86:
2088:(ruled 745â727 BC) created Assyria's first standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III disbanded militias and instead paid professional soldiers for their services. His army was composed largely of Assyrian soldiers but was supplemented with foreign mercenaries and vassal states. The standing army he created was the most sophisticated administrative and economic institution of its time, and was the engine of Assyrian economy which capitalized on warfare.
54:, and temporary armies, which are raised from the civilian population only during a war or threat of war, and disbanded once the war or threat is over. Standing armies tend to be better equipped, better trained, and better prepared for emergencies, defensive deterrence, and particularly, wars. The term dates from approximately 1600, although the phenomenon it describes is much older.
2347:, which was an unusual ratio at the time. The high price of medieval gunpowder prevented them from raising it any further. The main troops of the army were the infantry, artillery and light and heavy cavalry. The function of the heavy cavalry was to protect the light armoured infantry and artillery, while the other corps delivered sporadic, surprise assaults on the enemy.
2104:. Herodotus describes that if any of these guardsmen drops out owing to death or disease, a substitute is immediately supplied and the number again filled. Thousands of these 10,000 guardsmen composed the royal bodyguards in the palace, their insignia were golden apples or pomegranates at the butts of their spears (accordingly they are named âapple-bearersâ by
2408:
composition assured predominance in the
European battlefields from the 16th century to the first half of the 17th century. Although other powers adopted the tercio formation, their armies fell short of the fearsome reputation of the Spanish, whose core of professional soldiers gave them an edge that
2099:
formed the first professional army of Persia. The composition of the army varied and developed in the course of time. The empire's great armies were, like the empire itself, very diverse. Its standing army was composed of
Persians (the bravest people of empire according to Herodotus) and Medes. This
2444:
prohibited local authorities from assembling militia without the approval of the king, to prevent such a force being used to oppress local opponents. This weakened the incentive for local officials to draw up their own fighting forces, and King
Charles II subsequently assembled four regiments of
2388:
was recorded by a
Chinese observer as having 30,000 full-time professional troops, whose soldiers and commanders were paid in gold. This shows the existence of a standing army, an achievement that only a handful of Southeast Asian empires could hope to achieve. In addition to these professional
2300:
The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in the 1480s, Swiss instructors were recruited and some of the 'bandes'
2445:
infantry and cavalry, calling them his guards, at a cost of ÂŁ122,000 paid out of his regular budget. This became the foundation of the permanent
British Army. By 1685 it had grown to 7,500 soldiers in marching regiments, and 1,400 men permanently stationed in garrisons. The
2449:
in 1685 provided James II with a pretext to increase the size of the force to 20,000 men, and there were 37,000 in 1688, when
England played a role in the closing stage of the Franco-Dutch War. In 1689, William III expanded the army to 74,000, and then to 94,000 in 1694.
2335:
was the first
Central/Eastern European standing army. However, while the Black Army was certainly the first standing field army in that part of Europe, Hungary in fact had maintained a permanent army in the form of garrisons of border fortresses since the 1420s.
2130:, which had a standing army that trained year-round (and not only in summertime). Through the 5th century, they comprised the only professional soldiers in ancient Greece, aside from hired mercenaries. However, the Spartan army commonly consisted of
2181:, warfare was first attested during the Vedic period. However, warfare was primarily waged between various clans and kingdoms solely by the kshatriya class during times of conflict. True standing armies in India developed under the
2144:
instituted the first true professional
Hellenic army, with soldiers and cavalrymen paid for their service year-round, rather than a militia of men who mostly farmed the land for subsistence and occasionally mustered for campaigns.
2453:
Nervous at the power such a large force afforded the king whilst under his personal command, Parliament reduced the cadre to 7,000 in 1697. Scotland and
Ireland had theoretically separate military establishments, but they were
2278:
was still raging. As he realized that France needed professional reliable troops for ongoing and future conflicts, units were raised by issuing "ordonnances" to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These
2389:
soldiers, Majapahit was strengthened by troops from subordinate countries and regional leaders. As was common in
Southeast Asia, Majapahit also used a levy system, in fact, the majority of the Majapahit troops were a levy.
2371:
when everyone was a soldier." Askia Mohammad I is said to have possessed cynical attitudes towards kingdoms that lacked professional armies like his, notably in reference to the neighboring kingdoms in the land of
2289:
that dominated European battlefields in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. They were stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies when needed. Provisions were also made for
2421:, England lacked a standing army, instead relying on militia organized by local officials, private forces mobilized by the nobility and hired mercenaries from Europe. This changed during the
2307:
further regularised the French army by forming standing infantry regiments to replace the militia structure. The first, the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne, were called
2100:
standing army, which may have been reviewed every year by the king or his representative, is called kÄra in the inscriptions. At the heart of this army was its elite guard, The 10,000
2554:
2161:
initially did not have a standing army. Instead they drafted militias from around 150 city states. While the Eastern Zhao did not initially maintain a standing army, the state of
2429:
of 50,000 men. This professional body of soldiers proved more effective than untrained militia, and enabled him to exert control over the country. The army was disbanded by
2488:
2503:
suspicion of a standing army is reflected in the constitutional requirement that the appointment and promotion of high-ranking military officers (like civil officers) be
3404:
Mitchel A. Sollenberger (2015). "President and Congressional Relations: An Evolution of Military Appointments". In Colton C. Campbell & David P. Auerswald (ed.).
2475:
comments that standing armies are a sign of modernizing society, as modern warfare requires the increased skill and discipline of regularly trained standing armies.
2535:
commented, "I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force, if I not witnessed the scenes of this day."
2169:
in 221 BCE, which ushered Imperial China. Under the Qin dynasty, wars were fought by trained vocational soldiers instead of relying on temporary soldiers.
3392:
An Oration Delivered March 5, 1781, at the Request of the Inhabitants of the Town of Boston, to Commemorate the Bloody Tragedy of the Fifth of March 1770,
2491:) limits federal appropriations to two years, and reserves financial control to Congress, instead of to the President. The President, however, retains
2221:, and guards. Legionaries were citizen volunteers entitled to a discharge bounty upon 25 years of honorable service; supplementing the legions were the
2437:
of the Monarchy in 1660, and the Cromwellian model was initially considered a failure due to various logistical and political problems with the force.
3375:
3190:
Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500â1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871â872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.
2157:
maintained a standing army, enabling them to effectively control other city states and spread their influence. Unlike the Western Zhou, the
2301:(militia) were combined to form temporary 'legions' of up to 9,000 men. The men would be paid and contracted and would receive training.
2217:
was expensive to maintain, but supported the authority of the empire, not only as combat troops but also as provincial police forces,
3351:
2951:
A Day in a Working Life: 300 Trades and Professions through History [3 volumes]: 300 Trades and Professions through History
1009:
3116:
Palosfalvi, Tamas â From Nicopolis to MohĂĄcs: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389â1526, Brill (September 20, 2018), pg.32
1436:
2742:
3477:
3277:
3165:
3013:
2959:
2929:
2902:
2872:
2826:
2777:
2752:
2664:
2367:, compared Askia Mohammad I's army to that of his predecessor; "he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike
1792:
85:
3044:
Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52.
3415:
2725:
2691:
1987:
1765:
380:
3446:
3252:
3212:
3141:
3101:
3066:
3049:
2986:
2593:
2316:
1441:
2185:, which relied on paid professional soldiers year round. The most prominent of the Mahajanapadas was the Kingdom of
3499:
2487:
in America, there was a strong distrust of a standing army not under civilian control. The U.S. Constitution in (
2430:
1519:
1864:
1502:
1289:
134:
2363:(1493â1528) possessed a full-time corps of 40,000 professional warriors. Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the
2523:: "An excellent assurance of domestic tranquility, but a dangerous temptation to foreign adventure." After the
2512:
1628:
3061:
Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179â181.
2549:
2101:
2045:
1492:
2343:
in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an
1982:
686:
446:
3504:
2629:
2500:
1992:
1179:
981:
852:
390:
1456:
2293:
and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes, but those units were disbanded at the end of the
2559:
2281:
1566:
1074:
423:
297:
151:
3367:
2531:, in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army, President
2311:(The Old Corps). It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over to save costs. The
2017:
1884:
1431:
1124:
942:
790:
3127:
2845:
2165:
became the first to do so in 678 BCE. The first professional army in China was established by the
3133:
1970:
1952:
1708:
1267:
1189:
1134:
732:
395:
3438:
3432:
2802:
1837:
1812:
1534:
1446:
1319:
1194:
795:
772:
218:
117:
43:
2949:
2894:
The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History: A New Theory of Chinese History
2654:
3003:
2919:
2892:
2862:
2715:
2683:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
2681:
2524:
2467:
2434:
2328:
2294:
2286:
2275:
2271:
1426:
1359:
1312:
966:
929:
892:
810:
762:
646:
456:
264:
173:
2508:
2267:
2189:. It is accepted that the first standing army of India was created in Maghada by the ruler
2141:
1817:
1719:
1576:
1571:
1389:
1354:
1089:
909:
767:
703:
557:
527:
124:
20:
8:
3371:
2459:
2162:
2105:
2081:
1668:
1653:
1529:
1416:
1394:
1369:
1329:
1239:
1049:
954:
904:
671:
661:
626:
418:
408:
178:
102:
3349:
2797:
2504:
2496:
2446:
2304:
2002:
1857:
1777:
1698:
1643:
1618:
1539:
1485:
1451:
1382:
1299:
1209:
1114:
1059:
949:
914:
867:
742:
713:
666:
604:
579:
413:
227:
146:
3169:
3473:
3469:
3442:
3411:
3273:
3248:
3208:
3137:
3097:
3062:
3045:
3009:
2982:
2955:
2925:
2898:
2868:
2822:
2773:
2748:
2721:
2687:
2660:
2589:
2484:
2422:
2332:
2218:
2038:
1947:
1894:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1752:
1735:
1730:
1703:
1648:
1349:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1244:
1234:
1229:
1204:
1174:
1064:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1004:
919:
872:
842:
681:
474:
451:
385:
2007:
2441:
2360:
2012:
1977:
1909:
1802:
1740:
1633:
1561:
1554:
1411:
1344:
1294:
1284:
1159:
1079:
1039:
1024:
991:
976:
847:
832:
785:
693:
651:
594:
589:
547:
370:
347:
254:
183:
112:
95:
51:
2847:
The EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and General Literature
2605:
2246:
The first modern standing armies on European soil during the Middle Ages were the
3463:
3405:
3355:
2976:
2528:
2519:
argued against a large standing army, comparing it, mischievously, to a standing
2418:
2364:
2270:
to be paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established by King
2126:) armies were essentially drafted citizen militias. The exception was in ancient
2096:
2077:
2073:
1822:
1807:
1725:
1681:
1623:
1279:
1274:
1164:
1154:
1069:
1044:
986:
827:
757:
747:
599:
584:
507:
479:
279:
259:
107:
2462:
officially reserved authority over a standing army to Parliament, not the king.
3200:
2516:
2426:
2404:
were the first Spanish standing units composed of professional soldiers. Their
2398:
2356:
2251:
2230:
2117:
1997:
1745:
1169:
1129:
1107:
1094:
1084:
1054:
971:
924:
727:
718:
609:
562:
542:
532:
502:
469:
357:
314:
269:
141:
74:
3493:
3270:
Hikayat Majapahit - Kebangkitan dan Keruntuhan Kerajaan Terbesar di Nusantara
3129:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume I
2532:
2405:
2385:
2206:
2182:
2178:
1844:
1832:
1688:
1608:
1524:
1507:
1364:
1219:
1199:
882:
877:
857:
837:
752:
723:
698:
574:
552:
537:
512:
352:
274:
232:
129:
3387:
2656:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
2544:
2290:
2213:
was gradually instituted, with regularized pay. This professional force of
2210:
2158:
2154:
2031:
1957:
1937:
1932:
1827:
1772:
1406:
1401:
1224:
1139:
887:
621:
522:
319:
223:
2581:
2247:
2166:
1942:
1693:
1658:
1497:
1184:
1149:
862:
805:
708:
492:
213:
208:
3333:
Britain and her army, 1509â1970: a military, political and social survey
2080:, is believed to have formed the first standing professional army.
2472:
1899:
1869:
1591:
960:
39:
3033:
Policing the Roman Empire: Soldiers, Administration, and Public Order
2368:
2214:
2190:
2135:
1889:
1713:
1663:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1463:
1254:
1249:
1214:
656:
342:
309:
198:
3245:
Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula
3168:. Toronto, ON, Canada: Rakoczi Press. pp. 35â36. Archived from
2344:
2340:
2202:
1904:
1879:
1512:
1144:
1119:
737:
292:
166:
35:
19:"Standing Army" redirects here. For the 2010 documentary film, see
2555:
List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel
16:
Permanent army composed of full-time career soldiers or conscripts
2401:
2255:
2224:
2186:
2085:
1914:
1874:
1638:
1472:
1468:
815:
800:
676:
337:
332:
302:
241:
203:
46:, who are enrolled for the long term, but activated only during
2606:"Standing army | Definition of Standing army at Dictionary.com"
2131:
2127:
1421:
822:
639:
375:
3346:
An Inquiry into the Nature And Causes of the Wealth of Nations
2586:
A Necessary Evil, A History of American Distrust of Government
3307:
The History of England from the accession of James the Second
2520:
2373:
2121:
897:
433:
428:
193:
188:
31:
3394:
pp. 14â15, printed by Thomas and John Fleet, Boston, 1781.
2233:
who typically earned citizenship as a reward for service.
2339:
Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early
66:
47:
3163:
2819:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2770:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
2266:
The first Christian standing army since the fall of the
3403:
3096:. Budapest, Hungary: CsengĆkert KiadĂł. pp. 2â208.
2717:
The Ancient Near East, Greece and Rome: A Brief History
2254:, which were formed in the 14th century under Sultan
3035:(Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 104â05, 239â40.
2821:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 262.
2772:. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 261.
2653:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter (2013-01-31).
2229:, auxiliary forces composed of non-citizens in the
3294:The Hispanic World in Crisis and Change, 1578â1700
2978:Warfare in Pre-British India â 1500 BCE to 1740 CE
3205:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300-1800
3491:
3005:Warfare in Pre-British India â 1500BCE to 1740CE
3410:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 29â31.
3376:Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media
3125:
3437:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. p.
3166:"A thousand years of the Hungarian art of war"
2867:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 33â34.
2495:of the armed forces when they are raised, as
2039:
2713:
2652:
2412:
3027:
3025:
2222:
2864:Elite Military Formations in War and Peace
2134:(serfs), who considerably outnumbered the
2046:
2032:
3227:
2331:, established in 1462 by Hungarian king,
2315:and the king's own household troops (the
2236:
3430:
3424:
3397:
3267:
3228:Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017).
3022:
2947:
2138:, as well as numerous allies of Sparta.
1010:List of military strategies and concepts
3080:Harper Encyclopedia of Military History
2860:
2854:
2740:
2577:
2575:
3492:
3368:American Resistance to a Standing Army
3320:The Oxford history of the British army
3199:
2816:
2798:"ACHAEMENID DYNASTY, I/4, pp. 414-426"
2767:
2744:100 Turning Points in Military History
2679:
2588:New York, N.Y.; Simon & Schuster.
2209:, a standing professional army of the
3407:Congress and Civil-Military Relations
3296:Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Page 117.
3247:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.
3242:
2943:
2941:
2917:
2886:
2884:
2840:
2838:
38:who may be either career soldiers or
3461:
3221:
2890:
2791:
2789:
2572:
2409:was hard for other states to match.
30:is a permanent, often professional,
3434:Benjamin Franklin: An American Life
3261:
3236:
3193:
3091:
3001:
2974:
2795:
2458:merged with the English force. The
2379:
13:
3272:. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.
2968:
2938:
2881:
2835:
2063:
14:
3516:
3164:Anthony Tihamer Komjathy (1982).
2786:
2350:
2317:Maison militaire du roi de France
2241:
2111:
3309:(C.H. Firth ed. 1913), 1:136â38.
2478:
2172:
2148:
84:
3455:
3381:
3360:
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3184:
3157:
3132:. New York, NY, United States:
3119:
3110:
3094:A Fekete Sereg (The Black Army)
3085:
3072:
3055:
3038:
2995:
2911:
2810:
2196:
2076:, the founder of the
2761:
2734:
2707:
2673:
2646:
2622:
2598:
2513:1787 Constitutional Convention
2285:formed the core of the French
2068:
34:. It is composed of full-time
1:
2948:Westfahl, Gary (2015-04-21).
2565:
2550:List of militaries by country
2891:Zhao, Dingxin (2015-10-16).
2747:. Rowman & Littlefield.
2741:Axelrod, Alan (2019-08-26).
7:
3378:at George Mason University.
3243:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006).
3002:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2975:Roy, Kaushik (2015-06-03).
2924:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
2921:History of China's Military
2918:Sahay, R. K. (2016-05-24).
2897:. Oxford University Press.
2714:Schwartzwald, Jack (2014).
2617:First recorded in 1595â1605
2538:
2425:, when Cromwell formed his
2319:) were the only survivors.
1503:Militaryâindustrial complex
982:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
3521:
3348:Book 5. Chapter 1. Part 1.
2417:Prior to the influence of
2322:
2058:
18:
3431:Isaacson, Walter (2003).
3031:Christopher J. Fuhrmann,
2720:. McFarland. p. 24.
2686:. McFarland. p. 36.
2608:. ORIGIN OF STANDING ARMY
2560:List of armies by country
2413:England and Great Britain
2261:
1567:Loss-of-strength gradient
424:Combat information center
3335:(1970) pp 90â98, 110â25.
3318:David G. Chandler, ed.,
3126:Clifford Rogers (2010).
2680:Howard, Michael (2002).
2465:In his influential work
2392:
1885:Military science fiction
1370:Technology and equipment
791:List of military tactics
3500:17th-century neologisms
3268:Oktorino, Nino (2020).
3134:Oxford University Press
2817:Briant, Pierre (2002).
2768:Pierre, Briant (2002).
2282:compagnies d'ordonnance
2274:in the 1430s while the
1953:Wartime sexual violence
1709:Full-spectrum dominance
1520:Supply-chain management
3230:Ancient Southeast Asia
2861:Legault, Roch (1996).
2634:Guinness World Records
2237:Post-classical history
2223:
1865:Awards and decorations
1838:Peace through strength
1813:Low-intensity conflict
1447:Conscientious objector
1320:Area of responsibility
3366:Hamner, Christopher.
2630:"First standing army"
2525:Battle of Bladensburg
2468:The Wealth of Nations
2272:Charles VII of France
457:Torpedo data computer
447:Ship gun fire-control
3344:Smith, Adam. (1776)
3232:. London: Routledge.
2803:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
2489:Article 1, Section 8
2355:In West Africa, the
2268:Western Roman Empire
2142:Philip II of Macedon
2120:, the city-states' (
1983:Military occupations
1818:Military engineering
1720:Unrestricted Warfare
1577:Force multiplication
475:Military manoeuvrers
21:Standing Army (film)
3462:Benn, Carl (2002).
3372:TeachingHistory.org
3092:Pål, Földi (2015).
2460:Bill of Rights 1689
2201:Under the reign of
2082:Tiglath-Pileser III
1669:Penal military unit
1654:Rules of engagement
1330:Command and control
955:Operations research
419:Director (military)
409:Fire-control system
179:Command and control
60:Part of a series on
3505:Military sociology
3354:2007-09-27 at the
3331:Correlli Barnett,
3322:(2003), pp. 46â57.
3172:on 26 January 2011
2796:Schmitt, RĂŒdiger.
2497:commander-in-chief
2471:(1776), economist
2447:Monmouth Rebellion
2295:Hundred Years' War
2276:Hundred Years' War
2106:Heraclides Cumaeus
1778:Counter-insurgency
1699:Command of the sea
1644:Jewish laws on war
1619:Geneva Conventions
1155:Divide and conquer
950:Military operation
915:Tactical objective
414:Fire-control radar
391:Electronic-warfare
42:. It differs from
3479:978-1-84176-466-5
3470:Osprey Publishing
3279:978-623-00-1741-4
3078:Trevor N. Dupuy,
3015:978-1-317-58691-3
2961:978-1-61069-403-2
2931:978-93-86019-90-5
2904:978-0-19-935174-9
2874:978-0-275-94640-1
2828:978-1-57506-031-6
2779:978-1-57506-031-6
2754:978-1-4930-3746-9
2666:978-0-19-518831-8
2485:Thirteen Colonies
2423:English Civil War
2056:
2055:
1948:Horses in warfare
1895:Anti-war movement
1798:Gunboat diplomacy
1788:Disaster response
1736:Philosophy of war
1731:Principles of war
1704:Deterrence theory
1649:Right of conquest
1572:Lanchester's laws
1340:Principles of war
1030:Counter-offensive
1015:Military campaign
920:Target saturation
843:Counterinsurgency
452:Gun data computer
386:Close air support
348:Aircraft carriers
52:natural disasters
3512:
3484:
3483:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3401:
3395:
3385:
3379:
3364:
3358:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3070:
3059:
3053:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2833:
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2814:
2808:
2807:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2579:
2527:in 1814, during
2442:Militia Act 1661
2380:Majapahit Empire
2361:Askia Mohammad I
2333:Matthias Hunyadi
2228:
2048:
2041:
2034:
1803:Humanitarian aid
1741:Security dilemma
1562:Power projection
1345:Economy of force
1325:Chain of command
1040:Defence in depth
1025:Commerce raiding
848:Defeat in detail
184:Defense ministry
88:
79:
78:
69:
57:
56:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3465:The War of 1812
3460:
3456:
3449:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3402:
3398:
3386:
3382:
3365:
3361:
3356:Wayback Machine
3343:
3339:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3241:
3237:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3201:Miksic, John M.
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3162:
3158:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3136:. p. 152.
3124:
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3111:
3104:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3043:
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3023:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2859:
2855:
2850:. Werner. 1893.
2844:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2815:
2811:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2638:
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2628:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2541:
2529:the War of 1812
2483:In the British
2481:
2419:Oliver Cromwell
2415:
2395:
2382:
2365:Tarikh al-Sudan
2353:
2325:
2309:Les Vieux Corps
2264:
2244:
2239:
2199:
2175:
2151:
2114:
2097:Cyrus the Great
2078:Akkadian Empire
2074:Sargon of Akkad
2071:
2066:
2064:Ancient history
2061:
2052:
2023:
2022:
1973:
1963:
1962:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1823:Multilateralism
1808:Law enforcement
1768:
1758:
1757:
1726:Just war theory
1684:
1674:
1673:
1624:Geneva Protocol
1594:
1584:
1583:
1557:
1547:
1546:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1385:
1375:
1374:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1190:Network-centric
1110:
1100:
1099:
1007:
997:
996:
945:
935:
934:
883:Rapid dominance
788:
778:
777:
733:Electromagnetic
642:
632:
631:
618:
571:
519:
495:
485:
484:
480:Combat training
461:
438:
404:Combat systems:
400:
362:
358:Auxiliary ships
324:
284:
280:Military police
246:
169:
159:
158:
98:
72:
71:
70:
65:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3518:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3472:. p. 20.
3454:
3447:
3423:
3417:978-1626161801
3416:
3396:
3380:
3359:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3305:Lord Macaulay
3298:
3285:
3278:
3260:
3253:
3235:
3220:
3213:
3192:
3183:
3156:
3142:
3118:
3109:
3102:
3084:
3071:
3054:
3037:
3021:
3014:
2994:
2987:
2967:
2960:
2937:
2930:
2910:
2903:
2880:
2873:
2853:
2834:
2827:
2809:
2785:
2778:
2760:
2753:
2733:
2727:978-0786478064
2726:
2706:
2693:978-0786468034
2692:
2672:
2665:
2645:
2621:
2597:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2517:Elbridge Gerry
2480:
2477:
2433:following the
2427:New Model Army
2414:
2411:
2399:Spanish Empire
2394:
2391:
2384:The Majapahit
2381:
2378:
2357:Songhai Empire
2352:
2351:Songhai Empire
2349:
2324:
2321:
2263:
2260:
2252:Ottoman Empire
2243:
2242:Ottoman Empire
2240:
2238:
2235:
2198:
2195:
2174:
2171:
2150:
2147:
2118:ancient Greece
2113:
2112:Ancient Greece
2110:
2092:Ancient Persia
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Military terms
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:Tripwire force
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
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1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1589:
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1581:
1580:
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1569:
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1544:
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1537:
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1522:
1517:
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1515:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1483:
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1476:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1444:
1439:
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1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:Administrative
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1195:New generation
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:Fleet in being
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1108:Grand strategy
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:Scorched earth
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
972:Deep operation
969:
964:
957:
952:
946:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
819:
818:
813:
808:
798:
789:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
773:Unconventional
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
721:
719:Disinformation
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
690:
689:
684:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
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629:
624:
617:
616:
615:
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582:
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555:
550:
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530:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
477:
472:
470:Basic training
467:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
396:Reconnaissance
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
315:Special forces
312:
307:
306:
305:
295:
290:
283:
282:
277:
272:
270:Reconnaissance
267:
262:
257:
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196:
191:
186:
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161:
160:
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156:
155:
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149:
139:
138:
137:
132:
122:
121:
120:
113:Post-classical
110:
105:
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
81:
80:
62:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3517:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3448:0-684-80761-0
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3389:
3388:Dawes, Thomas
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3295:
3292:Lynch, John.
3289:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3254:981-4155-67-5
3250:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3214:9789971695583
3210:
3207:. NUS Press.
3206:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3143:9780195334036
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3103:9786155476839
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3067:0-8050-4081-1
3064:
3058:
3051:
3050:0-688-08093-6
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3008:. Routledge.
3007:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2988:9781317586913
2984:
2981:. Routledge.
2980:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2710:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2594:0-684-84489-3
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2533:James Madison
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:United States
2476:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2406:pike and shot
2403:
2400:
2390:
2387:
2386:thalassocracy
2377:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:franc-archers
2288:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Roman emperor
2204:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2183:Mahajanapadas
2180:
2179:Ancient India
2173:Ancient India
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:Ancient China
2146:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:Warrior caste
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1845:Show of force
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Peacebuilding
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
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1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:Air supremacy
1687:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Islamic rules
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Court-martial
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1574:
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1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Arms industry
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1481:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1379:
1378:
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1125:Broken-backed
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967:Expeditionary
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838:Counterattack
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763:Psychological
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699:Combined arms
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538:Fortification
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238:Standing army
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130:pike and shot
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44:army reserves
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:standing army
22:
3464:
3457:
3433:
3426:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3383:
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3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3269:
3263:
3244:
3238:
3229:
3223:
3204:
3195:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3170:the original
3159:
3147:. Retrieved
3128:
3121:
3112:
3093:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3057:
3040:
3032:
3004:
2997:
2977:
2970:
2954:. ABC-CLIO.
2950:
2920:
2913:
2893:
2863:
2856:
2846:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2769:
2763:
2743:
2736:
2716:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2682:
2675:
2655:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2616:
2610:. Retrieved
2600:
2585:
2582:Wills, Garry
2545:Regular army
2492:
2482:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2452:
2439:
2416:
2396:
2383:
2354:
2338:
2326:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2280:
2265:
2245:
2211:Roman Empire
2205:, the first
2200:
2197:Ancient Rome
2176:
2159:Eastern Zhou
2155:Western Zhou
2152:
2140:
2122:
2115:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2072:
1958:Fifth column
1938:War resister
1933:Women in war
1828:Peacekeeping
1773:Arms control
1718:
1407:Mobilization
1402:Conscription
1360:Intelligence
1313:Organization
959:
888:Encirclement
768:Radiological
704:Conventional
558:Subterranean
465:Development:
464:
441:
403:
365:
328:Naval units:
327:
320:Signal corps
287:
265:Intelligence
250:Specialties:
249:
237:
174:Organization
125:Early modern
27:
25:
2659:. OUP USA.
2435:Restoration
2313:Vieux Corps
2248:Janissaries
2215:legionaries
2167:Qin dynasty
2069:Mesopotamia
1943:War studies
1766:Non-warfare
1694:Appeasement
1659:Martial law
1498:War economy
1437:Transgender
1390:Recruitment
1150:Containment
1035:Culminating
943:Operational
863:Envelopment
806:Air assault
687:Air cavalry
647:Air defence
627:Information
528:Cold-region
493:Battlespace
442:Historical:
288:Land units:
214:Space force
209:Coast guard
142:Late modern
103:Prehistoric
3494:Categories
3468:. Oxford:
3176:11 October
2639:2021-01-07
2612:2021-04-20
2566:References
2473:Adam Smith
2431:Parliament
2359:under the
2329:Black Army
2136:Spartiates
2003:War crimes
1993:Operations
1900:Foot drill
1870:Battle cry
1783:deterrence
1442:Harassment
1417:Specialism
1240:Technology
1235:Succession
1180:Liberation
1115:Asymmetric
1050:Empty fort
961:Blitzkrieg
930:Withdrawal
893:Investment
672:Camouflage
667:Biological
605:Underwater
580:Amphibious
499:Aerospace
366:Air units:
343:Submarines
152:fourth-gen
147:industrial
135:napoleonic
40:conscripts
3149:10 August
2511:. At the
2505:confirmed
2369:Sunni Ali
2287:gendarmes
2231:provinces
2219:engineers
2191:Bimbisara
2102:Immortals
1890:War novel
1793:Grey-zone
1753:War games
1714:Overmatch
1664:War crime
1614:Desertion
1604:Ceasefire
1599:Armistice
1486:Logistics
1464:Mercenary
1452:Volunteer
1383:Personnel
1355:Engineers
1300:Sociology
1255:World war
1250:Total war
1230:Strategic
1220:Religious
1205:Political
1200:Perpetual
1175:Irregular
1090:Offensive
1065:Defensive
1060:Deception
1020:Attrition
873:Guerrilla
868:Formation
811:Airbridge
743:Loitering
657:Artillery
310:Artillery
260:Engineers
228:Irregular
199:Air force
3352:Archived
3203:(2013).
2699:21 March
2584:(1999).
2539:See also
2501:Framers'
2456:de facto
2345:arquebus
2341:firearms
2305:Henry II
2203:Augustus
1905:War song
1880:War film
1513:Materiel
1432:Children
1412:Training
1350:Medicine
1335:Doctrine
1290:Training
1225:Resource
1210:Princely
1160:Economic
1145:Conquest
1140:Colonial
1135:Cold war
1120:Blockade
1005:Strategy
977:Maneuver
738:Infantry
694:Chemical
548:Mountain
508:Airborne
371:Fighters
338:Warships
293:Infantry
219:Reserves
167:Military
36:soldiers
2507:by the
2493:command
2402:tercios
2323:Hungary
2256:Murad I
2250:of the
2225:auxilia
2187:Magadha
2086:Assyria
2059:History
2018:Writers
2013:Weapons
1978:Battles
1927:Related
1915:Wargame
1910:Uniform
1858:Culture
1639:Perfidy
1634:Justice
1555:Science
1540:Outpost
1493:History
1473:Warrior
1469:Soldier
1457:foreign
1395:counter
1295:Service
1245:Theater
1185:Limited
1165:Endemic
1080:Nuclear
853:Foxhole
828:Cavalry
816:Airdrop
801:Airlift
786:Tactics
758:Nuclear
748:Missile
677:Cavalry
662:Barrage
640:Weapons
600:Surface
381:Command
376:Bombers
333:Frogman
303:Cavalry
275:Medical
242:Militia
224:Regular
204:Marines
118:castles
108:Ancient
96:History
75:outline
3476:
3445:
3414:
3276:
3251:
3211:
3140:
3100:
3082:(1993)
3065:
3048:
3012:
2985:
2958:
2928:
2901:
2871:
2825:
2776:
2751:
2724:
2690:
2663:
2592:
2509:Senate
2499:. The
2262:France
2132:helots
2128:Sparta
2123:poleis
1998:Sieges
1682:Theory
1422:Morale
1280:Policy
1275:Branch
1055:Mosaic
1045:Fabian
992:Covert
925:Trench
910:Screen
833:Charge
823:Battle
796:Aerial
714:Denial
682:Horses
610:Seabed
563:Tunnel
543:Jungle
533:Desert
503:Aerial
2521:penis
2393:Spain
2374:Borgu
1971:Lists
1427:Women
1365:Ranks
1285:Staff
1215:Proxy
1130:Class
1085:Naval
1070:Depth
905:Swarm
898:Siege
878:Naval
858:Drone
753:Music
728:Robot
724:Drone
709:Cyber
652:Armor
622:Cyber
595:Green
590:Brown
553:Urban
513:Space
434:Radar
429:Sonar
298:Armor
255:Staff
233:Ranks
3474:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3249:ISBN
3209:ISBN
3178:2010
3151:2013
3138:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3046:ISBN
3010:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2823:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2722:ISBN
2701:2016
2688:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2440:The
2397:The
2327:The
2153:The
2008:Wars
1525:Base
1075:Goal
987:Raid
585:Blue
523:Land
194:Navy
189:Army
48:wars
32:army
3439:456
3390:.
2177:In
2163:Jin
2116:In
2108:).
2084:of
1592:Law
1535:FOB
1530:MOB
575:Sea
67:War
50:or
3496::
3441:.
3374:,
3370:.
3024:^
2940:^
2883:^
2837:^
2800:.
2788:^
2632:.
2615:.
2574:^
2515:,
2376:.
2297:.
2258:.
2193:.
1471:/
726:/
240:/
226:/
26:A
3482:.
3451:.
3420:.
3282:.
3257:.
3217:.
3180:.
3153:.
3106:.
3069:.
3052:.
3018:.
2991:.
2964:.
2934:.
2907:.
2877:.
2831:.
2806:.
2782:.
2757:.
2730:.
2703:.
2669:.
2642:.
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
77:)
73:(
23:.
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