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443:. The PZL P.11 was a further improvement of the PZL P.7 that was in production throughout the early 1930s. It possessed various cutting-edge features for the era in addition to the high-mounted gull wing, such as its all-metal structure and its metal exterior; according to aviation author Jerzy Cynk, the P.11 was commonly considered to have been the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world upon its introduction. The P.11 served as Poland's primary fighter aircraft during the mid to late 1930s, participating in the
295:
197:, an uncommon feature for gliders of the era, which spanned roughly 40 percent of the inner wing span. Lippisch had chosen to adopt this configuration for its increased wingtip clearance, as well as the ill-founded belief that it would improve its stability during turns; however, studies have shown that normal gull wing configurations result in significantly less severe and more easily recoverable stalls. Inverted gull wings exhibit the opposite stall behaviour, but both normal and inverted gull wings impede
41:
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581:. The inverted gull wing has been described by aviation author Manfred Griehl as being the most distinctive feature of the Ju 87. These wings, which comprised conventional Junkers double-wing construction, reportedly gave the Ju 87 a considerable advantage over its contemporaries during take-off; relatively large lift forces were created through the
182:
changes in wing-tip incidence; however, it gave no direct control over the wing-tips. The flying career of the
Weltensegler was very brief, it being destroyed during the 1921 Rhön gliding competition after the wing failed during a sharp spiralling dive at excessive speed, resulting in the death of Willy Leusch, the Weltensegler's company test pilot.
118:, which possessed various cutting-edge features for the era in addition to its high-mounted gull wing, has been described as being the most advanced fighter aircraft of its kind in the world upon its introduction. The PZL P.11 served as Poland's primary fighter aircraft during the mid to late 1930s, while its further development, the
83:
who started using this design in his planes. Numerous aircraft have incorporated such wings for a diverse range of purposes. The gull wing was commonly used to improve visibility in a high wing arrangement, because such wing could be thinnest by the fuselage, and in theory should limit pilot's view
181:
and springs connected to a single control stick for the pilot, which warped the wing-tips as directed by the pilot. This unorthodox method relied upon the incidence changing with the increase and release of tension, and was also expected to confer increased stability in pitch and roll by automatic
212:
in late August 1930 that established a new world record, quickly encouraged numerous aircraft designers to perform their own investigations into the gull wing. Accordingly, numerous other gliders, as well as other platforms, would soon feature broadly similar wing configurations as well. Having
562:, designed from the onset as a carrier-based fighter, not only had the largest propeller of any U.S. fighter, but was also expected to face rough landings aboard a pitching carrier deck. By adopting the inverted gull wing, the landing gear could be shorter and allowed to retract straight back
313:
that could effectively convert power to thrust. The gull wing allowed designers to ensure adequate propeller tip clearance over the water by placing the engines on the highest point of the wing. The alternative was placing the engine on a pylon. The first
557:
came into use, such powers required larger diameter propellers but clearance between the propeller tip and ground had to be maintained. Long landing gear legs are heavy, bulky, and weaker than their shorter counterparts. The
349:. The emergence of long range, land-based jets in the 1950s and the subsequent demise of the seaplane prevented widespread use of the gull wing, although it was still used in some post-war designs, like
421:
for this wing arrangement during the following year. The arrangement devised by Puławski has been referred to as the "Puławski Wing" or the "Polish Wing". The PZL P.1 led to a production model, the
585:
even when flown at a shallow angle, reducing take-off and landing runs. They also provided a high level of ground visibility to the pilot, as well as enabling the use of a shorter undercarriage.
145:, has been used on numerous fighters to facilitate the use of shorter landing gear and to provide sufficient ground clearance for their propellers. The most distinctive feature of the
102:
at the end of that decade did the configuration gain popularity. Beyond becoming popular for the next three decades amongst high-performance gliders, various ground-based aircraft and
428:
The gull wing was used to improve visibility in a high wing arrangement, because such wing could be thinnest by the fuselage, and in theory should limit pilot's view no more than
141:, also adopted the gull wing configuration, primarily as it enabled the engines to be positioned higher above the water. A variant of the standard configuration, the
738:
699:
Hoff, Wilhelm. “Technical memorandum No. 100, Rhön
Soaring Flight Competition, 1921”. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Washington D.C.. June 1922.
417:; a major innovation of the PZL P.1 was its relatively high-mounted gull wing. Seeking to protect his new wing arrangement, Puławski filed for an associated
213:
become a trend of the glider industry during the 1930s, the gull wing remained a staple feature amongst high-performance sailplanes through to the 1950s.
252:
193:
represented a high-profile comeback for the gull wing, which contributed to its resurgence shortly thereafter. Fafnir featured a laterally stabilising
185:
Following the
Weltensegler's tragic loss, the gull wing was avoided by the majority of aircraft designers for almost a whole decade. During 1930,
177:
with negative incidence relative to the remainder of the main-plane. The
Weltensegler also used a unique control system, consisting of a various
524:
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451:. As a consequence of the rapid aeronautical advances made during the late 1930s, the P.11 was outclassed by newer fighters such as the
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also adopted various forms of gull wings. It rose to particular prominence in Poland, where the Polish aviation designer
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platform, of which six aircraft were built, made its first flight during 1938. The configuration was also used on the
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Another reason for having an inverted gull wing is to permit clearance for a large external bomb load, as on the
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During the late 1920s, the gull wing design found its way into landplanes. In 1928, the Polish aircraft designer
683:
Simons, Martin. Sailplanes 1920-1945 2nd revised edition. EQIP Werbung und Verlag G.m.b.H.. Königswinter. 2006.
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of the wing's center-section also permitted the wing and fuselage to meet at the optimum angle for minimizing
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122:, served in the air forces of several countries and was a major success of the Polish aircraft industry.
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The performance demonstrated by Fafnir, such as a 220 km (140 mi) flight between the
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Flugzeug-Typenbuch : Handbuch der
Deutschen Luftfahrt- und Zubehör-Industrie 1939/40
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739:"Flight Testing and Response Characteristics of a Variable Gull-Wing Morphing Aircraft"
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of a windscreen in a car body. It was used on multiple fighter aircraft, including the
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716:(2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 65–70.
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798:(in German) (Facsimile reprint 1988 ed.). leipzig: Gondrom. p. 36.
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1008:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1973, pp. 188–194.
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by the early 1930s. As engine power increased, so did the need for large
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in 1921. Its wings, which were externally braced, featured swept-back
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During the 1930s, a derivative of the standard design, known as the
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were the first aircraft to feature the gull wing, starting with the
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990:. Black Cross. Vol. V. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag.
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656:(1st ed.). London: Putnam & Company Ltd. pp.
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during the late 1920s and early 1930s; in particular, the
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War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Four: Fighters
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to utilize the gull wing configuration may have been the
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which it resembles and from the Polish aircraft designer
566:, the latter factor improving internal wing space. The
1004:
Green, William. "Vought F4U-1, F4U-4 (FG-1 Corsair)".
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574:, without using wing root fairings or other measures.
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showing the wing shape emulated in gull wing aircraft.
744:. University of Florida. pp. 5–8. Archived from
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Bridgeman, Leonard. “The Martin Model 162 Mariner.”
425:, of which 149 were produced between 1932 and 1933.
153:, is probably its inverted gull wing configuration.
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149:, a German ground attack aircraft used during the
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774:. Berlin: E. S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 203.
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447:of 1939 to resist an invasion by neighbouring
98:in 1921; it was not until the record-breaking
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16:Aircraft wing configuration with bend at root
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955:Barnes, Christopher H. and Derek N. James.
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972:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.
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161:The gull wing was first implemented on a
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305:The gull wing design found its way into
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1024:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch.
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794:Schneider, Helmut (Dipl.Ing.) (1939).
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356:(the name means 'gull' in Russian).
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828:Taylor, John W. R. (1975–1976).
322:, which first flew in 1933. The
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830:Jane's All The World's Aircraft
301:seaplane with gull wing profile
88:of a windscreen in a car body.
75:. Its name is derived from the
784:Barnes and James 1989, p. 281.
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455:at the onset of the conflict.
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67:with a prominent bend in the
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217:Notable gull wing sailplanes
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861:. London: Putnam. pp.
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957:Shorts Aircraft since 1900
857:Polish aircraft, 1893-1939
555:contra-rotating propellers
71:inner section towards the
36:showing gull wing profile.
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899:Morgała, Andrzej (2003):
652:Polish Aircraft 1893-1939
1020:Griehl, Manfred (2001).
986:Erfurth, Helmut (2004).
959:. London: Putnam, 1989.
941:Erfurth 2004, pp. 48-49.
347:maritime patrol aircraft
932:Griehl 2001, pp. 38–39.
911:, pp. 48–54 (in Polish)
853:Cynk, Jerzy B. (1971).
818:Bridgeman 1946, p. 245.
712:Simons, Martin (2006).
648:Cynk, Jerzy B. (1971).
598:Blohm & Voss Ha 137
225:Bowlus Senior Albatross
201:and climb performance.
974:London: Studio, 1946.
770:Zuerl, Hubert (1941).
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903:. Warszawa: Bellona.
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110:developed a range of
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1072:Aircraft wing design
832:. pp. 488–489.
714:Sailplanes 1920-1945
453:Messerschmitt Bf 109
269:Schweyer Rhönsperber
19:For other uses, see
1067:Wing configurations
923:Green 1973, p. 188.
603:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
579:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
518:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
384:Short Knuckleduster
320:Short Knuckleduster
189:'s record-breaking
165:, specifically the
147:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka
131:Short Knuckleduster
1022:Junker Ju 87 Stuka
889:. 4 December 1929.
608:Vought F4U Corsair
560:Vought F4U Corsair
551:inverted gull wing
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509:Inverted gull wing
413:, an experimental
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199:lift-to-drag ratio
187:Alexander Lippisch
143:inverted gull wing
65:wing configuration
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751:on 5 October 2013
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316:flying boat
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230:DFS Habicht
206:Wasserkuppe
139:PBM Mariner
57:Polish wing
31:DFS Habicht
1061:Categories
805:3811206273
625:References
588:Examples:
458:Examples:
390:Landplanes
359:Examples:
344:P5M Marlin
311:propellers
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630:Citations
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543:Aichi B7A
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332:transport
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21:Gull-wing
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498:Loire 46
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483:PZL P.11
434:PZL P.11
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125:Various
120:PZL P.24
116:PZL P.11
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658:158–172
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473:PZL P.7
468:PZL P.6
463:PZL P.1
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411:PZL P.1
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191:Fafnir
163:glider
137:, and
100:Fafnir
34:glider
749:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
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1010:ISBN
992:ISBN
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757:2012
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572:drag
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51:The
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