syrian government". Three months later, the United States State Department stated a 7709:, which prevents food distribution by UNRWA. In July 2015, the UN removed Yarmouk from its list of besieged areas in Syria, despite not having been able deliver aid there for four months, and declined to say why it had done so. After intense fighting in April/May 2018, Syrian government forces finally took the camp, its population now reduced to 100–200. 8029:, out of which nine people died. Restrictions on the importation of medical supplies, limited access to essential equipment, reduced outside support and ongoing attacks on medical facilities left Syria's health infrastructure in peril, and unable to meet the needs of its population. Syrian communities were additionally facing unprecedented levels of 9082:. Syrian President Assad expressed full support for the deal, as various terms of the agreement also applied to the Syrian government. The SDF stated that they considered themselves as "Syrian and a part of Syria", adding that they would agree to work with the Syrian Government. The SDF officially announced their support for the deal on 27 October. 6237:, Hezbollah provided active support to the Ba'athist government forces. By 2012, the group escalated its involvement, deploying troops across Syria. In 2013, Hezbollah publicly acknowledged its presence in Syria, intensifying its ground commitment. This involvement included an estimated 5,000 to 8,000 fighters at any given time, comprising 8379:, who was kidnapped at the Syrian–Turkish border in August 2013. There were reports ISIS captured a Japanese national, two Italian nationals, and a Danish national as well. Sotloff was later executed in September 2014. At least 70 journalists have been killed covering the Syrian war, and more than 80 kidnapped, according to the 5078:, a region within Syria, announced they had reached a major deal with the government of Syria under Assad. This deal was enacted in the wake of the U.S. withdrawal from Syria. The Kurdish leaders made this deal in order to obtain Syria's help in stopping hostile Turkish forces who were invading Syria and attacking Kurds. 7408:, UN high commissioner for human rights, stated that: "This is most likely a minimum casualty figure". The real toll was guessed to be over 100,000. Some areas of the country have been affected disproportionately by the war; by some estimates, as many as a third of all deaths have occurred in the city of 9032:

brokered in late December 2016. The Astana Process talks was billed by a Russian official as a complement to, rather than replacement, of the United Nations-led Geneva Process talks. On 4 May 2017, at the fourth round of the Astana talks, representatives of Russia, Iran and Turkey signed a memorandum

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through protection rackets, looting and organized crime". NDF members were also implicated in "waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings and extortions throughout government-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in 2013", as reported by the Institute for the Study of War.

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After an attack on a Syrian jail on 23 January 2022, over 120 individuals were killed in an ongoing conflict between Kurdish-led troops and ISIL (ISIS) fighters. According to the UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, "at least 77 IS members and 39 Kurdish fighters, including internal security

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had been identified near the prison. According to the U.S., it was being used to burn thousands of bodies of those killed by the government's forces and to cover up evidence of atrocities and war crimes. Amnesty International expressed surprise at the reports about the crematorium, as the photographs

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reported that over 500 children had been killed by early February 2012, and another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons; both of these reports have been contested by the Syrian government. Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners are known to have

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saying "The number of casualties is much higher than we expected, and is truly shocking". Four months later, the UN's updated figure for the death toll had reached 80,000. On 13 June 2013, the UN released an updated figure of people killed since fighting began, the figure being exactly 92,901, for up

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Furthermore, when the boys in the camps reach the age of adolescence, they are usually transferred to Hasaka's Sinaa prison, where they are packed into overcrowded cells with no access to sunlight. According to prison guards in the area, there is insufficient food and medical attention. When the boys

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As of 2022 there are over 5.6 million refugees. Over 3.7 million of those (about 65%) are in Turkey. These figures have seen a lot of blame lain on refugees across the political spectrum in the country. They are being blamed for the worsening economic crisis. Measures have been put in place to "drive

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The war whose brutality once dominated headlines has settled into an uncomfortable stalemate. Hopes for regime change have largely died out, peace talks have been fruitless, and some regional governments are reconsidering their opposition to engaging with Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. The government

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Violence in the war peaked during 2012–2017, but the situation remains a crisis. By 2020, the Syrian government controlled about two-thirds of the country and was consolidating power. Frontline fighting between the Assad government and opposition groups had mostly subsided by 2023, but there had been

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President RT Erdogan said Turkey was left with no choice other than going its own way on the Syria 'safe zone' after a deadline to co-jointly establish a "safe zone" with the U.S. in northern Syria expired in September. The U.S. indicated it would withdraw its forces from northern Syria after Turkey

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During the course of the war, there have been several international peace initiatives, undertaken by the Arab League, the United Nations and other actors. The Syrian government has refused efforts to negotiate with what it describes as armed terrorist groups. On 1 February 2016, the UN announced the

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Some activists welcomed this legislation. Some critics contend that these punitive sanctions are likely to backfire or have unintended consequences; they argue that ordinary Syrian people will have fewer economic resources due to these sanctions (and will thus need to rely more the Syrian government

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Russia, aided by China's support, has vetoed the resolution to retain all four border crossings. An alternate resolution also did not pass. The U.S. strongly criticized the vetoes and opposition by Russia and China. China explained the reason for veto is the concern of "unilateral coercive measures"

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Criminal networks have been used by both the government and the opposition during the conflict. Facing international sanctions, the Syrian government relied on criminal organizations to smuggle goods and money in and out of the country. The economic downturn caused by the conflict and sanctions also

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The violence in Syria caused millions to flee their homes. As of March 2015, Al-Jazeera estimate 10.9 million Syrians, or almost half the population, have been displaced. Violence erupted due to the ongoing crisis in northwest Syria has forced 6,500 children to flee every day over the last week

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Erdogan said that Turkey expects to resettle about 1 million refugees in the "buffer zone" that it controls. Erdogan claimed that Turkey had spent billions on approximately five million refugees now being housed in Turkey; and called for more funding from wealthier nations and from the EU. This

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Even before the uprising, in areas considered politically unsympathetic like Deir Ezzor, the government stopped maintaining sanitation and safe-water services, and began withholding routine immunizations for preventable childhood diseases. Once the war began, the government started ruthless attacks

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stated that the fight over a prison in northeastern Syria has brought attention to the plight of thousands of foreign children who were brought to Syria by their parents to join the Islamic State caliphate and have been detained for three years in camps and prisons in the region, abandoned by their

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As of 2015, 3.8 million have been made refugees. As of 2013, one in three of Syrian refugees (about 667,000 people) sought safety in Lebanon (normally 4.8 million population). Others have fled to Jordan, Turkey and Iraq. Turkey has accepted 1.7 million (2015) Syrian refugees, half of whom

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According to Aljazeera, a rocket attack on a northern Syrian town controlled by Turkey-backed opposition fighters killed six civilians and injured more than a dozen others on 21 January 2022. According to the British-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, it was unclear who fired the artillery

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An analysis released in June 2017 described the region's "relationship with the government fraught but functional" and a "semi-cooperative dynamic". In late September 2017, Syria's Foreign Minister said that Damascus would consider granting Kurds more autonomy in the region once ISIL was defeated.

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rule of Syria. As part of the publicity efforts to brand the nation and Assad dynasty as inseparable; slogans such as "Assad or we burn the country", "Assad or to hell with the country" and "Hafez Assad, forever" became an integral part of the state and party discourse during the 1980s. Eventually

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Twelve years into Syria's devastating civil war, the conflict appears to have settled into a frozen state. Although roughly 30% of the country is controlled by opposition forces, heavy fighting has largely ceased and there is a growing regional trend toward normalizing relations with the regime of

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in Damascus. The memorandum was signed by Fadi al-Khalil, the Head of Planning and International Cooperation Commission for the Syrian Side and Feng Biao, the Chinese ambassador in Damascus for the Chinese side. The memorandum sees Syria join the initiative whose aim is to help expand cooperation

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is employed in a context of egregious human rights and international humanitarian law violations. The warring parties do not fear being held accountable for their acts". Armed forces of both sides of the conflict blocked access of humanitarian convoys, confiscated food, cut off water supplies and

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As militias and non-Syrian Shia—motivated by pro-Shia sentiment rather than loyalty to the Assad government—have taken over fighting the anti-government forces from the weakened Syrian Army, fighting has taken on a more sectarian nature. One opposition leader has said that the Shia militias often

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Harvard Professor Mitchell A Orenstein and George Romer stated that this pipeline feud is the true motivation behind Russia entering the war in support of Bashar al-Assad, supporting his rejection of the Qatar-Turkey pipeline and hoping to pave the way for the Iran-Iraq-Syria pipeline which would

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said that Syria would be able to rebuild the war-torn country on its own. As of July 2018, the reconstruction is estimated to cost a minimum of US$ 400 billion. Assad said he would be able to loan this money from friendly countries, Syrian diaspora and the state treasury. Iran has expressed

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As of December 2019, a diplomatic dispute is occurring at the UN over re-authorization of cross-border aid for refugees. China and Russia oppose the draft resolution that seeks to re-authorize crossing points in Turkey, Iraq and Jordan; China and Russia, as allies of Assad, seek to close the two

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As the conflict has expanded across Syria, many cities have been engulfed in a wave of crime as fighting caused the disintegration of much of the civilian state, and many police stations stopped functioning. Rates of theft increased, with criminals looting houses and stores. Rates of kidnappings

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On 14 January 2022, in the rebel-held city of Azaz in northwest Syria, a car bomb went off killing one and wounding several bystanders. According to a rescue worker, an improvised explosive device had been housed inside a car and then the car was planted near a local transport office in the city

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In an airstrike by Russian forces loyal to the Syrian government, at least five civilians were killed, out of which four belonged to the same family. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights claimed that the death toll included three children following the attack in the Idlib region on 18 January

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An estimated 40,000 foreigners, including children, travelled to Syria to fight for the caliphate or work for it. Thousands of them had brought their small children with them. There were also other children born there. When ISIS lost control of the last piece of territory in Syria, Baghuz, three

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have been displaced by the conflict. As of September 2016, the European Union has reported that there are 13.5 million refugees in need of assistance in the country. Australia is being appealed to rescue more than 60 women and children stuck in Syria's Al-Hawl camp ahead of a potential

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previously visited the UAE, Oman as well as Saudi Arabia. The discussion also included the possible resumption of consular services between the two countries. This is the first visit to Saudi Arabia by a Syrian foreign minister since the onset of the civil war in 2011. The same week all foreign

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is asking the UN to re-authorize cross-border aid to enable aid to continue to reach refugees in Syria. He says there is no other way to deliver the aid that is needed. He noted that four million refugees out of the over eleven million refugees who need assistance are being reached through four

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As of 2022, the main military threat and conflict faced by Rojava's official defense force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), are firstly, an ongoing conflict with ISIS; and secondly, ongoing concerns of possible invasion of the northeast regions of Syria by Turkish forces, in order to strike

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On 13 October 2019, the SDF announced that it had reached an agreement with the Syrian Army which allowed the latter to enter the SDF-held cities of Manbij and Kobani in order to dissuade a Turkish attack on those cities as part of the cross-border offensive by Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian

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and other government agencies in US delivered nearly $ 385 million of aid items to Syria in 2012 and 2013. The United States has provided food aid, medical supplies, emergency and basic health care, shelter materials, clean water, hygiene education and supplies, and other relief supplies.

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outbreak. UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator Imran Riza called for an urgent response to contain the outbreak, saying that it posed "a serious threat to people in Syria". The outbreak was linked to the use of contaminated water for growing crops and the reliance of people on unsafe water

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On 20 August 2014, a new U.N. study concluded that at least 191,369 people have died in the Syrian conflict. The UN thereafter stopped collecting statistics, but a study by the Syrian Centre for Policy Research released in February 2016 estimated the death toll to be 470,000, with 1.9m wounded

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One problem has been determining the number of "armed combatants" who have died, due to some sources counting rebel fighters who were not government defectors as civilians. At least half of those confirmed killed have been estimated to be combatants from both sides, including 52,290 government

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born and educated in Britain, was initially hailed in the Western press a "rose in the desert". The couple once raised hopes amongst Syrian intellectuals and outside Western observers as wanting to implement economic and political reforms. However, Bashar failed to deliver on promised reforms,

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Local NDF commanders often engage in war profiteering through protection rackets, looting, and organized crime. NDF members have been implicated in waves of murders, robberies, thefts, kidnappings, and extortions throughout regime-held parts of Syria since the formation of the organization in

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began operating in order to discuss a new settlement and to draft a new constitution for Syria. This committee comprises about 150 members. It includes representatives of the Syrian government, opposition groups and countries serving as guarantors of the process, such as Russia. However, this

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suffered minor damage. Illegal digging is said to be a grave danger, and hundreds of Syrian antiquities, including some from Palmyra, appeared in Lebanon. Three archeological museums are known to have been looted; in Raqqa some artifacts seem to have been destroyed by foreign Islamists due to

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Resolution 46/182. The primary framework for this coordination is the Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP) which appealed for US$ 1.41 billion to meet the humanitarian needs of Syrians affected by the conflict. Official United Nations data on the humanitarian situation and

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On 30 December 2019, over 50 Syrian refugees, including 27 children, were welcomed in Ireland, where they started afresh in their new temporary homes at the Mosney Accommodation Centre in Co Meath. The migrant refugees were pre-interviewed by Irish officials under the Irish Refugee Protection

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committee has faced strong opposition from the Assad government. Fifty of the committee members represent the government, and 50 members represent the opposition. Until the Assad government agrees to participate, it is unclear whether the third round of talks will proceed on a firm schedule.

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The U.S. Congress has enacted punitive sanctions on the Syrian government for its actions during the Civil War. These sanctions would penalize any entities lending support to the Syrian government, and any companies operating in Syria. U.S. President Donald Trump tried to protect the Turkish

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forces, which constitute the majority of the SDF, must withdraw from the buffer zone entirely, along with their weapons, within 150 hours from the announcement of the deal. Their withdrawal would be overseen by Russian Military Police and the Syrian Border Guards, which would then enter the

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According to a 2020 report by UN-backed investigators into the Syrian civil war, young girls aged nine and above have been raped and inveigled into sexual slavery, while boys have been put through torture and forcefully trained to execute killings in public. Children have been attacked by

5177:. It marked the beginning of the domination of personality cults centred around the Assad dynasty that pervaded all aspects of Syrian daily life and was accompanied by a systematic suppression of civil and political freedoms, becoming the central feature of state propaganda. Authority in 6241:, standing forces from all units, part-time fighters and new recruits with accelerated combat training. Hezbollah's presence, supported by Iranian weaponry and training, further complicated the conflict dynamics, drawing Israeli airstrikes against Hezbollah and Iranian targets in Syria. 11209:

Kelley, C. P., Mohtadi, S., Cane, M. A., Seager, R., & Kushnir, Y. (2015). Syria had also received in the same period around 1.5 million refugees from Iraq. By 2011, Syria was facing steep rises in the prices of commodities and a clear deterioration in the national standard of

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has reported that 35% of the country's hospitals are out of service. Fighting makes it impossible to undertake the normal vaccination programs. The displaced refugees may also pose a disease risk to countries to which they have fled. Four hundred thousand civilians were isolated by the

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Sir Desmond de Silva QC, former chief prosecutor of the special court for Sierra Leone, Sir Geoffrey Nice QC, the former lead prosecutor of former Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević, and Professor David Crane, who indicted President Charles Taylor of Liberia at the Sierra Leone

9013:(ISSG) in Vienna. On 3 February 2016, the UN Syria peace mediator suspended the talks. On 14 March 2016, Geneva peace talks resumed. The Syrian government stated that discussion of Bashar-al-Assad's presidency "is a red line", however Syria's President Bashar al-Assad said he hoped 6491:

said "Syria is expanding its relentless use of cluster munitions, a banned weapon, and civilians are paying the price with their lives and limbs", "The initial toll is only the beginning because cluster munitions often leave unexploded bomblets that kill and maim long afterward".

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held an international conference which condemned any suppression of the Kurds, and called for the self-declared Autonomous Administration in Rojava to be preserved and to be reflected in any new Syrian Constitution. The Kurds are concerned that the independence of their declared

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west of Aleppo, killing more than 126 people, including at least 80 children. On 1 January 2020, at least eight civilians, including four children, were killed in a rocket attack on a school in Idlib by Syrian government forces, the Syrian Human Rights Observatory (SOHR) said.

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was also sentenced to 4 years and 6 months in prison on 24 February 2021. Eyad's duties included the transport of detainees to location where they would be tortured for days on end. It was his knowledge of the fact that torture was happening there that landed him the sentence.

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are planning a new operation against the SDF, composed mostly of the YPG/YPJ. The new operation is set to resume efforts to create 30-kilometre-wide (19 mi) "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, President Erdoğan said in a statement. The operation aims at the

6526:. A panel of United Nations human rights investigators reported that the Syrian government used thermobaric bombs against the strategic town of Qusayr in March 2013. In August 2013, the BBC reported on the use of napalm-like incendiary bombs on a school in northern Syria. 7440: 6518:"can obliterate a roughly 200 by 400 metres (660 by 1,310 feet) area with a single salvo". Since 2012, rebels have said that the Syrian Air Force (government forces) is using thermobaric weapons against residential areas occupied by the rebel fighters, such as during the 5103:

In 2023, the main military conflict was not between the Syrian government and rebels, but rather between Turkish forces and factions within Syria. In late 2023, Turkish forces continued to attack Kurdish forces, in the region of Rojava. Starting on 5 October 2023, the

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used by the U.S. are from 2013 and they did not see them as conclusive, and fugitive government officials have stated that the government buries those its executes in cemeteries on military grounds in Damascus. The Syrian government said the reports were not true.

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which would relieve Europe of its dependence on Russian natural gas, especially during winter months where many European homes rely on Russia to survive the winter. On the contrary, Russia and its allies intended to stop this planned pipeline and instead build the

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In January 2020, UNICEF warned that children were bearing the brunt of escalating violence in northwestern Syria. More than 500 children were wounded or killed during the first three quarters of 2019, and over 65 children fell victim to the war in December alone.

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US-backed Syrian Kurds to turn to Damascus if Turkey attacks. The U.S.-backed and Kurdish-led forces in northern Syria say they will turn to the government in Damascus for support should Turkey go ahead with its threat to launch a new incursion into the war-torn

15286:.For the displaced people in northern and eastern Syria, winter is a torture: many set up for those seeking shelter have already collapsed due to rain and wind. Almost all international aid organisations are watching the misery. ANF HESEKÊ Tuesday, 10 Dec 2019. 12875: 12458: 8063:

The conflict holds the record for the largest sum ever requested by UN agencies for a single humanitarian emergency, $ 6.5 billion worth of requests of December 2013. The international humanitarian response to the conflict in Syria is coordinated by the

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The country also faced particularly high youth unemployment rates. At the start of the war, discontent against the government was strongest in Syria's poor areas, predominantly among conservative Sunnis. These included cities with high poverty rates, such as

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In October 2019, in response to the Turkish offensive, Russia arranged for negotiations between the Syrian government in Damascus and the Kurdish-led forces. Russia also negotiated a renewal of a cease-fire between Kurds and Turkey that was about to expire.

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which is close to the Turkish border. In the town of al Bab, a suicide bomb went off wounding three and in the city of Afrin, another suicide bomb went off at a roundabout. All these three bombings happened in a span of hours and minutes from each other.

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Hundreds of thousands have fled home due to the attacks of the AKP government and its gangs on Northern Syria. The living conditions of the refugees are being exacerbated by the ignorance of international aid organisations. ANF HESEKE Wednesday, 13 Nov

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On 28 September 2019, Syria's top diplomat demanded the foreign forces, including that of US and Turkey, to immediately leave the country, saying that the Syrian government holds the right to protect its territory in all possible ways if they remain.

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research institute documented 336 confirmed attacks involving chemical weapons in Syria between 23 December 2012 and 18 January 2019. The study attributed 98% of the total chemical attacks to the Assad regime. Almost 90% of the attacks occurred after

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Without the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Lebanese Hezbollah the army could not stand up. Seventy percent of the troops ... are Iranian troops or Lebanese Hezbollah, the rest are shabiha. Only two to three percent are regular Syrian

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Kurdish, Syrian, Iranian forces coordinate ahead of Turkish operation:Kurdish units and Iranian-affiliated factions in Syria have formed a joint operations room under Russian supervision to counter a possible Turkish military operation in northern

5465:. Subsequent analysis, however, has challenged the narrative of the drought as a major contributor to the start of the war. Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and it is frequently the target of military action. 6393: 8010:. As of late 2013 doctors and international public health agencies have reported more than 90 cases. Critics of the government complain that, even before the uprising, it contributed to the spread of disease by purposefully restricting access to 6992:, which periodically attempted some operations against Kurdish groups. One stated goal was to create "safe zones" along Turkey's border with Syria, according to a statement by Turkish President Erdoğan. The operations were generally aimed at the 16719: 7496:

Over 380,000 people were killed since the war in Syria started nine years ago, war monitor Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said on 4 January 2020. The death toll comprises civilians, government soldiers, militia members and foreign troops.

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for multiple attacks, in 2017. The close allies of Syria, Russia and European countries debated on the issue, where the OPCW findings were dismissed by Moscow while many Western European countries called for accountability for the government's

13676: 20364: 5927: 15716:. 17 Dec 2019 The number of migrants crossing from Turkey into Europe doubled in 2019 to 70,000, raising questions about whether the 2016 EU-Turkey migrant deal is still effective, Deutsche Welle reported, citing a confidential EU report. 11952: 6467:. Findings of another OPCW investigation report published in July 2021 concluded that the Syrian regime had engaged in confirmed chemical attacks at least 17 times, out of the 77 reported incidents of chemical weapons usage attributed to 20171: 16486: 8434:. Initially, many Middle Eastern governments expressed support for Assad, but as the death toll mounted, they switched to a more balanced approach by criticizing violence from both government and protesters. Both the Arab League and the 8076:

The difficulty of delivering humanitarian aid to people is indicated by the statistics for January 2015: of the estimated 212,000 people during that month who were besieged by government or opposition forces, 304 were reached with food.

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On 11 September 2019, the UN investigators said that air strikes conducted by the U.S.-led coalition in Syria have killed or wounded several civilians, denoting that necessary precautions were not taken leading to potential war crimes.

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found that millions of Syrian refugees remain displaced in countries around Syria. This includes around 1.5 million refugees in Lebanon. Also the report found that refugees in camps in north-eastern Syria have tripled this year.

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during the conflict, with many of these crimes reported to have been perpetrated by the Shabiha and other pro-government militias. Victims included men, women and children, with about 80% of the known victims being women and girls.

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All of the ten individuals representing the non-permanent members of the Security Council stood in the corridor outside of the chamber speaking to the press to state that all four crossing points are crucial and must be renewed.

7274:, Sunnis are leaving for Lebanon and undermining Hezbollah's status. The Syrian refugee crisis has caused the "Jordan is Palestine" threat to be diminished due to the onslaught of new refugees in Jordan. Greek Catholic Patriarch 6923:, or any of the earlier talks, Russia in particular called for the region's inclusion and did to some degree carry the region's positions into the talks, as documented in Russia's May 2016 draft for a new constitution for Syria. 895: 24609: 12736: 20732: 15551: 5997: 1455: 20341: 14768:.Leaders from social movements, communities and First Nations from around the world, including LaDonna Brave Bull Allard, Eve Ensler and Stuart Basden on the Turkish invasion in north-east Syria. Fri 1 Nov 2019 guardian.com 7959:

refugee camp between Syria and Jordan, where humanitarian relief access is difficult due to the harsh desert conditions. Humanitarian aid reaches the camp only sporadically, sometimes taking three months between shipments.

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led to lower wages for Shabiha members. In response, some Shabiha members began stealing civilian properties and engaging in kidnappings. Rebel forces sometimes rely on criminal networks to obtain weapons and supplies.

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rebels. The Syrian Army also deployed in the north of Syria together with the SDF along the Syrian-Turkish border and entered into several SDF-held cities such as Ayn Issa and Tell Tamer. Following the creation of the

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with China and other partner countries in areas such as trade, technology, capital, human movement and cultural exchange. Among other things, it aims to define the future of this cooperation with partner states.

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In late 2019, as the violence intensified in north-west Syria, thousands of women and children were reportedly kept under "inhumane conditions" in a remote camp, said UN-appointed investigators. In October 2019,

15343:. More than 2,500 people now live in the northern Syrian camp Washokani who had to flee due to the Turkish occupation war. No help has arrived from international organisations yet. ANF HESEKE Sunday, 1 Dec 2019. 13587: 5906: 2724: 7790:

who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured civilians".

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In March 2015, the Syrian Information Minister announced that his government considered recognizing Kurdish autonomy "within the law and constitution". While the region's administration was not invited to the

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with the distinctive role as the "leader of the state and society", empowering it to mobilise the civilians for party programmes, issue decrees to ascertain their loyalty and supervise all legal trade unions.

17535: 15324:. The Washokani camp, set up by the autonomous administration of North-East Syria near Hesekê, now hosts 3566 people who have fled the Turkish occupation troops in Serêkaniyê. ANF HESEKÊ Saturday, 7 Dec 2019. 5026:

emerged in southern Syria and spread nationwide in response to extensive autocratic policies and the economic situation. The protests were noted as resembling the 2011 revolution that preceded the civil war.

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Sixteenth report of the Secretary-General on the threat posed by ISIL (Da’esh) to international peace and security and the range of United Nations efforts in support of Member States in countering the threat

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have asserted that human rights violations have been committed by both the government and the rebel forces, with the "vast majority of the abuses having been committed by the Syrian government". Numerous

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Just four days after the start of 2022, two children were killed and five others injured in northwest Syria. In 2021 alone, over 70% of violent attacks against children have been recorded in the region.

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in Syria's neighboring countries have significantly increased since the start of the conflict. To generate funds to purchase arms, some rebel groups have turned towards extortion, theft and kidnapping.

15174: 10168: 9286:. Russia also said it will build a railway to link Syria with the Persian Gulf. Russia will also contribute to recovery efforts by the UN. Syria awarded oil exploration contracts to two Russian firms. 5814: 1448: 7727:

report, published in November 2015, stated the Syrian government has forcibly disappeared more than 65,000 people since the beginning of the Syrian civil war. According to a report in May 2016 by the

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4,000 people are housed at the Washokani Camp. No organizations are assisting them other than the Kurdish Red Cross. Numerous camp residents have called for assistance from international groups.

2290: 881: 705: 20179: 19578: 16478: 15255: 13094: 11237: 10605: 6118:. The Syrian government, the opposition and the SDF have all received support—militarily, logistically and diplomatically—from foreign countries, leading the conflict to often be described as a 27624: 27473: 23211: 20419: 19406: 12889: 12784: 12706: 5004: 3236: 3144: 1266: 18684: 18100: 17355: 14947: 14792: 12044: 11818: 7814:

and not naming it, despite proper evidence. "The refusal to explicitly name Russia as a responsible party working alongside the Syrian government ... is deeply disappointing", the HRW quoted.

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from 1963 until 2011 and public gatherings of more than five people were banned. Security forces had sweeping powers of arrest and detention. Despite hopes for democratic change with the 2000

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According to information gathered in December 2021, Iraqi authorities have repatriated 100 Iraqi fighters from the ISIL (ISIS) group who were being held by Kurdish forces in northeast Syria.

6562:, third-generation anti-tank guided missiles to the Syrian government whose forces have used them extensively against armour and other ground targets to fight jihadists and rebels. U.S.-made 5993: 5709: 1731: 1441: 611: 25912: 15355: 16243: 12126: 9467: 6958:

Kurdish groups in general, and Rojava in particular. An official report by the Rojava government noted Turkey-backed militias as the main threat to the region of Rojava and its government.

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in northwest Syria, three people were wounded at a marketplace in a suspected suicide bombing in the town of al Bab and another suicide bomb went off in the city of Afrin at a roundabout.

5684: 26104: 25378: 20043: 15690: 15221: 14777: 12184: 11132: 8430:, the United Nations, and many Western governments quickly condemned the Syrian government's violent response to the protests, and expressed support for the protesters' right to exercise 2717: 2489: 23277: 17778: 16185: 15728: 15596:. According to a confidential EU report, 70,000 migrants have crossed from Turkey to the EU this year. The numbers raise questions about whether an EU-Turkey refugee deal is unravelling. 15464: 12965: 12336: 10192: 26581: 23485: 21960: 20815: 19467: 19227: 18583: 14135: 12728: 11684: 10249: 6566:

missiles are one of the primary weapons of rebel groups and have been primarily provided by the United States and Saudi Arabia. The U.S. has also supplied many Eastern European sourced

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forces, prison guards and counter-terrorism forces were killed" in the attack. On 17 December 2023, eight civilians, including a pregnant woman, were killed during bombardments by the

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Syria’s Kurds forge ‘costly deal’ with al-Assad as US pulls out: Damascus has much to gain from deal with Kurds, but its ability to halt Turkey’s push depends on Russia, say analysts.

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by certain states causing humanitarian suffering on the Syrian people. It views lifting all unilateral sanctions respecting Syrian sovereignty and for humanitarian reasons is a must.

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abandoned its positions. Fighting between rebels and government forces also spilled over into Lebanon on several occasions. There were repeated incidents of sectarian violence in the

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is monitoring and recording the destruction in an attempt to create a list of heritage sites damaged during the war and to gain global support for the protection and preservation of

23269: 20338: 18943: 18199: 17972: 15496: 6456:. The UN Deputy ambassador from Britain, Jonathan Allen stated that report by OPCW's Investigation Identification Team (IIT) claimed that the Syrian regime is responsible for using 3228: 1724: 604: 20691: 20661: 19348: 17334: 14547: 14525: 13244: 12626: 11792: 29537: 23588: 21079: 18527: 16697: 15382: 15317: 9267:

were destroyed in Syria between 2011 and 2017. Around 1,400 were dismantled by 2013, while 13,000 mosques got demolished between 2013 and 2017. According to a Syrian war monitor,

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Other countries in the region have also contributed various levels of aid. Iran has been exporting between 500 and 800 tonnes of flour daily to Syria. Israel supplied aid through

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reported the number of children killed in the conflict had risen to 2,300, and in March 2013, opposition sources stated that over 5,000 children had been killed. In January 2014,

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The United States and the European Union have said the Syrian government has conducted several chemical attacks. Following the 2013 Ghouta attacks and international pressure, the

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in 2018 mentioned 82,000 victims that had been forcibly disappeared by the Syrian government, added to 14,000 confirmed deaths due to torture. According to various war monitors,

18624:"Letter dated 8 July 2020 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General and the Permanent Representatives of the members of the Security Council" 17941: 15120: 10666:. On the conflict’s 12th anniversary, everyday Syrians face a dire humanitarian situation, while Assad’s grip on power holds steady. Tuesday, March 14, 2023 / BY: Mona Yacoubian 3747: 2710: 20445: 20389: 17682: 17566: 14754:

Is This the End of Rojava?The Kurdish region of northeast Syria was autonomous for seven years, but had to ask the Syrian government for protection after an invasion by Turkey.

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them out" including raised fees on utilities such water and services such as marriage licences. There has been an increase on attacks targeting Syrian refugees in the country.

5034:. International organizations have accused virtually all sides involved—the Assad government, IS, opposition groups, Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the U.S.-led coalition—of severe 27950: 26074: 22906: 22779: 22545: 22326: 21646: 21517: 20556: 18886: 16667: 12368: 12014: 10439: 10296: 6978:

and other areas further east. Meanwhile, Ankara is in talks with Moscow over the operation. President Erdoğan reiterated his determination for the operation on 8 August 2022.

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and a mass migration of farming families to urban centers. This migration strained infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1.5 million refugees from the

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the party organisation itself became a rubber stamp and the power structures became deeply dependent on sectarian affiliation to the Assad family and the central role of

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Buratino multiple rocket launch system to Syria, which is "designed to launch massive thermobaric charges against infantry in confined spaces such as urban areas". One

5643: 5626: 26064: 25904: 24355: 21377: 17865: 14305: 11326: 10546: 10056: 9929: 9906: 8197: 6099: 4960: 4747: 4463: 4405: 20788: 19257: 18492: 18351: 15149: 15009: 26713: 26370: 25370: 25129: 24934: 22914: 22898: 22771: 22537: 22318: 22134: 21832: 21638: 21509: 17527: 14985: 10501: 6423:, the United States launched its first intentional attack against Syrian government forces. Investigation conducted by Tobias Schneider and Theresa Lutkefend of the 5879: 5871: 5729: 5699: 5584: 2755: 1520: 502: 487: 472: 457: 427: 412: 397: 19519: 13452: 12104: 10676:

The civil uprising against the longtime rule of the Assads deteriorated into protracted civil war. Here’s a look at the elements that have deepened Syria’s tragedy.

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Rojava officials condemned the fact that they were excluded from the peace talks and stated that "having a couple of Kurds" in the committee did not mean that the

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in northeastern Syria. The region does not claim to pursue full independence but autonomy within a federal and democratic Syria. Rojava consists of self-governing

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria; Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone; Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (October 2019)

3108: 2948: 1775: 447: 437: 432: 17805: 17219: 15070: 9791: 9000: 29542: 26029: 25139: 25018: 22802: 21777: 18381: 18143: 16370: 10654:. Agreement to hand over border towns comes after more than 700 Isis affiliates escape camp. Bethan McKernan in Akçakale Mon 14 Oct 2019 website of The Guardian. 10369: 7504:

On 30 January 2020, Russian air strikes on a hospital and a bakery killed over 10 civilians in Syria's Idlib region. Moscow immediately rejected the allegation.

7352:. 2.5 million of those are children. 2017 alone saw the displacement of at least 1.8 million people, many of them being displaced for the second and third time. 5609: 5515:

report issued just before the beginning of the 2011 uprising stated that Assad had failed to substantially improve the state of human rights since taking power.

2575: 2276: 2145: 1083: 20634: 19931: 18411: 16212: 16059: 28696: 27332: 25251: 23151: 22902: 22775: 22541: 22322: 21642: 21513: 20234:"LATEST — Here is the complete text of Turkish, Russian agreement on Northern Syria, that pushed YPG 30km from Turkish, Syria borderpic.twitter.com/jwiOurbfa3" 19721: 17135: 14473: 14194: 13515: 12759: 11715: 8125:, mostly consisting of women and children. In addition, Russia has said it created six humanitarian aid centers within Syria to support 3000 refugees in 2016. 5896: 3130: 3065: 507: 492: 477: 462: 417: 402: 366: 20526: 19167: 15988: 15709: 15171: 14923: 10164: 7896:

increased as well. Rebel fighters were seen stealing cars and, in one instance, destroying a restaurant in Aleppo where Syrian soldiers had been seen eating.

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the SDF stated that it was ready to work cooperatively with the Syrian Army if a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF was achieved.

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resolutions in 2011 and 2012, which would have threatened the Syrian government with targeted sanctions if it continued military actions against protestors.

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This coincided with the most intense drought ever recorded in Syria, which lasted from 2006 to 2011 and resulted in widespread crop failure, an increase in

29427: 28564: 28205: 27546: 27139: 26059: 25663: 24984: 22944: 22728: 22496: 17588: 15605: 13203: 10982: 9293:" designed to foster investment in infrastructure in over one-hundred developing nations worldwide. On Wednesday 12 January 2022, China and Syria signed a 6436: 5949:

Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Fourth northwestern Syria offensive; Operation Spring Shield; continued refugee crisis (December 2019 – March 2020)

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of vetoing the representation of Syrian Kurds within the committee. The Kurdish administration also organized demonstrations in front of the UN office in

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Another aspect of the post-war years will be how to repatriate the millions of refugees. The Syrian government has put forward a law commonly known as "

27943: 26397: 24688: 24673: 22568: 22501: 22354: 22084: 21585: 21218: 19141: 17020: 16266:"By Acknowledging the Death of 836 Forcibly-Disappeared Syrians at its hands, the Syrian Regime Convicts itself, yet the Security Council Does Nothing" 15251: 13654: 11221: 10844: 10723: 9484: 7549: 5662: 3609: 2562: 2244: 2175: 1867: 1605: 1471: 1305: 1044: 802: 20411: 19396: 18681: 18097: 15035: 12897: 12792: 12703: 11635: 8160:

crossing points in Iraq and Jordan, and to leave only the two crossing points in Turkey active. The current authorization expired on 10 January 2020.

29243: 28081: 26781: 26236: 26054: 25546: 25306: 25055: 24735: 23738: 23444: 22573: 19691: 17351: 14988:, Kurdish fighters agree to hand over border towns to Damascus in deal brokered by Russia], Richard Hall, Sunday 13 October 2019, the UK Independent. 14789: 12302: 12036: 11657: 10337: 9153: 9040:

On 18 September 2019, Russia stated the United States and Syrian rebels were obstructing the evacuation process of a refugee camp in southern Syria.

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years ago, surviving women and young children were detained in camps, while suspected militants and boys, some as young as 10, were imprisoned.

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Conflicts with Turkey and ISIS, discussions between Kurdish leaders and Syrian government, June 2022―Present)

5875: 5854: 5654: 5216: 5158: 5113: 4964: 4905: 4783: 4468: 4426: 4242: 3671: 2234: 1489: 1465: 158: 20904: 20608: 17050: 15697:.EU funds support 3.5 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, as Syria's civil war has killed hundreds of thousands and pushed millions from their homes. 12420: 7851:

On 21 July 2020, the Syrian government forces carried out an attack and killed two civilians with four Grad rockets in western al-Bab sub-district.

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alone accepting over half a million Syrians since 2011. Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including the

4999:

as opponents and supporters of the Syrian government traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil. While officially neutral,

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in the war-torn nation. The aid supplies, if allowed, will allow the Syrian population to protect themselves from contracting the COVID-19 virus.

29057: 28441: 28247: 28103: 25705: 25563: 24465: 24380: 24350: 22964: 22867: 22797: 22718: 22638: 22394: 21745: 21740: 21301: 18265: 17843: 14367: 13743: 12276: 12215: 9973: 9065: 8396: 7561: 7449: 6358: 6346: 5921: 5804: 5503:, Bashar al-Assad was widely reported as having failed to implement any improvements. In 2010, he imposed a controversial national ban on female 3480: 3470: 3465: 2896: 2846: 2767: 2688: 2612: 2355: 1976: 1063: 1029: 20040: 17770: 15687: 14959: 14935: 12176: 11128: 10524: 8371:

was executed by ISIL, who said it was in retaliation for the United States operations in Iraq. Foley was kidnapped in Syria in November 2012 by

5886:

Timeline of the Syrian civil war § ISIL attacks continue; US states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–May 2019)

5267:

The Ba'ath party carefully constructed Assad as the guiding father figure of the party and modern Syrian nation, advocating the continuation of

29360:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

28559: 27767: 27702: 27604: 26527: 26507: 26477: 26365: 25966: 25961: 25897: 23709: 23077: 22979: 22481: 22129: 21270: 16777: 15725: 15456: 12328: 10189: 8973: 5578: 4842: 4639: 4447: 4226: 4205: 3536: 2917: 2165: 1565: 1515: 722: 20823: 19459: 19370: 19219: 18580: 16090: 14972: 14143: 13677:"Delegation from the Democratic administration of Self-participate of self-participate in the first and second conference of the Shaba region" 12806: 11692: 10257: 9684: 8359:

The Syrian civil war is one of the most heavily documented wars in history, despite the extreme dangers that journalists face while in Syria.

7731:, at least 60,000 people have been killed since March 2011 through torture or from poor humanitarian conditions in Syrian government prisons. 5511:) across universities, where reportedly over a thousand primary school teachers that wore the niqab were reassigned to administrative jobs. A 5429:

policies were initiated by Hafez al-Assad in his later years, and it accelerated after Bashar al-Assad came to power. With an emphasis on the

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Various efforts are proceeding to rebuild infrastructure in Syria. Russia says it will spend $ 500 million to modernize Syria's port of

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There are numerous factions, both foreign and domestic, involved in the Syrian civil war. These can be divided into four main groups. First,

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Eklund, Lina; Theisen, Ole Magnus; Baumann, Matthias; Forø Tollefsen, Andreas; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Østergaard Nielsen, Jonas (6 April 2022).

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reported that after more than nine years of war, Syria was falling into an even deeper crisis and economic deterioration as a result of the

6419:

began. In 2015 the UN mission disclosed previously undeclared traces of sarin compounds in a "military research site". After the April 2017

5030:

The war has resulted in an estimated 470,000–610,000 violent deaths, making it the second-deadliest conflict of the 21st century, after the

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In April 2021, Syria was suspended from OPCW through the public vote of member states, for not co-operating with the IIT and violating the

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017)

5012: 4720: 4495: 4421: 3411: 3097: 2641: 2259: 2190: 2072: 1797: 1764: 1748: 1078: 1003: 847: 628: 199: 19990: 18939: 18221: 18203: 17964: 15486: 14898: 14239: 12618: 29261: 28450: 28142: 28076: 27725: 27421: 27154: 27046: 26337: 26268: 26012: 25600: 25541: 25417: 25407: 25339: 24944: 24617: 24443: 24360: 23724: 23696: 23530: 23505: 23126: 22282: 21998: 21332: 21322: 21306: 20683: 20657: 19340: 18436: 17724: 17331: 15021: 14543: 14529: 13236: 10626: 9875: 8570: 8241: 7100: 6188: 6173: 6131: 4980: 4948: 4775: 3445: 3406: 3389: 3044: 1808: 1316: 18797: 16689: 15374: 15314: 14734: 11866: 11154: 8455: 29522: 29090: 28357: 28027: 27852: 27149: 27134: 27099: 27069: 26834: 26698: 26539: 25840: 25820: 25492: 25261: 25211: 24812: 23810: 23714: 23087: 22648: 22409: 22334: 21120: 20314: 20241: 19901: 18993: 18028: 17704: 15333: 13068: 10663: 9828: 8882: 8308: 8147:

to keep pushing the UN to allow medical aid and other essentials to reach Syria via the Iraq border crossing, to prevent the spread of

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Demilitarization agreement falls apart; 2019 Northwestern Syria offensive; (May–September 2019)

3955: 3531: 3519: 2365: 2116: 2011: 1835: 1640: 359: 18966: 17937: 15116: 14445: 13769: 11073: 9021: 7825:. The rights organization billed that Syrian regime decimated 44 civilians, including six children, during the unprecedented times of 7386:

Total deaths over the course of the conflict in Syria (18 March 2011 – 18 October 2013) based on data from the Syrian National Council

29527: 28242: 27387: 27248: 26708: 26492: 26380: 26226: 25890: 25700: 23719: 23097: 22466: 22349: 22067: 21602: 20441: 20381: 17674: 17558: 16124: 13390: 13363: 12890:"Conference of the States Parties adopts Decision to suspend certain rights and privileges of the Syrian Arab Republic under the CWC" 12836: 12398: 12358: 11184: 11103: 10700: 9731:-led government, before its usage was dropped in 2016. Since then, the name is still used by some locals and international observers. 8224:

As of March 2015, the war has affected 290 heritage sites, severely damaged 104, and completely destroyed 24. Five of the six UNESCO

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where rebels say that 250 of their fighters were treated. Israel established two medical centers inside Syria. Israel also delivered

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; Southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018)

5276:

needed to crack down on dissent in the society. Critics of the regime have pointed out that deployment of violence is at the crux of

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Over the past ten years, civilians have borne the brunt of the conflict, with an estimated 306,887 direct civilian deaths occurring.

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Demilitarization agreement falls apart; 2019 northwestern Syria offensive; northern Syria buffer zone established (May–October 2019)

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Strongest words yet from Assad-supporting Moscow heaps pressure on Ankara. Tue, 15 Oct 2019, Henry Foy, Laura Pitel, Chloe Cornish

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had been carried out by the "Government of Syria and/or its allies." However, the report was criticized for being partial towards

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On 5 June 2022, the leader of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), Mazloum Abdi, said that forces of the Kurdish government in the

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Numerous refugees remain in local refugee camps. Conditions there are reported to be severe, especially with winter approaching.

7187: 6487:. The Syrian Army is reported to have begun using cluster bombs in September 2012. Steve Goose, director of the Arms Division at 6216: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5808: 4755: 4185: 3499: 3241: 3102: 2648: 2606: 2067: 1560: 1344: 763: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 29080: 19016: 18860: 18820: 18177: 17920: 16996: 16968: 16811: 15931: 15900: 15586: 13173:"Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime – Business Insider" 12682: 11562: 10096:"Syrians of today, Germans of tomorrow: the effect of initial placement on the political interest of Syrian refugees in Germany" 9623:"Syrians of today, Germans of tomorrow: the effect of initial placement on the political interest of Syrian refugees in Germany" 9089:

A buffer zone would be established in Northern Syria. The zone would be around 30 kilometres (19 mi) deep, stretching from

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On 8 May 2020, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet, raised serious concern that rebel groups, including

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and other areas further east. President Erdoğan openly stated his support for the operations, in talks with Moscow in mid-2022.

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016 – April 2017)

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in the 2000s. Bashar Al-Assad claims that no 'moderate opposition' to his government exists, and that all opposition forces are

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of Lebanon between supporters and opponents of the Syrian government, as well as armed clashes between Sunnis and Alawites in

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tendencies". Hafez ruled Syria for 3 decades with an iron first, using methods ranging from censorship to violent measures of

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20,000 residents faced death by starvation due to blockade by the Syrian government forces and fighting between the army and

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Operation Olive Branch (January–March 2018)

5754: 4992: 4342: 4321: 3514: 3168: 3071: 3004: 2837: 2424: 2325: 2214: 2062: 2006: 1814: 1650: 1530: 671: 352: 28894: 15252:"ACT Alliance Call for Action: Jordan, Syria and Lebanon (18 December 2019) REPORTfrom ACT AlliancePublished on 18 Dec 2019" 14297: 11318: 10270: 10060: 9921: 9898: 4097: 3906: 29517: 28217: 28190: 27959: 27884: 27822: 27655: 27609: 27579: 27564: 27382: 26614: 26407: 26216: 25951: 25675: 25648: 25443: 24909: 24829: 24824: 24683: 23615: 23355: 23220: 23072: 22703: 22424: 22419: 21337: 21193: 20792: 19249: 18496: 18343: 17744: 11434:"Societal drought vulnerability and the Syrian climate-conflict nexus are better explained by agriculture than meteorology" 9472: 9366: 9223: 8806: 8486: 8451: 8407: 8387:

released a video of captured Lebanese soldiers and demanded Hezbollah withdraw from Syria under threat of their execution.

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from April 2013 to April 2018, resulting in acutely malnourished children according to the United Nations Special Advisor,

7684:, because the Nazis didn't actually take individual pictures of each of their victims with identifying information on them. 7676:, or we had in any of the war crimes tribunals in which I've involved in, some extent, even better than we had against the 7368:

reach the age of 18, they are sent to the regular prison population, where wounded ISIS members are placed three to a bed.

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Trump announces US withdrawal; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018)

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of January 2020. The recorded count of displaced children in the area has reached more than 300,000 since December 2019.

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The human rights situation in Syria has long been the subject of harsh critique from global organizations. The rights of

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in support of the government, shifting the balance of the conflict. By late 2018, all rebel strongholds, except parts of

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United Nations authorities have estimated that the war in Syria has caused destruction reaching to about $ 400 billion.

183: 29442: 28964: 28325: 28262: 27872: 27569: 27554: 27436: 27124: 26986: 26641: 26069: 25788: 25720: 25256: 24881: 24647: 24485: 24475: 24340: 24319: 24299: 24284: 23666: 23340: 23240: 22882: 21935: 21767: 21555: 21393: 21234: 18151: 17801: 16015:"The international community let the Syrian people down; millions of people killed, wounded and displaced over 4 years" 15577:. Turkish president says formula needed to allow refugees to return on a voluntary basis but in 'short period of time'. 15066: 9783: 9014: 8966: 8675: 8635: 8504:

could be hit with sanctions under the Caesar Act if it pushed ahead with normalisation efforts with the Syrian regime.

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condemned the Syrian authorities for their longstanding restriction on the entry of aid supplies. It also demanded the

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charges in the light of a huge cache of evidence smuggled out of the country showing the "systematic killing" of about

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was held in 2012. On 31 January 1973, Hafez al-Assad implemented a new constitution, leading to a national crisis. The

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United Nations. (9 November 2017). "Syrian conflict has now lasted longer than World War II – UN humanitarian envoy".

17378:"US accuses Syria of killing thousands of prisoners and burning the dead bodies in large crematorium outside Damascus" 16378: 13124: 29482: 29174: 28544: 28147: 28049: 27660: 27451: 26809: 26786: 26749: 26668: 26554: 26549: 26430: 25941: 25605: 25514: 25226: 24500: 24450: 24324: 24289: 23749: 23306: 23200: 22733: 22723: 22521: 22384: 22172: 22139: 21762: 21342: 21203: 20122: 19713: 18403: 16208: 16154: 12562: 11614: 9415: 9079: 9061: 8903: 8856: 8705: 8595: 8550: 8485:

announced new economic sanctions on Syria targeting foreign business relations with the Syrian government. Under the

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published a report which stated the Syrian government murdered an estimated 13,000 persons, mostly civilians, at the

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states, rebel forces initially made significant advances against the government forces, who were receiving arms from

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in a central province. State media cited a military official as saying the attack targeted posts in rural areas of

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for dropping chemical weapons (chlorine bombs) on the towns of Talmenes in April 2014 and Sarmin in March 2015 and

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Caesar Act sanctions, economic crisis, frozen conflict (May 2020–June 2022)

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Russian intervention and Vienna peace talks (30 September 2015 – July 2016)

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Northwestern offensive; Baylun airstrikes; Operation Spring Shield; Daraa clashes; Afrin bombing (late 2019; 2020)

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The war has inspired its own particular artwork, done by Syrians. A late summer 2013 exhibition in London at the

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In September 2022, the UN representative in Syria reported that several regions in the country were witnessing a

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has led to international outrage, and Syria's membership was suspended from various international organizations.

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The successive governments of Hafez and Bashar al-Assad have been closely associated with the country's minority

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was requested to investigate reported chemical weapons attacks. In four cases UN inspectors confirmed the use of

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instead crushing the civil society groups, political reformists and democratic activists that emerged during the

5165:. For several years, Syria went through additional coups and changes in leadership, until in March 1971, General 4221: 3849: 3787: 3777: 2661: 2472: 2350: 2150: 1781: 1594: 1101: 834: 256: 23131: 19600: 18087:

Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations on 19 December 1991

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In April 2020, the UN Security Council briefing was held on the findings of a global chemical weapons watchdog,

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § U.S. intervention and rebel offensives (September 2014 – September 2015)

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on civilians in opposition-held areas, forcing millions to seek refuge in filthy, crowded, and cold conditions.

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The Gulf Arab faction, especially Saudi Arabia, has been engaged in a proxy war of regional influence with Iran

10013:"Syrian Revolution 13 years on | Nearly 618,000 persons killed since the onset of the revolution in March 2011" 9728: 9420: 8655: 8465:

and its economic allies and projects), while the sanctions' impact on ruling political elites will be limited.

8300: 6766:, the region is not officially recognized as autonomous by the government of Syria or any state except for the 6669:

A third of 250,000 Alawite men of military age have been killed fighting in the Syrian civil war. In May 2013,

6424: 6372: 6233:, the Lebanese Shia militant group, was significantly involved in the Syrian Civil War. Starting from the 2011 5300:, which were unleashed collectively upon the civilian population. Upon Hafez al-Assad's death in 2000, his son 4834: 3772: 3752: 3319: 3113: 3009: 2412: 2196: 2099: 1907: 1645: 1545: 1500: 1142: 58: 29046: 28797: 26017: 22934: 18631: 18462: 16938:"Some Hope in the Struggle for Justice in Syria: European Courts Offer Survivors a Path Toward Accountability" 16445: 16392: 14499: 11841: 10057:"Civilian Deaths in the Syrian Arab Republic: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" 10035:"UN: UN Human Rights Office estimates more than 306,000 civilians were killed over 10 years in Syria conflict" 9271:

by during the course of Syrian war since 2011; and 60% of these attacks were perpetrated by pro-Assad forces.

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Enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions have also been a feature since the Syrian uprising began. An

7457:(reaching a total of 11.5% of the entire population either wounded or killed). A report by the pro-opposition 6388:

have been used during the conflict. Numerous casualties led to an international reaction, especially the 2013

29507: 29472: 29467: 29432: 29407: 29070: 28711: 28503: 28377: 27707: 27614: 27466: 27372: 27364: 27324: 26417: 26345: 26022: 25271: 25241: 25185: 25060: 24871: 24795: 24470: 24428: 24084: 23892: 23861: 23656: 22969: 22857: 22673: 22623: 22446: 22222: 22182: 21920: 21716: 21654: 21545: 21530: 16393:"In Syria's Civilian Death Toll, The Islamic State Group, Or ISIS, Is A Far Smaller Threat Than Bashar Assad" 14380:"When Öcalan met Bookchin: The Kurdish Freedom Movement and the Political Theory of Democratic Confederalism" 12238:"Saudi Arabia just replenished Syrian rebels with one of the most effective weapons against the Assad regime" 11974: 9490: 8959: 8615: 8560: 6420: 6337: 5746: 5658: 5148: 4751: 4625: 4138: 3722: 2907: 2796: 2677: 2392: 2338: 2314: 1986: 1902: 1692: 1599: 1550: 1073: 967: 656: 42: 28933: 28889: 23350: 21448: 21443: 20846:"Syria Reaches Out To Join China's Belt & Road Initiative, December 17, 2019Posted bySilk Road Briefing" 20050:. Erdoğan hails agreement with Putin in which Kurdish fighters will be moved from border area. guardian.com. 19137: 17024: 10836: 10731: 7693:

targeted farmers working their fields. The report pointed to four places besieged by the government forces:

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throughout the course of the conflict has led to international condemnation and widespread calls to convict

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On 2 January 2013, the United Nations stated that 60,000 had been killed since the civil war began, with UN

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religious group an offshoot of Shia, whereas the majority of the population, and most of the opposition, is

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Idlib demilitarization; Trump announces U.S. withdrawal; Iraq strikes ISIL targets (September–December 2018)

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involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors. In March 2011, popular discontent with the rule of

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Approximately 82,000 Forcibly Disappeared and 14,000 Died due to Torture at the hands of the Syrian Regime

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These Kurdish-Led Forces Cannot Count On Syrian Air Defenses To Protect Them Against The Turkish Air Force

14326: 13941: 12428: 11661: 11501:"Climate War in the Middle East? Drought, the Syrian Civil War and the State of Climate-Conflict Research" 10347: 7465:

and pro-Assad forces has been responsible for over 90% of the total civilian casualties in the civil war.

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As of 2023, Turkey was continuing its support for various militias within Syria, consisting mostly of the

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ISIL attacks continue; U.S. states conditions of withdrawal; fifth inter-rebel conflict (January–May 2019)

5332:; his view was that terrorist groups operating in Syria are 'linked to the agendas of foreign countries'. 3652: 29280: 28860: 28648: 28526: 28510: 28098: 27314: 26956: 26799: 26688: 26375: 26084: 25094: 24891: 24557: 24400: 24314: 24304: 24294: 24279: 24219: 24119: 23966: 23846: 23825: 23790: 23681: 23676: 23557: 23190: 23121: 22668: 22628: 22461: 22379: 22364: 21940: 21905: 21686: 21453: 21280: 20897: 20362:

EU condemns Turkey again while sticking to its position on the Kurdish administration in north-east Syria

17046: 11945:"Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria" 9555: 9502: 9294: 8991: 8685: 8645: 7713: 7630: 7618:(ICC). The unprecedented scale of the atrocities launched by government forces since the outbreak of the 7426: 6883:

as a whole, rather than outright independence. The region's administration has also been accused by some

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in the war on at least four occasions. The information was also noted in two UN-mandated investigations.

6256: 6071: 5750: 5678: 5212: 5120:, which the Turkish government alleges was carried out by attackers originating from Northeastern Syria. 4972: 4893: 4442: 4167: 4152: 3524: 3348: 3256: 3039: 2901: 2387: 2344: 2104: 2089: 2056: 1892: 1877: 1660: 1210: 1058: 1051: 922: 326: 142: 38: 20684:""Upon land soaked with the blood": on the architects planning the reconstruction of Syria – CityMetric" 19653: 18767: 18653: 11259:

Kelley, Colin P.; Mohtadi, Shahrzad; Cane, Mark A.; Seager, Richard; Kushnir, Yochanan (17 March 2015).

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On 14 January 2022, one person was killed by a car bomb and several others were wounded in the city of

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plan raised concerns amongst Kurds about displacement of existing communities and groups in that area.

6504:, also known as "fuel-air bombs", were used by the government side during the war. On 2 December 2015, 6059: 5761:

Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017)

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shells, but the attack came from a region populated by Kurdish fighters and Syrian government forces.

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was released detailing the systematic killing of more than 11,000 detainees of the Syrian government.

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have trained and armed nearly 10,000 rebel fighters at a cost of $ 1 billion a year since 2012.

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Refugees in Northeast Syria report they have received no help from international aid organizations.

7040: 6534: 4912:(SDF), a multi-ethnic, Arab-majority force led by the Kurdish YPG. Other competing factions include 4846: 29204: 28792: 28549: 28520: 28387: 28372: 28304: 28280: 28152: 28120: 28039: 27589: 27519: 27511: 27186: 26946: 26824: 26819: 26776: 26738: 26497: 26301: 26177: 25850: 25835: 25762: 25738: 25610: 25578: 25504: 25149: 24819: 24708: 23902: 23777: 23762: 23230: 22949: 22939: 22924: 22748: 22593: 22414: 22119: 21816: 21757: 21367: 14997: 14250: 12814: 11005: 9676: 9462: 9388: 9290: 9260: 8500:

On 17 June 2020, James F. Jeffrey, Special Representative for Syria Engagement, signalled that the

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stated in November 2013 that they had fled after they were targeted by the anti-government rebels.

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ISIL siege of Deir ez-Zor broken; CIA program halted; Russian forces permanent (July–December 2017)

5537: 5109: 5054:; however, a sizable minority has also sought refuge in countries outside of the Middle East, with 4976: 4909: 4858: 4763: 4700: 4541: 3416: 3294: 3246: 2953: 2880: 2875: 2790: 2666: 2540: 2465: 2397: 2229: 2084: 2021: 1897: 1505: 987: 294: 278: 274: 162: 15430: 7971:

and deteriorating living conditions. The diseases have primarily affected children. These include

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fired from western Iran, in the first use of mid-range missiles by Iran in 30 years. According to

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011)

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The total population in July 2018 was estimated at 19,454,263 people; ethnic groups—approximately

5236:. These measures caused widespread furore amongst the public, leading to fierce demonstrations in 5228:

were tightly controlled to the Party. The constitution removed Islam from being recognised as the

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fighters and 29,080 rebels, with an additional 50,000 unconfirmed combatant deaths. In addition,

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As of 2023, the civil war had largely subsided, mainly achieving a stalemate. One source stated:

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U.S. forces withdraw from buffer zone; Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria (October 2019)

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and, since 2016, have fought the SDF, IS and the Assad government while actively supporting the

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In March 2011, popular discontent with the Ba'athist government led to large-scale protests and

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between the Syrian government and some groups of Syrian rebels concluded on 24 January 2017 in

8940: 8935: 8907: 7806:. The council in its reports said, it had examined six sites of attacks and concluded that the 7619: 7575: 6429: 6389: 5800: 5666: 5488: 4830: 4767: 4716: 4712: 4117: 4037: 3782: 3767: 3541: 3475: 3324: 3091: 2934: 2581: 2546: 2515: 2460: 2418: 2381: 2079: 1840: 1803: 1582: 1570: 1374: 1349: 1215: 1176: 1146: 1009: 997: 933: 768: 28419: 20339:

Regime continues to violate Sochi deal amid diplomatic efforts for political solution in Syria

18440: 14753: 13842:"Beyond Orientalism: Exploring the Distinctive Feminism of democratic confederalism in Rojava" 10362:"Syria Protests Spurred by Economic Misery Stir Memories of the 2011 Anti-Government Uprising" 7432: 29065: 28878: 28617: 28481: 28185: 28054: 27750: 27735: 27665: 27650: 27129: 27079: 26951: 26658: 26653: 26636: 26631: 26626: 26591: 26350: 26296: 25643: 25519: 25154: 25045: 24844: 22817: 22297: 21488: 21463: 21362: 18789: 12511: 11162: 10528: 9357: 9329: 8899: 8475: 7779: 7735: 7724: 7650: 7543: 7279: 7053: 6683: 6506: 6289: 5825: 5820:

Douma chemical attack; U.S.-led missile strikes; southern Syria offensive (April–August 2018)

5474: 5363: 5341: 4379: 4127: 3992: 3880: 3762: 2617: 1830: 1697: 840: 20233: 19520:"Special Representative for Syria Engagement James Jeffrey On Syria Caesar Act Designations" 18989: 18768:"Palmyra Castle partially damaged due to ISIS acts, plans to restore it to its former glory" 18520:"Russia, backed by China, casts 14th U.N. veto on Syria to block cross-border aid – Reuters" 18174:"Syria crisis 'worsening' amid humanitarian funding shortfall, warns top UN relief official" 17102:"UN decries use of sieges, starvation in Syrian military strategy | The New Age Online" 13065: 12912:"Decision addressing the Possession and Use of Chemical Weapons by the Syrian Arab Republic" 12329:"Israeli lawmaker accuses Israel of aiding Syrian rebel group formerly known as Nusra Front" 9048:

warned of incursion in the region that could instigate fighting with American-backed Kurds.

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In May 2022 Turkish and opposition Syrian officials said that Turkey's Armed Forces and the

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Army advance in Hama province and Ghouta; Turkish intervention in Afrin (January–March 2018)

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Rise of the Islamist groups (January–September 2014)

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Next phase of the war starts: escalation (2012–2013)

3689: 3642: 1463: 29326: 29140: 29113: 29018: 28996: 28954: 28638: 27789: 27784: 27730: 27529: 27051: 26522: 26512: 26306: 26079: 26007: 24959: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24420: 24059: 23820: 23646: 23620: 23146: 22678: 22491: 22242: 22207: 22040: 22025: 21871: 21560: 21483: 21285: 21183: 20816:"Syria in 'serious dialogue' with China about joining Belt and Road initiative, says Assad" 18958: 18668: 17162: 17076:"Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic" 11512: 11445: 11272: 11065: 9596: 9592: 9517: 8987: 8525: 8280: 8014:, sanitation and access to hygienic water in "areas considered politically unsympathetic". 7955:, who urged the parties for medical evacuations. 55,000 civilians are also isolated in the 7787: 7658: 7595: 7118: 6989: 6962: 6872: 6063: 5983: 5953: 5403: 5105: 5023: 4988: 4889: 4885: 4862: 4022: 3059: 3029: 2407: 2121: 1634: 1576: 1359: 1354: 1153: 676: 290: 178: 146: 112: 92: 77: 16120: 13386: 13359: 12958:"Syria has likely used chemical weapons 17 times: International chemical weapons watchdog" 11095: 4829:

protests in the region. Numerous protests were violently suppressed by security forces in

3575: 8: 29437: 29320: 29180: 29085: 29013: 28832: 28822: 28740: 28728: 28718: 28612: 28180: 27995: 27774: 26286: 26137: 25981: 25638: 25471: 25322: 24239: 24194: 24159: 23671: 23475: 23254: 22919: 22755: 22109: 22089: 21910: 21893: 21794: 21696: 21473: 20911:). Center for Strategic and International Studies. 2 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016. 20733:"UPDATE 1-Russia to invest $ 500 mln in Syrian port, build grain hub -Interfax – Reuters" 19401: 19341:"Trump administration lays out case against Senate bill that would levy Turkey sanctions" 16539:"'A new horror': 80 children among those slaughtered in suicide attack on refugee convoy" 13329: 12363: 11348:

Gleick, Peter H. (1 July 2014). "Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria".

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Björklund Kmak; Heta Magdalena (2022). "4: The world as an exiling political structure".

10745:

Shamaileh, Ammar (2017). "2: Trust, Terror and the Arab Spring: Egypt, Libya and Syria".

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Initial armed insurgency (July 2011 – April 2012)

5492: 5273: 5225: 5186: 5117: 3679: 3289: 3266: 2784: 2556: 2134: 1825: 1820: 1495: 1407: 1205: 1185: 1112: 939: 744: 96: 20090: 19189: 18736: 17271: 16508: 16349:"91 percent of civilian deaths caused by Syrian regime and Russian forces: rights group" 16334: 16178:"Syrian regime document trove shows evidence of 'industrial scale' killing of detainees" 15961: 15870: 14842:"Syria: US-backed SDF 'open' to working with Syrian troops to fight off Turkey invasion" 14136:"PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular" 13286: 11516: 11449: 11276: 11129:"Rebels in Syria's largest city of Aleppo mostly poor, pious and from rural backgrounds" 10640:

Kurdish forces backed by US strike deal with Syria’s Assad, in major shift in 8-year war

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would lead to concrete results, and stressed the need for a political process in Syria.

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formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks that had been agreed on by the

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by "directly targeting residential areas, using artillery shells and rocket launchers".

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Aleppo recaptured; Russian/Iranian/Turkish-backed ceasefire (December 2016 – April 2017)

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The Syrian Regional Branch remained the dominant political authority in what had been a

29118: 29001: 28970: 28916: 28884: 28827: 28663: 28554: 28382: 28222: 28091: 27975: 27899: 27832: 27827: 27755: 27304: 27196: 27171: 27006: 26981: 26966: 26941: 26931: 26881: 26846: 26728: 26703: 26281: 26132: 25845: 25680: 25556: 25451: 24179: 23625: 23092: 23023: 22984: 21701: 21679: 19570: 16855: 16833: 16690:"At Least 10 Civilians Reported Killed In Syria Air Strikes; Russia Denies Involvement" 15775: 14780:, 18 Sept. 2022 U.S. Army Central Command Communication Integration official statement. 14399: 14171: 13964: 13861: 11979: 11606: 11536: 11481: 11414: 11365: 11295: 11260: 10955: 10914: 10840: 10818: 10597: 10342: 9584: 9447: 9430: 9343: 8748: 8338:, more than 120 Christian churches have been destroyed or damaged in Syria since 2011. 8256: 8237: 8229: 8140: 8106: 7964: 7694: 7391: 6818: 6501: 6488: 6055: 6027: 5589: 5512: 5496: 5383: 5305: 5277: 5249: 5232:

and stripped existing provisions such as the president of Syria being required to be a

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Russia, China block extension of cross-border humanitarian aid for millions of Syrians

18559: 18173: 17645:"Syria violence 'a ticking time-bomb that must not be ignored': UN human rights chief" 13721: 12678: 12536: 11554: 11261:"Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought" 10874: 10138: 9943: 9700: 9656: 6013: 1665: 1423: 29040: 28587: 28493: 28464: 28132: 28115: 28015: 26851: 26771: 26586: 26392: 26152: 26122: 26039: 25590: 25573: 25480: 25109: 25035: 24537: 24244: 24199: 23800: 23795: 23571: 23480: 23436: 22792: 21993: 21706: 21265: 21047: 21023: 21004: 20979: 20956: 20939: 20930: 20483: 19574: 19550: 18664: 17917: 17409: 16989:"The evidence of Syrian President Bashar Assad and his regime's legacy of war crimes" 16841: 15908: 14403: 14203: 14025: 13968: 13865: 13774: 13066:

Syria rebels say Assad using 'mass-killing weapons' in Aleppo – Israel News, Ynetnews

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has stocked 30 hospitals and sent hundreds of thousands of medical and food parcels.

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stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by

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As of 2022, there are 6.2 million internally displaced persons in Syria according to

7275: 6794: 6666:. This resulted in calls for persecution of the Alawites by parts of the opposition. 6650: 6596: 6555: 6274: 6234: 6043: 5690:

Russian intervention (September 2015 – March 2016), including first partial ceasefire

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war § Kofi Annan ceasefire attempt (April–May 2012)

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has regained control of most of the country, and Assad's hold on power seems secure.

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Hinnebusch, Raymond (2012). "Syria: From 'Authoritarian Upgrading' to Revolution?".

18821:"Middle East Terror: Memory of Armenian Genocide victims targeted by ISIS militants" 17132:"Yarmouk update: Nusra's apparent return complicates UNRWA's hopes for food program" 14924:

US-Backed Kurdish-Led Forces Say Ready to Coordinate With Syrian Army Against Turkey

11418: 8489:, the latest sanctions were to be imposed on 39 individuals and entities, including 8255:

as endangered but direct assessment of damage is not possible. It is known that the

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in the first millennium BC. According to a September 2019 report published by the

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were strictly controlled in Syria even before the uprising. The country was under

71: 28949: 28926: 28643: 28602: 27842: 27740: 27496: 27491: 26916: 26896: 26871: 26861: 26455: 26385: 26331: 26199: 25316: 25114: 25075: 25023: 24949: 24886: 24725: 24720: 24229: 24134: 24109: 24032: 24022: 24017: 24007: 23956: 23951: 23523: 22618: 22439: 22005: 21772: 21595: 21468: 21372: 21074: 21041: 20994: 20969: 20908: 20719: 20368: 20345: 20321: 20269: 20126: 20047: 19967: 19801: 18688: 18660: 18610: 18587: 18262:"Revealed: how Syrian rebels seek medical help from an unlikely source in Israel" 18104: 17924: 17352:"Syria: 13,000 secretly hanged in Saydnaya military prison – shocking new report" 17338: 17194: 15732: 15713: 15694: 15675: 15650: 15631: 15612: 15606:

Turkish President Erdoğan calls for resettlement of 1M refugees in northern Syria

15593: 15574: 15555: 15359: 15340: 15321: 15302: 15283: 15178: 15099: 14813:"Turkey planned Syria military operation after Russia withdrawal, sources reveal" 14796: 13287:"Iran Fires at Militants in Syria in First Use of Mid-range Missiles in 30 Years" 13072: 12710: 12133: 11602: 11590: 11401: 11384: 11383:

Selby, Jan; Dahi, Omar S.; Fröhlich, Christiane; Hulme, Mike (1 September 2017).

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Trust and Terror: Social Capital and the Use of Terrorism as a Tool of Resistance

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Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator

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Doctors and medical staff treating injured rebel fighters and civilians in Aleppo

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According to three international lawyers, Syrian government officials could face

7611: 7607: 6900: 6860: 6810: 6752: 6703: 6678: 6624: 6571: 6457: 6405: 6208: 6183:. Syrian rebel groups received political, logistic and military support from the 6031: 5500: 5375: 5321: 5301: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5152: 4677: 4661: 4604: 4032: 4002: 3997: 3935: 3831: 3697: 3647: 3625: 2332: 1339: 1225: 1017: 812: 20789:"Syria hands oil exploration contracts to two Russian firms – Oil & Gas 360" 20412:"Turkey vetoed inclusion of Syrian Kurds in constitutional committee – official" 17866:"Jordan army officer killed in shooting along border with Syria -army statement" 17528:"Women, children in Syria continue to be kept in inhumane conditions: UN report" 15688:

Turkey says EU should increase funding of Syrian refugees beyond $ 6.6bn pledged

14041: 6751:. The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing 6673:

stated that out of 94,000 killed during the war, at least 41,000 were Alawites.

29340: 28921: 28904: 28899: 28769: 27990: 27431: 27031: 27026: 26841: 26311: 25466: 25311: 24989: 24834: 24460: 24169: 24139: 24089: 24074: 24054: 24042: 24027: 24012: 23936: 23249: 22030: 21915: 21789: 21691: 21535: 20940:"The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013" 17998: 17644: 14418:"NATION-BUILDING IN ROJAVA: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AMIDST THE SYRIAN CIVL WAR" 14024:. Translated by Schiffmann, Thomas. Oakland, CA: PM Press, Kairos. p. 12. 11458: 11433: 10675: 10282: 10190:

Death toll in alleged Israeli strikes near Damascus up to 23 fighters — monitor

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ISIS forces have also been criticized by the UN of using public executions and

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had also been involved in supporting the Syrian government, but mostly against

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ideology was imposed upon children as compulsory part of school curriculum and

5166: 5063: 4921: 4901: 4573: 4067: 4027: 4017: 4007: 3982: 3915: 3580: 3261: 1334: 1107: 927: 826: 641: 23897: 20500:"Sanctions On Damascus And Tehran Have Led To Serious Fuel Shortages In Syria" 19815:"Russia, Turkey and Iran continue cooperation on de-escalation zones in Syria" 15404: 14778:

Statement regarding Syrian Democratic Forces security operation in al-Hol camp

12729:"UN inspectors find undeclared sarin-linked chemicals at Syrian military site" 12359:"IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels" 11524: 11361: 10112: 10095: 9639: 9622: 9214:

would meet again to discuss the return of Syria to the regional organisation.

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pandemic as "an opportunity to re-group and inflict violence in the country".

5720: 29371: 29293: 28991: 28723: 28110: 27524: 27257: 27001: 26976: 26971: 26926: 26921: 26911: 26906: 26886: 26866: 25925: 25568: 25104: 24790: 24652: 24224: 24189: 24144: 24114: 24094: 24049: 24037: 23884: 23661: 22015: 21930: 21565: 21069: 21000: 20975: 20901:'Failed State Wars' in Syria and Iraq (III): Stability and Conflict in Syria" 19078:"James Foley's killers pose many threats to local, international journalists" 18120:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 18055:"UN launches biggest humanitarian appeal, fearing deepening of Syrian crisis" 17891: 17729: 17709: 17413: 16460:"The Regional War in Syria: Summary of Caabu event with Christopher Phillips" 15172:

Syrian Civil War Causes One-Third of Country's Christians to Flee Their Homes

14739: 14354: 12807:"Russia Clashes With Europeans Over Report on Syria Chemical Weapons Attacks" 12785:"More Than 300 Chemical Attacks Launched During Syrian Civil War, Study Says" 11532: 11477: 11410: 11233: 10121: 10077: 9995: 9648: 9580: 9228: 9194: 9034: 8821: 8533: 8490: 8284: 8272: 8217: 8172:

specific international crossing points. Lowcock serves as the United Nations

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The supporters of the region's administration state that it is an officially

6728: 6539: 6381: 6136: 6111: 6091: 5367: 5312: 5268: 4944: 4925: 4917: 4874: 4822: 4770:, the Islamic State was territorially defeated by late 2017. In August 2016, 4743: 4731: 4669: 2301: 2298: 1329: 1242: 738: 651: 192: 46: 17471:"The ultimate assault: Charting Syria's use of rape to terrorize its people" 16915:"German court finds Assad regime official guilty of crimes against humanity" 16630:"The death toll in Syria has exceeded 380,000 in almost nine years: Monitor" 14756:

By Mireille Court and Chris Den Hond, FEBRUARY 18, 2020, The Nation website.

14653:"Syrian army to deploy along Turkish border in deal with Kurdish-led forces" 13975: 13116: 11500: 11285: 11222:"Researchers Link Syrian Conflict to a Drought Made Worse by Climate Change" 10283:

Security Council: 12 years of war, leaves 70 per cent of Syrians needing aid

9806:"Syria: Grim 10-year anniversary of 'unimaginable violence and indignities'" 8212: 8093:, providing medical treatment to 750 Syrians in a field hospital located in 7821:

reported continuation of multiple crimes in the month of March and April in

28690: 28592: 27857: 27762: 27392: 27089: 27021: 26991: 26891: 25391: 24994: 24154: 24129: 24104: 24099: 23907: 23545: 23490: 19624:"Assad's priority to defeat 'terrorism' before elections: Russian lawmaker" 14705:"Syrian Kurds accuse Turkey of violations, Russia says peace plan on track" 11819:"Is the fight over a gas pipeline fuelling the world's bloodiest conflict?" 11304: 11036:"President Bashar al-Assad interview with Croatian newspaper Vecernji List" 10652:

Turkey-Syria offensive: Kurds reach deal with Damascus to stave off assault

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was heavily damaged during battles being fought within the district, while

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We've got better evidence—against Assad and his clique—than we had against

7661: 7287: 6904: 6724: 6620: 6559: 6484: 5316: 5289: 5285: 5221: 5046:, with millions of people fleeing to neighboring countries such as Turkey, 4971:, and has been militarily and logistically supporting factions such as the 4951:, providing support to opposing factions in the conflict. Iran, Russia and 4384: 3987: 3888: 20872:"Syria, China sign MoU in framework of Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative" 20713:

Russia to modernize Syria port, build railway across Syria to Persian Gulf

20119: 16146: 11185:"Youth Exclusion in Syria: Social, Economic, and Institutional Dimensions" 10941: 10900: 10804: 8228:

in Syria have been damaged. Destruction of antiquities has been caused by

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Local, regional and international actors involved in the Syrian civil war.

29354: 28812: 28764: 28759: 28488: 28470: 27894: 27114: 27041: 27011: 26996: 26961: 26044: 25433: 24785: 24740: 24693: 24552: 24234: 24164: 24149: 24124: 19902:"Turkey to strengthen efforts for Syria safe zone, says Security Council" 19795:РФ, Турция и Иран подписали меморандум о создании в Сирии зон деэскалации 19714:"Syria's Assad says hopes Geneva talks lead to concrete results: Kremlin" 18940:"Syria's war may be the most documented ever. And yet, we know so little" 16877:

Syria Freedom Support Act; Holocaust Insurance Accountability Act of 2011

16778:"Suspected suicide bombers strike in northwest Syria near Turkish border" 15830: 15655: 14109: 13810: 13414:"In Syria's war, Alawites pay heavy price for loyalty to Bashar al-Assad" 11468: 10315:"Anti-government protests shake Syrian provinces amid anger over economy" 9315: 9211: 9109: 8482: 8431: 8423: 8312: 8102: 8011: 7952: 7925: 7743: 7473: 7405: 7400: 6822: 6589: 6567: 6400:

gas. In August 2016, a confidential report by the United Nations and the

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ordered by Bashar al-Assad, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths and

4826: 4812: 4673: 4583: 4012: 3702: 34: 30: 19654:"U.N. announces start of Syria peace talks as government troops advance" 15644:

Erdoğan: Return of Syrian refugees as crucial as fight against terrorism

15012:, USCENTCOM, official website of US Army Central Command, Dec. 29, 2022. 13960: 13602: 13345:"How an Alleged Syrian Intelligence Officer was Put on Trial in Germany" 13037:"Russia's Lethal Thermobaric Rocket Launchers: A Game Changer in Syria?" 13006:"Russia's Lethal Thermobaric Rocket Launchers: A Game Changer in Syria?" 11583: 11155:"Syria GDP per Capita [2002 – 2020] [Data & Charts]" 9876:"11 years into Syria's civil war, this is what everyday life looks like" 7468:

On 15 April 2017, a convoy of buses carrying evacuees from the besieged

7355:

Hundreds of boys are being held hostage by ISIS. As of 25 January 2022,

27036: 26856: 26804: 26569: 25028: 23917: 20965: 20484:"Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter’s crises" 19551:"Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016" 19490:"Syria war: New US sanctions target Assad government's foreign backers" 19164:"Minister Cannon Condemns Ongoing Violence in Yemen, Bahrain and Syria" 18825: 17188:

Syrian cleric condemns 'flagrant looting' after regime captured Yarmouk

16014: 15036:"Operation Claw-Sword Exposes Blind Spots in the US' NE Syria Strategy" 13695: 12177:"Donald Trump ends covert CIA aid to Syrian rebels in 'win' for Russia" 10578:"Mediation in Syria: Initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016" 9098: 9094: 7992: 7968: 7868: 7807: 7770:

Protest in Berlin, showing image of murdered Syrian-Kurdish politician

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died under torture. In mid-October 2012, the opposition activist group

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across the country, deteriorating into a full-blown civil war by 2012.

903: 19794: 17589:"UN inquiry stops short of directly blaming Russia over Idlib attacks" 16750:"Two children killed and five injured in Syria as the new year starts" 16236:"Report on Syria conflict finds 11.5% of population killed or injured" 16028: 14790:

The Syrian National Army: The Turkish Proxy Militias of Northern Syria

13925: 10932:

Ma’oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.).

10795:

Ma’oz, Moshe (2022). "15: The Assad dynasty". In Larres, Klaus (ed.).

10440:"Damning evidence of war crimes by Turkish forces and allies in Syria" 10407:"Russia accused of war crimes in Syria at UN security council session" 9289:

Syria announced it is in serious dialogue with China to join China's "

8438:

suspended Syria's membership. Russia and China vetoed Western-drafted

7802:

published its investigation into the attacks on humanitarian sites in

7035:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6895:, and displacement. However, despite this the AANES has been the most 6163: Supporting Syrian rebels or a non-government faction with troops 4676:

protests in the region. After months of crackdown by the government's

27217: 25231: 25195: 25175: 24209: 19108:"Captured soldiers: They will kill us, if Hezbollah remains in Syria" 18463:"Syria, January 2020 Monthly Forecast : Security Council Report" 18314:"Scores of families leave besieged Aleppo under Russia-Damascus plan" 18059: 16422: 15746:"Children bearing the brunt of latest escalation in Syrian civil war" 15296:

Residents in northeast Syria brace for winter as oil smugglers thrive

14870:"Russian, regime forces boosted after Turkey signals Syria operation" 14246: 12421:"U.S. has secretly provided arms training to Syria rebels since 2012" 10012: 9468:

List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Syrian civil war

7984: 7980: 7669: 7626: 7599: 7223:

Syrian refugees in Lebanon living in cramped quarters (6 August 2012)

7001: 6975: 6844: 6790: 6771: 6453: 6230: 6119: 6051: 4952: 4692:. By mid-2012, the crisis had escalated into a full-blown civil war. 4588: 4578: 260: 19684:"Envoy suspended Syria talks over Russian escalation: U.N. official" 17047:"EXCLUSIVE: Gruesome Syria photos may prove torture by Assad regime" 16893:"Assad's Horrible War Crimes Are Finally Coming to Light Under Oath" 15143:"Syrian refugees top 3 million, half of all Syrians displaced: U.N." 13899:"Gender Revolution in Rojava: The Voices beyond Tabloid Geopolitics" 13553: 4955:

support the Syrian Arab Republic militarily, with Russia conducting

3152: 29167: 29107: 27889: 26247:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

26142: 25170: 23927: 23875: 21098: 20579:"Syrians will reconstruct country after war themselves, Assad says" 20287: 19985: 19048:"Islamic State militants seize four more foreign hostages in Syria" 18910:"Syrian art smuggled from the midst of civil war to show in London" 18623: 18098:

United Nations, Syria Humanitarian Assistance Response Plan (SHARP)

17303:"Amnesty accuses Syrian regime of 'disappearing' tens of thousands" 16400: 15989:"Deaths in Syria down from peak; army casualties outpacing rebels'" 15491: 15222:"Fears for dozens of Australian children in refugee camps in Syria" 15022:

Ex-Islamic State fighters still pose a risk in Turkey, finds report

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By Arwa Ibrahim, Published On 15 Oct 2019 on website of Al-Jazeera.

10133: 10131: 9206: 9176: 9102: 8331: 8323: 8098: 8026: 7921: 7876: 7845: 7826: 7642: 7570: 7445: 6848: 6713: 6468: 6448: 6103: 6075: 5458: 5325: 5281: 4913: 4870: 4122: 4112: 344: 20763:"5 Russian-Syrian Projects Announced This Week – The Moscow Times" 20091:"Syrian Kurds say pulling out from entire length of Turkey border" 20041:

Turkey and Russia agree on deal over buffer zone in northern Syria

19397:"Assad is growing stronger under Trump's nonexistent Syria policy" 17441:"Syrian Crematory Is Hiding Mass Killings of Prisoners, U.S. Says" 16599:"Children in Syria bearing brunt of intensifying violence, UNICEF" 11431: 9920:

Nawaz, Amna; Warsi, Zeba; Cebrián Aranda, Teresa (15 March 2023).

9727:

The name "Rojava" ("The West") was initially used by the region's

8275:, several sites in Syria were destroyed by the group as part of a 8178:

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

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United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

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Map of states with military/paramilitary forces deployed in Syria.

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that occurred during 1976–1982, waged by revolutionaries from the

2732: 1746: 27779: 26460: 20061:"Kurdish Reaction To Turkey-Russia Deal To Patrol Northern Syria" 19311:"What's the 'Caesar Act' in Trump's $ 738bn defence policy bill?" 17999:"Syrians 'face unprecedented hunger amid impending COVID crisis'" 16305:"Assad, Iran, Russia committed 91% of civilian killings in Syria" 15549:

Erdogan says world cares more about Syria's oil than its children

15431:"How killing of Syrian refugee marks an alarming trend in Turkey" 13806:"Catalan parliament recognizes administration in northeast Syria" 13294: 12757: 11924: 10642:, By Helen Regan and Eliza Mackintosh, CNN, Mon October 14, 2019. 8372: 8345:

showed some of this work, which had to be smuggled out of Syria.

8260: 8233: 8037: 7976: 7972: 7698: 7634: 7512: 7477: 6868: 6826: 6659: 6177: 5351: 5347: 5297: 5170: 5055: 5047: 4996: 4991:(SNA). Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian civil war 1281: 720: 29357:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

26694:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

20578: 19841:"Russia accuses US, Syria rebels of blocking refugee evacuation" 19166:. Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 21 March 2011. 18493:"UN: Ability to Get Lifesaving Aid to 4 Million Syrians at Risk" 16569:"Four Syrian children killed in New Year's Day attack on school" 15726:

Turkish official says EU should boost funding of Syrian refugees

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Erdogan urges resettling of 1 million refugees in northern Syria

15457:"10m Syrians at risk of forfeiting homes under new property law" 15353:

Ignorance of aid organisations exacerbates the situation of IDPs

15117:"Syrian refugee camps in Turkish territory tracked by satellite" 15034:

Rose, Caroline; Shabanian, Aram; Wilder, Calvin (7 March 2023).

14986:

Syria’s Kurds strike deal with Assad after being abandoned by US

14899:"President Erdoğan reiterates determination for Syria operation" 14735:"Iraq repatriates 100 ISIL fighters from Syria's Kurdish forces" 13087:"U.N. Panel Reports Increasing Brutality by Both Sides in Syria" 11920:"Syrian rebels build an army with Turkish help, face challenges" 11867:"Iran-Backed Groups Blow Up Gas Pipeline in Syria, Monitor Says" 11685:"Islamic Face Covering Veil Banned From Syrian Universties(sic)" 10701:"Turkey says bombers came from Syria, eyes cross-border targets" 10467:"US-led strikes on Raqqa may amount to war crimes, Amnesty says" 10128: 9829:"Syria's Civil War Started A Decade Ago. Here's Where It Stands" 7649:, which contained photographic evidence gathered by a dissident 6871:

and pluralistic tolerance for religious, cultural and political

5406:—may be smaller as a result of Christians fleeing the country), 28449: 26582:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

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Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria

21163: 21088: 20871: 20442:"Syria's Kurds protest exclusion from constitutional committee" 19814: 17705:"Shelling on Syria's Afrin kills six civilians; dozens wounded" 15625:

Lack of refugee aid forced Turkey into Syria operation: Erdogan

15520:"Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say" 13117:"Syria crisis: Incendiary bomb victims 'like the walking dead'" 11708:"Syrian human rights record unchanged under Assad, report says" 9283: 9264: 9198: 9172: 9157: 9037:

zones" in Syria would be established, effective of 6 May 2017.

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Syrian-American conflict; de-escalation zones (April–June 2017)

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is monopolised by three power-centres: Alawite loyalist clans,

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began forming across the country, marking the beginning of the

3387: 626: 20172:"Russia, Turkey seal power in northeast Syria with new accord" 19932:"US Avoids War With Turkey as Trump Pulls Troops Out of Syria" 18990:"N.H. Family: Missing Journalist James Foley In Syrian Prison" 18437:"Clash at UN Security Council over cross-border aid for Syria" 17559:"UN report lays out agonies faced by Syrian children amid war" 16139: 15375:"Fifty Syrian refugees promised the warmest of Irish welcomes" 14679:"Syrian army moves to confront Turkish forces as US withdraws" 13994: 13744:"Syria Kurds adopt constitution for autonomous federal region" 12837:"Security Council briefing on Syria's use of Chemical Weapons" 12595: 12064:"Iran's military leader tells U.S. to get out of Persian Gulf" 10934:

Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics

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Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics

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Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo, October 2012

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for using sulfur mustard on the town of Marea in August 2015.

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New economic crisis and stalemate conflict (June 2020–present)

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Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act

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Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference

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Russia calls Turkey's invasion of north Syria 'unacceptable.'

19460:"Caesar Act: economic chokehold to adjust political behavior" 18775: 18550:"UN defeats rival resolutions to keep Syria cross-border aid" 17402:"Syria Prison Crematory Is Hiding Mass Executions, U.S. Says" 15669:

Erdogan renews call for 'safe zone' support as Syrians return

15487:"Syria wants its citizens in Lebanon to return, help rebuild" 13880:"German MP Jelpke: Rojava needs help against Corona pandemic" 13580:"'Rojava' no longer exists, 'Northern Syria' adopted instead" 13260:"Iran's Revolutionary Guard strikes Syria for Tehran attacks" 12760:"Nowhere to Hide: The Logic of Chemical Weapons Use in Syria" 10886: 10884: 10250:"'Mob boss' Assad's dynasty tightens grip over husk of Syria" 9244: 8304: 8133: 8110: 8078: 7822: 7803: 6802: 6736: 6663: 6546:

anti-tank missile at a Syrian government position during the

6515: 6511: 6444: 6397: 6377: 6293: 6265:(ISIL) crossed the border from Syria into northern Iraq, and 5438: 5407: 4897: 4759: 4657: 240: 19601:"Syria's Assad says he will not negotiate with armed groups" 18883:"Report: Over 120 Syrian churches damaged by war since 2011" 18117: 15587:

Migrant arrivals in Europe from Turkey nearly double in 2019

15195: 14068:"Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage" 12266: 11975:"Trump to Arm Syrian Kurds, Even as Turkey Strongly Objects" 10893:

Refugees and Knowledge Production: Europe's Past and Present

10890: 10231:"Crisis in Syria: Economic crisis compounds a decade of war" 9827:

Sherlock, Ruth; Neuman, Scott; Homsi, Nada (15 March 2021).

8279:. In Palmyra, the group destroyed many ancient statues, the 7795:

sharpshooters and lured to be bargaining chips for ransoms.

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in 2015. Consequently, in September 2015, Russia launched a

25915: 25381: 20609:"Iran Criticizes its 'Meager' Share in Rebuilding of Syria" 20549:"Report: Over 120 churches damaged war in Syria since 2011" 19766:"Russian negotiator positive after 'birth' of Astana Syria" 18654:"Damage to the Soul: Syria's cultural heritage in conflict" 18029:"Cholera outbreak in Syria poses serious threat, U.N. says" 15845:"U.N.'s Syria death toll jumps dramatically to 60,000-plus" 14766:

We stand in solidarity with Rojava, an example to the world

14446:"RUPTURES AND RIPPLE EFFECTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND" 13147:"Russia Delivers Kornet Anti-Tank Guided Missiles To Syria" 12717:, Rick Gladstone, 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016. 12704:

Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians, Report Says

12303:"As Talks Continue, CIA Gets Some Weapons To Syrian Rebels" 10664:

Syria’s Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers

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Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria

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was extensively damaged by retreating militants during the

7841: 7638: 7527: 7516: 7458: 7422: 7409: 6806: 6670: 6409: 6401: 6342: 6314:

List of military equipment used by Syrian opposition forces

6285: 6220: 6039: 5442: 5241: 5237: 4932: 4861:, alongside its domestic and foreign allies, represent the 4704: 4696: 26065:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

20283:"Turkey v Syria's Kurds: The short, medium and long story" 19250:"U.S. Adds Bevy of Sanctions in Defense Authorization Law" 18404:"WHO Should Stand By Appeal for Cross-Border Aid to Syria" 18085:

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 182 session 46

17725:"Syria prison attack kills more than 100, clashes ongoing" 14926:, Reuters, via VOA website, By Maya Gebeily, June 5, 2022. 14036:

Afrin was the home to the largest Ezidi minority in Syria.

13621: 12868:"States suspend Syria's OPCW rights over chemical attacks" 12267:

Khalaf, Roula & Abigail Fielding Smith (16 May 2013).

10975:"Asma al Assad, a "desert rose" crushed by Syria's strife" 10895:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 73–74. 10881: 10494:"As Atrocities Mount in Syria, Justice Seems Out of Reach" 10492:

Barnard, Anne; Hubbard, Ben; Fisher, Ian (15 April 2017).

10297:"Anti-government protests in Syria continue for sixth day" 9028:, Kazakhstan, with Russia, Iran and Turkey supporting the 8198:

List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war

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regime, if it continues to commit human rights violation.

5918:

Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)

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Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017 – February 2018)

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Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)

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Protests, civil uprising, and defections (March–July 2011)

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launched a series of air and ground strikes targeting the

2992: 26371:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

18766:

Said, H.; Raslan, Rasha; Sabbagh, Hazem (26 March 2016).

18288:"Humanitarian aid convoy departs to help Syrian refugees" 17938:"Rukban camp in Syria receives first aid in three months" 16017:. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 15 March 2015. 15932:"U.N. says Syria death toll has likely surpassed 100,000" 15809:"ISIS is holding hundreds of boys hostage. Who are they?" 14279: